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THE    SYSTEM 

OF 

MINERALOGY 

OF 

JAMES  DWIGHT  DANA 

1837-1868 


DESCRIPTIVE  MINERALOGY 

SIXTH    EDITION 

FOURTH   THOUSAND 
BY 

EDWARD  SALISBURY  DANA 

PROFESSOR   OF    PHYSICS  AND    CURATOR    OF   THE-  MINERALOGY,    YALE   UNIVERSITY 

ENTIRELY  REWRITTEN  AND  MUCH  ENLARGED 

Illustrated  uritlj  oner  1100  figures 

X 


"  HCBC  studio,  nobiscum  peregrinantur — rusticantur : 


WITH  APPENDICES  I  AND  II,  COMPLETING  THE  WORK  TO  1909 


NEW   YORK 

JOHN   WILEY   &   SONS 
LONDON  :   CHAPMAN  &  HALL,  LIMITED 

1911. 


,      • , v 

COPYRIGHT,  1892, 

7?Y 

EDWARD  S.  DANA. 


THE  SCIENTIrlC   PRESS 
BERT  ORUMMOND   AND   COMPANt 
BROOKLYN,    N.    Y. 


GEOLOGY 
LIBRARY 


PREFACE. 


NEARLY  twenty-four  years  have  passed  since  the  last  edition  of  this  work  was  published ;  a 
long  period,  and  one  in  which  the  science  of  Mineralogy  has  made  very  rapid  progress.  In  fact, 
this  quarter-century  has  probably  been  a  time  of  more  active  mineralogical  investigation  than 
any  like  period  in  the  past.  A  striking  indication  of  this  is  given  by  the  many  new  periodicals, 
recently  started,  which  are  devoted  largely  if  not  exclusively  to  Mineralogy.  These  include: 
Groth's  Zeitschrift,  started  in  1877,  of  which  the  19th  volume  is  just  completed;  Tschermak's 
Mittheilungen,  begun  in  1872;  the  French  Bulletin,  begun  in  1878;  the  English  Mineralogical 
Magazine,  begun  in  1876;  the  Forhandlingar  of  the  Swedish  Geological  Society,  begun  in  1872; 
the  Italian  journals,  the  Rivista  di  Mineralogia,  begun  in  1887,  and  the  Giornale  di  Mineralogia, 
begun  in  1890.  Further  the  St.  Petersburg  Mineralogical  Society,  which  published  nothing  for 
a  number  of  years,  commenced  again  with  a  new  series  in  1866  and  has  issued  an  annual  volume 
regularly  since  then.  Moreover,  the  always  valuable  Jahrbuch  fur  Mineralogie  has  more  than 
doubled  its  size. 

This  catalogue  of  new  periodicals,  which  might  be  further  extended,  is  a  striking  proof  of 
the  activity  of  mineralogical  workers  since  1868.  Further  evidence  of  this  is  given  by  the  fact 
that  within  this  time  nearly  one  thousand  new  names  have  been  introduced  into  the  science — 
unfortunately  not  all  "  new  species,"  although  this  has  been  claimed  for  most  of  them. 

Still  again,  it  is  only  within  this  period  that  the  importance  of  the  optical  investigation  of 
minerals  has  been  fully  recognized  and  the  methods  and  instruments  for  optical  and  microscopical 
study  have  been  developed  and  brought  within  the  reach  of  all  mineralogical  observers.  New 
means  of  observation  have  not  only  increased  our  knowledge  of  the  optical  constants  of  many 
species,  but  have  developed  new  views  in  regard  to  the  molecular  structure  of  crystals.  In 
Chemical  Mineralogy,  also,  there  has  been  rapid  progress;  on  the  theoretical  side,  in  the  way  of 
explaining  the  composition  of  complex  species  and  groups  of  species;  again  on  the  analytical 
side,  and  perhaps  even  more  by  the  development  of  the  synthetic  processes.  The  last  mentioned 
methods,  in  the  hands  of  skillful  chemists,  have  resulted  in  the  reproduction  in  the  laboratory  of 
most  of  the  prominent  mineral  species,  as  the  feldspars,  quartz,  the  pyroxenes  and  chrysolites, 
amphibole,  corundum,  etc. ;  thus  throwing  much  light  upon  the  composition  of  species  and 
their  formation  in  nature.  The  work  in  this  field  is  almost  all  of  recent  date. 

It  is  not  strange,  then,  that  this  volume  should  contain  more  than  half  more  matter  than  the 
former  edition;  indeed,  it  has  only  been  with  a  rigid  system  of  abbreviation  and  condensation, 
aided  by  an  increase  of  one-fifth  in  the  size  of  the  page,  that  it  has  been  kept  down  to  tbis  limit. 

The  broad  and  solid  foundation  laid  in  the  previous  edition  has  made  it  possible  to  undertake 
here  a  greater  degree  of  thoroughness  and  completeness  than  was  possible  before.  The  careful  work 
on  the  history  of  mineral  species,  shown  in  the  tracing  out  to  the  original  source  of  their  many 
names,  was  so  well  and  fully  done  that  it  stands  now  essentially  as  it  did  in  1868.  In  other 
words,  the  list  of  synonyms,  with  references  to  the  first  authority,  has  been  adopted  entire  from 
the  5th  Edition.  Such  additions,  however,  as  the  period  has  served  to  introduce  have  been  made, 
and  also  there  have  been  added  many  common  names  of  important  species  used  in  the  other 
prominent  languages  besides  English,  German,  and  French.  This  last  feature  it  is  hoped  will 
add  much  to  the  general  usefulness  of  the  work. 

The  crystallographic  portion  of  the  subject  has  called  for  more  than  a  mere  revision.  Here 
it  has  been  the  attempt,  in  the  first  place,  to  trace  back  to  the  original  observer  the  fundamental 


IV  PREFACE. 

angles  for  each  species,— not  always  an  easy  task,— then  the  axes  have  been  recalculated  from 
them,  and  finally  the  important  angles  for  all  common  forms  have  been  calculated  from  these 
axes.  In  view  of  the  too  common  practice  of  copying  angles  calculated  by  another  without 
noting  the  source  from  which  they  have  been  taken,  it  is  fair  to  state  that  every  angle  here  given 
has  been  calculated  anew  for  this  work  without  exception;  further,  where  there  has  been  no 
other  independent  means  of  verification  at  hand,  the  angles  have  in  most  cases  been  calculated  a 
second  time  independently.  In  this  way,  it  is  hoped  that  a  fair  degree  of  accuracy  has  been 
attained,  although  the  author  is  keenly  aware  of  the  many  ways  in  which  errors  can  creep  in, 
particularly  in  the  case  of  a  work  which  has  so  slowly  and  with  so  many  interruptions  approached 
completion,  and  where  the  progress  of  the  science  has  made  new  calculations  and  new  lists  of 
forms  so  often  necessary. 

The  lists  of  forms  have  been  made  up  as  completely  as  possible  from  the  original  authorities, 
but  doubtful  forms  and  those  that  seem  to  be  merely  of  a  vicinal  character  are  usually  separated 
from  the  main  list.  The  forms  are  denoted  by  letters  in  all  cases,  and  the  symbols  are  given  on 
both  the  systems  of  Miller  and  Naumann,  though  the  preference  is  given  to  the  former,  which 
should,  indeed,  finally  supplant  the  others.  In  the  hexagonal  and  rhombohedral  systems,  the 
commonly  adopted  symbols  of  Miller-Bravais  are  employed,  instead  of  the  rhombohedral  symbols 
of  Miller. 

References  to  the  authors  are  given  freely;  and  it  is  intended  that  these,  with  the  others 
relating  to  the  history  of  the  names,  and  further  those  in  connection  with  the  lists  of  analyses, 
shall  present  a  fairly  complete  literature,  in  compact  form,  for  each  species.  Where,  in  the 
case  of  common  species,  the  literature  is  very  voluminous  and  has  been  carefully  worked  up  by 
some  author,  this  source  of  minuter  detail  is  also  indicated. 

Of  the  figures,  about  1400  in  number,  all  but  very  few  of  those  in  the  body  of  the  work  have 
been  made  anew.  A  large  part,  particularly  those  illustrating  American  species,  have  been 
drawn  from  original  data,  and  where  figures  are  taken  from  other  authors — as  is  done  freely — 
it  is  intended  in  all  cases  to  give  the  source;  in  these  cases,  too,  they  have  in  large  part  been 
redrawn  to  insure  uniformity  of  projection. 

The  habits  of  the  crystals,  methods  of  twinning,  and  the  physical  characters,  especially  those 
on  the  optical  side,  have  been  carefully  rewritten  and  in  general  are  given  with  much  fullness. 
In  regard  to  the  optical  constants,  however,  the  object  has  been  rather  to  give  standard 
determinations  than  to  overload  the  book  with  a  multitude  of  measurements  of  all  grades  of 
accuracy. 

In  regard  to  the  matter  of  classification,  chemical  formulas,  and  related  points,  reference 
may  be  made  to  the  explanation  given  in  the  Introduction  for  the  principles  adopted.  It  may 
be  stated,  however,  that  it  has  been  the  plan  to  develop  as  clearly  as  possible  the  successive 
groups  of  species  and  the  characters  belonging  to  them. 

In  the  lists  of  analyses,  the  plan  has  been  to  give  all  that  are  useful  for  a  complete  under- 
standing of  the  composition  of  each  species.  This  means  all  reliable  analyses  in  the  case  of  the 
rare  species  or  those  of  complex  composition.  In  many  cases,  however,  particularly  when  rare 
elements  are  involved,  the  ol'd  analyses  have  been  largly  superseded,  in  consequence  of  the  more 
accurate  results  of  new  chemical  methods;  for  them,  therefore,  the  reader  is  referred  to  the 
former  edition.  Still  again,  in  the  case  of  many  common  species  where  the  analyses  have 
developed  almost  indefinitely  (e.g.,  feldspars,  pyroxene,  garnet,  etc.),  the  aim  has  been  to  select 
recent  analyses  and  those  that  best  represent  the  composition;  references  are  often  given  to 
other  sources  where  additional  analyses  may  be  found.  Analyses  which  are  of  purely  technical 
character,  as,  for  example,  those  showing  the  amount  of  impurity  in  iron  ores,  do  not  fall  within 
the  scope  of  this  work. 

The  clear  development  of  the  varieties  of  a  species  in  their  proper  relation  to  each  other 
and  to  the  main  species,  which  was  one  of  the  excellent  features  of  the  last  edition,  has  been 
carried  through  as  far  as  possible  in  the  same  way.  In  regard  to  the  line  between  varieties  and 
species,  no  law  can  be  laid  down  and  individual  opinions  must  differ.  The  author  believes, 
however,  that  while  a  small  percentage  of  a  foreign  element  does  not  give  the  variety  the  place  of 
a  species,  still  the  two  extremes  of  a  series,  between  which  many  gradations  exist,  it  is  well 
to  regard  as  distinct, — e.g.,  Tetrahedrite  and  Tennantite, — and  this  principle  has  been  followed 
throughout.  At  the  same  time,  the  description  is  given  in  such  a  form  as  to  show  as  clearly  as 


PREFACE.  V 

possible  their  mutual  dependence.  The  Garnets  are  made  subspecies,  like  the  forms  of  common 
monoclinic  Pyroxene  and  Amphibole,  but  they  have  much  claim  to  be  regarded  as  distinct. 

The  line  between  well  defined  species  and  those  which  are  placed  in  a  subordinate  position, 
until  further  investigated,  must  also  be  more  or  less  arbitrarily  drawn.  Many  so-called  species, 
which  have  long  been  so  regarded,  are  here  deprived  of  that  rank,  and  probably  more  might 
fairly  have  received  the  same  treatment.  Of  the  multitude  of  new  names  recently  introduced, 
but  few  comparatively  are  based  upon  complete,  satisfactory  investigations.  Certainly  now  that 
the  means  of  mechanical  purification  of  material  for  analysis  by  heavy  solutions  are  so  convenient 
and  accurate,  and  still  more  since  microscopic  examination  is  so  well  understood,  there  is  little 
excuse  for  loading  the  science  down  with  names  based  on  descriptions  faulty  and  incomplete. 
A  new  name  for  a  well  characterized  variety,  announced  as  such,  maybe  useful;  a  new  name  for 
what  may  with  reasonable  certainty  be  regarded  as  a  new  species,  even  if  at  the  time  the  material 
is  too  scanty  to  allow  of  analysis,  may  be  an  advantage.  But  names  hastily  given  to  imperfectly 
described  "species,"  based  often  upon  an  imperfect  analysis  of  material  of  more  than  doubtful 
purity,  are  a  serious  hindrance  to  science. 

The  subject  of  the  general  occurrence  and  association  of  the  species  has  been  considerably 
developed.  It  has  not  been  attempted  to  give  an  exhaustive  statement  of  localities,  however. 
To  have  done  this  would  have  been  to  have  doubled  the  size  of  the  volume.  The  localities  are 
given  with  much  fullness  for  this  country  and  are  to  be  supplemented  by  the  Catalogue  of 
American  Localities  at  the  end  of  the  volume,  which,  thanks  to  the  assistance  of  a  number  of 
gentlemen,  has  been  made  much  more  complete  and  accurate  than  heretofore.  For  foreign 
localities,  the  list  is  brief  but  is  intended  to  include  those  that  are  most  important  and  typical. 
The  parts  of  the  admirable  new  Mineralogy  of  Hintze  leave  little  in  this  direction  to  be  desired. 

All  crystallographic  and  physical  data,  analyses,  etc.,  have  either  been  taken  direct  from  the 
original  authority  or  have  been  verified  from  it.  References  given  mean,  therefore,  authors 
actually  consulted;  this  is  distinctly  stated,  for  the  practice  of  quoting  at  second  hand  while 
giving  the  original  reference  is  as  common  as  it  is  bad  in  its  results.  In  the  few  cases  where  the 
original  authority  has  not  been  accessible  this  is  often  given  in  brackets  [  ],  while  the  actual 
source  follows.  The  only  limitation  to  the  above  statement  concerns  the  literature  connected 
with  the  synonyms,  where  the  references  are  reproduced  for  the  most  part  from  the  previous 
edition,  with  only  such  verification  as  the  most  important  have  called  for.  Other  points  in 
regard  to  the  methods  followed  will  be  found  explained  in  full  in  the  Introduction. 

In  the  spelling  of  foreign  geographical  names  the  author  has  attempted  to  follow  a  system, 
chiefly  that  laid  down  not  long  since  by  the  Royal  Geographical  Society  of  London,  in  which, 
briefly,  the  consonants  have  the  same  value  as  in  English,  while  the  vowels  have  the  Continental 
(Italian)  sounds.  The  transliteration  of  Russian  names  has  been  the  most  difficult  part  of  the 
matter,  and  here  the  author  most  gratefully  acknowledges  his  indebtedness  to  Mr.  J.  Sumuer 
Smith  of  the  Yale  University  Library,  whose  valuable  advice  has  been  always  freely  given  and 
except  in  one  or  two  particulars  uniformly  followed.  That  a  reform  is  needed  in  this  direction 
is  most  obvious,  for  it  is  little  creditable  to  the  English  language  that  it  alone  should  have  no 
independence,  but  should  follow  now  a  French,  now  a  German  method  according  to  the  source 
from  which  the  word  has  been  absorbed— probably  both  methods  more  or  less  at  variance  with 
its  own  usage.  The  subject  is  a  difficult  one,  however,  and  it  is  doubtful  whether  a  system, 
satisfactory  in  all  respects,  can  be  devised.  Reference  may  be  made  here  to  a  paper  on  the 
subject  in  Nature  (Feb.  27,  1890)  which  throws  much  light  upon  the  subject. 

The  literature  of  the  science  has  been  freely  drawn  upon,  especially  that  of  the  past 
twenty-five  years.  No  better  acknowledgment  is  needed  to  the  many  faithful  workers,  who 
have  made  the  science  what  it  is  to-day,  than  the  frequent  references  to  their  names  which  are 
to  be  found  on  almost  every  page  of  this  work:  to  mention  them  individually  seems  quite 
unnecessary. 

The  published  works  of  many  authors  have  been  also  used  freely— among  these  no  one  has 
been  more  useful  than  the  Mineralogy  of  Brooke  and  Miller  (1852)  as  revised,  on  the  crystal- 
lographic side,  by  Prof.  W.  H.  Miller.  From  this  admirable  volume  many  hints  have  been 
taken.  The  Russian  Mineralogy  of  Koksharov,  the  Atlas  of  Schrauf,  the  Crystallography  of 
Sadebeck,  and  many  others  have  been  used  constantly.  The  Index  of  Goldschmidt  has  been 
useful  in  the  verification  of  lists  of  forms,  though  these  were  made  out  (up  to  date)  before  the 
first  part  appeared  in  1886.  On  the  optical  side,  use  has  been  made  particularly  of  Des  Cloizeaux'* 


vi  PREFACE. 

Mineralogy  and  his  other  extensive  memoirs,  also  the  recent  work  of  Levy  and  Lacroix  ;  but 
many  other  authors  have  also  yielded  valuable  material. 

In  the  chemical  part  of  the  subject,  Rammelsberg's  Mineralchemie  has  been,  as  before,  of 
great  value,  while  the  Tables  of  Groth  have  given  many  suggestions  as  to  the  formulas  and  chem- 
ical relations  of  the  species ;  the  papers  of  Tschermak  and  Clarke  have  also  been  very  useful. 

In  the  great  labor  involved  in  the. preparation  of  this  work,  the  author  has  had  the  assistance 
of  many  gentlemen  to  whom  his  thanks  are  returned  even  if  they  are  not  mentioned  by  name. 
First  of  all,  his  acknowledgments  are  due  to  Prof.  James  D.  Dana,  the  author  of  this  System  of 
Mineralogy  from  1837  to  1868,  and  to  whom  all  its  chief  points  of  excellence  are  due.  His 
encouragement  and  advice  have  always  been  ready,  but  unfortunately  ill  health  interrupted  his 
plan  of  following  it  in  detail  as  it  was  passing  through  the  press.  To  Prof.  G.  J.  Brush  also 
the  author  is  indebted  for  many  friendly  words  of  counsel.  One  of  the  most  valuable  features 
of  the  last  edition  was  the  full  account  of  the  blowpipe  and  allied  characters  of  species,  prepared 
by  him,  and  this  has  been  reproduced  here  almost  without  change.  Prof.  Penfield  has  stood  in 
still  closer  connection  with  the  work  ;  much  of  the  proof  has  passed  under  his  eye,  and,  besides 
many  suggestions  on  minor  points,  he  has  supplied  from  his  own  observations  and  work  much 
original  matter  not  yet  published.  Numerous  analyses,  figures  of  crystals,  etc.  (especially  under 
arnphibole  and  pyroxene),  have  been  given  by  him  from  a  memoir  on  the  minerals  of  Northern 
New  York,  soon  to  be  published  as  a  Bulletin  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  The  permission 
to  use  this  matter  in  advance  the  author  owes  to  the  courtesy  of  Major  Powell,  Director  of  the 
Survey. 

To  Dr.  Genth  of  Philadelphia,  ever  active  in  the  investigation  of  American  minerals,  the 
author's  thanks  are  due  for  new  matter  supplied  from  his  unpublished  notes,  for  corrections  to 
the  former  edition,  and  still  more  for  assistance  in  regard  to  the  mineral  localities  in  Pennsylvania 
and  North  Carolina.  Prof.  F.  W.  Clarke  has  also  been  most  friendly  in  like  directions;  while 
for  the  difficult  subject  of  American  localities,  a  number  of  gentlemen  have  made  valuable 
contributions  whose  names  are  mentioned  in  full  on  p.  1053.  To  Prof.  F.  A.  Gooch  of  New 
Haven,  Dr.  W.  F.  Hillebrand  of  Washington,  Dr.  G.  H.  Williams  of  Baltimore,  Prof.  J.  C. 
Branner  of  Little  Rock,  Arkansas,  Dr.  E.  O.  Leech  of  the  U.  S.  Mint,  Mr.  H.  S.  Durden  of  San 
Francisco,  Mr.  G.  Chr.  Hoffmann  of  Ottawa,  and  other  gentlemen  the  author  is  also  indebted. 

Among  the  Mineralogists  abroad,  to  whom  the  author  owes  especial  acknowledgment,  he 
would  mention  Prof.  W.  J.  Lewis  of  Cambridge,  England,  Mr.  L.  Fletcher  of  the  British 
Museum,  Professors  Paul  Groth  of  Munich  and  G.  Tschermak  of  Vienna,  whose  advice  at  the 
beginning  of  the  work  was  most  valuable,  as  also  the  aid  that  they  have  given  since  then.  Mr. 
Thomas  Davies  of  the  British  Museum  kindly  furnished  a  list  of  minor  errors  that  had  before 
escaped  notice  in  the  5th  Edition,  and  these  it  is  hoped  have  not  been  perpetuated  here.  To 
Prof.  A.  Des  Cloizeaux,  W.  C.  Br5gger  of  Stockholm,  N.  von  Koksharov  of  St.  Petersburg, 
and  others,  the  author  would  also  express  his  indebtedness.  Through  the  kindness  of  Prof. 
BrOgger,  advance  sheets  of  his  noble  work  on  the  minerals  of  the  augke-  and  nephelite-syenite 
of  Southern  Norway  were  received  in  time  to  be  freely  used. 

In  two  directions  the  author  has  been  able  to  make  use  of  clerical  assistance.  First,  in  the 
calculations  of  angles  from  the  accepted  axes,  for  in  general  only  the  recalculation  when 
necessary  for  the  sake  of  verification  has  been  assumed  by  the  author.  Here  Miss  Charlotte 
C.  Barnum  of  New  Haven,  from  1885  to  1887,  and  Prof.  H.  H.  White  of  Neligh,  Nebraska,  from 
1886  to  the  end,  have  rendered  most  valuable  aid.  Second,  in  the  drawing  of  crystals,  the  author 
has  been  most  efficiently  aided  by  Mr.  E.  F.  Ayres,  also  by  Mr.  L.  V.  Pirsson,  and  further  by 
Prof.  E.  H.  Barbour,  Dr.  E.  O.  Hovey,  Dr.  F.  W.  Mar,  and  Messrs.  J.  Stanley-Brown,  O.  C. 
Farrington,  E.  W.  Goodenough,  F.  D.  Leffingwell,  John  Leverett,  Edward  Cramer,  and  others. 

Finally,  the  author  takes  pleasure  in  expressing  his  appreciation  of  the  liberal  support  of 
the  publishers,  Messrs.  John  Wiley  &  Sons,  and  also  of  the  patient  care  with  which  the  printers 
and  engravers  have  carried  through  a  work  of  more  than  usual  labor  and  vexation. 

In  conclusion,  the  author  would  express  the  hope  that  he  may  be  informed  of  errors,  great 
or  small,  noted  by  those  using  the  book,  in  order  that  they  may  be  corrected  in  future  printings 
from  the  stereotype  plates.  It  is  intended  to  keep  the  work  up  to  date,  by  the  publication  of 
appendixes  at  not  very  long  intervals. 

EDWARD  SALISBURY  DANA. 

NEW  HAVBN,  CONN.,  January  1,  1892. 


PREFACE.  vii 


EXl^ACTS  FEOM  THE  PEEFACES  OF  THE  FOEMEE  EDITIONS 
OF  THIS  WOEK  BY  JAMES  D.  DANA. 


FROM  THE  PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION  (1837). 


classification  of  the  mineral  species,  which  is  here  adopted,  is  strictly  a 
Natural  Arrangement.  The  superiority  of  this  method  is  exhibited  in  the  body  of  the  work, 
and  in  connection  with  the  remarks  on  Chemical  Classifications,  in  Appendix  B.  Although 
founded  by  Mohs  on  the  external  characters  of  minerals,  it  exhibits,  in  a  considerable  degree, 
the  chemical  relations  of  the  species;  and  those  who  are  accustomed  to  prefer  a  chemical 
arrangement  will  probably  perceive  that,  in  addition  to  such  qualities  as  appear  to  recommend 
the  chemical  metnod,  it  possesses  other  advantages  not  less  important. 

The  changes  which  have  been  made  in  the  nomenclature  of  minerals  appear  to  be  demanded 
by  the  state  of  the  science.  The  present  names,  excepting  those  proposed  by  Mohs,  are  utterly 
devoid  of  system,  unless  we  may  consider  such  the  addition  of  the  syllable  ite  to  words  of 
various  languages;  and  even  this  glimmering  of  system  has  been  capriciously  infringed  by  a 
French  mineralogist  of  much  celebrity—  they  seldom  designate  any  quality  or  character  peculiar 
to  the  mineral;  neither  do  they  exhibit  any  of  the  general  relations  of  the  species,  by  which  the 
mind  may,  at  a  glance,  discover  their  natural  associations,  and  be  assisted  in  obtaining  a  com- 
prehensive view  of  the  science.  On  the  contrary,  they  are  wholly  independent,  and  often  worse 
than  unmeaning,  appellatives,  and  are  only  tolerable  in  a  very  unadvanced  state  of  the  science. 
As  a  necessary  consequence  of  this  looseness  of  nomenclature,  most  of  the  species  are  embar- 
rassed with  a  large  number  of  synonyms,  a  fertile  source  of  confusion  and  difficulty. 

As  a  remedy  for  this  undesirable  state  of  things,  a  system  of  nomenclature,  constructed  on 
the  plan  so  advantageously  pursued  in  Botany  and  Zoology,  was  proposed  by  the  author  in  the 
fourth  volume  of  the  Annals  of  the  New  York  Lyceum.  The  necessity  for  something  of 
the  kind  is  very  apparent,  and  the  author  trusts  that  it  will  not  be  considered  a  needless 
innovation.  *  *  *  .  *  * 


FROM  THE  PREFACE  TO  THE  SECOND  EDITION*  (1844). 

The  natural  system  adopted  in  this  treatise  has  received  such  modifications  in  the  present 
edition  as  were  demanded  by  the  advanced  state  of  the  science;  and  the  systematic  nomenclature 
has  required  some  corresponding  changes. 

Besides  the  natural  classification,  another,  placing  the  minerals  under  the  principal  element 
In  their  composition,  has  been  given  in  Part  VII;  and  various  improvements  on  the  usual 
chemical  methods  have  been  introduced,  which  may  render  it  acceptable  to  those  that  prefer 
that  mode  of  arrangement.  ***** 


FROM  THE  PREFACE  TO  THE  THIRD  EDITION  (1850). 

This  treatise,  in  the  present  edition,  has  undergone  so  various  and  extensive  alterations 
that  few  of  its  original  features  will  be  recognized.  The  science  of  Mineralogy  has  made  rapid 
progress  in  the  past  six  years;  chemistry  has  opened  to  us  a  better  knowledge  of  the  nature  and 

*  This  edition,  failing  to  find  a  publisher  in  New  York,  was  printed  at  the  expense  of 
the  author. 


viii  PREFACE. 

relations  of  compounds;  and  philosophy  has  thrown  new  light  on  the  principles  of  classification. 
To  change  is  always  seeming  fickleness.  But  not  to  change  with  the  advance  of  science  is 
worse;  it  is  persistence  in  error;  and,  therefore,  notwithstanding  the  former  adoption  of  what 
has  been  called  the  Natural  History  System,  and  the  pledge  to  its  support  given  by  the  author 
in  supplying  it  with  a  Latin  nomenclature,  the  whole  system,  its  classes,  orders,  genera,  and 
Latin  names,  have  been  rejected;  and  even  the  trace  of  it  which  the  synonymy  might  perhaps 
rightly  bear  has  been  discarded.  The  system  has  subserved  its  purpose  in  giving  precision  to 
the  science,  and  displaying  many  of  the  natural  groupings  which  chemistry  was  slow  to  recognize. 
But  there  are  errors  in  its  very  foundation,  which  make  it  false  to  nature  in  its  most  essential 
points;  and,  in  view  of  the  character  of  these  errors,  we  are  willing  it  should  be  considered  a 
relic  of  the  past. 

Yet  science  is  far  from  being  ready  with  an  acceptable  substitute.  Most  chemical  systems 
have  been  more  artificial  than  the  "natural"  system;  and  doubts  now  hang  over  some  of  the 
principles  of  chemistry  that  are  widest  in  their  influence  on  classification.  In  view  of  the  diffi- 
culties on  either  side,  it  was  a  point  long  questioned,  whether  to  venture  upon  a  classification 
that  might  be  deemed  most  accordant  with  truth  among  the  many  doubts  that  surround  the 
subject;  or  to  adopt  one  less  strict  to  science,  that  might  serve  the  convenience  of  the  student 
for  easy  reference,  and  for  the  study  of  mineralogy  in  its  economical  bearings,  while,  at  the 
same  time,  it  should  exhibit  many  natural  relations,  and  inculcate  no  false  affiliations  or  distinc- 
tions of  species.  The  latter  alternative  has  been  adopted; — the  classification  is  offered  simply  as 
a  convenient  arrangement,  and  not  an  exhibition  of  the  true  affinities  of  species  in  the  highest 
sense  of  the  term.  Among  the  Silicates,  however,  it  will  be  perceived  that  the  groupings  in  the 
main  are  natural  groupings;  and,  throughout  the  work,  special  care  has  been  taken  to  inculcate, 
as  far  as  possible,  the  true  relations  of  species,  both  by  remarks,  and  by  an  exhibition  of  them 
in  tables.  ***** 


FROM  THE  PREFACE  TO  THE  FOURTH  EDITION  (1854X 

In  the  Preface  to  the  last  edition  of  this  treatise,  the  classification  of  minerals  then  adopted 
was  announced  as  only  a  temporary  expedient.  The  system  of  Mohs,  valuable  in  its  day,  had 
subserved  its  end;  and  in  throwing  off  its  shackles  for  the  mare  consistent  principles  flowing 
from  recent  views  in  chemistry,  the  many  difficulties  in  the  way  of  perfecting  a  new  classifica- 
tion led  the  author  to  an  arrangement  which  should  "serve  the  convenience  of  the  student 
without  pretending  to  strict  science." 

A  classification  on  chemical  principles  was  however  proposed  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
volume,  in  which  the  Berzelian  method  was  coupled  with  crystallography  in  a  manner  calculated 
to  display  the  relations  of  species  in  composition  as  well  as  form,  and  prominently  "exhibit  the 
various  cases  of  isomorphism  and  pleomorphism  among  minerals."  The  progress  of  science  has 
afforded  the  means  of  giving  greater  precision  and  simplicity  to  this  arrangement,  until  now  it 
seems  entitled  to  become  the  authorized  method  of  a  System  of  Mineralogy.  Whether  regarded 
from  a  physical  or  chemical  point  of  view,  the  groupings  appear  in  general  to  be  a  faithful 
exhibition  of  the  true  affinities  of  the  species. 

The  mind  uneducated  in  science  may  revolt  at  seeing  a  metallic  mineral,  as  galena,  side  by 
side  with  one  of  unmetallic  luster,  as  blende;  and  some  systems,  in  accordance  with  this 
prejudice,  place  these  species  in  separate  orders.  Like  the  jeweler,  without  as  good  reason, 
the  same  works  have  the  diamond  and  sapphire  in  a  common  group.  But  it  is  one  of  the 
sublime  lessons  taught  in  the  very  portals  of  chemistry,  that  nature  rests  no  grand  distinctions 
on  luster,  hardness,  or  color,  which  are  mere  externals,  and  this  truth  should  be  acknowledged 
by  the  mineralogist  rather  than  defied.  Others,  while  recognizing  the  close  relations  of  the 
carbonates  of  lime,  iron,  zinc,  and  manganese  (calcite,  spathic  iron,  smithsonite,  and  dialogite), 
or  of  the  silicates  of  lime,  iron,  manganese  (wollastonite,  augite,  rhodonite),  are  somewhat 
startled  by  finding  silicate  of  zinc,  or  silicate  of  copper,  among  the  silicates  of  the  earths,  or  of 
other  oxyds.  But  the  distinction  of  "useful"  and  "useless,"  or  of  "ores "and  "stones," 
although  bearing  on  "  economy,"  is  not  science.  * 


PREFACE.  IX 


FROM  THE  PREFACE  TO  THE  FIFTH  EDITION  (1868). 

The  large  size  of  this  volume  on  Descriptive  Mineralogy,  exceeding  by  one-half  the  cor- 
responding part  of  the  preceding  edition,  is  not  without  good  reason. 

In  the  first  place,  the  long  interval  of  fourteen  years  has  elapsed  since  the  last  edition  was 
published,  and  during  this  period  the  science  has  made  great  progress.  Chemical  researches 
have  been  carried  forward  in  connection  with  almost  every  species,  and  analyses  have  been 
largely  multiplied;  and  it  is  the  plan  of  the  work  to  be  complete  in  this  department,  so  far  as  to 
include  all  analyses.  Crystallographic  investigations  also  have  been  numerous  and  important. 
Moreover,  the  number  of  species  has  been  much  enlarged,  and  every  part  of  the  science  has  had 
accessions  of  facts. 

In  addition,  a  new  feature  has  been  given  the  work,  in  the  systematic  recognition  and 
description  of  the  varieties  of  species.  The  first  edition  of  this  treatise,  that  of  1837,  was 
written  in  the  spirit  of  the  school  of  Mohs.  The  multitudes  of  subdivisions  into  subspecies, 
varieties,  and  subvarieties,  based  largely  on  unimportant  characters,  which  had  encumbered  the 
science  through  the  earlier  years  of  this  century,  and  were  nearly  smothering  the  species,  were 
thrown  almost  out  of  sight  by  Mohs,  in  his  philosophic  purpose  to  give  prominence  and  precision 
to  the  idea  of  the  species.  Much  rubbish  was  cleared  away,  and  the  science  elevated  thereby; 
but  much  that  was  necessary  to  a  full  comprehension  of  minerals  in  their  diversified  states  was 
lost  sight  of.  In  the  present  edition  an  endeavor  is  made  to  give  varieties  their  true  place;  and 
to  insure  greater  exactness  with  regard  to  them,  the  original  locality  of  each  is  stated  with  the 
description. 

Further,  the  work  has  received  another  new  feature  in  its  historical  synonymy.  A  list  of 
synonyms  has  hitherto  been  mainly  an  index  to  works  or  papers  on  the  species,  and  often 
without  any  regard  to  the  original  describer  or  description.  Hausmann's  admirable  Handbuch 
(1847)  is  partly  an  exception.  Leonhard's  "  Oryktognosie  "  (1821,  1826),  following  the  method 
of  Reuss  of  the  opening  century,  contains  a  full  catalogue  of  references  to  publications  on  each 
species;  but  it  fails  of  half  its  value  because  the  references  have  no  connection  in  any  way  with 
the  synonymy.  In  most  recent  works,  an  author  who  has  merely  adopted  a  name  is  often 
quoted  as  if  the  original  authority.  The  present  work  is  no  longer  open  to  this  criticism.  As 
now  issued,  the  first  author  and  first  place  of  publication  of  each  species,  and  of  each  name  it 
has  btfrne,  and  of  the  names  of  all  its  varieties,  are  stated  in  chronological  order,  with  the  dates 
of  all  publications  cited;  and,  besides,  remarks  are  added  in  the  text  when  the  subject  is  one  of 
special  interest.  The  facts  and  conclusions  have  been  derived  in  almost  all  cases  from  the  study 
of  the  original  works  themselves;  and  this  treatise  has  become  thereby,  to  some  extent,  an 
account  of  ancient  as  well  as  modern  minerals.  These  historical  researches  added  a  third  to  the 
labor  of  preparing  the  edition  for  the  press,  thereby  delaying  the  publication  of  the  work  about 
a  year.  But  such  studies  are  endless,  especially  when  they  relate  to  past  centuries,  and  the 
work,  however  long  continued,  must  be  incomplete.  *  *  * 

*  *    *    In  these  and  other  ways  the  volume  has  unavoidably  become  enlarged.  Not  a  page, 
and  scarcely  a  paragraph,  of  the  preceding  edition  remains  unaltered,  and  full  five-sixths  of  the 
volume  have  been  printed  from  manuscript  copy.     I  may  here  add  that,  notwithstanding  the 
impaired  state  of  my  health,  this  manuscript— the  paragraphs  on. the  pyrognostic  characters 
excepted — was  almost  solely  in  the  handwriting  of  the  author,  or  in  that  of  a  copyist  from  it. 
Neither  the  consultation  of  original  authorities,  the  drawing  of  conclusions,  nor  the  putting  of 
the  results  on  paper,  has  been  delegated  to  another.     And  being  now  but  half-way  between  the 
fifties  and  sixties,  it  is  my  hope  that  the  future  will  afford  another  opportunity  for  similar 
work. 

*  *    *    In  classification,  the  general  system  remains  unaltered.     It  is  based  on  a  compre- 
hensive view  of  the  characters  of  minerals  as  species  in  the  inorganic  kingdom  of  nature,  the 
preeminence  being  given  to  chemical,  the  next  place  to  Crystallographic,  the  third  to  the  different 
physical  characters.     The  author  believes  (after  having  tried  the  so-called  natural-history  system 
of  Mohs  for  two  editions)  that  light  from  no  source  should  be  shut  out  where  the  relations  of 
species  and  groups  in  nature  are  to  be  determined.     As  in  the  preceding  edition,  the  method 
avoids  almost  entirely  the  distinction,  in  most  cases  wrong,  founded  on  the  fact  of  the  base  in 


X  PREFACE. 

oxygen  ternaries  or  salts  being  in  the  protoxyd  state,  or  in  the  sesquioxyd,  or  in  both  combined, 
and  proceeds  on  the  ground  that  the  basic  elements  in  these  and  the  other  different  states  are 
mutually  replaceable  in  certain  proportions  determined  by  their  combining  power  with  oxygen. 
But  while  the  progress  of  chemistry  and  the  kindred  sciences  requires  no  modification  of  the 
general  plan  of  the  classification,  but  gives  it  new  support,  it  has  rendered  many  minor  changes 
necessary,  and  some  that  are  of  much  importance. 

The  historical  inquiries  above  alluded  to  were  prompted  by  a  desire  to  place  the  nomenclature 
of  mineralogy  on  a  permanent  basis.  They  were  incident  to  a  search  after  a  reason  for  choosing 
one  name  rather  than  another  from  among  the  number  that  stand  as  claimants.  Part  of  the 
existing  diversity  is  due  to  national  partiality,  and  much  of  it  to  indifference.  It  has  become 
somewhat  common  for  authors  to  select  the  name  they  like  best  without  reference  to  authority, 
or  to  reject  an  old  for  a  new  one  on  no  other  ground  than  that  of  their  preference.  Increasing 
confusion  in  nomenclature  has  consequently  attended  the  recent  progress  of  the  science;  and  in 
view  of  this  fact  the  novel  expedient  has  been  tried  of  endeavoring  to  escape  the  confusion  by 
adding  one  more  to  the  number  of  names.  The  right  method  is  manifestly  that  which  has 
proved  so  successful  in  the  other  natural  sciences,  viz.,  the  recognition,  under  proper  restrictions, 
of  the  law  of  priority;  and  this  method  the  author  has  aimed  to  carry  out. 

Moreover,  it  has  seemed  best  that  the  science  should  not  only  have  a  system  of  nomenclature, 
but  should  also  stand  by  it;  tnat,  accordingly,  the  termination  ine,  which  is  prominently 
chemical,  should  be  left  to  the  chemists,  and  that  other  miscellaneous  endings  should,  as  far  as 
possible,  be  set  aside,  or  be  made  to  conform  to  the  system.  With  this  in  view,  changes  have 
been  made  in  accordance  with  the  principles  explained  in  the  course  of  the  remarks  beyond  on 
Nomenclature.  *  *  * 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

INTRODUCTION xiii 

Crystallography xiv 

Physical  Mineralogy xxxiii 

Chemical  Mineralogy xxxvii 

Nomenclature xl 

Bibliography xlv 

Abbreviations Ixi 

GENERAL  CLASSIFICATION 1 

I.  NATIVE  ELEMENTS 2 

II.  SULPHIDES,  TELLURIDES,  SELENIDES,  ARSENIDES,  ANTIMONIDES 33 

I.  Sulphides,    Selenides,    Tellurides  of  the  Semi-metals :   Arsenic,  Antimony, 

Bismuth  ;  also  Molybdenum t . . , 33 

II.  Sulphides,  Selenides,  Tellurides,  etc.,  of  the  Metals 42 

III.  SULPHO  SALTS.— SULPHARSENITES,   SULPHANTIMONITES,  SULPHOBISMUTHITES 109 

IV.  HALOIDS. — CHLORIDES,  BROMIDES,  IODIDES  ;  FLUORIDES 152 

V.  OXIDES 183 

I.  Oxides  of  Silicon 183 

II.  Oxides  of  the  Semi-metals :  Tellurium,  Arsenic,  Antimony,  Bismuth ;  also 

Molybdenum,  Tungsten 197 

III.  Oxides  of  the  Metals 204 

A.  Anhydrous  Oxides 204 

B.  Hydrous  Oxides 244 

VI.  OXYGEN-SALTS 261 

1.  Carbonates 261 

A.  Anhydrous  Carbonates 261 

B.  Acid,  Basic  and  Hydrous  Carbonates 293 

2.  Silicates 310 

A.  Anhydrous  Silicates 310 

I.  Disilicates,  Polysilicates 311 

II.  Metasilicates 341 

III.  Orthosilicates 423 

IV.  Subsilicates 534 

B.  Hydrous  Silicates 563 

I.  Zeolite  Division 563 

II.  Mica  Division '. 610 

III.  Serpentine  and  Talc  Division 669 

IV.  KM ol in  Division 684 

V.  Concluding  Division 697 

Titano-Silicates,  Titauates 711 

3.  Niobates,  Tantalates 725 

xi 


xii  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 

MM 

4.  Phosphates,  Arsenates,  Vanadates ;  Antimonates . 747 

A.  Anhydrous  Phosphates,  etc 747 

B.  Acid  and  Basic  Phosphates,  etc 783 

C.  Hydrous  Phosphates,  etc.— Normal  Division 805 

Acid  Division 826 

Basic  Division 834 

Antimonates;  Antimonites,  Arsenites 861 

Phosphates,  etc.,  with  Sulphates,  etc 866 

Nitrates 870 

5.  Borates 874 

Uranates 889 

6.  Sulphates,  Chromates 894 

A.  Anhydrous  Sulphates,  etc 894 

B.  Acid  and  Basic  Sulphates 922 

C.  Hydrous  Sulphates,  Normal  Division 928 

Hydrous  Sulphates,  Basic  Division 960 

Tellurates;  Tellurites,  Selenites 979 

7.  Tungstates,  Molybdates 982 

VII.  SALTS  OP  ORGANIC  ACIDS. — OXALATES,  MELLATES 993 

VIII.  HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS 996 

SUPPLEMENT 1025 

CATALOGUE  OP  AMERICAN  LOCALITIES 1053 

APPENDICES  I  AND  II,  COMPLETING  THE  WORK  TO  1909 (Preceding  Index) 

INDEX .    1105 


INTRODUCTION. 


IN  the  Description  of  Species  the  following  order  is  observed : 

1.  Name,  followed  by  synonyms  in  historical  order  with  author,  original  reference,  and 
date ;  also  in  many  cases  the  common  names  in  the  forms  peculiar  to  the  French,  German, 
Swedish,  Italian  and  Spanish.     See  further  on  the  subject  of  nomenclature,  p.  xl. 

2.  Crystalline  Form  and  Structure,  including  (a)  system  of  crystallization  ;   (6)  axial  ratio 
and  angular  elements*  with  authority  ;  (c)  list  of  observed  forms  ;  (d)  methods  of  twinning,  gen- 
eral habit  of  crystals,  and  such  details  in  regard  to  the  character  of  individual  faces  as  are  of 
value,  particularly  in  the  orientation  of  the  crystals.     Also  (e)  general  structure  of  crystalline, 
massive  or  amorphous  varieties,  imitative  forms,  and  so  on. 

3.  Physical  Characters. — A.  Those  relating  to  COHESION,  including  (a)  cleavage  and  part- 
ing; (b)  fracture;  (c)  tenacity;  (d)  hardness  (H). 

B.  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  or  density  referred  to  water  (G). 

C.  Characters  relating  to  LIGHT,  including  (a)  luster ;  (5)  color  and  streak,  pleochroism  and 
absorption;  (c)  degree  of  transparency;  (d)  special  optical  properties.     These  last  include  the 
positive  (+)  or  negative  (— )  optical  character;  the  position  of  the  axial  plane  and  bisectrix;  the 
axial  angle;  dispersion;  also  the  refractive  indices,  etc. 

D.  Characters  relating  to  HEAT,  ELECTRICITY,  MAGNETISM. 

E.  TASTE  and  ODOR. 

4.  Chemical  Composition  (Comp.).— The  chemical  formula  and  percentage  composition, 
followed,  or  sometimes  preceded,  by  a  description  of  the  recognized  varieties  based  upon  form, 
structure,  composition,  etc.   Then  the  analyses  (Anal.)  with  references  to  the  original  authorities. 

5.  Pyrognostic  characters,  or  those  determined  by  the  use  of  the  blowpipe  and  similar 
means;  also  other  related  chemical  characters  (Pyr.,  etc.). 

6.  Observations  (Obs.),  containing  a  general  statement  as  to  method  of  occurrence,  with  a 
more  or  less  detailed  list  of  important  localities,  associated  minerals,  etc. 

7.  Altered  forms  (Alt.). 

8.  Artificial  and  furnace  products  (Artif.). 

9.  References  (Ref.).— A  final  paragraph  gives  the  references  as  indicated  by  number  from 
the  preceding  description,  particularly  the  crystallographic  part.     Also  references  to  memoirs  of 
special  character  in  some  cases  not  otherwise  mentioned. 

In  order  to  aid  those  who  are  not  thoroughly  familiar  with  \Crystallography,   Optical 

*  In  general  it  is  intended  to  give  the  values  of  the  axes  to  within  three  or  four  units  in  the 
fifth  decimal  place,  in  which  case  the  calculated  angles  should  be  correct  at  least  within  10". 
When  the  accuracy  of  the  fundamental  angles  seems  to  justify  it,  a  greater  degree  of  exactness 
is  employed,  so  that  the  calculated  angles  may  be  correct  to  1".  It  is  obvious  that,  unless  in  very 
exceptional  cases,  to  give  the  axes  to  more  than  six  decimals  is  merely  playing  with  numbers. 

The  angular  elements,  which  are  intended  to  correspond  to  the  axes  in  degree  of  accuracy, 
are  those  of  the  unit  forms  in  the  pinacoid  zones,  from  which  calculations  may  most  readily  be 
made.  The  fundamental  angles  are  also  indicated  by  an  asterisk;  when  this  is  omitted  the  axial 
ratio  of  the  original  author  (often  deduced  by  method  of  least  squares)  is  taken  as  the  starting 
point.  The  calculated  angles  are  stated  in  general  to  the  nearest  minute,  but  the  half-minute  ia 
often  retained  when  the  neglected  seconds  are  near  30. 

xiil 


XIV 


INTRODUCTION. 


Mineralogy,  Chemistry,  etc.,  and  to  explain  the  special   methods  of  notation,  abbreviations, 
etc.,  adopted,  some  general  explanations  under  these  successive  heads  are  given. 

For  fuller  information  on  many  of  these  points  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  author's  Text 
Book  of  Mineralogy,  also  to  kindred  works  whose  full  titles  are  given  in  the  Bibliography, 
thus  on  Crystallography  and  Physical  Mineralogy,  especially  to  the  works  of  Groth,  Mallard, 
Liebisch,  Tschermak,  G.  H.  Williams  (Crystallography);  also  to  others  mentioned  beyond  under 
the  special  subjects. 

I.    CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. 

Systems  of  Crystallization.— There  are  six  systems  of  crystallization,  to  one  of  which  every 
crystal  may  be  assigned  ;  these  are  distinguished  by  the  degree  of  symmetry  characteristic  of 
each,  which  usually  finds  expression  in  the  statement  of  the  lengths  and  mutual  inclination  of 
Icertain  axes  assumed  for  the  description  of  the  form.  These  systems  are  : 

1,  ISOMETRIC;  2,  TETRAGONAL;  3,  HEXAGONAL  and  RHOMBOHEDRAL;  4,  ORTHORHOMBIC  ; 
5,  MONOCLINIC;  6,  TRICLINIC. 

Other  names  which  are  or  have  been  in  common  use  are  :  for  Isometric,  cubic,  regular;  for 
Tetragonal,  quadratic,  dimetric;  for  Orthorhombic,  rhombic,  trimetric;  for  Monoclinic,  inono- 
symmetric  or  oblique;  for  Triclinic,  asymmetric,  doubly  oblique,  or  anorthic. 

Some  general  explanations  applicable  to  all  systems  follow. 

Planes  and  Symbols.— The  position  of  a  plane  is  fixed  by  its  intercepts  on  the  crystallo- 
graphic  axes,  and  is  defined  by  its  symbol  which  expresses  the  ratio  of  these  intercepts  to 
certain  assumed  unit  lengths  of  the  axes. 

Thus,  Pig.  1,  let  OA,  OB,  OC  be  taken  as  the  unit  lengths  of  the  axes,  and  be  represented 
by  the  letters  a,  b,  c\  the  position  of  a  plane  RNM  is  fixcJ  by  its  intercepts  OR,  ON,  OM.  If 
OR  =  la,  OB  =  £i,  OM  =  2c,  the  ratio  of  the  intercepts  to  the  unit  axes  may  be  written  for 
this  plane : 

1.        la  :  |6  :  2c. 

For  the  plane  HKL  parallel  to  and  hence  crystallographically  identical  with  RNM.  the 

ratio  is 


It  Is  found,  In  greneval,  that  if  the  lengths  of  the  axes  for  any  one  plane  be  taken  as  the 
Units,  the  ratio  ot  those  of  every  other  plane  on  the  same  crystal  (written  as  in  2)  can  be 
expressed  by  rational  numbers  and  usually  the  whole  numbers  from  1  to  6  (or  by  0). 


INTRODUCTION.  JLV 

The  two  forms 

1.  2. 

la:#>:2c     and      J  :  £  :  £ 

are  identical,  since  the  ratio  of  the  axes  is  all  that  is  important,  not  their  absolute  length.  They 
further  illustrate  the  symbols  after  the  two  common  methods  in  use,  those  of  Naumann  and  of 
Miller. 

With  Naumann  the  expression  is  always  written  in  such  a  form  that  the  multiple  of  one 
of  the  lateral  axes  (usually  a)  is  unity  (1)  and  the  symbol,*  written  in  the  inverse  order  and  omit- 
ting the  axes,  after  Naumanu's  method,  is  then 

2  :  |  :  1,      or  simply     2-f 
Similarly  for  other  planes,  whose  intercepts  written  in  the  two  methods  are,  respectively, 

J.  2. 

!.:!»:*  :: 


the  symbols  are  again,  after  Naumann,  dropping  the  unity  when  it  belongs  to  a  lateral  axis, 

2:1:1,    or  simply   2. 
1:2:1.     "       "        1-2. 

With  Miller  the  expression  is  always  taken  in  the  equivalent  form,  2  above?  where  the 
numerators  are  the  unit  lengths  of  the  axes  and  the  denominators  are  whole  numbers;"  'these  three 
integers  form  then  the  symbol  of  the  plane—  that  is,  in  the  three  examples  given  above,  432, 
221,  and  212. 

The  general  symbol  is  hkL  corresponding  to  the  full  expression  for  any  plane 

a     b     c 
h''k  :T 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  symbols  of  Miller  are  essentially  the  reciprocals  of  those  of  Nau- 
mann. The  minus  signs,  indicating  intercepts  of  the  negative  lengths  of  the  axes,  are  placed 
over  the  numbers  to  which  they  belong.  The  symbols  employed  in  'lie  hexagonal  system  are 
explained  on  a  later  page. 

Naurnann's  symbols  are  further  modified  by  writing  the  sign  for  infinity  oo  (in  this  book 
replaced  by  the  initial  letter  i),  and  the  omission  of  1.  Further,  the  lateral  axes  and  the  numbers 
referring  to  them  are  distinguished,  for  example  in  the  orthorhombic  system,  where  b  >  a,  by  a 
long  and  short  mark. 

Thus,  for  example  : 

Naumann  Miller 

d:    25:2£          becomes        2-2       or       2P2  211 

a  :    U  :  2&                "               2           or        2P  221 

d:<nb:2c                "               2-1        or        2Pdb  201 

a:    16:ooc               "               /          or      ooP  110 

d:    26:oo6               "                i-2         or      ooP2  210 

Some  other  modifications  are  mentioned  in  their  proper  place.  It  must  be  remembered  that 
in  Naumann's  symbols,  as  stated  above,  the  natural  order  is  reversed  and  the  first  number  (or 
infinity  sign)  refers  always  to  the  vertical  axis. 

Other  systems  of  symbols,  besides  the  two  explained,  have  also  been  or  still  are  in  use,  as 
those  of  Weiss,  of  Mohs  and  Haidiuger,  and  of  Hausnmnn,  Levy,  Goldschmidt,  and  others.  Of 
these  the  symbols  of  Weiss  are  essentially  those  already  given  (under  1,  above)  which  abbrevi- 
ated land  inverted  in  order)  were  adopted  by  Naumann.  The  symbols  of  Levy  are  extensively 

-  Strictly  Neumann's  method  makes  this  2P*,  and  in  the  other  cases  below  2F,  P2—  thai  is, 
an  initial  P  is  inserted  after  the  number  referring  to  the  vertical  axis  in  all  but  the  isometric 
system,  where  the  letter  0  takes  its  place. 


xvi 


INTRODUCTION. 


used  by  the  French  school  of  mineralogists.  A  very  full  explanation  of  all  the  different  systems, 
as  of  that  recently  devised  by  himself,  is  given  in  Goldschmidt's  Index  (1886-1891).  Trans- 
formation equations  (for  the  important  cases,  in  concise  form)  are  given  by  Groth  (Phys.  Kryst.), 
Mallard  (Crist.,  vol.  1),  Liebisch  (Kryst.),  and  others. 

A  form  includes  all  the  similar  planes  comprised  in  one  general  symbol.  Thus  if  the  three 
axes  are  unequal  but  at  right  angles  (orthorhombic  system)  there  are  eight  similar  planes  included 
in  the  general  symbol  hkl  (or  m-n)  according  as  the  axes  are  plus  or  minus,  that  is  the  form 
includes 


For  the  form  (211) ; 


hkl 
Ml 


211 

211 


hkl 

M 


211 
211 


Jikl 
III 

211 

211 


hkl 
hkl 


211 
211 


If,  nowever,  the  axes  a  and  b  are  equal  (tetragonal  system)  the  plane  hkl  ancf  khl  (or 
a :  na  :  me  and  na  :  a  :  me)  are  similar  and  the  form  includes  16  planes;  further,  in  the  isometric 
system,  where  the  axes  (a)  are  all  equal,  a  form  may  include  48  planes,  while  in  the  triclinic 
system  it  can  include  only  2  planes.     This  is  further  explained  later  under  the  different  systems. 
The  Law  of  HoloJiedrism  requires  that  all  the  planes  of  a  given  form  should  be  present,  that 
Is  all  having  the  same  general  position  with  reference  to  the  axes. 
This  law  finds  exceptions  in: 

Hemihedrism,  where  only  half  of  the  planes  are  present,  but  half  selected  according  to  a 
definite  law;  and  in 

Tetartohedrism,  where  only  one-fourth  of  the  possible  similar  planes  are  present. 

A  full  explanation  of  these  subjects  is  impossible  in  this  place,  but  they  are  treated  as  fully 

as  is  practicable  under  the  different  systems. 

2.  Some  technical  terms  applied,  in  the  description  of  crystals  require 

explanation. 

Pinacoid  planes,  in  general,  are  those  which  are  parallel  to  two  of  the 
axes.  These  are  designated  in  this  work  by  the  same  letters  as  the  axes 
at  whose  extremity  they  lie.  Thus,  fig.  2,  a,  b,  c  are  the  pinacoids  having 
(in  the  orthorhombic  system)  the  symbols: 


Miller 

a  100 
b  010 
c  001 


Naumann 
i-l  oo  Poo 
i-l  oo  Poo 
O  OP 


A  Prism  is  a  form  whose  planes  are  parallel  to  the  vertical  axis  and 
intersect  both  the  horizontal  axes,  if  at  the  unit  lengths  it  becomes  the  unit  prism  (having  the 
symbol  7)  and  in  this  work  uniformly  denoted  by  the  letter  m.  In  the  several  systems  some 
additional  terms,  describing  the  different  prisms,  are  introduced. 


Basal  Pinacoid. 
(001.  0) 


Prism. 
(110,  J) 
(7tkQ,  i-n) 


Domes. 


(101,  14) 
(7iW,  m-l) 


(Oil,  14) 
m-i) 


Domes  are  forms  whose  planes  are  parallel  to  one  only  of  the  lateral  axes.  They  are  specially 
named  (maciodomes,  clinodomes,  etc.)  in  the  different  systems  according  to  which  axis  they 
are  parallel. 

Pyramids  are  forms  whose  faces  intersect  the  three  axes;  if  the  lateral  axes  at  their  unit 
lengths  they  are  unit  pyramids.  In  fig.  2,  above,  a,  b,  c  are  pinacoids  ;  m  (110,  /)  and  «  (120,  z-2) 
are  prisms;  d  (101,  14)  is  a  macrodome ;  h  (Oil,  14)  and  A;  (021,  24)  are  brachydomes.  and 
e  (111,  I),/ (121,  2-2)  are  pyramids:  cf.  also  figs.  3,  4,  5,  6. 


INTRODUCTION. 


XV11 


A  zone  is  a  series  of  planes  with  mutually  parallel  intersections,  since  their  parameters  have 
all  a  constant  ratio  for  two  of  the  axes.  The  Hue  through  the  center  of  the  crystals  to  which. 
the  planes  are  parallel  is  the  zone-axis.  Familiar  examples  of  zones,  in  part  shown  in  fig.  2,  are 
those  of  the  prisms,  MO,  of  the  domes,  hOl  or  Qkl;  also  pyramids,  as  of  the  unit  series  hid  (as 
112,  111,  221)  where  h  =  k;  or  of  any  other  zone  as  211,  421,  etc.,  where^  =  2k;  also  212,  111, 
121,  131,  where  h  =  I,  etc. 

Spherical  Projection  —  If  .the  center  of  a  crystal,  that  is,  the  point  of  intersection  of  the  three 
axes,  be  taken  as  the  center  of  a  sphere,  and 
normals  be-  drawn  from  it  to  the  successive 
planes  of  the  crystals,  the  points,  where  they 
meet  the  surface  of  the  sphere,  will  be  the  poles 
of  the  respective  planes.  For  example,  in  f.  7 
the  common  center  of  the  crystal  and  sphere  is 
at  O,  the  normal  to  the  plaue  b  meets  the  surface 
of  the  sphere  at  B,  of  b'  at  B',  of  d  and  e  at  D 
and  E  respectively,  and  so  on.  These  poles 
evidently  determine  the  position  of  the  plane  in 
each  case. 

It  is  obvious  thai,"  the  pole  of  the  plane 
b'  (010)  opposite  b  (010)  will  be  at  the  opposite 
extremity  of  the  diameter  of  the  sphere,  and  so 
in  general,  (120)  and  (120).  etc.  It  is  seen  also 
that  all  the  poles,  or  normal  points,  of  planes  in 
the  same  zone,  that  is,  planes  whose  intersection- 
lines  are  parallel,  are  in  the  same  great  circle, 
for  jnstance  the  planes  b  (010),  d  (1  10),  a  (100), 
e  (110),  and  so  on. 

It  is  customary  in  the  use  of  the  sphere  to 
regard  it  as  projected  upon  a  horizontal  plaue, 
usually  that  normal  to  the  prismatic  zone,  so 
that,  as  in  f.  10,  the  prismatic  planes  lie  in  the 
circumference  of  the  circle,  and  the  other  planes 
within  it.  The  eye  being  supposed  to  be 
situated  at  the  opposite  extremity  of  the  diameter  of  the  sphere  normal  to  this  plane,  the  great 
circles  then  appear  either  as  arcs  of  circles,  or  as  straight  lines,  i.e.,  diameters. 

It  will  be  further  obvious  from  f.  7  that  the  arc  BD,  between  the  poles  of  b  and  d,  measures 
an  angle  at  the  center  (BOD),  which  is  the  supplement  of  the  actual  interior  angle  bnd  between 
the  two  planes. 

In  the  construction,  of  the  spherical  projection,  it  must  be  noted  that  the  poles  on  the 
circumference  are  fixed  directly  by  the  angles  measured  by  a  protractor,  Awhile  the  positions  of 
101  on  the  zone-circle  100,  001,  iOO  and  of  Oil  on  010,  001,  010  are  fixed  by  the  fact  that  the 
distances  to  them  from  the  center  of  the  circle  (here  001)  are  proportional  to  the  tangents  of  half 
the  angles  of  001  A  101  and  001  A  Oil,  and  this  holds  true  in  general.  Furthermore,  it  must  be 
noticed  that  the  pole  111  is  situated  at  the  intersection  of  the  zone-circles  001  and  110,  100  and 
Oil,  010  and  101;  so  in  general  hkl  at  the  intersection-  of  001  and  hkQ,  100  and-O/W,  010  and  hQl. 

Horizontal  Projections.  —  In  addition  to  the  usual  perspective  figures  of  crystals,  projections 
usually  on  the  basal  plane  (or  more  generally  the  plane  normal  to  the  prismatic  zone)  are  freely 
used,  and  in  these  the  successive  planes  are  indicated  by  accents,  passing  around  in  the  direction 
of  the  axes  a,  b,  c,  that  is  counter-clockwise.  Thus  compare  the  figures  below,  8  and  9  and  the 
spherical  projection,  f  .  10.  These  methods  are  modified  somewhat  to  meet  the  demands  of  the 
different  systems. 

Angles  between  Planes.  —  The  angles  given  in  this  work  are  always  the  normal  angles,  that  is 
the  angles  between  the  poles  or  normals  to  the  planes,  measured  on  the  arc  of  a  great  circle 
joining  the  poles  as  shown  on  the  spherical  projection  (f.  7,  10).  These  normal  angles  are  the 
supplements  of  the  actual  interfacial  angles,  as  has  just  been  explained. 

Furthermore,  by  reference  to  the  projection,  f.  10,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  angle.  100  A  HO, 
or  (f.  9)  am,  is  (in  the  orthorhombic  system)  half  the  angle  110  A  110  (mm'").  Similarly 
010  A  120  (bs)  is  half  the  angle  120  A  120  (ss')-,  as:ain,  100  A  HI  (ae)  is  the  complement  of  half 
the  angle  111  A  111  (ed),  and  010  A  111  (be)  the  complement  of  half  the  angle  111  A  111 


After  Breziua. 


Further: 

100  A  010  (ab)  =  100  A  HO  (am)  +  UO  A  120  (ms)  -j-  120  A  010  (sty 
Also; 

101  A  010  (Ob)  =  101  A  HI  (<fc)  -f  111  A  121  (ef)  +  121  A  '010  (fb). 

Here,  as  throughout  this  work,  the  sign  A  is  used  to  designate  the  angle  between  two  faces, 
usually  designated  by  letters. 

Methods  of  Calculation.—  In  general  the  angles  between  the  poles  can  be  calculated  by  the 
methods  of  spherical  trigonometry  from  the  triangles  as  shown  in  the  sphere  of  proiec*"-^  •"*  ?0 


iVlll 


INTRODUCTION. 


— which  for  the  most  part  are  right-angled.  Certain  fundamental  relations  connect  the  axes  with 
the  elemental  angles  of  the  projection;  the  most  important  of  these  are  given  under  the  indi- 
vidual systems.  For  the  formulas  necessary  in  certain  cases,  reference  must  be  made  to  works 
on  crystallography. 

8.  10. 


0106 


The  only  relation  which  need  be  introduced  here  is  the  tangent  principle,  applicable  to  any 
zone  between  a  pinacoid  plane  and  a  plane,  90°  from  this,  in  a  zone  with  the  other  two  pinacoids. 
The  relation  and  its  application  to  such  zones  will  be  evident  from  the  following  simple 
examples: 

tan  (001  A  7iQt)  _h  tan  (001  A  OM) 

r 


Also 


tan  (001  A  101) 
tan  (010  A  MO)  _  Ji 
tan  (010  A  110)  ~  k' 


=  r,   or 


tan  (001  A  Oil) 
tan  (100  A 


tan  (001  A  h7il)      Ti  ,_ 

^<       ..'  =-,    or  more  generally 

tan  (001  A  111)      I 


tan  (100  A  110) 
tan  (001  A  M 


k 
~V 

k 
~'7i 


tan  (001  A  ppr)      I     p' 


etc. 


Order  of  Forms.— In  the  lists  of  forms  under  each  species,  the  following  order  is  followed :. 

1.  Piuacoids,  100,  010,  001; 

2.  Prisms,  commencing  with  the  form  (7^0)  nearest  100; 

3.  Domes,,  commencing  with  the  forms  (hOl  and  Okl)  nearest  to  001 ; 

4.  Pyramids  of  the  unit  series  in  a  like  order; 

5.  Other  pyramids  arranged  in  vertical  zones,  e.g.  from  001  to  210,  etc.,  the  zones  being 
taken  in  the  same  order  as  that  adopted  above  for  the  prisms.    In  the  monoclinic  system,  the 
orthopyrainids  are  given  before  the  clinopyramids. 

Twin  Crystals. — A  twin  crystal  is  one  in  which  one  part  is  in  reversed  position  with  refer- 
ence  to  the  other,  as  if,  in  general,  it  had  been  revolved  through  180°  about  a  certain  axis. 
This  axis  of  revolution  is  the  twinning  axis,  and  the  plane  normal  to  it  is  the  twinning-plane; 
either  the  twinning-uxis  must  be  a  definite  crystallographic  line,  or  the  twinuing-plane  a  possible 
plane  (usually  a  common  one) — except  in  the  inclined  system  both  statements  must  hold  true. 

The  plane  common  to  the  two  crystals  or  parts  of  crystals  in  a  simple  contact-twin  is  the 
composition-face;  it  is  usually  the  same  as  the  twinning- plane,  but  may  be  normal  to  it.  In  a 
penetration-twin  the  parts  may  be  united  very  irregularly. 

Twinning  may  be  repeated,  giving  rise  to  three-fold,  four-fold7  etc.,  compound  crystals, 
called  trillings,  fourlings,  fiveliugs,  etc.  This  is  common  where  the  angle  between  the  axes  of 
the  crystals  in  the  twinning  position  is  more  or  less  closely  an  aliquot  part  of  180°;  five-rayed, 
six-rayed,  etc. ,  star-s.haped  twins  may  result  (cf .  marcasite  (p.  95),  chrysoberyl  (p.  229),  rutile 
(pp.  237,  238). 

Polysynthotic  twinning  is  repeated  twinning  in  the  form  of  thin  ^arnellae  alternately  in 
reversed  position  with  reference  to  each  other;  this  usually  produces  fine  lines  or  striations  upon 
the  bounding  surfaces;  cf.  the  triclinic  feldspars,  p.  326  et  seg. 

In  twins  the  faces  of  the  reversed  part  are  denoted  by  a  letter  with  a  subscript  line. 


INTRODUCTION. 


TllX 


1.    ISOMETRIC  SYSTEM. 

In  the  Isometric  System  there  are  three  equal  axes  at  right  angles  to  each  other.  It  is  char- 
acterized (in  the  holohedral  forms)  by  three  principal  planes  of  symmetry,  all  equal.  The  lines 
in  which  these  planes  of  symmetry  intersect  are  the  crystallographic  axes.  There  are  also  six 
auxiliary  diagonal  planes  of  symmetry,  equal  among  themselves. 

There  are  seven  holohedral  types  of  form  in  this  system,  that  is  seven  in  which  all  the 
similar  planes  comprehended  by  each  general  symbol  are  present.  They  are,  in  order  of  sim- 
plicity, with  their  symbols: 

1.  Cube 

2.  Octahedron 

3.  Dodecahedron 

4.  Tetrahexahedron 

5.  Trigonal  Trisoctahedron 

6.  Tetragonal  Trisoctahedron,  or  Trapezohedron 

7.  Hexoctahedrou 

In  the  above  h  >  k 

These  forms  are  shown  in  the  following  figures  with  the  symbols  after  both  Miller  and 
Nauiuann. 

11.  12;  13.  14.  15. 


(100) 

i-i 

00000 

a 

(111) 

I 

O 

0 

(110) 

i 

000 

d 

(MO) 

i-n 

cc  On, 

as  e  (210, 

£2) 

(hhl) 

m 

mO 

as  p  (221, 

2) 

(Ml) 

m~m 

mOm 

as  n  (211, 

2-2) 

(hkl) 

1  m~n 

mOn 

as  *  (321, 

3-D 

>  I 

e  (210,  t-2) 


P  (221,  2) 


n  (211,  2-2) 


m  (311,  3-3) 


s  (321,  3-f ) 


The  following  letters  are  uniformly  used 
in  this  work  to  designate  the  most  commonly 
occurring  forms,  viz.  (chiefly  after  Miller): 

Cube  «.    Octahedron  o.   Dodecahedron  d. 

Tetrahexahedrons :  e  =  210,  z-2;/=  310, 
t-3;  g  =  320,  i-f ;  h  -  410,  z-4. 

Tetrahexahedrons  :  k  =  520,  t'-f ;  I  =  530, 
i-f,  O  =  430,  «-|. 

Trigonal  trisotftahedrons :  p  =  221,  2; 
g  =  331,  3;  r  =  332,  f ;  p  =  441,  4. 

Tetragonal  trisoctahedrons :  m  =  311, 
3-3;  n  =  211,  2-2;  ft  =  322)  f-f. 

Hexoctahedrons  :  *  =  321,  3-f ;  t  =  421, 
4-2. 

For  other  forms  letters  are  used  indis- 
criminately. The  spherical  projection,  f.  21, 
shows  the  distribution  of  some  of  the  forms 
j>f  this  system. 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  planes  of  the 
Aexoctahedron  s  (f.  20)  in  the  right  upper 
octant  are,  in  order  (counter-clockwise):  321, 
231, '132,  123,  213,  312.  Similarly  for  the 
trisoctahedron  p  (f.  17),  221,  122,  212;  for  n 
tf.  18),  211,  121,  112. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  HEMIHEDRAL  forms  are  those  in  which  only  half  the  normal  number  of  planes  are 
present.  The  common  types  are  : 

A.  Tetrahedral  or  Inclined  liemihedrons.     Tetrahedron  K  (111)  or  \  (1),  f.  22,  23.*    Hemi- 
trigoual   trisoctahedron  K  (JM)  or  \(m),  f.  24,  and   hemi-tetragoual  trisoctahedrou  K  (fill)  or 
-£  (m-m)  f.  25;  hemi-hexoctahedron  (hexatetrahedron)  K  (hkl)  or  %  (m-n),  f.  26.     Also 

B.  The  Pyriiohedral  or  Parallel  hemihedvons.     Pyritohedron  re  (hkO)  or  £  (i-ri),  f.  27-30, 
aud  Diploid  TC  (hkl)  or  £  (m-n),  f.  81. 

There  are  also  certain  gyroidal  or  plagihedral  hemlhedrons  (e.g.,  sylvite),  and  further 
tetartohedral  forms  which  need  not  be  explained  here. 

In  general,  hemihedrons  may  .be  plus  or  minus,  according  to  which  set  of  planes  is 
present,  thus .- 

The  plus  tetrahedron  has  the  planes  111,  111,  111,  111. 
The  minus       "  "     "        "      111,  111,  111,  ill. 

These  are,  in  the  majority  of  cases,  represented  by  the  same  letters  on  the  figures,  but  the 
minus  or  inverse  form  is  indicated  by  a  subscript  accent,  thus  o  (111,  -f-  1)  and  ot  (111,  —  1), 
and  similarly  of  the  other  -f-  aud  —  hemihedral  forms  in  this  system. 


22. 


23. 


24. 


25. 


?t  (210) 


n  (120) 


n  (210),  (100) 


7T(210),   (111) 


The  following  tables  give  the  more  important  angles  (to  the  nearest  15")  for  the  various 
forms  thus  far  observed!  in  this  system. 
Interfacial  angles  for  the 
Cube 


Octahedron 


Dodecahedron 


100  A  010 

00    =  111 

A  111 

dd'  = 

110  A  101 

90°  0'  0" 

70°  31' 

44" 

60 

0     Q,     Q,, 

Als 

ao    =     100  A 

111     =     54°  44' 

8" 

ad    =     100  A 

110    =    45°    0' 

0" 

od    =     111  A 

110    =    35°  15' 

52" 

TETRAHEXAHEDRONS. 

Edge  A 

Edge  .C 

Angle  on 

Angle  on 

Of.  fig.  16 

210  A  201,  etc 

210  A  120,  etc. 

a  (100,  *-*) 

o  (111,  1) 

32-1-0,  e-32 

2°  31f 

86°  25f 

1°  47i 

53°  28f 

15-1-0,  £-15 

5    23^ 

82    22£ 

3    48f 

52      5± 

10-1-0,  i-W 

8      4 

78    34f 

5    42J 

50    48£ 

810,  z-8 

10      3f 

75    45 

7      7£ 

49    52i 

710,  t-7 

11    28|, 

73    44* 

8      7f 

49    13 

*  In  the  list  of  planes  given  under  hemihedral  species,  these  hemihedral  signs  K  and  it,  etc.. 
are  omitted,  and  similarly  in  the  other  systems. 

f  A  number  of  doubtful  forms  are  included  in  the  lists,  also  some  forms  known  only  on 
artificial  crystals. 


INTRODUCTION,  xxi 

TETR  AIIEX  AHEDRONS—  Continued. 


Edge  A 

EdgeC 

Angle  on 

Angle  on 

Cf  .  fig.  16 

210  A  201,  etc. 

210  A 

120,  etc. 

a  (100,  z-0 

0(111,  1) 

610,  i-Q 

13° 

21' 

71° 

4*' 

9° 

27f 

48° 

21*' 

17-3  0,  ^ 

14 

6* 

69 

59 

10 

Q4 

48 

1 

510,  i-5 

15 

564 

67 

23 

11 

18* 

47 

124 

920,  i-l 

17 

39 

64 

56* 

12 

81* 

46 

87* 

13-3  0,  iQ 

18 

17* 

64 

Of 

12 

59| 

46 

104 

410,  iA 

19 

45 

61 

55* 

14 

24 

45 

33* 

11-3-0,  i-Q 

21 

26f- 

59 

294 

15 

154 

44 

514 

10-3  0,  i-^- 

23 

26* 

56 

364 

16 

42 

44 

8* 

310,  £3 

25 

504 

53 

87* 

18 

26 

43 

54 

520,  »-f 

30 

27 

46 

23| 

21 

48 

41 

22 

12-5-0,  f-# 

31 

33* 

44 

45* 

22 

374 

40 

58| 

730,  ££ 

32 

20* 

43 

36i 

23 

12 

40 

424 

940,  f-| 

33 

22* 

42 

44 

23 

57* 

40 

214 

210,  £2 

36 

524 

36 

524 

26 

34 

39 

14 

950,  i-\ 

40 

10 

31 

534 

29 

34 

88 

16J 

740,  «-| 

41 

44 

80 

304 

29 

44* 

38 

M 

530,  ££ 

42 

40 

28 

44 

30 

57f 

37 

37 

320,  i-f 

46 

11* 

22 

374 

33 

414 

36 

48* 

750,  £-£ 

48 

32 

18 

55* 

35 

324 

36 

214 

11-8-0,  ^-V 

49 

9 

17 

56| 

36 

If 

36 

14| 

430,  »4 

50 

124 

16 

154 

36 

524 

36 

44 

970,  i-f 

51 

274 

14 

15 

37 

524 

35 

53 

540,  £f 

52 

25* 

12 

40* 

38 

39* 

35 

454 

870,  £f 

55 

304 

7 

37| 

41 

Hi 

85 

264 

14-13-6,  i-  4| 

57 

314 

4 

144 

42 

52* 

35 

194 

1110-0,  z-H 
20-19-0,  i-\% 

56 

58 

3 

5 

2 

274 
564 

42 
43 

31* 

35 
85 

81* 

174 

41-40-0,  t-ft 

59 

10* 

1 

24* 

44 

174 

35 

164 

64-63-0,  i-ff 

59 

28* 

0 

544 

44 

33 

85 

16 

86-85-0,  £ff 

59 

36* 

0 

404 

44 

40 

35 

16 

TRIGONAL  TRISOCTAHEDRONS. 

Cf.  fig.  17 
65-65-64,  ff 

io-io-9,4p 

776,| 
554,| 
443,f 

832,f 
€85,| 
553,f 
774,  | 
221,  2 

552,| 
331,  3 
772,  | 
441,  4 
551,5 


Edge  A 

EdgeB 

Angle  on 

Angle  on 

221  A  212,  etc. 

221  A 

221,  etc.  a  (100,  »"-»*) 

o  (111,  1) 

0° 

434' 

69° 

4iy 

54° 

31*' 

0° 

25' 

4 

50 

64 

56| 

53 

22f 

2 

47* 

7 

04 

62 

264 

52 

474 

4 

8f 

9 

594 

58 

594 

52 

1 

5 

46 

12 

40* 

55 

524 

51 

204 

7 

194 

17 

20* 

50 

28* 

50 

144 

10 

14 

19 

45 

47 

41 

49 

42 

11 

254 

21 

134 

45 

58* 

49 

234 

12 

164 

22 

554 

44 

04 

49 

2 

13 

15* 

27 

16 

88 

564 

48 

11 

15 

474 

33 

33* 

31 

354 

47 

74 

19 

284 

37 

51* 

26 

314 

46 

304 

22 

0 

40 

59 

22 

5,0^ 

46 

74 

23 

504 

43 

204 

20 

2* 

45 

52 

25 

144 

46 

39* 

16 

6 

45 

33* 

27 

13 

XXII 


INTRODUCTION. 


TRIGONAL  TBISOCTAHEDRONS—  Continued. 


Edge  A 

EdgeB 

Angle  on 

Angle  on 

Cf.  fig.  17 

221  A  212,  -etc. 

221  A  221,  etc. 

a  (100,  *-*) 

o  (111,  1> 

661,6 

48°  53*' 

13?  26*' 

45°  23*' 

28°  32*' 

771,  7 

50    28* 

11    32* 

45    17*- 

29    29* 

881,8 

51    40* 

10      6* 

45    13* 

30    12| 

11  11-1,  11 

53    57 

7    21* 

45      7 

31    35* 

27-27-1,  27 

57    32* 

3      0 

45      U 

33    45f 

40-40-1,  40 

58    20* 

2      If 

45      0* 

34    15 

TETRAGONAL  TBISOCTAHEDRONS  or  TBAPEZOHEDRONS. 


Edge  B 

Edge  C 

Angle  on 

Angle  on 

Cf. 

fig.  18 

211  A  211,  etc. 

211  A 

121,  etc.   a  (100,  «)    o  (111,  1) 

40-1 

•1,  40-40 

2° 

51*' 

87° 

6' 

2° 

1*' 

52° 

42*' 

36-1 

•1,  36-36 

5 

10* 

86 

46* 

2 

15 

52 

29* 

16-1 

•1,  16-16 

7 

8* 

82 

39 

5 

3 

49 

41 

15-1 

•1,  15-15 

7 

36* 

82 

9 

5 

23* 

49 

21 

12-1 

•1,  12-12 

9 

29* 

80 

8* 

? 

43* 

48 

o* 

11-1 

•1,  11-11 

10 

20* 

79 

13* 

7 

19* 

47 

24* 

10-1 

•1,  10-10 

11 

22 

78 

7* 

8 

3 

46 

41* 

911, 

9-9 

12 

36* 

76 

46 

8 

55* 

45 

48* 

811. 

8-8 

14 

8* 

75 

4* 

10 

H 

44 

42* 

15-2-2,  J/-V- 

15 

3*. 

74 

3* 

10 

40* 

44 

3* 

711, 

7-7 

16 

6 

72 

53* 

11 

25* 

43 

18* 

611, 

6-6 

18 

40* 

69 

59* 

13 

15* 

41 

2S* 

511, 

5-5 

22 

H* 

65 

57* 

15 

47* 

88 

56* 

411, 

4-4 

27 

16 

60 

0 

19 

28* 

35 

15| 

833, 

H 

38 

41* 

45 

57* 

27 

56* 

26 

47* 

722, 

H 

.30 

43* 

55 

50* 

22 

0 

32 

44 

311, 

3-3 

35 

5* 

50 

28* 

25 

14* 

29 

29* 

522, 

H 

40 

45 

43 

20* 

29 

29* 

25 

14* 

944, 

H 

44 

12* 

38 

51* 

82 

9 

22 

35 

11-5 

'5»  ¥-¥• 

44 

57* 

37 

51* 

32 

44 

22 

0 

211, 

2-2 

48 

H* 

33 

33* 

85 

15* 

19 

28* 

955, 

H 

51 

48* 

28 

36f 

38 

9* 

J6 

34f 

744, 

l-j 

52 

46* 

27 

16 

38 

56* 

15 

4?* 

633, 

f-f 

54 

27 

24 

54* 

40 

19 

14 

25* 

322, 

f-f 

58 

2 

19 

45 

43 

18| 

11 

25* 

433, 

H 

61 

55f 

13 

55* 

46 

41* 

8 

3 

655, 

H 

65 

15* 

8 

44* 

49 

41 

5 

8 

HEXOCTAHEDRONS. 


Edge  A 

EdgeB 

EdgeC 

Angle  on 

Angle  on 

Cf.  fig.  20 

321  A  312,  etc. 

321  A  321,  etc. 

321  A  231,  etc. 

a  (100,  i-i) 

0(111,  1) 

25-6-2,  *£.*£, 

12°  35*' 

8°  53*' 

62°  47f 

14°  11*' 

42°  22' 

12-3-2,  6-4 

6    28* 

18    22* 

61      3 

16    43* 

88    26 

821,  8-4 

9    46 

13    49* 

61    25* 

15    37 

40      8 

21-7-5,  V-3 

7      8* 

25    27* 

51    43* 

22    16* 

32    54* 

832,  4-| 

9    14*. 

26    21 

47    31* 

24    15* 

31    12* 

10-4-3,  Y-f 

7    15 

31      7* 

44    36* 

26    34 

28    36* 

521,  5-f 

14    50 

21      2* 

45"    34* 

24      5* 

82    30* 

15-6-2,  J/-| 

20      Of 

14      6* 

46      1* 

22    51* 

85    20* 

782,  H 

10    18* 

29    25f 

42      6* 

27    15 

28    22* 

731,  7-* 

21    13* 

14    57J 

43    12*. 

24    18f 

34     13f 

INTRODUCTION. 


HEXOCTAHEDRONS—  Continued. 
Edge  A       Edge  B 

EdgeC 

Angle  on 

Angle  on 

Cf  .  fig.  20 

321  A 

312,  etc.  321  A  321,  etc.  321  A  231,  etc.  a  (100,  i-i)   0(111,  1) 

16-7-4,  4-V1 

13° 

36' 

25° 

48' 

41° 

36*' 

26° 

444' 

29° 

33' 

942,  f-f- 

16 

10* 

22 

574 

41 

11* 

26 

254 

30 

29* 

11-5-3,  Y-Y 

13 

2f 

27 

53* 

39 

51 

27 

55* 

28 

13* 

845,  |-2 

7 

54f 

58 

24* 

32 

2* 

38 

40^ 

16 

41* 

10-5-3,  ^-2 

14 

2 

30 

24 

35 

34 

30 

14| 

26 

8 

421,  4-2 

17 

45* 

25 

124 

35 

57 

29 

12* 

28 

64 

24-12-5,  -V~2~ 

20 

53| 

21 

6f 

36 

134 

28 

264 

29 

514 

11-6-1,  11-Y- 

32, 

40* 

9 

74 

32 

40* 

28 

564 

34 

14 

13-7-5,  Y~V- 

10 

244 

37 

25 

31 

35* 

33 

294 

22 

11* 

18-10-5,  V-l 

19 

124 

27 

17* 

30 

58 

31 

50* 

25 

57* 

18-10-1,  18-f 

35 

57* 

5 

33* 

31 

51* 

29 

104 

35 

414 

12-7-5,  --£-¥• 

10 

594 

39 

35* 

27 

424 

35 

38 

20 

12* 

531,  5-| 

27 

394 

19 

27* 

27 

394 

32 

18* 

28 

33* 

853,  ft 

16 

254 

25 

17 

24 

44* 

36 

5* 

21 

4* 

643,  2-f 

10 

234 

45 

iO| 

20 

51* 

39 

48* 

16 

34 

321,  3-f 

21 

47* 

31 

0* 

21 

47* 

36 

42 

22 

12* 

10-7-3,  ig-\0- 

26 

04 

27 

37 

19 

.26 

37 

17* 

23 

16* 

20-14-3,  -2^V°- 

36 

52* 

14 

o* 

19 

52 

35 

36 

29 

43 

751,  7-| 

38 

74 

13 

15* 

18 

47* 

36 

4* 

29 

55* 

971,  9-f 

43 

31 

10 

u 

14 

H* 

38 

9* 

30 

574 

432,  2-f 

15 

54 

43 

36* 

15 

54 

42 

1* 

15 

134 

431,  4-f 

32 

12* 

22 

37* 

15 

564 

38 

19* 

25 

4 

543,  H 

11 

28| 

50 

124 

11 

28| 

45 

0 

11 

32* 

541,  5-f 

38 

12* 

17 

45* 

12 

31* 

39 

304 

27 

I 

654,  |-t 

9 

14f 

54 

14* 

9 

14* 

46 

51* 

9 

164 

651,  6-| 

42 

6* 

14 

354 

10 

18* 

40 

214 

28 

22* 

13-11-9,  J£-*f 

8 

25* 

55 

42| 

8 

25* 

47 

33 

8 

26f 

875,  f-f 

13 

49* 

50 

22f 

6 

54 

47 

4* 

10 

35* 

986,  |.| 

12 

4 

52 

58* 

6 

1* 

48 

0* 

9 

144 

64-63-1,  64-fl 

58 

26* 

1 

16} 

0 

54 

44 

33* 

34 

36* 

Further,  the  angles  for  the  hemihedral  forms*  are  as  follows: 

For  the  tetrahedron  oo'  (111  A  111)  =  109°  28'  16",          oo,  (111  A  111)  =  70°  31'  44". 

Inclined  Hemihedrons. 
HEMI-TRIGONAL  TRISOCTAHEDRONS. 


Edge  A 

Edge  B 

Angle  on 

Angle  on 

Cf.  fig.  24 

221  A 

212,  etc. 

221  A  122,  etc. 

a  (100,  i-i)       0(111,1) 

554 

9° 

59*' 

103° 

W 

52° 

1' 

5° 

46- 

332 

17 

204 

97 

50* 

50 

14* 

10 

14 

885 

19 

45 

96 

o* 

49 

42 

11 

25* 

553 

21 

13* 

94 

51£ 

49 

23* 

12 

164 

774 

22 

55* 

93 

31* 

49 

2 

13 

15* 

221 

27 

16 

90 

0 

48 

114 

15 

474 

552 

33 

334 

84 

41 

47 

74 

19 

28* 

331 

37 

51* 

80 

55 

46 

304 

22 

0 

661 

48 

53* 

70 

4s* 

45 

234 

28 

324 

15-15-2 

51 

7 

68 

41* 

45 

15* 

29 

52£ 

881 

51 

40* 

68 

9* 

45 

13* 

30 

12* 

No  distinction  is  made  between  the  -f  and  -  forms;  the  angles  are  the  same  obviously 
except  for  the  pyritohedrons  and  diploids,  where  the  angle  between  a  given  -j-  form  (e.g.,  210, 
321)  and  100  is  the  same  as  that  for  the  corresponding  —  form  (120,  231)  and  010.  The  symbols 
after  Naumann  (many  of  them  given  in  the  table  above)  are  omitted  here. 


XXIV 


INTRODUCTION, 


HEMI-TETRAGONAL  TRISOCTAHEDRONS. 


Edge  B                    Edge  C                   Angle  on 
Cf.  fig.  25        211  A  211,  etc.      211  A  121,  etc.            a  (100,  i-i) 
13-1-1               12°  25'                     80°  55'                       6°   12!' 
12-1-1               13    26!                    80      8!                     6    43* 
17-2-2               18    53!                    75    58*                      9    26* 
13-2-2               24    33                      71     33*                    12    16! 
611                    26    31!                     69    59*                    13    15* 

511                   31    35*                    65    57!                   15    47! 
411                    38    56!                     60      0                      19    28* 
722                   44      0*                    55    50*                    22      0 
311                    50    28|                     50    28|                    25    14* 
833                   55    52!                    45    57*                   27    56! 

522                   58    59!                    43    20!                   29    29f 
733                    62    26*                    40    25f                    31     13* 
944                    64    18                      50    25*                   82      9 
211                    70    31*                    33    33!                    35    15* 
17-9-9                73    38|                    30    53*                    36    49! 

955                    76    18*                    28    36*                   38      9* 
744                    77    53                      27    16                      25    50! 
322                    86    37*                    19    45                     43    18f 

HEMI-HEXOCTAHEDRONS. 
Edge  A                Edge  B               Edge  C              Angle  on 
Cf.  fig.  26       321  A  312,  etc.    321  A  312,  etc.     321  A  231,  etc.        a  (100,  i-i) 
521                   14°  50'                45°  34^              45°  34^              34°     53> 

Angle  on 
o(lll,  1) 
48°  31! 
48      0* 
45    17* 
42    27* 
41    28! 

38    56! 
35    15* 
32    44 
29    29f 
26    47* 

25    14* 
23    31 
22    35 

19    28* 
17    54| 

16    34* 

15    47! 
11    25* 

Angle  on 

0  (111,  1) 

32°  30*' 

631 

24 

4* 

49 

17f 

36 

27* 

27    47! 

31 

39 

127-5 

10 

59! 

70 

9! 

27 

42! 

35    38 

20 

12* 

531 

27 

39f 

57 

7! 

27 

39f 

32    18| 

28 

33f 

321 

21 

47* 

69 

4! 

21 

47* 

36    42' 

26 

12! 

753 

17 

51f 

76 

46 

17 

51f 

39    47f 

18 

5* 

15-11-7 

16 

21f 

79 

38f 

16 

21* 

40    41 

16 

32* 

432 

15 

5! 

82 

4! 

15 

5! 

42      1* 

15 

13! 

431 

32 

12* 

67 

22f 

15 

56! 

38    19* 

25 

4 

861 

41 

H£ 

59 

0* 

16 

10| 

37    14* 

30 

30* 

975 

13 

2* 

85 

55* 

13 

2* 

43    42* 

13 

8 

11-10-1 

50 

34* 

62 

564 

5 

26! 

42    25 

31 

31 

Parallel 

Hemihedrons. 

PYRITOHEDRONS. 

Edge  A 

EdgeC 

Angle  on 

Angle  on 

Cf.  figs.  27-30 

210 

A  210,  etc. 

210 

A  102,  etc. 

a  (100,  i-i) 

o  (HI,  1) 

10-1-0 

11° 

25' 

84° 

19' 

5°  42|' 

50° 

48!' 

910 

14 

20| 

83 

42 

6    20| 

50 

23* 

810 

14 

15 

82 

55| 

7      7! 

49 

52* 

710 

16 

15! 

81 

57* 

8      7* 

49 

13 

610 

18 

55! 

80 

40 

9    27* 

48 

21* 

510 

22 

37* 

78 

54* 

11    18| 

47 

12* 

920 

25 

3! 

77 

46! 

12    31* 

46 

27* 

410 

28 

4* 

76 

23! 

14      2* 

45 

33* 

720 

31 

53! 

74 

41 

15    56* 

44 

271 

10-3-0 

33 

24 

74 

U 

16    42 

44 

»l 

INTRODUCTION. 


PYRITOHEDRONS  —  Continued. 

Edge  A 

EdgeC 

Angle  on 

Cf.  figs.  27-30    210 

A 

210,  etc. 

210 

A  102,  etc. 

a  (100,  i-i) 

310 

36 

0  52£' 

72° 

32*' 

18° 

26' 

11-4-0 

39 

58 

71 

16 

19 

59 

520 

43 

36! 

69 

49| 

21 

48 

940 

47 

55* 

68 

12| 

23 

57* 

210 

53 

7f 

66 

251 

26 

34 

19-14-0 

72 

46 

64 

28* 

36 

23 

12-7-0 

60 

30f 

64 

12 

30 

15* 

740 

59 

29* 

64 

29 

29 

44f 

530 

61 

55| 

63 

49! 

30 

57* 

320 

67 

22f 

62 

30| 

33 

41* 

750 

71 

4* 

61 

46! 

35 

83* 

430 

73 

44* 

61 

19 

36 

52! 

540 

77 

19! 

60 

481 

38 

39* 

11-9-0 

78 

34| 

60 

39! 

39 

17! 

650 

79 

36| 

60 

32* 

39 

481 

760 

81 

12! 

60 

231 

40 

36 

15-13-0 

81 

49* 

60 

20 

40 

54* 

870 

82 

22! 

60 

17* 

41 

111 

980 

83 

16 

60 

18* 

41 

38 

109-0 

83 

58* 

60 

11 

41 

59! 

11-10-0 

84 

32f 

60 

9 

42 

16* 

DlPLOIDS. 

Edge  A 

EdgeB 

EdgeC 

Angle  on 

Cf.  fig.  31   321 

A  321 

,  etc 

.  321  A  321,  etc. 

321 

A  132,  etc. 

a  (100,  i-i) 

721 

31° 

35!' 

15° 

38*' 

64° 

47*' 

17° 

43' 

932 

36 

3 

23 

48* 

57 

8* 

21 

50 

16-6-3 

40 

28 

19 

55 

57 

26i 

22 

44* 

15-6-5 

41 

33| 

34 

23* 

47 

0* 

27 

301 

831 

40 

49! 

13 

21 

61 

46i 

21 

34 

942 

46 

54* 

22 

57* 

52 

7f 

26 

25* 

11-5-2 

48 

11* 

18 

47* 

54 

33 

26 

5 

1265 

49 

33 

40 

52f 

37 

47* 

33 

3* 

632 

50 

451 

33 

121 

42 

43 

31 

0! 

421 

51 

45! 

25 

12* 

48 

Hi 

29 

121 

841 

52 

46* 

12 

45* 

57 

5* 

27 

16 

10-5-1 

52 

541. 

10 

13! 

58 

56* 

27 

1 

12-6-1 

52 

68i 

8 

31* 

60 

11 

26 

52* 

13-7-3 

55 

22! 

22 

581 

48 

18! 

30 

21* 

742 

57 

34! 

27 

51| 

43 

33f 

32 

34* 

532 

58 

14* 

37 

51* 

35 

20 

35 

47* 

531 

60 

56* 

19 

27f 

19 

27* 

32 

18* 

10-6-1 

61 

40* 

9 

481 

56 

18* 

31 

18f 

851 

63 

36f 

12 

6 

53 

551 

32 

30* 

22-14-7 

62 

28 

30 

31 

39 

48* 

35 

25* 

962 

66 

«f 

20 

57 

46 

2 

35 

58* 

321 

64 

37* 

31 

OT 

38 

12! 

36 

42 

643 

61 

36| 

45 

10* 

27 

43 

39 

48* 

13-9-6 

64 

18! 

41 

33* 

29 

28 

39 

45* 

751 

70 

31f 

13 

15* 

51 

HI 

36 

4! 

Angle  on 

43°  51' 

42  16| 

41  22 

40  21! 

39  14 

36  10 

37  51 

38  1* 
37  37 
36  48* 
36  21! 
36   4! 
35  45* 
35  39| 
35  35f 
35  30! 
35  28! 
35  26* 
35  24! 
35  22* 
35  21* 


Angle  on 

•(111,  1) 

38°  13' 

33  31! 

33  42 

27  25* 
36  211 

30  291 

31  57 

21  57* 

24  52! 

28  6* 

33  29* 

34  37 

35  22* 
28  11* 

25  221 

20  30f 

28  33f 
33  Of 
31  34 
23  9 

26  50* 

22  12* 

16  3* 

17  4* 

29  55* 


XXVI 


INTRODUCTION. 


DIPLOIDS —  Continued. 

Edge  A  Edge  B  Edge  C 

Cf.  fig.  31           321  A  321,  etc.  321  A  321,  etc.   321  A  132,  etc. 

432                      67°  42*'  43°  36f  26°  17*' 

431                      72      4f  22    37£  43      3 

14-11-10              65    Hi  ','.68    38*  14    20f 

108-7                 66    28f  57    19i  14    43| 

543                      68    54  '50    12*  19    57 


Angle  on 
a  (100,  i-i) 

Angle  or 

0(111,  1) 

42°    If 

15'  13*' 

38    19f 
46    43 

25      4 

8    17£ 

46    45 
45      0 

8    30f 

2.    TETRAGONAL  SYSTEM. 

In  the  Tetragonal  System  there  are  three  axes  at  right  angles  to  each  other;  two  of  these 
are  equal  (a);  the  third,  the  vertical  axis  (c),  is  longer  or  shorter.  The  system  is  characterized  by 
three  axial  planes  of  symmetry,  two  of  which  are  equal  to  each  other;  there  are  also  two  other 
auxiliary  planes  inclined  45°  to  the  other  pair. 

The  holohedral  forms  in  this  system  are: 

1.  Basal  plane  (001)     0        OP  c 

2.  Diametral  prism,  or  prism  of  second  series    (100)    i-i      oo  Poo          a 


3.  Unit  prism,  or  prism  of  first  series 

4.  Ditetragonal  prism 

5.  Pyramids  of  diametral  or  second  series 

6.  Unit  pyramids 

7.  Ditetragonal  pyramids  or  zirconoids 


(110)  /  oo  P  m 

(MO)  i-n  ooP?i  as  (210,  £2) 

(Ml}  m-i  raPoo  as  e  (101,  I-/),  (201, 2-e),  etc. 

(KM)  m  mP  as  (111,  1),  (221,  2),  etc. 

(Jikl)  m-n  mPn  as  (211,  2-2),  (321,  3-|),  etc. 


32, 


33. 


34. 


35. 


36. 


(001),  (100)      (001),  (110)       (001),  (210) 
38.  39. 


(101) 


(Ill) 


37 


(Ml) 


In  figs.  38,  39,  c  =  (001),  a  =  (100),  m  =  (110),  h  =  (210),  e  =  (101),  r  =  (111),  z  =  (311). 


INTRODUCTION. 


XXVU 


These 
41. 


forms  are  shown  in  f.  32-37,  and  in  combination  in  f.  38,  of  which  f.  39,  40  are 
projections. 

The  hemihedral  forms  are  : 

A.  Sphenoidal  or  inclined,  represented  by  the  sphenoid,  or  hemi-unit  pyra- 
~  mid,  f.  41,  analogous  to  the  tetrahedron  (f.  22)  and  the  tetragonal  scalenohedron. 

Cf.  figs,  on  pp.  80,  81,  under  chalcopyrite. 

B.  Pyramidal,  including  the  half-form  of  the  ditetragonal  prism  and  pyramid 
or  square  prism  and  pyramid  of  the  third  series.     Cf .  figs.  3,  6,  7  under  scheelite, 
p.  986,  and  f .  4-6,  under  wulfenite,  p.  990. 

The  following  table  gives  the  important  angles  for  the  observed  ditetragonal 
prisms,  which  are  the  same  for  all  species.  The  angle  of  the  edge  X  (f.  34)  is 
twice  the  angle  on  a  (100),  and  of  the  edge  Y,  twice  the  angle  on  m  (110). 


810,  i-8 
710,  j-7 
920,  *-| 
410,  *-4 
310,  *-3 
940,  t-f 
210,  t-2 
740,  *•£• 

The  vertical  axis  c  can  be  obtained  from  the  fundamental  equations: 
tan  (001  A  101)  =  c    or    tan  (001  A  111)  .  *  V%  = 


Angle  on 

Angle  on 

a  (100,  i-i) 

m  (110,  /) 

7°  7*' 

37°  52*' 

530,  t-f 

go   ,,3, 

36°  52i' 

820,  'H 

12°  31f 

32°  28ir' 

750,  i-l 

14°  2±' 

30°  57f 

430,  H 

18°  26' 

26°  34' 

540,  i-f 

23°  57f  ' 

21°    2i' 

650,  i-l 

26°  34' 

18°  26' 

870,  i-f 

29°  44|' 

15°  15£' 

14-13-0, 

Angle  on 

Angle  on 

a  (100,  t-i) 

m  (110,  7) 

30°  57f  ' 

14°    2f 

33°  41£' 

11°  18f 

35°  32^ 

9°  27f  ' 

36°  52£'. 

8°    7f 

38°  39V 

6°  20*' 

39°  48J' 

5°  llf' 

41°  11V 

3°  48|' 

42°  52f 

2°    7tf 

3.  HEXAGONAL  SYSTEM. 

The  Hexagonal  System  includes  (1)  the  HEXAGONAL  SYSTEM  proper,  and  (2)  the  RHOMBO- 
HEDRAL  DIVISION.    In  this  work  all  the  forms  are  referred  to  four  axes,  three  equal  axes  (a) 


42. 
+< 


i-l 


4T 


inclined  at  angles  of  60°  in  a  common  horizontal  plane  and  a 
fourth  vertical  axis  (c)  at  right  angles  to  them  and  either 
longer  or  shorter. 

1.  In  the  HEXAGONAL  SYSTEM  proper,  there  are  4  axial 
planes  of  symmetry,  3  equal  planes  intersecting  at  60°, 
and  a  fourth  unequal  normal  to  them;  also  3  auxiliary  planes 
diagonal  to  the  first  set. 

The  general  symbol  for  hexagonal  forms  is : 

1.  Weiss-Naumann  2.  Miller-Bra vais 

pa  :  na  :  a  :  me  hkli 

These  symbols  correspond  to  the  symbols  1  and  2,  already 
explained  on  p.  xv.    It  is  to  be  added  that  here  p  =  — ~,  in 

the  first  form,  and  h  -}-  k  —  I  =  Q  in  the  second.     Special 

examples  of  these  symbols  are  given  in  the  list  of  forms 

below  belongingjo  the  hexagonal  system.     Note  also  that  in  the  general  symbol  hkli,  h  <  k  <  I; 

for  example  (1231);  this  corresponds  to  the  axes  as  shown  in  f.  42,  and  the  spherical  projection, 

f.  49.     In  stating  the  form  (which  includes  12  planes),  it  is  customary  to  write  it  khli  that  is 

(2131),  and  so  in  other  cases. 

The  holohedral  forms  of  this  system  are  : 

1.  Basal  plane  (0001) 

2.  Unit  prism,  or  prism  of  first  series  (1010) 

3.  Diagonal  prism,  or  prism  of  second  series  (1120) 

4.  Dihexagonal  prism  (khlO) 

5.  Unit  pyramids,  or  first  series  (quartzoids)  (hQhi) 

6.  Diagonal  pyramids,  or  second  series  (h-h'2h 

7.  Dihexagonal  pyramids  (khli) 


0 
I 

i-2 

i-n 
m 
m-2 
m-n 


OP 
ooP 
oo  P2 

oo  Pn 
mP 
mP2 
mPn 


e 

m 

a 

as  (2130,  *-|) 
as  (1011,  1)     or  (3021,  2) 
as  (1122,  1-2)  or  (1121,  2-2) 
as  (2131,  3-f) 


These  forms  are  illustrated  by  figs.  43-47,  also  by  the  projections  figs.  48,  49. 

iS^L°^  n°ted  that  the  svmbols  of  the  planes  of  the  forms  p  (1011),  s  (1121),  taken  in 
.  4o,  4t/j,  sire  \ 


jxviii 


INTRODUCTION. 


P 
1011 

0 
1121 


0111 


1211 


P" 

1101 


2111 


P'" 

1011 

*'" 

1121 


0111 


1211 


1101 


2111 


For  the  forms  below,  #vi  =  1011,  etc.,  s^  =  1121,  etc.      Also  for  v  (2131),   v' 
0"  =  1321,  r^  =  3121,  etc.,  cf.  f.  49.' 


43. 


44. 


In  figs.  47,  48,  c  =  (0001),  m  =  (1010), 
a  =  (1120),  p  =  (1011),  u  =  (2021),  s  =  (1121), 
w,  =  (3141),  «  =  2131. 


The  kind  of  hemihedrism  belonging  to  this  part  of  the  system  is  the  pyramidal,  and  the  special 
forms  are  the  half-forms  of  the  12-sided  prism  and  pyramid;  which  are  illustrated  by  the  species 
of  the  Apatite  Group,  pp.  763-773.  These  half-forms  are,  respectively,  a  hexagonal  prism, 
and  hexagonal  pyramid  of  the  third  series;  cf.  f.  4,  p.  763,  where  the  predominating  form, 
H  (2131),  is  this  pyramid. 

2.  The  RHOMBOHEDRAL  DIVISION  includes  forms  with  only  three  planes  of  symmetry 
intersecting  at  angles  of  120°  in  the  vertical  axis.  The  forms  peculiar  to  it  may  be  regarded  as 
half-forms  of  the  corresponding  hexagonal  types.  They  are  distinguished  as  plus  and  minus, 
as  in  similar  cases  before  explained  (pf  xx).  The  forms  peculiar  to  the  rhombohedral  system 
are  the  rhornbohedron  and  scalenohedron,  figs.  50-53,  also  f.  54  and  the  many  other  figures  under 
calcite,  pp.  263,  264,  tourmaline,  pp.  551,  552,  etc. 

The  symbols  for  the  several  planes  of  the  plus  unit  rhornbohedron  (f.  50,  54),  always 
denoted  by  the  letter  r,  are  : 

r  =  1011        r'  =  1101        r"  =  0111        r'"  =  0111        riv  =  1011        rv   =  1101 

For  the  scalenohedron  in  general,  which  is  regarded  as  a  half-form  on  the  same  system  of 
the  dihexagonal  pyramid,  Naumann  modified  his  symbols  by  referring  the  forms  to  the  rhom- 
bohedron  having  the  same  lateral  edges.  His  symbols  read  : 

mRn,    in  this  book  written     mn, 


INTRODUCTION. 


xxix 


where  the  m  and  n  are  connected  with  the  corresponding  m0  and  n0  of  the  dihexagonal  pyra- 
mid by  the  relations  : 


or 


n0  2  —  T&O 

Thus  K3J3I)  or  i(H) is  equivalent  to  123  or  I3. 

50.  52.  53. 


=  mn,    „=, 


54. 


51. 


r  =  (1011,  +S),  e  =  (0111,  -  .R),   (/=  2021,  +  2S)t_v  =  (3121,  I3),  also  m  =  (1010,  /), 
a  =  (1120,  £2),  «  =  (0112,  -i  R),  <t>  —  (0554,  -  f  5),  *  =  (2134,  |3) 

The  hemihedral  forms  of  the  Rhombohedral  Division,  which  are  ietartohedral  to  the 
Hexagonal  Division,  are: 

A.  Rhombohedral.     B.  Trapezohedral. 

The  distinctive  form  of  the  rhombohedral-tetartohedral  class  is  the  hemi-scalenohedron,  or 
rhombohedron  of  the  third  series,  illustrated  by  figs.  4,  5,  9,  under  phenacite,  p.  462.  Cf.  also 
figs,  under  dioptase,  p.  464,  ilmenite,  p.  218,  dolomite,  p.  272. 

The  distinctive  form  of  the  trapezohedral  class  are  the  quadrilateral  trapezohedron  and  the 
unsymmetrical  trigonal  prism,  illustrated  by  quartz  (pp.  184,  185)  and  cinnabar,  p.  66.  These 
forms  may  be  either  right-  or  left-handed,  as  shown  in  quartz,  where  their  connection  with  the 

§henomena  of  circular  polarization  is  explained.     The  plus  and  minus  forms  are  in  general 
esiguated  by  different  letters. 

^  There  are  also  hemimorphic  forms,  in  which  the  opposite  extremities  of  the  vertical  axis  are 
dissimilarly  modified,  as  shown  in  tourmaline,  pp.  551,  552,  and  pyrargyrite,  p.  133.  Here  the 
unit  prism  becomes  a  trigonal  form. 

The  important  mathematical  relations  in  this  system  are 

c  =  tan  (0001  A  1122),  c  =  tan  (0001  A  1011) .  i  4/a 

Also  for  a  hexagonal  pyramid 

tan  £(1011  A  0111)  =  sin  £  4/£,     where  tan  |  =  c, 
and  in  general 


,    where  tan  £,  =  -k. 


and        tan  g 


tan  %(hQhl  A  Ohht)  =  sin  £,  \ 
For  a  pyramid  of  the  second  series 

2  sin  |(1122  A  1212)  =  sin  f 
For  a  dihexagonal  prism,  khlQ  (as,  2130) : 

cot  (1010  A  KhlQ)  - 


cot  (1120  A 
The  sum  of  the  above  angles  is  equal  to  30°. 


XXX 


INTRODUCTION. 


For  a  rhombohedron 

sin  KlOll  A  1101)  =  sin  a  \/~$,     where  a  =  0001  A  lOll  ; 
in  general 

sin  i(hOhl  A  hhtil)  =  sin  <xt  \fl>    where  <xt  =  0001  A  MM. 
In  the  vertical  zone  of  pyramids,, rhombohedron s,  etc.,  the  tangent  principle  holds 


h  tan  (0001  A  1121) 

=  T:  also  ^oooTX-nSa]  =  2-   etc- 


tan  (0001  A  Ml) 
tan  (0001  A  1011) 

For  a  pyramid  v  (klili)  (as,  2131)  in  the  zone  m  (1010),  s  (1121),  p1  (0111),  o'  (1212),  in  which 
Ic  =  i  (cf .  f .  49,  p.  xxviii),  we  have  : 

cot  mv  =  cot  mp'  . 


The  angles  for  the  occurring  prisms  are  given  by  the  following  table  : 


15-1-160 

*-if 

13-1-14-0 

*-TT 

12-liB-O 

»-H 

io-i-ii-o 

*'H 

7180 

*-f 

5160 

*-f 

4150 

HI 

3130 

f? 

5270 

2130 

*-f 

9-5-14-0 

*~7« 

8-5-13-0 

3250 

i~s 

5490 

i-% 

m  (1010,  /) 
3°  12' 
3°  40±' 
3°  57f 
4°  43' 
6°  35£' 
8°  57' 
10°  53f 
13°  54' 
16°    6' 
19°    6f 
20°  38' 
22°  24|f 
23°  24f 
26°  19f ' 


a  (1120,  i-2) 

26°  48' 

26°  19r 

26°    2i' 

25°  17' 

23°  24f 

21°     3> 

19°     6i'. 

16°     6' 

13°  54' 

10°  53i' 

9°  22' 

7°  85*' 

6°  35*' 

3°  40*' 


THE  RHOMBOHEDRAL  DIVISION  OF  MILLER. 

The  following  projection  (fig.  55)  is  added  in  order  to  show  the  relation  of  the  forms  in  the 

Hexagonal  and  Rhombohedral  Systems  as 
referred  by  Miller  to  three  equal  oblique  axes 
parallel  to  the  faces  of  the  fundamental  rhom- 
bohedron. The  forms  are  as  follows : 

The  planes  having  the  indices  100,  001, 
010  are  those  of  the  (plus)  fundamental 
rhombohedron,  while  the  plane  111  is  the 
base.  The  planes  221,  121,  122  are  those  of 
the  minus  fundamental  rhombohedron;  with 
the  planes  100,  010,  001  they  form  the  unit 
hexagonal  pyramid. 

The  hexagonal  unit  prism,  /  =  (1010),  has 
the  symbols.  112,  211,  121,  112,  .211,  121. 
The  second,  or  diagonal  hexagonal  prism, 
i-Z  =  (1120),  has  the  symbols:  101,  110,  Oil, 
101,  110,  Oil. 

The  dihexagonal  pyramid  embraces,  like 
the  simple  hexagonal  pyramid,  two  forms 
(hkl)  and  (efg)',  the  symbol  (Tiki)  hence  belongs 
to  the  plus  scalenohedron,  and  (efg)  to  the 
minu3.  In  this  as  in  other  cases  it  is  true 
that  .<  e  =  -  h  -f  2k  +  21,  f  =  2h  -  k  -\-  21, 
ff  =  2h  +  2k  -  I. 

The  dihexagonal  prism  includes  the  six 
planes  of  the  form  (JikQ),  and  the  remaining 
six  of  the  form  (efQ) ;  corresponding,  respectively,  to  the  pyramids  (Jikl)  and  (efg). 


INTRODUCTION.  xxxi 

4.    ORTHORHOMBIC  SYSTEM. 

In  the  Orthorhombic  System,  there  are  three  unequal  axes  at  right  angles  to  each  other. 
These  axes  are  the  brachy  diagonal  a,  macrodiagonal  b,  and  vertical  c  ;  in  stating  the  axial  ratio, 
b  is  always  made  equal  to  unity.  There  are  three  planes  of  symmetry,  which  intersect  in  these 
axes,  but  which  are  all  different.  The  types  of  forms  in  this  system  are: 

Macropinacoid  (100)  i-l  ooP^o                a 

Brachypinacoid  (010)  i-l  ooPoo                 b 

Basal  plane  (001)  0  OP                  c 

Unit  prism  (110)  /  mP                m 

Macroprism  (hkQ)  h>  k    i-n  ccPn  as  (210,  £2) 

Brachyprism  (MO)  A  >  k    i^n  <x>Pn  as  (120"  t-2) 

Macrodomes  (Ml)  m-l  raPoo  as  (201,  24) 

Bracbydomes  (QU)  m-l  mP%  as  (021,  24) 

Unit  pyramids  (111)  1  _  m_  as  (111,  1)_ 

Macropyramids  (hkl)  h  >  k   m-n  mPn  as  (211,  2-3) 

Brachy  pyramids  (khl)  h>  k    rn^n  mPn  as  (121,  2-5) 

These  forms  hardly  need  any  further  explanation  beyond  what  has  been  given  on  pp.  xv,  xvl 
Hemihedral  forms  in  this  system  are  rare  ;   hemimorphic  forms  are  less  so,  but  not  very 
common,  cf.  calamine,  p.  547,  struvite,  p.  806. 

The  axial  ratio  can  be  calculated  from  the  simple  relations 

a  =  tan  (100  A  HO), 
c  =  tan  (001  A  Oil), 

-  =  tan  (001  A  101).. 

From  the  measured  angles  these  elemental  angles  can  be  calculated,  and  vice  versa,  by  the 
solution  of  spherical  triangles  on  the  sphere  of  projection  with  the  aid  of  the  tangent  principle. 

5.    MONOOLINIO  SYSTEM. 

In  the  Monoclinic  System  there  are  three  unequal  axes,  of  whifh  one  lateral  axis,  d,  is 
inclined  to  the  vertical  axis,  c,  while  the  angles  between  c  and  b,  and  b  and  d  are  right  angles. 
There  is  one  pi.  me  of  symmetry,  the  plane  of  the  axes  a,  k.  In  stating  the  axial  ratio,  b  is 
always  taken  as  the  unit,  and,  in  the  majority  of  cases,  d,  the  clino-axis,  is  less  than  b,  the 
ortho-axis  ;  this  is  not  necessarily  the  case,  however,  hence  the  long  mark  used  in  the  symbols 
is  conventional  only.  The  types  of  forms  and  the  special  terms  employed  are  shown  by  the 
following  list.  The  occurring  types  of  forms  are  as  follows  : 

Orthopinacoid  (100)  i-l  ooPco  a 

Clinopiuacoid  (010)  i-l  ooP<»  b 

Basal  plane  (001)  0  OP  c 

Unit  prism  (110)               /  ooP  m 

Ortho-prism  (hkQ)  i-n  ooPrc  as  (210,  i-2) 

Clino-prism  (MO)  i-n  ooPn  as  (120,  £-2) 

Orthodomes  \™        ~  ^  "  «™      as  (101,  -  14) 

(  Ml  m-l  mPab      as  (101,  1-i) 

Clinodomes  0&£  m-l  —  mP&      as  (Oil,  1-i) 

Unit  pyramids  \hhl       ~m  ~  m?      "  g"'  ~  » 

(  Wit  m  mP       as  (111,  1) 

Ortho  pyramids  J  m        ~  *»»  '   mP>*    as  (-211' 


- 
hkl  m-n  mPn^    as  (211,  2-2) 

(  khl        —  m-n    •  —  mPn    as  (121,  —  22) 

Ciino-pyramids  n-91    9 

<  khl  m-n  mPn          C*21,  22) 

Some  of  these  forms  are  illustrated  by  the  figures  of  gypsum  with  the  spherical  projection, 
given  on  p.  xxxvi  ;  also  by  the  uiouoclinic  species  through  the  body  of  the  work. 


xxxii  INTRODUCTION. 

The  relations  connecting  axial  and  angular  elements  are  as  follows : 

tan  (100  A  HO) 
d  =  -  -Q •         or        tan  (100  A  HO)  =  a  .  sin  ft  • 


4  =  tEj»L.A011)        or        ten  (Q01       OU)  =  ,    sin  ,  (2 } 

sm  p 

a  .  tan  (001  A  101)  c  .  sin  ft 

^siM-cosl.tanWTW        ™        ""  (OM  A  1W)  =  T+F&F        ™ 


A  .  tan  (001  A  101) ,nn1   A  T(m  *  ~u  /., 

8iP/?  +  C08/S.tan(OOlAi01)  taD  (°01  A  101)  =     a  -  k  .  cos  ft 

These  relations  may  be  made  more  general  by  writing  in  the  several  cases— 
in  (1)        hW  for  110        and         | d  for  a; 

(2)  Qkl  for  Oil        and        jc  for  c  ; 

(3)  Ml  for  100         and        yc  for  £. 

Also 

_£  _  sin  (001  A  101)  _  sin  (001  A  101) 
a  ~  sin  (100  A  101)  ~~  sin  (l6o~A  101)' 
and  more  generally 

h      k_  _  sin  (001  A  ^0^)  _  sin  (001  A  hOl) 
~k'~a-  sin  (100"  A  AW)  ~  sin  (ioo  A"Io7)' 
Note  also  that 

tan  0  =  d        and        tan  C  =  c  ; 

where  <j>  is  the  angle  (f.  63,  p.  xxxvi)  between  the  zone-circles  (001,  100)  and  (001,  110),  also  5 
the  angle  between  (100,  001)  and  (100,  Oil). 

VI.    TRIOLINIO  SYSTEM. 

In  the  Triclinic  System  there  are  three  unequal  axes  and  their  intersections  are  all  oblique; 
there  is  no  plane  of  symmetry,  hence  the  system  is  often  called  the  Asymmetric  system.  Only 
two  planes  belong  to  any  given  form,  hence  the  prisms  are  hemi-prisms,  the  pyramids  tetarto- . 
pyramids,  etc.  The  axes  are  designated  a,_b,  c,  in  which  a  is  usually  the  brachydiagonal  axis 
(then  written  a)  and  b  the  macrodiagonal  (b) ;  in  some  cases,  however,  a  is  the  longer  and  b  the 
shorter  lateral  axis.  The  axial  angles  are  : 

a  between  the  axes  b  and  c. 
ft  "  "  "  a  and  c. 
y  "  "  "  a  and  b. 

The  symbols  of  Naumann  are  hence  analogous  to  those  of  the  orthorhombic  system,  but 
the  different  planes  are  distinguished  by  accents  ;  thus : 

in  ill  ill  ill 

v  ,1  it 

Also  110  =  2  t  110  =  'I,  101  =  14',  101  =  ,14,,  Oil  ±=  14',  Oil  =  14,  etc. 


For  illustrations  of  these 
species  in  the  body  of  the  work. 

56. 


INTROD  UCTION.  xxxm 

,  cf.  figs.  56-58  of  chalcanthite,  also  many  other  triclinic 


57. 


010  6 


In  the  figs.,  a  =  (100,  i-i),  b  =  (010,  i-i),  c  =  (001,  O),  m  =  (110,  7'),  ^(120,  £2'),  M (110,  '/), 
k  (Oil,  14'),  «  (021,  2-*'),  0(011,  '14),  10  (021,  '24),  p  (111,  I1),  *  (121,  2-2'),  z  (121,  '2-2). 

In  the  spherical  projection,  the  spherical  angles  of  the  triangle  100,  010,  001  are  the  supple- 
ments of  the  axial  angles,  viz.:  the  angle  at  100  (A)  =  180  —  a,  at  010  (B)  =  180°  —  ft,  at 
001  (C)  =  180°  -y. 

These  angles  A,  B,  C  can  be  calculated  from  the  angles  between  the  planes  100  A  001, 
100  A  010,  001  A  010,  in  the  spherical  triangle  named  and  vice  versa.  Furthermore,  cf,  f.  58. 

sin  T  _  sin  T'       a 
sin  cr  ~  sin  cr'  ~~  b  ' 


sin  v' 


sin  v 

sin  ju  ~  sin 


sin  p 


sin  it' 
sin  p' 


b' 


Here  A-tf-fp,  B  =  ^  +  //,  C  =  r  -f-  <r;  180°  -  A  =  n'  -f  p'  (in  adjacent  quadrant),  etc. 
These  relations  become  general  for  any  plane  hkl,  where  rx  crx  are  the  corresponding  angles 
and  we  have 


sin  rx 
sin  cr. 


etc. 


For  other  mathematical  relations,  reference  must  be  made  to  works  on  Crystallography. 


IL    PHYSICAL  MINERALOGY. 

In  general  the  physical  characters  of  crystallized  minerals  conform  to  the  symmetry  of  the 
system  to  which  tbe  crystals  belong.  That  is,  the  cleavage  must  be  alike  in  all  directions  which 
are  crystallographically  similar  in  a  given  species,  etc. 

The  following  are  brief  explanations  in  regard  to  the  successive  physical  character? 


xxxiv  INTRODUCTION. 

A.    CHARACTERS  DEPENDING  UPON  COHESION. 

Cleavage  is  the  natural  fracture  of  a  crystallized  mineral  yielding  more  or  less  smooth 
surfaces ;  it  is  due  to  minimum  cohesion.  The  cleavage  is  characterized,  first  according  to 
direction,  as  cubic,  octahedral,  dodecahednil,  also  basal,  prismatic,  etc.;  in  general  |  x,  or 
parallel  the  plane  x.  Also,  second,  as  to  the  ease  with  which  it  is  obtained  and  the  character  of 
the  surfaces,  as  eminent  or  perfect,  imperfect,  interrupted,  etc. 

From  cleavage  is  to  be  distinguished  parting,  or  the  separation  into  laminae,  due  not  to 
minimum  cohesion  simply,  but  to  a*  lamellar  structure  often  connected  with  the  presence  of 
twinning  laminae  and  sometimes  evidently  due  to  the  action  of  secondary  causes,  as  pressure 
(cf.  pyroxene,  p.  354,  titanite,  p.  713). 

Fracture  is  the  character  of  a  broken  surface  other  than  that  of  cleavage  ;  it  may  be  even, 
uneven,  conchoidal,  hackly,  etc. 

Tenacity  defines  the  character  of  the  mineral  as  to  whether  it  is  brittle,  sectile,  malleable, 
flexible,  or  elastic. 

Hardness,  represented  by  the  letter  H.,  is  the  resistance  offered  by  a  smooth  surface  to 
abrasion.  It  is  measured  by  reference  to  the  following  scale  of  Mohs : 

1.  Talc.  6.  Feldspar. 

2.  Gypsum.  7.   Quartz. 

3.  Calcite.  8.   Topaz. 

4.  Fluorite.  9.  Sapphire. 

5.  Apatite.  10.  Diamond. 

B.    SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OR  DENSITY. 

Specific  Gravity,  represented  by  the  letter  G.,  is  the  density  compared  with  that  of  water  f 
strictly  speaking,,  with  water  at  4°  0.  (39'2°  F.).  Practically  a  determination  of  specific  gravity 
need  not  take  into  account  the  temperature  unless  a  very  high  degree  of  accuracy  is  called  for, 
e.g.,  when  it  is  to  be  accurate  to  a  unit  in  the  third  decimal  place.  Inasmuch  as  the  material 
available  is  seldom  faultless,  the  unavoidable  error  of  'experiment  is  usually  greater  than  thr 
limit  of  accuracy  noted,  and  hence  temperature  may  be  neglected. 

The  specific  gravity  of  a  mineral  varies  with  variation  in  composition,  sometimes  widely  (cf 
the  garnets,  pyroxene,  etc.).  When  the  composition  is  constant,  however,  the  specific  gravity 
carefully  taken  on  material  free  from  mechanical  admixture  is  nearly  constant.  Hence  the  wide 
variation  often  given  is  usually  due  to  faulty  observation  or  to  poor  material.  In  the  descrip- 
tions of  species  which  follow,  a  large  number  of  determinations  are  quoted,  particularly  with  the 
tables  of  analyses. 

C.    CHARACTERS  DEPENDING  UPON  LIGHT. 

(a)  Luster. — A.  The  KINDS  OP  LUSTER  are : 

1.  Metallic :  the  luster  of  metals  ;  if  imperfect  it  is  called  sub-metallic. 

2.  Adamantine:  the  luster  of  the  diamond, 

3.  Vitreous  :  the  luster  of  broken  glass. 

4.  Resinous  :  luster  of  the  yellow  resins. 

5.  Greasy :  as  that  of  elseolite. 

6.  Pearly  :  like  pearl. 

7.  Silky :  like  silk  ;  it  is  the  result  of  a  fibrous  structure. 
B.  The  DEGREES  OP  INTENSITY  are  : 

1.  Splendent. 

2.  Shining. 

3.  Glistening. 

4.  Glimmering. 

[When  there  is  a  total  absence  of  luster,  a  mineral  is  characterized  as  dull.] 

(b)  Color. — Usually  the  color  by  reflected  light  is  given,  sometimes  also  by  transmitted 
light.    The  special  terms  employed  need  no  explanation. 

The  streak  is  the  color  of  the  fine  powder  when  scratched  by  the  knife  or,  better,  rubbed 
upon  a  surface  of  unglazed  porcelain.  The  streak  is  of  most  importance  in  the  case'  of  minerals 
containing  the  heavy  metals.  It  is  usually  omitted  in  the  description  of  species  when  it  is 
uncolored. 

Pleochroism,  or  the  difference  in  color  shown  by  many  crystals  for  light  transmitted  in  dif- 
ferent directions  through  them,  is  a  special  case  of  color-absorption,  but  is  more  conveniently 
treated  as  a  special  optical  property,  see  beyond,  p.  xxxvii. 

(e)  Diaphaneity,  or  degree  of  transparency. — Minerals  may  be  transparent,  sub-transparent 
or  semi-transparent,  translucent,  subtranslucent,  opaque. 


INTROD  UCTION. .  XXX  v 

(d)  Special  Optical  Properties.— ISOTROPIC  CRYSTALS. — Transparent  isometric  crystals  and 
amorphous  substances  (e.g.,  glass)  are  isotropic  with  respect  to  light.  They  have  a  single  index 
of  refraction,  represented  by  the  letter  n,  and  further  defined  according  to  the  color,  as  ny  or  nt> 
etc. 

Crystals  of  all  the  other  systems  are  anisotropic. 

Optical  Anomalies. — The  term  optical  anomalies  is  applied  to  the  optical  phenomena  exhib- 
ited iu  polarized  light,  particularly  by  many  crystals  of  the  isometric  system,  which  are  so 
far  abnormal  or  anomalous  in  that  they  do  not  conform  to  the  external  crystallographic  form. 
Here  belongs  the  double  refraction  of  boracite,  of  most  garnet,  also  aualcite,  etc. ;  further,  the 
biaxial  character  of  much  beryl,  apophyllite,  etc.  This  is  a  subject  to  which  much  atten- 
tion has  been  given  of  late  years,  particularly  since  the  publication  of  the  classical  paper  by 
Mallard  (1876).  Details  in  regard  to  it,  with  references  to  the  literature,  will  be  found  under  the 
species  named  and  many  others. 

In  this  connection  it  may  be  noted  that  the  term  pseudo-symmetry  (also  pseudo-isometric, 
etc.)  is  used,  first  of  crystals  belonging  to  one  system  but  approximating  in  angle  closely  to  one 
of  higher  symmetry  ;  thus  biotite  is  said  to  be  pseudo-rhombohedral.  Also,  second,  to  crystals 
which  gain  an  apparent  symmetry  of  higher  grade  than  that  actually  belonging  to  them  by 
twinning  ;  thus  aragouite  is  said  to  be  pseudo-hexagonal  by  twinning. 

UNIAXIAL  CRYSTALS. — Tetragonal  and  hexagonal  crystals  are  uniaxial,  or  have  one  axis  of 
optical  symmetry  in  which  direction  a  ray  of  transmitted  light  suffers  no  double  refraction. 
This  optic  axis  coincides  with  the  vertical  crystallographic  axis  in  the  position  of  the  crystals 
ordinarily  taken  and  here  followed.  Further,  they  have  two  indices  of  refraction,  that  correspond- 
in  ir  to  the  ordinary  ray  (represented  by  GO)  whose  vibrations  are  transverse  to  the  vertical  axis 
(±c),  and  that  of  the  extraordinary  ray  (e)  with  vibrations  parallel  to  this  axis  (|j  c).  The 
character  of  the  crystal  is  optically  positive  (+)  or  negative  (— )  according  as  GO  <  e,  or  GO  >  e. 
The  double  refraction  is  strong  or  weak  according  as  to  whether  the  difference  GO  —  e  (or  e  —  GO) 
is  relatively  large  or  small.  For  example,  it  is  strong  in  calcite,  where  GO  —  e  =  0'372,  but  very 
weak  in  apophyllite,  where  e  —  GO  —  0'0p2.  Crystals  of  these  systems  may  betftfe&fttfe,  accord- 
ing to  the  kind  and  degree  of  absorption  in  the  two  axial  directions  j_  c  and  |  c,  cf.  tourmaline, 
p.  653. 

Crystals  belonging  to  the  trapezohedral  (tetartoheclral)  section  of  the  rhombohedral  division 
of  the  hexagonal  system  show  circular  polarization,  and  are  right-  or  left-handed  according  as  they 
rotate  the  plane  of  polarization  of  a  ray  of  light  passing  from  the  observer  through  the  crystal  to 
his  right  or  left.  The  amount  of  rotation  for  a  section  of  unit  thickness  (e.g.,  1  mm.)  varies  with 
the  wave-length  ;  cf .  quartz,  p.  186. 

BIAXIAL 
and  have  three 

elasticity  of  the  light  ether  has  its  minimum  c,  maximum  a,  and  mean  value  6.  They  have  also 
three  indices  of  refraction  for  a  given  wave-length,  a,  ftt  y,  for  rays  whose  vibrations  are  parallel 
to  the  axes  a,  t,  c,  respectively  ;  here  a  <  ft  <  y. 

The  plane  of  the  greatest  and  least  axes  of  elasticity  is  the  optic  axial  plane  (usually  contracted 
Ax.  pi. ),  since  it  contains  the  optic  axes  or  the  two  directions  of  no  double  refraction.  The  angles 
between  the  optic  axes  are  bisected  by  the  axes  a  and  c.  The  axis  bisecting  the  acute  angle  is 
the  acute  bisectrix,  Bxa  or  simply  the  bisectrix,  the  other  is  the  obtuse  bisectrix,  Bx0.  The  crystal 
is  optically  positive  (+)  or  negative  (— )  according 
to  whether  Bxa  is  the  axis  of  least  elasticity  (c)  or 
greatest  elasticity  (a).  The  double  refraction  "is  strong 
or  weak  according  as  to  whether  the  difference  of  the 
refractive  indices  y  —  ct  is  relatively  large  or  small;  for 
example  it  is  strong  in  epidote  with  y  —  a  =  0'055  ;  but 
weak  iu  zoisite  with  y  —  a  =  0'006. 

The  angle  of  the  optic  axes  is  designated  (cf .  f .  59) 
as  follows: 


CRYSTALS. — Crystals  of  the  orthorhombic,  monoclinic,and  triclinic systems  zrebiaxial 
iree  axes  of  elasticity,  or  three  directions  at  right  angles  to  each  other,  in  which  the 


- 

2V  =  real  or  interior  angle  of  the  optic  axes  ; 
2E  =  apparent  angle  "    "       "        "     in  air ; 

2H  —  "  "    "  "     measured 

in  oil  or  some  other  medium  of  high  refractive  power.* 
The  distinction  between  the  acute  and  obtuse  axial  angle 
is  designated  by  2Va,  2V0,  etc.,  and  the  angles  for  the 
different  colors,  usually  red,  yellow,  and  green  or  blue, 
are  written  2Va.r,  2Va.y,  2Va.gr,  etc. 

In   Orthorliombit  crystals  the  axes  of  elasticity  coincide  with  the  crystallographic  axes,  or 
axes  of  symmetry;  accordingly  the  axial  plane  is  parallel  to  one  of  the  piuacoids  (|  a,  \  b,  or  |  c), 

*  It  is  often  convenient  to  designate  this  angle  by  2K  when  measured  in  a  solution  of  mercuric 
iodide  in  potassium  iodide  (G.  =  3'117,  WT  =  1'7176,  Gdt.);  also  by  2G  when  measured  m  the 
glass  of  the  Adams-Schneider  polariscope. 


XXX  VI 


INTRODUCTION. 


and  the  bisectrix  is  normal  to  one  of  these  planes  (Bx  j_  c,  etc.).  Since,  however,  the  refractive 
indices  may  vary  for  rays  of  different  wave-length,  the  axial  angle  may  be  larger  for  red  than 
for  blue  rays  or  vice  versa,  and  this  dispersion  is  characterized  as  p  >  v  or  p  <  v. 

In  Monoclinic  crystals  one  axis  of  elasticity  coincides  with  the  orthodiagonal  axis,  b,  and  the 
others  lie  in  the  plane  of  symmetry  (parallel  to  the  pinacoid  b  (010,  i-i) )  normal  to  it.  Hence  the 
axial  plane  may  be  ||  b  or  j_  b;  if  the  latter,  its  position  must  be  further  defined  according  to  the 
angle  that  it  makes  either  with  the  normals  to  the  planes  a  or  c,  or  more  conveniently  with  the 
vertical  axis,  c. 

Three  cases  are  possible: 

1.  Axial  plane  parallel  to  the  plane  of  symmetry  (Ax.  pi.  |  b);  the  position  of  the  bisectrices 
is  usually  indicated  by  reference  to  the  vertical  axis,  and  the  angle  formed  is  called  +  or  — 
according  as  the  bisectrix  (Bxa)  falls  in  front  of  or  behind  c  (the  middle  point  in  the  sphere  of 
projection,  f.  63),  that  is,  is  situated  in  the  obtuse  or  acute  axial  angle. 


60. 


61. 


62. 


m 


0106 


For  example,  gypsum  (f.  60-63)  is  optically  positive,  hence  the  axis  of  elasticity,  c,  is  the 
acute  bisectrix,  Bxa.  Further  (f.  62,  63),  the  position  of  Bxa  is  defined  (Des  Cloizeaux)  by  the 
angle,  Bxa  A  c  =  +  52£°.  But  since  the  axial  angle  ft  or  ac  (001  A  100)  =  80°  42',  it  is  also 

true  that  the  normal  angles  between  c  or  & 
53.  and  the  planes  c,  a  are  as  follows: 

ct  =  +  43°  12', 

at  =  -f  3?0  3°'> 
and    ca  =  -  46°  48' 

With  varying  positions  of  the  axes  a  and 
C  (the  bisectrices)  the  axial  planes  for  differ- 
ent colors  may  be  more  or  less  inclined  to 
one  another  in  the  plane  of  symmetry,  and 
this  dispersion  of  the  bisectrices  is  hence 
called  inclined  dispersion. 

2.  If  the  axial  plane  and  the  obtuse 
bisectrix  are  normal  to  the  plane  of  symme- 
try (Ax.  pi.  and  Bx0  J_  b),  then  the  position 
of  the  axial  plane  is  further  defined  by  that 
of  the  acute  bisectrix  in  the  plane  of  sym- 
metry, which  is  written  in  the  form  jusV 
explained  (Bxa  A  c  =  ± ).    The  dispersion  oi 
the  bisectrices  possible  in  this  case  is  called 
horizontal,  in  consequence  of  the  relative 
position  of  the  axial  planes  to  each  other. 

3.  If  the    axial   plane  and  the  acute 
bisectrix  are  normal  to  the  plane  of  sym- 
metry (Ax.  pi.  and  Bxa  1  b)  the  position  of 
the  axial  plane  is  further  defined  by  that  of 

the  obtuse  bisectrix  (Bx0)  ±  with  reference  to  the  vertical  axis.     The  dispersion  of  the  bisectrices 
for  different  colors  which  may  be  present  in  this  case  is  called  crossed. 

In  the  Triclinic  System  there  is  no  necessary  relation  between  the  assumed  crystallographic 
axes  and  the  axes  of  elasticity.  Hence  also  the  dispersion  may  be,  for  example,  both  horizontal 
and  inclined.  Of.  f.  58,  p.  xxxiii,  of  chalcauthite  (see  also  p.  944),  where  8  represents  approxi- 
mately the  position  of  Bxa,  or  in  other  words  is  the  pole  or  normal  to  the  plane  at  right  angles  to 
the  acute  bisectrix. 


INTRODUCTION. 


xxxvii 


64. 


Pleochroism  and  Absorption. — Biaxial  crystals,  having  three  axes  of  elasticity,  may  show 
different  degrees  or  kinds  of  absorption  in  different  directions,  usually 
assumed  as  those  of  the  axes  of  elasticity.  The  degree  of  absorption  is 
designated  as  a  >  fc  >  C,  etc.  Further,  according  to  the  kind  of  selective 
absorption,  the  crystal  may  be  dichroic  or  trichroic  (or  better,  in  general, 
pleochroic),  in  which  cases  the  colors  corresponding  to  the  vibrations 
parallel  to  the  axes  of  elasticity  are  usually  given  (cf.  f.  64).  It  has 
been  shown,  however,  that  the  axes  of  absorption  do  not  necessarily 
coincide  with  the  axes  of  elasticity  (cf.  epidote,  p.  518). 

The  optical  characters  of  mineral  species  are  given  very  fully  in  the 
Mineralogy  (vol.  1,  1862,  and  2,  part  I,  1874)  and  in  certain  prominent 
memoirs  of  Des  Cloizeaux  (see  Bibliography);  the  results  of  earlier  inves- 
tigations are  also  given  by  Grailich,  Lang,  Schrauf,  and  others;  further, 
later  by  Rosenbusch  (Mikr.  Phys.),  Levy-Lacroix  (Min.  Roches),  etc. 

D.  CHARACTERS  RELATING  TO  HEAT. 

Here  belong:  the  fusibility,  defined,  however,  under  the  pyrognostic  characters  (p.  xl) ;  the 
thermal  conductivity,  and  the  position  of  the  thermic  axes  (also  the  effect  of  heat  in  changing  the 
crystallographic  and  optical  constants);  further,  the  specific  heat. 

These  subjects  are  briefly  treated  under  the  different  species,  and  references  to  many  important 
memoirs  are  given.  Recent  determinations  of  the  specific  heat  have  been  made  by  Joly  (Proc. 
Roy.  Soc.,  41,  250,  1887),  also  by  Oberg,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  42,  No.  8,  43,  1885. 

E.  CHARACTERS  RELATING  TO  MAGNETISM  AND  ELECTRICITY. 

A  few  minerals  are  strongly  magnetic  and  sometimes  show  polarity,  e.g.,  magnetite, 
pyrrhotite,  iron-platinum.  Many  species  are  diamagnetic,  and  the  diamagnetic  constant,  also  the 
magnetic  rotatory  power,  have  been  determined  in  a  few  cases,  e.g.,  calcite. 

The  electrical  properties  include  (1)  the  power  of  becoming  strongly  electrified  by  friction, 
e.g.,  amber,  p.  1002;  (2)  pyroelectricity,  or  the  state  of  electric  potential  (-{-and  — )  developed  in 
crystallographically  dissimilar  parts  of  a  crystal  (non-conductor)  by  change  of  temperature, 
also  by  pressure  (piezo-electricity),  or  by  direct  radiation  (actino-electricity),  cf.  tourmaline, 
p.  553,  calamine,  p.  547,  quartz,  p.  186.  Also  (3)  thermo-electricity,  or  the  electromotive  force 
established  in  some  metallic  minerals  when  they  form  an  electric  circuit  with  another  conductor 
and  one  point  of  junction  is  changed  in  temperature,  cf.  pyrite,  p.  85.  Further,  the  electrical 
conductivity  or  resistance  to  the  passage  of  an  electrical  current,  and  other  points. 

For  the  most  part,  these  characters  coming  under  the  heads  of  Heat,  Electricity,  Magnetism 
are  so  far  special  that  they  are  treated  very  briefly— if  at  all — in  this  work  under  the  individual 
species;  references  are  given,  however,  to  many  important  papers.  Further,  the  student  is 
referred  to  the  works  on  Physical  Mineralogy  by  Groth,  Mallard,  Liebisch,  already  mentioned. 
Special  investigations  in  pyroelectricity  have  been  made  by  Hankel  (Abh.  Sachs.  Ges.  Wiss., 
also,  Wied.  Ann.)  and  by  others.  A  recent  paper  on  thermo-electricity  is  given  by  Backstrom, 
Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  45,  553,  1888;  also  One  on  the  production  of  electrical  potential  by  the  action 
of  light  by  Elster  and  Geitel  in  Wied.  Ann.,  44,  722,  1891. 


III.    CHEMICAL  MINERALOGY. 

Chemical  Composition  (Comp.)  and  General  Scheme  of  Classification. —The  classification 
adopted  in  this  work,  as  in  the  preceding  edition,  follows,  first  the  chemical  composition,  and 
second  crystallographic  and  other  physical  characters  which  indicate  more  or  less  clearly  the 
relations  of  individual  species. 

The  general  outline  of  the  chief  chemical  divisions  is  given  on  p.  1.  As  seen  there,  the 
elements  are  placed  first;  then  compounds  in  which  the  acidic  part  is  taken  by  sulphur  and  the 
allied  elements,  selenium,  tellurium,  also  by  arsenic,  antimony,  bismuth;  these  include  in  part 
simple  Sulphides.  Selenides,  etc.,  and  after  them,  the  Sulpho-salts.  Next  come  the  Haloids,  or 
compounds  of  the  metals  with  chlorine,  bromine,  iodine,  fluorine;  after  these  follow  the  oxygen 
compounds;  first  the  Oxides  and  then  the  various  Oxygen-salts;  finally  the  Salts  of  Organic 
Acids  and  Hydrocarbon  compounds. 

Among  the  Oxygen-salts,  the  Carbonates  are  placed  first  (thus  devirl ing  from  the  order  in 
the  last  edition),  and  after  them  the  Silicates  and  Titanates,  which  last  are  closely  connected  with 
the  Niobates  and  Tantnlates.  Then  follow  the  Phosphates.  Arsenates,  etc.  After  them  are 
placed  the  Borates,  and  next  the  Uranates  (the  latter  might  properly  be  placed  after  the 
Tungstates);  then  come  the  large  class  of  Sulphates  with  the  allied  Chromates  and  Tellurates, 
and  finally  the  less  closely  related  Tungstates  and  Molybdates. 

In  oix^er  to  understand  the  relations  of  these  chief  classes,  as  still  more  their  further  sub- 
division, down  finally  to  the  many  isomorpJious  groups — groups  of  species  having  analogous 


XXXV111 


INTRODUCTION. 


composition  and  closely  similar  form— the  fundamental  relations  and  grouping  of  the  elements 
must  be  understood,  especially  as  developed  of  recent  years  and  shown  in  the  so-called 
Periodic  Law. 

Although  the  subject  can  be  only  briefly  touched  upon,  it  will  be  useful  to  give  here  the 

general  distribution  of  the  elements  into  Groups  and  Series,  as  presented  in  the  Principles  of 
hemistry  (Engl.  Ed.,  1891)  of  D.  Mendel eeff,  to  whom  is  due  more  than  any  one  else  the 
development  of  the  Periodic  Law.  A  few  remarks  are  added  on  the  grouping  of  the  elements 
as  illustrated  by  mineral  compounds;  artificial  compounds  show  these  relations  still  more  fully 
and  clearly.  For  the  thorough  explanation  of  this  subject,  more  particularly  as  regards  the 
periodic  or  progressive  relation  between  the  atomic  weights  and  various  properties  of  the 
elements,  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  work  above  mentioned  or  to  one  of  the  many  other  excellent 
modern  text-books  of  chemistry. 


I 

II 

III 

IV 

V 

VI 

VII 

VIII 

Series  1    .              .     . 

H 

RH4 

RH3 

RH2 

RH 

Hydrogen  Compounds 

"      2    ..... 

Li 

Be 

B 

C 

N 

O 

F 

"      3    

Na 

Mg 

Al 

Si 

P 

s 

Cl 

"      4    

K 

Ca 

Sc 

Ti 

v 

Cr 

Mn 

Fe    Co    Ni    Cu 

«•      5    

(Cu) 

Zn 

Ga 

Ge 

As 

Se 

Br 

"      6    

Rb 

Sr 

Y 

Zr 

Nb 

Mo 

— 

Ru    Rh    Pd    Ag 

«      7    

Aff 

Cd 

In 

Sn 

Sb 

Te 

I 

"      8    ..... 

Cs 

Ba 

La 

Ce 

Di? 

"      9    ..... 

"10    

Yt 

Ta 

W 

Os    Ir    Pt    Au 

"11    

Au 

Hg 

Tl 

Pb 

Bi 

—  • 

"    12    .    .    . 

— 

— 

— 

Th 

— 

U 

— 

R20 

R202 

R203 

R204 

R2O6 

R206 

R207 

Higher  Oxides 

RO 

RO2 

R03 

RO4 

The  relations  of  some  of  the  elements  of  the  first  group  are  exhibited  by  the  isomorphism  of 
NaCl,  KC1,  AgCl  (p.  152);  or  again  of  LiMnPO4  and  NaMuPO4,  etc.  (p.  756).  In  the  second 
group,  reference  may  be  made  to  the  isomorphism  of  the  carbonates  (p.  261)  and  sulphates 
(p.  894)  of  calcium,  barium  and  strontium;  while  among  the  sulphides,  ZnS,  CdS,  and  HgS  are 
doubly  related  (pp.  59,  66).  In  the  third  group,  we  find  boron  and  aluminium  often  replacing 
one  another  among  silicates.  In  the  fourth  group,  the  relations  of  silicon  and  titanium  are  shown 
in  the  many  titano-silicates,  while  the  compounds  TiO2,  SnO2,  PbO2  (and  MnO2),  also  ZrSiO4 
and  ThSiO4,  have  closely  similar  form  (pp.  233,  234).  In  the  fifth  group,  many  compounds  of 
arsenic,  antimony,  and  bismuth  are  isoinorphous  among  metallic  compounds,  while  the  relations 
of  phosphorus,  vanadium,  arsenic,  also  antimony,  are  shown  among  the  phosphates,  vanadates. 
arsenates,  and  antimonates;  again  note  the  mutual  relations  of  the  niobatesand  tantalates  (p.  725), 

In  the  sixth  group,  the  strongly  acidic  elements,  sulphur,  selenium,  tellurium,  are  all  closely 
related,  as  seen  in  many  sulphides,  selenides,  tellurides;  further,  the  relations  of  sulphur  and 
chromium,  and  similarly  both  of  these  to  molybdenum  and  tungsten,  are  shown  among  many 
artificial  sulphates,  chromates,  also  molybdates  and  tungstates. 

In  the  seventh  group  the  relations  of  the  halogens  are  too  well  understood  to  need  special 
remark.  In  the  eighth  group,  we  have  Fe,  Co,  Ni  alloyed  in  meteoric  iron,  and  their  phosphates 
and  sulphates  (pp.  928,  929)  are  in  several  cases  closely  isomorphous;  further,  the  relation 
of  the  iron  series  to  that  of  the  platinum  series  is  exhibited  in  the  isomorphism  of  FeS2,  FeAsS, 
FeAs2,  NiAs2,  etc.,  with  PtAs2  and  probably  RuS2  (p.  93). 

Formulas. — The  fact  that  the  formula  of  a  species  is  always  given  in  two  places,  first 
in  the  tabular  classification  of  each  group,  and,  second,  under  the  description  of  the  species  itself, 
affords  an  opportunity  to  vary  the  form  in  which  it  is  stated.  Thus  malachite  (pp.  293,  294),  a 


INTRODUCTION, 


xxxix 


basic  cupric  carbonate,  has  strictly  the  formula  Cu2(OH)2CO3,  which  indicates  that  the  affinities 
of  one  atom  of  copper  are  satisfied  by  the  double  hydroxyl  group  2(OH),  and  the  other  by  the 
group  CO3.  It  is,  however,  often  convenient  to  think  of  this  as  if  it  were  made  up  of  cupric 
carbonate  and  cupric  hydrate  arid  accordingly  the  formula  (p.  295)  is  also  written  CuCO3.Cu(OH)2. 
To  the  latter  is  added  the  formula  after  the  old  dualistic  system,  2CuO.CO2.H2O,  and  in  general 
the  composition  of  most  species  is  given  in  this  form.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  last 
method,  generally  discarded  when  the  atomic  theory  was  adopted,  has  come  back  again,  since 
in  the  case  of  complex  compounds  it  presents  the  composition  most  clearly  before  the  mind.  It 
is  to  be  noted,  however,  that  the  period  used  in  both  the  above  cases  (some  authors  employ  a 
comma)  is  merely  a  conventional  sign  and  does  not  indicate  that  the  different  molecular  groups 
separated  by  it  are  regarded  as  present  in  the  substance  in  that  form.  When  it  is  intended  to 
express  this,  a  plus  sign  (-(-)  is  employed,  as  NaCO3  +  10H2O,  or  sodium  carbonate  with  ten 
molecules  of  water  of  crystallization. 

The  formulas  given  "are  in  general  the  simple  empirical  formulas,  written,  where  possible  in 
brief  form,  so  as  to  suggest  the  actual  nature  of  the  compound.  Thus  (CaF)Ca4(PO4)3  means  a 
salt  of  orthophosphoric  acid  3(H3PO4)  in  which  the  9  hydrogen  atoms  are  replaced  by  the  4 
calcium  atoms  with  also  the  uuivalent  group  CaF. 

That  the  formula  of  a  mineral  does  not  necessarily  express  the  structure  of  the  molecule  is 
too  obvious  to  need  explanation;  not  only  is  the  atomic  grouping  often  uncertain,  but,  as  has 
been  repeatedly  remarked,  the  composition  of  the  actual  molecule,  for  example,  of  corundum  is 
doubtless  expressed  by  ?iAl2O3,  where  the  factor  n  is  as  yet  undetermined.  The  first  office  of  a 
miueralogical  formula,  however,  is  to  present  to  the  mind  as  clearly  as  possible  the  composition 
of  the  species,  and  if  with  that  adjudication  can  be  given  of  the  molecular  structure,  that  is  a 
decided  gain,  but  complex  structural  or  rational  formulas  are  in  a  work  like  the  present  entirely 
out  of  place. 

But  not  only  is  the  actual  molecular  structure  of  mineral  species  in  most  cases  doubtful,  but 
even  the  simple  empirical  composition  of  many  species,  often  common  ones,  is  still  unsettled. 
This  is  particularly  true  among  the  more  complex  silicates.  Analysis  has  shown  in  many  such 
cases  that  no  single  formula  can  express  the  composition,  but  that  a  varying  basic  or  acidic 
character  may  belong  to  the  same  species.  In  such-cases  recourse  is  often  had  to  the  theory  of 
isomorphous  mixtures  which  has  thrown  so  much  light  upon  the  Feldspar  Group  (p.  314  et  seq.), 
but  the  extreme  or  end  compounds  assumed  are  often  hypothetical,  and  the  correctness  of  the 
views  which  have  been  proposed  needs  confirmation.  Clarke  has  shown  that  the  variation  in 
composition  within  the  limits  of  a  single  species  may  be  often  explained  in  such  cases  by 
regarding  the  different  forms  as  derivatives  of  a  normal  salt  in  which  various  atoms  or 
molecular  groups  may  enter.  The  theory  thus  advanced,  supported  by  the  experimental  data 
which  the  same  author  is  accumulating,  promises  to  bring  useful  results. 

The  oxygen  ratio,  in  the  case  of  the  silicates,  is  the  ratio  of  the  oxygen  atoms  belonging  to 
the  different  groups  of  basic  metals  and  to  the  acidic  silicon,  as  seen  clearly  if  the  formula  is 
written  in  the  dualistic  form.  Thus  for  garnet,  whose  formula  is  Ca3Al2Si3Oi2  or  3CaO.Al2O3. 
3SiO2,  the  oxygen  ratio  for  Ca  :  A12  :  Si  is  3:3:6=  1:1:2;  that  is,  for  bases  to  silicon  1 :  1. 

II       VI       IV 

This  ratio  is  the  same  as  the  quantivalent  ratio,  which  for  garnet,  R3[K2]Si3Oi2,  is  : 


3  X  II  :  VI  :  3  X  IV  =  6 


12  =  1  :  1  :  2. 


Although  not  strictly  in  accord  with  modern  chemical  principles,  the  oxygen  ratio  is 
often  a  useful  way  of  expressing  the  general  nature  of  a  complex  compound. 

The  following  atomic  weights  have  been  accepted,  and  from  them  the  theoretical  composition 
of  each  species  has  been  calculated : 


Aluminium 

Antimony  (Stibium) 

Arsenic 

Barium 

Beryllium 

Bismuth 

Boron 

Bromine 

Cadmium 

Caesium 

Calcium 

Carbon 

Cerium 

Chlorine 

Chromium 

Cobalt 

Columbian!,  see  Niobium 

Copper  (Cuprum) 


Symbol. 

At.  Weight.    \                                          Symbol 

At.  Weight 

Al 

Sb 

27 
120 

Didymium 
Erbium 

Di 
Er 

142 
166 

As 

74-9 

Fluorine 

F 

191 

Ba 

137 

Gallium 

Ga 

699 

Be  (or 

Gl)    9-1 

Germanium 

Ge 

73-3 

Bi 

207-5 

Glucinum,  see  Beryllium 

B 

10-9 

Gold  (Aurum) 

Au 

196-7 

Br 

79-8 

Hydrogen 

H 

1 

Cd 

111-7 

Indium 

In 

113-4 

Cs 

58-7 

Iodine 

I 

126-5 

Ca 

39-9 

Iridium 

Ir 

192-5 

C 

12 

Iron  (Ferrum) 

Fe 

55-9 

Ce 

141 

Lanthanum 

La 

138 

Cl 

35'4 

Lead  (Plumbum) 

Pb 

206-4 

Cr 

52-5 

Lithium 

Li 

7 

Co 

58-7 

Magnesium 

Mg 

24 

n 

Manganese 

Mn 

54-8 

Cu 

63-2 

Mercury  (Hydrargyrum) 

Hg 

199-8 

INTRODUCTION. 


Symbol. 

At.  Weight. 

Symbol. 

At.  Weight. 

Mo 

96 

Sodium  (Natrium) 

Na 

23 

Ni 

58-6 

Strontium 

Sr 

87-3 

Nb 

93-7 

Sulphur 

S 

32 

N 

14 

Tantalum 

Ta 

182 

Os 

191 

Tellurium 

Te 

125 

0 

16 

Thallium 

Tl 

203-7 

Pd 

106-2 

Thorium 

Th 

232 

P 

31 

Tin  (Stannum) 

Sn 

117-4 

Pt 

194-3 

Titanium 

Ti 

48 

K 
Rh 

39 
104-1 

Tungsten  (  Wolframium) 
Uranium 

W 
U 

183-6 
240 

Rb 

85-2 

Vanadium 

V 

51-1 

Ru 

103-5 

Ytterbium 

Yt 

172-6 

Sc 

44 

Yttrium 

Y 

89 

Se 

78-9 

Zinc 

Zu 

65-1 

Si 

28 

Zirconium 

Zr 

90-4 

Ag 

107-7 

Molybdenum 

Nickel 

Niobium 

Nitrogen 

Osmium 

Oxygen 

Palladium 

Phosphorus 

Platinum 

Potassium  (Kalium) 

Rhodium 

Rubidium 

Ruthenium 

Scandium 

Selenium 

Silicon 

Silver  (Argentum) 

For  a  minute  discussion  of  the  many  analyses  and  other  points  involved  in  Chemical  Min- 
eralogy, reference  is  made  to  the  Mineralchemie  of  Rammelsberg,  also  to  the  works  of  Doelter 
and  Roth,  whose  titles  are  given  in  the  Bibliography  following.  On  the  views  of  Tschermak  in 
case  of  complex  species  and  groups  of  species,  see  the  Feldspars  (p.  325),  Scapolites  (p.  466), 
Micas  (p.  612),  Chlorites  (p.  643);  for  references  to  the  work  of  Clarke  and  his  memoirs,  see 
pp.  311,  612,  648  et  seq.  Hunt's  recent  volumes,  noted  in  the  Bibliography,  contain  his  views  on 
the  subject  of  mineral  classification,  especially  as  based  upon  what  he  calls  the  coefficient  of 
condensation. 

Pyrognostics  (Pyr.). — The  Blowpipe  Characters,  or  pyrognostics,  include,  first,  the  fusibility, 
in  which  the  following  scale  (von  Kobell,  cf.  p.  1034)  is  employed: 

1,  Stibuite.  2,  Natrolite.  3,  Almandite  garnet.  4,  Green  actinolite.  5,  Orthoclase. 
6,  Bronzite. 

Further,  they  include  the  behavior  of  the  mineral  as  to  flame  coloration,  on  charcoal,  in  the 
open  and  closed  tubes  (tube  closed  at  one  end),  etc.  Here  B.B.  means  before  the  blowpipe; 
O.F.  is  the  oxidizing  flame  or  that  which  tends  to  give  oxygen  to  the  mineral  being  heated; 
R.F.  is  the  reducing  flame  which  tends  to  rob  it  of  oxygen.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  use  of  the 
blowpipe  is  for  the  most  part  an  easy  method  of  qualitative  chemical  analysis. 

With  the  proper  blowpipe  characters  are  given  also  the  degree  of  solubility,  behavior  with 
acids,  etc.  On  blowpipe  analysis,  see  further  Brush,  Determ.  Min.  (1875),  also  the  excellent 
works  by  Plattner,  Cornwall,  and  others  (Bibliography). 

Alteration  (Alt.).— Under  this  head  is  given  brief  mention  of  the  changes  to  which  the 
prominent  species  are  liable,  and  frequently  analyses  of  the  products  of  alteration.  With  this  is 
often  added  a  statement  as  to  the  species  from  whose  alteration  it  may  result  and  after  which  H 
may  accordingly  occur  as  a  pseuclomorph. 

For  fuller  information  on  this  head  the  works  of  Blum  and  Roth  should  be  consulted. 

Artificial  Compounds  (Art.).— This  head  states  some  of  the  results  as  to  the  formation  of 
chemical  compounds  occurring  as  minerals  either  in  the  laboratory  or  by  the  furnace.  This 
subject  which  has  been  largely  developed  of  recent  years,  especially  by  the  French  chemists,  is 
fully  discussed  in  the  works  of  Fouque-Levy,  Bourgeois,  and  Meuuier;  also  earlier,  Fuchs 
and  others  (see  Bibliography). 


IV.    NOMENCLATURE.* 

1.  The  termination  ites  or  itis  (the  original  of  ite)  was  used,  according  to  system,  among  the 
Greeks,  and  from  them  among  the  Romans,  in  the  names  of  stones,  it  being  one  of  the  regular 
Greek  suffixes.     It  was  added  (as  ite  in  these  recent  times)  to  the  word  signifying  a  quality,  con* 
stituent,  use,  or  locality  of  the  stone. 

Some  of  the  examples  are  :  Haematites,  from  the  red  color  of  the  powder;  Chloritis,  from  thff 
green  color;  Steatites,  from  the  greasy  feel;  Dendritis,  from  a  resemblance  to  a  tree  or  branch; 
Alabastritis,  for  the  stone  out  of  which  a  vase  called  an  alabastron  was  made;  Basanites,  from 
the  word  for  touchstone;  Siderites,  from  the  word  for  iron;  Argyritis,  from  the  Greek  for  silver; 
Syenitis,  from  the  locality,  Syene  in  Egypt;  Memphitis,  fora  marble  from  Memphis  in  Egypt. 

2.  The  only  modern  kind  of  name  not  in  vogue  in  Pliny's  time  is  that  after  persons. 
Werner  appears  to  have  been  the  first  to  introduce  personal  names  into  mineralogy.     The 

*  Reproduced  almost  entire,  and  without  much  change,  from  the  5th  Edition;  the  principles 
stated  are  followed  (but  not  quite  rigidly)  in  this  edition.  The  fact  that  Prehnite  probably 
antedated  Torbernite  (cf.  5th  Ed.,  p.  xxix)  has  been  pointed  out  to  the  author  of  the  present 
edition  by  Prof.  A.  H.  Chester  of  Rutgers  College  (Feb.  1892). 


INTRODUCTION.  xli 

earliest  example  was  probably  Prehnite  (before  called  chrysolite),  named  after  Col.  Prehu;  this 
name,  according  to  Werner's  statement  (Bergm.  J.,  1,  107.  1890),  was  given  in  1783.  About  the 
same  time  he  named  Torbernite,  after  Torbern  Bergmann,  and  Witherite  after  Dr.  Withering 
(ibid.,  1,  103,  1790).  The  exact  date  of  the  former  name  does  not  appear;  the  first  mention 
found  is  that  by  Karsten  in  1793  (by  him  written  Torberite),  who  states  that  Werner  substituted 
Chalcolite  for  it;  accepting  this  it  must  be  at  least  earlier  than  1788  (cf.  ibid.,  2,  503,  1788).  In 
1789,  Sage  protested  (J.  Phys.,  34,  p.  446)  against  the  name  Prehnite  and  the  use  of  personal 
names  in  general  as  trivial.  In  1790,  Estuer,  a  mineralogist  of  Vienna,  issued  a  pamphlet  against 
the  Werner  school,  with  the  title  "  Freymiithige  Gedankeu  liber  Herrn  Inspector  Werner's  Ver- 
besserungen  in  der  Mineralogie, "  etc.  (64  pp.  16mo,  1790),  in  which  he  makes  light  of  Werner's 
labors  in  the  science,  and  under  the  head  of  Prehnite  ridiculed  this  method  of  creating  a  paternity, 
and  providing  the  childless  with  children  to  hand  down  their  names  to  posterity  (p.  25).  Such 
names  were,  however,  too  easily  made,  too  pleasant,  as  a  general  thing,  to  give  and  receive,  and 
withal  too  free  from  real  objection,  to  be  thus  stopped  off,  and  they  have  since  become  numer- 
ous, even  Vienna  contributing  her  full  share  toward  their  multiplication. 

As  a  part  of  the  history  of  mineralogical  nomenclature,  it  may  be  here  added  that  Werner, 
when  it  was  proved  that  his  chalcolite  was  an  ore  of  uranium  with  but  little  copper,  instead  of  a 
true  ore  of  copper,  dropped  the  name  entirely,  and  called  the  mineral  simply  Uranglimmer 
(Uranium  mica);  and  Karsten,  in  his  reply  to  Abbe  Estner  (Berlin,  1793,  80pp.  12mo),  makes 
out  of  the  necessary  rejection  of  chalcolite  an  argument  against  chemical  names,  and  in  favor  of 
names  after  persons,  as  the  latter  could  never  turn  out  erroneous  in  signification. 

Werner,  in  an  article  written  in  defense  of  his  introduction  of  this  class  of  names  (Bergm.  J., 
1,  103,  1790),  mentions  the  case  of  Obsidian  (more  properly  Obsian}  as  a  precedent  from  Pliny, 
Obsian  being,  as  Pliny  states,  the  reputed  discoverer  of  the  substance  in  Ethiopia.  But  this  is 
not  strictly  an  example.  For  Pliny  uses  Obsian  not  as  a  substantive,  but  as  an  adjective;  the 
mineral  was  not  Obsian,  but  Obsian  glass  or  Obsian  stone;  vitrum  obsianum,  lapis  obsianus,  and 
obsiana  [vitra],  occurring  in  the  course  of  the  paragraph.  The  addition  of  the  termination  ite  to 
Obsian  would,  according  to  miueralogical  method,  make  a  name  equivalent  to  Pliny's  lapis 
obsianus.  Names  of  persons  ending  in  an  (as  Octavian,  Tertullian)  were  common  among  the 
Romans;  and  this  is  so  far  reason  for  avoiding  the  termination  in  names  of  stones. 

Some  critics  question  the  existence  of  the  reputed  Obsius,  and  reject  Pliny's  explanation. 

3.  The  ancient  origin  of  this  termination  ite,  its  adoption  for  most  of  the  names  in  modern 
mineralogy,  its  distinctive  character  and  convenient  application,  make  it  evidently  the  true  basis 
for  uniformity  in  the  nomenclature  of  the  science. 

4.  If  any  other  termination  in  addition  is  to  be  used,  it  should  be  so  only  under  system;  that 
is,  it  should  be  made  characteristic  of  a  particular  natural  group  of  species,  and  be  invariably 
employed  for  the  names  in  that  group;  and  its  use  should  not  be  a  matter  of  choice  or  fancy 
with  describers  of  species. 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  several  other  terminations  are  in  use,  but  wholly  without  reference  to 
any  such  system.  The  most  common  of  them  is  ine;  but  it  has  not  been  employed  for  any 
particular  division  of  minerals,  and  it  could  not  now  be  so  restricted;  it  belongs  by  adoption 
and  long  usage  to  chemistry,  and  should  be  left  to  that  science. 

5.  In  order  then  that  the  acquired  uniformity  may  be  attained,  changes  should  be  made  in 
existing  names,  when  it  can  be  done  without  great  inconvenience. 

Names  like  Quartz,  Garnet,  Gypsum,  Realgar,  Orpiment,  with  the  names  of  the  metals  and 
gems,  which  are  part  of  general  literature,  must  remain  unaltered.  Mica  and  Feldspar,  equally 
old  with  Quartz,  have  become  the  names  of  groups  of  minerals,  and  are  no  longer  applied  to 
particular  species.  Fluor  was  written  fluorite  last  century  by  Napione.  Blende,  although  one 
of  the  number  that  might  be  allowed  to  stand  among  the  exceptions,  has  already  given  place 
with  some  mineralogists  to  Sphalerite,  a  name  proposed  by  Haidinger  (because  blende  was 
applied  also  to  other  species)  in  1845,  and  signifying  deception,  like  Blende.  Galena  was  written 
Galenite  by  von  Kobell  some  years  since.  Orthoclase,  Loxoclase,  Oligoclase  might  be  rightly 
lengthened  to  Orthoclasite,  etc.  But  the  termination  clase  (from  the  Greek  for  fracture)  is  peculiar 
to  names  of  minerals,  and  the  abbreviated  form  in  use  may  be  allowed  to  stand  for  species  of  the 
Feldspar  group.  Many  other  examples  will  be  found  by  the  reader  in  the  pages  of  this  volume. 

In  the  course  of  the  last  century,  when  the  science  of  minerals  was  taking  shape,  and 
progress  in  chemistry  was  helping  it  forward,  there  was  an  effort  on  one  side  to  introduce,  under 
the  influence  of  Linnaeus,  the  double  names  of  Botany  and  Zoology;  and  on  the  other,  under  the 
influence  of  Cronstedt  and  Bergmann,  names  expressive  of  chemical  composition,  as  far  as  it  was 
ascertained;  and  the  two  methods  have  their  advocates  even  now.  But,  at  the  same  time,  the 
necessity  of  single  names  was  recognized  by  most  of  the  early  mineralogists;  and  in  the  spirit 
of  the  system  which  had  "made  its  appearance  among  the  Greeks  and  Romans  out  of  the  genius 
of  the  Greek  language,  they  almost  uniformly  adopted  for  the  new  names  the  termination  ite. 

Thus  we  have  from  Werner  the  names  Torberite,  Chalcolite,  Graphite,  Prehnite,  Witherite, 
Boracite,  Augite,  Pistacite,  Finite,  Aragonite,  Apatite,  Leucite,  Cyanite  (Kyanite);  and  from 
other  sources  in  the  same  century,  Zeolite,  Actinolite,  Tremolite,  Coccolite,  Arendalite,  Baikalite, 
Melanite,  Staurolite,  LepidoHte,  Cryolite,  Chiastolite,  Collyrite,  Agalmatolite,  Sommite,  Moroxite, 
Pharmacolite,  Strontianite,  Delphiuite,  Titanite,  Ceylanite,  Gadolinite,  Rubellite,  Salite,  Wer- 
nerite,  Scapolite,  Mellite,  etc. 


xlii  INTRODUCTION. 

The  termination  ine  was  also  adopted  for  a  few  names,  as  Tourmaline,  Olivine,  Mascagnine, 
Serpentine;  and  an  in  Vesuvian;  but  the  great  bulk  of  the  names  were  systematically  lermi- 
nated  in  ite. 

With  the  opening  of  the  present  century  (in  1801),  Hatty  came  forward  with  his  great  work 
on  Crystallography,  and  in  it  he  brought  out  a  variety  of  new  names  that  defy  all  system,  having 
nothing  of  the  system  of  the  earlier  science,  and  no  substitute  of  his  own.  Forgetting  that  the 
unity  of  law  which  he  had  found- in  nature  should  be  a  feature  of  scientific  language,  he  gave  to 
his  names  the  following  terminations  : 

'am,  in  Cymophane;  ase,  in  Euc'lase,  Idocrase,  Anatase,  Dioptase;  aste,  in  Pleonaste;  age,  in 
Diallage;  ene,  in  Distheue,  Sphene;  gene,  in  Amphigene;  ide,  in  Staurotide;  ime,  in  Analcime; 
ole,  in  Amphibole;  ome,  in  Aplome,  Harmotome;  ose,  in  Orthose;  ote,  in  Actiuote,  Epidote;  yre, 
in  Dipyre;  ype,  in  Mesotype.  And  the  true  miueralogical  termination  ite  he  admitted  only  in 
the  few  following  :  Axinite,  Meionite,  Pycuite,  Stilbite,  Grammatite. 

Hatty  had  commanded  so  great  and  so  general  admiration  by  his  brilliant  discoveries  in 
crystallography,  and  by  the  benefits  which  he  had  thus  conferred  on  miueralogical  science,  that 
his  names  with  their  innovations  were  for  the  most  part  immediately  accepted  even  beyond  the 
limits  of  France,  although  a  number  of  them  were  substitutes  for  those  of  other  authors.  Some 
of  Werner's  names  were  among  the  rejected;  and  a  break  was  thus  occasioned  between  German 
and  French  mineralogy,  which  will  not  be  wholly  removed  until  the  rule  of  priority,  properly 
restricted,  shall  be  allowed  to  have  sway. 

The  substitutes  among  Hatty's  names  in  the  1st  Edition  of  his  Crystallography  (1801)  are  the 
following  : 

Amphibole,  for  Hornblende  of  last  century  and  earlier. 

Orthose,  for  Feldspar. 

Pyroxene,  for  Augite  of  Werner,  and  Volcanite  of  Delametherie.  [Delametherie  was  a  con- 
temporary of  Haiiy  at  Paris,  the  author  in  1792  of  an  edition  of  Mongez's  Manuel  du  Minera- 
logiste  (after  Bergmanu's  Sciagraphia);  in  1797,  of  an  ambitious  speculative  work  entitled  Theorie,  de 
la  Terre,  the  first  two  volumes  of  which  consisted  of  a  Treatise  on  Mineralogy;  in  1811,  1812,  of 
Lecons  de  Miner -alogie,  in  2  vols.,  and  for  a  number  of  years  principal  editor  of  the  Journal  de 
Physique.  He  gave  offense  to  Hatty  by  some  of  his  early  publications.  Hatty's  mineral 
Euclase  is  described  in  full  by  Delametherie  in  the  Journal  de  Physique  for  1792  (some  years  in 
advance  of  Hatty's  description  of  it),  without  crediting  the  name  or  anything  else  to  Hatty;  but 
five  years  later,  in  his  Theorie  de  la  Terre,  he  inserts  the  species  with  full  credit  to  Hatty.] 

Cymophane,  for  C?irysoberyl  of  Werner. 

Idocrase,  for  Vesuvian  of  Werner. 

Pleonaste,  for  Ceylanite  of  Delametherie. 

Disthene,  for  Cyanite  of  Werner. 

Anatase,  for  Octahedrite  of  de  Saussure,  and  Oisanite  of  Delametherie. 

Spheue,  for  Titanite  of  Klaproth. 

Nepheliue,  for  Sommite  of  Delametherie. 

Triphane,  for  Spodumene  of  d'Andrada. 

Amphigene,  for  Leucite  of  Werner. 

Actinote,  for  Actinolite  of  Kirwan,  and  Zillerthite  of  Delametherie. 

Epidote,  for  Thallite  of  Delametherie,  Delphinite  of  de  Saussure,  and  Arendalite  of^Karsten. 

Axiuite,  for  Yanolite  of  Delametherie. 

Harmotome,  for  Andreolite  of  Delametherie. 

Grammatite,  for  Tremolite  of  Piui. 

Staurotide,  for  Staurolite  of  Delametherie,  and  Orenatite  of  de  Saussure. 

And,  later,  Paranthine,  for  Scapolite  of  d'Andrada,  and  Rapidolite  of  Abildgaard. 

Part  of  the  changes  were  made  with  good  reason;  but  others  were  wholly  unnecessary. 
Hatty  was  opposed  to  names  from  localities,  and  hence  several  of  the  displacements.  He 
objected  also  to  names  based  on  variable  characters,  and  characters  not  confined  to  the  species. 
Moreover,  as  his  pupil,  Lucas,  observes  (in  giving  reasons  for  rejecting  the  name  Scapolite  and 
substituting  Paranthine),  "  le  vice  du  mot  lite,  qui  s'applique  a  toutes  les  pierres,  ne  pouvoient 
plus  couvenir  a  cette  substance  du  moment  ou  elle  seroit  recounue  pour  un  espece."  Hatty's 
own  names  are  remarkable,  in  general,  for  their  indefiniteness  of  signification,  which  makes 
them  etymological ly  nearly  as  good  for  one  mineral  as  another,  and  very  bad  for  almost  none; 
as,  for  example,  Diallage,  which  is  from  the  Greek  for  difference;  Analcime,  from  weakness  in 
Greek;  Orthose,  from  straight  in  Greek;  Epidote,  from  increase  in  Greek;  Anatase,  from  erection 
in  Greek,  interpreted  by  him  as  equivalent  to  length;  Idocrase, 'from  to  see  a  mixture  in  Greek,  etc. 
His  name  Pyroxene,  which  he  defines  hote  ou  etranger  dans  le  domaine  du  feu,  is  an  unfortunate 
exception,  as  often  remarked,  the  mineral  being  the  most  common  and  universal  constituent  of 
igneous  rocks. 

Beudant  succeeded  Hatty,  and  had  the  same  want  of  system  in  his  ideas  of  nomenclature.  Find- 
ing occasion  to  name  various  mineral  species  which  till  then  had  only  chemical  names,  he  adopted 
Hatty's  method  of  miscellaneous  terminations,  but  indulged  in  it  with  less  taste  and  judgment, 
and  with  little  knowledge  of  the  rules  of  etymology.  In  his  work  we  find  the  termination  ese, 
in  Apherese,  Aphanese,  Neoctese,  Acerdese,  Mimetese;  ise,  in  Leberkise,  Sperkise,  Harkise  (only 
German  words  Gallicized).  Melaconise,  Zinconise,  Crocoise,  Stibiconise,  Uraconise;  ose,  in  Argy- 
rose,  Argyrythrose,  Psaturose,  Aphthalose,  Rhodalose,  Siderose,  Elasmose,  Exanthalose,  Cyanose, 


INTRODUCTION.  xliii 

Melinose,  Disomose;  ase,  in  Neoptase,  Discrase;  ime,  in  Ypoleime;  eU,  in  Exitele;  while  names 
ending  in  ine  are  greatly  multiplied. 

lii  Germany,  the  tendency  has  always  been  to  uniformity  through  the  adoption  of  the  termi- 
nation iie.  Kreithaupt  has  been  somewhat  lawless,  giving  the  science  his  Pliniau,  Alumian, 
(Sardinian,  Asbolau,  etc.;  his  Castor  and  Pollux;  Glaucodot,  Homichlin,  Orthoclase,  Xauthocou, 
etc. ;  still,  far  the  larger  part  of  his  numerous  names  are  rightly  terminated.  Haidiuger's  many 
names  are  always  right  and  good. 

6.  In  forming  names  from  the  Greek  or  Latin  the  termination  ite  is  added  to  the  genitive 
form  after  dropping  the  vowel  or  vowels  of  the  last  syllable,  and  any  following  letters.     Thus, 
t/f'AtrS  makes  juekayuS  (melanos)  in  the  genitive,  and  gives  the  name  melanite.    The  Greek 
iauguage  is  the  most  approved  source  of  names. 

7.  In  compounding  Greek  words  the  same  elision  of  the  Greek  genitive  is  made  for  the  first 
word  in  the  compound,  provided  the  second  word  begins  with  a  vowel;  if  not,  the  letter  o  is 
inserted.     Thus,  from  Ttvp,  genitive  nvpoS  (puros),  and  dpftds  (orihos),  comes  pyrorthite;  and 
from  the  same  and  c-fVoS  (xenos)  comes  pyroxene. 

8.  The  liberty  is  sometimes  taken  in  the  case  of  long  compounds  to  drop  a  syllable,  and 
when  done  with  judgment  it  is  not  objectionable;  thus  melacanite  has  been  accepted  in  place  of 
melanoconite.     But  magnoferrite  (as  if  from  the  Latin  magnus,  great,  and  ferrum,  iron),  for  a 
compound  of  magnesia  and  iron,  or  calcimangite  for  one  containing  lime  and  manganese,  are  bad. 

9.  In  the  transfer  of  Greek  words  into  Latin  or  English,  the  K  (k)  becomes  c,  and  the  v  (u) 
becomes  y. 

10.  In  the  formation  of  the  names  of  minerals,  the  addition  of  the  termination  iti  to  proper 
names  in  modern  languages  (names  of  places,  persons,  etc.),  or  names  of  characteristic  chemical 
constituents,  is  allowable;  but  making  this  or  any  other  syllable  a  suffix  to  common  words  in  such 
languages  is  barbarous. . 

11.  Names  made  half  of  Greek  and  half  of  Latin  are  objectionable;  but  names  that  are  half 
of  Greek  or  Latin  and  half  of  a  modern  language  are  intolerable. 

12.  Law  of  Priority. — The  law  of  priority  has  the  same  claim  to  recognition  in  mineralogy 
as  in  the  other  natural  sciences.     Its  purpose  is  primarily  to  secure  the  stability,  purity,  and 
perfection  of  science,  and  not  to  insure  credit  to  authors. 

13.  Limitations  of  the  Law  of  Priority.— The  following  are  cases  in  which  a  name  having 
priority  may  properly  be  set  aside: 

a.  When  the  name  is  identical  with  the  accepted  name  of  another  mineral  of  earlier  date. 

b.  When  it  is  glaringly  false  in  signification;  as  when  a  red  mineral  is  declared  in  its  name 
to  be  black;  e.g.,  Melanocliroite  (p.  014). 

c.  When  it  is  put  forth  without  a  description. 

d.  When  published  with  a  description  so  incorrect  that  a  recognition  of  the  mineral  by  means 
of  it  is  impossible;  and  in  consequence,  and  because  also  of  the  rarity  of  specimens,  the  same 
species  is  described  under  another  name  without  the  describer's  knowledge  of  the  mineral  bear- 
ing the  former  name.     When,  on  the  contrary,  a  badly  described  but  well  known  old  mineral  is 
redescribed  correctly,  there  is  no  propriety  in  the  new  describer  changing  the  old  name. 

e.  When  the  name  is  based  on  an  uncharacteristic  variety  of  the  species,    Thus  Sagenite  was 
properly  set  aside  for  Rutile. 

/.  When  the  name  is  based  upon  a  variety  so  important  that  the  variety  is  best  left  to  retain 
its  original  name;  particularly  where  this  and  other  varieties  of  the  species,  introduced  originally 
as  separate  species,  are  afterwards  shown  by  investigation  to  belong  to  a  common  species.  Thus, 
the  earlier  name  Augite  is  properly  retained  as  the  name  of  a  variety,  and  Hauy's  later  name 
Pyroxene  accepted  for  the  group. 

g.   When  a  name  becomes  the  designation  of  a  group  of  species:  as  Mica,  Chlorite. 

h.  When  the  name  is  badly  formed,  or  the  parts  are  badly  put  together:  as  when  the  ter- 
minal s  of  a  Greek  word  is  retained  in  the  derivative:  e.g.,  aphanese  from  dQavrfi-^  Melaconise 
from  the  Greek  for  black  and  KOVL^\  Rhodalose  from  the  Greek  for  rose-colored  and  aAoS  (haios), 
the  genitive  of  «Af,  salt.  The  last  word  is  bad  not  only  in  termination  but  in  wanting  an  h 
before  the  a,  and  strictly  an  o  after  the  d.  Also  Siderose ^(spathic  iron),  Argyrose  (silver  glance), 
Chitlcosine  (copper  glance),  from,  respectively,  aid rjpo^,  apyvpo^,  ^aA/cds.  The  ancient  Greeks 
showed  us  how  the  derivatives  from  these  words  should  terminate  by  writing  them  Sideritis* 
Ari/yrilis,  Chalcitis. 

Ignorance  or  carelessness  should  not  be  allowed  to  give  perpetuity  to  its  blunders  under  any 
law  o?  priority. 

i.  When  a  name  is  intolerable  for  the  reasons  mentioned  in  §§  10,  11,  as  Harkise,  from  the 
German  Haarkies  (hair- pyrites);  Kupaphrite,  f rom  the  German  Kupferschaum;  Bleinierite,  from 
the  German  Blei-Niere. 

j.  When  a  name  has  been  lost  sight  of  and  has  found  no  one  to  assert  its  claim  for  a  period 
of  more  than  fifty  years;  especially  if  the  later  name  adopted  for  the  species  has  become  intimately 
incorporated  with  the  structure  of  the  science,  or  with  the  nomenclature  of  rocks.  Thus, 
although  lhallite  and  Delphinite  antedate  Epidote,  it  is  not  for  the  good  of  Science  that  Epidote 
should  be  thrown  aside.  But  where  a  name  has  not  this  importance,  and  is  unexceptionable,  the 
law  of  priority  may  be  allowed  to  have  its  course. 


xliv  INTRODUCTION. 

k.  Where  the  adopted  system  of  nomenclature  in  the  science  is  not  conformed  to.  In 
accordance  with  this  last  principle,  the  author,  believing  that  the  system  demands  that  the  names 
of  species  should  have  as  far  as  possible,  as  above  explained,  the  common  termination  He,  has 
changed,  accordingly,  a  number  of  the  names  in  the  course  of  this  volume. 

14.  It  has  appeared  desirable  that  the  names  of  rocks  should  have  some  difference  of  form 
from  those  of  minerals.  To  secure  this  end,  the  author  has  written  the  final  syllable  ite  of  such 
names  with  a  y;  thus  Diorite,  Eurite,  Tonaiite,  etc.,  are  written  DioryU.  Euryte,  Tonalyte.  They 
is  already  in  the  name  Trachyte.  The  author  has  allowed  Granite  and  Syenite  to  remain  as  they 
are  ordinarily  written,  since  they  are  familiar  names  in  common  as  well  as  in  scientific  literature. 

See  further,  on  Nomenclature,  the  excellent  Mineral-Namen  of  von  Kobell.  A  recent  discus- 
sion of  the  subject  has  been  given  by  Dr.  H.  Hugo  A.  Francke  (Ueber  die  mineralogische  Nomeu- 
clatur,  124  pp.  8vo.  Berlin,  1890). 

The  following  paragraphs  on  the  history  of  the  Silicates  (from  5th  Ed.,  pp.  204-206)  are  an 
important  addition  to  the  subject  of  mineral-nomenclature. 

Note  on  the  History  of  the  Silicates.— In  the  work  of  the  Swedish  mineralogist  Wallerius,  of  1747,  silicates 
as  such  are  unrecognized,  and  the  only  species  of  those  now  so  called  which  are  described  are  the  gems  that 
passed  under  the  names  of  emerald,  beryl,  topaz,  hyacinth,  chrysolite,  garnet  ;  clays  of  various  kinds  and 
names  ;  mica,  talc,  serpentine,  amianthus,  asbestus,  feldspar,  and  the  convenient  pocket  for  various  undeter- 
mined heavy  stones,  named  Corneus— the  Hornbarg  of  the  Swedish  mineralogist,  and  Roche  de  Come  of  his 
French  translator,  and  which  embraced  Skiorl  (Sdiorl  of  the  Germans)  as  a  prominent  part  of  it.  Quartz  (Kie- 
selsten,  or  Silex)  in  its  many  varieties,  with  opal,  made  up  a  large  part  of  the  non-metallic  division  of  the  science, 
occupying  30  pages  out  of  200.  Feldspar  is  placed  in  the  genus  Spatum,  as  Spatum  pyrimachum  (or  scintillating 
spar)  alongside  of  fluor,  Iceland  spar,  and  heavy  spar  ;  and  sapphire  and  the  other  precious  stones  are  in  the 
group  of  Gems.  All  of  these  species  excepting  feldspar  had  special  names  in  Pliny's  time;  and  feldspar  is 
distinctly  referred  to  in  Agricola  as  "  Silex  ex  eo  ictu  ferri  facile  ignis  elicitur,  in  cubis  aliisque  flguris  intersectis 
coristans"(p.  314,  1546). 

Cronstedfs  work  of  1758  includes  with  the  preceding  the  species  Zeolite,  a  recent  discovery  of  his  own  (1756); 
but  adds  no  others.  He  shows,  however,  his  acumen  in  making  his  group  of  Kiesel-Arter  (siliceous  minerals)  to 
include  not  only  the  varieties  of  quartz,  but  also  feldspar  and  the  gems  above  enumerated  (and  his  adding  to  it 
the  diamond  is  not  surprising).  Garnet  and  schorl  are  left  outside,  and  make  the  two  species  of  his  Graiiat- 
Arter;  Mica  (Glimmer-Arter)  and  Asbestus  (Asbest-Arter),  with  Ler-Arter  (clay  minerals),  are  the  other  inde- 
pendent groups.  Transparent  tourmalines  from  Ceylon  were  among  the  gems  of  the  day,  having  been  first 
introduced  into  Europe  in  1707  or  before,  but  they  are  not  distinctly  mentioned  by  Cronstedt  or  Wallerius 

The  group  of  Schorl  increased  in  its  varieties  for  the  next  twenty -five  years,  and  after  that  became  prolific  in 
species,  and  much  of  the  history  of  mineralogy  is  involved  in  its  various  phases.  The  following  observations 
make,  therefore,  an  introduction  to  the  synonymy  of  many  minerals  beyond. 

The  Oorneus,  or  Hornbarg,  of  Wallerius  included  a  variety  of  hard,  cheap  or  worthless  stones,  rather  heavy, 
mostly  of  dark  colors  from  black  to  dull  green.  The  name  alludes  to  a  resemblance  to  horn  in  the  aspect  of 
some  of  the  kind*.  To  Oorneus  solidus  belonged  the  massive,  compact,  flinty  rocks  of  black  and  lighter  shades; 
also  petrosilex  (or  Hdlleflinta  of  the  Swedes,  which  means  false  flint)  of  different  shades;  and  massive  horn- 
blende ("  granulis  cornpactis"),  though  the  name  hornblende  was,  by  a  mistake  of  its  German  use,  given  by 
Wallerius  to  a  black  zinc-blende  alone.  His  Cornens  fissilis  embraced  lamellar  forms  of  hornblende  and  pyrox- 
ene, and  some  slaty  rocks.  While  Corneus  cry  stall  is  atus  was  his  Skiorl,  which  comprised  opaque  tourmalines, 
and  other  prismatic  minerals  of  black,  brown,  green,  and  reddish  colors,  as  hornblende,  actinolite,  and  perhaps 
pyroxene,  and  at  the  head  of  the  list  basalt,  and  basanite  or  Lydian  stone. 

Cronstedt's  Skorl  made  up  his  genus  Rasaltes,  and  was  nearly  synonymous  with  the  Corneus  crystallisatiis 
of  Wallerius.  Its  varieties  were  better  defined;  and  to  massive,  lamellar,  and  columnar  hornblende,  actinolite 
and  pyroxene  and  crystallized  opaque  tourmaline  were  added;  and  in  an  appendix  to  the  species,  cruciform 
staurotide.  The  name  Hornblende  is  applied  only  to  the  massive  variety  or  rock  which  Cronstedt  made  a  bole, 
and  called  Bolus  induratis  particulis  squamosis  ;  it  probably  covered  other  similar  stones. 

J.  Hill  in  his  work  on  Fossils,  published  in  London,  and  according  to  the  title-page  in  1771  (though  de  Lisle 
says  it  was  not  issued  until  1772),  says  of  the  "  Shirls,"  that  "  as  to  size  we  see  them  from  that  of  barley  corn  up 
to  the  Giant's  Causeway,"  and  the  columns  of  the  latter  he  calls  "Irish  Shirl,"  or  "Basaltes  Hibernicus."  The 
group  contains  also  made  or  chiostolite  from  Andalusia,  besides  tourmaline,  etc. 

In  the  editions  of  Wallerius  of  1772  and  1778  there  is  a  little  advance  beyond  the  first  as  regards  the  number 
and  classification  of  the  species.  Cronstedt  is  followed  in  the  position  of  feldspar,  and  in  the  name  "  Basaltes  M 
for  the  schorls;  and  Corneus  is  restricted  to  massive,  fibrous,  and  coarse  columnar  stones,  among  which  stands 
"hornblende  "  as  Corneus  spathosns,  and  "  trapp  "  as  Corneus  trapezius. 

At  this  period  de  Lisle  brought  crystallography  to  bear  on  the  subject.  But  while  making  known  new 
distinctions,  he  did  not  appreciate  their  full  value,  or  the  precision  required  for  thorough  work.  As  a  con- 
sequence, the  group  of  Schorls  (or  Schorls,  as  he  writes  the  word  in  his  later  treatise  of  1783)  reached  its  greatest 
extension,  although  in  a  partly  divided  state.  He  early  pronounced  basaltic  columns  no  crystals,  and  dropped 
off  this  excrescence.  He  showed  in  1772  that  the  gem  tourmaline,  his  Transparent  rhomboidal  schorl,  v»as 
identical  in  form  with  the  common  black  schorl.  But  stfll  he  made  the  latter  a  distinct  species,  his  Opaque 
rhomboidal  schorl,  and  included  in  it,  along  with  black  or  opaque  tourmaline,  crystals  of  hornblende,  jiugite, 
octahedrite  from.  Oisans,  rutile  (needles  in  quartz),  and,  as  a  white  variety,  thin  twins  of  albite.  whose  relation 
to  feldspar  he  did  not  perceive;  and  even  hexagonal  nephelite  from  Vesuvius  has  a  passing  remark  under  this 
head.  Axinite,  then  a  novelty  from  Dauphiny,  was  made  a  short  lenticular  variety  of  Transparent  rhom- 
boidal schorl,  or  tourmaline,  its  rhomboidal  planes  proving  to  his  eye  the  relationship.  The  massive  mineral 
called  Hornblende,  or  Roche  de  Come,  referred  by  Cronstedt  to  Sole,  he  annexes  to  Schorl  as  a  massive  or  semi- 
crystallized  kind,  but  makes  it  a  separate  species.  Schorl  argileux,  although  apparently  appreciating  that  it  was 
little  entitled  to  the  distinction.  Schorl  crnciforme  was  his  last  species  in  the  group,  and  to  it  were  referred 
both  andalusite  and  staurolite— the  latter  his  Pierre  de  croix,  with  the  prismatic  angle  of  130°  by  his  measure- 
ment; and  the  former,  Made  basaltique.  with  an  angle  of  95°.  The  garnets  and  schorls  were  placed  in  a  com- 
mon division,  as  done  by  Cronstedt,  and  garnet  was  made  the  first  species,  with  tourmaline  the  second  and 
''cruciform  schorl"  the  fifth.  Garnet  included  the  "white  garnet."  as  it  was  called,  of  Vesuvius  (leucite),  first 
observed  by  Ferber  in  1772.  Besides  these  Silicates,  de  Lisle's  work  has  its  several  groups  of  Gems,  Feldspar, 
Argillaceous  Minerals  (embracing  mica,  asbestus,  talc,  serpentine),  Zeolite,  and  Quartz.  Labradorite,  from 
Labrador  (first  brought  to  Europe  about  1770),  stands  as  a  variety  of  feldspar,  to  which  it  had  been  referred  by 
Werner;  idocrase,  of  which  many  figures  are  given  by  him  (first  described  and  figured  by  Cappeler  in  1722), 
meionite  (hyacintes  blanches),  from  Somma,  and  harmotome  from  Andreasberg  (his  hyacinte  blanche  cruet- 
forme,  made  calcareous  spar  by  v.  Born  in  1775,  who  first  mentions  and  figures  it,  but  a  hyacinth-like  siliceous 
species  by  Bergmann  in  1780),  are  placed  with  zircon  as  kinds  of  hyacinth. 

After  de  Lisle,  as  chemistry  and  crystallography  made  progress,  the  disintegration  of  the  great  Schorl 
group  went  rapidly  forward,  until  the  only  thing  left  to  it  was  common  tourmaline;  and  now  the  name,  once  so 


INTRCD  UCTION.  xlv 

Important,  has  become  a  mere  mineralogical  relic.  In  Werner's  system  of  1789,  as  published  by  Hoffmann 
|Bergm.  J.,  1,  369,  1789),  Schorl  includes  only  the  species  Tourmaline  as  it  now  stands.  The  Kieselarten,  on 
Siliceous  species  (commencing  with  the  diamond  still;,  comprised  the  different  gems;  among  which  stands 
L'hrysoberyl  (the  modern),  and,  as  distinct  species,  axinite,  prehniie,  hornblende  of  various  kinds,  with  feldspar, 
mica,  chlorite,  the  clays,  etc. ;  while  under  Talkurten,  or  Magnesian  species,  there  are  kyanite,  actinolite,  with 
asbestus,  talc,  serpentine,  nephrite,  etc. 

Silica  was  first  proved  to  be  a  chemical  constituent  of  many  mineral  species  by  Bergmann;  and  in  his  Opus- 
cula  (1780)  and  his  Sciagraphia  Regni  Mineralis  (1782!)  he  distinguishes,  after  analyses  by  himself  (made  by  fusion 
with  potash,  a  method  of  his  own),  the  following  minerals  as  siliceous  compounds  of  alumina,  with  or  without 
liine  or  magnesia,  namely,  topaz,  emerald,  garnet,  schorl  (black  tourmaline),  hornblende,  mica,  zeolite  from 
Iceland,  feldspar,  and  the  clays;  and  as  essentially  magnesian  silicates,  containing  lime  and  a  little  iron,  and 
little  or  no  alumina,  actinolite,  asbestus  (mountain  cork  and  mountain  leather),  amianthus,  steatite.  These 
were  the  investigations  that  commenced  the  disbanding  of  the  schorls,  and  before  Werner's  system  of  1789  was 
published,  many  other  analyses,  more  or  less  imperfect,  had  already  been  made  by  Wiegleb,  Klaproth,  Achard, 
Heyer,  Mayer,  Hopfner,  Pelletier,  and  other  chemists  of  the  day. 

The  word  Schorl  of  the  Germans  has  been  supposed  to  be  derived  from  the  name  of  a  locality  of  the  mineral, 
Schorlau  (meaning  Schorl-village)  in  Germany.  But  Prof.  Naumann  said  (in  a  letter  to  J.  D.  Dana,  1867)  that 
it  is  more  likely  that  the  name  is  a  miner's  term  of  unknown  origin,  and  that  the  village  got  its  name  from  the 
occurrence  there  of  the  schorl.  Some  German  mineralogists  have  pronounced  it  of  Swedish  origin,  and  as  first 
used  by  Cronstedt.  But  it  occurs  in  Briickmamf  s  Magnalia  Dei,  published  at  Braunschweig  in  1727,  on  page 
175,  where  it  is  spelt  schirl.  It  exists  also  still  earlier,  as  the  author  has  found,  in  Ercker's  Aula  Subterranea, 
first  published  in  1595,  shurl  and  wolfram  being  spoken  of  as  among  the  rejected  material  in  auriferous  wash- 
ings: and  again  in  the  yet  older  work  of  Gesner,  De  Rerum  Foss,  etc.,  1565,  p.  87,  where  schurl  (misspelt?  schrul) 
is  given  as  the  German  for  "  Lapilli  nigri  steriles"  of  a  tin  vein,  which,  "  quando  cum  lapillis  plumbi  candidi 
[or  tin]  coquuntur  plumbum  consumunt,"  etc. ;  again,  in  Matthesius's  Sarepta,  1562,  in  the  9th  "  Predigt,"  where 
"  Schurl  "  is  quite  fully  described,  and  also  in  the  next  paragraph,  "  Wolffrumb.1'  The  name  Schorl  (or  Schurl) 


M 

•»-      —  -  -  meaning 

impurities,  or  refuse. 

V.    BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

The  following  catalogue  contains  the  titles  of  the  independent  works  and  of  most  of  the 
periodicals  which  are  referred  to  in  the  following  pages,  with  their  abbreviated  forms.  Some 
titles  also  are  added  of  works  consulted  but  not  referred  to. 

Titles  of  Inaugural  Dissertations  (chiefly  German)  are  not  specially  mentioned  in  the  Bibli- 
ography, though  in  most  cases  the  originals  have  been  in  the  hands  of  the  author.  For  the 
benefit  of  those  who  have  not  access  to  these  and  to  the  rarer  portion  of  recent  periodical  literature 
in  general,  it  may  be  noted  that  full  abstracts  are  usually  to  be  found  in  the  Jahrbuch  fur  Min- 
eralogie  (Jb.  Min.)  and  particularly  (since  1877)  in  Groth's  Zeitschrift  (Zs.  Kr.);  further,  abstracts 
of  chemical  papers  are  generally  given  in  the  Jahresbericht  fur  Chemie  (JB.  Ch.).  also  in  the 
Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society  (J.  Ch.  Soc.)  and  elsewhere.  Many  more  titles  could  have  been 
introduced  of  scientific  periodicals,  particularly  of  Scientific  Societies,  but  it  would  only  greatly 
overburden  an  already  long  list  if  they  were  all  included.  The  explanation  of  the  general 
system  of  abbreviations  adopted  is  so  full  that  references  will  be  intelligible  even  when  the 
periodical  in  question  is  not  included  in  the  list.  In  this  connection,  attention  may  be  called  to  the 
excellent  Catalogues  of  scientific  periodicals  prepared  by  Scudder*  (1879)  and  by  Bolton  f  (1885). 

In  the  references,  the  number  of  the  volume  is  uniformly  printed  in  heavy-faced  type  (9), 
In  the  case  of  periodicals,  the  number  of  the  series  (in  the  last  edition  denoted  by  Roman 
numerals,  I,  II,  III,  etc.)  is  omitted  for  the  sake  of  brevity,  as  not  essential,  since  the  date 
is  always  given.  In  general  it  may  be  mentioned  that  the  addition  of  the  date  to  a  reference 
much  increases  its  value.  The  number  of  the  section,  e.g.  of  an  Academy,  to  which  the  publi- 
cation belongs  is  indicated  by  a  number  in  parentheses  following  the  volume,  as  Ber.  Ak  Wien 
50  (1),  etc. 

The  statement  made  in  the  Preface  is  repeated  here,  that  authors  quoted  have  been  actually 
consulted  in  the  original;  in  a  few  cases  when  the  original  source  was  not  accessible,  this  is  given 
in  brackets,  [  ],  while  the  authority  used  follows. 

The  abbreviations  of  the  more  important  words  in  the  abbreviated  titles  are  given  after  the 
Bibliography  (p.  Ixi  et  seq.),  with  also  the  abbreviations  of  the  names  of  the  States  in  the  United 
States  ;  and  finally  the  abbreviations  of  proper  names. 

1.  PERIODICALS  NOT  ISSUED  BY  SCIENTIFIC  SOCIETIES. 

Afh.,  or  Afhandl.    Afhandliugar  i  Fisik,  Kemi  och  Mineralogie,  etc.,  utgifne  af  Hisinger  & 

Berzelius.     Vol.  1,  1806;    2,  '07;    3,  '10;   4,  '15;    5,  6,  18. 
Am.  Ch.  J.    American  Chemical  Journal.     Edited  by  Ira  Remsen,  Baltimore  (Johns  Hopkins 

University).     Begun  in  1879.     One  volume  annually  in  6  numbers.  Vol.1,  1879:  12, 1891. 

Index,  vols.  1-10,  1890. 

*  Scientific  Serials  of  all  Countries,  including  the  Transactions  of  Learned  Societies,  in  the 
Natural,  Physical,  and  Mathematical  Sciences,  1633-1876.  By  Samuel  H.  Scudder.  Cambridge, 

iO  i  t7. 

f  A  Catalogue  of  Scientific  and  Technical  Periodicals,  1665-1882,  by  H.  Carrington  Bolton. 
Washington,  1885  (Smithsonian  Miscellaneous  Contributions,  514). 


xlvi  INTRODUCTION. 

Am.  J.  Sc.  American  Journal  of  Science.  1st  series  of  50  volumes,  8vo;  conducted  by  B. 
Silliman,  1818-1839;  with  B.  Sillinian,  Jr.,  from  1840.  Four  numbers  to  vol.  1,  and  two 
to  subsequent  vols.  Vol.  1,,  No.  1,  Aug.,  1818;  No.  2,  Jan.,  19;  No.  3,  Mar.,  19;  No.  4> 
June,  18;  vol.  2,  Ap.,  Nov.,  '20;  3,  Feb.,  May,  '21;  4,  Oct.,  Feb., '21,  '22;  5,  June,  Sept., 
'22;  6,  Jan.,  May,  '23;  7,  Nov.,  Feb.,  '23,  '24;  8,  May,  Aug.,  '24;  9,  Feb.,  June,  '25;  10, 
Oct.,  Feb.,  '25,  '26;  11,  June,  Oct.,  '26;  12,  13,  Mar.,  June,  Sept.,  Dec.,  '27;  afterward 
regularly  on  the  first  of  April,  July,  Oct.,  Jan.;  vols.  14,  15,  in  '28,  '28-'29;  24,  25,  in  '33, 
'33-'34;  34,  35,  in  '38,  '38-'39;  then  regularly,  Jan.,  May,  July,  Oct.,  36,  37,  in  '39;  38, 
39,  in  '40;  48,  49,  in  '50;  50,  Index  volume. 

2d  ser.,  by  the  same  and  James  D.  Dana,  until  1865,  after  which,  by  B.  Silliman  and 
James  D.  Dana;  from  1851,  aided  by  A.  Gray  and  W.  Gibbs,  and  later  by  other  co-editors. 
2  vols.  ann.;  1,  2,  1846;  11,  12,  '51;  21,  22,  '56;  31,  32,  '61;  41,  42,  '66;  whence,  49,  50, 
1870.  An  index  to  each  10  vols.  in  vol.  10,  20,  30,  etc. 

3d  ser.  from  1871  in  monthly  numbers,  by  James  D.  Dana  and  B.  Silliman  until  1875; 
then  by  the  same  and  E.  S.  Dana,  and  from  1885  by  James  D.  and  E.  S.  Dana.  Vol.  1,  2, 
'71;  11,  12,  '76;  21,  22,  '81;  31,  32,  '86;  41,  42,  '91.  An  index  to  each  10  volumes  issued 
(sometimes  separately)  with  vol.  10,  20, 30,  etc.  The  title  was  "American  Journal  of  Science 
and  Arts"  until  1880. 

Amer.  Geol.    The  American  Geologist.     8vo,  Minneapolis.     Vol.  1,  2,  '88;  7,  8,  '91. 
Amer,  Nat.  The  American  Naturalist.     1  vol.  annually.     8vo,  Salem,  and  later  Philadelphia. 

Vol.  1,  '68;  25,  '91. 

Ann.  Ch.  Annales  de  Chimie.  8vo,  Paris,  vols.  1-3,  1789;  4-7,  '90;  8-11,  '91;  12-15,  '92; 
16-18,  '93;  19-24,  '97;  25-27,  '98;  28-31,  '99;  then  regularly  4  v.  an n. ;  32-35,1800;  52-55; 
'05;  72-75,  10  ;  92-95,  96,  15.  Index  to  vols.  31  to  60  inclusive.  Continued  in  the  Ann. 
Ch.  Phys.  (q.v.). 

Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.     See  Lieb.  Ann. 

Ann.  Ch.  Phys.  Aunales  de  Chemie  et  de  Physique;  at  first  by  Gay  Lussac  et  Arago.  8vo, 
Paris;  3  vols.  ami.;  1-3,  1816;  16-18,  '21*;  31-33,  '26;  46-48,  '31;  61-63,  '36;  73-75,  '40. 
Vols.  67^75  made  2d  ser.,  and  numbered  1-9.  3d  ser.,  1-3,  '41;  16-18,  '46;  31-33,  '51; 
46-48, '56;  61-63,  '61;  67-69,  '63.  4th  ser.,  1-3,  1864;  16-18, '69;  28-30,  '73.  5th  ser., 
1-2,  '74;  22-24,  '81;  28-30,  '83.  6th  ser.,  1-3,  '84;  22-24,  '91. 

Index  1st  ser.  to  vols.  1-30;  31-60;  61-90.  To  2d  ser., 1-30;  31-75.  To  3d  ser.,  1-30; 
31-69.  4th  ser.?  1-30.  5th  ser.,  1-30. 

Ann.  Mines.  Annales  des  Mines.  8vo,  Paris.  Begun  in  1816  as  sequel  to  Journal  des  Mines; 
1  vol.  a  year  until  1825,  and  subsequently  2  vols.  a  year.  Vol.  1,  1816;  6,  '21;  10,  11,  '25; 
12,  13,  '26.  2d  ser.,  1,  2,  '27;  8,  last.  3d  ser.,  1,  2,  '32;  19,  20,  '41.  4th  ser.,  1,  2,  '42; 
19,  20,  '51.  5th  ser.,  1,  2,  '52;  19.  20,  '61.  6th  ser.,  1,  2,  '62;  19,  20,  '71.  7th  ser.,  1,  2, 
'72;  19,  20,  '81.  8th  ser.,  1,  2,  '82;  19,  20,  '91.  Indexes  to  the  different  series. 
Ann.  Mus.  d'Hist.  Nat.  Anuales  clu  Museum  d'histoire  naturelle.par  les  Professeurs  de  cet 
etablissement,  MM.  Hatty,  Fourcroy,  Vauquelin,  Desfoutaines,  A.  L.  de  Jussieu,  Geoffroy, 
Lacepede,  etc.  4to,  Paris;  vols.  1-20,  2  a  year,  1803-1815. 

Ann.  Phil.  Annals  of  Philosophy.  2  vols.  aim.,  8vo,  London.  1st  ser.  by  Thos.  Thomson; 
vols.  1.  2,  1813;  11,  12, 18;  15,  16,  '20.  2d  ser.,  vols.  1,  2,  1821;  11,  12,  '26.  Then  merged 
in  Phil.  Mag.  (q.v.). 

Arch.  Math.  Nat.    Archiv  for  Mathematik  og  Naturvidenskab,  8vo,  Kristiania.    Begun  in  1876. 
Arch.  Sc.  phys.  nat.     See  Bibl.  Univ. 

B.  H.  Ztg.    Berg-undhttttenrminnischeZeitung.     4to,  Leipzig,  1  vol.  ann.     Begun  by  Hartmann, 
and  sometimes  called  Hartmaun's  Zeituug.     Vol.  1,  1842;    4,  '45;    9, '50;    14,  '55;    19, '60; 
24,  '65;  29,  '70,  etc. 
Baumg.  Zs.    Zeitschrift  f.  Physik  und  Mathematik;   edited  by  Baumgartner  and  Ettingshausen. 

10  vols.,  8vo,  1826-1832,  Vienna. 

Bergm.  J.     Bergmanuisches  Journal;    ed.  by  A.  W.  Kohler.     12mo,  Freyberg,  Sax.     1,  2,  1788; 
1,  2,  '89;  so  to  '92;  1,  2,  '93,  by  Kohler  and  Hoffmann.     Afterward,  Neues  Bergm.  J.,  of 
K.  &  H.;    1,  1795;    2,  '98;    3,  1802;    4,  16.      Contains  papers  by  Werner,    Hoffmann, 
Klaproth,  and  much  on  mineralogy. 
Berz.  JB.     See  JB.  Ch. 

Bibl.  Univ.  Bibliotheque  Universelle  de  Geneve.  Begun  in  1816.  In  1846,  4th  series  of  36 
vols.  commenced,  and  the  scientific  part  of  the  Review  takes  the  title,  Archives  des  Sciences 
physiques  et  naturelles.  5th  series  commenced  in  1858.  Vols.  1-3,  '58;  31-33,  '68;  61-64, 
'78.  New  ser.,  1,  2,  '79;  15,  16,  '86. 

Bruce  Am.  Min.  J.    The  American  Mineralogical  Journal;    conducted  by  Archibald  Bruce, 
M.D.     Only  1  vol.,  8vo.     Begun  Jan.,  1810;  No.  1,  62  pp.,  1810,  and  2,  to  p.  126,  10;    3, 
to  p.  190.  11;  4,  to  end,  p.  270,  13. 
Can.  Nat.    Canadian  Naturalist  and  Geologist.     8vo,  Montreal.     Vol.  1,  1856;  5,  '61;  8,  '63;  2d 

ser.,  vol.  1,  '64;  2,  '65;  3,  '66;  10,  '81-'83,  etc. 
Can.  J.     Canadian  Journal  of   Industry,  Science,  and  Art.     Toronto,  Canada.     2d  ser.,  vol.  1> 

18r>6;  5,  '60;  10,  '65;  11,  '66, '67;  15,. '76-78. 
Ch.  Gaz.     Chemical  Gazette,  by  W.  Francis.     8vo,  London.     1  vol,  ann.  after  vol.  1,  of  1842 

17,  '59. 

Ch.  News.  Chemical  News;  edited  by  W.  Crookes.  Sm.  4to,  London.  2  v.  aun. ;  vols.  1,  2, 
1860;  11,  12,  '65;  21,  22,  '70;  41,  42,  '80;  61,  62,  '90. 


INTRODUCTION.  xlvii 

Crell's  Ann.     Chemische  Annalen;  by  L.  Crell.     40  vols.,  12mo,  Helmstadt  u.  Leipzig.     Vols. 

numbered  1,  2,  for  each  year,  from  1784  to  1803  inclusive. 
Dingier  J.     Polytechnisches  Journal;  by  J.  G.  &  E.  M.  Dingier.     3 vols.  ann.*,  8vo,  Augsburg. 

Begun  iu  1820;  vol.  187,  in  1868,  etc. 
Dublin  Q-  J.  Sc.    Dublin  Quarterly  Journal  of  Science;  edited  by  Rev.  S.  Haughton.     6  vols. 

8vo,  1861-'66,  Dublin. 
Ed.  J.  Sc.    Edinburgh  Journal  of  Science;  edited  by  D.  Brewster  (often  called  Brewster's  J.). 

8vo,  Edinburgh,  2  vols.  ann.     1st  ser.,  vol.  1,  1824;  2,  3.  '25;  6,  7,  '27;  10,  '29.     2d  ser., 

vol.  1,  1829;  2,  3,  '30;  4,  5,  '31;  6,  '32.     Merged  iu  Phil.  Mag. 
Ed.  Phil.  J.    Edinburgh  Philosophical  Journal;  edited  by  Brewster  and  Jameson.     8vo,  2  vols. 

anu.;  vol.  1,  1819;  2,  3,  '20;  6,  7,  '22;  10,  '24;  edited  by  Jameson  alone,  11,  1824;  12,  13, 

'25;  14,  '26.     Becomes  Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.  (q.v.). 
Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.    Edinburgh  New  Philosophical  Journal;  edited  by  Prof.  Jameson  (often  called 

Jameson's  Journal.     8vo,  2  vols.  ann.     1st  ser.,  vol.  1,  1826;  2,  3,  '27;  12,  13,  '32;  22,  23, 

'37;  32,   33,  '42;  42,  43,  '47;  52,  53,  '52;  56,  57,  '54.     2d  ser.,  vols.  1,  2,  1855;  11,  12,  '60; 

19,  20,  '64.     Here  end^. 
Eng.  Mng.  J.    Engineering  and  Mining  Journal.     4to,  published  weekly.     New  York.    Begun 

in  1866.     Vols.  51,  52,  1891.     Before  1872,  Am.  Journal  of  Mining,  Milling,  etc. 
Erman's  Arch.    Archiv  fiir  wissenschaftliche  Russlaud.     Begun  in  1841;  1  vol.  ann.     Vol.  1, 

1841;  11,  '51;  21,  '61,  etc, 
Gehlen's  J.    Neues  allg.  Journal  der  Chemie;  by  A.  F.  Gehlen.     6  vols.,  Berlin;  1,  1808;  2,  3, 

'04;  6,  '06.     2d  ser.,  under  the  title  Journal  fur  die  Chemie  und  Physik  uud  Miueralogie, 

9  vols.,  Berlin:  1,  2,  1806;  5,  6,  '08;  9,  '10.     Afterward,  Schweigger's  Journal  (q.v.)  began 

at  Nuremberg. 
Geol.  Mag.     The  Geological  Magazine,  or  Monthly  Journal  of  Geology.   In  monthly  numbers. 

London.     Begun  in  1864;  vol.  10,  1873;  Decade  II,  vol.  1,  '74;  10,  '83.     Decade  III,  vol. 

1^84;  8,  91.     Preceded  by  The  Geologist.  1858-63. 
Gilb.  Ann.     Annalen  der  Physik;  conducted  by  L  W.    Gilbert.      8vo,  Leipzig,   30  vols. ;  1st 

series,  1799-1808;  then  30  vols.,  2d.ser..  1809-'18;  then  Annalen  d.  Pbys.  und  der  Phy- 

sikalischeu  Chemie,   16  vols.,  3d  ser.,  1819-'£3.     The  vols.  of  the  several  series  usually 

counted  consecutively;  1,   2,   1799;  afterward  3  vols.  a  year,  3-6,  1800;  13-15,  '03;  28-30, 

'08;   43-5,   '13:   58-60,  18;    73-5,  '23;  76,  '24.      Afterward  continued  as  Poggeudorff's 

Annalen,  see  Pogg. 
Giorn.  Min.    Giornale  di  Mineralogia,  Cristallografia  e  Petrografia,  diretto  dal  Dr.  F.  Sansoni. 

Milan.     Begun  in  1890;  vol.  2,  1891. 
Groth's  Zeitschr/   See  Zs.  Kr. 
Haid.,  Nat.  Abh.  Wien.    Naturwissenschaftliche  Abhandrungen,  von  Haidinger.  4to.  Vols  1-4, 

1847-'51. 
J.  Mines,  or  J.  d.  M.    Journal  des  Mines.     8vo,  Paris.     In  monthly  nos.     2  v.  ami.;  1,  2,  1797; 

11,  12,  1802;  21,  22,  '07;  31,  32,  12:  37,  38,  15.     Continued  in  Annales  des  Mines  (q  v.).  f 
J.  de  Phys.,  or  J.  Phys.    Journal  de  Physique.     4to,  Paris,   2  vols.  aim.     Edited  by  Abbe 

Rozier  (and  hence  called  Rozier's  J.),  for  vols.  1-43  (for  a  time  with  also  Mougez,  Jr.); 

by  Delarnetherie  for  vols.  44-84;  and  afterward  by  Blaiuville.     Two  introductory  vols., 

1771,  1772:  vols.   1,  2,   1773;    11,  12,  78;   22,  23,  '83;    32,  33,  '88;   42,  43,  '93;  44,  45,  '94 

(French  Revolution);  46,  47,  '98;  56,  57,  1803;  66,  67,  '06;  76,  77,  13;  86,  87, 18;  94,  95, 

'22;  96,  1823. 
J.  Phys.    Journal  de  Physique.     Paris.     Begun  in  1872.     One  vol.  annually.     Vol.  1,  1872; 

10,  1881.     2d  ser.,  vol.  1,  1882;  10,  1891.     Distinguished  from  the  preceding  by  the  date. 
J.  pr.  Ch.    Journal  fiir  praktische  Chemie.     8vo,  Leipzig,  3  vols.  ann.     Preceded  by  J.  f.  pr. 

und  okonomische  Chemie,  18  vols.  8vo,  3  vols  ann.,  begun  in  1828.     Begun  in  1834;   first 

edited  byErdmann&Schweigger-Seidel  (see  Schweigger  J.);  from  1838  by  E.  &Marchand; 

from  1852,  by  E.  &  Werther.     Vols.  1-3,  1834;  19-21,  '40;   34-36,  '45;  49-51,  '50;  64-66, 

'55;  79-81,  '60;  94-96,  '65;  109-111,  '70.     2d  ser.  begun  in  1870,  vol.  1,  2,  '70;   3,  4,  '71; 

23,  24,o'81;  43,  44, '91. 

Arsb.  \  Arsberattelser  om  framstegen  i  Kemi  och  Mineralogi,  af  Jac.  Berzelius.  In 
Jahresb.  \  German,  Jahresbericht  ilber  die  Fortschritte  der  Chemie  und  Mineralogie.  8vo; 
JB.  Ch.  }  usually  designated  by  the  year.  Commenced  with  1821.  Vol.1,  1821;  11,  '31; 

21,  '41;  30,   1850;  the  last  three  vols.  by  Svanberg.     Continued  in  the  Giessen  Jahres- 
bericht, issued  by  Liebig  &  Kopp,  from  1847  to  '56;  by  F.  Zamminer,  '57;  Kopp  &  Will, 

'58;  and  Will  alone  from  '63  on.     The  first  vol.  covers  the  years  1847,  '48. 
Jlx  Min.    Jahrbuch  fur  Mineralogie,  Geognosie,  Geologic,  und  Petrefaktenkunde;  edited  by 

K.  C.  v.  Leonhard  &  H.  G.  Bronn.     8vo,  Heidelberg,  1  vol.  ann.     1830-32,  4  Nos.  a  year; 

after  '32,  6  Nos.,  and  called  Neues  Jahrbuch,  etc. 

Since  1880  two  volumes  of  three  numbers  each  annually,  the  abstracts  (Ref.)  with 

independent  paging.     Also  Beilage  Band  (Beil.  or  Beil.-Bd.),  1,  1881,  7,  1890-91.     Index 

(Alls;.   Repertorium),  1850-59,    1860-'69,   1870-79,  1880-'89.  1880-'84,  and  Beil.-Bd.  1,  2 

(1885);  1885-89,  and  Beil.-Bd.  3-6  (1891). 
Karst.  Arch   Min.    Archiv  fur  Mineralogie,  Geognosie,  Bergbau  und  Hilttenkunde.    26  vols, 

8vo,  1829-1855,  Berlin.     Edited  for  vols.  1-10  by  C.  J.  B.  Karsten  ;  later  by  Karsten  & 

v.  Dechen. 


xlviii  INTRODUCTION. 

Kastn.  Arch.  Nat.    Archiv  fur  die  gesammte  Naturlehre  ;  edited  by  K.  W.  G.  Kastner.     8vo 

Niirnberg.     27  vols.,  3  vols.  aim.,  1824-'35. 
Hell.  &  Tiedm.    Nordamerikanischer  Mouatsbericht  fiir  Natnr-  und  Heilkunde  ;  edited  by  Dr. 

W.  Keller  &  Dr.  H.  Tiedeinann.    4  vols.,  8vo,  Philadelphia.    Vol.  1,  1850 ;  2,  3,  '51  ; 

4,  '52. 
Lempe's  Mag.    Magazin  fiir  die  Bergbaukunde,  by  J.  F.  Lempe.    8vo,  Dresden.    Vol.  1,  1785' 

2,  3,  '86;  4,  '87;  then  1  vol.  ann.  till  11,  '94;  12,  '98;  13,  '99. 
Lieb.  Ann.     Annaleu  der  Ohemie  und  Pharmacie;  by  Wohler  and  Liebig;  from  vol.  77,  by 

Wohler,  Liebig.  and  Kopp,  and  called  new  series.     8vo,  Leipzig  and  Heidelberg,  4  vols 

(and  later  4  to  6  or  7)  aun.     Vols.  1-4,  1832;  13-16,  '35;  33-36,  '40;  53-56,  45;  73-76,  '50; 

93-96,  '55;  113-116,    '60;  133-136,   '65;  153-156,  '70;  191-194,  '78;  195-200,  '79;  255-260, 

'90.     Supplementband,  1,  1861;  2,  '62,  '63;  3,  '64;  4.  '65,  '66;  7,  '70;  8,  '72. 

With  vol.  173  the  title  was  changed  to  Liebig's  Annalen  der  Chemie  and  the  reference 

to  the  new  series  was  dropped.     Index  to  vols.  1-100,  '61;  101-116,  '61;  117-164,  '74. 
L'lnstitut.     L'Institut.  a  weekly  journal  in  small  fol.,  Paris,  1  vol.  ann.;  begun  in  1832. 
Mag.  Nat.  Helvet.    Magazin  fiir  die  Naturkunde  Helvetieus;   herausg.  A.  Hopfner,  Zurich. 

Begun  in  1787. 
Min.  Mag.  See  p.  1. 
Min.  Mitth.  Mineralogische  Mittheilungen  gesammelt  von  G.  Tschermak.  Begun  in  1871  as 

Beilage  zum  Jahrbuche  der  k.  k.  geol.  Reich sanst alt,     Since  1878  published  separately 

(in  smaller  form)  as  Mineralogische  und  Petrographische  Mittheilungen.    Vol.  1,  1878; 

11,  1890.     Index,  vols.  1-10,  1890.     Edited  since  1889  by  F.  Becke. 
Moll's  Efem.    Efemeriden  der  Berg-  uud  Hutteukunde;  edited  by  C.  E.  von  Moll.     5  vols.;  1, 

1805,  at  Muucheu;  afterward  at  Niiruberg,  2,  '06;  3,  '07;  4,  '08;  5,  '09.     Preceded  by  v. 

Moll's  Jahrb.  f.  B.  H.,  Salzburg,. 5  vols.,  1797-1801;  and  Anualen  id.,  Salzburg,  3  vols., 

1802-'04. 
Naturaleza.    La  Naturaleza,  Periodico  cientifico,  Mexico.      Begun  in  1869;  vol.    7,    '84-'87. 

2d  ser.,  vol.  1,  '87-'91. 
Nature.    A  weekly  illustrated  Journal  of  Science.     London.     Commenced  in  Nov.  1869,  in 

weekly  numbers.     Vol.  1,  Nov.  '69-April  '70;   2,  May-Nov.  '70;    10,  May-Oct.  '74;   20, 

May-Oct.  '79;  30,  May-Oct.  '84;  40,  May-Oct.  '89;  44,  May-Oct.  '91. 
Nicholson's  J.    Journal  of  Natural  Philosophy,  Chemistry,  and  the  Arts;  by  Wm.  Nicholson. 

London,  1st  ser.,  5  vols.,  4to,  vol.  1,  1797;   5,  1801.     2d  ser.,  36  vols.  8vo,  vol.  1,  1802; 

36,  1813. 
Nuovo  Cimento.    II  nuovo  Cimento;  giornale  di  Fisica,  di  Chimica,  etc.     Vol.  1-2,  1855-'56. 

2d  ser.,  vol.  1,  1869. 
Nyt.  Mag.    See  p.  1. 
Phil.  Mag.    Philosophical  Magazine.     8vo,  London.     1st  ser.  by  Tilloch,  2  or  3  vols.  a  year;  1, 

2,  1798;  3-5,  '99;  6-8,  1800;  21-23,  '05;  30-32,  '08;  33,  34,  '09  (thence  2  v.  ann.);  35,  36, 

10;  45,  46,  '15;  55,  56,  '20;  65,  66,  '25;  67,  68,  '26. 

2d  ser.,  or  Philosophical  Magazine  and  Annals  of  Philosophy,  2  v.  ann.;  1,  2,  1827; 

11,  '32. 

3d  ser,,  London  &  Edinburgh  Phil.  Mag.;  1,  1832;  2,  3,  '33;  12,  13,  '38;  22,  23,  '43; 

32,  33,  '48;  36,  37,  '50. 

4th  ser.,  L.,  E.  &  Dublin  Phil.  Mag.,  1,  2,  1851;  11, 12,  '56;  21,  22,  '61;  31,  32,  '66; 

49,  50,  '75. 

5th  ser.  with  1876,  1,  2,  '76;  11,  12,  '81;  21,  22,  '86;  31,  32,  '91. 
Pogg.  or  Pogg.  Ann.    Annalen  der  Physik  und  Chemie;   edited  by  J.  C.  Poggendorff.     8vo, 

Leipzig,  3  vols.  ann.     Preceded  by  Gilbert's  Annalen  (q.v.).     Vols.  1,  2,  1824;    3-5,  '25; 

11,  Index  vol.;  18-20,  '30;  27-29,  '33;  30,  Index  vol.;  31-33,  '34;  34-36,  '35;  49-51,  '40; 

63-66,  '45;    79-81,  '50;  94-96,  '55;  109-111,  '60;  124-126,  '65;  139-141,  '70;    157-159,  '76; 

last  vol.,  160,  11.      Also  Erganzungsbd  (Erg.),  1,  2,  '48;  3,  '53;  4,  '54;  5,  '71;  6,  7,  '76; 

8,  '78;  and  Jubelband,  1874.     General  Index  (Sachregister)  to  the  whole  series,  1824-1877, 

issued  in  1888. 

Edited  since  1877  by  G.  Wiedemann  and  called  Wiedemanu's  Annalen;  see  Wied. 

Ann. 
Q.  J.  Sc.    Brandes'  Quarterly  Journal  of  Science.     8vo,  2  vols.  ann.  after  1819.     Published  by 

the  Royal  Institution.     Vol.  1,  1816;  2,  3,  17,  17-18;  4,  5,  18;  6,  7,  8,  19;  9,  10,  '20;  19, 

20,  '25;  27,  28,  '29. 
Rec.  Gen.  Sc.    Records  of  General  Science;   by  Thog.  Thomson.    4  vols.,  8vo,  Edinburgh. 

Vols.  1,  2,  1835;  3,  4,  '36. 
Revista  Minera.     Revista  Minera,  Periodico  cientifico  e  industrial  redactado  por  una  Sociedad 

de  Ingenieros.     2  vols.,  8vo,  Madrid.     Vol.  1,  1850;  2,  '51. 
Riv.  Min.    Rivista  di  Mineralogia  e  Cristallografia  Italiana  diretta  da  R.  Panebianco.     Padua. 

Begun  in  1887.     Vol.  1,  1887;  8,  9,  1891. 
Scherer's  J.    Allgemeines  Journal  der  Chemie;  conducted  by  A.  N.  Scherer.     10  vols.,  Leipzig 

und  Berlin;  1,  1798;  2,  3,  1799;  6,  7,  1801;  10,  '03.     Continued  as  Gehlen's  Journal  (q.v.). 
Schw.  J.  or  Schweigg.  J.    Journal  fiir  Chemie  und  Physik;  conducted  by  J.  S.  C.  Schweigger. 

Niirnberg,  8vo.     Also  under  the  title  Jabrbuch  der  Chemie  und  Physik.     3  vols.  a  year; 

1-3,  1811;  16-18,  16;  28-30,  '20;  afterward  issued  by  Schweigger  &  Meinecke;  then  by  J, 


INTRODUCTION. 

S.  C.  Schweigger  &  Fr.  W.  Schweigger-Seidel ;    then  by  Fr.  W.  Schweigger-Seidel;  31- 
33,   1821;   46-48,  '26;  61-63,  '31;  67-69,  '33.     The  next  year  began  the  J.  pr.  Ch.  (q.v.), 
by  Erdmann  &  Schweigger-Seidel. 
Science.     An  illustrated  Journal  published  weekly.     Begun  Feb.  1883,  Cambridge,  Mass.     Vol. 

1,  Feb.-June  '83;  6,  July-Dec.  '85,  New  York. 

Tasch.  Min.     Tascheubuch   fiir   die  gesammte   Mineralogie,  von  C.   C.  Leonhard.     18  vols., 

12mo,  Fraukfurt  a.  M.,  1  vol.  ann.     Vol.  1,  1807;  4,  '10,  9,  '15;  14,  '20;  18,  '24. 
Tschermak's  Mitth.     See  Min.  Mitth. 
Wied.  Ann.     Annalen  der  Pbysik  und  Chemie  herausgegeben  von  G.  Wiedemann,  successor  to 

Poggendorif,  Aunalen  (see  Pogg.  Ann.),  begun  in  1877;  3  vols.  ann.     Vol.  1,  2,  '77;  3-5, 

'78;  24-26,  '85;  42-44,  '91. 

Also,  connected  with  this,  Beiblatter  zu  den  Annalen  der  Physik  und  Chemie,  begun 

in  1877,  1  vol.  ann.     Vol.  1,  '77;  9,  '85;  15,  '91. 
Zs.  Kr.    Zeitschrift  fur  Krystallographie  und  Mineralogie,  herausgegeben   von    Paul   Groth, 

Leipzig.     Begun  in  1877;  vol.  19  closed  in  1891.     Index  *o  vols.  1-10,  1886  (Repertorium 

der  mineral,  u.  kryst.  Literatur,  1877-1885). 

2.  TRANSACTIONS,  ETC.,  OF  SCIENTIFIC  SOCIETIES. 

Abh.  Ak.  Berlin.  Abhandlungeu  der  koniglichen  preuss.  Akademie  der  Wissenschaften  zu 
Berlin.  4to,  Berlin.  Vol.  1  (for  1804-1811)  issued  in  1815. 

Abhandl.  Senck.  Ges.  Frankfurt.  Abhandlungeu  von  d.  Senckenbergischen  naturforschenden 
Gesellschaft  zu  Frankfurt.  Begun  in  1854.  Vol.  7  in  1868;  16,  '90. 

Act.  Soc.  Fenn.  Acta  Societatis  scientiarum  Fennicae.  Helsingfors,  Finland.  Begun  in 
1842;  2-10,  '47-75. 

Ak.  H.  Stockholm.    K.  Vet.-Akademiens  Handlingar,  Stockholm. 

Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  Bihang.     See  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh. 

Amer.  Assoc.  Proceedings  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science.  8vo. 
Vol.  1,  meeting  at  Philadelphia  in  1848;  2,  at  Cambridge  in  '49;  3,  at  Charleston  in  '50; 
4,  at  N.  Haven,  '50;  5,  at  Cincinnati,  '51,  6,  at  Albany,  '52;  7,  at  Cleveland,  '53;  8,  at 
Washington,  '54;  9,  at  Providence,  '55;  10,  at  Albany,  '56;  11,  at  Montreal,  '57;  12,  at 
Baltimore,  '58;  13,  at  Springfield,  '59;  14,  at  Newport,  '60;  15,  at  Buffalo, '66;  16,  at 
Burlington,  '67;  and  annually  since  then,  40,  at  Washington,  '91. 

Ann.  Lye.  N.  Hist.  N.  Y.  Annals  of  the  Lyceum  of  Natural  History  of  New  York.  Begun  in 
1824.  Followed  by  the  Annals  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Science.  Vol.  1,  1879; 

2,  '82;  etc. 

Ann.  Mus.  Wien.    Annalen  des  K.  K.  naturhistorischen  Hofmuseums,  redigirt  von  Dr.  Franz 

Ritter  von  Hauer,  Vienna.     Begun  in  1886,  one  vol.  annually;    vol.  6,  1891. 
Ann.  Soc.  G.  Belg.    Annales  de  la  Societe  geologique  de  Belgique.     Vol.  1,  '74-'75;  16,  '89. 
Anzeig.  Ak.  Wien.    Anzeiger  der  K.  K.  Akad.  d.  WiSsejischaften.    8vo,  Vienna.    Begun  in  1864. 

1  vol.  ann. 
Att.  Ace.  Line.     Atti  della  R.  Accademia  dei  Lincei.     Memoires,  3d  ser.,  vol.  1,  1876-77;  vol. 

19, 1884.     4th  ser.,  vol.  1, 1884-85.     Transiunti,  3d  ser.,  vol.  1,  1876-77;  8,  '83.     Followed 

by  ser.  4,  Rendiconti,  vol.  1,  1884-85;  vol.  7,  '91. 

Att.  Ace.  Torino.     Atti  della  Reale  Accademia  delle  Scienze.     Turin,  vol.  1,  1866;  26,  '90-'91. 
Att.  1st.  Veneto.      Atti  delle  Adunanze  dell'  R.  Istituto  Veneto  di  Scienze,  Lettere  ed  Arti. 

Begun  in  1840-41;  2d  ser.,  1850;    3d  ser.,  1855-56;    4th  ser.,  1871-72;    5th  ser.,  1874-75- 

6th  ser.,  1882-83. 

Att.  Soc.  Tosc.    Atti  della  Societa  Toscaua  di  Scienze  Naturali  Pisa.     Begun  in  1875. 
Ber.  Ak.  Berlin.    Mouatsberichte  der.  K.  preuss.  Akad.  der  Wissenschaften  zu  Berlin.     8vo 

Begun  in  1836. 
Ber.  Ak.  Munchen.      Sitzungsberichte    der   K.  bayerischen    Akad.  der   Wiss.    zu    Munchen 

(Munich).     8vo.     Begun  in  I860.      Since  1871  the  volumes  "  der  mathematisch-physika- 

lischen  Classe  "  numbered  consecutively.     Vol.  1,  1871;  10,  '80;  20,  '90. 
Eer.  Ak.  Wien.     Sitzungsberichte  der  K.  Akad.  der  Wiss.,  Wien  (Vienna).      Commenced  in 

1848,  8vo.     Vol.  1,  '48;    10,  11,  '53;    12-14,  '54;    15-18,  '55;    39-42,  '60.      From  '61  in  two 

sections,  2  vols.   each;    51,   52,  '65;    61,  62,  '70.      From  '72  in  three  sections,  and  '88,  4 

sections.      Vols.  98,   99,  '90.      General  Index  to  vols.  1-10,  11-50,  51-60,  61-64,  65-75, 

76-80,  81-85,  86-90,  91-96. 
Ber.  aus  Ungarn.     Mathematische  und  Naturwissenschaftliche  Berichte  aus  Ungarn.     Begun  in 

1882.     Vol.  1,   Oct.  '82  to  June '83.      There  is  also  a  publication    called   "  Literarische 

Berichte  aus  Ungarn." 
Ber.  Oh.  Ges.     Berichte  der  deutschen  chemischen  Gesellschaft,  Berlin.     Begun  in  1868,  vol.  1, 

'68;  5,  '72;  24,  '90.     General  Index  1868-77. 
Ber.  nied.  Ges.     Sitzungsberichte  der  niederrheinischen  Gesellschaft  in  Bonn.      Issued  in  the 

same  volume  with  Vh.  Ver.  Rheinl.  (q.v.). 

Ber.  Sachs.  Ges.  Leipzig.    Berichte  der  K.  Sachs.  Gesellschaft  der  Wiss.,  Leipzig. 
Boll.  Com.  G.     R.  Comitato  Geologico  d'  Italia,  Bolletino.     Commenced  in  1869,  published  in 

yearly  volumes  of  12  numbers.     Vol.  22,  1891. 


1  INTRODUCTION. 

Bull.  Ac.  Belg.    Bulletin  de  la  Academic  Royale  cle  Belgique.     Vol.  1,  '32-'34.     2d  ser.,  1,  2, 

'57;  49,  50,  '80.     3d  ser.,  1,  2,  '81;  21,  22,  '91. 
Bull.  Ac.  St.  Pet.    Bulletin  scientin'que  de  1'Acad.  Imperiale  des  Sciences  de  St.  Petersb.     4to, 

St.  Petersburg.      Vol.  1,  1858;    10,  1867;   32,  8vo,  '88;  vol.  1  (33)  of  a  new   series   (8*0) 

in   1890.     Preceded  by  the  two  Bulletins,  B.  physico-mathematique,  17  vols.  4to,  and  B. 

bistorieo-pbilologique,  16  vols.  4to;   and  these  two  preceded  by  the  one  Bull.  Scieutifique, 

10  vols.  4to. 
Bull.  Mus.    Belg.     Bulletin   du   Musee  Royal   d'Histoire  Naturelle  de  Belgique.     Brussels. 

Vol.  1,  1882. 
Bull.  Soc.  Ch.    Bulletin  mensuel  de  la  Societe  Cbimique  de  Paris.     8vo,  1  vol.  aun.     1st  ser., 

1857-64.     2d  ser.,  vol.  1,  2,  '64;  15,  16,  '71;  35,  36,  '81;  49,  50,  '88.     3d  ser.,  vol.  1,  2,  '89; 

5,  6,  '90. 
Bull.  Soc.  G.    Bulletin  de  la  Societe  Geologique  de  France.     8vo,  Paris.     1st  ser.,  vol.  1, 1830-31; 

2,  '31-'32;    3,  '32-'33;    4,  '33-'34;  5,  '34;  6,  '34-'35;  7,  '35-'36;  12,  '40-'41 ;  14,  '42-'43.     2d 

ser.,  vol.  1,  '43-'44;    6,  '48-'49;  11,  '53-'54;  16,  '58- '59;  21,  '63- '64;  26,  '68-'69;  29,  '71-72. 

3d  ser.,  vol.  1,  '72-'73;  15,  '86-'87,  etc. 

Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou.     Bulletin  de  la  Soc.  Imperiale  des  Natural istes  de  Moscou.     8vo. 
Bull.  Soc.  Min.     Bulletin  de  la  Societe  Mineralogique  de  France,  Paris.     Begun  in  1878,  1  vol. 

annually;  vol.  14,  1891;   also  Index  to  vols.  1-10,  1888.     Since  1886  the  .title  has  been,  La 

Societe  Fraucaise  de  Mineralogie. 
C.  R.     Comptes  Rendus  des  Seances  de  I'Academie  des  Sciences.     4to,  2  vols.  ann.;  vol.  1,  1835; 

2,  3,  '36;  12,  13,  '41;  22,  23,  '46;  32,  33,  '51;  42,  43,  '56;  52,  53,  '61;  62,  63,  '66;  72,  73,  '71; 

82,  83,  '76;  92,  93,  '81;  102,  103,  '86;  112,  113,  '91.     General  Index  vols.  1-31,  32-61. 
Denkschr.  Ak.  Wien.     Denkschriften  dei  kais.  Akademie  d.  Wiss.  in  Wien;  Math.-Naturwiss. 

Classe.     4to,  Wien.     Begun  in  1850;  vol.  25  in  18(56;  57,  '90. 
Foldt.  Kbzl.     Foldtani  Kozlony  (Geologische  Mittheiluugen),  Zeitschrift  der  ungarischen  geologi- 

scheu  Gesellschaft,  zugleich  arntliches  Organ  der  K.  ting.  geol.  Anstalt.     8vo,  Budapest. 

Begun  in  1872;  vol.  21,  1891. 

Forh.  Vid.  Selsk.  Christiania.     Forhandlinger  i  Videnskabs-Selskabet  i  Christiania.     8vo. 
G.  For.  Fbrh.      Geologiska  Forenirigens  i  Stockholm  Forhandlingar,  Stockholm.     Begun  in 

1872;    vol.  1,  1872-74;    vol.  7,  1884-85.     Since  1885  one  vol.  annually;  vol.  13,  '91.     Index 

vols.,  1-5,  '82;  6-10,  '90. 
Gel.  Anz.  Munch.     Gelehrte  Anzeige  der  K.  bayerischen  Akad.  der.  Wiss.  zu  Miinchen.     4to. 

Vol.  1,  1835;  39,  '54. 
Raid.  Ber.    Berichte  ilber  die  Mittheilungen  von  Freunden  der  Wiss.  in  Wien;  edited  by  W. 

Haidinger.    8vo,  7  vols.,  1846-51. 
J.  Ac.  Philad.    Journal  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia.     1st  ser.,  8vo,  7 

vols.,  1817-42.     2d  ser.,  4to,  begun  in  1847. 
J.  Ch.  Soc.     Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society.     1st  ser.,  called  Quarterly  Journal,  etc.     15  vols.; 

one  vol.  (of  4  Nos.)  a  year;  vol.  1,  1849;  6,  '54,  11,  '59;  15,  '63.     2d  ser.,  monthly,  begun 

in  1864,  the  vols.,  however,  generally  numbered  from  the  beginning;    vol.  28,  '75;    since 

1876  2  vols.  annually,  and  beginning  with  '79  the  transactions  and  abstracts  separated. 

Vols.  29,  30,  '76;  59/60,  '91. 
J.  Coll.  Sc.  Japan.     Journal  of  the  College  of  Science,  Imperial  University  of  Japan.     4to. 

TokyO.     Begun  in  1888. 
J.  Frankl.  Inst.    Journal  of  the  Franklin  Institute  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  etc.     Vol.  1,  2, 

1826;  131,  132,  '91. 

J.  Nat.  Hist.  Bost.     Boston  Journal  of  Natural  History.     8vo,  7  vols.,  1834-63. 
Jb.  G.  Reichs.    Jahrbuch  der  kaiserlich-kduiglichen  geologischeu  Reichsanstalt,  Wien.     Begun 

in  1850,  1  vol.  aun.     Vol.  1,  1850;    11,  '60;    12,  '61-'62;    20,  '70;  30,  '80;  41,  '91.     General 

Index  to  vols.  1-10,  '63;  11-20,  '72;  21-30  (also  '71-'80  of  Vh.  G.  Reichs.),  '81. 
Jb.  Wett.  Ges.  Hanau.    Jahresbericht  der  wetterau'schen  Gesellschaft  fur  die  gesammte  Natur- 

kunde.     8vo,  Hanau,  1850-53. 
Mag.  Ges.  nat.  Fr.  Berlin.    Magaziu  der  Gesellschaft  naturforschender  Freunde.     8  vols.  4to; 

1,  1807;  2,  '08;  3,  '09;  4,  '10;  5,  '11;  6,  14;  7,  '16;  8,  '18.     Afterward  Verhandl.  ib. 
Mem.  Ace.  Torino.     Memorie  della  reale  Accademia  delle  Scienze  di  Torino.     4to,  Turin;  1st 

ser.    40  vols.,  1815,-'38;  2d  ser.  begun  in  1839,  and  vol.  22  in  '65. 

Mem.  Am.  Ac.  Bost.    Memoirs  of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences.     4to,  Boston. 
Mem.  Wern.  Soc.    Memoirs  of  the  Weruerian  Society  of  Natural  History.     8vo,  Edinburgh. 

Vols.  1-8,  1808-38. 
Min.  Mag.    Mineralogical  Magazine  and  Journal  of  the  Mineralogical  Society  of  Great  Britain 

and  Ireland.     London  and  Truro.     Begun  in  1877.     Vol.  1,  1877;  vol.  9,  1890-91. 
Nyt.  Mag.    Nyt  Magazin  for  Naturvidenskaberne;  udgives  (grundlaget)  af  den  physiographiske 
Forening  i  Christiania.     8vo,   Christiania.     Begun  in  1838;   vols.  1,  2,  '38-'40;  29  30, 
'85-'86. 

6fv.  Ak.  Stockh.    5fversigt  af  K.  Vet. -Akad.  FOrhandlingar,  Stockholm.    Commenced  in  1844. 
1  vol.  ann.,  8vo;  vol.  48,  '91.     Also  a  series  of  supplementary  volumes.     Bihang  till  K. 
Sveuska  Vetenskaps-Akademiens  F5rhaiullingar,  vol.  1.  1873;  vol.  13,  1888,  etc. 
Overs.  Vid.  Selsk.  Copenh.     Oversigt   over  del  Kongelige   danske  Videuskabernes   Selskabs 
Forhandlinger.     Copenhagen,  8vo. 


INTRODUCTION.  li 

Phil.  Trans.    Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  of  London.     4to.     Vol.  1  contains  transactions 

for  1665,  '66.    Vol.  182.  '91. 
Phys.  Arb.  Fr.  Wien.    Physikalische  Arbeiten  der  eiutrachtigen  Freunde  in  Wien;  published 

in  Quartals;  1  qu.,  1783;  2  qu.,  '84;  3,  4  qu.,  '85.    2d  vol.,  1  qu.,  '86;  2  qu.,  '87;  3qu.,  '88. 
Proc.  Ac.  Philad.    Proceedings  of  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philadelphia.     8vo.     Begun  in  1841. 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.    Proceedings  of  the  American  Academy  of  Acts  and  Sciences.     8vo,  Boston. 

Begun  in  1846;   vol.  25,  '90. 
Proc.  Am.  Assoc.     See  Am.  Assoc. 
Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.    Proceedings  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  Philadelphia.     Vol. 

29,  '91. 
Proc.  Col.  Soc.    Proceedings   of  the  Colorado  Scientific  Society,  Denver,   Colorado.      Begun 

in  1883;  3  vols.  completed. 
Proc.  Cryst.  Soc.    Proceedings  of  the  Crystallological  Society.    8vo,  London.     Part  I.     1877; 

II,  1882. 
Proc.  N.  Hist.  Soc.  Bost.    Proceedings  of  the  Nat.  Hist.  Society  of  Boston.    8vo.     Begun  in 

1841. 
Proc.  Roy.  Soc.     Proceedings  of  the   Royal  Society  of   London.     8vo.  (Abstracts  of  paper 

presented,  etc.)    Vol.  1,  1800-14;  2,  '15-'30;  35,  '30-'37;  4.  '37- '43;  5,  '43-'50;  10,  '59-'60; 

20,  '71-72;  30,  '79-80;  47,  '89-'90;  48,  '90;  49-50,  '90-'91;  51,  '92.    . 
Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  Edinb.     Proceedings  of  the  R.  Soc.  of  Edinburgh.     8vo. 
Q.  J.  Ch.  Soc.     See  J.  Ch.  Soc. 
Q.  J.  G.  Soc.    Quarterly  Journal  of  the  Geological  Society.     8vo,  London.     Begun  in  1845;    1 

vol.  ami.;  vol.  47.  '91. 
Rec.  G.  Surv.  India.    Records  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  India.     8vo,  Calcutta.     Begun  in 

1868;  vol.  20,  '87  (Index  vols.  1-20);  24,  '91. 
Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.    Reports  of  the  British  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science.     Begun 

in  1831;  61st  meeting  at  Cardiff,  '91. 

Sch.  Mines  Q.     The  School  of  Mines  Quarterly,  Columbia  College,  New  York.     Begun  in  1880. 
Schrift.  Ges.  nat.  Fr.  Berlin.     Schriften  der  Gesellschaft  naturforschender  Freunde  in  Berlin. 

11  vols.   8vo,  the  first  1  v.  ann.;  1,  1780;  5.  '84;    8,  '86-'87;  8,  '88;  9,  '89;  10,  '92;  11,  '94 

(vols.    7-11,    also  as  1-5  of    Beobachtungen   und    Entdeckungen,   etc.).      Next,    Neue 

Schriften,  etc.,  4  vols.  4to;   1,  1795;    2,  '99;    3,  1801;    4,  1803-4.      Afterward  Magazin, 

etc.  (q.v.). 
Schriften  Min.  Ges.  St.  Pet.     Schriften  der  russisch-kaiserlichen  Gesellschaft  fur  die  gesammte 

Mineralogie.     1842.     For  continuation  see  Vh.  Min.  Ges. 
Tech.   Q.      Technological   Quarterly  (published  by  the   Institute  of  Technology).      Boston. 

Begun  in  1887. 

Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.    Transactions  of    the   American  Philosophical    Society.      4to,   Phila- 
delphia. 

Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Edinb.     Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh.     4to. 
Vh.    G.    Reichs.       Verhandlungen    der    kaiserlich-koniglichen     geologischen     Reichsanstalt. 

Vienna.     Begun  in  1867. 
Vh.  Min.  Ges.     Verhandlungen  d.  russisch-kaiserlichen  mineralogischen  Gesellschaft  zu   St. 

Petersburg.     1st  ser.,  1842-58.     2d  ser.,  vol.  1,  1866;  26.  1890. 
Vh.  nat.  Ges.  Basel.    Verhaudlungen  der  uaturforschenden  Gesellschaft  in  Basel.     Begun  in 

1854. 
Vh.  Ver.  Rheinl.     Verhandlungen  des  naturhistorischen  Vereines  der  preussischen  Rheinlande 

und  Westphulens.     Published  at  Bonn.     Begun  in  1844.    Vol.  10,  '53;  20,  '63;  30,  73;  40, 

'83;  48,  '91.     Index  1-40,  '44-'83. 
Zs.  G.  Ges.     Zeitschrift  der  deutschen  geol.  Gesellschaft.     8vo,  Berlin;  a  quarterly;  1  vol.  ann., 

Vol.  1,  1849;  11,  '59;  21,  '69;  31.  79;  41,  '89;  43,  '91. 
Zs.  Nat.  Halle,  or  Zs.  Ver.  Halle.    Zeitschrift  fur  die  gesammten  Naturwissenschaften,  von 

dem  nat.  Verein  f.  Sachsen  und  Thuringen  in  Halle.     Be^un  in  1853.     Vol.  63,  1890. 

Since  1883,  vol.  56,  the  title  has  been  Zeitschrift  fur  Naturwissenschaften,  etc. 

3.     INDEPENDENT  WORKS. 

Achiardi,  I  Metalli.    I  Metalli  loro  Minerali  e  Miniere,  by  A.  D'Achiardi.     Vol.  1,  402  pp.  8vo; 

vol.  2,  635  pp.     Milan,  1883. 
Achiardi,  Min.  Tosc.    Mineralogia  della  Toscana,  by  A.  D'Achiardi.     Vol.  1,  276  pp.,  1872; 

vol.  2,  402  pp.  8vo,  Pisa,  1873. 

Adam,  Tabl.  Min.    Tableau  Mineralogique,  by  M.  Adam.     102  pp.  4to,  Paris,  1869. 
Agric.,  Ort.  Caus.  Subt.     Georgius  Agricola,  de  Ortu  et  Causis  subterraueorum;  preface  dated 

1543. 
Agric.,  Foss.    Id.,  de  natura  fossilium;  pref.  dated  1546;  and  De  veteribus  et  novis  metallis; 

pref.,  1546. 

Agric.,  Berm.     Bermannus,  sive  De  re  metallica  Diallogus;  pref.,  1529. 
Agric.,  Interpr.      Interpretatio  Germanica  vocum  rei  metallicae;    pref.,  1546.     The  edition  of 

Agricola's  works,  cited  beyond,  including  the  four  preceding  parts,  is  one  in  folio,  1  vol., 

Basil ese  (Basel),  1558. 


lii  INTRODUCTION. 

Agric.,  Metall.    De  re  Melallica;  by  id.     Preface  dated  1550.     Fol.,  Basilese,  1557. 

Aikin,  Min.    Manual  of  Mineralogy;  by  A.  Aikiu.     2d  ed.,  8vo,  London,  1815.     The  1st  ed. 

appeared  in  1814. 

Albert.  Magnus,  Min.     Albertus  Magnus,  De  Mineralibus.     Written  after  1262. 
Alger-Phillips  Min.    Treatise  on  Min.   by  Wm.  Phillips;  5th  ed.  (from  the  4th  London  ed.  by 

li.  Allan),  with  numerous  additions  by  F.  Alger.     8vo,  Boston,  1844. 

Allan,  Min.     Manual  of  Mineralogy;  by  R.  Allan.     8vo,  Edinburgh,  1834.     See  also  Phillips. 
Allan,  Min.  Nomencl.     Mineralogical  Nomenclature;  by  T.  Allan.     8vo,  Edinburgh,  1814. 
Argenville,  Oryct.     L'Histoire  Naturelle,  etc.;  by  D.  d'Argenville.     4to,  Paris,  1755. 
Aristotle.     Aristotle's  works;  particularly  the  MereoopohoyiKa,  or  "Meteorology,"  and  Uepi 

QavjuaaiGov  aKovajudrooy,  or  "Wonderful  Things  Heard  of."     Works  written  about 

the  middle  of  the  4th  century  B.C.     A.  born  about  384  B.C.  and  d.  322  B.C. 
Arppe,  Finsk.  Min.     Analyser  ai  Finska  Mineralier;    by  A.   E.  Arppe.     Part  I,  1855.  from 

the    Act,   Soc.   Fenu.,   4,  561-578;    II,    1857,  ib.,  5,  467  (paged  1-51);    III,  1859-1861, 

ib.,  6,  580. 
B.  de  Boot.    Lap.  Gemmarum  et  Lapidum  Historia.     4to,  Jena,  1647:  the  1st  edit,  published  at 

Jena  in  1609;  the  2d,  enlarged  by  A.  Toll,  Lugduui  Bat.,  8vo,  1636. 
Ball,  Geol.  India.     A  Manual  of  the  Geology  of  India.     Part  III.  Economic  Geology;  by 

V.  Ball,  640  pp.     Calcutta,  1881. 
Bauer,  Min.    Lehrbuch  der  Miueralogie  von  Max  Bauer.     562  pp.  8vo,  Berlin  and  Leipzig, 

1886. 
Bauermau,  Min.      Text-Book  of  Systematic  Mineralogy;  by  Hilary  Bauerman.     367  pp.  12mo, 

London,  1881. 

Text-Book  of  Descriptive  Mineralogy;  by  id.     399  pp.,  London,  1884. 
Baumh...   Kryst.     Dns   Reich  der  Krystalle  fiir  jeden   Freuud   der  Natur,    iusbesondere  fur 

Mineraliensammler,  leichtfasslich  dargestellt;  by  H.  Baumhauer.     364  pp.  8vo,  Leipzig, 

1889. 

Beck,  Min.  N.  Y.     See  Rep  Min.  N.  Y.,  beyond. 
Bergm.,  Opusc.     OpPcula  of  Torbernus  Bergmann.     1780. 
Bergm.,  Sciagr.     Sciagraphia  Regni  Miueralis(in  Latin);  by  T.  Bergmann.     8vo,  1782;  reprint 

in  London,  1783. 
Berz.,  N.   Syst.  Min.    Neues  System  der  Mineralogie;  translated  from  the  Swedish  by  Drs. 

Gmelin  and  Pfaff.     Nilruberg,  1816. 

Nouvenu  Systeme  de  Miueralogie  ;  by  J.  J.  Berzelius.     8vo,  Paris,  1819  ;  translated 

from  the  Swedish. 
Berz.,  Lothr.    Die  Anweudung  des  Lothrohrs,  etc.     Germ.  Transl.  by  H.  Rose.     Niirnberg, 

1821;  4th  ed.,  1844.     American  ed.  by  Whitney,  1846. 
Beud.,  Tr.,   1824,  1832.     Traite  elemeutaire  de   Min.;    by  F.  S.  Beudant.     8vo,  Paris,  1824; 

2d  ed.,  2  vols.,  1832. 
Bischoff,  Ch.  Geol.     Lehrbuch  de  chemischen  und  physikalischen   Geologie  ;   by  G.  Bischoff. 

2  vols.  8vo.     Bonn,  1847-54.     2d  ed.,  1863-66.     Also  an  English  edition. 
Blum,  Min.     Lehrbuch  der  Miueralogie  (Oryktognosie);  by  J.  Reinhard  Blum.   I.  Abth.,  4th  Ed., 

256  pp.  8vo,  Stuttgart,  1873;  II.  Abth.,  257-642  pp..  1874. 
Blum,  Pseud.     Die  Pseudomorphosen  des  Mineralreichs;  b}' J.  R.  Blum.    Stuttgart,  1843.    With 

Nachtrage,  1,  1847;  2,  Heidelberg,  1852;  3,  Erlangen,  1863;  4,  Heidelberg,  1879. 
Blumenbach,  Handb.  Handbuch  der  Naturgeschichte.  8vo,  8th  ed..  Gottingen,  1807. 
Bombicci,  Min.  Corso  di  Miueralogia,  Seconda  Edizione.  2  vols.  (vol.  2  in  two  parts),  1873- 

75.     Bologna. 
Boricky,  Ch.  Min.    Elemente  einer  neuen  chemisch-mikroskopischeu  Mineral-  und  Gesteins- 

analyse;  by  E.  Boricky.     72  pp.  4to,  Prag,  1877. 

Born,  Brief.  Walschl.    Briefe  aus  Walschland  (Italy);  by  I.  v.  Born.     8vo,  Prague,  1773. 
Born,  Lithoph.     Lythophylacium  Bornianum;    Index   Fossilium  quse   colligit.  etc.,    Ignatius 

S.  R.  I.  Eques  a  Born.     2  parts,  Prague;  part  1,  1772;  2,  '75.     A  descriptive  catalogue, 

but  without  notes. 
Born,  Cat.  Foss.  de  Raab.     Catalogue  methodique  et  raisonne  de  la  collection  des  Fossiles  de 

Mile.  Eleonore  de  Raab;  by  id.     4  vols.  8vo,  Vienna.  1790. 
Bourgeois,  Reprod.  Min.     Reproduction  artificielle  des  Minemux;  by  Leon  Bourgeois.  240  pp. 

8vo.  Paris,  1884.    (Encycl.  Chimique  by  M.  Fremy,  vol.  2,  1st  Appendix.) 
Bourn.,  Cat.     Catalogue  de  la   Collection  mineralogique  particuliere  du   Roi;    by  Comte  de 

Bourn  on.     8vo,  with  Atlas  in  fol.,  Paris,  1817. 

Bourn.,  Min.     Traite  de  Mineralogie;  by  Comte  de  Bournon.     3  vols.  4to,  1808. 
Boutan,  Diamant.    Le  Diamant;  by  E.  Boutan.  323  pp.  8vo,  Paris,  1886.  (Encycl.  Chimique  by 

M.  Fremy.) 
Brackebusch,    Min.    Argentina.      Las    Especies  Minerales  de    la  Repiiblica  Argentina;    by 

D.  Luis  Brackebusch.    120  pp.,  Buenos  Aires,  1879.     (Anal.  Soc.  Cientif.  Argentina.) 
Bravais,  Crist.    Etudes  Cristallographiques.     Paris,  1866  (1849). 
Breith.,  Char.  1820.     Kurze  Charakteristik  des  Mineral-Systems;    by  A.   Breithaupt.     8vo, 

Freiberg,  1820. 
Breith.,  Char.  1823,  1832.    Vollstandige  Char.,  etc.;    by  id.      8vo,  Dresden,  1823;   2d  ed., 

1832. 


INTRODUCTION.  liii 

Breith.,  Uib.  1830.    Uibersicht  des. Mineral-System's;  by  A.  Breithaupt.     8vo,  Freiberg,  1830. 
Breith.,  Handb.    Vollstiindiges  Handbuch  der  Mineralogie;  by  id.     8vo,  Dresden  and  Leipzig; 

vol.  1,  iutroduct.,  1836;  2,  '41;  3,  '47. 
Brochant,  Min.    Traite  de  Mineralogie;  by  A.  J.  M.  Brochant.     Paris,  1808;  an  earlier  edition 

in  1800. 
Bromell,  Min.     Herr  Magni  von  Bromells  Mineralogia.     2d  ed.,   16mo,   Stockholm,   1739.     1st 

ed.  pub'd  in  1730. 
Brongn.,    Min.     Traite  elementaire  de  Mineralogie;    by  A.  Brongniart.      2  vols.    8vo,    Paris, 

1807. 

Brongn.,  Tabl.     Tableau  des  Especes  Minerales;  by  id.     48  pp.  8vo,  Paris,  1833. 
Brooke,  Cryst.    Familiar  Introduction  to  Crystallography;  byH.  J.  Brooke.  8vo,  London,  1823. 
B.  &  M.,  Min.      Introduction  to  Mineralogy,  by  the  late  Wm.  Phillips;    new  edition,  with 

extensive  alterations  and  additions,   by  H.  J.  Brooke  and  W.  H.  Miller.     8vo,  London, 

1852.     Prof.  Miller  is  the  author  also  of  a  Treatise  on  Crystallography,  8vo,  Cambridge, 

1839,  giving  the  elements  of  the  system  adopted  in  the  above  work,  a  system  first  proposed 

by  Whewell,  in  Phil. Trans,  for  1825. 

Bmckmann,  Magnalia  Dei  in  locis  subterraneis.     2  parts,  fol. ;  part  1,  1727;  2,  '30. 
Brush,  Determ.  Min.    Manual  of  Determinative  Mineralogy,  with  an  Introduction  on  Blowpipe 

Analysis.     176  pp.  8vo,  New  York,  1875.     3d  Ed.  104  pp.,  1878. 
Buchner,  Meteoriten.    Die  Meteoriten  in  Sammlungen;  ihre  Geschichte,  mineralogische  und 

chemische  Beschaffenheit;  by  Otto  Buclmer.     202  pp.,  Leipzig,  1863. 
Oaesius,  Min.    De  Miueralibus;  by  Bernardius  Csesius.     656  pp.  fol.,  Lugduni,  1636. 
Cal.  Min.  Rep.    Annual  Reports  of  the  State  Mineralogist  of   California.     1,  June  to  Dec. 

1880;  2,  Dec.  1880  to  Oct.  1882;  3,  1883;  4,  1884;  5,  1885;   6,  in  two  parts,  1886-87;  7, 

1887;  8,  18b8;  9,  1889;  10,  1890. 

Cappeller,  Crist.    Proclromus  Cristallographiae;  Marc.  Ant.  Cappeller.     4to.  Lucerne,  1723. 
Cat.  de  Dree.     Catalogue  des  huit  Collections  qui  composent  le  Musee  mineralogique  de  Et.  de 

Dree.  4to,  Paris,  1811.  Dufrenoy  speaks  of  it  as  the  work  of  M.  Leman. 
Chapman,  Min.  Practical  Mineralogy;  by  E.  J.  Chapman.  8vo,  London,  1843. 
Chapman,  Char.  Min.  Brief  Description  of  the  Characters  of  Minerals;  by  id.  12mo,  London, 

1844. 
Cleaveland,  Min.,  1816,  1822.    Treatise  on  Mineralogy  and  Geology.     8vo,  Boston,  1816;  2d 

ed.,  2  vols.  8vo,  Boston,  1822. 
Cohen,  Samml.     Sammluug  von  Mikrophotographieen   zur  Veranschauiichung  der  mikrosko- 

pischen  Structur  von  Mineralieu  und  Gesteineu,  aufgenommen  von  J.  Grimm,  Offeuburg; 

by  E.  Cohen.     Lief.  1-8,  Stuttgart,  1881-83. 
Cornwall,  Blowpipe  Anal.    Manual  of  Blowpipe  Analysis,  qualitative  and  quantitative,  with  a 

complete  system  of  Determinative  Mineralogy;  by  H.  B.  Cornwall.     308  pp.  8vo,  New 

York,  1882. 
Cronst.,  or  Cronst.  Min.,  1758,  1781.    Mineralogie;  eller  Mineral-Rikets  Upstalluing;  by  A. 

Cronstedt  (but  issued  anonymously).     12mo,  Stockholm,  1758;  Brunnich's  edit,  in  Danish, 

Copenhagen,  8vo,  1770;  2d  Swedish  ed.,  Stockholm,  1781;  Magellan's  edit,  in  English, 

2  vols.  8vo,  London,  1788. 
Dana,  Manual.     Manual  of  Mineralogy  and  Petrography,  containing  the  elements  of  the  Science 

of  Minerals  and  Rocks  for  the  use  of  the  practical  Mineralogist  and  Geologist  and  for 

instruction  in  Schools  and  Colleges;  by  James  D.  Dana.      4th  edition,  517  pp.  12rno,  New 

York,  1887.     1st  ed.,  '50;  2d  ed.,  '57;  3d  ed.,  1878. 
Dana,  Min.    This  work;  by  James  D.  Dana,   1837-1868.     Edition  1,  1837;  2,   1844;  3,  1850; 

4,  1854,  with  supplements  1  to  10  to  4th  edition  in  the  Am.  J.  Sc.,  1855-1862,  the  last  three 

by  G.  J.  Brush;  5th  ed.,  1868,  by  James  D.  Dana  aided  by  G.  J.  Brush,  with  appendix  1, 

1872,  by  G.  J.  Brush;  2,   1875,  and  3,  1882,  both  by  E.  S.  Dana. 
Dana,  Min.  Boston.     Outlines  of  the  Mineralogy  and  Geology  of  Boston  and  its  vicinity;  by 

J.  Freeman  and  S.  L.  Dana.     8vo,  Boston,  1818. 
Dana,  Text-Book.     A  Text-Book  of  Mineralogy,  with  an  extended  Treatise  on  Crystallography 

and  Physical  Mineralogy;  by  E.  S.  Dana,  on  the  plan  and  with  the  co-operation  of  James 

D.  Dana.    486  pp.  8vo,  New  York,  1877;  2d  ed.,  1883. 

Daubenton,  Tabl.    Tableaux  methodiques  des  Mineraux.     Paris,  1784.     Only  a  classified  cata- 
logue.    Several  subsequent  editions  were  issued,  the  6th  in  1799. 
Davila,  Cab.    Catalogue  syst.  et  raisonne  des  Curiosites  de  la  Nature  et  de  1'Art  qui  composent 

le  Cabinet  de  M.  Davila.     3  vols.  8vo,  Paris,  1767. 
Dechen,  Nutzb.  Min.      Die  nutzbaren  Mineralien  und  Gebirgsarten  im  deutschen  Reiche;   by 

H.  von  Dechen.    806  pp.  12mo,  Berlin,  1873. 
Delameth.,  Sciagr.    New  edition  of  Mongez's  Sciagraphie  (Fr.  trl.  of  Bergmann's  Sciagr.,  with 

additions);  by  J.  C.  Delametherie.     2  vols.  8vo,  Paris,  1792. 
Delameth.,  T.  T.     Theprie  de  la  Terre;  by  id.     2d  ed.,  5  vols.,  Paris,  1797;  vols.  1,  2,  of  this 

edition  contain  his  Mineralogy. 

Delameth.,  Min.     Lesons  de  Mineralogie:  by  id.     8vo,  vol.  1,  1811;  2,  '12,  Paris. 
De  Lisle,  Crist.,  1772.     Essai  de  Cristallographie;  by  Rome  de  1'Isle.     8vo,  Paris,  1772. 
De  Lisle,  Crist.,  1783.     Cristallographie,  ou  Description  des  formes  propres  a  tons  les  corps  du 

Regne  mineral;  by  id.     Called  2d  edition  of  the  preceding.     4  vols.  8vo,  Paris,  1783. 


liv  INTRODUCTION. 

Demeste,  Lettres.     Lettres  sur  la  Mineralogie;  by  Dr.  Demeste.     2  vols.  16mo,  1779. 

Dioscor.     Dioscorides  lie  pi  ?"/l?;5  larpixifS  (Materia  Medica),  written  about  A.D.  50.     In  the 

mineral  part  treats  especially  of  the  medical  virtues  of  minerals,  but  often  gives  also  short 

descriptions.     Not  alluded  to  among  the  many  references  in  Pliny,  but  evidently  cited 

from. 
Doelter,  Allg.  Ch.  Min.     Allgemeine   chemische   Mineralogie;   by  C.  Doelter.     277  pp    8vo 

Leipzig,  1890. 
Domeyko,  Min.,  1845,  1860,  1883.      Elementos  de   Mineralojia;  by  I.  Domeyko.     8vo,  Chili, 

1st  ed.;  Serena,  1845.     2d  ed.,  Santiago,  1860,  with  appendixes  1-6.     3d  ed.,  762  pp  ' 

1879;  also  appendix  1,  1881;  2,  1883. 

Domeyko,  Tratado  de  Ensayes;  by  id.     2d  ed.,  8vo,  Valparaiso,  1858. 
Dufr,  Min.,  1844,  1856-1860.     Traite  de  Mineralogie;  by  A.  Dufreuoy.     4  vols.  8vo  (the  last 

of  plates),  Paris,  1844;  2d  ed.,  5  vols.;  1,  2,  3.  '56;  4,  '59;  5,  '60. 
Dx.,  Min.     Manuel  de  Mineralogie;  by  A.  Des  Cloizeaux.    572  pp.,  with  52  plates,  8vo   Paris 

vol.  1,  1862;  vol.  2,  ler  Fasc.,  208  pp.,  Paris,  1874. 
Dx.,  N.   R.      Nouvelles  Recherches  sur    les   Proprietes  optiques  des   Cristaux,    naturels   ou 

artificiels,  et  sur  les  variations  que  ces  proprietes  eprouvent  sous  1'influeuce  de  la  chaleur; 

by  id.     222  pp.  4to,  Paris,  1867.     (Meinoires  present,   a  1'Institut   imperial  de  France, 

vol.  18.) 
Dx.,  Proptr.  Opt.  1,  2.     De  Pemploi  des  proprietes  optiques  birefringentes  en  Mineralogie;  by 

id.  1,  1857  (Ann.  Mines,  vol.  11,  pp.  261-342).     Also  2  (2e  Memoire);  by  id,,  1858  (ibid., 

vol.  14,  pp.  339-420).     The  third  memoir  of  this  ser.ies  is  given  in  N.  R.  above.     Still 

another  with  description  of  instruments,  methods,  etc.,  was  published  in  1864 — Memoire 

su  1'emploi  du  microscope  polarisant,  etc.    (ibid.,  vol.  6,  557-595,  1864). 
Dx.,  Quartz.     Memoire  sur  la  Cristallisatiou  et  la  Structure  interieure  du  Quartz;  by  A.  Des 

Cloizeaux.     212  pp.  4to,  with  5  folded  plates,  Paris,  1858. 
Egleston,  Min.  Syn.     Catalogue  of  Minerals  and  Synonyms  alphabetically  arranged,  1889  (Bull. 

U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  No.  33);  by  Thomas  Egleston.     Also  republished,  enlarged.     378  pp., 

New  York,  1891. 
Emmerling,  Min.     Lehrbuch  der  Mineralogie;   by  L.  A.  Emnierling.     8vo,  Giessen,  1st  ed., 

1793-'97;  2d  ed.,  '99,  1802. 
Ercker,  Aula   Subt.     Aula   Subterranea  (on   Ores,  Mining,  and   Metallurgy);   by  L.  Ercker. 

Written  in  1574,  published  in  1595. 
Erdmann,  Dannemora  Jernm.     Daunemora  Jernmalmsfalt,   etc.;    by  A.   Erdniaun.      12mo, 

Stockholm,  1851.     Also  Uto  Jerum.,  1856. 

Erdmann,  Min.     Larobok  i  Mineralogien;  by  A.  Erdmann.     8vo,  Stockholm,  1853. 
JEstner,  Min.     Versuch  einer  Mineralogie.     3  vols.  in  5  parts,  8vo,  Vienna,  1794-1804. 
Estner,  iiber  Werner's  Verbess.  in  Min.     Freymuthige  Gedankeu  iiber  Herrn  Inspector  Wer- 
ner's Verbesserungen  in  der  Mineralogie,  nebst  einigen  Bemerkungen  liber  Herrn  Assessor 

Karstens  Beschreibung  des  vom  sel.  Leske  Mineralien-Cabinetts;    by  Abbe  Estner.     64 

pp.  18mo,  Wien,  1790. 
Exner,  Unt.  Hart.     Untersuchungen  iiber  die  Harte   der  Krystallflachen ;    by  Franz   Exuer. 

166  pp.  8vo,  Vienna,  1873. 
Fabricius,  Met.     De  rebus  metallicis  ac  nominibus  observationes  varise,  etc.,  ex  schedis  Georgii 

Fabricii.     Tiguri,  1566.     Issued  with  an  edition  of  Gesner's  Foss. 
Faujas,  Vole.  Viv.     Recherches  sur  les  Volcaus  eteints  du  Vivaraiset  du  Velay;  by  Faujas  de 

St.  Fond.     Fol.,  Grenoble  et  Paris,  1778.     By  the  same,  Mineralogie  des  Volcans,  8vo, 

Paris,  1784. 
Fischer,  Mikr.  Min.     Kritische  mikroskopisch-mineralogische  Studien;  by  H.  Fischer.     64  pp. 

8vo,  Freiburg  i.  Br.,  1869.     Erste  Fortsetzung,  64  pp.,  1871.     Zweite  Fortsetzuug,  96  pp., 

1873. 
Fischer,  Nephrit.     Nephrit  uud  Jadeit  nach  ihren  miueralogischen  Eigenschaften,  so  wie  nach 

ihrer  urgeschichtlichen  uud  ethuographischeu  Bedeutuug;  by  Heinrich  Fischer.     411  pp. 

8vo,  Stuttgart,  1875;  2te  Autlage,  1880. 

Fors.,  Min.     Minerographia;  by  Sigfrid  Avon  Forsius.     16mo,  Stockholm,  1643. 
Fouque-Levy,  Min.  Micr.     Miueralogie  micrographique,  roches  eruptives  Franyaises;   by  F. 

Fouque  and  A.  Michel-Levy.     509  pp.  4to,  Paris,  1879. 

Fouque-Levy.  Synth.  Min.     Syuthese  des  Mineraux  et  des  roches;  by  F.  Fouque  and  Michel- 
Levy.     423  pp.  8vo,  Paris,  1882. 
Frenzel,  Min.  Lex.     Mineralogisches  Lexicon  fur  das  Konigreich  Sachsen;  by  August  Freuzel. 

380  pp.  12mo,  Leipzig,  1874. 
Fuchs,  Kiinst.  Min.     Die  kunstlich  dargestellten  Mineralien,  etc.;  by  Dr.  C.  W.  C.  Fuchs.     174 

pp.  8vo,  Haarlem,  1872  (Nat.  Verhandelingen). 
Gallitzin,  Diet.  Min.     Recueil  de  noms  par  order  alphabetique  apropries  en  Mineralogie;  by 

D.  de  Gallitzin      Sm.  4to,  Brunswick,  1801. 
Gdt.,  Index.     Index  der  Krystallformen  der  Mineralien;  by  Dr.  Victor  Goldschmidt.     3  vols., 

1886-1891,  Berlin. 
Gesner,  Foss.     De  omni  rerurn  f ossilium  genere,  Gemmis,  Lapidibus,  Metallis,  etc. ;    opera 

Conradi  Gesneri.     Tiguri,  1565. 


INTRODUCTION.  lv 

Genth,  Min.  N.  C.  The  Minerals  of  North  Carolina.  Bulletin  of  the  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  No.  74. 
119  pp.,  Washington,  1891.  Also  earlier,  Minerals  and  Mineral  Localities  of  North  Caro- 
lina. 122  pp.,  Raleigh,  1881  (Geol.  N.  Carolina,  1881). 

Genth,  Min.  Rep.  Penn.  Preliminary  Report  on  the  Mineralogy  of  Pennsylvania;  by  F.  A. 
Geuth,  with  an  appendix  on  the  Hydrocarbon  Compounds  by  S.  P.  Sadtler.  206  pp., 
1875  (2d  G.  Surv.  Penu.,  1874).  Second  Preliminary  Report;  31  pp.,  Harrisburg,  1876. 

Geol.  India.     See  Ball.  Geol.  India. 

Geol.  Rec.  The  Geological  Record  for  1874:  an  account  of  works  on  Geology,  Mineralogy,  and 
Palaeontology  published  during  the  year;  edited  by  W.  Whitaker,  London,  1875.  Also 
similar  volumes  for  1875,  1876,  1877,  1878,  1879;  for  1880-84  in  two  volumes. 

Geol.  Rev.  Revue  de  Geologic  pour  1'annee  1860;  by  M.  Delesse  and  M.  Langel.  Vol.  16  for 
1877-78. 

Glocker,  Handb.,  1831,  1839.  Haudbuch  der  Mineralogie;  by  E.  F.  Glocker.  8vo,  Niirn- 
berg,  1831;  2d  edit.,  1839. 

Glocker,  Syn.  Geuerum  et  Specierum  Mineralium  secundum  Ordines  Naturales  digestorum 
Synopsis;  by  id.  8vo,  Halle,  1847. 

Gmelin^Min.  Einleitung  in  die  Mineralogie;  by  J.  F.  Gmelin.  8vo,  Niirnberg,  1780.  By  the 
same,  Grundriss  einer  Min.  8vo,  Gottiugen,  1790. 

Greg  &  Lettsom,  Min.  Manual  of  the  Mineralogy  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland;  by  R.  P.  Greg 
and  W.  G.  Lettsom.  8vo.  London,  1858. 

Gurlt,  Kiinstl.  Min.  Uebersicht  der  pyrogenneten  kunstlichen  Mineralien,  namentlich  der 
krystallisirten  HiUtenerzeugnisse;  by  Dr.  A.  Gurlt.  8vo,  Freiberg,  1857. 

Groth,  Edelsteinkunde.  Grundriss  der  Edelsteinkunde;  by  Paul  Groih.  165  pp.  8vo,  Leip- 
zig, 1887. 

Groth,  Min  -Samml.  Die  Mineralien-Sammlung  der  Kaiser- Wilhelrns-Universitat,  Strassburg; 
eiu  Supplement  zu  den  vorhandeuen  mineralogischen  Handbuchern;  by  Paul  Groth. 
271  pp.  4to,  Strassburg,  1878. 

Groth,  Phys.  Kryst.  Physikalische  Krystallographie  und  Einleitung  in  die  kryrtallo- 
graphische  Kenutniss  der  wichtigereu  Substanzeu;  by  Paul  Groth.  523  pp.  8vo,  Leipzig, 
1876.  2d  ed.,  710pp.,  1885: 

Groth,  Tab.  Ueb.  Tabellarische  Uebersicht  der  Mineralien  nach  ihren  kry stall ographisch- 
chemischen  Beziehungeu  georduet;  by  id.  120  pp.  8vo,  Braunschweig,  1874.  2d  ed., 
134  pp.  4to,  1882.  3d  ed.,  167  pp.  4to,  1889. 

H.,  Tr.,  1801,  1822.  Traite  de  Miueralogie;  by  C.  Hatty.  A  4to  ed.  of  4  vols.,  with  atlas  in 
fol.;  also  an  8vo  ed.,  Paris,  1801;  2d  ed.,  4  vols.  8vo,  with  fol.  atlas,  1822. 

H.,  Crist.     Traite  de  Cristallographie;  by  id.     2  vols.  8vo,  1822. 

H.,  Tabl.  Comp.  Tableau  Comparatif  des  resultats  de  la  Cristallographie  et  de  1'analyse  chimique 
relativement  a  la  classification  des  Miueraux;  by  id.  8vo,  Paris,  1809. 

Haid.,  Min.  Mohs.  Treatise  on  Mineralogy,  by  F.  Mohs;  trl.,  with  considerable  additions,  by 
Win.  Haidinger.  3  vols.  8vo,  Edinburgh,  1825. 

Haid.,  Min.     Aufangsgrilnde  d.  Min.;  by  id.     8vo,  Leipzig,  1829. 

Haid.,  Handb.     Haudbuch  d.  bestimmenden  Mineralogie;  by  id.     8vo,  Vienna,  1845. 

Haid.,  Ueb.  Uebersicht  der  Resultate  mineral ogischer  Forschungen  im  Jahre  1843;  by  id. 
Brian  sreu.  1845. 

Hartmann,  Handwbrterb.  Handworterbuch  der  Mineralogie  uud  Geologic;  by  Hartmann. 
Leipzig,  1828.  Also  Handbuch  d.  Min.,  2  vols.  Weimar,  1843. 

Hausm.,  Versuch.  Versuch  eines  Entwurfs  zu  einer  Einleitung  in  die  Oryktognosie;  by 
J.  F.  L.  Hausmaun.  8vo,  Braunschweiff,  1805;  Cassel,  '09. 

Hausm.,  Handb.,  1813,  1847.  Handbuch  der  Mineralogie;  by  id.  3  vols.  12mo,  Gottingen, 
1813;  2d  ed.,  1st  vol.,  introductory,  '28;  2d,  in  two  parts,  '47. 

Hbg.,  Min.  Not.  Mineralogische  Notizen.  4to  with  plates,  Frankfurt,  1-7,  with  Index  in  No. 
7,  1854-'68;  8,  '68;  9,  '70;  10,  '71;  11,  1873  (from  the  Abh.  d.  Senckenberg.  nat.  Gesell- 
schaft,  Frankfurt). 

Heddle,  Min.  Chapter  on  Mineralogy  in  vol.  16  of  the  Encyclopaedia  Britanuica  (pp.  346  to  431); 
by  M.  Forster  Heddle.  1883.. 

Henckel,  Pyrit.  Pyritologia,  oder  Kiess-Historie;  by  J.  Fr.  Henckel  (of  Saxony).  8vo,  Leipzig, 
1725. 

Hill,  Foss.  Fossils  arranged  according  to  their  obvious  characters;  by  John  Hill.  8vo,  Lon- 
don, 1771.  (De  Lisle  says  it  was  not  issued  till  1772.) 

His.,  Min.,  Geogr.  Swed.  Mineralogisk  Geografi  ofver  Sverige;  by  W.  Hisinger.  8vo,  Stock- 
holm. 1808.  Also 

His.  Min.,  Geogr.  Wohler.  Versuch  einer  mineralogischen  Geographic  von  Schweden,  ttber- 
setzt  von  F.  Wohler.  8vo,  Leipzig,  1826. 

His.,  Handbok.  Handbok  for  Miueraloger  under  Resor  i  Sverige;  by  W.  Hisinger.  8vo,  Stock- 
holm,  1843. 

Hintze,  Min.  Handbuch  der  Mineralogie;  by  C.  Hiutze.  Vol.  2,  Lief.  1-5,  pp.  1-800  (Sili- 
cates, pt.),  Leipzig,  1889  to  1891. 

Hofer,  Min.  Karnth.     Die  Mineralien  Karnthens;  by  A.  Hofer.     84  pp.  8vo,  Klagenfurt,  1870. 

Hoff,  Mag.     Magazin  fur  die  ge?ammteMin.,  etc.;  by  K.  E.  A.  v.  Hoff.    1  vol.  8vo,  Leipzig,  1801. 

Hofmann,  Min.     Haiidb.  d.  Mineralogie;  by  C.  A.  S.  Hofmaun.     4  vols.  8vo,  Freiberg.     Vol. 


Ivi  INTRODUCTION. 

1,  1811;  2,  part  a,  '12,  b,  '15;  3,  parts  a.  b,  '16;  4,  part  a,  '17,  6,  '18.     Work,  after  2d  vol.. 
part  a,  issued  by  Breithaupt,  Hofmaun  having  died  March,  1813.     Vol.  4,  part  b,  consists 
of  notes  and  additions  by  Breithaupt,  and  includes  also  the  Letztes  Min.  Syst.  of  Werner 
(1817). 

Hunt,  Min.  Physiology.     Mineral  Physiology  and  Physiography;  a  second  series  of  Chemical 

and  Geological  Essays;  by  Thomas  Sterry  Hunt.     710  pp.  8vo,  Boston,  1886. 
Hunt,  Syst.  Min.     Systematic  Mineralogy  based  on  a  Natural  Classification;  by  T.  S.  Hunt. 

391  pp.  8vo,  New  York,  1891. 

Huot,  Min.     Manuel  de  Mineralogie;  by  J.  J.  N.  Huot.     2  vols.  16mo,  Paris,  1841. 
Jameson,  Min.,  1804,  1816,  1820.     A  System  of  Mineralogy;    by  R.  Jameson.     8vo,  Edin- 
burgh; 1st  ed..  2  vols.,  1804;  2d,  3  vols.,  '16;  3d,  3  vols.,  1820. 

Published  also  a  Manual  of  Min.,  8vo,  in  1821,  and  Mineralogy  according  to  the  Natural 

System  (from  Encycl.  Brit  ),  in  1837;  also,  in  1805,  a  Treatise  on  the  External  Characters 

of  Minerals,  8vo,  Edinburgh. 

Jasche,  Kl.  Schrift.     Kleine  min.  Schriften;  by  C.  F.  Jnsche.     12mo.  Sondershausen,  1817. 
John,  Untersuch.     Chemische  Untersuchungen  mineralischer,  etc.,  Substanzen;  by  J.  Fr.  John. 

8vo,  Berlin,  Fortsetzung  d.  chem.  Laboratoriums,  Berlin,  which  makes  vol.  1  of  series; 

vol.  2,  '10;  3,  '13:  4,  '16;  6,  '21. 
Karsten,  Mus.  Lesk.     Museum  Leskeanum,  Regnum  minerale;    by  D.  L.  G.  Karsten.     2  vols. 

8vo.     Leipzig,  1789. 
Karst.,  Tab.,  1791.     Tabellarische  Uebersicht  der  rnineralogisch-einfachen   Fossilieu;    by  id. 

•     Fol.,  Berlin,  1791. 
Karst.,  Tab.,  1800,  1803.     Mineralogisclie  Tabellen;    by  id.     Fol.,  Berlin,  1800;   2d  ed.,  fol., 

Berlin,  1808. 
Karst.,  Wern.  Verbess.  Min.     TJeber  Herrn  Werners  Verbesserungen  in  der  Mineralogie  auf 

Veranlassung  der  freimilthigen  Gedanken,  etc.,  des  Herru  Abbe  Estner;  by  id.      80  pp. 

12mo,  Berlin,  1793. 
Kbl.,  Char.     Charakteristik  d.  Mineralien;  by  Fr.  von  Kobell.     8vo,  Nurnberg,  Abth.  1,  1830: 

2,  1831. 

Kbl.,  Min.     Grundziige  d.  Mineralogie;  by  id.     8vo,  Nurnberg,  1838. 

Kbl.,  Taf.,  1853.     Tafeln  zur  Bestimmung  d.  Mineralien ;  by  id.     5th  ed.,  Miluchen,  1853.     8th 

ed.,  1864;  llth  ed.,  1878. 

Kbl.  Min.-Namen.     Die  Miueral-Namen;  by  id.     8vo.  Mtinchen,  1853. 
Kbl.,  Gesch.  Min.     Geschichte  d.  Min.;  by  id.     8vo,  Milnchen,  1864. 
Kenng.,  Ueb.     Uebersichte  der  Resultate  mineralogischer  Forschuugeu;  by  G.  Ad.  Kenngott. 

For  the  years  1844- '49,  Wieu,  1852;    for  years  I850-'5l,  Wien,  1853;    for  '54,  Wien,  1854; 

for  '53,  Leipzig,  1855;    for  '54,  ib.,  1856;    for  '55.  ib.,  1856;    for  '56,  '57,  ib.,  1858;  for  '58, 

ib.,  1860;  for  '59,  ib.,  1860;  for  '60,  ib.,  1862;  for '61,  ib.,  1862;  for  '62- '65,  ib.,  1868. 
Kenng.,  Min,  1853.     Das  Mobs'sche  Mineralsystem;  by  id.     8vo,  Wien,  1853. 
Kenng.  Min.  Unt.     Mineralogische  Untersuchuugen;  by  G.  A.  Kenngott.     Part  1,  77  pp.  8vo, 

Breslau,  1849;  2.  pp.  77-156,  1850. 
Kirwan,  Min.     Elements  of  Mineralogy;  by  R.   Kirwan.     2  vols.  8vo,  London,   2d  edition, 

1794-6.     1st  ed.  was  issued  in  1784,  8vo. 
Kk.,  Min.  Russl.      Materialen  zur  Mineralogie  Russlands;   by  N.   v.    Koksharov.      8vo,  St. 

Petersburg.     Vol.  1,  1853-54;    2,  '54-'57;  3,  '58;  4,  '61-'66;  5,  '66-'69;  6,  '70-74;  7,  '75-77; 

8,  '78-'83;  9,  '84-'86;  10,  '88-91.     Also  Atlas,  Tafeln  i  to  Ixxxvii. 

Also  by  same  author,  Vorlesungen  liber  Mineralogie.      Vol.  1,   4to,  St.  Petersburg, 

1865. 
Klapr.,   Beitr.     Beitrage  zur  chemischen  Kenntniss  d.   Mineralkorpers;    by  M.  H.  Klaproth, 

8vo,  vol.  1.  1795;  2,  '97;  3,  1802;  4,  '07;  5,  '10;  6,  '15. 
Klein,  Kryst.     Einleitung  in  die  Krystallberechnuug;  by  Carl  Klein.     393  pp.,  8vo,  Stuttgart, 

1875. 

Knop,  Anorgan.     System  der  Anorgraphie;  by  A.  Knop.     8vo,  Leipzig,  1876. 
Kopp,  Gesch.  Ch.     Geschichte  d.  Chemie;  by  H.  Kopp.     4  parts,  8vo,  Braunschweig,  1843-47. 
Kronstedt.     See  Cronstedt. 
Kunz,  Gems.  N.  A.     Gems  and  Precious  Stones  of  North  America;   by  G.  F.  Kunz,  836  pp.. 

8vo.     New  York,  1890. 
Kupffer,  Preisschrift.     Preisschrift  uber  geuaue  Messung  der  Winkel  der  Krystallen;      135  pp 

4to,  Berlin,  1825  (Gekrout— K.  preuss.   Akad.  Wiss.,  3  Juli,   1823).     Also  by  id,,    Hand 

buch  der  rechnenden  Krystallonomie.     St.  Petersburg,  1831. 
Lampadius,  Samml.     Sammlung  practisch-chemischer  Abhandluugen;   by  W.  A.  Lampn'lius. 

3  vols.  8vo,  Dresden.     Vol.  1,  1795;  2,  1797;  3,  1800. 
Landero,  Min.     Sinopsis  Mineralogica  6  catalogo  descriptivo  de  los  Minerales;  by  Carlos  F-  De 

Landero.     528  pp.,  Mexico,  1888-91. 

Lapparent  Min.     Cours  de  Mineraloirie;  by  A.  de  L;ipparont      560pp.,  FJaris,  1884. 
Lenz,  Min.     Versuch  einer  vollstandigen  Anleitung  zur  Kenntniss  der  Miueralien;  by  D.  G.  J. 

Lenz.     2  vols  8vo,  Leipzig,  1794.     By  the  same,  Tabellen,  1781;  Hand  buch,  1791;  Grund- 

riss,  1793:  Mustertafeln,  1794;  Tabellen,  fol.,  1806;  System,  1800,1809;  H:mdbuch,  1822. 
Leonh.,  Syst. -Tab.     Systematisch-tabellnrische  Uebersicht  mid   Char.  d.  Miuerulkorper;   by 

C.  C.  Leonhard,  K.  F.  Merz,  and  J.  H    Kopp.     Fol.,  Frankfurt  a.  M.,  1806. 


INTRODUCTION.  Ivii 

Leonh.,  Orykt.     Handbuch  der  Oryktogonosie;   by  K.  C.  Leonhard.     8vo,  Heidelberg,  1821. 

Also  3d  ed.,  Svo,  Heidelberg,  1826. 
Leonh.,  topogr.   Min.     Haudworterbuch    d.  topographischen  Mineralogie;    by  G.  Leonhard. 

Heidelberg,  1843. 
Levy's  Heuland  or  Levy  Min.     Description  d'une  collection  de  Mineraux,  formee  par  M.  Henri 

Heultiud,  et  appartenant  a  M.  Ch.  H.  Turner,  de  Rooksnest,  dans  le  comte  de  Surrey  en 

Augleterre;  by  A.  Levy.     3  vols.  8vo,  with  an  atlas  of  83  pi.,  London,  1837. 
Levy-Lex.,  Min.   Roches.     Les  Miueraux  des  Roches;    by  A.  Michel-Levy  and  Alf.  Lacroix. 

334  pp.,  Paris,  1888. 

Libavius,  Alchem.     Alchemia,  A.  Libaviae.     Frankfurt,  1597. 
Liebisch,  Geom.    Kryst.      Geornetrische    Krystallographie;    by    Th.  Liebisch.      464  pp.  8vo, 

Leipzig,  1881. 

Liebisch,  Phys.  Kryst.     Physikalische  Krystallographie;   by  id.     614  pp.  8vo,  Leipzig,  1891. 
Liversidge,  Min.    N.    S.   W.     The  Minerals  of  New   South  Wales;  by  Archibald  Liversidge. 


First  published  in  Trans.  R.  Soc.,  N.  S.  W.,  Dec.  1874.      2d  ed.,  137   pp.,  Sydney,  1882 
(Min.  Prod.  N.  S.  W.,  pp.  65-199).     3d  ed.,  326  pp.  8vo,  London,  1888. 
Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.     Systema  Naturae  of  Linnaeus.     1st  ed.,  1735;  10th  ed.,  T.  3,  1770. 


Lucas,  Tabl.  Tableau  metliodique  des  Especes  Mineraux;  by  J.  A.  H.  Lucas.  Part  1,  8vo, 
1806;  2,  1813,  Paris.  The  first  part  contains  brief  descriptions  taken  from  Haily's  work, 
and  also  from  his  subsequent  lectures  and  published  announcements  of  his  courses.  The 
second  includes  in  the  main  Haiiy's  Tabl.,  with  many  additional  notes. 

Ludwig's  Min.,  or  Ludwig's  Wern.  Haudbuch  d.  Mineralogie  nach  A.  G.  Werner;  by  C.  F. 
Ludwig.  2  vols.  8vo,  Leipzig,  1803,  '04. 

Mallet,  Min.  India.  A  Manual  of  the  Geology  of  India.  Part  IV,  Mineralogy  (mainly  non- 
economic);  by  F.  R.  Mallet.  179  pp.  8vo,  Calcutta,  1887. 

Marx,  Crystallkunde.  Geschichte  der  Crystallkunde;  by  Dr.  C.  M.  Marx.  8vo,  Carlsruhe  and 
Baden,  1825. 

Matthesius,  Sarepta      Berg  Postilla,  oder  Sarepta;  by  J.  Matthesius.     Fol.,  Niirnberg,  1562. 

Meunier,  Meteorites.  Meteorites;  by  Stanislas  Meunier.  532  pp.  8vo,  Paris,  1884  (Encycl. 
Chimique,  by  M.  Fremy). 

Meunier,  Synth.  Min.  Les  Methodes  de  Syntkese  en  Mineralogie;  by  Stanislaus  Meunier.  359 
pp.  8vo,  Paris,  1891. 

Min.  India.     See  Mallet,  Min.  India. 

Min  Res  U  S  Mineral  Resources  of  the  LTuited  States.  1,  2,  edited  by  Albert  Williams, 
for  1883;  2,  1883-84;  3-6  by  David  T.  Day;  3,  1885;  4,  1886;  5,  1887;  6,  1888;  7, 
1889-90  (in  preparation). 

Min.-Samml.  Strassburg.     See  Groth,  Min.-Samml. 

Mid.,  Crist.  Traite  de  Cristallographie  geometrique  et  physique;  by  Ernest  Mallard.  8vo, 
vol.  1,  372  pp.,  Paris,  1879;  vol.  2,  Cristallographie  physique,  599pp.,  1884. 

Mid.,  Opt.  Anom.  Explication  des  pheuomenes  optiques  anomaux,  que  presentent  un  grand 
uombre  de  substances  cristallisees.  Paris,  1877.  Ann.  Mines,  7th  ser.,  vol.  10,  pp. 
60-196,  1876  (Abstr.  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  309,  1877). 

Mohs,  Null  Kab.  Des  Herrn  J.  F.  Null  Mineralien-Kabinet,  nach  eiuem,  durchaus  auf  aussere 
Kennzeicheu  gegiTindeten  Systeme  georduet;  by  F.  Mohs.  3  Abthl.,  8vo,  Vienna,  1804. 

Mohs,  Char.  Characteristic  of  the  Natural  History  System  of  Mineralogy;  by  id.  8vo,  Edin- 
burgh, 1820. 

Mohs,  Min.,  1822.  Gruudriss  der  Mineralogie;  by  id.  Svo,  vols.  1,  2,  1822,  '24,  Dresden. 
(Translated  into  English  by  W.  Haidiuger.  See  Haid.) 

Mohs,  Min.,  1839.  Anfangsgriinde  der  Naturgeschichte  des  Mineralreichs;  by  F.  Mohs. 
Zweiter  Theil  bearbeitet  von  F.  X.  M.  Zippe;  Svo,  Vienna,  1839  (Erster  Theil,  intro- 
tory,  published  in  1836).  A  first  edition  of  this  work  in  1832. 

Mont  &  Cov.,  Min.  Prodromo  della  Mineralogia  Vesuviana;  vol.  1,  Orittognosia.  Svo, 
Naples,  1825. 

Napione,  Min.     Element!  di  Mineralogia;  by  Napione.     Svo,  Turin,  1770. 

Naumann,  Kryst.  Lehrbuch  der  Krystallographie;  by  C.  F.  Naumaim.  2  vols.  Svo,  with 
numerous  figs.,  Leipzig,  1829.  Naumann  later  published  the  smaller  works,  Anfangs- 
griinde der  Kryst.,  Svo,  1854;  Elemente  der  theoretischen  Kryst.,  Svo,  1856. 

Naumann,  Min.  Elemente  der  Miueralogie.  Svo,  Leipzig,  1st  ed.,  1846;  2d,  '50;  3d,  '52; 
4th,  '55;  5th,  '59;  6th,  '64;  7th,  '68;  8th,  '70;  9th,  '73.  Later  revised  by  Zirkel.  See 
N.-Z.  Min. 

Naumaun  published  also.  Lehrbuch  der  Min.,  Svo,  Berlin,  1828. 

Necker,  Min.  Le  regue  mineral  ramene  aux  inethodes  de  1'histoire  naturelle;'  by  L.  A.  Necker. 
2  vols.  Svo,  Paris,  1835. 

Nicol,  Min.     Manual  of  Mineralogy;  by  J.  Nicol.     Svo,  Edinburgh,  1849. 

Noggerath,  Min.  Stud.  Geb.  Niederrhein.  Miueralogische  Studieu  uber  die  Gebirge  am 
Niederrhem;  by  J.  J.  XOjrgerath.  8vo,  Frankfurt  a.  M.,  1808. 

A.  E.  Nd.,  Finl.  Min.  Beskrifuing  ofver  de  i  Finland  funna  Mineralier;  by  A.  E.  Norden- 
skiold.  Svo,  Helsingfors.  1855  Also  2d  ed.,  ib.,  18K3. 

N.  Nd.,  Finl.  Min.  Bidrag  till  uarmare  Iviinnedom  af  Fiulands  Miueralier  och  Geognosie;  by 
Nils  Nordenskiold.  Svo,  Stockholm,  1820. 


Iviii  INTRODUCTION. 

N.  Nd.,  Verz.     Verzeichn.  d.  in  Finland  gef.  Miu.;  by  id.     Helsingfors,  1852. 

N.-Z.,  Min.     Elemente  der  Mineralogie  by  C.  F.  Naumann,  10th  ed.  revised  by  F.  Zirkel,  714 

pp.  8vo,  1877.     llth  ed.  by  Zirkel,  735  pp.,  Leipzig,  1881.     12th  ed.,  782  pp.,  1885. 
Phillips,  Min.,  1823,  1837.     Elementary  Introduction  to  Mineralogy.     Svo,  3d  ed.,  London, 

1823.     4th  ed.   by  R.   Allan,   8vo,   1837.      The  1st  ed.  appeared  in  1816;    and  this  was 

republished  in  New  York,  in  1818.     For  Alger's  Phillips,  see  Alger;  for  Brooke  &  Miller's 

Phillips  (1852),  see  B.  &  M.  Min. 
Pisani.  Min.     Traite  elemeutaire  de  Mineralogie  by  F.   Pisani.     415  pp.  8vo,  Paris.  1875 

2ded.,421pp.,  1883. 
Plattner,  Probirk.     Die  Probirkunst  mit  dem  Lothrohr;    by  C.  F.  Plattner.      Edited  by  T. 

Richter,  8vo,   1865.     (A  translation  by  H.  B.  Cornwall,  assisted  by  J.   H.  Caswell,  New 

York,  1872.)     5te  Auflage,  T.  Richter,  1877-78. 
Plin.     Historia  Naturalis  C.  Plinii  Secundi.     First  published  A.D.  77.     Latin  ed.  consulted, 

Sillig's,  in  8  vols  ,  1851-58;  and  English,  that  of  Bpstock  &  Riley,  5  vpls.  12mo,  London, 

1855.    Pliny's  Natural  History  is  divided  into  xxxvii  Books;  and  these  into  short  chapters. 

The  numbering  of  the  chapters  differs  somewhat  in  different  editions;  that  stated  in  the 

references  is  from  the  English  edition.     The  last  five  books  are  those  that  particularly 

treat  of  metals,  ores,  stones,  and  gems. 
Quenstedt  Kryst.     Grundriss  der  bestimmenden  und  rechnenden  Krystallographie  nebst  einer 

historischen  Eiuleitung;  by  Fr.  Aug.  Quenstedt.    443  pp.,  Tubingen.  1873. 
Quenstedt,  Min.     Handbuch  der  Mineralogie;  by  F.  A.  Quenstedt.    8vo,  Tubingen,  1853.     Also 

2d  ed.,  ib.,  1863;  3d  ed.,  ib.,  1877. 
Raimondi,  Min.  Ferou.     Mineraux  du  Perou  :  Catalogue  raisonne  d'une  collection  des  princi- 

paux  types  mineraux  de  la  Republique;  by  A.  Raimondi.     Translated  from  the  Spanish 

by  J.-B.  H.  Martinet.     336  pp.  8vo,  Paris,  1878. 
Rashleigh,  Brit.  Min.     Specimens  of  British  Minerals  selected  from  the  cabinet  of  Philip  Rash- 

leigh  (descriptions  and  colored  plates).     4to,  London.     Part  1,  1797;  2,  1802. 
Rep.  G.  Cal.     Report  on  the  Geology  of  California;  by  J.  D.  Whitney.     Large  8vo,  San  Fran- 
cisco, 1865. 
Rep.  G.  Can.     Annual  Reports  on  the  Progress  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Canada;  by  Sir 

Win.  E.  Logan.     Containing  reports  on  mineralogy  by  T.  S.  Hunt,     8vo,  1845-'59.     In 

1863  a  General  Report  for  the  years  1843-'63.     Also  Annual  Reports  for  later  years  with 

mineralogy  by  B.  J.  Harrington  and  G.  Chr.  Hoffmann. 
Rep.  G.  Mass.     Report  on  the  Geology  of  Massachusetts;  by  E.  Hitchcock.     1st  Rep.,  1833, 

8vo;  2d  ed.,  1835.     2d  Rep.,  1841,  4to. 
Rep.  G.  N.  Y.     Reports  on  the  Geological  Survey  of  New  York.      Annual  Reports  in  Svo, 

1837-'41;  final  in  4to. 
Rep.  Min.  N.  Y.     Report  on  the  Mineralogy  of  the  State  of  New  York;  by  L.  C.  Beck.     4to, 

1842. 
d£^~        [The  many  Geological  Reports  published  both  for  the  general  government  as  also  for 

the  different  states  during  recent  years  cannot  be  mentioned  in  detail.     See,  however, 

U.  S.  G.  Surv.] 
Reuss,  Min.     Lehrbuch  d.  Mineralogie;   by  F.  A.  Reuss.      8vo,  1801-05,  Leipzig.      Divided 

into  parts,  and  the  parts  into  vols.     Pt.  1  and  pt.  2,  vol.  1.  1801;  vol.  2,  '02;  vol.  3,  4,  '03; 

3d  pt.,  vol.  1,  2,  '05;  4th  pt.,  including  Index,  '06. 
Rg.,  Handw.     Handworterbuch  des  chemischen  Theils  der  Mineralogie;  by  C.  F.  Rammels- 

berg.     8vo,  Berlin,  1841.     Supplement  1,  '43;  2,  '45;  3,  '47;  4,  '49;  5,  '53. 

Rg.,  Kr.  Ch.     Handbuch  der  krystallographisch-physikalischen  Chemie.     Abtheilung  I :  Ele- 
mente und  anorganische  Verbinduugen.     615  pp.  Svo,  Leipzig,  1881.     Abth.  II  :  Organ- 

ische  Verbindungen,  1882. 

Rg.,  Min.     J.  J.  Berzelius's  neues  chemisches  Mineralsystem ;  by  id.     8vo,  Nilrnberg,  1847. 
Rg.,  Min.  Ch.   1860,  1875.     Handb.  d.  Mineralchemie;  by  id.    8vo,  Leipzig,  1860.     Do.,  2d 

ed.,  part  I,  136  pp.;  part  II,  744  pp.,  1875.     Erganzungshefl  (Erg.),  276  pp.,  1886. 
Rio,  Min.     Nuevo  Sistema  Minerale;  by  A.  M.  del  Rio.     Mexico,  1827. 
Rio,  Orykt.     Elementos  de  Oryktognosia,  6  del  Conocimiento  de  los  Fossiles,  dispuestos  segun 

los  principles  de  A.  G.  Werner;  by  id.     4to,  Mexico,  1795. 
Rio,  Tabl.  Min.     Tablas  mineralogicas  por  D.  L.  G.  Karsten;  by  A.  M.  del  Rio.    4to,  Mexico, 

1804. 
Robinson,  Cat.     Catalogue  of  American  Minerals,  with  their  Localities;  by  S.  Robinson.   Svo, 

Boston,  1825. 
Rose,  Reis.  Ural.     Reise  nach  dem  Ural,  dem  Altai,  und  dem  Kaspischen  Meere;   by  Gustav 

Rose      Svo,  Berlin;  vol.  1,  1837;  2,  '42. 

Rose,  Kryst.-Ch.  Min.     Das  Krystallo-chemischen  Mineral-System;   by  G.  Rose.     8vo,  Leip- 
zig, 1852.    ' 
Rose  Kryst.     Elemente  der  Krystallographie.     See  Rose-Sbk.,  Kryst.,  also  Sbk.  Ang.  Kryst, 

and  Websky,  Kryst. 
Rose-Sbk.,  Kryst.     Gustav  Rose's  Elemente  der   Krystallographie,  3d   ed.,  vol.  1,  181  pp., 

1873. 
Rosenb.,  Mass.  Gest.     Mikroskopische  Physiographic  der  massigen  Gesteine;  by  H.  Rosen 

busch.     596  pp.  Svo,  Stuttgart,  1877.  -  2d  ed.,  877  pp.,  1886-87. 


INTRODUCTION.  lix 

Rosenb.,  Mikr.  Phys.  Mikroskopische  Physiographic  der  petrographisch-wichtigen  Mine- 
ralien;  by  H.  Roseubusch.  398  pp.  8vo,  Stuttgart;  1873;  3d  ed.,  664  pp.,  1885.  Also 
accompanied  by  Hiilfstabelleu  zur  mikroskopischeu  Mineralbestimmung,  Stuttgart,  1888. 

Rosenbusch-Iddings,  Micr.  Phys.  English  translation  and  abridgment  of  the  above  work. 
333pp.,  New  York,  1888. 

Roth,  Ch.  G-.  Allgemeine  uud  chemische  Geologic;  by  Justus  Roth.  Vol.  1,  Bildung  u.  Um- 
bildung  der  Miueralien,  etc.,  633  pp.,  Berlin,  1879.  2,  Petrographie,  695  pp.,  1887. 

Sage,  Min.  Elemens  de  Miueralogie  docirnastique;  by  B.  G.  Sage.  2d  ed.,  2  vols.,  1777.  1st 
ed.  appeared  in  1772. 

Sandb.,  Unt.  Erzgange.  Untersuchungen  uber  Erzgange  von  Fridolin  Sandberger.  430  pp. 
8vo,  Wiesbaden,  1882-85. 

Saussure,  Voy.  Alpes.  Voyages  dans  les  Alpes,  par  H.  B.  Saussure.  4  vols.  4to.  Vols.  1,  2, 
1779,  '80;  3,  4,  '96. 

Sbk.,  Ang.  Kryst.  Angewandte  Krystallographie  (Ausbildung  der  Krystalle,  Zwillingsbildung, 
.  Krystallotektonik)  nebst  einern  Auhaug  uber  Zoueulehre;  by  Alexander  Sadebeck  (Rose's 
Elemeute  der  Krystallographie,  II.  Band).  284  pp.  8vo,  Berlin,  1876. 

Sbk.,  Kryst.     See  Rose-Sbk. 

Scacchi,  Mem.  Min.  e  Geol.  Memorie  mineralogiche  egeologiche;  by  A.  Scacchi.  8vo,  Na- 
poli, 1841. 

Scacchi,  Crist.  Quadri  Cristallografici,  e  Distribuzione  sistematica  dei  minerale;  by  id.  8vo, 
Napoli,  1842. 

Scacchi,  Mem.  G.  Campania.  Memorie  geologiche  sulla  Campania;  by  id.  4to,  Napoli,  1849. 
By  the  same,  Memoria  sulla  Inceudio  Vesuviano,  1855.  Napoli,  1855.  Polisimmetria 
dei  Cristalli.  4to,  1864. 

Scacchi,  Contr.  Min.  Contribuzioni  mineralogiche  per  servire  alia  Storia  dell'  Incendio  Vesu- 
viano, del  mese  di  Aprile,  1872.  Part  I,  Naples,  1872;  Part  II,  Naples.  1874. 

Scacchi,  Min.  Vesuv.  Catalogo  dei  Mineral!  Vesuviaui.  Naples,  1887.  Also  Catalogo  dei 
Mineral!  e  delle  Rocce  Vesuviane  per  servire  alia  Storia  del  Vesuvio  ed  al  commercio  dei 
suoi  prodotti,  1889  (Att.  Accad.  Napoli,  4th  ser.,  vol.  1).  . 

Schrauf,  Atlas.  Atlas  der  Krystall  Formen  des  Mineralreiches.  4to,  vol.  1,  A-C.,  Vienna,  1865- 
1877.  1  Lief.,  Tf.  i-x,  1865;  2,  Tf.  xi-xx,  1871;  3,  Tf.  xxi-xxx.  1872;  4,  Tf.  XXXI-XL, 
1873;  5,  XLI-L,  1875. 

Schrauf,  Edelsteinkunde.  Handbuch  der  Edelsteiukunde;  by  Albrecht  Schrauf.  252  pp.  8vo, 
Vienna,  1869. 

Schrauf,  Phys.  Min.  Lehrbuch  der  physikalischen  Miueralogie.  8vo,  vol.  1,  253  pp.,  1866; 
vol.  2,  426  pp.,  Vienna,  1868.  . 

Schumacher,  Verz.  Versuch  eiues  Verzeichnisses  der  in  den  Danisch-Nordischen  Staateu  sich 
fiudendeu  eiufachen  Mineralien.  4to,  Copenhagen,  1801. 

Schiitz,  Nordamer.  Foss.  Beschreibuug  einiger  nordamerikanischen  Fossilien;  by  A.  G. 
Schiitz,  of  Freyberg.  16mo,  Leipzig,  1791.  Contains  the  first  notice  of  celestine,  a  min- 
eral named  by  Werner  from  Sehiitz's  American  specimens. 

Sella,  Min.  Sarda.     Studii  sulla  Mineralogia  Sarda;  by  Quintino  Sella.     4to,  Turin,  1856. 

Selle,  Min.  Cours  de  Mineral ogie  et  de  Geologic,  by  Albert  de  Selle.  Vol.  1,  Mineralogie, 
589  pp.  8vo,  Paris,  1878. 

Senft,  Min.  Synopsis  der  Mineralogie  und  Geognosie;  by  F.  Senft.  He  Abtheilung,  Miueralogie, 
931  pp.  8vo,  Hannover,  1875. 

Shep.,  Min.,  1832-1835,  1844,  1852,  1857.  Treatise  on  Mineralogy;  by  C.  U.  Shepard. 
1st  part,  1  vol.  12mo.  New  Haven,  1832;  2d  part,  2  vols.,  New  Haven,  1835.  Also,  2d 
ed.  (with  only  the  1st  part  revised),  New  Haven,  1844.  Also,  3d  ed.,  8vo,  New  Haven, 
No.  1,  1852;  No.  2,  '57. 

Shep.,  Min.  Conn..  Report  on  the  Geological  Survey  of  Connecticut;  by  id.  8vo,  N.  Haven, 
1837. 

Sohncke,  Kryst.  Eutwickeluug  einer  Theorie  der  Krystallstruktur ;  by  L.  Sohncke.  247  pp.  8vo, 
Leipzig,  1879. 

Steffens,  Handb.  Handb.  d.  Oryktognosie;  by  H.  Steffens.  3  vols.  18mo,  Halle;  vol.  1,  1811; 
2.  '15;  3,  '19. 

Stromeyer,  Unt.  Untersuchungen  uber  die  Mischung  der  Mineralkorper,  etc.;  by  Fr.  Stro- 
meyer.  8vo,  Gottingeu,  1821. 

Tabl.  Min.     See  Adam,  Tabl.  Min. 

Theophr.  Theophrastus  Ilepi  Xihoov  (on  Stones);  written  about  315  B.C.  Only  a  portion  of 
the  whole  work  is  extant,  but  sufficient  to  show  that  the  author  was  precise  in  his  knowl- 
edge of  minerals  and  careful  in  the  statement  of  facts.  T.  born  about  371  B.C.,  and  d. 
28(5  B.C. 

Thomson,  Min.,  1802,  1836.  Outlines  of  Mineralogy,  Geology,  and  Mineral  Analysis;  by  T. 
Thomson.  2  vols.  8vo,  London,  1836.  A  treatise  on  Mineralogy  published  also  with 
preceding  editions  of  his  Chemistry,  the  earliest  in  1802. 

Traube,  Min.  Schlesiens.  Die  Minerale  Schlesiens;  by  H.  Traube.  285  pp.  8vo,  Breslau, 
1888. 

Tsch.j  Min.  Lehrbuch  der  Mineralogie,  von  Dr.  Gustav  Tschermak.  589  pp.  8vo,  Vienna, 
1S85.  3d  ed.,  1888. 


IX  INTROD  ACTION. 

Ullmann,  Syst. -tab   Ueb.     Systematisch-tabellarische  Uebersicht  der  min.-eiufachen  Fossilien: 

by  J.  C.  Ullmann.     Small  4to,  Cassel  and  Marburg,  1814. 
Ulrich,  Contr.  Min.  Viet.     Contributions  to  the  Mineralogy  of  Victoria;  by  G.  H.  F.  Ulrich 

32  pp.  8vo,  Melbourne,  1870. 
U.  S.  G.  Surv.     United  States  Geological  Survey. 

Bull.     Bulletins  1  to  81.     8yo.     A  catalogue  of  those  previously  issued  is  given  \vith  each 

number. 

Ann.  Rep.     Annual  Reports.     4to.     Vol.  1,  for  1880-81;  10  for  1888-89. 

Mon.     Monographs.     4  to.  •  Vols.  1  to  16. 

Vogl's  Joach.     Gangverhaltnisse  und  Mineralreichthum  Joachimsthals;  by  J.  Fl.  Vogl.     8vo, 

Teplitz,  1857. 
Volger,  Studien,  etc.     Studien  zur  Entwicklungsgeschichte  der  Mineralien;  by  G.  H.  O.  Volgei. 

8vo,  Zurich,  1854.     Other  works  :  Entwickl.   der  Min.   d.   Talk-Glimmer  Fauiilie,   1855; 

Arragonit  und  Kalcit,   1855;   Monographic  des  Borazites,  Hannover,   1855;  Epidot  und 

Gran  at,  Beobachtungen  liber  das  gegenseitige  Verhaltniss  dieser  Krystalle,  Zurich,  1855; 

Krystallographie,  Stuttgart,  1854. 
Wall.,  or  Wall.,  Min.     Mineralogia,  eller  Mineralriket;  by  J.  G.  Wallerius.     12mo,  Stockholm, 

1747. 

Wall.,  Fr.  Trl.     French  edition  of  Walleiius's  Min.  of  1747.     2  vols.  8vo,  Paris,  1753.     Pub- 
lished anonymously. 

Wall.,  Min.,  1772,  '75.     Systema  Mineralogicum.     8vo,  Holmiae,  vol.  1,  1W2;  2,  '75. 
Wall.,  Min.,  1778.     Syst.  Min.     2  vols.  8vo,  Vienna,  1778. 
Waltersh.,  Vulk.  Gest.     Ueber  die  vulkauischen  Gesteine  in  Sicilien  und  Island  [Iceland],  und 

ih re  submarine  Umbilduug;  by  W.  Sartorius  v.  Waltershausen.     8vo,  Gottingen,  1853. 
Watts,  Diet.  Ch.     Dictionary  of  Chemistry;  by  H.  Watts.     5  vols.;  1  in  1863:  with  supplements. 
Two  volumes  (A— In)  of  a  revised  edition  have  been  published,  1888,  '89,  edited  by 

H.  F.  Morley  and  M.  M.  Pattison  Muir. 

Also  two  volumes  of  a  companion-work,  Dictionary  of  Applied  Chemistry,  edited  by 

T.  E.  Thorpe,  1890,  '91.      . 
Websky,  Kryst.     Anwendung  der  Lineal-projection  zum  Berechnen  der  Krystalle;  by  Martin 

Websky  (Rose's  Elemeute  der  Krystallographie,  III  Band).     377  pp.  8vo,  Berlin,  1887. 
Websky,  Min.  Sp.  G.     Die  Mineral  Species  nach  den  fur  das  specifische  Gewicht  derselben 

angenommenen  und  gefuudenen  Werthen;    by  Martin  Websky.      170  pp.  4to,  Breslau, 

1868. 
Weisbach,  Synops.  Min.     Synopsis  Mineralogica,  systematische  Uebersicht  des  Mineralreiches; 

by  Albiu  Weisbach.     78  pp.  8vo,  Freiberg,  1875.     2d  ed.,  1884. 
Wern.,  Auss.  Kennz.  Foss.     Von  d.  ausserlichen  Keunzeichen  d.  Fossilien;  by  A.  G.  Werner. 

8vo,  Leipzig,  1774. 
Wern.,  Letzt.  Min.  Syst.    Letztes  Mineral-System.    8vo,  Freiberg  &  Wien,  1817.    A  Catalogue 

with  notes.     Werner  or  his  scholars  issued,  from  time  to  time,  a  tabular  synopsis  of  his 

Mineral  System  revised  to  the  time  of  publication,  on  folio  sheets,  or  published  them  in 

other  works.     The  earliest  after  that  of  Werner's  Cronstedt  was  issued  by  Hofmann  in 

Bergm.  J.,  1789,  vol.  1,  p.  369.     Emmerling's  Min.,  vol.  1,  1799,  contains  the  synopsis  of 

1798,  and  Lud wig's  Min.  contains  that  of  1800  and  1803.     Leouhard's  Tasch.,  vol.  3,  261, 

that  of  1809. 
Wern.,  Min.-Kab.  Pabst.     Verzeichniss  des  Miueralien-Kabinets  des  Herrn  K.  E.  Pabst  von 

Ohain;  by  A.  G.  Werner.     2  vols.,  Freiberg,  1791,  '93. 
Wern.,   Ueb.    Cronst.     Croustedt's  Versuch  einer  Min.  iibersetzt  und  vermehrt  von  A.    G. 

Werner.     Vol.  1,  part  1,  Leipzig,  1780. 
Westrumb,  Kl.    Phys.-Ch.  Abh.       Kleine  physikalisch-chemische  Abhandlungen;    by  J.   F. 

Westrumb.     8vo,  Leipzig,  vol.  1,  1785;  2,  '87;  3,  '88;  4,  '89;  Hannover,  5,  6,  '93;  7,  '95; 

8,  '97. 
Whitney,  Lake  Sup.     Report  on  the  Geology  of  the  Lake  Superior  Laud  District;  by  J.  W. 

Foster  and  J.  D.  Whitney.     8vo,  Part  1,  1850;  2,  '51. 
Whitney,  Met.  Wealth.     The  Metallic  Wealth  of  the  United  States,  described  and  compared 

with  that  of  other  countries;  by  J.  D.  Whitney.     8vo,  Philadelphia,  1854. 
Whitney,  Miss.  Lead  Region.     Report  of  a  Geological  Survey  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  Lead 

Region;  by  id.     (Made  by  authority  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin.)    8vo,  1862. 
Whitney,  Rep.  G.  Cal.     See  Rep.  G.  Cal. 
Whitney,  Berz.   Blowpipe.     Berzelius  on  the  Blowpipe;  translated  by  J.  D.  Whitney.     8vo, 

Boston,  1845. 
Withering,  Trl.  Bergm.  Sciagr.     Outlines  of  Mineralogy,  trl.  from  the  original  of  Bergmann; 

by  Wm.  Withering.     8vo,  1783.    (Reprinted  in  vol.  2  of  Mem.  and  Tracts  of  the  late  Dr. 

Withering,  London,  1822.) 
Wiik,  Min.-Kar.     Mineral-Karakteristik  :    En  Handledning  vid   Bestammandet  af  Mineralier 

och  Bergarter;  by  F.  J.  Wiik.     218  pp.  12mo,  Helsingfors,  1881. 
Williams,   Cryst.     Elements  of   Crystallography  for    Students    of    Chemistry,  Physics,    and 

Mineralogy;  by  G.  H.  Williams.     250pp.  12mo,  New  York,  1890. 
Woodward,  Foss.     Fossils  of  all  kinds  digested  into  a  Method  suitable  to  their  mutual  Relation 

and  Affinity.     8vo,  London,  1728. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Ixi 


Zepharovich,  Min.  Lex.     Mineralogisches  Lexicon  fiir  das  Kaiserthum  Oesterreich;  by  V.  R, 

v.  Zepbarovich.     8vo,  Vienna,  1859.     Vol.  2,  ibid.,  1873. 
Zirkel,  Mikr.  Besch.     Die  mikroscopische  Beschaftenheit  der  Mineralien  und   Gesteine;  by 

Ferdinand  Zirkel.     502  pp.  8vo,  Leipzig,  1873. 
See  also  N.-Z.,  Min. 

The  works  in  the  above  catalogue  which  are  most  important  for  the  study  of  the  history  of 
mineral  species  are  the  following,  the  order  cited  being  that  of  time : 

Theophrastus;  Dioscorides;  Pliny's  Natural  History;  Agricola's  works;  Linnaeus's  Sy sterna 
Naturae,  1st  ed.,  1735;  Wallerius's  Mineralogy  in  the  original  Swedish,  1747  (the  first  systematic, 
descriptive  work,  following  in  its  system  of  classification  mainly  the  1st  edition  of  Linnaeus, 
which  the  author  alludes  to  in  his  preface,  among  other  Swedish  works  by  Forsius,  Hiaerne, 
Bromell,  and  Swedenborg);  Cronstedt's  Mineralogy,  1757  (a  new  chemical  system);  Linnaeus's 
Systema  Naturae,  10th  ed.,  1768;  Rome  de  Lisle's  Crystallography,  1772,  1783  (the  first  sys- 
tematic effort  to  apply  the  principles  of  crystallography  to  the  science);  Wallerius's  Min.  of  1772, 
1778  (the  system  and  facts  are  little  changed  from  the  earlier  edition);  Werner  on  the  External 
Characters  of  Minerals,  1774,  and  his  Cronstedt,  1780;  Bergmann's  Opuscula,  1780,  and  Scia- 

fmphia,  1782;  Hofmanu's  exposition  of  Werner's  system  in  the  Bergm.  J.,  1789;  Emmerling's 
liueralogy,  1793-97,  and  1799-1802;  Lenz's  Mineralogy,  1794;  Klaproth's  Beitritge,  1795-1810; 
Karsten's  Tabellen,  1800;  Hauy's  Treatise  on  Mineralogy,  1801;  lieuss's  Mineralogy,  1801-1806; 
Ludwig's  Werner,  1803,  1804;  Mohs's  Null  Kab.,  1804;  Karsten's  Tabellen,  1808;  Lucas's 
Tableau,  part  1,  1806  (giving  views  of  Hauy  of  1801  to  1806);  Brougniart's  Mineralogy, 
1807;  Hauy's  Tableau  compjiratif,  1809;  Hausmann's  Handbuch,  1813;  Hoffmann's  Miuera- 
logie,  1811-1817;  Ullmanu's  Uebersicht,  1814;  Jameson's  Mineralogy,  1816,  1820;  Werner's  Last 
Mineral  System  (Letztes,  etc.),  1817;  Oleaveland's  Mineralogy,  1816,  1822;  Berzelius's  Nouv. 
SystSme,  1819;  Leonhard's  Haudbuch,  1821,  1826;  Mohs's  Mineralogy,  1822;  Haidinger's  transla- 
tion of  Mohs,  1825;  Breithaupt's  Charakteristik,  1820,  1823,  1832;  Beudant's  Treatise,  1824, 1832; 
Phlllips's  Min.,  1823,  1837;  Glocker's  Min.,  1831,  1839;  Shepard's  Min.,  1832-'35,  and  later 
editions;  von  Kobell's  Grundzuge,  1838;  Mohs's  Min.,  1839;  Breithaupt's  Min.,  1836-1847: 
Haidinger's  Handbuch,  1845;  Hausmaun's  Handbuch,  1847;  Dufrenoy's  Min.,  1844-1847  (also 
1856-1859);  Glocker's  Synopsis,  1847;  Brooke  &  Miller,  1852;  Rammelsberg's  Handworterbuch 
and  Supplements,  1841-1853,  also  his  Miueralchemie,  1860,  1875;  Hessenberg's  Notizen,  1854  to 
1873;  Koksharov's  Mineralogie  Russlands.  1854  to  1891;  Kenngott's  Uebersicht,  1844-1865;  Des 
Cloizeaux's  Mineralogy,  1862,  1874;  von  Kobell's  Geschichte,  1864;  Naumaun's  Min.  (and  Nau- 
manu-Zirkel),  1846  to  1885;  Tschermak's  Min.,  1881;  Goldschmidt's  Index,  1886-'91;  Hintze's 
Min.  (1889-'91),  five  parts  only  completed,  but  with  greater  detail  of  treatment  than  has  been 
before  attempted.  To  the  above  list  are  to  be  added  the  earlier  editions  of  this  work  by  James 
D.  Dana,  1837,  1844,  1850,  1854,  1868. 


VI.    ABBREVIATIONS. 

l.    GENERAL  ABBREVIATIONS  USED  IN  TITLES,  ETC. 


Abh Abhandlungen. 

Ac.  or  Acad Academy. 

Accad Accademie  (Ital.). 

Ak.  or  Akad Akademie  (Germ.). 

Am.  or  Amer American. 

{Annals, 
Annales, 
Annalen. 

Att Atti  (Ital.). 

B  C.  British  Columbia. 


Ber. 

Bull. 


j  Berichte  or 
(  Sitzungsberichte. 
Bulletin. 


Can.  .  \  Canada' 

I  Canadian. 


Oh. 


[  Chemistry, 
j  Chemical, 
•    •    •    •     •     'jChemie, 

LChimie,  etc. 
Dan.  Danish. 


Ed.  or  Edinb Edinburgh. 

Eng.  .  \  Eng|neers» 

(  Engineering. 

Erg Erganzung. 

Fr French. 

G Geological,  etc. 

Germ German. 

Ges Gesellschaft. 

Inst Institute. 

Ital Italian. 

J Journal. 

Jb.  or  Jahrb Jahrbuch. 

JB.  or  Jahresb.       .     .     .  Jahresbericht. 

Mag. Magazine. 

Mem (Memoirs, 

(  Memoires. 
t  Mineralogy, 

Min •<  Mineralogical, 

(  Mineralogische.etc. 

Mitth. Mittheilungeu. 


Ixii 


INTRODUCTION. 


Mng.  . 

Mou.  . 
N.  A.    . 

N.  S.  . 
N.  S.  W. 

N.  Z.  . 
Ont. 


Phil. 

Proc. 
Q.    • 


Mining. 

Monograph. 

North  America 

Nova  Scotia. 

New  South  Wales. 

New  Zealand. 

Ontario/ 
(  Philosophy, 
(  Philosophical. 

Proceedings. 

Quarterly 


Rend Rendiconti. 

Rep Report. 

S.  A South  America. 

Sc.    . Science. 

Soc Society. 

Span Spanish. 

Trans  j  Transactions, 

*  i  Transiunti  (Ital.^ 

Vh.  or  Verh Verhaudlungen. 

Zs Zeitschrift. 

Ztg.       . Zeitung. 


2.     ABBREVIATED  NAMES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  (U.  S.). 


Ala Alabama. 

Ark Arkansas. 

Cal California. 

Col.,  Colo Colorado. 

Ct.,  Conn Connecticut. 

Dak Dakota. 

Del Delaware. 

Ga Georgia. 

111.  .  Illinois. 


Ind. 

Kan. 

Ky. 

Mass. 

Md. 

Me. 

Mich. 


Indiana. 

Kansas. 

Kentucky. 

Massachusetts. 

Maryland. 

Maine. 

Michigan. 


Minn Minnesota. 

Miss Mississippi. 

Mo Missouri. 

Mont Montana. 

N.  Car North  Carolina. 

N.  H.,  N.  Hamp.   .     .     .  New  Hampshire. 

N.  J New  Jersey. 

N.  Y New  York. 

O Ohio. 

Pa.,  Fenn Pennsylvania. 

R.  I Rhode  Island. 

S.  Car South  Carolina. 

Tenn .    .    .  Tennessee. 

Va Virginia. 

Vt Vermont. 

Wise '    .  Wisconsin. 


3.    ABBREVIATIONS  OF  PROPER  NAMES  USED  IN  REFERENCES  TO  AUTHORS 

AND  IN  TITLES. 


Ach.     ...  A.  D'Achiardi,  Pisa. 

Arz.      ...  A.  Arzruni,  Aachen. 

Baumh.     .     .  H.  Baumhauer,  Lildinghausen. 

Bdg.     .     .    .  C.  Bodewig,  Cologne. 

Bgr.      .     .    .  W.  C.  Brogger,  Stockholm. 

Bkg.     .     .     .  H.  Bucking,  Strassburg. 

Breith.      .    .  J.  F.  A.Breithaupt(1791-1873). 

Brk.      .     .     .  H.  J.  Brooke  (1771-1857). 

Brz.      ...  A.  Brezina,  Vienna. 

Btd.      .     .     .  E.  Bertrand,  Paris. 

E.  S.  D.    .    .  E.  S.  Dana,  New  Haven. 

J.  D.  D.        .  J.  D.  Dana,  New  Haven. 

Dbr.      .     .  H.  Dauber  (1823-1861). 

Dmr.     ...  A.  Damour,  Paris. 

Dx.       ...  A.  Des  Cloizeaux,  Paris. 

Erem  \  Pl  von  Eremevev»  St-  Peters- 

(     burg  (Oerm.  Jeremejew). 

Fzl.       ...  A.  Frenzel,  Freiberg. 

Gdt.      ...  V.  Goldschmidt,  Heidelberg. 

Grrl.      .     .     .  J.  Grailich  (1829-1859). 


H.     . 

Haid. 
Hausm. 
Hbg,  , 
Hkl.  , 
Hkr.  . 
Kbl.  .  . 
Kenng. 


Kin. 

Knr. 

Lasp. 

Lex. 

Lsx. 

Mg. 

Mgc. 

Mid. 

Mir. 

Ph. 


R.  J.  Hatiy  (1743-1822). 
W.  von  Haidinger  (1795-1871> 
J.  F.  L.  Hausmanu  (1782-1859). 
Fr.  Hessenberg  (1810-1874). 
W.  Hankel,  Leipzig. 
R.  Helmhacker,  Leoben. 
Fr.  von  Kobell  (1803-1882). 
A.  Kenngott;  Zurich. 
[  N.  von  Koksharov,  St.  Peter* 
!      burg  (Germ.  Kokscharow). 
C.  Klein,  Berlin. 
J.  A.  Krenner,  Buda-Pesth. 
H.  Laspeyres,  Kiel. 
A.  Lacroix,  Paris. 
A.  von  Lasaulx  (1839-1886). 
O.  Mugge,  Hamburg. 
Ch.  Marignac,  Geneva. 
E.  Mallard,  Paris. 
W.  H.  Miller  (1801-1880). 
W.  Phillips  (1775-1828). 


INTRODUCTION. 


Ixiii 


Pfd.      .     .     .  S.  L.  Penfield,  New  Haven. 

Rath.    .     .     .  G.  vom  Rath  (1830-1888). 

Rg.       ...  C.  F.  Rammelsberg,  Berlin; 

Rosenb.     .     .  H.  Rosenbusch.  Heidelberg. 

Sbk.      ...  A.  Sadebeck  (1833-1880). 

Sbs.  .  J.  Schabus,  Vienna. 


Sec. 
Sf. 


Tsch. 

Weisb. 

Zeph. 


A.  Scacchi,  Naples. 

A.  Schrauf,  Vienna. 

G.  Seligmann,  Coblenz. 

G.  Tschermak,  Vienna. 

A.  Weisbach,  Freiberg. 

V.  von  Zepharovich  (1830-1890) 


4.     MISCELLANEOUS  ABBREVIATIONS. 

References  are  given  below  to  the  places  in  the  preceding  pages  where  the  meaning  ot 
certain  general  terms,  symbols,  etc.,  is  more  fully  explained. 


Alt.       .  . 

Anal.     .  . 

Artif.    .  . 

Ax.  pi.  . 

B.  B.    .  . 

Bx,Bxa  . 

Bx0.     .  . 

Comp. 

G.    .     .  . 

H.    .     .  . 

Obs.      .  . 

O.  P.    .  . 

O.  ratio  . 
priv.  contr. 


Pt. 


Altered  forms,  p.  xl. 

Analyses. 

Artificial  forms,  p.  xl. 

Optic  axial  plane,  p.  xxxv. 

Before  the  blowpipe,  p.  xl. 
j  Bisectrix,    i.e.   acute    bisectrix 
(      or  first  mean  line,  p.  xxxv. 
j  Obtuse    bisectrix,    or    second 
(      mean  line,  p.  xxxv. 

Composition,  p.  xxxvii  et  seq. 

Specific  Gravity,  p.  xxxiv. 

Hardness,  p.  xxxiv. 

Observations,  p.  xiii. 

Oxidizing  flame,  p.  xl. 

Oxygen  ratio,  p.  xxxix. 

Private  contributions  (i.e.    of 
unpublished  observations). 

Part,  in  part. 


Pyr. 


Ref. 


R.  P.    . 

Tw.  axis 
Tw.  pi. 
Var. 


j  Pyrognostics  or  blowpipe  char- 

I      acters,  p.  xl. 

f  References  (p.  xiii);   also  used 

of  abstracts  of  original   ar- 

'  I      tides  found  in  certain  jour, 

I     nals,e.g.Jb. Miu. ,Zs.Kr., etc. 
.     Reducing  flame,  p.  xl. 
,     Twinning  axis,  p.  xviii. 
.     Twinning  plane,  p.  xviii. 
.     Varieties. 


a  b  h  a  b  etc  \  Crystallographic  axes,  p.   xi\ 

'  I      etseq. 

a,  fc,  C,       .     .     Axes  of  elasticity,  p.  xxxv. 
a    *  j  Axial  angles,  p.  xxxii;  also  UK 

'  (      dices  of  refraction,  p.  xxxv. 
2E,   2V,    2H,  j  Optic  axial  angle  in  air,  etc., 
2K,  2G,       .  1      p.  xxxv. 


The  following  signs  are  frequently  employed : 

{Plus  and  minus,   as   defining      . 
the  optical  character  of  crys- 
tals, p.  xxxv. 

|,      ....     Parallel  to,  as  ax.  pi.  \  a. 
.  j  Perpendicular    or  normal    to, 

(      as  Bx  l  c. 

All  temperatures  are  given  on  the  Centigrade  scale. 


j  Angle  between  two  forms,  as 
(      100  A  HO  =  45°. 
C  Mean  of  two  (or  three,   etc.* 
•\     analyses;  also,  in  some  cases 
(     of  separate  determinations. 


DESCRIPTIVE  MINER  ALOG-Y. 


GENEKAL  CLASSIFICATION. 

L  NATIVE  ELEMENTS. 
II.  SULPHIDES,  SELENIDES,  TELLURIDES,  ARSENIDES,  ANTIMONIDES, 

III.  Sulpho-salts. — SULPHARSENITES,    SULPHANTIMONITES,    SULPHOBISKUTHTi* 

IV.  Haloids.— CHLORIDES,  BROMIDES,  IODIDES;  FLUORIDES. 
V.  OXIDES, 

VI.  Oxygen-Salts. 

1.  CARBONATES. 

2.  SILICATES,  TITANATES. 

3.  NIOBATES,  TANTALATES. 

4.  PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,  VANADATES;  AJTTIMONATES.  NITRATES. 

5.  BORATES.    TJRANATES. 

6.  SULPHATES,  CHROMATES,  TELLURATE& 

7.  TUNGSTATES,  MOLYBDATES. 

VII.  Salts  of  Organic  Acids:  Oxalates,  Mellates,  etc. 

VIII.  HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS. 


2  NATIVE  ELEMENTS. 

•     I.   NATIVE  ELEMENTS. 
I.  Non-Metals.  II.  Semi-Metals.  III.  Metals. 

I.  Non-Metals. 

I.  Carbon  Group. 

1.  Diamond  0  Isometric 

2.  Graphite  0  Khombohedral  b  =  1-3859 

2.   Sulphur  Group. 

3.  Sulphur  S  Orthorhombic  a  :  b:  6  =  0-8131  i  1  : 1-9034 

4.  Selensulphur          (Se,S) 

5«.  Selenium  (artif.)        Se  Monoclinic,  like  the  monoclinic  forms  of  sulphur. 

II.  Semi-Metals. 

3.  Tellurium-Arsenic  Group.     Rhombohedral. 

rr'  c 

6b.  Selenium  (artif.)        Se                                     93°  — 

6.  Selen- tellurium     (Te,Se)  — 

7.  Tellurium                   Te                                     93°    3'  1-3298 

8.  Arsenic  As  94°  54'  1-4013 

9.  Allemontite  SbAs, 

10.  Antimony  Sb  92°  53'  1-3236 

11.  Bismuth  Bi  92°  20'  1-3036 

12.  Zinc  (only  artif.?)      Zn  93°  46'  1-3564 

Zinc  belongs  with  this  rhombohedral  group,  and  connects  the  semi-metals  to  the  metals; 
it  is  also  stated  to  be  isometric  like  mercury. 

III.  Metals. 
4.  Gold  Group.     Isometric. 

13.  Gold  Au 

Electrum  (Au,Ag) 

14.  Silver  .  Ag 

15.  Copper  Cu 

16.  Mercury  Hg 

17.  Amalgam  AgHg,  AgaHg3 ,  eta 

1.  Arquerite          Ag1QHg 

2.  Kongsbergite  Ag36Hg 

18.  Lead  Pb 


19.  Tin  (cryst.  only  artif  »)  Sn  Tetragonal  b  =  0*3857 

Orthorhombic    &:l:6  =  0-3874  :  1  :  0-3557 
Tin  is  closely  related  to  lead. 

5.  Platinum-Iron  Group.     Isometric,  also  in  part  Khombohedral. 
Isometric.  Rhombohedral. 

20.  Platinum  Pt  with  Fe 

also  with  Ir,  Rh,  Os 

21.  Iridium  (Ir,  Pt)  22,  Iridosmine  (Ir,0s)  rr'  =95°  8' 

Platiniridium       (Pt,  Ir)  1.  Siserskite  b  =1-4105 

2.  Nevyanskite 


CARBON  GROUP— DIAMOND. 


3 


Isometric. 

23.     Palladium  Pd 

25.     Iron  Fe  with  Ni,  Co,  also  Mn 

Awaruite  Fe  Ni2 

Schreibersite,  Khabdite,  etc.. 


Rhombohedral. 
24.  AllopaUadium     Pd 


1.  Carbon  Group. 

1.  DIAMOND.  Adamas,  punctual  lapidis  pretiosior  auro,  Manttius,  Astron.,  4,  1.  926  (the 
eavliest  distinct  mention  of  true  diamond).  Adamas,  in  part,  Plin.t  37,  15.  Diainant  Germ. 
Diamant  Fr.  Diamante  ItaL,  Span. 


Isometric;  tetraliedral.     Observed  forms1: 


a  (100,  i-i) 
o  (111,  i) 


^(430,  z-l) 
.1(11-10-0,  i 


0(511,  5-5) 
w  (211 ,  2-2) 
*  (321 ,  3-|) 


u  (431 ,  4-|) 

c  (uearo) 
^ (near  d) 


^  (541 ,  5-f ) 
$(651,  6-f) 


No  distinction  can  be  made  between  the  -{-  and  —  tetrahedral  forms,  and  the  hemihedral 
character  of  the  species  has  been  questioned. 


1. 


2. 


Fig.  1,  S.  Africa.    2,  Haidinger.     3,  7,  8,  Rose-Sadebeck.     9,  Groth. 


4  NATIVE  ELEMENTS. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  o  very  common, both  contact-  and  penetration-twins;  the  former 
often  flattened  ||  o;  also  tw.  axis  a  cubic  axis,  the  twins  with  parallel  axes, 
symmetrical  to  a  cubic  plane,  and  interpenetrating  each  other.  Faces  commonly 
much  curved,  and  often  striated,  most  frequently  |  intersection  with  o.  Inverted 
triangular  depressions  common  on  o  (f.  1),  also  others  of  diagonal  quadrilateral  form 
on  a;  octahedral  faces  built  np  of  successive  plates.  Crystals  distorted  into  elon- 
gated, pear-shaped  forms,  also  irregular;  and  in  groups.  In  spherical  forms  with 
radiated  structure  and  rough  exterior.  Rarely  massive. 

Cleavage :  o  highly  perfect.  Fracture  conchoid al.  Brittle.  H.  =  10,  but  greater 
on  a  than  on  o.  G.  =  3-516  —  3'525  crystals;  3'499  -  3'503  bort;  3'15  -  3 -29  car- 
bonado, E.  v.  Baumhauer.2  Luster  adamantine  to  greasy,  sometimes  dull.  Color 
white  or  colorless;  occasionally  various  pale  shades  of  yellow,  red,  orange,  green, 
blue,  brown ;  sometimes  black.  Usually  transparent ;  also  translucent  and  opaque. 
Refractive  and  dispersive  power  high ;  indices : 

nr  =  2-4135  %  =  2-4195  ngr  =  2 '4278,  Dx3. 

nr  =  2-40845  Li     ny  =  2'41723  Na      ngr  =  2'42549  Tl,  Schrauf 4. 

Becomes  phosphorescent  when  exposed  to  light  radiation  or  to  an  electric  discharge 
in  a  vacuum  tube.  Positively  electrified  by  friction ;  a  non-conductor  of  electricity. 
Often  shows  abnormal  double  refraction,  rarely  distinctly  uniaxial;  also  occasionally 
exhibits  asterism. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary.  In  crystals  usually  with  rounded  faces  and  varying  from  those  which 
are  colorless  and  free  from  flaws  (first  water)  through  many  faint  shades  of  color,  yellow  the 
most  common  ;  rose,  green,  -and  blue  shades  are  rare,  especially  the  last ;  often  full  of  flaws  and 
hence  of  value  only  for  cutting  purposes. 

The  crystals  often  contain  numerous  microscopic  cavities  (Brewster),  and  some  are  rendered 
nearly  black  by  their  number  ;  and  around  these  cavities  the  diamond  shows  evidence,  by 
polarized  light,  of  compression.  Sometimes  crystals  bear  impressions  of  other  crystals.  Inclu- 
sions of  small  diamonds  are  common  ;  also  others  of  a  green  chloritic  mineral,  of  hematite,  of 
carbonaceous  matter,  of  rutile  (?)  have  been  noted. 

2.  Bwt  or  Boort;  rounded  forms  with  rough  exterior  and  radiated  or  confused  crystalline 
structure,  often  aggregated  together,  or  enclosing  crystals.  No  distinct 
cleavage  obtainable.  Hardness  greater  than  in  the  crystals,  and  specific 
gravity  less.  Luster  greasy.  Color  grayish  to  blackish.  Translucent.  There 
are  gradual  transitions  from  the  perfectly  crystallized  diamond  through  the 
forms  imperfectly  crystallized  or  jniade  up  of  several  individuals  to  the  true 
bort,  as  again  between  the  bort  and  carbonado.  Crystals  or  fragments  of 
crystals  useless  as  gems  are  also  called  bort  in  the  trade. 

3.   Carbonado  or  Carbon  ;  black  diamond.    Massive  with  crystalline  struc- 
ture, sometimes  granular  to  compact,  without  cleavage.     Hardness  as  great  as, 
or  greater  than  with  the  crystals  and  less  brittle,  but  specific  gravity  less,  due  in 
BORT.  part  to  slight  porosity.    Luster  resinous  to  adamantine.    Color  black  or  gray- 

ish black.  Opaque.  Found  occasionally  in  large  masses  up  to  731  carats  (Boutan).  The  true 
carbonado  seems  to  graduate  into  the  distinctly  crystallized  mineral.  It  is  obtained  chiefly 
from  the  province  of  Bahia,  Brazil. 

Comp. — Pure  carbon,  except  in  the  anthracitic  variety,  carbonado,  from  which 
Kivot  obtained  on  combustion  an  ash  varying  from  0'24  to  2'03  p.  c.  (Dx.). 

Pyr.,  etc. — Unaffected  by  heat  except  at  very  high  temperatures,  when  (in  an  oxygen  atmo- 
sphere) it  burns  to  carbon  dioxide  ;  out  of  contact  with  the  air  it  is  transformed  into  a  kind  of 
coke.5  Not  acted  upon  by  acids  or  alkalies. 

Obs. — The  diamond  occurs  chiefly  in  alluvial  deposits  of  gravel,  sand  or  clay,  associated  with 
quartz,  gold,  platinum,  zircon,  octahedrite,  rutile,  brookite,  hematite,  ilmeuite  and  also  anda- 
lusite,  chrysoberyl,  topaz,  corundum,  tourmaline,  garnet,  etc.;  the  associated  minerals  being 
those  common  in  granitic  rocks  or  granitic  veins.  Also  found  in  quartzose  conglomerates,  and 
further  in  connection  with  the  laminated  granular  quartz  rock  or  quartzose  hydromica  schist, 
itacolumyte,  which  in  thin  slabs  is  more  or  less  flexible.  This  rock  occurs  at  the  mines  of  Brazil 
and  the  Urals  ;  and  also  in  Georgia  and  North  Carolina,  where  a  few  diamonds  have  been  found. 
It  has  been  reported  as  occurring  in  situ  in  a  pegmatyte  vein  in  gneiss  at  Bellary  in  India 
(diaper1).  It  occurs  further  in  connection  with  an  eruptive  peridotyte  in  South  Africa.  It  has 
been  noted  as  grayish  particles  forming  one  per  cent  of  the  meteorite  which  fell  at  Novo-Urei, 
Govt.  Pensa,  Russia,  Sept.  22,  1886  ;  also  iu  the  form  of  black  diamond  (H.  =  9)  in  the  meteorite 
of  Carcote,  Chili8.  (Of.  also  Cliftouite,  p.  6.)  Daubree  has  pointed  out  the  analogy  existing 
between  the  occurrence  of  the  diamond  in  South  Africa  (see  below)  and  in  meteorites,  C.  R. , 
110,18,  1890. 


CARBON  GROUP— DIAMOND.  5 

India  was  the  chief  source  of  diamonds  from  very  early  times,  as  recorded  by  Sanskrit 
writers,  down  to  the  discovery  of  the  Brazilian  mines.  There  are  three  principal  localities. 
The  first  in  southern  India,  in  the  Madras  presidency,  embraces  the  districts  of  Kadapah  (or 
Cuddapah),  Bellary,  Karnul,  Kistna  and  Godavari.  This  region  includes  the  famous  "  Gol- 
coiida  mines,"  the  name,  however,  as  stated  by  Ball,  being  to  some  extent  a  misnomer  since  it 
was  merely  the  mart  where  the  diamonds  were  bought  and  sold;  it  was  originally  applied  to  the 
capital  now  represented  only  by  an  abandoned  fort  near  Hyderabad,  and  was  thence  extended  to 
the  surrounding  district.  A  second  region  farther  north  covers  a  large  tract  between  the  Maha- 
nadi  and  Godavari  rivers  ;  it  includes  the  neighborhoods  of  Sambalpur  and  Wairagarh  80  miles 
southeast  of  Nagpur.  Connected  with  this  tract  there  are  also  two  or  three  localities  within  the 
province  of  Chutia  Nagpur,  where  diamonds  have  been  found.  A  third  region  is  in  Bundel- 
khand,  in  central  India,  especially  near  the  town  of  Panna.  In  addition  to  the  preceding  some 
diamonds  have  also  been  reported  as  obtained  from  a  hill  stream  near  Simla.  The  Indian 
diamonds  were  obtained  in  part  from  alluvial  washings,  in  part  from  a  quartzose  conglomerate  ; 
at  Panna  this  conglomerate  (Rewah  group)  appears  to  be  largely  made  up  of  fragments  of  a  lower 
sandstone  (Semri  sandstone)  which  it  has  been  suggested  may  represent  the  original  matrix. 
The  yield  of  the  Indian  mines,  once  so  large,  is  now  insignificant ;  it  is  mentioned,  however,  that 
one  stone,  weighing  when  rough  67  and  as  cut  25  carats,  was  found  in  1881  in  the  Bellary  district 
(Mallet). 

The  diamond  deposits  of  Brazil  have  been  worked  since  the  early  part  of  the  18th  century, 
and  have  yielded  very  largely,  although  at  the  present  time  the  amount  obtained  is  small.  The 
most  important  region  was  that  near  Diamantina  in  the  province  of  Minas  Geraes.  It  is  situated 
along  the  crest  and  on  the  flanks  of  the  Serro  do  Espinhaco,  the  mountain  ridge  which  separates 
the  Sao  Francisco  river  and  its  branches,  especially  the  Rio  das  Velhas  on  the  west,  from  the 
Jequitinhonha,  and  the  Doce  on  the  east.  The  diamonds  are  obtained  in  part  from  river  wash- 
ings (services  do  rid},  as  conspicuously  those  of  the  bed  of  the  Jequitinhonha,  and  in  part  from 
prairie  washings  (servicos  do  campo)  as  on  the  high  ridge  known  as  the  heights  of  Curralinho. 
The  river  deposits  (cascaUio)  consist  of  rolled  quartz  pebbles,  mixed  with  or  cemented  by  a  ferru- 
ginous clay,  which  usually  rests  on  a  bed  of  clay.  The  most  common  associated  minerals  are 
rutile,  octahedrite,  brookite,  hematite,  martite,  ilmenite  and  magnetite,  with  also  quartz, 
cyanite,  tourmaline,  lazulite,  gold,  and  many  others  as  garnet,  zircon,  euclase,  topaz,  etc.  The 
diamonds  are  most  abundant  in  the  caldeiroes,  which  seem  to  be  large  potholes  or  giant  kettles. 
In  the  upper  plateau  diggings,  the  diamond  occurs  in  part  in  a  sort  of  conglomerate  called  the 
gurgulho,  consisting  of  quartz  fragments  which  are  less  rolled  than  those  of  the  cascalho,  as  are 
also  the  accompanying  minerals,  which  occur  too  in  less  abundance.  At  some  of  these  mines,  as 
those  of  Sao  Joao  da  Chapada,  the  diamonds  occur  in  clay  (barro)  which  has  been  regarded  as 
the  result  of  the  decomposition  in  situ  of  veins  traversing  the  hydromica  schist  and  itacolumyte 
formation.  At  Grao  Mogor,  farther  north,  diamonds  have  been  obtained  in  the  quartzose  schist 
(called  itacolumyte),  though  most  of  the  specimens  showing  this  association  are  fraudulent. 

Other  Brazilian  localities  are  those  of  Bagagem  and  Abaethe,  southwest  of  Diamantina; 
further  the  Lengiies  and  other  mines  of  the  province  of  Bahia,  discovered  in  1844,  and  finally 
on  the  Salobro  and  other  branches  of  the  Rio  Pardo,  two  days'  journey  from  the  little  port  of 
Canavieiras,  discovered  in  1881. 

The  discovery  of  diamonds  in  South  Africa  dates  from  1867.  The  diamonds  occur  in  the 
gravel  of  the  Vaal  river,  from  Potchefstroom,  capital  of  the  Transvaal  Republic,  down  to  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Orange  river,  and  thence  along  the  latter  stream  as  far  as  Hope  Town.  The 
principal  river  diggings,  however,  are  along  the  Vaal  river  between  Klip  Drift  and  its  junction 
with  the  Hart  river.  These  have  yielded  well,  including  some  large  stones  (as  the  "Stewart," 
and  "  Star  of  South  Africa"),  but  are  now  comparatively  unproductive,  and  have  been  nearly 
abandoned  for  the  dry  diggings,  discovered  in  1871. 

These  are  chiefly  in  Griqualand-West,  south  of  the  Vaal  river,  on  the  border  of  the  Orange 
Free  State.  There  are  here  a  number  of  limited  areas  approximately  spherical  or  oval  in  form, 
with  an  average  diameter  of  some  200  to  300  yards,  of  which  Kimberley,  De  Beer's,  Du  Toit'a 
Pan  and  Bultfontein  are  the  most  important.  A  circle  3|  miles  in  diameter  encloses  the  four 
principal  diamond  mines. 

The  general  structure  is  similar  :  a  wall  of  nearly  horizontal  black  carbonaceous  shale  with 
upturned  edges  enclosing  the  diamantiferous  area.  The  upper  portion  of  the  deposit  consists  of 
a  friable  mass  of  little  coherence  of  a  pale  yellow  color,  called  the  "yellow  ground."  Below 
the  reach  of  atmospheric  influences,  the  rock  is  more  firm  and  of  a  bluish  green  or  greenish  color; 
it  is  called  the  "  blue  ground  "  or  simply  "  the  blue."  This  consists  essentially  of  a  serpentinous 
breccia:  abase  of  hydrated  magnesian  silicate  penetrated  bycalcite  and  opaline  silica  and  enclos- 
ing fragments  of  brouzite,  diallage,  vaalite,  also  garnet,  magnetite,  and  ilmenite,  and  less  com- 
monly smaragdite,  pyrite,  zircon,  etc.  The  diamonds  are  rather  abundantly  disseminated 
through  the  mass,  in  some  claims  to  the  amount  of  4  to  6  carats  per  cubic  yard.  The  original  rock 
seems  to  have  been  a  peculiar  type  of  peridotite  which  has  been  called  Kimbertyte.  These  areas 
are  believed  to  be  volcanic  pipes  and  the  occurrence  of  the  diamonds  is  obviously  connected  with 
the  eruptive  outflow,  whether  brought  up  from  underlying  rocks  (as  the  large  number  of  broken 
stones  suggests)  or  formed  by  the  action  of  heat  upon  the  carbonaceous  shales  is  uncertain. 

Since  the  discovery  of  the  South  African  mines  in  1867,  up  to  1886,  it  has  been  estimated  that 
the  region  has  yielded  stones  aggregating  upward  of  30  million  carats,  of  a  value  of  from  200  to 
250  million  dollars  ;  the  yield  for  1886  was  over  3  million  carats.  (Jb.  Min.,  2,  81,  1887.)  Another 


6  NATIVE  ELEMENTS. 

estimate  (1889)  gives  as  the  amount  obtained  from  Kirnberley's,  De  Beer's,  Du  Toit's  Pan,  and 
Bultfonteiu,  between  Sept.  1882  and  the  end  of  1888,  18  million  carais  valued  at  nearly  100  million 
dollars  ;  further,  the  entire  production  of  the  18  years  (1871-1889  inch)  is  estimated  as  exceeding 
40  million  carats,  or  more  than  eight  tons.  The  single  mine  of  Kimberley  is  said  to  have  yielded 
from  1871  to  the  end  of  1885  about  17|  million  carats  (3£  tons),  while  the  total  amount  of  reef 
and  ground  excavated  exceeded  20  million  tons.  (J.  Soc.  Arts,  Oct.  4,  1889.)  In  1889  the  yield 
is  stated  to  have  been  3  million  carats  valued  at  over  20  million  dollars. 

Diamonds  are  also  obtained  in  some  quantity  in  Borneo,  associated  with  platinum,  etc.:  thus 
on  the  west  in  the  basin  of  the  Kapoeas  river  near  the  town  of  Poutianak,  and  also  in  the  south- 
east near  Bandjermassim.  In  Australia,  in  alluvial  deposits  near  Mudgee  on  the  Cudgegong 
river  and  Bingera  in  the  valley  of  the  Horton  river  in  New  South  Wales.  Other  localities, 
chiefly  in  connection  with  gold-washings,  have  been  noted  in  Victoria,  Queensland,  and  South 
Australia. 

The  Ural  diamonds  were  discovered  in  1829  ;  they  occur  in  the  detritus  along  the  Adolfskoi 
rivulet  near  Bisersk,  where  worked  for  gold,  and  also  at  other  places. 

In  the  United  States  a  few  crystals  have  been  met  with  in  Rutherford  Co.,  N.  C.,  and  Hall 
Co.,  Ga. ;  they  occur  also  at  Portis  mine,  Franklin  Co.,  N.  C.  (Genth) ;  one  handsome  one,  over 
£  in.  in  diameter,  in  the  village  of  Manchester,  opposite  Richmond,  Va. ;  one  weighing  4£  carats 
was  found  in  1886  at  Dysortville,  McDowell  Co.,  N.  C. 

In  California,  at  Cherokee  ravine,  in  Butte  Co.  ;  also  in  N.  San  Juan,  Nevada  Co.  ;  in  French 
Corral,  one  of  1£  carats ;  at  Forest  Hill,  El  Dorado  Co.,  of  1|  carats ;  Fiddletown,  Amador  Co.  ; 
near  Placerviile.  Reported  from  Idaho  and  from  Oregon  with  platinum. 

The  largest  diamond  of  which  we  have  any  knowledge  is  mentioned  by  Tavern ier  (1676)  as 
in  possession  of  the  Great  Mogul.  As  figured  by  him  it  had  the  form  and  size  of  half  a  hen's 
egg.  It  is  stated  to  have  weighed  originally  790  carats,  but  there  is  some  question  as  to  this 
amount,  and  it  may  have  been  much  less.  Some  authors  believe  that  the  Kohinoor  is  identical 
with  this  diamond,  perhaps  reduced  in  size  by  cleavage.*  The  Kohinoor  weighed  when  brought 
to  England  186  carats,  and  as  recut  as  a  brilliant,  it  weighs  now  106  carats.  Other  famous 
diamonds  are:  the  Orlov,  193  carats ;  the  Regent  or  Pitt,  137  carats ;  the  Florentine  or  Grand 
Duke  of  Tuscany,  133  carats  ;  the  Sancy,  53  carats.  The  "  Star  of  the  South,"  found  in  Brazil 
in  1853,  weighed  before  and  after  cutting  respectively  254  and  125  carats.  Also  famous  because 
of  the  rarity  of  their  color  are  the  green  diamond  of  Dresden,  40  carats,  and  the  deep  blue  Hope 
diamond  from  India,  weighing  44  carats.  The  history  of  the  above  stones  and  of  others  is 
given  in  many  works  on  gems. 

Of  more  recent  stones  from  South  Africa  may  be  mentioned  :  The  Victoria  (or  the  Imperial) 
from  one  of  the  Kimberley  mines,  which  weighed  as  found  457  carats  ;  it  was  reduced  to  230 
carats  by  cutting,  and  later  was  recut ;  is  now  said  to  be  a  perfect  brilliant  of  180  carats.  The 
Stewart  weighed  before  and  after  cutting  288  and  120  carats  respectively  ;  the  Star  of  South 
Africa,  83  and  46  carats.  Tbe  Tiffany  diamond,  of  a  brilliant  golden  yellow,  weighs,  cut  as  a 
double  brilliant,  125  carats.  The  colorless  Porter  Rhodes  diamond,  found  at  Kimberley  in  1880, 
weighed  150  carats  uncut.  The  Julius  Pam  diamond,  241£  carats  (uncut)  was  found  at  the  new 
Jagerfonstein  United  mine  in  1889. 

Artif. — Repeated  attempts  to  form  the  diamond  artificially  have  been  unsuccessful ;  further, 
its  method  of  formation  in  nature  is  a  matter  of  vague  hypothesis  and  speculation. 

Ref.— l  See  the  monograph  of  Rose-Sadebeck,  Abh.  Ak.  Berlin,  1876  ;  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  30,  605, 
1878.  Some  of  these  planes  (e.g.,  #,  A.,  u,  2)  must  be  regarded  as  doubtful  because  of  their 
rounded  faces.  Cf.  also  Hirschwald,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  212,  1877  ;  Groth,  Min.  Samml.  Strassb.,  4, 
1878. 

a  Wied.  Ann.,  1,  462,  1877.  3  N.  R.,  p.  7,  1867.  4  Wied.  Ann.,  22,  424,  1884.  8  On  the 
phenomena  accompanying  combustion,  see  Rose,  Pogg.,  148,  497,  1873;  Schrotter,  Ber.  Ak. 
Wien,  63  (1),  462, 1871  ;  E.  v.  Baumhauer,  1.  c.  6  On  inclusions,  see  Goeppert,  Nat.  Vh.  Haarlem, 
1864. 

7  On  the  occurrence  of  diamonds  in  India,  see  V.  Ball,  Geol.  India,  vol.  3,  pp.  1-50,  1881; 
Chaper,  C.  R.,  98,  113,  1884.     In  Brazil,  of  later  writers,  Gorceix,  C.  R.,  93,  981,  1881  ;  Derby, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  34.  1882.     In  South  Africa,  Dunn,  Q.  J.  G.  Soc.,  30,  54,  1874,  33,  879,  1877, 
37,  609.  1881  ;  J.  A.  Roorda  Smit,  Arch.  Neerh,  15,  61,  1880;  A.  Moulle,  Ann.  Mines,  7,  193, 
1885  ;  H.  C.  Lewis,  Proc.  Brit.  Assoc.,  1887.     In  the  Ural,  Kk.,  Min.  Russh,  5,  373,  1866.     In 
New  SouthWales,  Liversidge,  Min.  N.  S.  W.,  116,  1888.      United  States,  Kunz,  Gems  and  Precious 
Stones  of  North  America,  1890. 

8  Diamond  in  meteorites,  Erofeyev  and  Lachinov,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  24,  263,  1884;  Sandb., 
Jb.  Min.,  2,  173,  1889  ;  Will  and  Pinnow,  Ber.  Ch.  Ges.,  23,  345,  1890. 

The  general  literature  contains  such  books  as  the  Edelsteiukunde  of  Kluge  (1871),  Schrauf 
(1869),  Groth  (1887);  Burnham  on  Precious  Stones  (Boston,  1886).  A  good  summary  of  all 
points  in  regard  to  the  diamond  is  given  by  M.  E.  Boutan,  Le  Diamant,  Paris,  1886,  323  pp., 
with  numerous  plates,  etc.;  pp.  312-320  give  a  very  full  bibliography. 

CLIFTONITE.     Fletcher,  Min.  Mag.,  7,  121,  1887. 

In  minute  cubic  crystals,  sometimes  with  dodecahedral  faces,  or  with  those  of  a  low  tetra- 

*  A  discussion  of  this  subject  is  given  in  Ball's  Translation  of  Tavernier's  Travels  in  India, 
London.  1B89. 


CARBON  GROUP— GRAPHITE.  7 

hexahedron.  No  cleavage.  Faces  often  depressed.  H.  —  2*5.  G.  =  2'12.  Color  and  streak 
black.  COMP.— Carbon,  like  graphite,  with  which  it  agrees  in  characters  except  form  and  hard- 
ness. From  the  Youudegin,  West  Australia,  meteoric  iron,  found  in  1884.  Named  after  R.  B. 
Clifton,  Professor  of  Physics  at  Oxford,  England.  Graphitic  crystals,  of  cubo-octahedral  form, 
occur  in  the  Cocke  Co.,  Tenu.  (Sevier)  iron. 

Haidinger  (Pogg. ,  67,  437,  1846)  described  graphite  crystals  from  the  Magura,  Arva  meteorite, 
regarded  by  him  as  pseudomorphs  after  pyrite,  but  suggested  by  Rose  to  be  pseudomorph  after 
diamond,  Beschr.  Meteor.,  40,  1864.  Brezina  has  studied  the  Arva  crystals  further,  identifying 
the  forms  (310,  320) ;  he  shows  that  they  and  the  cliftonite  are  to  be  regarded  as  pseudomorphs 
after  diamond,  Ann.  Mus.  Wien,  4,  102,  1889. 

2.  GRAPHITE.  Plumbago,  Molybdaena,  Bly-Ertz,  Bromell,  Min.,  58,  1739  [not  Plumbago 
Agric.,  Gesner~\.  Blyertz  pt.,  Mica  pictoria  nigra,  Molybdaena  pt.,  Wall.,  131,  1747.  Mica  des 
Peintres,  Crayon,  Fr.  Trl.  Wall.,  1753.  Black  Lead.  Reissblei  (=  Drawing-lead)  Germ.  Molyb- 
dseuum  Linn.,  1768.  Plumbago  Scheele  (proving  its  carbon  nature),  Ak.  H.  Stockholm,  1779. 
Plombagiue  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  1783.  Graphit  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  380,  1789,  Karst.,  Mus.  Lesk.,  2, 
339,  1789.  Melangraphit  Haid.,  Handb.,  513,  1845.  Fer  carbure  Fr.  Grafite,  Pombaggine 
Hal.  Grafita  Span. 

Rhombohedral.     Axis  6  =  1'3859;  0001  A  1011  =  *58°  Kenngott1. 

Forms2:  c  (0001,  0);  a (1120,  «-2);  r  (1011,  R);  t  (2246,  f-2);  s  (1121,  2-2).  Angles :  ct  =  42°  44'; 
C5  =  70°  10';  rr'  =94°  31'. 

In  six-sided  tabular  crystals  striated  ||  edge  c/r,  faces  rarely  distinct.  Com- 
monly in  imbedded  foliated  masses,  also  columnar  or  radiated;  scaly  or  slaty; 
granular  to  compact;  earthy.  Rarely  in  globular  concretions  with  radiated  structure. 
Cleavage:  basal,  perfect,  r  indistinct (?).  Thin  laminae  flexible,  inelastic. 
Feel  greasy.  H.  =  1-2.  G.  =  2'09-2-23;  2'229  Kenng.  Luster  metallic,  some- 
times dull,  earthy.  Color  iron-black  to  dark  steel-gray.  Opaque.  A  conductor  of 
electricity. 

Comp. — Carbon,  like  the  diamond;  often  impure  from  the  presence  of  iron 
sesquioxide,  clay,  etc. 

The  purest  forms  usually  yield  upon  combustion  a  little  ash,  from  a  fraction  of  one  per  cent 
upwards  (see  5th  Ed.  p.  24).  The  specific  gravity  varies  with  the  amount  of  impurities.  Ram- 
melsberg  obtained  as  the  residue  upon  ignition  of  purified  graphite :  Ticonderoga  0'24  p.  c., 
Siberia  (Alibert)  0'60,  Areudal  0*64,  Upernavik  1'97.  Min.  Ch.,  1,  1875. 

Pyr.,  etc. — At  a  high  temperature  some  graphite  burns  more  easily  than  diamond,  other 
varieties  (e.g.  Ticonderoga)  much  less  so  (Rose,  cf.  Rg.  1.  c.).  B.B.  infusible  ;  fused  with  nitre 
in  a  platinum  spoon,  deflagrates,  converting  the  reagent  into  potassium  carbonate,  which  effer- 
vesces with  acids.  Unaltered  by  acids. 

Obs.— Graphite  occurs  in  beds  and  embedded  masses,  laminae,  or  scales,  in  granite,  gneiss, 
mica  schist,  crystalline  limestone.  It  is  in  some  places  a  result  of  the  alteration  by  heat  of  the 
coal  of  the  coal  formation.  Sometimes  met  with  in  basaltic  rocks,  as  with  the  metallic  iron 
of  Ovifak,  Greenland.  It  is  often  observed  in  meteoric  irons3,  either  in  nodules  or  in  veins; 
the  Sevier  iron  yielded  a  nodule  weighing  92  grams.  Cf.  also  Cliftouite. 

A  tine  variety  of  graphite  occurs  at  Borrowdale  in  Cumberland,  in  nests  in  trap,  which 
occurs  in  clay  slate  ;  in  Glenstrathfarrar  in  Inverness-shire,  forms  nests  in  gneiss  ;  at  Arendal  in 
Norway,  in  quartz  ;  at  Pargas  in  Finland  ;  in  the  Urals,  Siberia,  Finland  ;  in  various  parts  of 
Austria-,  at  Passau  in  Bavaria  ;  France  ;  at  Craigmau,  Ayrshire,  it  occurs  in  coal-beds  which 
have  been  altered  by  contact  with  trap.  In  Irkutsk,  in  the  Tunkinsk  Mts.,  in  eastern  Siberia, 
the  Alibert  graphite  mine  affords  some  of  the  best  graphite  of  the  world  and  in  large  quantities 
(Kk.  Min.,  4,  158,  1862).  Large  quantities  are  brought  from  the  East  Indies,  especially  from 
Ceylon. 

Forms  beds  in  gneiss,  at  Sturbridge,  Mass.;  also  at  North  Brookfield,  Brimfield,  and  Hins« 
dale,  Mass.  ;  in  Cornwall,  near  the  Housatonic,  and  in  Ashford,  Conn.  ;  at  Goshen,  Sullivan 
Co.,  N.  H. ;  also  in  Brandon,  Vt. ;  at  Grenville,  Pr.  Q.,  associated  with  titanite  and  wollastonite 
in  granular  limestone.  .Foliated  graphite  occurs  in  large  quantities  at  Ticonderoga,  on  Lake 
George  ;  also  upon  Roger's  Rock,  associated  with  pyroxene  and  titanite.  Near  Amity,  Orange 
Co.,  N.  Y.,  it  is  met  with  in  white  limestone,  accompanying  spinel,  chondrodite,  hornblende, 
etc.;  at  Rossie,  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  N.  Y.,  crystallized  with  iron  ore,  and  in  gneiss  ;  at  Hillsdale, 
Columbia  Co.,  N.  Y.;  at  Bloomingdale,  N.  J.  ;  at  Franklin,  N.  J.,  in  rounded  concretions 
radiated  within  ;  in  Loudon  Co.,  Va.;  in  Wake  Co.,  N.  C.  ;  on  Tiger  River,  and  at  Spartanburgh 
near  the  Cowpens  Furnace.  S.  C.  ;  also  in  Bucks  Co.,  Penn.,  three  miles  from  Attleboro',  associ- 
ated with  wollastonite,  pyroxene,  and  scapolite  ;  and  one  and  a  half  miles  from  this  locality,  it 
occurs  in  abundance  in  syenite,  at  Mansell's  black-lead  mine  ;  also  at  Byers,  Chester  Co.  A 
graphitic  earth  is  mined  for  paint  in  Garland,  Montgomery,  Hot  Spring  and  Polk  Cos.,  Arkansas. 

In   California,  at  Sonora,  Tuolumne  Co.,  a  deposit  was  formerly  worked  ;  occurs  also  at 


8 


NATIVE  ELEMENTS. 


Summit  City,  Alpine  Co.,  near  Fort  Tejon,  Kern  Co.,  Tejunga,  Los  Angeles  Co.,  Boser  Hill. 
Fresno  Co.,  and  elsewhere.  In  Hum  bold  t  Co.,  Nevada  ;  Beaver  Co.,  Utah  ;  Albany  Co., 
Wyoming.  A  large  deposit  occurs  at  St.  John,  New  Brunswick. 

In  the  United  States,  the  mines  of  Ticonderoga  furnish  most  of  the  graphite  mined  commer- 
cially; 550,000  Ibs.  were  produced  in  1883,  415,500  in  1886,  328,000  in  1887;  also  the  Heron  mine 
near  Raleigh,  N.  C.,  yielded  20.000  Ibs.  in  1887. 

The  name  black  lead,  applied  to  this  species,  is  inappropriate,  as  it  contains  no  lead.  The 
name  graphite,  of  Werner,  is  derived  from  ypa<j)eiv,  to  write. 

Artif. — A  common  product  in  iron  furnaces. 

Ref.— '  Ticouderoga,  Min.  Not.,  xiv.  10  ;  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  13,  1854.  Nordenskiold  made  the 
graphite  from  Ersby  and  Storgard  mouoclinic,  Pogg.,  96,  110,  1855.  The  author's  observations 
on  Ticonderoga  crvstals  confirm  Keungott.  Hj,  Sjogreu  has  shown  that  the  species  must  be 
regarded  as  hexagonal,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  41,  No.  4,  29,  1884.  *Cf.  Renug.,  1.  c.— some  doubt 
surrounds  the  measurements  and  planes  because  of  the  extraordinary  flexibility  of  the  material. 
Cf.  Dx.,  Miu.,  2,  23,  1874.  3Meunier,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  17,  46,  1869  ;  J.  L.  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
11,  388,  433,  1876. 

TREMENHEERITE,  Piddington,  Appears  to  be  impure  graphite,  or  is  between  coal  and 
graphite  ;  it  is  scaly  in  structure,  and  highly  metallic  in  luster.  Sent  from  Tenasserim  by 
Cap't.  Tremeuheere.  Cf.  Mallet,  Min.  India,  p.  11,  1887. 

GRAPHITOID  from  the  mica  schists  and  phyllytes  of  the  Saxon  Erzgebirge,  is  a  form  of  com- 
bustible carbon,  burning  in  the  flame  of  a  Buusen  burner.  Analysis:  C  99'76,  H  0*24=  100. 
Occurs  as  an  incrustation,  also  impregnates  the  rock  mass  in  fine  bands.  Sauer,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  37, 
441,  1885. 

SCHTJNGITE,  from  the  Olonets  Government,  Russia,  is  a  similar  amorphous  form  of  carbon 
intermediate  between  anthracite  and  graphite,  occurring  in  phyllite.  Named  (1884)  from  the 
locality  Schunga.  G.  =  1*98.  Contains  0'40  p.  c.  hydrogen.  Inostmnteev,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  97, 
1880;  1,92,  1886. 


2.  Sulphur  Group. 

3.  SULPHUR.     Schwefel  Germ.     Svafvel  Swed.     Soufre  FT.     Solfo  Ital.     Azufre  Span. 

Orthorhoinic.     Axes  a .  :  I  :  b  =  0*81309  :  1  :  1-90339  Koksharov1. 

100  A  HO  =  39°  6'  51",  001  A  101  =  66°  52'  8",  001  A  Oil  =  62°  17'  1". 


Forms2 : 

a  (100,     i-l)  k  (120,  i-2) 

6(010,     i-l)  u(i03,  *-7) 

c(001,      0)  MV101,  1-*) 

J)         0 (013  ,      fi) 
2. 


H) 

i-«) 


w)(023 

7^(011   , 

O(031  ,  3-7 
^(119,  ^ 
OH117,  4) 


2(115 


[f 

1) 


8  (221  ,  2)«  ^  (344  ,  1-f) 

^(331,  3)3  2(135,  f§) 

/?^l^  3  Q\b  35(188  ,  1-3) 

('(313 ;  !-|  «U«1.  3-3) 

r(811,  3-3) 


Figs.  1 — 5,  simple  forms.     6,  Swoszowice,  Zeph.    7,  Phlegraean  Fields,  Sec. 


SULPHUR  GROUP— SULPHUR. 


mm 
kk 

cu 
ce 
uu' 
ee' 


=     78'  14' 

=    63°  ir 

=  37°  58' 
=  66°  52' 
=  75°  56' 
=  133=  44 

=  64°  47' 
=  103°  31' 
=  124°  34' 


c^  =18'  32' 
CGJ  =  23°  i9' 
ct    =  31°    6V 
co    =  37°    2' 
cs    =  45°  10' 
cy   =  56°  28' 
cp    =ir  39f 
cd   =  80°  35V 
cy  =  83°  42' 

eft   =  55°  30' 


cr 
cz 
ex 
cq 
pp* 

tt' 
ss' 

yy1 
pp' 

zz 

=    82'10V 
=    50°  59' 
=    64°    4V 
=    80°  48' 
=  *36°  40V 

=    47°  16' 
=    66°  46', 
=    80°  35' 
=  *94°  52' 
=    34°  17' 

xx'  =  39°  54' 
qq'  =  43°  59' 

tt"'  =  38°  3' 
88'"  =  53°  9' 
yy'"  =  63°  27' 
pp1"  =  73°  34' 
/*/?"'  =  24°  54' 
aa"'  =  27°  59' 
rr"'  =  30°  2V 


Twins7:  tw.  plane  (1)  e  (101),  sometimes  as  symmetrical  penetration  twins; 
(2)  m  rather  rare;  (3)  n  (Oil).  Crystals  commonly  acute 
pyramidal  (figs.  1-4);  sometimes  thick  tabular  ||  c,  also 
sphenoidal  in  habit  (hemihedral  ?),  as  in  f.  6.  Also 
massive,  in  spherical,  reniform  shapes,  iucrusting,  stalac- 
titic  and  stalagmitic;  in  .sL^tier. 

Cleavage :  c,  m,  p  imperfect.  Fracture  conchoidal  to 
uneven.  Rather  brittle  to  imperfectly  sectile.  H.  =  1*5-2*5. 
G-.  =  2*05-2*09.  Luster  resinous.  Color  sulphur-yellow, 
straw-  and  honey-yellow,  yellowish  brown,  greenish,  red- 
dish to  yellowish  gray.  Streak  white.  Transparent  to 
translucent.  A  non-conductor  of  electricity;  by  friction 
negatively  electrified. 

Optically  +.  Double  refraction  strong.  Ax.  plane 
|  b.  Bx  J_  c.  Dispersion  p  <  v.  Axial  angles,  Dx.8 :  Rabbit  Hole,  Nev.5 

2Ha.r  =  103°  18'  fir  -  2-029  ..*.  2Vr  =  69°  2' 
2Ha.y  =  104°  12'  ft?  =  2  043  .*.  2Vy  =  69°  5' 
2Ha.bi  =  106°  16'  /?M  =  2-082  .'.  2Vbi  =  69°  13' 

Refractive  indices,  Schrauf ': 

Na(D  line)          a  =  1-95047         ft  =  2*03832         y  =  2'24052 

Comp.,  Var. — Pure  sulphur;  often  contaminated  with  clay,  bitumen,  and  other 
impurities. 

Sometimes  contains  traces  of  Te,  Se,  etc. ;  an  orange-red  variety  from  Japan  (tellursul- 
phur,  H.  Carvill  Lewis)  gave  Divers  (Ch.  News,  48,  284,  1883)  S  99'76,  Te  0*17,  Se  0  06, 
As  O'Ol  =  100. 

Sulphur  may  also  be  obtained  in  the  laboratory  in  other  allotropic  forms,  see  below. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Melts  at  108°  C.,  and  at  270°  burns  with  a  bluish  flame  yielding  sulphur  dioxide. 
Insoluble  in  water,  and  not  acted  on  by  the  acids,  but  soluble  in  carbon  disulphide. 

Obs.— The  great  repositories  of  sulphur  are  either  beds  of  gypsum  and  the  associate  rocks, 
or  the,  regions  of  active  and  extinct  volcanoes.  In  the  valley  of  Noto  and  Mazzaro,  in  Sicily; 
at  Conil,  near  Cadiz,  in  Spain;  Bex,  in  Switzerland;  Cracow,  in  Poland,  it  occurs  in  the  former 
situation;  near  Bologna,  Italy,  in  tine  crystals,  embedded  in  bitumen.  Sici.y  and  the  neighbor- 
ing volcanic  isles;  the  Solfatara,  near  Naples;  the  volcanoes  of  the  Pacific  ocean,  e.g.,  Kilauea 
on  Hawaii,  etc. ,  are  localities  of  the  latter  kind.  The  crystals  from  Girgenti  in  Sicily  are  some- 
times two  or  three  inches  in  diameter.  It  is  also  deposited  from  hot  springs  in  Iceland;  and 
in  Savoy,  Switzerland,  Hanover,  and  other  countries*  it  is  met  with  in  certain  metallic  veins; 
with  lead  ores  near  Miisen  and  similarly  at  Monte  Poni,  Sardinia.  Near  Cracow  and  in  Upper 
Egypt  there  are  large  deposits,  and  in  the  island  of  Melos.  Abundant  in  the  Chilian  Andes; 
also  obtained  from  China,  Japan,  India,  the  Philippine  islands,  etc. 

Sulphur  is  found  near  the  sulphur  springs  of  New  York,  Virginia,  etc.,  sparingly;  in  many 
coal  deposits  and  elsewhere,  where  pyrites  is  undergoing  decomposition;  in  microscopic  crys- 
tals at  some  of  the  gold  mines  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina;  in  minute  crystals  on  cleavage 
surfaces  of  galena,  Wheatley  mine,  Phenixville,  Pa.;  in  small  masses  in  limestone  on  the  Poto- 
mac, twenty-five  miles  above  Washington;  in  an  extensive  bed  at  Lake  Charles,  Calcasieu 
parish,  La.;  Tom  Green  Co.,  Texas. 

Some  of  the  more  important  deposits  in  the  western  U.  S.  are  the  following:  in  Wyoming, 
in  the  Uintah  Mis.,  30  miles  s.e.  of  Evanston;  in  Nevada  near  Humboldt  House,  Humboldt 
county;  also  in  the  same  county  at  the  Rabbit  Hole  Springs;  Steamboat  Springs,  Washoe  Co.  • 
Columbus,  Esmeralda  Co.  In  southern  Utah  in  large  deposits,  now  mined,  at  Cove  Creek, 
Miliard  county.  In  California,  at  the  geysers  of  Napa  valley,  Sonoma  Co. ;  in  Santa  Barbara 
in  good  crystals;  near  Clear  lake,  Lake  Co.,  a  large  deposit,  with  a  vein  of  cinnabar  cutting 
through  it.  In  the  Yellowstone  Park,  in  deposits  and  about  the  fumaroles 


10  NATIVE  ELEMENTS. 

Artif. — Sulphur  may  also  be  obtained  in  the  laboratory  in  several  other  allotropic  forms. 
As  given  by  Muthmann  n  they  are  as  follows  : 

d:b'.b 

ft-sulpliur    Monoclinic   0'99575  :  1  :  0 "99983        ft  =  84°  14' 
y-mlphuT  1-06094  :  1  :  0 '70944        ft  =  88°  13' 

6  sulphur  "  ? 

e sulphur    Ilhombohedral  ? 

/?-sulphur  is  obtained  from  fusion  in  prismatic  crystals,  often  acicular  or  flattened  ||  100, 
with  100,  110,  210,  Oil,  111,  111;  110  A  HO  =  86°  28'.  This  form  was  early  studied  by 
Mitscherlich.10 

^-sulphur  is  obtained  from  fusion,  also  by  separation  by  chemical  means  from  hot  saturated 
solutions  of  various  compounds ;  habit  thin  tabular  |  010,  with  100,  210,  012,  111,  111. 

tf-sulphur  obtained,  but  with  difficulty,  by  separation  by  chemical  means  at  low  tempera- 
tures in  thin  pseudo-hexagonal  plates. 

e-sulphur  is  the  black  sulphur  (schwarze  Schwefel  of  Magnus)  which,  it  has  been  suggested, 
may  belong  in  the  group  with  metallic  selenium  and  tellurium.  Sulphur  is  also  obtained  in  an 
elastic  rubber-like  form  when  poured  in  the  molten  condition  into  water  ;  this  soon,  however, 
becomes  brittle. 

Ref. — '  Min.  Russl.,  6, 368, 1874,  on  crystals  from  Germany,  Spain,  and  Lower  Egypt .  Zephar- 
ovich  obtained  identical  results  on  crystals  from  Swoszowice,  Jb.  G.  Reichs..  19,  225,  1869. 
Accurate  measurements,  showing  some  variation  in  the  form,  especially  between  natural  and 
artificial  crystals,  have  also  been  made  by  Mitscherlich,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys,,  24,  264,  1823,  and  1.  c. 
below;  Scacchi,  Mem.  G.  Campania,  1849;  Schrauf.  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  41,  794,  1860;  Brezina, 
ib.,  60  (1),  539,  1870;  Arzruni,  Zs  Kr.,  8,  338,  1884;  Molengraaff,  ib.,  14,  43,  1888  ;  Busz,  ib., 
15,  616,  1889. 

8  See  Brezina,  1.  c.,  for  early  authorities;  he  adds  GO,  q,  r,  I  on  artif.  cryst.  3  Friedlander, 
Min.-Samml.  Strassburg,  p.  262,  1878.  4  Fletcher,  Phil.  Mag.,  9,  186,  1880.  5E.  S.  D.,  Rabbit 
Hole,  Nov.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  32,  389, 1886.  6  Molengraaff,  Saba,  W.  I.,  1.  c.  '  Cf.  Rath,  Pogg..  Erg., 
6,  349,  1873;  155,  41,  1875.  e  N.  R.,  93,  1867.  •  1.  c.  10  Abh.  Ak.  Berlin,  June' 26,  1823. 

11  Zs.  Kr.,  17,  336,  1890;  cf.  also  Rg.,  Kr.  Ch.,  45,  1881. 

4.  SELENSULPHUR.    Schwefelselen  Stromeyer,  Schw.  J.,  43,  452,  1825.    Seleuschwefel. 
Volcanite  Adam,  Tabl.  Min.,  54,  1869.     Eolide  Bombicci,  Min.,  2,  186,  1875. 

An  orange-red  or  reddish  brownish  mineral  containing  sulphur  and  selenium,  but  in 
unknown  proportions  ;  occurs  in  crusts  with  sal  ammoniac  on  the  islands  Vulcano  and  Lipari. 
A  seleniferous  sulphur  occurs  at  Kilauea  (J.  D.  D.),  also  in  Japan. 

In  the  laboratory  mixtures  of  sulphur  and  selenium  have  been  obtained  in  crystallized  form. 
Muthmann1  concludes  that  up  to  35  p.  c.  of  Se,  the  form  corresponds  to  the  orthorhombic 
or-sulphur  ;  between  35  and  66  p.  c.  to  ;r -sulphur  ;  more  than  66  p.  c.  to  a-selenium,  which,  it  is 
suggested,  may  correspond  to  5-sulphur.  Cf.  sulphur  and  selenium. 

Ref.—1  Zs.  Kr.,  17,  357,  1890,  also  earlier ;  Rathke,  Lieb.  Ann.,  152,  188,  1869,  and  Betten- 
dorff  and  Rath,  Pogg.,  139,  329,  1870. 

5,  SELENIUM.     Selen  Germ.     Selenio  Ital. 

Del  Rio  has  stated  that  a  mineral  from  Culebras,  Mexico,  which  he  first  announced  as 
selenide  of  mercury  and  zinc  (riolite  of  Brooke),  was  later  found  by  him  to  be  a  mixture  of 
native  selenium  with  selenides  of  mercury,  etc.  No  confidence,  however,  can  be  attached  to  this 
conclusion.  Cf.  Phil.  Mag.,  4,  113,  1828  ;  8,  261,  1836. 

In  the  laboratory  selenium  can  be  obtained  in  several  allotropic  forms.  As  given  by  Muth- 
mann, they  are : 

a  :  b  :  c 

a-selenium    Monoclinic  1 '63495  :  1  :  1'6095        ft  =  75°  58' 

ft-selenium  "  1'5916    :  1  :  M352        ft  =  86°  56' 

y -selenium    Rhombohedral 

a-selenium  is  obtained  from  hot  saturated  solutions  in  carbon  disulphide,  crystals  thin  tabular 
|  001,  of  hexagonal  habit. 

^-selenium  is  obtained  by  the  evaporation  of  cold  saturated  solutions  in  carbon  disulphide 
in  short  thick  prisms,  also  tabular  |  100  and  ||  001 ;  this  form  was  earlier  measured  by 
Mitscherlich. 

^-selenium  or  metallic  selenium  isrhombohedral,  isomorphous  with  tellurium  and  occurs  of 
similar  habit.  G.  =  4'5.  It  is  a  conductor  of  electricity,  but  its  resistance  varies  widely  under  the 
action  of  light, 

It  has  been  assumed  that  the  monocliuic  selenium  of  Mitscherlich  was  isomorphous  with  the 
early  known  monoclinic  sulphur  (Rg.,  Kr.  Ch..  47,  65,  1881),  but  Muthmann's  measurements  fail 
to  show  auv  close  resemblance  in  angle. 


TELLURIUM-ARSENIC   GROUP— SELEN-TELLURIUM,    ETC.  11 

3.  Tellurium- Arsenic  Group. 

6.  SELEN-TELLURIUM.    E.  8.  Dana  and  H.  L.  Wells,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,    78,  1890. 

Massive,  with  indistinct  columnar  structure. 

Cleavage :  hexagonal  prismatic  perfect.  Brittle.  H.  =  2-2*5.  Luster  metallic. 
Color  blackish  gray.  Streak  black.  Opaque. 

Comp. — Tellurium  and  selenium  in  a  ratio  of  nearly  3  :  2. 

Anal.— H.  L.  Wells,  after  deducting  65'68  p.  c.  gangue,  consisting  largely  of  quartz  with 
some  barite: 

Te  70*69  Se  29  "31  =  100 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  very  easily,  coloring  the  flame  blue  with  a  greenish  tinge, 
and  giving  a  strong  characteristic  odor  of  selenium;  the  sublimate  near  the  assay  is  white,  and 
dull  reddish  at  a  distance.  In  the  closed  tube  a  nearly  black  sublimate  with  a  reddish  edge 
above  (Se),  and  below  drops  with  metallic  luster  (Te).  In  the  open  tube  a  grayish  sublimate  with 
a  reddish  fringe,  and  above  this  volatile  crystals  of  SeO2;  and  below  near  the  assay  a  copious 
sublimate  of  TeO2,  fusing  into  colorless  drops. 

Obs. — Occurs  embedded  in  a  gangue  consisting  largely  of  quartz  with  some  barite  at  the 
El  Ploino  silver  mine,  Ojoiona  district,  Tegucigalpa,  Honduras. 

7.  TELLURIUM.    Aurum  paradoxum  vel  problematicum  Muller  v.  Reichenstein,  Phys. 
Arb.,  Wien,  1,  1782.     Sylvanite  Kirwan,  Min.,  2,324,  1796.    Gediegen-Tellur  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  3, 
2,  1802.     Tellur,  Gediegeu  Sylvan  Germ.     Tellure  natif  auro-ferrifere  H.     Telluric  ItaL 

Ehombohedral.     Axis  6  =  1*3298;  0001  A  lOll  =  *56°  55$'  Rose1. 
Forms:  c  (0001,  0);  m  (1010,  7) ;  r  (1011,  B) ;  n  (0111,  -1).     Angles:  rr'  =  93°  3',  rr,  =  49°  32. 

Crystals  minute  hexagonal  prisms  with  r,  or  both  r  and rt  and  then  hexagonal 
in  aspect.  Commonly  massive,  columnar  to  fine  granular. 

Cleavage:  m  perfect;  c  imperfect.    Somewhat  brittle.    H.  =  2-2'5. 
G.  —  6-1-6-3.     Luster  metallic.     Color  and  streak  tin-white. 

Comp. — Tellurium,  with  sometimes  a  little  selenium,  also  gold,  iron,  etc.  A 
specimen  from  Nagyag  afforded  Petz  (Pogg.,  57,  477,  1842):  Tellurium  97 '21 5, 
and  gold  2*785,  with  a  trace  of  iron  and  sulphur.  Another  from  Faczebaja  gave 
von  Foullon  :  Te  93*31,  Se  6'69  =  100,  after  deducting  pyrite  12*40  p.  c., 
quartz  MO,  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  269,  1884. 

Pyr. — In  the  open  tube  fuses,  giving  a  white  sublimate  of  tellurium  dioxide, 
which  B  B.  fuses  to  colorless  transparent  drops.  On  charcoal  fuses,  volatilizes 
almost  entirely,  tingeiug  the  flame  green,  and  giving  a  white  coating. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  the  mine  of  Maria  Loretto,  near  Zalathna,  in  Transylvania 
(whence  the  name  Sylvan  and  Sylvanite),  in  sandstone,  accompanying  quartz, 
pyrite,  and  gold.     In  Boulder  county.  Colorado,  at  the  Red  Cloud  mine  ;  also  in        Artif.  cryst. 
Magnolia  district  at  the  Keystone,  Dun  Raven,  and  other  mines  ;  in  the  Ballerat 
district  at  the  Smuggler  mine  ;  in  Centra,]  district  at  the  John  Jay  mine  in  large  masses.    An 
impure  variety  from  the  Mountain  Lion  mine  has  been  called  Lionite  (Berdell). 

Ref.— i  Rose,  Abh.  Ak.  Berlin,  84,  1849;  also  on  artif.  cryst.,  s  (1121  2-2).  Penfield 
obtained  on  brilliant  artif.  crystals,  rr'  =  93°  107  (priv.  contr.) ;  von  Foullon,  on  Faczebaja 
crystals,  mr  =  33°  6'  (1.  c.). 

8.  ARSENIC.    Gediegen  Arsenik,  Arsen,  Scherbenkobalt,  Germ.     Arsenic  natif  Fr.    Ar- 
senico  nativo  Ital.,  Span. 

Rhombohedral.     Axis  6  =  1-4013;  0001  A  1011  =  58°  17'  Zepharovich1. 

Forms  :   r  (1011,  R);  also  artif.  cryst.,  c  (0001,  0);   z  (1014,  -f  J);    e  (01 12,  -  i):    h  (0332,  -  f). 
Angles :  rr'  =  *94°  54',  cz  =  22°  If,  ce  =  38°  58f ,  ch  =  67°  36',  zz'  =  37°  54',  ee'  =  66°  Of. 

Twins :  tw.  plane  e.  Natural  crystals  rare,  usually  acicular.  Generally  gran- 
ular massive;  sometimes  reticulated,  reniform,  and  stalactitic  (Scherbenkobalt 
Germ.).  Structure  rarely  columnar. 

Cleavage:  c  highly  perfect;  e  imperfect.  Fracture  uneven  and  fine  granular. 
Brittle.  H.  =  3-5.  G.  =  5  63-5-73.  Luster  nearly  metallic,  Color  and  streak 
tin -white,  tarnishing  soon  to  dark  gray. 


12  NATIVE  ELEMENTS. 

Comp.  —  Arsenic,  often  with  some  antimony,  and  traces  of  iron,  silver,  gold,  or 
bismuth. 

Anal.  Janovsky  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  71  (1),  276,  1875)  from  Joachimsthal  :  As  90'91,  Sb  1'56, 
Ni  4-64,  Fe  2'07,  SiO2  0'55,  Mn,  S  tr.  =  99'73.  A  variety  from  Valtellina,  with  G.  =  5'777,  con. 
tained  83  to  10'8  p.  c.  Sb,  Bizzarri  and  Campani,  Zs.  Kr.,  12,  194,  1886. 

Pyr.  —  B.B.  on  charcoal  volatilizes  without  fusing,  coats  the  coal  with  white  arsenic  trioxide, 
and  affords  a  garlic  odor;  the  coating  treated  in  R.  F.  volatilizes,  tiugeing  the  flame  blue. 

Obs.—  Native  arsenic  commonly  occurs  in  veins  in  crystalline  rocks  and  the  older  schists, 
and  is  often  accompanied  by  ores  of  antimony,  ruby  silver,  realgar,  sphalerite,  and  other  metallic 
minerals. 

The  silver  mines  of  Freiberg,  Annaberg,  Marienberg,  and  Schneeberg  afford  it  in  consider- 
able quantities;  also  Joachimsthal  in  Bohemia,  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz,  Kapnikand  Orawitza 
in  Hungary,  Kongsberg  in  Norway,  Zmeov  in  Siberia  in  large  masses,  and  at  St.  Maria  aux 
Mines  in  Alsace;  also  Mt.  Coma  dei  Darden,  Valtellina,  Italy.  Abundant  at  the  silver  mines 
at  Chanar9illo,  and  elsewhere  in  Chili;  at  the  argentiferous  mines  of  San  Augustin,  Hidalgo, 
Mexico,  and  Kapanga  gold  mine,  New  Zealand. 

In  the  U.  S.  at  Haverhill,  N.  H.,  in  thin  layers  in  dark-blue  mica  slate;  also  at  Jackson, 
N.  H.;  on  the  E.  flank  of  Furlong  Mtn.,  Greenwood,  Me.  In  nodules  in  a  silver  and  gold  mine 
near  Leadville,  Colorado.  Watson  Creek,  Fraser  R.,  British  Columbia. 

The  name  arsenic  is  derived  from  the  Greek  dppeviKov  or  apcrertKor,  masculine,  a  term 
applied  to  orpiment  or  sulphide  of  arsenic,  on  account  of  its  potent  properties. 

Alt.—  Oxidizes  on  exposure,  producing  a  black  crust,  which  is  a  mixture  of  arsenic  and 
arsenolite  (As3O3),  also  producing  pure  arsenolite. 

Ref.—  !  Joachimsthal,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  71  (1),  272,  1875.  Rose  gives  for  artif.  crystals  rr'  = 
94°  56',  Abh.  Ak.  Berlin,  82,  1849  ;  Miller  gives  rr'  =.  94'  19',  Miu.  p.  117,  1852. 

ARSENOLAMPRITE.—  C.  Hintze,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  606,  1886.  Arsenik-wismuth,  Werner;  arsen- 
glanz,  hypotyphit,  BreitJiaupt. 

Apparently  an  allotropic  form  of  arsenic.  Massive,  with  fibrous  foliated  structure,  showing 
one  cleavage.  H.  =2.  G.  ==  5'3-5-5.  Luster  metallic,  brilliant.  Color  lead-gray.  Streak 
black.  Composition,  nearly  pure  arsenic.  Werner's  mineral  contained  3  p.  c.  bismuth  ;  a 
specimen  examined  by  Frenzel  (Jb.  Min.,  677,  1874)  gave:  As  95*86,  Bi  1'Gl,  Fe  101, 
S  0'99  =  99'47.  The  original  arsenglanz  is  from  Marienberg,  Saxony;  also  reported  from  Marv 
kirch  in  Alsace.  Hintze  obtained:  As  98'43,  Fe  1*00,  SiO2  0'05  ;  his  mineral  was  fromCopiapo, 
Chili.  Differs  from  ordinary  arsenic  in  structure,  softness,  lower  specific  gravity  and  brilliant 
luster;  the  last  character  suggests  the  name  from  XanitpoS  lustrous. 


9.  ALLEMONTITE.    Antimoine  natif  arsenifere  H.,  Tr.  4,  281,  1822.   Arsenikspiessglanz 
Zippe,  Vh.  Ges.  Mus.  Bohmen,  1824,  102.     Arsenik-Antimon  Hausm.     Arsemure  d'Antimoine 
Fr.     Antimon-Arsen,  Arsenantimon,  Gei'm.     Arsenical  Antimony.    Allemontit,  Haid.,  Handb., 
557,  1845 

Rhombohedral.  In  reniform  masses  and  amorphous;  structure  curved  lamel- 
lar; also  fine  granular. 

H  =  3-5.  G.  =  6-203,  Eg.  Luster  metallic,  occasionally  splendent;  some- 
times dull.  Color  tin-white  or  reddish  gray;  often  tarnished  brownish  black.  • 

Comp.  —  SbAs3  =  Arsenic  65  -2,  antimony  34'8. 

Analysis,  Rg.  (Pogg.,  62,  137,  1844),  Allemont:  Arsenic  [62  -15],  antimony  37'85  =  100. 

Pyr.  —  B.B.  emits  fumes  of  arsenic  and  antimony,  and  fuses  to  a  metallic  globule,  which 
takes  fire  and  burns  away,  leaving  antimony  trioxide  on  the  charcoal. 

Obs.—  Occurs  sparingly  at  Allemont;  Pribram  in  Bohemia,  associated  with  sphalerite, 
antimony,  siderite,  etc.  ;  Schladming  in  Styria;  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz. 

ANTIMONIAL  ARSENIC.  —  An  antimonial  arsenic,  containing,  according  to  Schultz  (Rg.,  Min. 
Ch.,  984,  1860),  7'97  p.  c.  of  antimony,  occurs  at  the  Palmbaum  mine,  near  Marienberg  in 
Saxony.  A  similar  compound,  consisting,  according  to  Genth  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  33,  191,  1862),  of 
arsenic  90'82  and  antimony  9'18  (=  17  As  +  1  Sb),  occurs  at  the  Ophir  mine,  Washoe  Co.,  Cali- 
fornia. in  finely  crystalline,  and  somewhat  radiated*,  reniform  masses,  between  tin  -white  and 
iron-black  on  a  fresh  fracture,  but  grayish  black  on  tarnishing,  associated  with  arsenolite,  calcite, 
and  quartz. 

10.  ANTIMONY.    Gediget  Spitsglas  (fr.    Sahlberg)  j>.   Swab.,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.;  10,  100. 
1748,   Gronst.,   Min.,  201,   1758.     Spiesglas,   Gediegen  Antimon   Germ.    Antimoine  natif  Fr. 
Antimonio  nativo  Ital.,  Span. 

Rhombohedral.     Axis  6  =  1-32362;  0001  A  1011  =  56°  48'  12"  Laspeyres1. 


TELL  URIUM  ARSENIC    GRO UP— ANTIMONY— BISMUTH.  1 3 

Forms2:  c  (0001,  0);  r  (1011,  R),  2  (1014,  -f  ±);  «  (0112,  — -J);  also  on  artif.  crystals3 
a  (1120,  t-2;,  *  (0221,  -  2),  2  (2358,  -  £*). 

cz  =  20°  55'  <*  =  37°  28'  22'  =    36°  1'  «?'  =    63°  27' 

cr  =  56°  48'  e*  =  71°  53'  rr'=  *92°  53'  10"  ss'  =  110°  47V. 

Twins4 :  tw  plane  e,  in  complex  groups,  fourlings  and  sixlings,  also  polysyn- 
thetic.  Generally  massive,  lamellar  and  distinctly  cleavable;  also  radiated;  some- 
times botryoidal  or  reniform  with  a  granular  texture. 

Cleavage3:  c  highly  perfect ;  e  distinct;  s  sometimes  distinct ;  a  indistinct. 
Fracture  uneven;  very  brittle.  H.  =  3-3 '5.  G.  =  6*65-6*72.  Luster  metallic. 
Color  and  streak  tin-white. 

Comp. — Antimony,  containing  sometimes  silver,  iron,  or  arsenic. 

Pyr. — B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses,  gives  a  white  coating  in  both  O.  F.  and  R.  F.;  if  the  blowing 
be  intermitted,  the  globule  continues  to  glow,  giving  off  white  fumes,  until  it  is  finally  crusted 
over  with  prismatic  crystals  of  antimony  trioxide.  The  white  coating  tinges  the  R.  F.  bluish 
green.  Crystallizes  readily  from  fusion. 

Occurs  in  lamellar  concretions  in  granular  limestone  near  Sala  in  Sweden;  at  Andreasberg 
in  the  Harz  ;  in  argentiferous  veins  in  gneiss  at  Allemont  in  Dauphine;  at  Pfibram  in  Bohemia; 
in  Mexico;  Huasco,  Chili;  Sarawak  in  Borneo;  at  Warren,  N.  J. ;  in  Kern  Co.,  Cal.,  between 
Kernville  and  Havilah;  in  argillyte  at  South  Ham,  Canada;  in  considerable  quantities  at  Prince 
William  parish,  York  Co.,  N.  Brunswick,  cf.  Kunz.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  30,  275,  1885. 

Alt. — Oxidizes  on  exposure  and  forms  valentinite  (Sb2O3). 

Ref.— '  On  artif.  cryst.,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  27,  574,  1875;  Rose  obtained  rr'  =  92°  25'  and 
e  =  1-3068,  Abh.  Ak.  Berlin,  73,  1849.  *  Andreasberg,  described  by  Romer,  Jb.  Min.,  310, 
1848,  but  shown  by  Rose  to  be  complex  twins,  with  tw.  plane  e.  3  Lasp.  1.  c.  4  Lasp.  1.  c.,  also 
Mgg.,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  40,  1884,  1,  183,  1886. 


11.  BISMUTH.  Bisemutum,  Plumbum  cinereum,  Agric.,  Foss.,  439,  Interpr.  467.  Anti- 
monium  femininum,  Tectum  Argenti,  Alchem.  Gediegen  Wismuth  Germ.  Bismuth  natif  FT. 
Bismuto  native  Ital,,  Span. 

Rhombohedral.     Axis  6  =  1-3036;  0001  A  1011  =  56°  24£'  Rose1. 
Forms1  :  c  (0001,  0)  ;    r  (1011,  R)  ;    e  (0112,  -  }),     g  (0445,  -  |)2,     *  (0221,  -  2). 
«' 


Forms1  :  c  (0001,  0)  ;    r  (1011,  R)  ;    e  (0112,  -  }),     g  (0445,  -  |)2,     *  (0221,  -  2). 
Angles:  rr'  —  *92°  20',  ce  =  36°  58',  eg  =  50°  18',  c*  =  71°  37V,  ee'  =  62°  46',  gg'  =  83°  33V, 
'  =  110°  33'. 

Twins:  tw.  plane  e,  sometimes  produced  by  pressure3.  Natural  crystals  rare 
and  usually  indistinct;  artificial  crystals  in  parallel  groups  of  cube-like  rhombohe- 
drons.  Usually  in  reticulated  and  arborescent  shapes;  foliated  and  granular. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect,  s  less  so;  e  indistinct.  Sectile.  Brittle,  but  when  heated 
somewhat  malleable.  H.  =  2-2*5.  G.  =  9*70-9*83.  Luster  metallic.  Streak  and 
color  silver-white,  with  a  reddish  hue;  subject  to  tarnish.  Opaque. 

Comp.,  Yar.  —  Pure  bismuth,  with  occasional  traces  of  arsenic,  sulphur,  tellurium. 


etc.  —  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  and  entirely  volatilizes,  giving  a  coating  orange  yellow 
while  hot,  and  lemon-yellow  on  cooling.  Fuses  at  265°  C.  Dissolves  in  nitric  acid;  subsequent 
dilution  causes  a  white  precipitate.  Crystallizes  readily  from  fusion. 

Obs.  —  Bismuth  occurs  in  veins  in  gneiss  and  other  crystalline  rocks  and  clay  slate,  accom- 
pany ing  various  ores  of  silver,  cobalt,  lead  and  zinc.  It  is  most  abundant  at  the  silver  and  cobalt 
mines  of  Saxony  and  Bohemia,  as  at  Schneeberg,  Altenberg,  Joachimsthal,  Johanngeorgenstadt, 
etc.,  with  various  bismuth  minerals  at  Meymac,  Corr£ze,  France.  Also  at  Modum  and  Gjelle- 
bak  in  Norway,  at  Falun  and  elsewhere  in  Sweden.  At  Schneeberg  it  forms  arborescent 
delineations  in  brown  jasper.  At  Wheal  Sparnon,  near  Redruth,  and  elsewhere  in  Cornwall, 
ami  at  Carrock  Fells  iu  Cumberland,  it  is  associated  with  ores  of  cobalt;  formerly  from  near  Alva 
in  Stirlingshire;  in  a  large  and  rich  vein  at  the  Atlas  mine,  Devonshire;  at  San  Antonio,  near 
Cppiapo,  Chili  ;  Mt.  Illampa  (Sorata)  and  Tazna.  in  Bolivia.  In  Victoria;  the  New  England 
district,  at  Glen  Inness,  Kingsgate  and  elsewhere,  New  South  Wales. 

At  Lane's  mine  in  Monroe,  Conn.,  it  is  associated  in  small  quantities  with  wolframite, 
scheelite,  galena,  sphalerite,  etc..  in  quartz,  also  at  Booth's  mine,  Monroe;  occurs  also  at 
Brewer's  mine.  Chesterfield  district.  South  Carolina;  near  Cummins  City,  Colorado;  also  in 
the  placers  of  French  Creek,  Summit  Co.,  and  the  Las  Animus  mine,  Boulder  Co.  (Randall). 

Ref.—  i  Abh.  Ak.  Berlin,  90,  1849.  2  Fletcher,  Phil.  Mag.,  9,  185,  1880.  a  Mgg.,  Jb.  Min., 
1,  183,  1886. 


14 


NATIVE  ELEMENTS. 


12.  ZINC.    Zink  Germ,     Zinco  Ital. 

Rhombohedral.     Axis  c  -  1'35643;  0001  A  1011  =  *57°  26'6'  Williams  and  Burton1. 

Forms1 :  c  (0001,  0),  q  (4047,  f),  s  (2023,  f),  r  (1011,  R),  t  (3032,  f ),  u  (6061,  6);  also  doubt- 
ful «  (5052,  |),  w  (8083,  f),  a  (4041,  4),  y  (13-0-13'3,  -1/);  also  the  corresponding  negative  forms 
TI  (0111,  -  1),  etc.  Angles:  c?  =  41°  50',  cs  =  46°  14',  ct  =  66°  57',  cu  =  83°  55|',  rrl  =  49°  51', 
rr  =  93°  46'. 

Obtained  artificially  in  hexagonal  prisms  with  tapering  pyramids,  strongly  striated  horizon- 
tally— these  are  either  barrel-shaped  or  tabular;  also  in  complex  crystalline  aggregates. 
Zinc  also  appears  to  crystallize  in  the  isometric  system,  at  least  in  various  alloys'2 

Cleavage:  c  perfect;  also  rhombohedral  (?).  Rather  brittle.  Percussion-figure  parallel  to 
edges  CT  and  C-TI.  H.  =  2.  G.  =  6'9-7'2.  Luster  metallic.  Color  and  streak  white,  slightly  gray- 
ish. Zinc  fuses  at  420°  C.  and  boils  at  about  1000°  C. 

Obs. — Native  zinc  has  been  reported  from  near  Melbourne,  Australia  (see  5th  Ed.  p.  17);  also 
from  northeastern  Alabama,  Am.  J.  Sc. ,  11,  234,  1876;  also  with  sphalerite  in  Shasta  Co.,  Cal. 
Its  existence  in  nature,  however,  needs  confirmation. 

Ref.— *  Am.  Ch.  J.,  11,  219,  1889.  Cf.  also  Rose,  Pogg.,  83,  129, 1851.  2  Noggerath,  ibid., 
39,  323,  1836.  Cf.  Rose,  ib.,  85,  293,  1852,  107,  448,  1859.  J.  P.  Cooke,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  31,  194, 
1861. 


,    4.  Gold  Group. 

13.  GOLD.    Sol  Alchem.     Gediegen  Gold  Germ.     Gediget  Guld  Swed.    Or  natif  Fr.    Ore 
nativo  Ital. ,  Span. 

Isometric.     Observed  forms1 : 


(100,  i-i 
,  *) 
,  1) 


7*  (410,  *-4)« 
/(310,  *-8)» 
k  (520,  «-f)3 


1. 


,  e-2) 
v  (811 ,  8-8)4 
ju  (411,  4-4)6? 


2. 


m  (311 ,  3-3) 
w  (211,  2-2)? 
t  (421 ,  4-2) 


s(321,  3-|)2 

x  (18-101 ,  18-§)T 


Fig.  1,  California,  Alger9.     3,  Ural,  Rose.     4,  Ural,  Helmhacker. 
5,  6,  California,  E.  S.  D.7 


GOLD    GROUP— GOLD. 


15 


Twins:  tw.  pi.  o,  often  flattened  ||  o;  also  repeated  and  in  complex  groups8. 


Forms  d,  o  common,  also  m.  Crystals  often  elongated  in 
direction  of  an  octahedral  axis,  giving  rise  to  rhombohe- 
dral  forms  (as  m  in  f.  7,  8),  and  with  parallel  grouping  to 
arborescent  shapes ;  also  in  plates  flattened  ||  0,  and  branch- 
ing at  60°  parallel  either  to  the  edges  or  diagonals  of  an  o 
face.  Skeleton  crystals  common;  edges  often  salient,  or 
again  much  rounded  (f.  1,  4).  Crystals  irregularly  dis- 
torted and  passing  into  filiform,  reticulated,  dendritic 
shapes,  and  occasionally  spongiform.  Also  massive  and  in 
thin  laminae;  often  in  flattened  grains  or  scales  and  rolled 
masses  in  sand  or  gravel. 

Cleavage  none.  Fracture  hackly.  Very  malleable  and 
ductile.  H.  =  2 -5-3.  G.  =  15-6-19-3,  19-33  when  pure, 
Rose.  Luster  metallic.  Color  and  streak  gold-yellow, 
sometimes  inclining  to  silver-white  and  rarely  to  orange- 
red.  Opaque. 

Comp.,  Tar. — Gold,  but  usually  alloyed  with  silver  in 
varying  amounts  and  sometimes  containing  also  traces  of 
copper  or  iron;  rare  varieties  with  palladium,  rhodium 
and  bismuth  have  been  described. 


7. 


White  Bull 
Oregon,  E. 


Mine, 
S.  D.1 


Var.— 1.  Ordinary.  Containing  up  to  16  p.  c.  of  silver.  Color  varying  accordingly  from 
deep  gold-yellow  to  pale  yellow,  and  specific  gravity  from  19'3  to  15'5.  The  ratio  of  gold  to 
silver  of  3  :  1  corresponds  to  15 '1  p.  c.  silver. 

The  purest  gold  which  has  been  described  is  that  from  Mount  Morgan,  in  Queensland, which 
has  yielded  99'?  to  99 '8  of  gold,  the  remainder  being  copper  with  a  little  iron;  silver  is  present 
only  as  a  minute  trace  (Leibius,  R.  Soc.  N.  S.  W.,  18,  37.  1884).  Gold  from  Maryborough, 
Victoria,  assayed  99'3  p.  c.  The  purest  Uralian  specimen  analyzed  by  Rose  gave:  Au  98'96, 
Ag  0-16.  Cu  035.  Fe  0'05  =  99'52,  with  G.  =  1910. 

2.  Argentiferous;  Electrum.  AevxoS  XPV(TO*  Herod.  ;"H\.eKrpov  Homer,  Strabo;  Electrum 
Plin.,  33,  23.  Oroche  Span.  Color'pale  yellow  to  yellowish-white;  G.  =  15'5-12'5.  Ratio  for 
the  gold  and  silver  of  1 :  1  corresponds  to  36  p.  c.  of  silver;  H  :  1,  to  26  p.  c.;  2 :  1,  to  21  p.  c.; 
21  : 1.  to  18  p.  c.  Pliny  says  that  when  the  proportion  of  silver  in  the  gold  is  one-fifth  (=  20  p.  c. ) 
it  is  called  electrum.  The  word  in  Greek  means  also  amber;  and  its  use  for  this  alloy  probably 
arose  from  the  pale  yellow  color  it  has  as  compared  with  gold. 

Electrura  from  Verespatak  has  afforded  38*7  p.  c.  Ag,  from  the  Altai  38*4  p.  c.,  from  New 
Granada  17  6  to  351  p.  c.,  from  Peru  20  p.  c.  See  5th  Ed.  pp.  4,  5.  The  Bodie  electrum  has 
G.  =  1515,  and  contains  Au  63'34,  Ag  36'41  =99'75.  (Hanks.  4th  Cal.  Min.  Rep.,  191,  1884.) 
A  specimen  from  Montgomery  Co.,  Va.,  gave  Porcher :  Au  65'31,  Ag  [34'01],  Cu  014,  Fe  0'20, 
quartz  0'34  =  100;  G.  =  15'46,  Ch.  News,  44,  189,  1881. 

3.  Palladium-Gold.  Porpezite  Frobel.  A  variety  from  "  Porpez,"  Brazil,  containing  10  p.  c. 
of  palladium,  besides  some  silver,  color  pale ;  also  from  Jacutinga  and  Condonga  with  5  to  6 
p.  c.  Pd.  Porpez,  however,  is  probably  a  corruption  of  PompeO,  an  old  mining  settlement  near 
Sahara,  in  which  vicinity  palladium-gold  occurs  rather  abundantly  (Derby,  priv.  contr.).  A  speci- 
men from  Taguaril,  Minns  Geraes,  crave  Seamon:  Au  91 '06,  Pd  8-21,  Ch'.  News,  46,  216,  1882. 

4.  Rhodium-Gold.     Rhodite,  Adam,  TaU.  Min.,  83,  1869.     Contains,  according  to  del  Rio 
(Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  29,  137,  1825),  34-43  p.  c.  of   rhodium;  G.  =  15'5-16'8.     Brittle.     Requires 
ree"xamination. 

5.  Bismuth-Gold.     Black  gold  Austr.   miners.     Maldonite   Ulrich,  Contrib.  Min.  Victoria, 
1870.     Corresponds  to  Au2Bi  =  Gold  65 -5,  bismuth  34'5  =  100.     Newbery  (I.e.)  found  Au  64  5, 
Bi  35-5;  and  Mclvor  Au  6512,  Bi  34'88  =  100,  Ch.  News.  55,  191,  1887.     Color  pinkish  silver- 
white,  tarnishing  on  exposure.     Luster  metallic.     Occurs  in  quartz  from  Nuggety  Reef,  Maidon, 
Victoria.     Shepard's  doubtful  bismuthaurite,  or  bismuthic  gold,  may  be  similar. 

California  gold  is  mostly  from  87  to  89  per  cent  fine,  the  average  being  88  (U.  S.  Mint); 
many  analyses,  however,  run  up  to  95  p.  c.  or  higher,  while  others  are  classed  with  electrum. 
The  gold  from  Chaudiere,  Canada,  contains  10  to  15  p.  c.  silver,  that  of  Nova  Scotia  is  nearly 
pure.  For  the  Australian  gold  (Miller,  Liversidge),  that  from  Victoria  contains  about  96  p.  c. 
gold,  3'5  silver,  and  0'5  of  other  metals.  North  of  this  in  New  South  Wales  the  average  fine- 
ness is  93'5  gold,  6  p.  c.  silver,  the  assays  ranging  mostly  from  90  to  96.  In  Queensland  the 
average  is  87  25  p.  c.  gold  and  12  p.  c.  silver,  and  for  Maryborough  85  p.  c.  gold  and  14  p.  c. 
silver.  Farther  north  the  gold  becomes  richer  again,  that  from  the  Palmer  river  washings  con- 
taining but  little  silver;  that  of  Mt.  Morgan  (as  noted  above)  is  nearly  pure.  The  New  Zealand 
gold  of  the  Otago,  or  southern  fields,  is  said  to  contain  less  than  6  p.  c.  silver  with  a  little  copper, 
that  of  Nelson  10  to  14  p.  c.  silver,  and  that  of  the  Thames  or  northern  fields  over  30  p.  c.  silver 
'S.  H.  Cox,  Trans.  N.  Z.  Inst.  14,  446,  1881). 


10  NATIVE  ELEMENTS. 

Rose  (1.  c.,  p.  191)  gives  the  following  determinations  of  specific  gravity  and  silver  percent 
age  from  Uralian  specimens. 

G.  Ag                          G.  Ag  G.  Ag 

1910  0-16  17-59  902  16'87  13'19 

18-44  5-23  17-48  10  65  17-06  16  15 

17-955  8-35  17'40  12'07  14'56  fc8'38 

For  analyses,  see  5th  Ed.  pp.  4,  5,  and  authorities  there  mentioned,  especially  Rose,  Pogsr., 
23,  161,  1831;  Avdeyev,  ib.,  53,  158,  1841,  for  the  Ural.  Forbes,  Phil.  Mag.;  29,  129:  30,  142, 
1865;  and  Boussiugault.  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  34,  408,  1827,  for  So.  America;  also,  Domeyko,  Min. 
Chili.  E.  W.  Ward  (in  Clarke's  Researches  in  Southern  Gold  Fields,  Sydney,  I860,  p.  276)  for 
Australia,  also  Liversidge,  Min.  N.  S.  W.,  1888,  pp.  14-17.  Levol,  Aim.  Ch.  Phys  ,  27,  310, 
1849,  tor  Africa.  O.  C.  Marsh,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  32,  395,  1831,  Nova  Scotia. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  easily.  Not  acted  on  by  fluxes.  Insoluble  in  any  single  acid;  soluble 
in  nitro-hydrochloric  acid  (aqua-regia),  the  separation  is  not  complete  if  more  than  20  p.  c.  Ag 
is  present  (Rose). 

Observations. — Native  gold  is  found,  when  in  situ,  with  comparatively  small  exceptions,  in 
the  quartz  veins  that  intersect  metamorphic  rocks,  and  to  some  extent  in  the  wall  rock  of  these 
veins.  The  metamorphic  rocks  thus  intersected  are  mostly  chloritic,  talcose,  and  argillaceous 
schist  of  dull  green,  dark  gray,  and  other  colors;  also,  much  less  commonly,  mica  and  horn- 
bleudic  schist,  gneiss,  diorite,  porphyry;  and  still  more  rarely,  granite.  A  laminated  quartzyte, 
called  itacolumyte,  is  common  in  many  gold  regions,  as  those  of  Brazil  and  North  Carolina,  and 
sometimes  specular  schists,  or  slaty  rocks  containing  much  foliated  specular  iron  (hematite),  or 
magnetite  in  grains.  A  quartzose  conglomerate  is  sometimes  richly  auriferous  as  in  Transvaal. 
Less  frequently  calcite  is  the  vein  material,  as  at  Miuersville,  Trinity  Co.,  Cal.  (Diller),  and  at 
many  points  in  New  South  Wales  (Liversidge).  Gold  has  also  been  noted  in  scales  embedded 
in  serpentine. 

The  gold  occurs  in  the  quartz  in  strings,  scales,  plates,  and  in  masses  which  are  sometimes 
an  agglomeration  of  crystals;  and  the  scales  are  often  invisible  to  the  naked  eye,  massive  quartz 
that  apparently  contains  no  gold  frequently  yielding  a  considerable  percentage  to  the  assayer. 
It  is  always  very  irregularly  distributed,  and  never  in  continuous  pure  bands  of  metal,  like  many 
metallic  ores.  It  occurs  both  disseminated  through  the  mass  of  the  quartz,  and  in  its  cavities, 
the  larger  masses  and  the  finer  crystallizations  mainly  in  the  latter. 

The  associated  minerals  are  :  pyrite,  which  far  exceeds  in  quantity  all  others,  and  is  gener- 
ally auriferous;  next,  chalcopyrite,  galena,  sphalerite,  arseno  pyrite,  each  frequently  auriferous; 
often  tetradymite  and  other  tellurium  ores,  native  bismuth,  native  arsenic,  stibnite,  cinnabar, 
magnetite,  hematite;  sometimes  barite,  scheelite,  apatite,  fluorite.  siderite,  chrysocolla.  The 
quartz  at  the  surface,  or  in  the  upper  part  of  a  vein,  is  usually  cellular  and  rusted  from  the  more 
or- less  complete  disappearance  of  the  pyrite  and  other  sulphides  by  decomposition ;  but  below, 
it  is  commonly  solid. 

The  gold  of  the  world  has  been  mostly  gathered,  not  directly  from  the  quartz  veins  (the 
*'  quartz  reefs"  of  Australia),  but  from  the  gravel  or  sands  of  rivers  or  valleys  in  auriferous 
regions,  or  the  slopes  of  mountains  or  hills,  whose  rocks  contain  in  some  part,  and  generally  not 
far  distant,  auriferous  veins;  and  such  mines  are  often  called  alluvial  washings;  in  California 
placer-diggings.  Pliny  speaks  of  the  "  bringing  of  rivers  from  the  mountains,  in  many  instances 
for  a  hundred  miles,  for  the  purpose  of  washing  the  debris,"  and  this  method  of  hydraulic 
mining  has  been  carried  on  in  California  on  a  stupendous  scale.  (See  Silliman,  in  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40, 
10,  1865.)  The  auriferous  gravel  beds  in  California  were  of  vast  extent;  those  of  the  Yuba,  an 
affluent  of  Feather  River,  varying  from  80  to  250  feet  in  depth,  and  averaging  probably  120  feet. 
Most  of  the  gold  of  the  Urals,  Brazil,  Australia,  and  all  other  gold  regions,  has  come  from  such 
alluvial  washings.  At  the  present  time,  however,  the  alluvial  washings  are  much  less  depended 
upon,  in  many  regions  all  the  gold  being  obtained  direct  from  the  quartz. 

The  alluvial  gold  is  usually  in  flattened  scales  of  different  degrees  of  fineness,  the  size 
depending  partly  on  the  original  condition  in  the  quartz  veins,  and  partly  on  the  distance  to 
•which  it  has  been  transported.  Transportation  by  running  water  is  an  assorting  process;  the 
coarser  particles  or  largest  pieces  requiring  rapid  currents  to  transport  them,  and  dropping  first, 
and  the  finer  (float  gold)  being  carried  far  away — sometimes  scores  of  miles.  A  cavity  in  the 
rocky  slopes  or  bottom  of  a  valley,  or  a  place  where  the  waters  may  have  eddied,  generally 
proves  in  such  a  region  to  be  a  pocket  full  of  gold.  The  rolled  masses  when  of  some  size  are 
called  nuggets  (pepitas,£paw.  8.  A.):  in  rare  cases  these  occur  very  large  and  of  great  value.  The 
Australian  gold  region  has  yielded  many  large  nuggets;  one  of  these  found  in  1858  weighed  184 
pounds,  and  another  (1869)  weighed  190  pounds.  In  the  auriferous  sands,  crystals  of  zircon  are 
very  common;  also  garnet  and  cyanite  in  grains;  often  also  monazite,  diamonds,  topaz,  corun- 
dum, iridosmine,  platinum.  The  zircons  are  sometimes  mistaken  for  diamonds. 

Besides  the  free  gold  of  the  quartz  veins  and  gravels,  much  gold  is  also  obtained  from  aurif- 
erous sulphides  or  the  oxides  produced  by  their  alteration,  especially  pyrite,  also  arsenopyrite, 
•halcopyrite,  sphalerite,  marcasite,  etc.  At  Steamboat  Springs,  Nevada,  gold  is  being  deposited 
at  the  present  time  and  probably  from  solution  in  alkaline  sulphides,  together  with  sulphides  of 
arsenic,  antimony,  and  mercury,  and  other  compounds,  chiefly  sulphides.  (Cf.  Becker,  U.  S. 
Geol.  Surv..  Mon.  13,  1888.) 


GOLD    GROUP— GOLD.  17 

Gold  is  widely  distributed  over  the  globe,  and  occurs  in  rocks  of  various  ages,  from  the 
Archean  to  the  Cretaceous  or  Tertiary.  The  schists  that  contain  the  auriferous  veins  were  once 
sedimentary  beds  of  clay,  sand,  or  mud,  derived  from  the  wear  of  preexisting  rocks.  Through 
some  process,  in  which  heat  was  concerned,  the  latter  were  metamorphosed  into  the  hard  crys- 
talline schists,  and  at  the  same  time  upturned  and  broken,  and  often  opened  between  the  layers: 
and  then  all  the  tissures  (cutting  across  the  layers)  and  the  openings  (made  between  the  layers, 
and  therefore  conforming  with  the  lamination)  became  rilled  with  the  quartz  veins  containing 
gold.  The  quartz  was  brought  into  the  intersecting  tissures,  and  the  iuterlaminated  open  spaces, 
from  the  rocks  either  side  by  means  of  the  permeating  heated  waters  (such  heated  waters,  at  a 
temperature  much  above  that  of  boiling  water,  having  great  decomposing  and  solvent,  power  t 
and  carrying  into  cavities  whatever  they  can  gather  up  from  the  rocks).  Thus,  the  gold  of  the 
veins  was  derived  from  the  rocks  adjoining  the  openings,  either  directly  adjoining,  or  above,  or 
below  it;  and  it  must  therefore  have  been  widely  distributed  through  these  rocks  before  they 
vere  crystallized  and  the  veins  were  made,  although  in  an  infinitesimal  quantity  in  a  cubic 
;'oot.  As  schists  with  auriferous  quartz  veins  were  made  in  Archean  time,  so  were  they  also  in 
Paleozoic,  especially  at  the  great  mountain-making  epoch  which  closed  the  Paleozoic  era;  also 
later,  in  the  Jurassic  period,  as  in  the  Sierra  Nevada;  and  still  later  in  the  Cretaceous  and  Ter- 
tiary periods,  as  in  the  Coast  Ranges  of  California.  But  whatever  the  age  of  the  schists  and 
veins,  the  original  source  of  all  the  Paleozoic  and  later  gold  deposits  must  be  the  original  rocks  of 
the  globe,  as  they  are  the  great  source  of  the  material  of  the  shales  and  sandstones  of  subsequent 
ages,  excepting  such  as  may  have  been  derived  from  aqueous  solution  or  chemical  deposition. 
Auriferous  quartz  veins  are  in  no  case  igneous  veins — that  is,  veins  filled  by  injection  of  melted 
m  ttter  from  below. 

Gold  exists  more  or  less  abundantly  over  all  the  continents  in  most  of  the  regions  of  crystal- 
line rocks,  especially  those  of  the  semi- crystalline  schists;  and  also  in  some  of  the  large  islands 
of  the  world  where  such  rocks  exist.  In  Europe,  it  occurs  with  silver  ores  in  Hungary  at 
Kontgsberg,  Schemnitz,  Kapnik,  and  Felsobanya,  and  in  Transylvania  at  Verespatak,  .often 
finely  crystallized,  and  Nagyag  chiefly  with  tellurium  minerals;  it  occurs  also  in  the  sands  of  the 
R  line,  the  Reuss,  the  Aar.  the  Rhone,  and  the  Danube;  on  the  southern  slope  of  the  Pennine 
A;;>s  from  the  Simplon  and  Monte  Rosa  to  the  valley  of  Aosta;  in  Piedmont;  in  Spain,  formerly 
w  >rked  in  Asturias;  in  many  of  the  streams  of  Cornwall;  near  Dolgelly  and  other  parts  of  North 
Wales;  in  Scotland,  in  considerable  amount,  near  Leadhills,  and  in  Glen  Coich  and  other  parts 
of  Perthshire;  in  the  county  of  Wicklow,  Ireland;  in  Sweden,  at  Edelfors;  in  Norwajr,  at 
Kougsberg. 

In  Asia,  gold  occurs  along  the  eastern  flanks  of  the  Urals  for  500  miles,  and  is  especially 
abundant  at  the  Berezov  mines  near  Ekaterinburg  (lat.  56°  40'  N.);  also  obtained  at  Petropav- 
lovski  (60°  N.);  Nizhni  Tagilsk  (59°  N.),  Miask,  near  Zlatoust  and  Mt.  Ilmen  (55°  N.,  where  the 
largest  Russian  nugget  was  found),  etc.  Ekaterinburg  is  the  capital  of  the  mining  district. 
Tiie  Urals  were  within  the  territory  of  the  ancient  Scythians;  and  the  vessels  of  gold  reputed, 
according  to  Herodotus,  to  have  fallen  from  the  skies,  were  probably  made  from  Uralian  nuggets. 
But  the  mines  were  not  opened  until  1819;  soon  after  this  they  became  the  most  productive  in 
the  world,  and  remained  so  until  the  discoveries  in  California.  Siberian  mines  less  extensive 
occur  in  the  lesser  Altai,  in  the  Kolyvan  mining  region,  about  1500  miles  east  of  Ekaterinburg, 
near  long.  100'  E.,  between  the  Obi  and  Irtish,  and  1500  miles  west  of  the  other  great  Siberian 
mining  region,  that  of  Nerchinsk,  which  is  between  135°  and  140°  E.,  east  of  L.  Baikal,  includ- 
ing the  Kara  mines;  among  the  localities  are  Zmeinogorsk  and  Ziryanovski,  noted  for  affording 
the  electrum.  Asiatic  mines  occur  also  in  the  Cailas  Mountains,  in  Little  Thibet,  Ceylon,  and 
Malacca,  China  especially  in  the  Amur  district,  Corea,  Japan,  Formosa,  Sumatra,  Java,  Borneo, 
the  Philippines,  and  other  East  India  Islands  ;  at  numerous  points  in  British  India,  especially 
Mysore. 

la  Africa,  gold  occurs  at  Kordofan,  between  Darfur  and  Abyssinia;  also,  south  of  the 
Sahara  in  western  Africa,  from  the  Senegal  to  Cape  Palmas;  in  the  interior,  on  the  Somat/a 
day's  journey  from  Cassen.  Also  in  Transvaal  in  southern  Africa,  at  Lydenburg,  both  quartz 
veins  and  alluvial  washings,  and  at  Eersteling;  recently  the  Kaap  gold  fields  in  southeastern 
Transvaal  have  become  very  productive:  the  chief  town  of  the  region  is  Barberton.  The  quartz 
reefs  of  Witwatersrand  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Johannesburg,  farther  west,  have  also  some 
very  rich  mines;  here  the  gold  occurs  largely  in  a  quartzose  conglomerate. 

In  South  America,  gold  is  found  in  Brazil  (where  formerly  the  larger  part  of  the  annual 
produce  of  the  world  was  obtained)  along  the  chain  of  mountains  nearly  parallel  with  the  coast, 
especially  near  Villa  Rica,  and  in  the  province  of  Minas  Geraes;  in  the  U.  S.  of  Colombia,  at 
Antioquia,  Choco.  and  Giron;  Chili;  in  Bolivia,  especially  in  the  valley  of  the  Rio  de  Tipuani, 
east  of  Sorata;  sparingly  in  Peru.  Also  in  Central  America,  in  Honduras,  San  Salvador,  Guate- 
mala. Costa  Rica,  and  near  Panama;  most  abundant  in  Honduras,  especially  along  the  rivers 
Guyape  and  Jalau,  in  Olancho,  while  found  also  in  the  department  of  Yoro,  and  in  southern 
Honduras. 

In  Australia,  the  principal  gold  mines  occur  along  the  streams  in  the  mountains  of  N.  S. 
Wales  (S.  E.  Australia),  and  along  the  continuation  of  the  same  range  in  Victoria.  It  was  dis- 
covered in  N.  S.  Wales,  near  Bathurst,  in  the  spring  of  1851;  and  in  August  of  the  same  year. 
the  far  richer  deposits  of  Victoria  became  known :  up  to  the  present  time  these  have  yielded 
double  the  amount  from  the  remainder  of  Australia  with  New  Zealand  and  Tasmania  included. 
Also  obtained  largely  in  Queensland,  N.  Australia,  particularly  at  Mt.  Morgan,  Rockhampton 


18  NATIVE  ELEMENTS. 

district.     Also  occurs  in  Tasmania.     In  New  Zealand  there  are  three  distinct  gold  fields,  as 
already  noted.     Found  also  in  New  Caledonia. 

In  North  America,  there  are  numberless  mines  along  the  mountains  of  western  America, 
and  others  along  the  eastern  range  of  the  Appalachians  from  Alabama  and  Georgia  to  Labrador, 
besides  some  in  portions  of  the  intermediate  Archean  region  about  Lake  Superior.  They  occur 
at  many  points  along  the  higher  regions  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  in  Mexico,  in  New  Mexico, 
near  Santa  Fe,  Cerillos,  Avo,  etc.;  in  Arizona,  in  the  San  Francisco,  Wauba,  Yuma,  and  other 
districts;  in  Colorado,  abundant,  the  gold  largely  in  auriferous  pyrites,  also  in  connection  with 
tellurium  minerals;  also  in  Montana,  the  Black  Hills  of  Dakota,  Idaho  especially  the  Cceur 
d'Aleue  district,  also  Utah.  Along  ranges  between  the  summit  and  the  Sierra  Nevada,  in  the 
Humboldt  region  and  elsewhere.  Also  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  mostly  on  its  western  slope  (the 
mines  of  the  eastern  being  principally  silver  mines).  The  auriferous  belt  may  be  said  to  begin 
in  the  Californian  peninsula.  Near  the  Tejon  pass  it  enters  California,  and  beyond  for  180  miles 
it  is  sparingly  auriferous,  the  slate  rocks  being  of  small  breadth;  but.  beyond  this,  northward, 
the  slates  increase  in  extent,  and  the  mines  in  number  and  productiveness,  and  they  continue 
thus  for  200  miles  or  more.  Gold  occurs  also  in  the  Coast  ranges  in  many  localities,  but  mostly 
in  too  small  quantities  to  be  profitably  worked.  The  regions  to  the  north  in  Oregon  and  in  Wash- 
ington and  Alaska,  with  British  Columbia,  are  at  many  points  auriferous,  and  product! vely  so, 
though  to  a  less  extent  than  California.  The  Cariboo  region  on  the  Fraser  river,  and  the  Cassiar 
district  on  the  Stickeen  have  yielded  considerable  amounts.  The  Alaska  quartz  mines  have  been 
worked  to  some  advantage,  as  also  the  gravels  of  the  Yukon  river. 

The  mines  of  California  were  first  made  known  in  1819.  They  were  for  some  years  solely 
alluvial  washings,  but  in  1852  quartz  mining  became  prominent,  and  of  late -years  placer  mining 
has  largely  ceased.  The  quartz  veins  are  often  of  great  size.  Some  in  the  "  Mariposa  estate" 
average  12  feet,  and  in  places  expand  to  40  feet  in  breadth.  North  of  Mariposa  county,  the 
auriferous  gravel,  which  has  everywhere  been  a  principal  source  of  the  gold  thus  far  obtained,  is 
very  extensive.  The  thick  deposits,  often  semi-indurated,  have  been  washed  down  by  vast 
streams  of  water  thrown  by  the  pressure'of  a  column  of  water  of  150  feet,  that  do  the  work  of 
running  off  the  earth  and  gravel,  and  gathering  the  gold  in  an  incredibly  short  time.  Much  of 
the  auriferous  gravel  formation  is  under  a  covering  of  volcanic  rock,  either  tufa  or  lavas,  which 
has  to  be  underworked,  in  one  way  or  another,  to  get  out  the  gold,  making  what  is  called  table- 
mountain  mining;  the  flat  tops  of  hard  volcanic  material  giving  a  table-like  look  to  the  heights. 
See  J.  D.  Whitney's  Geol.  California  (review  in  Am.  J.  Sc.,  41,  231,  351,  1866).  and,  by  the  same 
author,  The  Auriferous  Gravels  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California,  Cambridge,  1880  (Mem. 
Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  6,  No.  1).  Also  Precious  Metal  Deposits  of  the  Western  United  States,  by 
S.  F.  Emmonsand  G.  F.  Becker,  1885;  and  Min.  Res.  U.  S.,  1882-1888. 

In  eastern  North  America,  the  mines  of  the  Southern  United  States  produced  before  the 
California  discoveries  about  a  million  of  dollars  a  year.  They  are  mostly  confined  to  the  States 
of  Virginia,  North  and  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia,  or  along  a  line  from  the  Rappahaunock  to 
the  Coosa  in  Alabama.  But  the  region  may  be  said  to  extend  north  to  Canada;  for  gold  has 
been  found  at  Albion  and  Madrid  in  Maine;  Canaan  and  Lisbon,  N.  H. ;  Bridgewater,  Vermont; 
Dedham,  Mass.  Traces  occur  also  in  Franconia  township,  Montgomery  Co.,  Pennsylvania.  ^  In 
Virginia,  the  principal  deposits  are  in  Spottsylvauia  county,  on  the  Rappahaunock,  at  the  United 
States  mines,  and  at  other  places  to  the  southwest;  in  Stafford  county,  at  the  Rappahannock 
gold  mines,  ten  miles  from  Falmouth;  in  Culpepper  county,  at  the  Culpepper  mines,  on  Rapidan 
river;  in  Orange  county,  at  the  Orange  Grove  gold  mine,  and  at  the  Greenwood  gold  mines;  in 
Goochland  county,  at  Moss  and  Busby's  mines;  in  Louisa  county,  at  Walton's  gold  mine;  in 
Buckingham  county,  at  Eldridge's  mine.  In  North  Carolina,  the  gold  region  is  mostly  confined 
to  the  counties  of  Montgomery,  Cabarrus,  Mecklenburg,  and  Lincoln.  The  mines  of  Mecklen- 
burg are  principally  vein  deposits;  those  of  Burke,  Lincoln,  McDowell,  and  Rutherford,  are 
mostly  in  alluvial  soil;  the  Davidson  county  silver  mine  has  afforded  gold.  In  Georgia,  the 
Shelton  gold  mines  in  Habersham  county  have  long  been  famous;  and  many  other  places  have 
been  opened  in  Rabun  and  Hall  counties,  Lumpkin  county,  at  Dahlpnega,  etc. ;  and  the  Cherokee 
country.  In  South  Carolina,  the  principal  gold  regions  are  the  Fairforest  in  Union  district,  and 
the  Lynch's  creek  and  Catawba  regions,  chiefly  in  Lancaster  and  Chesterfield  districts;  also  in 
Pickens  county,  adjoining  Georgia.  There  is  gold  also  in  eastern  Tennessee. 

In  Canada,  gold  occurs  to  the  south  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  in  the  soil  on  the  Chaudiere  (where 
first  found  in  1835),  aud  over  a  considerable  region  beyond,  having  been  derived  probably  from 
the  crystalline  schists  of  the  Notre  Dame  range  (T.  S.  Hunt).  In  Nova  Scotia,  mines  are  worked 
near  Halifax  and  elsewhere.  Arsenopyrite  is  worked  for  gold  at  Deloro  near  Hastings,  Ontario, 
Gold  also  occurs  in  the  Port  Arthur  region,  north  of  Lake  Superior,  and  in  the  river-gravels  of 
the  Pacific  slope,  as  before  noted. 

The  world's  yield  of  gold  has  very  much  increased  in  amount  since  the  discovery  of  the  mines 
of  California.  The  mines  of  South  America  and  Mexico  were  estimated  by  Humboldt,  in  the 
early  part  of  the  century,  to  yield  annually  $11,500,000,  which  considerably  exceeds  the  present 
proceeds.  It  is  estimated  that,  between  1790  and  1830,  Mexico  produced  $31,250,000  in  gold, 
Chili  $13,450,000,  and  Buenos  Ayres$  19, 500, 000,  making  an  average  annual  yield  of  $16,050.000. 
The  Russian  mines  in  1846  produced  about  $16,500,000;  and  in  1851,  $15,000,000,  while  for 
1887  the  amount  is  $20,000,000.  The  yield  of  California  in  1849,  the  first  year  after  the  dis- 
covery of  the  gold,  was  $5,000,000.  It  rapidly  increased  from  that  year  until  1853,  when  it  was 
nearly  $60,000,000.  Since  then  it  has  diminished,  and  in  1866  the  amount  was  but  $27,000,000. 


GOLD   GROUP— SILVER. 


19 


and  from  1881  to  1888  it  has  varied  from  $18,200,000  to  $12,750,000.  Montana,  Colorado, 
Nevada,  Dakota,  Idaho,  etc.,  raise  the  total  from  the  United  States  for  the  year  1888  to  over 
$33,000,000,  with  $59,206,700  for  silver  in  addition.  The  silver  production  in  the  U.  S.  for  1890 
was  $70,485,714  (Leech).  Australia  produced  $60,000,000  for  a  numbers  of  years  ;  but  for  1863, 
1864,  1865,  the  average  was  not  above  $30,000,000,  and  from  1884  to  1887  the  yield  (including 
New  Zealand  and  Tasmania)  has  varied  from  $28,284,000  to  $26,425,000. 

The  following  tables  are  taken  from  the  report  for  1891  of  the  Director  of  the  U.  S.  Mint, 
Edward  O.  Leech;  figures  for  recent  years  above  from  the  reports  of  James  P.  Kimball. 

WORLD'S  PRODUCTION  OF  GOLD  FOR  1890. 


United  States $32,845,000 

Australasia 30,416,500 

Russia 21, 161,700 

Africa 9,887,000 

China 5,330,000 

Colombia 3,695,000 

British  India 2,000,000 

Dominion  of  Canada 1,495,000 

Chili 1,436,600 


Austria-Hungary $1,398,500 

Germany 1,230,000 

Venezuela 1,158,000 

Mexico 767,000 

Brazil 445,300 

Japan 254,000 

Italy 

Peru . . 


98,000 

69,000 

Other  Countries* 2,322,300 


Total. $116,008,900 


UNITED  STATES  PRODUCTION  OF  GOLD  FOR  1890. 


Alaska $762,500 


Utah 
Washington. . 
N.  Carolina. . 

Georgia 

S.  Carolina. . . 
Michigan 
Other  States-}-. 


680,000 

204.000 

118,500 

100,000 

100.000 

90,000 

40,000 


California $12,500,000 

Colorado 4,150,000 

Montana 3,300.000 

Dakota,  South 3,200,000 

Nevada 2,800,000 

Idaho 1,850,000 

Oregon 1,100.000 

Arizona 1,000,000 

New  Mexico 850,000 

Total $32,845,000 

Ref.— !  See  Helmhacker  for  early  authorities  and  description  of  crystals  from  Sysertsk, 
Min.  Mitth.,  1,  1877.  Note  also  Rose,  Pogg.,  23,  196,  1831,  Reis.  Ural,  1,  198  et  al.,  1837,  and 
Rath,  Zs.  Kr..  1,  1,  1877.  Dx.  mentions  also  z  (543). 

2  Lang,  artif.  cryst.,  Phil.  Mag.,  25,  485,  1863.  3  Erem.  Orenburg  gold  sands,  Vh.  Min 
Ges.,  5.  402,  1870.  see  also  Zs.  Kr.,  15.  526,  1889.  4  Lewis,  Phil.  Mag.,  3,  456,  1877.  5  Fletcher, 
Berezov,  ib..  9,  185, 1880.  6  Werner,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  1,  1881.  7  E.  S.  D.,  California,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
32,  132,  1886;  Rose  suggested  the  symbol  19'11'1  for  this  form;  Naumann  wrote  it  15*9  1,  Pogg., 
24,  385.  1832.  8  See  Rath  and  Werner;  Helmhacker  following  Avdeyev  assumes  inclined 
hemihedrism  to  explain  twins.  9  Am.  J.  Sc.,  10,  102,  1850. 

GOLD  AMALGAM. — A  variety  of  gold  containing  57*4  p.  c.  mercury  has  been  reported  by 
Schneider  as  occurring  in  small  grains  with  the  platinum  of  Colombia,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  43,  317,  1848. 
An  amalgam  from  California,  Mariposa  region,  gave  Sonnenschein  61  p.  c.  of  mercury  with 
G.  =  15-47,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  6,  243,  1854. 


14.  SILVER.  Luna  Alchem.  Gediegen  Silber  Germ.  Gediget  Silfver  Swed.  Argent 
natif  FT.  Argento  native  Ital.  Plata  nativa  Span. 

Isometric.     Observed  forms1 : 

a  (100,  i-i)  £(410,  £-4)  e  (210 ,  i-2)  x(552,4)6  n  (211 ,   2-2)4. • 

d  (110 ,  i)  f  (310 ,  *-3)5  d  (740 ,  *-£)*  0  (331 ,  3>  y  (751 ,    74)2,  • 

o  (111 ,  1)  k  (520,  *-f)»  /S  (332 ,  f )6  m  (311 ,  3-3) 

Twins:  tw.  plane  o.  Often  in  groups,  branching  at  60°,  parallel  to  the  diag- 
onals of  an  octahedral  face7.  Crystals  commonly  distorted,  elongated  to  acicular 
forms,  often  in  reticulated  or  arborescent  shapes;  coarse  to  fine  filiform.  Also 
massive,  in  plates  or  superficial  coatings,  in  flattened  scales. 

Cleavage  none.  Ductile  and  malleable.  Fracture  hackly.  H.  =  2-5-3. 
GL  =  10'1-iri,  pure  10'5.  Luster  metallic.  Color  and  streak  silver-white,  often 
gray  to  black  by  tarnish. 

*  British  Guiana  $1,125,000,  Dutch  Guiana  541,000,  France  266,000,  Central  Am'n  States 
150,000,  Argentine  R.  82,000,  Bolivia  59,800,  Sweden  58,500.  Gt.  Britain  33,000,  Turkey  7,000. 
f  Alabama,  Maryland,  Tennessee,  Virginia,  Vermont,  Wyoming. 


20  NATIVE  ELEMENTS. 

Comp.,  Var. — Silver,  with  some  gold,  copper,  and  sometimes  platinum,  anti- 
mony, bismuth,  mercury  (Kongsberg,  0'4  p.  c.  Forbes). 

Var.  1.   Ordinary,     (a)  crystallized;  (b)  filiform,  arborescent;  (c)  massive. 

2.  Auriferous;  Kustelite.     Giildisch-Silber  Hausm.,  Handb.  104,  1813.     Kiistelit  Breith.,  B. 
H.  Ztg.,  25,  169,  1866.     Contains  10  to  30  p.  c.  of  gold;  color  white  to  pale  brass-yellow.     There 
is  a  gradual  passage  to  argentiferous  gold  (see  GOLD). 

The  name  Kiistelite  was  given  to  an  ore  from  Nevada,  having  the  following  characters : 
H.  =  2-2'5;  G.  =  H'32-13'10;  color  silver-white,  somewhat  darker  than  native  silver  on  a  fresh 
surface;  Richter  found  in  it  silver,  lead,  and  gold,  the  first  much  predominating.  From  the 
Ophir  mine,  Nevada,  in  bean-shaped  grains.  Named  after  Guido  Kiistel. 

3.  Cupriferous.     Contains  sometimes  10  p.  c.  of  copper. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  easily  to  a  silver-white  globule,  which  in  O.F.  gives  a 
faint  dark  red  coating  of  silver  oxide;  crystallizes  on  cooling;  fusibility  about  1050°  C.  Soluble 
.  in  nitric  acid,  and  deposited  again  by  a  plate  of  copper.  Precipitated  from  its  solutions  by 
hydrochloric  acid  in  white  curdy  forms  of  silver  chloride. 

Obs. — Native  silver  occurs  in  masses,  or  in  arborescent  and  filiform  shapes,  in  veins  trav- 
ersing gneiss,  schist,  porphyry,  and  other  rocks.  Also  occurs  disseminated,  but  usually  invisibly, 
in  native  copper,  galena,  chalcocite,  etc.;  rarely  in  volcanic  ashes  (Mallet). 

The  mines  of  Kongsberg,  in  Norway,  have  afforded  magnificent  specimens  of  native  silver, 
sometimes  in  very  large  masses.  One  in  the  collection  at  Copenhagen  weighs  upward  of  5  cwt. 
The  principal  Saxon  localities  are  at  Freiberg,  Schueeberg,  and  Johanugeorgeustadt;  the 
Bohemian,  at  Pfibram  and  Joachimsthal.  It  also  occurs  in  small  quantities  with  other  ores,  at 
Andreasberg  in  the  Harz;  in  Suabia;  Hungary;  at  Alleinont  in  Dauphine;  in  the  Ural  near 
Berezov;  in  the  Altai,  at  Zmeov;  and  in  some  of  the  Cornish  mines. 

Mexico  and  Peru  have  been  the  most  productive  countries  in  silver.  In  Mexico,  it  has  been 
obtained  mostly  from  its  ores,  while  in  Peru  it  occurs  principally  native.  A  Mexican  specimen 
from  Batopilas  weighed  when  obtained  400  pounds;  and  one  from  southern  Peru  (mines  of 
Huantaya)  weighed  over  8  cwt.  During  the  first  eighteen  years  of  the  present  century,  more 
than  8,180,000  marks  of  silver  were  afforded  by  the  mines  of  Guanajuato  alone.  In  Durango, 
Sinaloa,  and  Spnora,  in  northern  Mexico,  are  noted  mines  affording  native  silver. 

In  the  Ignited  States  it  is  disseminated  through  much  of  the  copper  of  Michigan,  occasionally 
in  spots  of  some  size,  and  sometimes  in  cubes,  skeleton  octahedrons,  etc.,  at  various  mines;  at 
Silver  Islet  and  at  Port  Arthur  on  the  north  side  of  L.  Superior.  It  has  been  observed  at  a 
mine  a  mile  south  of  Sing  Sing  prison,  which  was  formerly  worked  for  silver;  at  the  Bridge- 
water  copper  mines,  New  Jersey;  at  King's  mine,  Davidson  Co.,  N.  C.;  rarely  in  filaments 
with  barite  at  Cheshire,  Ct.  In  Idaho,  at  the  ''Poor  Man's  lode,"  large  masses  of  native  silver 
have  been  obtained.  In  Nevada,  in  the  Comstock  lode,  it  is  rare,  and  mostly  in  filaments;  at 
the  Ophir  mine  rare,  and  disseminated  or  filamentous;  in  California,  sparingly,  in  Silver  Moun- 
tain district,  Alpine  Co.;  in  the  Maris  vein,  in  Los  Angeles  Co. 

In  Colorado,  at  many  localities,  common  at  the  Caribou  mine,  Boulder  Co.;  Georgetown, 
Clear  Creek  Co.,  with  argentiferous  ores;  rather  rare  at  the  Leadville  mines,  less  so  in  the  Ruby 
district,  Gunuison  Co.  In  Montana,  near  Butte,  Silver  Bow  Co..  with  manganese  ores,  also  with 
pyrite  and  chalcopyrite.  In  Idaho,  at  the  Jessie  Benton  mine,  Atlanta.  In  Arizona,  common 
at  the  Silver  King  mine,  and  with  argentiferous  ores  elsewhere. 

Alt. — Pseudomorphs,  consisting  of  cerargyrite,  red  silver  ore,  argentite  and  stephanite. 

Ref.— !  See  Sbk.,  Min.  Mitth.,  1,  293,  1878;  also  Rose,  Pogg.,  23,  196,  1831.  *  Dbr.,  artif. 
cryst.,  Lieb.  Ann.,  78.  68,  1851.  3  Sbk.,  Kongsberg,  I.e.  4  Groth,  Min.-Samml.  Strassburg, 
13,  1878.  6  Fletcher,  Chili,  Phil.  Mag.,  9,  184,  1880.  6  Rath,  artif.  cryst.,  Zs.  Kr.,  12,  545, 
1887.  '  On  the  various  methods  of  grouping,  see  Sbk.,  1.  c. ;  Rath,  Zs.  Kr.,  3, 12,  1878;  Rose,  1.  c. 

15.  COPPER.    Aes  Cyprium  Pliny.     Venus  Alchem.     Gediegen  Kupfer  Germ.     Gediget 
Koppar  tiwed.     Cuivre  uatif  Fr.     Rame  nativo  Ital.     Cobre  nativo  Span. 

Isometric..     Observed  forms1 : 

a(WQ,i-i)          f  (310,  i-3)  <5(740,e-£)4          ra(311,3-3)2          x  (12'3'2,  6-4)1? 

d(110,z)  £(520,  e'-f)*  2(530,  £-f)4  n  (211 ,  2-2)1  z  (11 -6'1 ,  11-VO1 

o(lll,  1)  e(730,  &f)4          a?  (511,  5-5)4  t  (421 ,  4-2)  y(18'10-5,  V'1)3 

h  (410 ,  «-4)4          e  (210 ,  i-2)  fi  (411 ,  4-4)4  «  (531 ,  5-f  )4 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  o,  very  common  (f.  7);  often  flattened  in  direction  of  twinning 
axis,  also  elongated  ||  diagonal  of  twinning  plane  to  acute  spear-shaped  forms  (figs. 
9,  10,  11),  sometimes  to  thin  plates.  Forms  with  rhombohedral  symmetry  about 
the  octahedral  axis  common  especially  with  twins  (f.  8).  Often  in  complex  groups 
branching  at  60°  in  the  direction  of  (1)  the  edges,  and  (2)  the  diagonals  of  the 
octahedral  face,  which  is  usually  the  twinning  plane,  the  lower  side  then  in  twin- 
ning position  to  the  upper,  cf.  figs.  12, 13,  the  former  ideal;  also  grouped  after  more 
complex  methods;  sometimes  in  fivelings6.  In  parallel  groupings  of  simple  forms 
extended  in  the  direction  of  the  cubic  axes  (f.  14). 


GOLD  GROUP— COPPER. 


21 


The  tetrahexahedrons  e,  h,  k,  I,  the  most  common  forms  both  in  twins  and 
simple  crystals.  Crystals  often  with  cavernous  faces;  also  with  elevations,  especially 
octahedral  plates  hexagonal  (e)  or  scalenohedral  (A,  etc.)  in  form.  Crystals  often 
irregularly  distorted  and  passing  into  twisted  bands  of  indistinct  form  and  thus  into 
wire-like  forms.  Often  filiform  and  arborescent.  Massive;  as  sand. 

2.  3. 


Copper  crystals  from  Lake  Superior1. 

Cleavage  none.  Fracture  hackly.  Highly  ductile  and  malleable.  H.  =  2'5-3. 
(*•  =  8 '8-8-9,  8-838  Whitney.  Luster  metallic.  Color  copper-red.  Streak  metallic 
shining.  Opaque.  An  excellent  conductor  for  heat  and  electricity. 


22  NATIVE  ELEMENTS. 

Comp. — Pure  copper;  often  containing  some  silver,  bismuth,  mercury,  etc. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  readily;  on  cooling  becomes  covered  with  a  coating  of  black  oxide. 
Dissolves  readily  in  nitric  acid,  giving  off  red  nitrous  fumes,  and  produces  a  deep  azure-blue 
solution  with  ammonia.  Fusibility  780°  C. 

Obs.— Copper  occurs  in  beds  and  veins  accompanying  its  various  ores,  especially  cuprite, 
malachite  and  azurite;  also  with  sulphides,  chalcopyrite,  chalcocite,  etc.  It  is  often  abundant 
in  the  vicinity  of  dikes  of  igneous  rocks;  also  in  clay  slate  and  sandstone. 

In  Siberia,  and  on  Nalsoe,  one  of  the  Faroer,  it  is  associated  with  mesotype,  in  amygdaloid, 
and  though  mostly  disseminated  in  minute  particles,  sometimes  branches  through  the  rock  with 
extreme  beauty.  At  Turiusk,  in  the  Ural,  in  fine  crystals;  also  at  ISizhni  Tagilsk,  the  Bogoslovsk 
mines,  and  elsewhere.  In  Germany,  at  the  Fried  richssegen  mine,  near  Oberlahusteiu,  Nassau;  at 
Rheinbreitbach  on  the  Rhine.  Common  in  Cornwall  at  many  of  the  mines  near  Redruth;  and 
also  in  considerable  quantities  at  the  Consolidated  mines,  Wheal  Buller,  and  others;  one  mass 
from  Mullion  weighed  three  tons.  In  serpentine  in  the  Lizard  district.  Brazil,  Chili,  Bolivia, 
and  Peru  afford  native  copper;  a  mass  now  in  the  museum  at  Lisbon,  supposed  to  be  from  a 
valley  near  Bahia,  weighs  2616  pounds;  north  of  Tres  Puutos,  desert  of  Atacama,  a  large  vein 
was  discovered  in  1859.  In  Bolivia,  at  Corocoro,  in  sandstone,  and  called  in  commerce  "  Barilla 
de  Cobre"  (copper  barilla).  Also  found  at  some  localities  in  China  and  Japan.  In  South  Aus- 
tralia it  occurs  abundantly  at  Wallaroo  on  Yorke  Peninsula  and  other  mines  near  Adelaide;  at 
Bathurst  and  elsewhere  in  New  South  Wales. 

Occurs  native  throughout  the  red  sandstone  (Jura- Trias)  region  of  the  eastern  United  States, 
in  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  and  more  abundantly  in  New  Jersey,  where  it  has  been  met  with 
sometimes  in  nne  crystalline  masses,  especially  at  New  Brunswick,  Somerville,  Schuyler's 
mines,  and  Flemingtou.  Near  N.  Brunswick  a  vein  or  sheet  of  copper,  a  line  or  so  thick,  haa 
been  traced  for  several  rods.  Near  New  Haven,  Conn.,  a  mass  was  found  in  the  drift  weighing 
nearly  200  pounds;  another  of  90  pounds  and  several  smaller  isolated  masses  have  also  been  dug 
up  at  different  times. 

The  Lake  Superior  copper  region,  near  Keweenaw  Point,  in  northern  Michigan,  is  the  most 
important  locality  in  the  world.  The  copper  is  obtained  practically  all  in  the  native  state,  and  is 
obtained  over  an  area  200  miles  in  length.  The  yield  of  native  copper  in  1887  from  this 
region  was  about  37,000  tons,  the  Calumet  and  Hecla  mine  yielding  much  more  than  half. 
Masses  of  great  size  were  observed  in  this  district  near  the  Ontauagon  river,  by  Mr.  bchoolcraf  t, 
in  1821.  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  3,  201,  1821.)  The  largest  single  mass  yet  found  was  discovered  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1857,  in  the  Minnesota  mine,  in  the  belt  of  conglomerate  which  forms  the  foot- wall  of 
the  vein.  It  was  45  feet  in  length,  22  feet  at  the  greatest  width,  and  the  thickest  part  was  more 
than  8  feet.  It  contained  over  90  p.  c.  copper,  and  weighed  about  420  tons.  This  copper  con- 
tains silver,  sometimes  in  visible  grains,  lumps,  or  strings,  and  occasionally  a  mass  of  copper, 
when  polished,  appears  sprinkled  with  large  silver  spots,  resembling,  as  Dr.  Jackson  observes;  a 
porphyry  with  its  feldspar  crystals.  The  copper  occurs  in  both  amygdaloidal  doleryte  and  sand- 
stone, near  the  junction  of  these  two  rocks.  It  is  associated  with  prehnite,  datolite,  analcite, 
laumontite,  pectolite,  epidote,  chlorite,  wollastonite,  and  sometimes  coats  amygdules  of  calcite, 
etc.,  in  amygdaloid.  Strings  of  copper  often  reticulate  through  crystals  of  analcite  and  prehnite. 
Pseudomorphs  after  scaleuohedrons  of  calcite  are  sometimes  met  with.  Besides  this  occurrence 
in  the  vicinity  of  trap,  it  is  also  in  some  parts  of  the  Keweenaw  region  distributed  widely  in 
grains  through  the  sandstone,  especially  in  a  conglomerate  of  quartz  and  jasper  pebbles. 

Native  copper  occurs  sparingly  in  California;  at  the  Union  and  Keystone,  Napoleon  and 
Lancha  Plana  mines  in  Calaveras  Co.;  in  the  Cosumnes  mine,  Amador  Co.;  in  serpentine,  in 
Sta.  Barbara  Co.  Also  in  Arizona,  common  at  the  Copper  Queen  mine,  Cochise  Co.  In  Grant 
Co.,  N.  Mexico,  at  the  Santa  Rita  and  other  mines. 

Alt. — Native  copper  is  readily  altered  on  exposure  to  cuprite,  malachite,  sometimes  to  azurite. 
Pseudomorphs  of  native  copper  after  azurite  occur  in  Grant  Co.,  New  Mexico  (Yeates,  Am. 
J.  Sc.,  38,  405,  1889);  also  replacement  pseudomorphs  after  araffonite  at  Corocoro,  Bolivia,  see 
Forbes,  Q.  J.  G.  Soc.,  17,  45,  1861;  Domeyko,  6th  App.  Min.  Chili,  6,  1878. 

Ref.— '  See  E.  S.  D.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  32,  413,  1886,  or  Zs.  Kr..  12,  569,  1887,  for  description  of 
Lake  Superior  crystals,  twinning,  methods  of  grouping,  etc. ;  also  for  authorities,  literature,  etc. 
Important  papers  are  the  following:  2  Rose,  Reis.  Ural,  1,  313.  401;  2,453,  1837.  who  lirst 
described  the  complex  groups;  also  3  Rath,  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  169,  1878;  4  Fletcher,  Phil.  Mag.,  9 
180,  1880;  *  Lsx.,  Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  39,  95,  1882. 

16.  MERCURY.  XuroS  apyvpoS  Theophr.  '  TdpdpyvpoS  xa&  eavrrfv  [native] 
Dioscor.,  E,  ex.  Argentum  vivum,  Hydrargyros,  Plin.  33,  32,  20,  41.  Quicksilver.  Mercuriua 
Alchem.  Gediegen  Quecksilber  Germ.  Qvicksilf ver  Swed.  Mercure  natif  Fr.  Mercuric  Ital., 
Span. 

Liquid.     Occurs  in  small  fluid  globules  scattered  through  its  gangue. 
G.  =  13*596   Regnault.      Luster   metallic,   very   brilliant.      Color    tin-white, 
Opaque. 

Gomp. — Pure  mercury  (Hg);  with  sometimes  a  little  silver. 


GOLD  GROUP— AMALGAM.  23 

.,  etc. — B.B.  entirely  volatile,  vaporizing  at  350°  C.  Becomes  solid  at  —40°  C.,  crystal- 
lizing m  regular  octahedrons  with  cubic  cleavage;  G.  —  14 '4.  Dissolves  readily  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs.— Mercury  in  the  metallic  state  is  a  rare  mineral;  the  quicksilver  of  commerce  is 
obtained  mostly  from  cinnabar.  The  rocks  affording  the  metal  and  its  ores  are  chiefly  clay 
shales  or  schists  of  different  geological  ages.  Also  found  in  connection  with  hot  springs  in  New 
Zealand,  Iceland  (?),  and  in  California  and  Nevada. 

At  Cividale,  in  Venetian  Lombardy,  it  is  found  in  a  marl  regarded  as  a  part  of  the  Eocene 
nummulitic  beds.  Mercury  has  been  observed  occasionally  in  drift;  and  near  Eszbetek,  in 
Transylvania,  and  also  Neumarkt,  in  Galicia,  springs,  issuing  from  the  Carpathian  sandstone, 
sometimes  bear  along  globules  of  mercury.  Its  most  important  mines  are  those  of  Idria,  in 
Carniola,  and  Almadeu  in  Spain.  At  Idria  it  occurs  interspersed  through  a  clay  slate,  from 
which  it  is  obtained  by  washing.  It  is  found  in  small  quantities  at  Wolfstein  and  Morsfeld,  in 
the  Palatinate;  in  Carinthia,  Hungary,  Peru,  and  other  countries;  also  at  Peyrat  le  Chateau,  in 
the  department  of  the  Haute  Vienne,  in  a  disintegrated  granite,  unaccompanied  by  cinnabar, 
also  similarly  near  Montpellier  in  southern  France;  in  California,  at  various  cinnabar  mines, 
especially  at  the  Pioneer  mine,  in  the  Napa  Valley,  where  quartz  geodes  have  been  found  con- 
taining several  pounds  of  mercury.  Occurs  with  gold  near  Johannesburg,  Transvaal,  S.  Africa; 
at  Pakaraka,  Bay  of  Islands,  New  Zealand. 

On  the  distribution  of  mercury  and  cinnabar  with  a  detailed  account  of  the  various  localities, 
see  Becker.  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Mon.  13,  1888. 

17.  AMALGAM.  Quicksilfwer  amalgameradt  med  gediget  Silfwer  (fr.  Sala)  Cronst.,  189, 
1758.  Natiirlich  Amalgam,  Silberamalgam,  Germ.  Amalgam  natif  de  Lisle,  1,  420,  1783. 
Mercure  argental  H.  Pella  natural  Del  Rio.  Amalgarna  Ital.,  tipan.  Plata  mercurial  Span. 

Arquerite  Berth.,  de  B.,  &  Duf.,  C.  R.,  14,  567,  1842,  in  Rep.  on  Art.  by  Domeyko,  Ann. 
Mines,  20,  268,  1841.  Bordosite  Domeyko,  Min.  Chili,  3d  Ed.,  p.  362.  Kongsbergite  Pisani, 
C.  R.,  75,  1274,  1872. 

Isometric.     Observed  forms1 : 
a  (100,  i-i)   d(\W,i)   o(lll,l)   /(310,  £-3)    e  (210,  i-2)  p  (221,  2)    n  (211,  2-2)    a  (321,  3-f) 

Crystals  often  highly  modified;  common  habit  dodecahedral.     Also  massive  in 
plates,  coatings,  and  embedded  grains. 

Cleavage:  d  in  traces.  Fracture  conchoidal,  uneven. 
Rather  brittle  to  malleable.  H.  =  3-3'5.  G.  =  13*75-14'1. 
Luster  metallic,  brilliant.  Color  and  streak  silver-white. 
Opaque. 

Comp. — (Ag,Hg),  silver  and  mercury,  varying  from 
Ag,Hg,  to  Ag36Hg. 

Percentage   composition    for  Ag2Hg3  =  silver    26*4,    mercury 


73-6  =  100;  AgHg  =  silver  35'0,  mercury  65 '0  =  100.  Also  Ag5Hg3 
=  silver  52*7;  Ag3Hg  =  silver  61'8;  Ag4Hg  =  silver  68*3;  Ag6H| 
=  silver  76*4;  Ag12Hg  =  silver  86 '6;  Ag36Hg  =  silver  95*1. 


Var.— 1.   Ordinary  amalgam,    Ag2Hg3   or   AgHg.     In  crystals     .       Moschellandsberg 
often  highly  modified,  rather  brittle.     No  recent  analyses  have  been  Levy-Schrauf. 

published.     Also  Ag5Hg3  (anal.  5),  etc. 

2.  Arquerite,  Ag12Hg.     G.  =  10-8.     Malleable  and  soft.     Anal.  11-13. 

3.  Kongsbergite,  Ag32Hg  or  Ag36Hg.     In  crystals.     Anal.  16,  17;  anal.  18  gives  Ag39Hg. 
Anal.— 1,  Cordier,  J.  Mines,  12,  1,  1802.     2,  Klaproth,  Beitr.,  1,  182.  1795.     3,  5,  7,  8,  10, 

13,  15,  Domeyko,  Miu.  Chili,  3d  Ed.,  1879,  anal.  15  by  M.  Silva.  4,  Nordstrom,  G.  For. 
Forh.,  5.  715,  1881.  6,  Pufahl,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  34,  817,  1882.  9,  14,  Flight,  Phil.  Mag.,  9,  146, 
1880.  11,  H.  G.  Hanks,  Dana  Min.,  App.  in,  4.  12,  16,  17,  Pisani,  1.  c.  18,  Darapsky,  Jb. 
Min.,  1,  67,  1888. 


Ag  Hg 

1.  Allemont? 27*5  [72*5]  =  100 

2.  Moschellandsberg 36'0  [64-0]  =  100 

3.  Rosilla  mines,  Chili 43'6  [56  4]  =  100 

4.  Sala,  Sweden, 46  30  51  "12  gangue  2'03  =  99'45 

5.  Rosilla  mines 53*3  [46*7]  =  100 

6.  Friedrichssegen,  G.  =  12*703  f  56'70  43*27  Cu  tr.  =  99*97 

7.  Rosilla  mines 651  [34*9]  =  100 

8.  Bordos,  Chili,  Bordosite 69*21  30*76  =  99 "97 

9.  Kongsberg 75*90  23*06  insol.  0*49  =  99*45 

10.  N.  Chili 79*4  [20*61  =  100 

11.  Br.  Columbia 86*15  11-90  SiO2  0*45  =  98*50 

12.  Kongsberg 86*3  13*7    =100 


24  NATIVE  ELEMENTS. 

Ag  Hg 

13.  Arqueros,  Arquerite  ....  86'5  13'3    —  99'8 

14.  Kougsberg 93'4o  7'02  gangue  1'50  =  99'97 

15.  Rodaito,  Chili 94'4  [5'6]    =  100 

16.  Kongsberg,  Kongsbergite f  94*94  [5 "06]  =  100 

17.  "  "  ,*      |95'26  [4-74]  =  100 

18.  Chili ... 95-8  3'6     =  99'4 

Darapsky  (1.  c.)  found  the  amount  of  mercury  to  vary  somewhat  widely  even  in  different 
samples  from  tiie  same  specimen. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  on  charcoal  the  mercury  volatilizes  and  a  globule  of  silver  is  left.  In  the 
closed  tube  the  mercury  sublimes  and  condenses  on  the  cold  part  of  the  tube  in  minute  globules. 
Dissolves  in  nitric  acid.  Rubbed  on  copper  it  gives  a  silvery  luster. 

Obs.— From  the  Palatinate  at  Moschellandsberg,  in  fine  crystals,  and  said  to  occur  where 
the  veins  of  mercury  and  silver  intersect  one  another;  at  Friedrichssegen  near  Oberlalmstein, 
Nassau  Also  from  Rosenau  in  Hungary,  Sala  in  Sweden,  Kongsberg  in  Norway,  Allemont  in 
Dauphine,  Almaden  in  Spain.  In  S.  America,  from  the  mines  of  Arqueros,  Coquimbo,  Chili 
(arquerite  pt.);  Rodaito  near  Arqueros;  Rosilla,  prov.  Atacama;  Bordos  (bordostie).  From  Vitalle 
Creek,  Br.  Columbia  (arquerite). 

Artif. — Various  artificial  amalgams  are  known,  cf.  Rg.,  Kr.  Ch.,  170,  1881. 

Ref.— l  See  Schrauf,  Atlas,  Tf.  vi,  vii,  1864;  also  Gdt.,  Index,  1,  181,  1886. 

18.  LEAD.  Plumbum  nigrum  Plin.,  34,  47.  Saturnus  Alchem.  Gediegen  Blei  Germ* 
Gediget  Ely  Siced.  Plomb  natif  Fr.  Pioinbo  native  Hal.  Plomo  metalico  Span. 

Isometric.     Observed  forms1 : 

a  (100,  i-i)    d(110,  0    0(111,  1)    h  (410,  i-4)    n  (551,  5)    n  (211,  2-2) 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  o.  Crystals  rare,  octahedral  or  dodecahedral ;  usually  in  thin 
plates  and  small  globular  masses,  also  in  dendritic,  wire-like  forms. 

Very  malleable,  and  somewhat  ductile.  H.  =  1*5.  Gr.  =  11*37.  Luster 
metallic.  Color  lead-gray.  Opaque. 

Comp. — Nearly  pure  lead;  sometimes  contains  a  little  silver,  also  antimony. 
The  crystallized  lead  from  the  Harstig  mine  gave  99'71  p.  c.  Pb,  with  G.  =  11-372, 
Hamberg,  1.  c. 

Pyr. — B.B.  fuses  easily,  coating  the  charcoal  with  a  yellow  oxide  which,  treated  in  R.  F., 
volatilizes,  giving  an  azure-blue  tinge  to  the  flame.  Fusibility  330°  C.  Dissolves  easily  in, 
dilute  nitric  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  usually  in  thin  plates  and  embedded  scales;  thus  in  a  compact  doloraitic  lime- 
stone with  hematite,  magnetite,  and  hausmaunite,  etc.,  at  the  iron  and  manganese  mines  of  Pajs- 
berg,  Harstig,  and  Langban  in  Wermland,  Sweden;  similarly  at  Nordmark;  at  the  Sjo 
mines,  Orebro,  in  a  mineral  resembling  neotocite.  Crystals  are  known  only  from  the  Harstig 
mine,  where  they  occur  in  cavities  associated  with  the  manganese  silicate,  caryopilite,  and  the 
arsenates,  sarkiniteand  brandtite.  Hamberg  regards  the  native  lead  to  have  been  reduced  by  the 
oxidation  of  arsenious  acid.  Found  also  in  the  gold  washings  of  the  Urals  at  Ekaterinburg  and 
in  the  Altai,  also  on  the  Kirghese  Steppes. 

Also  reported  (but  some  of  these  are  doubtful)  as  occurring  in  globules  in  galena  at  Alston- 
moor;  in  lava  in  Madeira;  at  the  mines  near  Carthagena  in  Spain;  in  Carboniferous  limestone 
near  Bristol,  and  at  Keumare,  Ireland;  according  to  R.  P.  Greg,  Jr  ,  in  thin  sheets  in  red  oxide 
of  lead  near  a  basaltic  dike  in  Ireland;  in  an  amygdaloid  near  Weissig;  in  basaltic  tufa,  at 
Rautenberg,  in  Moravia;  in  the  district  of  Zomelahuacan,  in  the  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  in  a  granular 
limestone,  containing  in  some  places  species  of  ammonites,  in  laminae,  in  a  foliated  argentiferous 
galena;  at  Huaucavelica,  Peru. 

In  the  U.  S.,  reported  from  near  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  in  crystalline  limestone  (but  doubtful). 
At  Breckinridge  and  Gunnison,  Colorado.  Jay  Gould  mine,  Wood  River  district,  Idaho.  In 
the  gold  placers  of  Camp  Creek,  Montana. 

Artif. — Metallic  lead  has  long  been  known  to  crystallize  in  the  isometric  system;  Lehmann 
has  obtained  electrolytically,  besides  this  form,  another  in  plates  for  which  he  suggests  the 
monoclinic  system2. 

Ref.—1  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  45,  483,  1888,  Zs.  Kr.,  17,  253,  1889.     2  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  274,  1889. 


19.  TIN.    Plumbum  candidum  Plin.,  34,  47.     Jupiter  Alchem.     Gediegen  Zinn   Germ, 
Gediget  Tenn  Swed.    Etain  natif  Fr.     Stagno  nativo  Ilal.     Estano  nativo  Span. 

In  irregular  rounded  crystalline  grains,  or  aggregations  of  grains,  from  O'l  to 
1  mm.  in  size;  color  grayish  white.     Occurs  with  platinum,  iridosmine,  gold,  copper, 


PLATINUM-IRON  GROUP— PLATINUM.  25 

cassiterite,  corundum  in  washings  from  the  Aberfoil  and  Sam  rivers  (headwaters  of 
the  Clarence  river)  near  Oban,  New  South  Wales.  Howell,  Genth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc., 
23,  30,  1885. 

Native  tin  has  also  been  reported  as  occurring  with  the  Siberian  gold;  in  the  Rio  Tipuani 
valley,  Bolivia  (probably  artificial,  Forbes);  in  Guanajuato,  Mexico,  under  bismutite  (Frenzel). 
All  these  are  doubtful. 

Artificial  crystals  are  :  (a]  tetragonal,  and  (/?)  orthorhombic. 

(a)  Tetragonal.  Axis  c  —  0'3857,  Mir.1  In  prismatic  crystals  with  a  (100,  t-»),  m  (110,  I), 
e  (101,  l-i),  i  (301,  30,  P  (111,  1),  T  (331,  3).  Angles  pp'  =  39°  35',  pp"  =  57°  13',  'ee'  =  29°  29', 
ee"  =  42°  1,:'.  Also  twins:  tw.  pi.  (1) p  (111),  and  (2)  r  (331). 

H.  =2.  G.  —  7-178,  after  fusion  7'293  Mir.  Somewhat  malleable.  Luster  metallic. 
Color  tin-white.  Obtained  by  the  electrolytic  decomposition  of  tin  protochloride.  Also  from 
fusion  in  oscillatory  pyramidal  forms. 

(ft)  Orthorhombic.  Axes  a  :  b  :  c  =  0'3874  :  1  :  0  3557.,  100  A  HO  =  21°  10f,  001  A  101 
=  42°  33V,  001  A  Oil ,=  19°  34f,  Trechmann'2.  In  thin  plates  of  prismatic  crystals  with 
a  (100,  i-l\  b  (010,  ii),  m  (110,  7),  y  (340,  £-f)3,  e  (120,  i-2),  k  (101,  l-l),  n  (021,  2-i),  d(lll,  1), 
p  (121,  2  2>.  Angles:  mm'  =  42°  21',  bm  =  *68°  49f,  bn  =  54°  34',  dd'  =  81°  43',  dd'"  =  29°  22', 
bd  —  *75°  19'.  The  form  approximates  to  that  of  the  tetragonal  variety,  e.g.,  in  the  ratio  of 
a  :  c. 

Cleavage  :  b,  k  very  imperfect.  Brittle  to  mild.  H.  =  above  2.  G.  =  6'54.  Luster  metal- 
lic. Color  dark  gray  to  bluish  gray.  Streak  iron-gray,  shining.  Chemically  nearly  pure  tin. 
Obtained  from  cavities  of  an  arsenical  slag  produced  in  the  process  of  tin-making,  Cornwall. 

Ref.— »  Min.,  p.  127;  Phil.  Mag.,  22,  263,  1843.  2  Min.  Mag.,  3,  186,  1879.  3  Foullon,  Vh. 
G.  Reichs.,  237,  1881;  see  also  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  367,  1884;  he  describes  both  the  dimorphous 
forms. 


5.  Platinum-Iron  Group. 

20.  PLATINUM.  Platina  (fr.  Choco)  Ulloa,  Relac.  Hist.  Viage  Amer.  Merid.,  lib.  6,  c.  10, 
Madrid  1748.  Platina  (fr.  Carthagena)  W.  Brownrigg  (who  received  it  in  1741  from  C.  Wood), 
Phil.  Trans.,  584,  1750.  Platiua  del  Pinto  Scheffer,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  269,  1752.  Polyxen 
Hausm.,  Haudb.,  97,  1813,  20,  1847. 

Gediegeu  Platiu  Germ.    Platine  natif  Fr.     Platino  Ital.     Platina  Span. 

Isometric.     Observed  forms1: 
a  (100,  i-i)    d  (110,  i)    o  (111,  1)   /(310,  *-3)    e  (210,  e-2)    I  (530,  e-f)    g  (320,  f-f) 

Twins:  tw.  plane  o.  Crystals  rare,  cubes  most  common ;  often  distorted.  Usu- 
ally in  grains  and  scales,  occasionally  in  irregular  lumps  or  nuggets  up  to  20  pounds 
in  weight. 

Cleavage  none.  Fracture  hackly.  Malleable  and  ductile.  H.  =  4-4*5. 
G.  —  14-19  native;  21-22  chem.  pure.  Luster  metallic.  Color  and  streak  whitish 
steel-gray;  shining.  Sometimes  magnetipolar. 

Coin  p. — Platinum  alloyed  with  iron,  iridium,  osmium  and  other  metals. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary.  Non-magnetic  or  only  slightly  magnetic.  G.  =  16-5-18  0  mostly. 
After  washing  in  acid  a  distinction  can  be  made  between  silver-white,  gray,  and  iron-black 
grains. 

2.  Magnetic.  G.  about  14.  Here  is  included  Breithaupt's  Iron-platinum  (Eisenplatin), 
described  as  PtFe2  with  H.  =  6  and  G.  —  14-6-15'S.  Much  platinum  is  magnetic,  and  occasion- 
ally it  has  polarity,  so  that  platinum  magnets  are  spoken  of,  comparable  in  power  to  the  lode- 
stone.  The  magnetic  property  seems  to  be  connected  with  high  percentage  of  iron,  although 
this  distinction  does  not  hold  without  exception.  Cf.  Daubree,  C.  R.,  80,  526,  1875. 

A  nickeliferous  magnetic  platinum  from  Nizhni  Tagilsk  gave  Terreil:  8'18  Fe  and  0'75Ni, 
C.  R.,  82,  1116,  1876. 

Anal.— 1-14,  Minchin,  Min.  Russl.,  5,  184-190,  1866:  anal.  3-7  of  black  grains  washed  with 
acid  and  then  distinguished  by  color  as  given;  anal.  8-12,  ditto  white  grains.  15-17,  Berzelius, 
Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  113,  1828.  18,  Glaus,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch..  p.  10,  1860.  19,  Bocking,  Lieb.  Ann., 
96,  243,  1855.  20-23,  Deville  and  Debray,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  56,  449,  1859,  and  others.  24-26, 
Hoffmann,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.,  Canada,  5  (3),  p.  17,  1887.  anal.  24  of  whole  after  separation  of 
gold,  25,  26,  of  samples  separated  by  the  magnet.  27,  Collier,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  21,  123,  1881. 


26 


NATIVE  ELEMENTS. 


G 


Pt      Fe     Pd    Rh     Ir     Os    Cu    Iridos. 


non- 


1.  Goroblag. 

magnetic  17 '726 

2.  Goroblag.  magn.  14"25 

3.  N.  Tagilsk  wh. 

non-magn.  17'22 

4.  N.  Tagilsk  gry.    16*44 

5.  "          blk.     1414 

6.  N.  Tagilsk  #ry. 

magn.  14 '82 

7.  N.  Tagilsk  blk.     13'35 

8.  N.  Tagilsk  wh.     17 '21 

9.  "  non-magn.  16 '54 

10.  "          "  13-52 

11.  N.  Tagilsk  magn.  14-63 

12.  "  13-52 

13.  N.  Tagilsk 
14. 

15.  N.  Tagilsk  non-magn. 

16.  N.Tagilskww^n. 

17.  Goroblag.  non-magn. 

18.  Goroblag. 

19.  Borneo 

20.  Australia 

21.  Choco 

22.  California 

23.  Oregon 

24.  Br.  Columbia       16'656 

25.  "  non-magn.  17'017 

26.  "  magn.         16 '095 

27.  Pittsburgh          17'35 


Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  infusible.  Not  affected  by  borax  or  salt  of  phosphorus,  except  in  the  state 
of  fine  dust,  when  reactions  for  iron  and  copper  may  be  obtained.  Soluble  only  in  heated  nitro- 
hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs.— Platinum  was  first  found  in  pebbles  and  small  grains,  associated  with  iridium, 
osmium,  palladium,  gold,  copper,  and  chromite,  in  the  alluvial  deposits  of  the  river  Pinto,  in 
the  district  of  Choco,  near  Popayan,  in  the  U.  S.  of  Colombia,  South  America,  where  it  received 
its  name  platina  (platiua  del  Pinto)  from  plata,  silver.  In  the  province  of  Antioquia,  iii  Brazil, 
it  has  been  found  in  auriferous  regions  in  syenite  (Boussiugault,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  32,  204,  1826). 

In  Russia,  where  it  was  first  discovered  in  1822,  it  occurs  in  alluvial  material  in  the  Urals 
at  Nizhni  Tagilsk,  sometimes  in  nuggets  of  considerable  size;  alsq  at  Kushvinsk  in  the  Qoroblag- 
odatsk  district  and  at  other  points;  in  Nizhni  Tagilsk  it  has  been  found  with  chromite  in  a 
serpentine  probably  derived  from  a  peridotyte.  In  the  sand  of  the  Ivalo  river,  northern  Lap- 
land, associated  with  diamond  and  probably  derived  from  a  serpentine  (altered  peridotyte)  con- 
taining chromite  and  diallage. 

Platinum  is  also  found  on  Borneo;  in  the  sands  of  the  Rhine;  at  St.  Aray,  Val  du  Drac; 
county  of  Wicklow,  Ireland;  on  the  river  Jocky,  St.  Domingo;  according  to  report,  in  Choloteca 
and  Gracias,  in  Honduras.  Also  from  the  river  Tayaka,  in  New  Zealand,  from  a  region  charac- 
terized by  a  chrysolite  rock  (dunyte)  with  serpentine;  similarly  with  nickeliferous  metallic  iron 
(awaruite)  in  the  drift  of  the  Gorge  river;  also  from  quartz  lodes  in  the  Thames  gold  fields 
(J.  A.  Pond).  In  New  South  Wales,  reported  as  occurring  in  situ  in  the  Broken  Hill  district,  in 
a  feldspathic  rock  with  iridosmine;  found  in  gold  washings  in  small  quantities  at  various  points. 

In  California,  in  the  Klamath  region,  at  Cape  Blanco,  etc.,  but  not  abundant,  in  the  gold 
washings  of  Cherokee,  Butte  Co.;  in  traces  with  gold  in  Rutherford  Co.,  North  Carolina;  at  St. 
Frangois,  Beauce  Co.,  Quebec;  at  several  points  in  British  Columbia,  thus  on  the  Fraser  river 
near  Lillooet,  also  on  Tranquille  river  and  on  Granite  Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Tulameen;  further 
on  the  tributaries  of  the  Yukon  river.  A  mass  weighing  104  grams,  with  G.  =  10*45,  and  con- 
sisting of  46  p.  c.  platinum  (anal.  27)  and  54  chromite,  was  found  near  Plattsburgh,  N.  Y. 

The  metal  platinum  was  brought  from  Choco,  S.  A.,  by  Ulloa,  a  Spanish  traveller  in 
America,  in  the  year  1735,  and  from  Carthagena,  by  Charles  Wood,  who  procured  it  in  Jamaica. 
Ulloa  speaks  of  specula  made  by  the  people  of  the  country,  of  a  peculiar  metal,  which  Brown- 
rigg  says  was  " platina,"  and  the  latter  mentions  a  "pummel  of  a  sword,"  and  other  articles  of 
platinum,  received  by  him  from  Carthagena. 

Ref.— i  Cf.  Eremeyev,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  14,  155,  1879. 


83-49 
76-22 

81-34 
82-46 
70-15 

73-70 
68-95 

78-38 
82-16 
71-20 
74-67 
7194 
68-72 
77-14 
78-94 
73-58 
86-50 
85-97 
82-60 
61-40 

8-98 
17-30 

11-48 
11-23 
18-90 

16-65 
1893 
11-72 
11-50 
17-73 
1554 
15-79 
15-58 
12-13 
11-04 
12-98 
8-32 
6-54 
10-67 
4-55 

1-94 

1-87 

0-30 
023 
0-20 

0-23 
0-21 
017 
0-25 
018 
0-18 
014 
0-20 
0-22 
0-28 
0-30 
1-10 
0-75 
0-30 
1  80 

3-17 
2-50 

214 
2-35 
3-61 

3-12 
3-30 
2-79 
2-19 
3-46 
2-26 
2-76 
2-48 
2-74 
0-86 
1-15 
1-15 
0-96 

1-85 

tr.     —     — 
tr.     —    0-36 

2-42    tr.    1-13 
1-21     tr.    0-64 
1-03    tr.   116 

115     tr.    1-47 
1-34    tr.    1-59 
5-32    tr.    0-28 
1-00    tr.   0-21 
1-15    tr.    0-50 
0-83    tr.    1-98 
1-18    tr.    3-72 
4-73    tr.    030 
5-10    tr.    0-34 
4-97    tr.   0-70 
2-35    tr.    5-20 
—      tr.    0-45 
0-98  0-54  0-86 
0-66    —    0-13 
110    —    110 

0-93  =98-51 
050  =98-75 

0-57  =  99-38 
1-38  =99-50 
3-87  =  98-92 

2-56  =98-88 
3-75  =98-07 
0-32  =98-98 
1  89  =99-20 
3-85  =98-07 
2-30  =97-76 
2-87  =98-40 
6-36»  =  98-37 
0-98a  =  9865 
1-96  =98-75 
2-30»  =  97-86 
1-40  =98-92 
210a  =  98-70 
3-80  Au  0-20  =  98 
26-00  Au  1-20  sand 

•3( 
1- 

\ 
2b  = 

100-20 

86 

•20 

7-80 

0-50 

1-40 

0-85    — 

0-60 

0-95 

Aul-00 

sand 

o- 

95  = 

100-25 

85 

•50 

6-75 

0-60 

1-00 

1-05    — 

1-40 

1-10 

Au  0'80  sand 

2' 

95  = 

101-15 

51 

•45 

4-30 

0-15 

0-65 

0-40    — 

215 

37-30 

Au  0-85  sand 

3-00  = 

100-25 

72' 

'07 

8-59 

0-19 

2-57 

114    — 

3-39 

10-51 

gangue 

1-69 

— 

100-15 

68 

•19 

7-87 

0-26 

310 

1-21    — 

3-09 

14-62 

gangue 

1-95 

— 

100-30 

78' 

43 

9-78 

0-09 

1-70 

1-04    — 

3-89 

,3-77 

gangu§ 

1-27 

= 

99-97 

82 

•81 

1104 

310 

0-29 

063    tr. 

0-40 

— 

gangue 

2-05 

= 

100-32 

a  Including  gangue. 

PLA  TIN  CM-IRON  GRO  UP— IRIDIUM— IRIDOSMINE. 


27 


21.  IRIDIUM.  Gediegen  Iridium  Breith.,  Berz..  JB.,  14,  180,  1835,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  84, 
1834.  Platiniridium  Smnberg,  Berz.  JB.,  15,  205,  1834. 

Isometric.     Observed  forms1: 

a  (100,  i-i)  d  (110,  i)  o  (111,  1)  /  (310,  f-3)  $  (430,  *-f ) 

Twins :  tw.  plane  o,  commonly  in  polysynthetic  groups.  Crystals  rare,  gener- 
ally cubes.  Usually  in  angular  grains. 

Cleavage:  cubic,  indistinct.  Fracture  hackly.  Somewhat  malleable.  H.  =  6-7, 
G.  =  22-65-22'842.  Luster  metallic.  Color  silver-white,  with  tinge  of  yellow  ou 
surface;  gray  on  fracture.  Opaque. 

Comp. — Iridium  with  platinum  and  other  allied  metals. 
Anal. — S  vanberg : 

Pt  Ir  Pd          Rh          Fe          Cu          Os 

1.  N.  Tagilsk  19-64        76-80        0'89  1'78          —    =  99'11 

S.Brazil  55-44        27*79        0"49        6 '86        4- 14        §'30       trace  =  98'02 

Prinsep  in  a  specimen  from  Ava  in  India  found  Ir  60,  Pt20;  this  is  called  Avaite  by  Heddle, 
Enc.  Brit.,  16,  382,  1883. 

Obs.— Occurs  with  the  platinum  of  the  Urals  and  Brazil;  perhaps  also  with  the  California 
gold;  Ava  in  Burma. 

Ref.— !  Erem.,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  14,  155,  1879.  2  Of  cubic  crystals  22 "647-22 "668,  of  octahe- 
dral 22-770-22-773  from  Sukho-Visim,  from  Nevyansk,  22 '805-22 -836,  Erem.  1.  c. 


22.  IRIDOSMINE.  Ore  of  Iridium,  consisting  of  Iridium  and  Osmium,  Wollaston,  Phil. 
Trans.,  316,  1805  (Metals  Iridium  and  Osmium,  first  announced  by  Tennant,  Phil.  Trans.,  411, 
1804).  Native  Iridium  Jameson.  Osmiure  d'Iridium  Berz.,  Nouv.  Syst.  Min.,  195,  1819. 
Osmium-Iridium  Leonh.,  Handb.,  1821.  Iridosmium;  Osmiridium.  Newianskit,  Sisserskit. 
Haid.  Handb.,  558,  1845. 

Rhombohedral.     Axis  6  =  1-4105;  0001  A  1011  =  58°  27'  Rose. 

Forms :  c  (0001,  0),  m  (1010,  I\  r  (1011,  R)\  z  (0111,  -  I)2,  x  (2243,  f-2). 
Angles:  ex  =  *62°,  rr'  =  95°  8',  xx'  =  52°  24'. 

Rarely  in  hexagonal  prisms ;  usually  in  irregular  flattened  grains. 

Cleavage:    c   perfect.      Slightly   malleable    to    nearly    brittle.      H.    =   6-7. 
G.  =  19-3-21-12.     Luster  metallic.     Color  tin-white  to  light  l 

steel-gray.     Opaque. 

Comp.,  Tar — Iridium  and  osmium  in  different  propor- 
tions. Two  varieties  depending  on  these  proportions  have 
been  named  as  species,  but  they  are  isomorphous,  as  are  also 
the  metals  themselves  (Rose).  Some  rhodium,  platinum, 
ruthenium,  and  other  metals  are  usually  present. 

Var.— 1.  Nevyanskite.    Newjanskit  Haid.;  H.  =7;  G.  =  18-8-19-5. 
white.     Over  40  p.  c.  of  iridium. 

2.  Siserskite.  Sisserskit  Haid.  In  flat  scales,  often  six-sided,  color  grayish  white,  steel-gray 
G.  =  20-21  2.  Not  over  30  p.  c.  of  iridium.  Less  common  than  the  light-colored  variety. 

Anal.— Deville  and  Debray,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  56,  481,  1859. 

1.  N.  Grenada 
2. 

3.  California 

4.  Australia 

5.  Borneo 

6.  Ural 

7.  "  G.  =  18-9 

8.  "  G.  =18-8 

9.  "  G.  =  20-4 
10.  "  G.  =  20-5 

Pyr.,  etc.— At  a  high  temperature  the  siserskite  gives  out  osmium,  but  undergoes  no  further 
change.  The  nevyanskite  is  not  decomposed  and  does  not  give  an  osmium  odor.  With  niter, 
the  characteristic  odor  of  osmium  is  soon  perceived,  and  a  mass  obtained  soluble  in  water,  from 
which  a  green  precipitate  is  thrown  down  by  nitric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  platinum  in  the  province  of  Choco  in  South  America;  near  Ekaterinburg, 
Zlatoust,  and  Kyshtimsk,  in  the  Ural  mountains;  in  auriferous  and  other  drifts  at  various  points 


Ural,  Rose. 
In  flat  scales;  color  tin- 


Ir 

Rd 

Pt 

70-40 

12-30 

o-io 

57-80 

0-63 



53-50 

2-60 



58-13 

3-04 



58-27 

2.64 

0-15 

77-20 

0-50 

1-10 

43-28 

5-73 

0-62 

64-50 

7-50 

2-80 

43-94 

1-65 

0-14 

70-36 

4-72 

0-41 

Ru           Os          Cu 

Fe 

—        [17-20]       — 

— 

=  100 

6-37        35-10       006 

010 

=  100-06 

050 

43-40 

— 

— 

=  100 

5-22 

33-46 

0-15 



=  100 

— 

38-94' 

— 

— 

=  100 

0-20 

21-00' 

tr. 



=  100 

8-49 

'40-11 

0-78 

0-99 

=  100 

— 

22-90 

0-90 

1-40 

=  100 

4-68 

"48-85= 

0-11 

0-63 

=  100 

23-01' 

0-21 

1-29 

=  100 

28  NATTVE  ELEMENTS. 

as  Bingera,  Bathurst,  etc.,  in  New  South  Wales,  Australia.  Rather  abundant  in  the  auriferous 
beach-sands  of  northern  California,  occurring  in  small  bright  lead-colored  scales,  sometimes 
six-sided.  Also  traces  in  the  gold-washings  on  the  rivers  du  Loup  and  des  Plantes,  Canada. 

Ref.— l  Abh.  Ak.  Berlin,  97,  1849;  Pogg.,  29,  452,  1833.  *  Lsx.,  also  a  more  acute'  m-2 
pyramid,  Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  p.  99,  1882. 

23.  PALLADIUM.     Wollaston,  Phil.  Trans.  1808. 

Isometric.  In  minute  octahedrons,,  Haid.  Mostly  in  grains,  sometimes  com- 
posed of  diverging  fibers. 

Ductile  and  malleable.  H.  —  4-5-5.  Gr.  =  11-3-11-8,  Wollaston.  Luster 
metallic.  Color  whitish  steel-gray.  Opaque. 

Comp. — Palladium,  alloyed  with  a  little  platinum  and  iridium. 

Pyr.,  etc.— The  blowpipe  reactions  of  native  palladium  are  undescribed.  As  prepared  by 
Deville,  it  is  the  most  fusible  of  the  platinum  metals.  Oxidizes  at  a  lower  temperature  than 
silver,  but  is  not  blackened  by  sulphurous  gases. 

Obs. — Palladium  occurs  with  platinum  in  Brazil  where  masses  of  the  metal  are  sometimes 
met  with;  reported  from  St.  Domingo,  also  from  the  Urals  (Breith.,  Berz.  JB.,  14,  181,  1835). 

24.  ALLOPALLADIUM.     Selenpalladium  Zinken,   Pogg.,    16,   496,    1829.     Eugenesite 
Adam,  Tabl.  Min.,  82,  1869. 

Ehombohedral.  In  small  six-sided  tables,  Zinken.  Cleavage:  basal  perfect. 
Luster  bright.  Color  nearly  silver-white  to  pale  steel-gray. 

Comp. — Palladium  under  the  rhombohedral  system,  if  Zinken's  early  observa- 
tions can  be  relied  upon. 

Obs. — From  Tilkerode,  in  the  Harz,  in  small  hexagonal  tables  with  gold. 

25.  IRON.    Mars  Alchem.    Gediegen  Eisen  Germ.    Jern  Swed.    Fer  natif  Fr.    Ferro  Ital. 
Hierro  Span. 

Isometric.  Usually  massive,  rarely  in  crystals,  a  (100),  o  (111).  Artificial 
crystals  usually  dendritic,  with  branches  parallel  to  the  cubic  axes.  Twins:  tw.  pi. 
o,  as  penetration-twins  often  repeated  and  producing  embedded  lamellae  parallel  the 
faces  of  the  trisoctahedron  p  (221). 

Cleavage:  a  perfect;  also  a  lamellar  structure  ||  o  and  ||  d.  Fracture  hackly. 
Malleable.  H.  =  4-5.  G.  =  ?'3-7'8  Luster  metallic.  Color  steel-gray  to  iron- 
black.  Strongly  magnetic. 

Var.— 1.   Terrestrial;  2.  Meteoric. 

1.  Terrestrial  Iron.  Found  in  masses,  occasionally  of  great  size  (up  to  20  tons),  as  well  as  in 
small  embedded  particles,  in  basalt  at  Blaaf  jeld,  Ovifak  (or  Uifak),  Disco  Island;  also  at  Fortune 
Bay,  Mellemf  jord,  Asuk,  and  other  points  on  the  same  island,  and  at  Niakornak,  Disco  Bay,  and 
elsewhere  on  the  coast  of  West  Greenland. 

The  Disco  iron  was  discovered  in  1870  by  A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  although  the  fact  that  native 
iron  was  used  by  the  Greenland  natives  for  knives,  utensils,  etc.,  was  known  much  earlier  (Captain 
Ross,  1 819).  It  was  supposed  at  first  to  be  meteoric,  but  its  terrestrial  nature  has  since  been  placed 
beyond  doubt.  It  is  uncertain,  however,  whether  the  iron  was  brought  up  as  such  by  the  basalt 
or  whether  it  was  reduced  by  the  action  of  the  carbonaceous  shales  through  which  the  basalt 
passed;  the  latter  seems  most  probable,  and  is  confirmed  by  the  presence  of  graphite  and  graphitic 
feldspar  in  the  basalt. 

The  iron  varies  in  character  from  the  exterior  or  oxidized  crust,  to  that  which  is  compact 
and  malleable;  for  the  most  part  the  iron  oxidizes  and  disintegrates  rapidly  upon  exposure,  in 
part  owing  to  a  deliquescent  iron  chloride.  Some  of  this  iron  exhibits  when  etched  a  crystalline 
structure  which  somewhat  resembles  that  common  with  meteoric  iron  (see  beyond). 

Besides  the  Greenland  irons,  some  other  occurrences,  usually  classed  as  meteoric,  may  be 
in  fact  terrestrial;  e.g.,  the  Santa  Catharina  iron  of  Brazil  discovered  in  1875. 

Analyses  of  various  Greenland  irons,  1-12,  Lorenzen1: 

G.          Fe        Ni      Co      Cu       S        C        P     SiO2b    insol. 

1.  Blaafjeld,  Ovifak         6'87    91"7l     1 -74    053    0-16    0-10    137     —      1 '52      2'39  =    99'52 

2.  "  "  9M7     182    0-51     0-16    0'78    1'70     —      2'58      0-77=    99-49 

3.  "  «  82-02*    1-39    0-76    0-19    0'08    1'27     —      1-67      8'03  =    95-41 

4.  "  "  59'77a    1-60    0-39     0'23       ?       1'20     —      4-18    22-23=    89'60 

5.  Mellemfjord  7'5-7  9      93  89     2'55    0'54    0  33    0'20    0'28     —      0'46      1-48  =    99'7H 

6.  "  6-90,7-57    92-41     0'45    0'18    0'48     tr.     0'87     —      1'50      4-57  =  100'46 


PLATINUM-IRON   GROUP— IRON. 


29 


7.  Asuk 

8.  Arveprindsens  Is. 

9.  Niakornak 

10.  Fortune  Bay,  Dis- 

co (1852) 

11.  Fiskernaes  (1853) 

12.  Ekaluit 


G 
7-26 

7-29 
719 

7-06 

a 

Fe 
95-15 
95-67 
92-46 
92-68 

92-23 
94-11 
In  part 

Ni      Co 
0-34    0-06 
—     '  tr.  ? 
1-92    0-93 
2-54    0-58 

2-73    0-84 
2-85    1-07 
oxidized. 

Cu       S 
0-14     — 
0-06    0'09 
0-16    0-59 
0-20    O'Ol 

0-36     — 
0-23     — 

b  With  A12 

C 

0-96 
1-94 
3-11 
2-40 

0-20 
03. 

P 
0-07 

Si02b 

1-19 

1-40 
0-24 
0-31 

1-28 

1-90  =  99-74 
1-09  =  100-25 
1-09  ==  100-57 
0-08  =  98-80 

1-99=    99-63 

0-61  =    98-87 


Analyses  13-16  J.  L.  Smith1:   1,  exterior  portion;  2,  iron  particles  from  interior  of  the  same 
mass,  separated  from  gangue;  3,  malleable  iron;  4,  iron  in  irregular  rounded  masses. 
G.  Fe       Ni      Co      Cu       S        C        P       Cl     Fe2O3    H3O 

13.  Ovifak    5'0          16-56    1'08    0'48    0-08    1-12    1'36    014      tr.      76*21    4*50  =  101 '53 

14.  "         6-42        93-16    2'01    0'80    0*12    0'41    2'34    0'32    0-02  =  9918 

15.  "         7-46        90-17    6-50    0'79    013     —       —       —       —    SiO2  1  -54  =  99-13 

16.  "         6-80       88-13    2-13    1'07    0-48    0'36    2'33    0'25    0 '08  silicates  4'20  =  99-03 
For  other  analyses  see  the  authors  quoted1. 

A  nickeliferous  metallic  iron,  called  awaruite  Skey,  (Trans.  N.  Zeal.  Inst.,  18,  401,  1885,) 
occurs  in  the  drift  of  the  Gorge  river,  which  empties  into  Awarua  Bay  on  the  west  coast  of  the 
south  island  of  New  Zealand.  It  is  associated  with  gold,  platinum,  cassiterite,  chromite,  and 
magnetite,  and  has  probably  been  derived  from  a  partially  serpentinized  peridotyte.  It  has 
H.  =  5,  G.  =  8-1.  Composition  FeNi3  =  Iron  32'3,  nickel  67'7  =  100.  Compare  anal.  14,  p.  30. 
Analysis  by  W.  Skey  yielded: 

G.  =  8-1      Fe  31-02      Ni  67'63      Co  0'70      S  0'22      SiO2  0'43  =  100 

Native  iron  also  occurs  sparingly  in  some  basalts  (Andrews  el  al.);  in  pyrite  nodules  in  a 
Keuper  limestone  at  Miihlhausen  in  Thuringia;  in  the  Planerkalk  atChozenin  Bohemia  (ancient 
meteorite  ?)  Also  reported  from  gold  or  platinum  washings  at  various  points,  but  they  are  not 
all  free  from  doubt:  thus  in  the  Urals,  Brazil,  Montgomery  Co.,  Va.,  Burke  Co.,  N.  C.,  Camp 
Creek,  Montana.  Reported  from  shale  near  New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey.  Masses  of  metallic 
iron  locally  reduced  from  clay  ironstone  by  the  burning  of  a  lignite  bed  have  been  noted  70  miles 
above  Edmonton  on  the  North  Saskatchewan  river,  Alberta. 

Bahr  has  observed  grains  of  native  iron  in  a  fragment  of  petrified  wood.  The  iron  was 
mixed  with  limonite  and  organic  matter,  and  is  supposed  to  have  been  produced  by  the  deoxida- 
tion  of  a  salt  of  iron  by  the  organic  matter  of  the  wood.  He  calls  the  iron  sideroferrite. 

SIDERAZOT  0.  Silvestri,  Pogg.  Ann.,  157,  165,  1876.  Silvestrite  A.  D'Achiardi,  I  Metalli, 
2,  84,  1883.  A  product  of  volcanic  eruption,  observed  at  Mt.  Etna  after  the  eruption  of  Aug., 
1874,  as  a  very  thin  coating  on  lava.  Non-crystalline.  Luster  metallic,  resembling  steel. 
Slowly  attacked  by  acids.  An  analysis  gave:  N  914,  Fe  90'86  =  100,  which  corresponds  to 
FesN2  which  requires:  Nitrogen  9*11,  iron  90'89  =  100.  This  is  the  composition  (Fremy)  of  the 
artificial  iron  nitride. 

2.  Meteoric  Iron.  Native  iron  also  occurs  in  most  meteorites,  forming  in  some  cases  (a)  the 
entire  mass;  also  (£)  as  a  spongy,  cellular  matrix  in  wrhich  are  imbedded  grains  of  chrysolite  or 
other  silicates;  (c)  in  grains  or  scales  disseminated  more  or  less  freely  throughout  a  stony  matrix. 
Rarely  a  meteorite  consists  of  a  single  crystalline  individual  (Braunau)  with  numerous  twinning 
lamellae  ||  o  (cf .  above). 

Cubic  cleavage  sometimes  observed;  also  an  octahedral,  less  often  dodecahedral  lamellar 
structure.  Etching  with  dilute  nitric  acid  (or  iodine)  com- 
monly develops  a  crystalline  structure2- 3,  usually  consisting 
of  lines  or  bands  crossing  at  various  angles  according  to  the 
direction  of  the  section,  at  60°  if  |  o,  90°  |  a,  etc.  These 
figures  (f .  1)  are  called  Widmanstiillen  figures,  because  first 
described  by  Widmanstatten  in  1808.  They  are  formed  by 
the  edges  of  crystalline  plates  of  the  nickeliferous  iron  in 
different  conditions,  as  shown  by  the  fact  that  they  are  dif- 
ferently attacked  by  the  acid  (see  also  analyses  below). 
These  plates  are  usually  parallel  to  the  octahedral  faces. 
Reichenbach  named  them  ' '  Balkeneisen"  or  kamacite,  from 
ted  mac,  pole  or  shaft.  "  Baudeisen"  or  Icenile,  from  raivia, 
band,  and  "Fiilleisen"  or  plessite;  the  first  forms  the  broader 
plates  marking  the  structure,  supposed  to  be  of  purer  iron 
and  hence  more  readily  attacked;  the  second  forms  thin 
plates  bounding  the  first,  rich  in  nickel,  appearing  also  in 
thin  lamellae;  the  third  is  the  ground-mass.  Enclosed  in 
the  "  Balkeueisen"  are  sometimes  areas  of  a  white  iron,  re- 
sisting acids,  and  having  a  brilliant  luster;  this  is  Reichenbach's  "  Glanzeisen"  or  lamprite,  from 
XauTtpo^  lustrous.  Irons  with  cubic  structure  and  with  twinning  lamellae  (e.g.,  Braunau)  have 
a  series  of  line  lines  corresponding  to  these  developed  by  etching  (Neumann  lines}.  A  damascene 
luster  is  also  produced  in  some  cases,  due  to  quadrilateral  depressions.  From  the  distinctly  octahe- 


Glorieta  Mt.,  New  Mexico. 


30  NATIVE  ELEMENTS. 

dral  iron,  showing  the  figures  most  perfectly,  there  are  many  gradations  to  the  irons  which 
show  no  distinct  crystalline  structure  at  nil  upon  etching. 

The  exterior  of  masses  of  meteoric  iron  is  usually  more  or  less  deeply  pitted  with  rounded 
thumblike  depressions,  and  the  surface  at  the  time  of  fall  is  covered  with  a  film  of  iron  oxide  in 
fine  ridges  showing  lines  of  flow  due  to  the  melting  caused  by  the  heat  developed  by  the  resistance 
of  the  air;  this  film  disappears  when  the  iron  is  exposed  to  the  weather. 

Comp. — Meteoric  iron  is  always  alloyed  with  nickel,  which  is  usually  present  in  amounts 
varying  from  5  to  10  p.  c. ;  small-  amounts  of  other  metals,  as  cobalt,  manganese,  tin,  copper, 
chromium,  are  also  often  present.  f  Occluded  gases  can  usually  be  detected.  Wright  obtained 
from  the  Arva  iron  44  volumes  of  mixed  gases  by  heating  up  to  low  redness4. 

Analyses  of  typical  irons.— 1,  Holger,  Baumg.  Zs.,  7,  138,  1830.  2,  Berzelius,  Ak.  H. 
Stockh.,  163,  1834.  3,  Taylor,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  22,  374,  1856.  4,  Fickentscher,  Buchner,  Mete- 
oriten,  144.  5,  Bocking,  Lieb.  Ann.,  96,  246,  1855.  6,  Holger,  1.  c.  7,  Silliman  and  Hunt, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  2,  370,  1846.  8,  Berzelius,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  106,  1832.  9,  Bergemann,  Pogg.,  100, 
254,  1857.  10,  Id.,  ibid.,  p.  256.  11,  Dufios  and  Fischer,  Pogg.,  72,  170,  475,  1847;  73,  590, 
1848.  12.  Rube,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  21,  72,  1862.  13,  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  73,  1876.  14,  Taylor,  ib. 
24,  293,  1857.  15,  Damour,  C.  R.,  84,  478,  1877.  16,  J.  L.  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  13,  213,  1877. 
17,  Id.,  ib.,  19,  463, 1880.  18,  Kinnicutt,  Peabody  Mus.  Arch.,  3,  383,  1884.  19,  Riggs,  ib.,  30, 
312,  1885.  20,  Mackintosh,  ib.,  30,  238.  21,  D.  Fisher,  ib.,  34,  381,  1887.  22,  Mackintosh, 
ib.,  33,  225.  23,  Whitfield,  ib.,  33,  499,  1887. 

Fe      Ni      Co    Cu    Mn 

1.  Agram,  May  26,  1751  83'29  11-84  1'26    —    0'64  X  2'97=100 

2.  Pallas  Iron,  1749  88'04  10'73  0'46  0'07  013  CO'04,  S  tr.,  X0'53=100 

3.  Toluca,  1784  .  90*72    8 "49  0 '44    —     —    P  0'18,  X  0-63=100-46 

4.  Bemdego,  1784  G.=7'731  91 -90    5'71    —     —     —    X  0-46=98-07 

5.  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1793  813015'232'01    tr.     —    P  0'08,   S  tr.,   Sch.  0'88, 

SnZr.=99-50 

6.  Lenarto,  1814  85'04    8-12  3*59    —    0'61  X  2'64=100 

7.  Red  River,  1814  90'91    8'46    —     —     —    X  0-50=9987 

8.  Bohumilitz,  1829  93'78    3'81  0'21    —      —    X  2'20=100 

9.  Sevier  Iron,  1840  G.=7'26  90-10    6'52  0'33    —     —    P  0'02,  X  2'23=99'20 

10.  Arva,  1840  82'11     7'11  0'36    —     —    C  1'54,  PO'34,  Sch.  6'56, 

Gr.  2-00=100-02 

11.  Braunau,  July  14,  1847  91-88    5'52  0'53      2'07       C,S*r.=100 

12.  Rittersgrun,  1847  87'31     9'63  0'58    —      —    P  1  '37,  X  1-38=10027 
J23.  Pittsburg,  1850                           G.=7'74  92-81     4'67  0'39  0'03  0'14  S  0'04,  P  0'25=98  33 

14.  Octibbeha  Co.,  Miss.,  1857  37-69  59'69  0'40  0'90    —    P  O'lO,  X  0'41=99-19 

15.  St.  Catharina,  1875  G.=7'75-7'84  63'69  33*97  1-48    —      —    C  0'20,  S  0'16,  P  0'05 

=99-55 

16.  Bates  Co.,  Mo.,  1875  G.=7'72  89'12  10'02  026  O'Ol    —    P0'12=99'53 

17.  Estherville,  Iowa,  May  10,  1879  92'00    7*10  0'69    tr.     —    P0'll=99-90 

18.  Turner  Mound,  Ohio,  1883      G.=7'894  89'00  10'65  0'45    tr.      —    insol.  0'09=100'19 

19.  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  1883   .  88'71  10*69    —    0'07    —    C  0'06,  S  0'03,  P  0-26 

=99-82 

20.  GlorietaMt.,  N.  M.,  1884          G.=7'66  87'93  11-15  0'33   —     —    P  0'36=99'77 

21.  St.  Croix  Co.,  Wis.,  1884  G.  =7-60-7-70  89'78    7'65  133    tr.     —    Ctr.,  PO'51,Sn  ^.=99'27 

22.  Mazapil,  Nov.  27,  1885  91'26    7-85065    —     —    P  0-30=100-06 

23.  Cabin  Creek,  Ark.,  Mch.  27,  1886  91 '87    6-60    tr.     —     —    C,S  0'54,  PO'41=99-42 

X  =  silicates,  insol.,  etc.     Sch.  =  Schreibersite.     Gr.  =  Graphite. 

The  Octibbeha  iron  or  octibbeJiile  (anal.  14,  supposing  this  correct)  is  exceptional  in  the 
amount  of  nickel  present;  it  approximates  to  the  terrestrial  awaruite  (p.  29).  The  Santa  Catha- 
rina iron  (anal.  15)  is  also  remarkably  rich  in  nickel,  but  this  is  regarded  by  some  as  of  terrestrial 
origin. 

The  composition  of  the  portions  of  the  meteoric  iron  to  whose  separate  formation  the  struc- 
ture of  the  Widmanstatten  figures  is  due  has  been  only  partially  determined.  Meunier  assigns  to 
kamacite  the  formula  Fe,4Ni  with  G.  =  7'652;  to  tasnite  Fe6Ni  with  G.  =  7'380;  and  to  plessite 
FdoNi  with  G.  =7850.  Reichenbach  assigned  to  plessite  the  formula  Fe2sNi5.  Analyses:  1, 
2,  4,  Meunier,  Meteorites,  48-50,  1884.  3,  Reichenbach,  Jr., Pogg.,  114,258, 1861.  See  also  p.  1037. 

Fe         Ni 

1.  Kamacite.—  La  Caille        G.  =  7'652        91 -9        7'0  =  98'9 

2.  "  Charcas  92'0        7'5  =  99'5 

3.  Tcenite.—  Cocke  Co. ,  Tenn.  85'71     13-22    Co  0'55    S  0'23    P  0'29  =  100 

4.  "          La  Caille  85'4      14-0      Co  tr.  =  9'90 

Weinschenk  obtained  for  thin  lamellae  from  the  Arva  iron:  Fe  71  "50,  Ni  26 -82,  Co  1 '68 
=  100,  corresponding  to  Fe5(Ni,Co)2  and  approximating  to  the  edmonsonite  (see  below)  of  Flight. 
He  thinks  these  tsenite  lamellae  are  really  made  up  of  two  compounds,  Fe.Ni  and  FesNia.  The 
subject  obviously  requires  much  more  investigation. 


PLATINUM-IRON  GROUP— IRON.  31 

The  following  are  other  more  or  less  well  defined  iron  compounds  from  meteoric  irons: 

EDMONSUNITE  W.  Flight,  Phil.  Trans  ,  888,  1882. 

An  iron-nickel  alloy  forming  tine  lines  in  the  Widmanstiitten  figures  of  the  Cranbourne, 
Victoria,  meteoric  iron.  Analysis:  Fe  70'14,  IS i  29  74  =  99*88.  Flight  identities  this  with  the 
meteor  in  of  Abel,  see  Zimmermauu,  Jb.  jViin.,  557,  1&61,  Named,  after  George  Edmonsou,  Head 
JUabtci  of  Queeiiwood  College,  Hampshire. 

CHALYPITE  Shepurd,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  43,  28,  18G7. — A  compound  of  iron  and  carbon'  found  by 
Forchhammer  as  a  leading  constituent  of  the  Niakoruak  iron.  The  carbon  varied  from  7-11 
p.  c.  Meunier  uses  the  name  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  17,  86,  1869;  cf.  also  Meteorites,  p..  52)  and 
introduces  another.  (  ampbellite,  fora  compound  with  C  =  1 '50  p.  c..,  assumed  by  him  as  present 
in  the  Campbell  Co.,  Tenii.,  meteoric  iron,  which  was  analyzed  by  J.  L.  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
19,  159,  1805. 

COHENITE  E.  Weinsclienk,  Ann.  Mus.  Wien,  4,  94,  1889. 

In  crystals,  probably  isometric  but  distorted.  Brittle.  H.  =  5'5-6.  G.  =  6'977.  Luster 
metallic.  Color  tin-white,  becoming  bronze-yellow  on  exposure.  Composition  (Fe,Ni,C<>)3C. 
Analysis,  after  deducting  a  little  schreibersite:  f  Fe  89'88,  Ki(Co)  3'71,  C  6  41,  Sn,  Cu  *?-.  =  100. 
Named  after  Dr.  E.  Cohen  of  Greifswald. 

SCHREIBERSITE  Haid  ,  Haid   Ber.,  3,  69,  1847.     Phosphornickeleisen  Germ. 

Crystallized;  also  in  steel-gray  folia  and  grains.  In  some  cases  brittle;  again  in  flexible 
folia.  VH.  =  6-5.  G.  =  7'01-7'22,  Haid.  Magnetic. 

A  phosphide  of  iron  and  nickel,  (Fe,TsTi)3P,  in  part  Fe2NiP  =  Phosphorus  15'4,  iron  55  5, 
nickel  29'1  =  100.  'Analyses:  1,  Patera,  Haid.  Ber  ,  1.  c..  and  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  489,  1849.  2, 
Fisher,  Am.  J.  Sc..  19,  157.  1*55.  3-5,  J.  L.  Smith,  ib.  6,  Meunier.  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  17,43, 
1869.  7,  W.  Plight,  Phil.  Trans.,  892,  1882.  8,  Cohen,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  219,  1889. 

P       Fe       Ni     Co 

1.  Arva  7  26  87'20    4'24    —    =98'70 

2    Braunau  11 '72  55-43  25'02    —    C  1  16.  Cr  2'85,  SiO2  0'98=97'16 

3.  E.  Tennessee         13'92  57'22  25  82  0'32,  Cu,  Zn  tr.,  Cl  0"13,  SiO3  1'62,  A18O8  1'63=100'66 

4.  "  G.=  7-027  wrafcrf.  56'04  26-43  0'41,  Cu  tr. 

5.  "  14-86  56-53  28'02  0'28,  Cu  fr-. 

6.  Toluca.G.  =7-103  15-01  57'11  28'35    tr.    Mg  fr'.= 

7.  Cranbourne        f  13'50  56'12  29'18    —    =98'80 

8.  S.    Juliao  de 

Moreira  f  15  74  69'54  14'86    —    =  100'14 

Flight  gives  analyses  of  other  compounds  corresponding  nearly  to  Fe9N"i2P4  and  (Fe,Ni)4P. 
An  iron-nickel  phosphide  from  the  Deesa  iron  gave  Meuiiier:  P  10'29,  Fe  60'00,  Ni  26  ^5 =97 '04. 

Schreibersite  is  named  after  Director  Carl  Fr.  A.  von  Schreibers  of  Vienna  (1775-1882). 
On  Schreibersite  of  Shepard,  see  p.  79. 

RHABDITE  Rose. — A  phosphide  of  iron  and  nickel,  occurring  in  minute  tetragonal  prisms 
distributed  parallel  to  the  cubic  edges  in  the  meteoric  irons  of  Braunau,  SeelSsgeu,  JVIisteca. 
A  similar  compound  occurs  in  the  Cranbourne,  Australia,  iron,  in  brittle  square  prisms,  witb 
G.  =  6  33-6-78.  Analysis,  Flight,  Phil.  Trans.,  891,  1882: 

|  P  12  9.3  Fe  49-34  Ki  38 '24  =  100 '53 

An  Iron  phosphide,  formed  by  combustion  in  the  coal  mines  of  Commentry.  France,  i> 
referred  here  by  Mallard.  Tetragonal.  Axis  c  —  0'4880.  Forms:  a  (100),  m  (110).  e  (101); 
OOlA  101  =26°  1';  me  =  *7l°  56',  ee  =  36^  8'.  Hard.  G.  =  7-14.  Luster  metallic.  Color 
steel-gray.  Brittle.  Magnetic.  Analysis,  Caruot:  P  12'10,  Fe  84'28,  As  1'65,  S  1  -?5,  C  tr.  =99 '78. 
Bull.  Soc.  Mm.,  4.  230,  1881. 

APPENDIX. — Meteorites  are  usually  classified  according  to  the  amount  of  iron  they  contain, 
as  follows 

(a)  Meteoric  iron  proper,  fdderites  or  holosiderites  of  Daubree,  consisting  of  iron  alone  with 
only  occasional  veins,  grains  or  nodules  of  troilite.  carbon  as  graphite  or  diamond  (cf.  clifton- 
ite,  p.  6).  schreibersite,  daubreelite.  etc.  Iron  protochloride,  lawrencite,  is  often  present,  and 
exudes  forming  drops  of  FeCl3  on  the  surface  and  often  leading  to  rapid  disintegration  of 
the  mass. 

Upward  of  one  hundred  localities  of  these  have  been  noted,  and  in  a  few  instances  they  have 
been  seen  to  fall.*  Some  of  the  masses  are  very  large:  the  Butcher  irons  of  the  Bolson  de 
Mapini  in  the  States  of  Chihuahua  and  Coahuila,  Mexico,  include  several  masses,  one  estimated 
to  weigh  5  tons  The  Red  River  Texas,  iron  (anal.  7)  weighs  1635  pounds. 

(l»  Siclerolites  or  zyssiderites  of  Daubree,  consisting  of  a  more  or  less  continuous  spongy  maas 
of  iron  with  embedded  grains  chietiy  of  chrysolite,  like  the  Pallas  Iron  of  Krasnoyarsk.  Siberia 

*  The  most  important  cases  are  Agram,  Croatia,  May  26,  1751;  Charlotte.  Tenn.,  Aug.  1, 
1835;  Braunau,  Bohemia.  July  14.  1847;  Tabarz,  Saxony.  Oct.  18,  1854;  Rowtou,  Shropshire. 
England,  April  20,  1876;  Mazapil,  Mexico,  Nov.  27,  1885;  Cabin  Creek,  Johnson  county, 
Arkansas,  March  23,  1886. 


32  NATIVE  ELEMENTS. 

(hepce  called  by  Rose  pallasites),  which  was  brought  to  St.  Petersburg  by  Pallas  in  1772  and 
which  weighed  originally  1600  pounds.  Masses  of  a  meteorite,  closely  resembling  the  Pallas 
Iron,  were  found  in  Kiowa  Co.,  Kansas,  in  March,  1890;  they  aggregated  from  1000  to  1200  Ibs. 
The  siderolites  graduate  through  the  kinds  in  which  the  iron  is  more  scattered  (mesosiderites  of 
Rose),  though  forming  a  large  part  of  the  whole,  to  the  meteoric  stones. 

(c)  Meteoric  stones,  sporadosiderites  of  Daubree,  in  which  iron  is  more  or  less  disseminated 
through  the  mass,  including  as  named  by  Daubree  the  poly siderites,  oligosiderites  and  cryptosiderites. 
Those  stones  which  contain  no  icon  are  called  by  him  asiderites. 

Meteoric  stones  have  also  been  classified  according  to  the  silicates  present  in  largest  amount, 
and  a  large  number  of  names  introduced,  chiefly  taken  from  the  names  of  localities,  by  Rose, 
Shepard,  Tschermak,  Meunier,  Wadsworth  and  others.  Many  stones  are  characterized  by  the 
presence  often  to  large  extent  of  chondrules,  or  small  spherical  grains  from  the  size  of  a  cherry 
down,  consisting  usually  of  chrysolite  or  enstatite  (cf.  these  species),  the  latter  often  with 
eccentric  radiated  structure — these  stones  are  hence  called  chondrites. 

Specimens  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  independent  occurrences  of  meteoric  stones  have  been 
preserved,  and  for  most  of  them  the  date  and  often  the  circumstances  of  the  fall  are  known. 
In  some  cases  large  numbers  of  stones  are  the  result  of  a  single  fall,  as  that  of  Pultusk,  Poland, 
in  Jan.  30,  1868.  Of  the  Estherville,  Iowa,  meteorite  (siderolite)  in  addition  to  large  masses 
weighing  450,  200,  95  Ibs.,  and  others,  about  60  pounds  of  minute  individuals  were  picked  up, 
mostly  weighing  less  than  an  ounce  and  the  smallest  of  the  size  of  shot,  these  last  chiefly  iron. 
Another  fall,  remarkable  for  the  number  of  small  stones  found,  was  that  of  Winnebago  Co., 
Iowa,  on  May  2,  1890. 

Hef._i  On  the  Greenland  irons,  see  Nordenski5ld,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh., -1058,  1870,  and  1, 1871, 
orGeol.  Mag.,  9,  1872;  Nordstrom,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  453,  1871;  Nauckhoff,  ib.,  Bihang.  1, 
April,  1872  (or  Min.  Mitth.,  109,  1874);  Daubree,  C.  R.  74,  1541,  1872,  and  75.  240,  1872,  and 
84,  66,  1877;  Wohler,  Gott.  Gelehrt,  Anzeig.,  197,  1872,  and  Jb.  Min.,  832,  1879;  Tschermak, 
Min.  Mitth.,  165,  1874;  Steenstrup,  Ved.  Medd.  Copenhagen,  1875,  Nos.  16-19  (or  Zs.  G.  Ges., 
28,  225,  1876);  Tornebohm,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  Bihang,  1878;  Meunier,  C.  R.,  89,  215,  1879; 
J.  Lawrence  Smith,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  16,  452,  1879;  J.  Lorenzen,  Medd.  Gronland,  1883,  also  in 
Min.  Mag.,  6,  14,  1884. 

2  On  the  crystalline  structure  of  iron  In  general,  see  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  70(1),  449, 
1874,  who  also  gives  the  early  literature  of  the  subject.  Also,  3  on  the  Widmanstatten  and 
related  figures,  see  Breithaupt,  Schweig.  J.,  52,  172,  1828,  who  gives  the  history  of  the  name; 
also  Neumann,  Nat.  Abh.  Haid.,  3,  pt.  2,  45,  1850;  Reichenbach,  Pogg.,  114,  99,  250,  264,  477, 
1861;  Rose,  see  below;  Brezina,  Denkschr.  Ak.  Wien,  43,  1880,  44,  1881;  Huntington, 
Proc.  Amer.  Acad.,  May  12,  1886,  or  Am.  J.  Sc.,  32,  284,  1886. 

4  On  the  gases  occluded  in  meteorites,    see   Graham,  Proc.    Roy.    Soc.,    15,    502,    1867; 
Mallet,  ib..  20,  365,   1872;  Wright,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  9,  294,  459,  10,  44,  1875;  Flight,  Phil.  Trans., 
1882;  Ansdell  and  Dewar,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.,  40,  549.  1886. 

5  On  the  classification  of  meteorites  and  the  subject  in  general:  Reichenbach,  Pogg.,  107, 
155,  1859;  Rose,  Beschreibung  und  Eintheilung  der  Meteoriten,  etc.,  Abh.  Ak.  Berlin,  23, 1863; 
Daubree,    C.    R.,    65,   60,    1867;    Shepard,    Am.   J.    Sc.,   43,   22,    1867    (and  others  earlier); 
Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  71(1),  1875,  75  (1),  1877,  88  (1),  1883;  Brezina  (see  below).    Also  Die 
mikroskopische  Beschaffenheit  der  Meteoriten,  1883  et  seq.  S.  Meunier,  Meteorites,  532  pp., 
Paris  1884  (Encycl.  Chem.,  vol.  2,  Fremy);  Wadsworth,  Lithological  Studies,  Mem.  Mus.  Zool., 
Cambridge  11,  1884,  who  gives  many  observations  on  microscopic  structure,    also  tables  of 
analyses. 

On  the  spectra  of  meteorites,  discussion  of  origin,  etc.,  see  Lockyer,  Nature,  1889;  also  on 
the  latter  subject,  Newton,  Tschermak  and  others. 

See  also  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  901,  952,  1860,  and  Die  chemische  Natur  der  Meteoriten,  Abh.  Ak. 
Berlin,  75,  1870,  1,  1879;  ^Buchner,  Die  Meteoriten^  etc.,  202  pp.,  Leipzig,  1863;  Daubree, 
Etudes  synthetiques  de  geologic  experimentale,  Paris;  Early  papers  of  importance  include 
those  by  Chladni,  Howard,  Biot,  Carl  von  Schreibers,  Haidinger,  etc. ;  also,  later,  Tschermak, 
Daubree,  Maskelyne,  Brezina,  J.  Lawrence  Smith  (collected  in  Original  Researches,  etc. ,  1884); 
W.  Flight  (collected  in  "  A  Chapter  on  Meteorites,"  1887),  and  many  others. 

For  a  list  of  meteorites  with  localities,  dates,  etc.,  see  the  catalogues  of  the  Vienna  collection 
(Brezina,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  151-276,  1885),  of  the  British  Museum  (Fletcher,  1888),  of  the 
Museum  d'Histoire  Naturelle,  Paris  (Daubree,  1889),  and  others.  A  catalogue  of  the  Yale 
collection  (E.  S.  D.)  is  given  in  Am.  J.  Sc.,  32,  appendix,  1886;  one  of  the  Harvard  collection 
by  O.  W.  Huntington  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  23,  1887. 


H.  SULPHIDES,    SELENIDES,   TELLURIDES,    ARSENIDES, 

ANTIMONIDES. 

The  sulphides  fall  into  two  Groups  according  to  the  character  of  the  positive 
element. 

I.   Sulphides,  Selenides,  Tellurides  of  the  Semi-Metals. 

II.  Sulphides,  Selenides,  Tellurides,  Arsenides,  Antimonides  of  the 
Metals. 


I.  Sulphides,  Selenides,  Tellurides  of  the  Semi-Metals,  Arsenic, 
Antimony,  Bismuth;  also  Molybdenum. 

1.  Realgar  Group.     RS.     Monoclinic. 


26.     Realgar 


27.    Orpiment 


AsS  1-4403  :  1  :  0-9729 

2.  Stibnite  Group.     R3S3.     Orthorhombic. 


28.  Stibnite 

Metastibnite. 

29.  Bismuthinite 

30.  Guanajuatite 


31.  Tetradymite 

32.  Joseite. 

34.    Molybdenite 


As3S3 


Sb,S3 

Bi2S3 
BLSe, 


a 
0-9046 

& 

0-9926 

0-9679 
1 


il:6 
1  :  1-0014 


1  :  1-0179 

1  :  0-9850 
1  approx. 


rr 

98°  58' 


Bi2Te3          Rhombohedral 
2Bi2Te,Bi2S3 

33.    Wehrlite. 


3.  Molybdenite  Group.     RS2. 
MoS,  Hexagonal  or  rhombohedral  (?) 


ft 

66°  5' 


c 
1-5871 


1.  Realgar  Group. 

26.  REALGAR.  'SavSapccKrf  Theophr.,  325  B.C.  'Savdapaxrj  Dioscor.,  50  A.D.  San- 
daracha  Plin.,  35,  6,  77  A.D.  Sandaracha  Germ.  Reuschgeel,  Rosgeel,  Agric.,  444,  etc.,  3529, 
Interpr.,  468,  1546.  Rauscbgelb  pt.,  Arsenicum  sulphure  mixtum,  Risigallum  pt.,  Realgar, 
Arsenicum  rubrum,  Wall.,  224,  1747.  Arsenic  rouge  Fr.  Trl.  Wall.,  406,  1753.  Realgar 
natif,  Rubine  d'Arsenic  de  Lisle,  3,  333,  1783.  Red  Sulphuret  of  Arsenic.  Rothes  Rauschgelb, 
Germ.  Arsenic  sulfure  rouge  Fr.  Risigallo  Ital.  Rejalgar  Span. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I :  b  =  1-4403  :  1  :  0-9729;    fi  =  *66°    5'  =  001  A  100 
Marignac '. 

100  A  HO  =  52°  47',  001  A  101  =  fo°  22^',  001  A  Oil  =  41°  39'. 

^rT/  33 


34 


SULPHIDES,   #ELE1\IDKS,    TELLUBIUXS,    ETC. 


Forms'2 : 
a  (100,  i-l) 
b  (010,  i  I) 
c  (001,  0) 

li  (610,  £6)' 
i  (410,  /-4) 
7  (310,  *-3) 


£  (520,  /-§) 


//  (120,  i-2) 
6  (250,  i- 


q   (Oil, 


/  (212.-1-2) 


77  (311,    3-2)« 


(032,   |4)        A  (15- 1-1.1,  1-15)5         u  (421,    4-2) 


/tf(3J<),  i-|)5 

w  (430,  *-|) 

e   (650,  af)5 

m(110,  /) 

A  (670.  /-|)3 

c  (230,  *-f) 

1. 


I  (101,  -1-S)3 
a;  (101,  1--1) 
z  (201,  2-?) 

r  042,  i-l) 

<  (034,  |4)5         £(214,-f'2) 


8  (616,  1-6)5 
r/  (612,  3-6) 
<r  (414.  1-4)5 
d  (412,  2-4, 
r  (214,  t-2) 
n  (212,  1-2) 


^(434,    1-|)« 
o  (433,    2-1)4 

*  (232,    |.|) 


0(141, 


YY      = 


47° 
5") 


=  *10' 


Nagyag. 
'  26' 

33^ 
4:1' 
34' 


Biunenthal,  Ilbg. 


Nagyag?,  Mir. 


ac        — 


ax      = 


=       53   43' 


66°    5' 
25°  52' 


cz 
a'z 
rr' 
qq' 

yy 

C(p 

ce 
cm 


69°  53' 

*44  2' 
47°  57' 
83°  81' 

106°  17' 


32° 
561 

104° 


6' 

9' 

12' 


en  = 
cd  = 

a'e  — 
af  = 
ar  = 

an  = 


30C  51' 
46 '  20' 
70°  T>9' 

78°    3' 

68°  is| 

75°    7' 


a  d  =  4 1 
a'u  =  41 


tf 
ft» 

be 
bd 

r 

ee' 

W7/' 

?m' 
dd' 


72°  33' 
64°  53' 
46°  69' 
71°  19 
34°  53' 
86°'  2' 

71°  29' 
50°  1' 
37°  22' 

Also 


Crystals  Siiort  prismatic.     Faces  in  prismatic  zone  striated  vertically. 
granular,  coarse  or  fine;  compact;  as  an  incrustation. 

Cle:ivag3:  b,  rather  perfect;  c,  a,  •/;/,  less  so;  also  /  (Dx.).  Fracture  small 
conchoidal.  Sectile.  H.  —  l'5-'3.  G.  =  3*556.  Luster  resinous.  Color  aurora- 
red  or  orane-ellow.  Streak  varying  from  orange-  red  to  aurora-red.  Trans- 


parent —  translucent.  Optically  —  .  Double  refraction  strong.  Ax.  plane 
BxA  c  ~  -[-  11'.  Dispersion  inclined,  strong.  2Hr  -  96°  20',  2Hy  =  92° 
Dx.'. 


58', 


Comp.—  Arsenic  monosulpMde,  AsS  =  Sulphur  29-9,  arsenic  70  -1  —  TOO. 

Pyr-  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  inelts  volatilizes,  and  gives  a  transparent  red  sublimate:  in 
the  open  tuhe(if  heated  very  slowly)  sulphurous  fumes,  and  awhile  crystalline  sublimate  of 
arsenic  trioxide.  B.B  on  charcoal  burns  with  a  blue  flame,  emitting1  arsenical  and  sulphurous 
odors.  Soluble  in  caustic  alkalies. 

Obs.  —  O^en  associated  with  orpiment;  occurs  with  ores  of  silver  and  lead,  at  F<  •I'-obanva 
and  Kapn!\  in  Hungary,  JN  a^j-fo  in  Transylvania,  at  Joachimsthal  in  Bohemia,  at  Schnecberg 
in  Saxony  at  Amlreasberg  in  the  Harz;  at  Tajowa  in  Hungry,  in  beds  of  clay;  Binnenthal, 
Swit/crU;  -id,  in  dolomite;  at  Wiesloeh  in  Baden,  in  the  Muschelkalk;  on  quartz  in  phyllyte  at 
KreSi-vo  ;.o-tiia:  near  Julamerk  in  Kurdistan;  in  Vesuvian  lavas,  in  minute  crystals,  and  the 
sol  fa  'ar  ear  Naples;  also  in  the  trachylic  region  of  Tolfa  near  Rome,  in  the  calcite  veins  of  a 
micacc-  ainNione.  Strabo  speaks  of  a  mine  of  sandara&t  (the  ancient  name  of  this  species) 
at  Pom  io  Mth'sin  Paphlagonia. 

In  t  <  ».'  S.,  in  seams  in  a  sandy  clay  beneath  the  lava  in  Iron  county,  Utah;  also  in  Cali- 
fornia. 4  :  nf'ii-s  from  the  Needles  San  Bernardino  Co..  and  in  Trinity  Co.,  in  calcite;  Norn's 
Geyser  B'l^in  Yellowstone  National  Park,  where  it  occurs  with  orpiment  as  a  deposition  from 
the  hot  waters. 

The  twin*-  realgar  is  from  the  Arabic  Rahj  al  ghar  powder  of  tJie  mine. 

Alt.—  Changes  on   exposure  to  light  to  orpiment  (A.s2S3)  and  arsenolite  (As2O3). 

Artif.  —  Obtained  in  monoclinic  crystals  by  Senarmont,  C.  R..  32,  41*,  i3oi. 

Hef.  -  '  Quoted  by  Dx.,  Ann   Ch.  Phys.,  10,  422,  1844;  with  Naumann  the  vertical  axis 


STIBN1TM  GROUP—  ORPIMENT. 


35 


has  one  half  this  length.     a  See  Hbg.,  Min.   Not.,  1,  14,  1856;  3,  3,   1860;  also  Mir.,  Min.  177, 
1852,  and  earlier  Sec.,  Mem.  G.  Camp.,  110,  1841);  Levy,  JNiiu.  Heul.,  3,  277,  18ii7. 

3  Hbg.,  1.  c.,  all  Biuuenthal  except  h  and  -fiTfrom  Uerezov.  4  Groth,  Binnenthal.  Min.  Samml., 
20,  1878.  5  Fletcher,  Phil.  Mag.,  9,  189,  1880.  b  Knr.,  Kresevo,  Bosnia,  Foldt.  Kozl.,  13,  383, 
1883.  7  Vrba,  Kresevo,  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  460,  1889.  8  Propt.  Opt.  2,  68,  1858;  N.  K.,  166,  1865. 


2.  Stibnite  Group. 

27.  ORPIMENT.  ''AppeviKov  Theophr.  ^  ApcreviKov  Diowor.  Auripigmentum,  Arrhe- 
nicuui,  Plin.,  33,  22,  34,  56.  Auripigmentum,  Germ.,  Opermeut,  Ayric.,  luterpr.,  463.  1546. 
prpiment  Rauschgelb  pt.,  Risigallum  pt.,  Arsenicum  tlavnm.  Wall.,  224,  1747.  Arsenic 
jaune  Fr.trL  Wall.,  1,  406.  175H.  Gelbe  Arsenblende,  gelbes  Rauschgelb,  Germ.  Arsenic 
sulphure  jaune  Fr.  Orpimento  Ilal.  Oropiment  Span.  Yellow  sulphuret  of  Arsenic. 


Ortliorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  c  =  0-60304 
100  A  HO  =  31°  5f,  001  A  101  =  48°  1 


:  0-67427  Mohs  \ 
001  A  Oil  =  33°  59 


Forms1  :  a  (100,  iJ),  b  (010.  i-T),  t  (710,  *-7)4,  s  (320,  i-  1),  m  (110,  I),  u  (120,  «2);  o  (101,  \-i\ 
p  (111,  1);  ft  (232,  H)4.  «  (121,  2-2)-. 


«s'"  =  43°  48' 

mm'"  =  *62°  11' 

uu'  =  7i>°  20' 

00  =  *96°  23' 


pp 


=     85°  40' 
=  105°    6' 

=     48°  24 


/5ft'  =  76°  21' 
ft  a"  =  112°  53' 
/*/*'"  =  67°  59' 


TV'  =  67°  20' 
w"  =  12U°  34' 
«ro"'  =  83°  55' 


s( 

K 

^ 

u  m 

a 

in 

X         ~* 

f\                   f\ 

\ 

Crystals  small  and  rarely  distinct.  Usually  in  foliated  or  columnar  masses; 
Bonn-times  with  reniform  surface. 

Cleavage:  ft  highly  perfect,  cleavage  face  vertically  striated; 
a  in  traces;  gliding-plane  001  (Mgg.,  cf.  stibnite).  Sectile. 
Cleavage  laminae  flexible,  inelastic.  H.  =  1*5-2.  G.  =  3*4—  3'5. 
3J480  Mohs.  Luster  pearly  on  &  (cleavage);  elsewhere  resinous. 
Color  lemon-yellow  Of  several  shades;  streak  the  same,  but  paler. 
Subtransparent  —  subtranslucent.  Optically  -\-.  Ax.  pi.  g  c.  Bx 
J_  (i.  Ax.  angle  large,  Dx.5 

Comp.  —  Arsenic  trisulphide,  As2S3  =  Sulphur  39*0,  arsenic 
61-0  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc.—  In  the  closed  tube,  fuses,  volatilizes,  and  gives  a  dark  yel- 
low sublimate;  other  reactions  the  same  as  under  realgar.  Dissolves  in 
aqua  regia  and  caustic  alkalies. 

Obs.  —  Orpiment  in  small  crystals  is  embedded  in  clay  at  Tajowa,  near  Neusohl  in  Upper 
Hunirary.  It  is  usually  in  foliated  and  fibrous  masses,  and  in  this  form  is  found  at 
Moldawa  in  the  Banat;  at  Kapnik  and  also  Felsobanya  in  Hungary  it  exists  in  metalliferous 
veins,  associated  with  realgar  and  native  arsenic;  at  Kre&evo,  Bosnia,  on  quartz  crystals  in  a 
micaceous  phyllyte;  at  Hall  in  the  Tyrol  it  is  found  in  gypsum;  at  Wiesloch  in  Baden  in  the 
Mu.schelkalk;  at  St.  Gothard  in  dolomite;  with  calcite  in  a  micaceous  sandstone  in  the  trachytic 
region  of  Tolfa.  near  Civita  Vecchia  Italy;  at  the  Solfatara  near  Naples  it  is  the  result  of  vol- 
canic sublimation;  in  Fohnsdorf,  Styria,  found  in  brown  coal.  Near  Julamerk  in  Kurdistan 
there  is  a  large  Turkish  mine.  Occurs  also  at  Acobambillo,  Peru.  Small  traces  are  met  with 
at  Edenville,  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y.,  on  arsenical  iron.  Occurs  with  realgar  in  seams  in  compact 
clay  beneath  lava  in  Iron  county,  Utah.  Occurs  among  the  deposits  of  the  Steamboat  Springs, 
Nevada  (Becker);  also  with  realgar  in  the  Yellowstone  Park. 

The  name  orpiment  is  a  corruption  of  its  Latin  name  auripigmentum,  "  golden  paint," 
given  in  allusion  to  the  color,  and  also  because  the  substance  was  supposed  to  contain  gold. 

Artif.  —  A  common  artificial  product,  sometimes  called  King's  yellow  (Konigs^elbTrer???.). 

Ref.—  i  Min  ,  2,  613,  1824;  some  authors  make  m  =  120.  with  Groth  m  —  820.  3  Phillips 
gives  a  doubtful  prism  g  with  gu  =  2°  6'  (6'13'0?),  Min.,  277,  1823:  for  ft  he  gives  fto  =  34°  10'. 
3  Mir.  Miu.,  176,  1852.  4  Kur.,  Foldt.  Kozl.,  13,  381,  1883.  5  Bull.  Soc.  Miu.,  5,  108,  1882. 

DIMORPHITE.     Dimo.rfina  A.  fcacchi,  Mem    Geol.  Campania,  Napoli,  116,  1849. 

Minute  (to  |  mm.)  orange-yellow  crystals  with  adamantine  luster  H.  =  1'5.  G.  =  3'58. 
A  sulphide  of  arsenic  (As4S3  suggested).  From  a  fumarole  of  the  Solfatara,  Phlegraean  fields. 
Described  as  occurring  in  two  types  TYPE  A  with  a  :  b  :  c  =  0  895  :  1  :  0'776,  and  the  forms 
0(100),  #(010)  ^4(001).  o(l  10),  <?2  (120),  6(011)  m(l\\).  TYPE  B  with  a  :  b  :  c  =  0'907:  1  :  0'608, 
and  the  forms  C  (100),  5(010),  02(120).  i('Oi),  e  (Oil),  m  (111).  In  the  positions  taken  the 
lateral  axes  are  nearly  equal,  while  the  vertical  axes  are  as  9  :  7  (or  5  :  4  or  4  :  3  approx.).  Type  A, 


36 


SULPHIDES,   8ELENIDES,    TELLURIDES,  ETC. 


however  (see  4th  ed.  p.  32),  is  near  orpiment  in  habit  and  angles  and  probably  identical  with  it. 
This  is  seen  when  the  crystals  are  placed  so  that  C,  B,  A,  o,  02,  e,  m  correspond  to  a,  001,  b,  o, 
102,  021,  v.  Then  a  :  b  :  c  =  0'5765 :  1  :  0'6441.  The  angles  for_  dimorphite  (Sec.,  nieas.)  and 
orpimeut  (calc.)  are  respectively:  oo'  =  *96°  20',  96°  33';  102  A  102  =  58°  19,  58°  28';  b  A  021 
=  38°  5',  36°  32';  av  =  55°  37',  56°  19',  to  =  *49°  20',  48°  2'. 

The  relations  of  type  B  are  less  clear;  in  the  position  corresponding  to  the  above,  the  planes 
C,  B,  02,  i,  e,  m  may  perhaps  be  a,.b-,  102,  250,  052,  252.  The  angles  are  then  for  dimorphite 
(Sec.,  meas.)  and  orpiinent  (calc.)  respectively:  102  A  102  =  58°  12',  58°  28';  010  A  052  =  31°  9', 
30°  39'.  etc. 

Or  if  placed  so  that  e  dimorphite  (ee  =  62°  18')  corresponds  to  m  orpiment  (mm'"  =  62°  17'X 
then,  as  shown  by  Kenng.  (Jb.  Min.,  537,  1870),  the  planes  become  001,  b,  083,  403,  m,  443. 
In  the  latter  case  the  correspondence  of  angle  is  closer. 


28.  STIBNITE.  2rijujui,  2ri/3i,  nXarv6(f)B(xX^ov,  Dioscor.  Stimmi,  Stibi,  Stibium, 
Plin.,  33,  33,  34.  Stibi,  Spiessglas,  Basil  Valentine  (who  proved  it  to  contain  sulphur),  1430. 
Lupus  metallorum  Alchem.  Spiess-Glass-Erz  Bruckmann,  Berkwerke,  1727.  Spitsglasmalm, 
Minera  Antimonii,  Antinioniuni  Sulphure  mineralisatum,  Wall.,  237,  1747.  Grauspiessglaserz, 
Grauspiessglanzerz,  Antimonglanz,  Germ.  Antimoine  sulfure  Fr.  Sulphuret  of  Antimony; 
Gray  Antimony;  Antimony  Glance.  Stibina,  Antimonio  grigio  Ital.  Antimonio  gris  Span. 
Stibine  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  421,  1832.  Antimonit  Haid.,  Handb.,  568,1845.  Stibnite  Dana,  Min. 
1854. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  &  :  I  :  b  =  0-99257  :  1  :  1-01788  E.  S.  D.1 

100  A  HO  =  44°  47'  11",  001  A  101  =  45°  43'  16",  001  A  Oil  =  45°  30'  28". 


Forms2: 

6  (170,  f-7)4 

a  (100,  f4) 

72(106,  £4) 

6(010,  f4) 

L  (103,  £4) 

c(001,  O)8 

y  (102,  *4) 

A  (310,  *-3) 

2  (203,  |4)4 

»(310,   f-3) 

2(101,  14) 

z  (320,  f-f)4 

$  (901,  94)4 

k  (430,  f-f) 
m  (110,  7) 
K  (560,  f-f)4 
r(340,  f-f) 
d(230,  f-f) 
Z(350,  f-f) 

Y  (013,  i-i) 
a;  (012,  |4) 
J\T(023,  f-i) 
w(011,  l-«) 
«  (043,  1  4) 
,7(053,  |4) 

X  (250',  f-f) 
g(130,  f-3) 

77(021,  24)4 
.7(031,  34) 

~y  (f\A-l       A   S\4 

f(140,  f-4) 
Z(150,  f-5) 

j    (U41,    l-l) 

g  (092,  f  -S)3 

$(160,  f-6)4 

fj  (3-3-17,  T8T)5 

g  (3-3-13,  Tss)5 

u  (211,  2-2) 

«(123,  f-5) 

fi  (114,  i)4 

A3  (323,  1-f)4 

0-4  (243,  f  2> 

f  (5-5-19,  T67)5 

a  (434,  1-f) 

«(131,  2-2) 

v  (227,  f)4 

-ST(431,  4-f)4 

o)3  (5  10-3,  J^-S) 

s(113,  i) 

A3  (656,  1-f)4 

4  (361,  6-2) 

*  (112,  i) 

e(878,  1-f) 

o?4  (5-11-3,  V-V 

o-2  (223,  f)4 

Z  (9-10-3,  -1/-  V-)4 

77(255,  1-f)4 

il  (445,  |)6 
S  (9-9-10,  T*k)6 

ft  (676,  H) 
<5  (4-5-12,  TVI)4 

o-6  (253,  f-f)4 
t  (133,  1-3)1 

#(111,  1) 
1  (331,  3) 

T(346,  f-f)4 
r  (343    4.4) 

o-fl  (263,  2-3)4 
w  (131,  3-3)4 

W  (829,  f-4)4 

V"^">     S    3/ 

?£  (15  20-16,  $-f)« 

7(10-30-9,  -1/-! 

rr     0"!^      7   7\4 

M  (413,  f4) 

D  (15-20-3,  -8¥°-f)4 

O^7   (/*<O,    •g-'jj 

o-!  (629,  |-3)4 

o-3  (233,  1-f)4 

^  (146,  f-4) 

/"y  /  1  /I  ^       1    /l\4 

Ax  (313,  1-3)4 
co,  (523,  f-f)4 
^(521,  5-|)4 
/(214,  4-2) 
o-  (213,  |-3) 

W  (20-30-9,  -i/-f)4 
7^(10-15-3,  5-f)4 
oo,  (583,  |-f)4 
77  (353,  |-|)4 
7^(15-25-6,  -V-f)4 

Or  (144,    1-4)* 

<P  (143,  f-4) 
o-,  (283,  f-4)4 
P  (153,  f-5) 
o-fl  (2-12-3,  4-6)4 

hh"' 

=  36°  37' 

nri" 

=  52°  47' 

mm" 

=  89°  34' 

oo' 

=  53°  28' 

W 

=  37°    8' 

LL' 

=  37°  45' 

yy' 

=  54°  17V 

22' 

=  68°  43' 

zz 

=  91  c  26V 

YY' 

=    37°  29' 

XX' 

=    53°  57' 

NN' 

=    68°  19' 

uu' 

=    91°    1' 

QQ 

=  107°  14' 

ms 
m-Tt 


mp 
m£ 


7777    =  127°  41' 

64°  17' 
54°  9' 

46°  4' 
34°  41' 
12°  59V 

:    35°  53V 
49°    7' 
71°  24V 
62^  37V 
*55'    1' 
48°  39V 
51°  35' 
35°  24' 


PP 

TT' 


Tilt 
PP' 

TT' 

vo' 

GO, 

ww 


bT         = 

bw         — 
bo-" 


16°    6' 
31°  35' 

51°  26' 
110°  38' 
119°  6' 
126°  28' 
150°  30' 

54°  36' 
46°  33' 

40°  10V 


35 

25°    8' 
30°  16' 

74°  21' 


bcr-t 

=    60°  441 

ss'"  ' 

=    35°  36' 

nit'" 

-    48°  44' 

PP'" 

=    70°  48' 

MM'" 

=    22°  39' 

TT"' 

=    42°  35' 

GOlGOi" 

=    37°  50 

crcr'" 

=    31°  18' 

O-aO-a'" 

=    58°  31' 

TT'" 

=    86°  55' 

W" 

=  *99°  39' 

GOaG03'" 

=  119°  28r 

STIBNITE  GROUP— STIBNITE. 


37 


Crystals  prismatic,  often  acutely  terminated ;  vertical  planes  striated  or  deeply 
furrowed  longitudinally;  crystals  often  curved,  bent  in  knee-shaped  forms  or 
twisted,  especially  in  the  axial  plane  I :  6.  Common  in  confused  aggregates  of 

3.  4.  5. 


1. 


2. 


m 


California.  Hungary.  Japan.          Kapnik,  Knr.       Felsobanya,  Knr. 

acicular  crystals,  also  in  radiating  groups;  massive,  coarse  or  fine  columnar,  less 
often  granular  to  impalpable. 

Cleavage  :  b  highly  perfect,  the  face  often 
striated  or  bent  transversely;  also  a,  m  imperfect; 
c,  _L  to  cleavage,  a  gliding-plane8.  Crystals  flexible 
under  moderate  pressure  in  the  plane  b  :  b.  Slightly 
sectile.  Fracture  small  subconchoidal.  H.  =  2. 
G.  =  4-52-4-62.  Luster  metallic,  highly  splendent 
on  cleavage  or  fresh  crystalline  surfaces.  Color  and 
streak  lead-gray,  inclining  to  steel-gray:  subject  to 
blackish  tarnish,  sometimes  iridescent. 

Comp.  —  Antimony  trisulphide,  Sb2S3=  Sulphur 
28*6,  antimony  71*4  =  100.  Sometimes  auriferous, 
also  argentiferous. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  Fuses  very  easily  (at  1),  coloring  the  flame 
greenish  blue.  In  the  open  tube  sulphurous  (SO2)  and  an- 
timonial  (Sb2O3)  fumes,  the  latter  condensing  as  a  white 
sublimate  which  B.B.  is  non-volatile.  On  charcoal  fuses,  spreads  out,  gives  sulphurous  fumes, 
and  coats  the  coal  white  with  antimony  trioxide;  this  coating  treated  in  R.F.  volatilizes  and 
tinges  the  flame  greenish  blue.  When  pure  perfectly  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid;  in  nitric 
acid  decomposed  with  separation  of  antimony  pentoxide. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  with  quartz  in  beds  or  veins  in  granite  and  gneiss,  often  accompanied  with 
various  other  antimony  minerals  produced  by  its  alteration.  Also  associated  in  metalliferous 
deposits  with  sphalerite,  galena,  cinnabar,  barite,  quartz;  sometimes  accompanies  native  gold. 

Met  with  in  veins  at  Wolfsberg,  in  the  Harz;  at  Braunsdorf,  near  Freiberg;  at  Pfibram; 
at  Casparizeche,  near  Arnsberg,  Westphalia;  Felsobanya,  Schemnitz,  and  Kremnitz,  in  Hungary, 
where  it  often  occurs  in  diverging  prisms,  several  inches  long,  accompanied  by  crystals  of  heavy 
spar  and  other  mineral  species;  at  Pereta,  in  Tuscany,  in  crystals;  in  Ekaterinburg,  in  the  Ural; 
in  Dumt'riess-  shire,  fibrous  and  laminated;  in  Cornwall,  abundant  near  Padstow  and  Tintagel; 
also  crystallized  at  Wheal  Boys;  at  Hare  Hill,  in  Scotland;  in  Perthshire.  Also  found  at  differ- 
ent Mexican  mines.  In  Algeria.  Also  abundant  in  Borneo.  In  Victoria  and  New  South  Wales. 
Magnificent  groups  of  splendent  crystals  up  to  20  inches  in  length  have  been  brought  from  the 
extensive  antimony  mines  in  the  Province  of  lyo,  island  of  Shikoku,  Japan. 

In  the  United  States  it  occurs  sparingly  at  Carmel,  Penobscot  Co.,  Me.  ;  at  Cornish  and  Lyme, 
N.  H.  ;  at  "  Soldier's  Delight,"  Md.  ;  as  a  vein  of  considerable  extent  in  Sevier  county,  Ark.: 
abundant  in  California  at  San  Emigdio,  Kern  county,  and  near  Alta,  Benito  Co.;  also  with 
cinnabar  at  the  Stay  ton  mines,  the  Knoxville  district  and  elsewhere;  in  the  Humboldt  mining 
region  in  Nevada,  and  usually  argentiferous;  also  in  the  mines  of  Aurora,  Esmeralda  Co., 
Nevada;  in  Iron  county,  southern  Utah;  fine  granular  and  compact  in  Coeur  dAlene  Mts.,  Sho- 
shone  county,  Idaho.  Also  found  in  New  Brunswick  in  Prince  William,  York  county,  20  m. 
at  Fredericton;  in  Rawdon  township,  Hants  Co.,  N.  S.;  Foster's  Bar,  Eraser  river,  B.  C. 

This  ore  was  employed  by  the  ancients  for  coloring  the  hair,  eyebrows,  etc.,  to  increase  the 
apparent  size  of  the  eye;  whence  they  called  the  ore  platyophthalmon  (it^.aTvotftBaXjj.ov},  from 
,  broad,  and  b00aA//oS,  eye. 


Japan4. 


88  SULPHIDES,   SELEN1DES,    TELLUR1DE8,   ETC. 


Alt.  —  Changes  on  exposure  by  partial  oxidation  to  kermesite  (SSbsSs.SbaOs),  and  by 
further  oxidation  to  valentinite  (Sb2O3).  Antimony  ochre  also  results  from  its  alteration. 

Artif.—  Obtained  in  crystals  by  several  methods,  cf.  Fouque-Levy,  Synth.  Min.,  317,  1882, 

Ref.  —  !  Japan,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  26,  214,  1883.  2  See  Krenuer  for  early  authorities,  etc.,  and 
many  new  planes,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  51,  436,  1865;  also  Gdt.,  Index,  1,  221,  1886,  for  a  careful 
revision  and  correction.  3  Slg.,  Arusberg,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  135,  1880.  4  E.  S.  D.,  Japan,  1.  c. 
5  Knr.,  Japan,  Foldt.  Koz?.,  13,  304,  1883.  6  Bruu.  Bibl.  Univ.,  11,  514,  1884.  1  Koort,  Inaug. 
Diss.,  Berlin,  1884;  lie  adds  also  numerous  new  planes  for  the  stibnite  of  Wolfsberg  and  Arns- 
berg,  but  for  the  most  part  they  are  very  doubtful,  cf.  Gdt.,  1.  c.,  and  Grunliug,  Zs.  Kr.,  12,  78, 
1886.  »  Cf.  Mgg.,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  19,  1883. 

METASTIBNITE  O.  F.  Becker,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  25,  168,  1888.  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Monograph  13, 
pp.  343,  389,  Ib88.  An  amorphous  brick-red  deposit  of  antimony  trisulphide,  Sb.2Ss  ,  occurring 
with  cinnabar  and  with  sulphide  of  arsenic  upon  siliceous  sinter  at  Steamboat  Springs,  Washoe 
Co.,  Nevada. 

29.  BISMUTHINITE.    Visimutum  Sulphure  mineralisatum  (fr.  Riddarhyttan)   Oronst., 
193,  1758.     Wismuthglanz   Germ.     Bismuth  sulphure  Fr.     Sulphuret  of   Bismuth.     Bismuth 
Glance.     Bismuthine  Beitd.,  Tr.,  2,  418,  1832.     Bismutholamprite  Glock.,  Syn.,  27,  1847.    Bis- 
mutina  Ital. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  b  :  c  =  0-9679  :  1  :  0'9S50  Groth1. 

100  A  HO  =  44°  4',  001  A  101  =  45°  30',  001  A  Oil  —  44°  34'. 

Forms1:  a  (100,  i-i),  b  (010,  i-i);  TO  (110,  /),  6(180,  1-8),  r(101,  1-1).  Angles:  mm'"=*8S°8', 
ee'  =  38°,  rr'  =  *91°.  On  artif.  cryst.  see  Phillips2  and  Hose3;  the  latter  observed  a,  b,  TO,  also 
410,  120,  140,  with  mm'"  =  89°  20'. 

In.acicular  crystals.     Usually  massive,  with  a  foliated  or  fibrous  structure. 

Cleavage:  5  perfect;  a,  m  imperfect.  Somewhat  sectile.  '  H.  =  2.  G.  =  G'4-6'5. 
Luster  metallic.  Streak  and  color  lead-gray,  inclining  to  tin-white,  with  a  yellowish 
or  iridescent  tarnish.  Opaque. 

Comp.—  Bismuth  trisulphide,  Bi2S3  =  Sulphur  18'8,  bismuth  81/2  =  100. 
Sometimes  contains  a  little  copper  and  iron. 

Analyses  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  30.     Forbes  gives  for  the  Bolivia  mineral  G.  =  7'2. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  Fusibility  =  1.  In  the  open  tube  sulphurous  fumes,  and  a  white  sublimate 
which  B.B.  fuses  in-to  drops,  brown  while  hot  and  opaque  yellow  on  cooling.  On  charcoal  at 
first  gives  sulphurous  fumes;  then  fuses  with  spirting,  and  coats  the  coal  with  yellow  bismuth 
oxide;  with  potassium  iodide  a  bright  red  coating  of  bismuth  iodide  is  obtained.  Dissolves 
readily  in  hot  nitric  acid,  and  a  white  precipitate  falls  on  diluting  with  water. 

Obs.  —  Accompanies  molybdenite  and  apatite  in  quartz,  at  Brandy  Gill,  Carrock  Fells,  in 
Cumberland,  having  a  foliated  structure;  near  Redruth;  at  Botallack,  near  Land's  End;  at 
Heriand  Mine,  Gwennap;  with  childrenite,  near  Callingtou;  at  Lanescott  mine,  near  St.  Austell. 
In  France  at  Meymac,  Corr&ze;  at  Johanngeorgeustadt,  Altenberg,  Schneeberg,  in  limestone; 
at  Wittichen,  Baden;  with  cerium  ore  at  Riddarhyttan,  Sweden;  at  the  San  Baldomero  mine, 
near  Sorata,  Bolivia,  foliated,  massive,  and  acicular;  also  from  Cerro  de  Tazna. 

Occurs  with  gold,  pyrite,  and  chalcopyrite  in  Rowan  Co.,  N.  C.,at  the  Earnhardt  vein. 
Reported  by  Shepard  to  have  been  found  with  chrysoberyl  at  Haddam,  Ct.  Sparingly  at  Wil- 
limautic,  and  Portland.  Conn.,  in  part  altered  to  bismuth  carbonate.  Abundantly  with  al  man- 
dine  garnet  and  barite  in  the  Granite  mining  district,  Beaver  county,  Utah;  also  at  Oasis,  Mono 
Co.,  and  in  northeastern  Fresno  Co.,  Cal. 

Alt.  —Occurs  altered  to  anhydrous  bismuth  carbonate,  cf.  bismutosphterite,  2bO. 

Artif.—  Obtained  in  crystals  by  Senannout  et  al.    cf.  Fouque-Levy,  Synth.  Min.,  318,  1882. 

Ref.—1  Tazua,  Bolivia,  Zs.  Kr.,  5,  252,  1880.  '2  Phil.  Mag.,  2,  181,  1827.  3  Pogg.,  91,  401, 
1854. 

BOLJVITE  Domeyko,  6th  App.  Min.  Chili,  p  19.  1S78.  Described  as  a  bismuth  oxysulphide, 
Bi2O3  with  Bi2S3.  It  is  derived  from  the  oxidation  of  the  sulphide  bismuthinite,  and  is  of  very 
uncertain  composition.  The  description  would  apply  to  a  mixture  of  the  oxide  with  the  original 
sulphide,  which  is  enclosed  in  it.  The  uncertain  character  of  the  mineral  seems  to  have  been 
later  accepted  by  Domeyko,  for  in  the  3d  Ed.  of  his  Mineralogy  (1879,  p.  304)  the  occurrence  is 
only  mentioned  briefly,  and  without  any  name.  Locality,  mines  of  Tazna,  in  the  province  of 
Chorolque,  Bolivia. 

30.  GUANAJUATITE.    Una  nueva  especie  mineral  de  bismuto  Castillo,  Naturaleza  2, 
274,  1873;  Jb.  Min.,   225,  1874.     Guanajuatite  V.  Fernandez,   "La  Republics"  of  Guanajuato, 
July  13,    1873.     Selenwismuthglanz  Frenzel,  Jb.    Min.,    679,   1874.     Frenzelite   2nd   Append. 
Dana's  Min.,  22,  1875.     Castillite  Domeyko,  Miu.  Chili,  p.  310,  1879. 


TETRADYMITE.  39 


Orthorhombic,  isomorphous  with  stibnite;  mm  =  90°  approx.  In  acicular 
prismatic  crystals,  striated  longitudinally,  often  forming  semi-compact  masses. 
Also  massive  with  granular,  foliated  or  fibrous  structure. 

Cleavage:  b  distinct.  Somewhat  sectile.  H.  =  2'5-3'5.  G.  =  6'25-6-62. 
Luster  metallic.  Color  bluish  gray.  Streak  gray,  shining. 


Comp.— Bismuth  selenide,  Bi2Se3  =  Selenium  36'3,  bismuth  63'7  =  100;  a  small 
part  of  the  selenium  is  replaced  by  sulphur. 

Anal.— 1,  Frenzel,  Jb.  Min.,  679,  1874.  2,  Mallet,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  15,  294,  1878,  after  deducting 
6'72  p.  c.  lialloysite  and  0*56  SiO2. 

Se  S  Bi 

1.  24-13     6-60     67-38  =  98'11 

2.  34-33     0-66     65 '01  =  100 

Pyr. — B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  with  a  blue  flame,  giving  a  strong  odor  of  selenium;  with 
potassium  iodide  on  charcoal  a  red  coating  of  bismuth  iodide.  Decomposed  by  aqua  regia  on 
slow  heating. 

Obs.— From  the  Santa  Catarina  mine,  Sierra  de  Santa  Rosa,  near  Guanajuato,  Mexico. 
Associated  with  native  bismuth  and  pyrite. 

SILAONITE  V.  Fernan&ez  and  S.Nama,  "  La  Republica,"  Guanajuato,  Mexico,  Dec.  25,  1873. 
A  massive,  bluish  gray  mineral.  H.  =  2'75.  G.  =  6'43-6'45.  Described  as  having  the  com- 
position Bi3Se.  Shown  subsequently  by  Fernandez,  and  also  by  H.  D.  Brims  (Chem.  News,  38, 
109,  1878),  to  be  a  mixture  of  guanajuatite  and  native  bismuth,  and  not  a  homogeneous  mineral. 


31.  TETRADYMITE.  Ore  of  Tellurium  (fr.  Tellemark)  Esmark,  Trans.  G.  Soc.,  3,  413, 
June  1,  1815.  Tellurwismuth  (fr.  Riddarhyttan)  Berz.,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1823.  Telluric  Bis- 
muth. Tetradymite,  Rhomboedrische  Wismuthglanz  (fr.  Schubkau)  Haid.,  Baumg.  Zs.,  9,  129, 
1831.  Bismuth  tellure,  Tellure  seleuie  bismuthifSre  Fr.  Bornine  Beud.,  Tr..  2,  538,  1832. 
Bismuthotellurites  pt.  Glocker,  Syn.,  19,  1847.  Tellurbisrnuth  Balch,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  35,  99,  1863, 

Rhombohedral.     Axis  6  =  1-5871;  0001  A  1011  =  61°  22f  Haidinger1. 

Forms :  c  (0001,  0),  e  (0112,  -  |)  astw.  pi.,  /(2021,  2),  //  (0441,  -  4).  Angles  :  ce  =  42°  30', 
cf  =  74°  44V,  W  =  82°  14',  rr'  =  98°  58',  ff'  =  113°  20',  juju'  =  118°  12'. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  e;  cc  =  *95°;  in  fourlings.  Crystals  small  and  rarely  distinct; 
acute  rhombohedral,  resembling  hexagonal  prisms;  rhombohedral  faces  horizontally 
striated.  Also  in  bladed  forms  and  foliated  to  granular  massive. 

Cleavage:  basal  perfect.  Laminae  flexible;  not  very  sectile.  H.  =  1*5-2;  soils 
paper.  Gr.  =  7'2-7*6.  Luster  metallic,  splendent:  Color  pale  steel-gray.  Thermo- 
electrically  positive  in  part,  also  sometimes  negative2. 

Comp.,  Tar. — Consists  of  bismuth  and  tellurium,  with  sometimes  sulphur  and  a 
trace  of  selenium;  the  analyses  for  the  most  part  afford  the  general  formula  Bi2(Te,S)3. 
Some  authors  regard  the  species  as  an  isoniorphous  compound  of  bismuth  and  tel- 
lurium, and  place  it  in  the  group  of  the  rhombohedral  metals. 

Var.— 1.  Free  from  sulphur.  Bi2Te3=Tellurium48-l,  bismuth  51  '9;  analyses  1-4.  G.=  7'868 
from  Dahlouega,  Jackson;  7*642,  id.,  Balch. 

2.  Sulphurous.  2Bi2Te3.Bi2S3  =  Tellurium  36 '4,  sulphur  4'6,  bismuth  59'0  =  100.  This 
includes  tetrodymile  Raid,  from  Schubkau,  whose  crystals  yielded  the  above  data;  also  other 
varieties  analyzed  by  Genth.  The  name  Bornine,  after  von  Born,  was  given  by  Beudant  in  1832, 
and  Wehrle's  analysis  of  the  Schubkau  ore  was  the  only  one  cited. 

Anal.— 1,  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc..  19,  16,  1855.  2  Id.,  ibid.,  31,  368,  1861.  3,  Balch,  ibid..  35, 
99,  1863.  4,  Genth,  ibid.,  45,  317,  1868.  5,  Wehrle,  Baumg.  Zs  ,  9,  133,  1831.  6.  Berzelius, 
Jahresb.,  12,  178,  1833.  7,  Hruscbauer,  J.  pr.  Ch  ,  45,  456,  1848.  8,  C.  T.  Jackson,  Dana's 
Min.,  712,  1850.  9,  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16.  81,  1853.  10,  Id.,  ibid.,  45.  817,  1868.  11,  12,  Id., 
Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Philad.,  14,  224,  1874.  13,  Id.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  114,  1890.  14,  Frenzel,  Jb. 
Min.,  799,  1873. 

Variety  1.  without  sulphur.  Te        Bi 

1.  FluvanuaCo.,  Va.  |    48'35    52*80     Se  tr.  =  10M5 

2.  Dahlonega,  Ga.  I    47'73    50'90     Se  tr..  Fe  0'21,  Cu  0'06,  Au.  SiO2 ,'  etc.,  0'76 

=  99-66 

3.  "       G.  =  7642    §    48-50    51-51     =100-01 

4.  Highland,  Montana.  "    47'90    50'43     Fe2O3  ()'90,  SiO-,  0  78  =  100  01 


40  SULPHIDES,  SELENIDES,   TELLURIDES,  ETC. 

Variety  2,  containing  sulphur.       Te         S        Bi 

5.  Schubkau  G.  =  7 '500    35 -24    4 "92    59-84  Se  tr.  =  100 

6.  "  36-05    4-32    58'30  Se  tr.,  gangue  0'75  =  99'42 

7.  "  358      4-6     592     =  99'6 

8.  Whitehall,  Va.  35  05    3'65    58'80  Au,  FeaO8 ,  SiO2  2-70  =  100*20 

9.  Davidson  Co.,  N.C.,    G.=7237    33"84    5'27    61  '35  Se  tr.  =  100'46 

10.  Cabarrus  Co.,  N.  C.  36  28    5'01a  57'70  Fe  0'54,  Cu  0'41  =  99'94 

11.  Montana  G.  =  7'33  [34-90]  4'26    60'49  Serfr.,  AuO'21,  Cu  tr.,  FeO'09,  SiO20'05 

=  100 

12.  "  G.  =  7-54  [34-41]  516    59'24  Se  0'14,  Cu  0'47,  SiO2  0'58  =  100 

13.  Yavapai  Co.,  Arizona.  3325    4'50    62'23  =  99 '98b 

14.  Orawitza  35'92    4'26    59'33=99'51 

a  S  4-40  after  deducting  1-15  pyrite.    b  Deducting  15'6  %  quartz,  1*8  Fe2O3. 

Fyr. — In  the  open  tube  a  white  sublimate  of  tellurium  dioxide,  which  B.B.  fuses  to  color- 
less drops.  On  charcoal  fuses,  gives  white  fumes,  and  entirely  volatilizes;  tinges  the  R.F.  bluish 
green;  coats  the  coal  at  first  white  (TeO2),  and  finally  orange-yellow  (Bi2O3);  some  varieties  give 
sulphurous  and  selenous  odors. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Schubkau  near  Schemnitz;  at  Rezbanya;  at  Orawitza  in  the  Banat;  at  Tel- 
lemark  in  Norway  ;  at  Bastnaes  mine,  near  Riddarhyttan,  Sweden. 

In  the  United  States,  in  Virginia,  at  the  Whitehall  gold  mines,  Spottsylvania  Co.,  at  Monroe 
mine,  Stafford  Co.,  and  Tellurium  mine,  Fluvanna  Co.,  with  native  gold;  in  North  Carolina, 
Davidson  Co.,  about  5  m.  W.  of  Washington  mine,  in  foliated  scales  and  lamellar  masses  with 
gold,  chalcopyrite,  magnetite,  epidote,  limonite,  etc.;  and  at  the  PhcEnix  mine,  Cabarrus  Co., 
and  in  gold  washings  of  Burke  and  McDowell  counties;  in  York  district.  So.  Carolina;  in  Georgia, 
Lumpkin  Co.,  4  ra.  E.  of  Dahlonega,  and  also  in  Cherokee  and  Polk  and  Spaulding  counties. 
In  the  gold  washings  of  Highland,  Montana,  and  at  Uncle  Sam's  Lode.  Rare  at  the  Red  Cloud 
mine,  Colorado.  In  quartz  with  gold  at  the  Montgomery  mine,  Hassayampa  distr.,  Arizona •• 
also  near  Bradshaw  City,  Yavapai  Co.,  in  bladed  crystals  in  quartz. 

Named  from  rerpdSvuo<s,  four-fold,  in  allusion  to  the  twin  crystals. 

Ref.— '  Schubkau,  Baumg.  Zs.,  9,  129,  1831,  cf.  also  Pogg.,  21,  595,  1831.  2  From  Schub- 
kau and  Orawitza,  positive;  from  Georgia,  negative,  Schrauf  and  Dana,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  69  (1), 
151,  1874,  or  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  262,  1874. 


32.  JOSEITE.    Tellurure  de  Bismuth  Damour,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  13,  372,  1845.    Borning. 
Tellure  bismuthifere  du  Bresil,  Dufr.  [not  Bornine  Beud.]    Joseit  Kenng.,  Min.,  121,  1853. 

In  laminated   masses  with   perfect   cleavage   resembling  tetradymite.     Soft. 
Fragile.     Gr.  =  7'924-7"936.     Luster  metallic.     Color  grayish  black,  steel-gray. 

Comp. — Bismuth  and  tellurium  with  some  sulphur  and  selenium;  the  formula 
doubtful. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Damour,  1.  c.     3,  Genth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Philad.,  23,  31,  1885. 

Te        S        Se        Bi 

1.  San  Jose,  Brazil        15'93    3'15    1-48    79'15     =   99-71 

2.  "  "  15-68         4-58          78'40     =    98'66 

3.  14-67    2-84    1'46    81 '23    =  100'20 

Rammelsberg  obtained  from  an  allied  mineral,  from  Cumberland,  England  (Min.  Ch.,  5): 
Tellurium  6'73,  sulphur  6 '43,  bismuth  84'33  =  97'49. 

Pyr. — B.B.  the  Brazil  ore  acts  nearly  like  tetradymite.  In  an  open  tube  it  gives  off  some 
sulphur,  then  white  fumes  of  tellurium  dioxide,  and  then  affords  a  decided  odor  of  selenium ; 
and  in  the  upper  part  of  the  tube  a  white  coating  with  some  brick-red  over  it,  due  to  the  selenium; 
and  a  yellowish  residue  below,  due  to  the  bismuth  oxide. 

Obs. — Found  in  granular  limestone  at  San  Jose,  near  Mariana,  province  of  Minas  Geraes, 
Brazil,  and  first  brought  to  France  by  Mr.  Claussen. 

33.  WEHRLITE.    Argent  molybdique  de  Born,  Cat.  de  Raab.,  2,  419,  1790.     Wasserblei- 
silber,  Molybdan-silber,  Wern.,  Letztes  Min.  Syst.,  18,  48,  1817.     Molybdic  silver.     Wismuth- 
glanz  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  1,  254, 1795.     Tellurwismuth  Berz.,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1823.     Wismuthspiegel 
Weiss.     Spiegelglanz  Breith.     Tetradymite  pt.  many  autliors.     Wehrlite  Huot,  Min.,  1,  188. 1841. 

Kenng.,  Min.,  121,  1853. 


In  foliated  masses  with  perfect  cleavage  resembling  tetradymite.  Thin  folia,  a 
little  elastic.  H.  =  1-2.  G.  =  8'37-8'44.  Luster  metallic,  bright.  Color  tin- 
white  to  light  steel-gray. 


MOLYBDENITE  GROUP— MOLYBDENITE.  41 

Comp. — Bismuth  and  tellurium  with  some  sulphur;  a  little  silver  is  present, 
probably  as  silver  sulphide. 

Anal.— 1,  Wehrle,  Baumg.  Zs.,  9,  144,  1831.    2,  3,  Sipocz,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  212,  1885. 

G.  Te        S         Bi       Ag 

1.  Deutsch-Pilsen     8'44        29'74    2'33    6M5    2*07     =    95'29 

2.  "  "          8-368      35-47     —      59'47    4'37    =    99'31 

3.  "  "  28-52    1-33    70'02    0'48     =  100-35 

Analysis  2  corresponds  to  AgBi7Te7,  and  3  to  Bi8Te5S,  or  Bi3Tea,  excluding  AgaS. 
Pyr.,  etc. — Like  tetradymite. 

Obs. — From  Deutsch-Pilsen,  in  Hungary.    First  reported  as  an  ore  of  silver  and  molyb- 
denum.   Named  after  Mining  Commissioner  Wehrle,  of  Hungary. 


3.  Molybdenite  Group. 

34.  MOLYBDENITE.  Not  Molybdaena  [  =  product  fr.  partial  reduct.  and  oxid  of 
Galena]  Dioscor.,  Plin.,  Agric.  Blyertz,  Molybdena  pt.  [rest  graphite]  Watt.,  131,  1747,  Linn., 
1748,  1768.  Sulphur  ferro  et  stanno  saturatum  (fr.  Bastnaes,  etc.),  Wasserbley  pt.,  Molybdena 
pt.,  Cronst.,  139,  1758.  Scheele  Opuscula,  1,  1778.  Molybdsena  (with  discov.  of  metal)  Hielm, 
Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1782,  1788-1793.  Wasserblei  Wern.  Molybdanglanz  Germ.  Molybdena  Kirw., 
Min.,  1796  (calls  the  metal  Molybdenite).  Sulphuret  of  Molybdena.  Molybdenite  Brongn.,  2, 
92,  1807,  citing  Kirwan  as  authority. 

Hexagonal  (?).  Crystals  hexagonal  in  form,  tabular,  or  short  prisms  slightly 
tapering,  ex  =  75°  Renfrew,  resembling  some  mica.  Prismatic  planes  horizontally 
striated;  on  the  base  sometimes  striae  normal  to  the  edges.  Commonly  foliated, 
massive  or  in  scales;  also  fine  granular. 

Cleavage:  basal  eminent.  Laminae  very  flexible,  but  not  elastic.  Sectile. 
H.  =  1-1-5.  G.  =  4-7-4-8;  4-708  Biellese,  Cossa.  Luster  metallic.  Color 
pure  lead-gray;  a  bluish  gray  trace  on  paper,  c  >.  porcelain  slightly  greenish. 
Opaque.  Feel  greasy. 

Coinp.—  Molybdenum  disulphide,  MoSa=  Sulphur  40-0,  molybdenum  60-0=100. 

Pyr.,  etc.—  In  the  open  tube  sulphurous  fumes  and  a  pale  yellow  crystalline  sublimate  of 
molybdenum  trioxide  (MoO3).  B.B.  in  the  forceps  infusible,  imparts  a  yellowish-green  color 
to  the  flame;  on  charcoal  the  pulverized  mineral  gives  in  O.F.  a  strong  odor  of  sulphur,  and 
coats  the  coal  with  crystals  of  molybdic  oxide,  which  appear  yellow  while  hot,  and  white  on 
cooling;  near  the  assay  the  coating  is  copper-red,  and  if  the  white  coating  be  touched  with  an 
intermittent  R.F.,  it  assumes  a  beautiful  azure-blue  color.  Decomposed  by  nitric  acid,  leaving 
a  white  or  grayish  residue  (molybdic  oxide). 

Obs.  —  Generally  occurs  embedded  in,  or  disseminated  through,  granite,  gneiss,  zircon- 
syenite,  granular  limestone,  and  other  crystalline  rocks.  At  Numedal  in  Sweden,  Arendal, 
Selba,  and  Tellemarken  in  Norway,  Nerchinsk  in  Eastern  Siberia,  and  Auerbach  in  Saxony,  it 
has  been  observed  in  hexagonal  prisms.  Found  also  at  Altenberg  and  Ehrenfriedersdorf  in 
Saxony;  Schlackenwald  and  Zinnwald  in  Bohemia;  Rathausberg  in  Austria;  near  Miask, 
Urals  ;"  Bastnaes,  etc.,  Sweden;  in  Finland;  Laurvik  in  Norway;  Chessy  in  France;  in  Piedmont, 
Italy,  at  Traversella  and  Biellese;  Peru;  Brazil;  Calbeck  Fell,  Carrock  Fells,  and  near  the 
source  of  the  Caldew  in  Cumberland,  associated  with  scheelite  and  apatite;  several  of  the 
Cornish  mines;  in  Scotland  at  East  Tulloch;  at  Mount  Coryby  on  Loch  Creran,  etc. 

In  Maine,  at  Blue  Hill  Bay  and  Camdage  farm,  in  large  crystallizations;  also  at  Brunswick, 
Bowdoinham,  and  Sanford,  but  less  interesting.  In  Conn.,  at  Haddam  and  the  adjoining  towns 
on  the  Connecticut  river,  in  gneiss  in  crystals  and  large  plates;  also  at  Saybrook.  In  Vermont, 
at  Newport,  with  crystals  of  white  apatite.  In  N.  Hampshire,  at  Westmoreland,  four  miles 
south  of  the  north  village  meeting-house,  in  a  vein  of  mica  slate,  abundant;  at  Llandaff  in 
regular  tabular  crystals;  at  Franconia.  In  Mass.,  at  Shutesbury,  east  of  Locke's  pond;  at  Brim- 
field,  with  iolite.  In  N.  York,  two  miles  southeast  of  Warwick,  in  irregular  plates  associated 
with  rutile,  zircon,  and  pyrite.  In  Penn.,  in  Chester,  on  Chester  Creek,  near  Reading;  near 
Concord,  Cabarrus  Co.,  N.  C.,  with  pyrite  in  quartz.  In  California,  at  Excelsior  gold  mine,  in 
Excelsior  district  and  elsewhere.  In  Canada,  at  Balsam  Lake,  Terrace  Cove,  Lake  Superior; 
north  of  Balsam  Lake,  on  a  small  island  in  Big  Turtle  Lake,  with  scapolite,  pyroxene,  etc.,  in  a 
vein  of  quartz  intersecting  crystalline  limestone;  at  St.  Jerome,  Quebec;  at  Seabeach  Bay,  near 
Black  River,  N.  W.  of  L.  Superior  (48°  46'  N.,  87°  17'  W.).  In  large  crystals  (1  to  2  inches 
across)  in  Renfrew  county,  Ontario,  also  in  Aldfield  township.  Pontiac  Co.,  Quebec. 

Named  from  noXvfidoS  lead;  the  name,  first  given  to  some  substances  containing  lead, 


later  included  graphite  and  molybdenite,  and  even  some  compounds  of  antimony.     The  distinc- 
tion  between  graphite  and  molybdenite  was  established  by  Scheele  in  1778-79. 


42  SULPHIDES,   SELENIDES,    TELLURIDES,   ETC. 

Artii. — Obtained  crystallized  by  Schulten  by  melting  together  potassium  carbonate,  sulphur 
aod  molybdic  oxide  in  a  platinum  crucible,  G.  =  5'06,  G.  For.  Forb..,  11,  401,  1889. 


II.   Sulphides,  Selenides,   Tellurides,  Arsenides,  Antimonides  of  the 

Metals. 

A.  Basic  Division. 

B.  Monosulphides. 

1.  Galena  Group.     Isometric,  holohedral. 

2.  Chalcocite  Group.     Orthorhombic. 

3.  Sphalerite  Group.     Isometric,  tetrahedral. 

4.  Cinnabar— Wurtzite— Millerite  Group.     Hexagonal  and  rhombohedral. 

C.  Intermediate  Division. 

Embraces  Polydymite  Ni4S6  ?,  Melonite  Te2S3,  etc. ;  also  Bornite  3CuaS.FeaS3, 
Linnseite  CoS.Co2S3,  Cbalcopyrite  CuaS.FeaS3,  etc. 

D.  Disulphides,  Diarsenides,  etc. 

1.  Pyrite  Group.     Isometric,  pyritohedral. 

2.  Marcasite  Group.     Orthorhombic. 

3.  Sylvaiiite  Group. 


II.  Sulphides,  Selenides,  Tellurides,  etc.,  of  the  Metals. 

A.  Basic  Division.    Dyscrasite  Group. 

d:t>:c 

35.  Dyscrasite  Ag3Sb,    Ag6Sb,  etc.         0-5775  :  1  :  0*6718 

Arsenargentite,  Huntilite        Ag3As? 

36.  Horsfordite  Cu6Sb 

37.  Domeykite  Cu3As 

38.  Algodonite  Cu6As 

39.  Whitneyite  Cn9As 

40.  Chilenite  Ag6Bi  ? 


41.     Stiitzite 

35.  DYSCRASITE 

Spiesglanz  Silber  Selb, 

6 
Ag4Te?         Hexagonal?                    1*2530 

.    Argentum  nativum  antimonio  adunatum  Bergm.,   Sciagr.,  159,  1782. 
Lempe  Mag.,  3,  5,  1786.     Silberspiessglaiiz,  Spiesglas-Silber,  Antimon- 

Silber  Germ.     Antimonial  Silver.     Argent  Antimouial  Fr.     Discrase  Betid.,  2,  613,  1832. 
crasit  Frobelf,  Prodr.  Stochiolith,  1837. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  d  :  b  :  c  =  0*5775  :  1  :  O'G^S  Hansmann1. 
100  A  HO  =  30°  01',  001  A  101  =.  49°  19',  001  A  OIL  =  33° 


Forms  '  : 

c  (001,   0)                  q  (130,  *-3) 

0(01-1 

o(100,  **•!) 

m  (110,  /)                  r  (150,  £5) 

P  (021 

*  (010,  i-i) 

7i(120.  i-2)              d(101,  1-i) 

2(112 

mm'"  =  60°  1' 

dd'  =    98°  38'                 cy 

=    53°  20' 

nri     =  81°  46' 

ee'    =    67°  47'                 cs 

=    37°  48' 

qq'       =  59°  59' 

pp'  =  106°  41'                 zz' 

=    57°  44f 

rr'      -  38°  12' 

cz     =    33°  53'                 yy' 

=  *8S°  0' 

*(133,  1-3) 


88'  =    35°  41' 

zz'"  =    32°  23' 

yy'"  =  *47°  18' 

88'"  =    64°  7' 


DYSCRASITE  GROUP—  DYSCRASITE.  43 

Twins:    t\v.    pi.    m,    producing   stellate  forms,    pseudo-hexagonal.     Planes   c 
striated  ||  b.     Also  massive,  granular  fine,  or  coarse"  and  foliated. 

Cleavage:  c,  e  distinct,  m  imperfect.  Fracture  uneven. 
Sectile.  H.  =  3-5-4.  G.  =  9'44-9-85.  Luster  metallic.  Color 
and  streak  silver-white,  inclining  to  tin-white;  somtimes  tar- 
nished yellow  or  blackish.  Opaque. 

Comp. — A  silver  aiitimonide,  including  Ag3Sb  =  Antimony 
27-1,  silver  ?2'9  =  100,  and  Ag6Sb  =  Antimony  15-7,  silver 
84*3  =  100,  and  perhaps  other  compounds. 

Analyses  (see  5th  Ed.,  p.  35)  vary  widely,  some  conforming  also  to          "^ 
Ag2S,  Ag4(!5b,As)3,  etc.     Of  the  following,  1  and  2  agree  with  Ag3Sb, 
3  with  AguSb.     1,  Kg.,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  16,  618,  1869.     2,  3,  Petersen,  Pogg.,       Andreasberg ?,  Mir 
137,  377,  1869. 

Sb  Ag 

1.  Andreasberg        cryst.     G.  =  9'73-9'77        [27-56]       f  72'44  =r  100 

2.  Wolfach  cryst.     G.  =  9'611  |  27*20  71 -52  =  98-72 

3.  "  fine  gran.     G.  =  10'027  15 '81  83  "85  =  99 '-66 

Another  fragment  of  the  crj'stal  analyzed  by  Rammelsberg  (1)  gave  (f)  Ag  =  74'79,  with 
G.  =  9'851.  A  coarse  granular  form  from  Wolfach  gave  Petersen  Sb  23  06,  Ag  76'65,  As  Lr. 
—  99-71,  with  G.  =  9'960.  Peterseu  calls  the  compound  Ag3Sb,  stibio-triargentite,  and  Ag8Sb, 
stibio-hexargentile. 

Because  of  the  similarity  of  form  with  chalcocite,  etc.,  it  has  been  urged  that  the  true  com- 
position is  Ag2Sb,  and  that  the  variation  is  due  to  mechanical  admixture,  cf.  Kenngott'2,  Groth3. 
The  analogy,  however,  of  the  copper  arsenides  and  still  more  of  artificial  compounds  (Cooke4) 
of  zinc  and  antimony  (ZnpSb),  which  latter  are  near  dyscrasite  in  form,  speak  against  this. 

Domeyko  mentions  silver  ores  with  only  4  to  6  p.  c.  antimony.  A  silver-white  mineral  from 
Chanarcillo  conforming  approximately  to  the  formula  Ag4(!Sb,As)3  has  been  called  cltanarcillite. 
(5th  Ed.,  p.  36,  1868.) 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  to  a  globule,  coating  the  coal  with  white  antimony 
trioxide  and  finally  giving  a  globule  of  almost  pure  silver.  (Soluble  in  nitric  acid,  leaving  anti- 
mony trioxide. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  the  Wenzelgang  near  Wolfach,  Baden,  where  it  is  the  chief  silver  ore  (cf, 
Saudb.,  1.  c.);  it  is  crystalline,  and  in  part  tine  granular,  in  part  coarsely  foliated;  the  latter 
forming  masses  in  concentric  layers,  varying  in  structure  and  somewhat  in  composition;  also  at 
Witticlien  in  Suabia,  and  at  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz,  commonly  associated  with  other  ores  of 
silver,  native  arsenic,  galena,  etc.;  also  at  Allemont,  Isere  in  France,  Casalla  in  Spain,  and  in 
Bolivia,  S.  A.  Named  from  dufftcpdo'tS,  a  bad  alloy.  Chanarciilite,  from  Chanarcillo,  is  a 
silver-white  ore  for  which  Domeyko  gives  Ag2(As,Sb;3 ;  5th  Ed.,  p.  36. 

Alt. — Occurs  at  Wolfach,  altered  to  pyrargyrite  and  native  silver,  cf.  Sandberger,  1.  c. 

Ref.— !  Handb.  Min.,  p.  57.  1847.  Saudbeiger  s.dds  a  pyramid  probably  332,  Unt.  Erzg., 
2,208,  1882.  «  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  9,  548,  1852.  3  Tab.  Ueb.  20,  1882.  4  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,229, 
1854;  20,  222,  1855;  cf.  Kg.,  1.  c.,  p  623. 

ARSENICAL  SILVER.  Arsem'ksilber,  from  Andreasberg.  analyzed  by  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  1. 
183,  1795),  and  DuMenil  (Schweig.  J..  34,  357,  1822),  is  regarded  by  Rammelsberg  as  a  mixture 
perhaps  of  arseuopyrite,  arsenical  iron,  and  dyscrasite  (Pogg.,  77,  262.  1849,  and  Min.  Ch.,  27, 
1875).  Called  pyritolamprite  by  Adam,  Tabl.  Min.,  39,  1869. 

MACFARLANITE,  HUNTILITE,  ANIMIKITE.  The  ores  from  Silver  Islet,  Lake  Superior,  appar- 
ently contain  a  silver  arsenide  (huntilite)  and  perhaps  also  a  silver  antimonide  (animikite),  the 
lattei\related  to  or  identical  with  dyscrasite.  The  name  macfarlanile  was  given  by  Sibley  to  the 
complex  ore  consisting  of  a  reddish-brown  sectile  metallic  mineral  mixed  with  silver  and  other 
species;  this  has  been  investigated  by  T.  Macfarlane  (Can.  Nat.,  Feb.  1,  1870;  Trans.  Am.  Inst. 
Mng.  Eng.,  8,  236,  1880).  The  name  huntilite,  after  Dr.  T.  Sterry  Hunt,  was  given  by  Wurtz 
(Eng.  JVIng.  J.,  27,  55,  1879)  to  the  supposed  silver  arsenide,  stated  to  be  dark  gray  to  black  and 
massive,  G.  =  7'47;  also  slate-color  and  cleavable.  Semi-malleable.  G.  =  6'27.  The  analyses 
were  made  on  too  impure  material  to  allow  of  any  decision  as  to  the  composition.  Ag3As 
(=  As  18-8,  Ag  81-2  =  100)  is  sugested.  Compare  Koenig,  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.,  276,1877. 
Animikite,  Wurtz,  1.  c.  p.  124,  occurs  on  huntilite.  Structure  fine  granular.  Somewhat  sectile. 
G.  =  9-45  Color  white  to  grayish  white.  The  formula  Ag9Sb  is  proposed,  but  very  doubtful. 
Named  from  animike,  thunder,  whence  Thunder  Bav.  For  analyses,  etc.,  see  further  Mm.  5th 
Ed.,  App.  Ill,  71,  1882. 

ARSENARGENTITE  J.  B.  Hannay,  Min.  Mag.,  1,  149, 1877.  Stated  on  the  basis  of  a  partial 
examination  of  a  single  specimen  of  doubtful  source  (Freiberg  ?)  to  be  Ag3As,  occurring  in 
orthorhombic  acicular  crystals  in  native  arsenic.  G.  =  8'825.  Analysis:  As  [18-43]  Ag  81*37 
-  100.  Needs  confirmation. 


44  SULPHIDES,   SELENIDES,    TELLURIDES,  ETC. 

36.  HORSFORDITE.    A.  Laist  and  T.  H.  Norton,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  10,  60, 

Only  known  massive. 

Brittle.  Fracture  uneven.  H.  =  4-5.  G.  =  8 '812.  Luster  metallic;  brill- 
iant, but  tarnishing  easily.  Color  silver-white.  Opaque. 

Comp. — A  copper  antimonide,  probably  Cu6Sb  =  Antimony  24 '0,  copper  76*0 
=  100. 


Anal. — Laist  and  Norton: 


Sb  26-86 


Cu  73-37  =  100-23 


Pyr. — B.B.  fusibility  1'5.     Reacts  for  antimony  and  copper. 

Obs. — Occurs  as  a  large  deposit  in  Asia  Minor  not  far  from  Mytilene. 

Named  for  E.  N.  Horsford,  formerly  Rumford  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  Harvard  University. 

Artif — On  octahedral  crystals  containing  Cu6Sb,  see  Brand,  Zs.  Kr.,  17,  264,  1889. 


37.  DOMEYKITE.  Arsenikkupfer  (fr.  Copiapo)  Zinken,  Pogg.,  41,  659,  1837.  Arseniure 
de  cuivre  Domeyko,  Ann.  Mines,  3,  3,  1843;  Cobre  Blanco  id.,  Min.,  138,  1845.  Weisskupfer 
Hausm.  Cuivre  arsenical  Fr.  Arsenical  Copper.  Domeykite  Haid.,  Handb.,  562,  1845.  Con- 
durrite  W.  Phillips,  Phil.  Mag.,  2,  286,  1827. 

Jfteniform  and  botryoidal;  also  massive  and  disseminated. 

Fracture  uneven.  H.  =  3-3'5.  Gr.  =  7*2-7'75.  Luster  metallic,  but  dull  on 
exposure.  Color  tin-white  to  steel-gray,  with  a  yellowish  to  pinchbeck-brown,  and 
afterward  an  iridescent  tarnish. 

€omp. — A  copper  arsenide,  Cu3As  =  Arsenic  28*3,  copper  71*7  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Domeyko,  after  deducting  2'55  gangue,  Ann.  Mines,  3,  6,  1843.  2,  3,  Field,  J. 
Ch.  Soc.,  10,  289,  1857.  4,  Frenzel,  Jb.  Min.,  26,  1873.  5,  Forbes,  Q.  J.  G.  Soc.,  17,  44,  1861. 
6,  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  33,  193,  1862.  7,  8,  Frenzel,  1.  c.  9,  Winkler,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  255,  1882. 


1.  Coquimbo  (Calabozo),  Chili 
2. 

3.  Copiapo  " 

4.  "         (S.  Antonio)      "     G.  =  6'70 

5.  Corocoro,  Bolivia 

6.  L.  Superior,  Portage  Lake    G.  =  7 -75 

7.  G.  =  7-207 

8.  Cigazuala,  Mexico  G.  =  7-547 

9.  Zwickau  H.  =  5.     G.  =  6'84 


As        Cu 

28-36  71-64  =100 

28-26  71-48  =90-74 

28-44  71-56  =  100 

25-89  70-16  Fe,Mn  3 '50,  S  0'49,  insol.  0'45  =  100 '49 

28-41  71-13  Ag  0-46  =  100 

29-25  70-68  =9993 

28-29  72-02  =  100-31 

27-10  72-99  =  100-09 

26-45  65-08  Fe  0'64,  Ni  0'44,  O  2'49,  gangue  3  84 

=  98-94 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  open  tube  fuses  and  gives  a  white  crystalline  sublimate  of  arsenic  trioxide. 
B.B.  on  charcoal  arsenical  fumes  and  a  malleable  metallic  globule,  which,  on  treatment  with 
soda,  gives  a  globule  of  pure  copper.  Not  dissolved  in  hydrochloric  acid,  but  soluble  in  nitric 
acid. 

Obs. — From  the  Chilian  mines  of  Algodones  in  Coquimbo,  in  Illapel,  San  Antonio  m 
Copiapo,  etc.  Also  from  Zwickau,  in  Saxony,  in  porphyry. 

In  N.  America,  found  on  the  Sheldon  location,  Portage  Lake;  and  mixed  with  niccolite  at 
Michipicoten  Island,  in  L.  Superior. 

Domeykite  is  named  for  the  Chilian  mineralogist,  Ignacio  Domeyko. 

Condurrite  is  a  mixture,  the  result  of  alteration  (of  tennantite?,  Rg.).  It  is  black  and  soft, 
soiling  the  fingers.  It  has  been  investigated  by  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  71,  305,  1847)  and  Wink- 
ler (B.  H.  Ztg.,  18,  383,  1859),  also  earlier  by  Faraday,  Blyth  and  Kobell.  Cf.  5th  Ed.,  p.  37. 
From  the  Condurrow  mine,  near  Helstone,  and  Wheal  Druid  mine  at  Carnbrae,  near  Redruth, 
Cornwall. 

ORILEYITE  D.  Waldie,  Proc.  Asiat.  Soc.,  Bengal,  p.  279,  September,  1870. 

Massive  H.  =  5'5.  G.  =  7'343-7'428.  Color  steel-gray  on  fresh  fracture  with  purplish 
tint.  Luster  metallic.  Streak  dark  gray.  Analysis,  D.  Waldie:  As  38 -45,  Sb  0*54,  Cu  12 -13, 
Fe  42-12,  X  6'19.  Insol.  0'12  =  99-55.  X  =  oxidized  matters  soluble  in  dilute  hydrochloric  acid 
=  CuOl-21,  FeOl'97,  PbO  1'89,  AsaO3  1*12  =  6'19.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid.  From  Burma, 
but  exact  locality  not  known.  Named  after  Mr.  O'Riley,  Deputy  Commissioner  of  Martaban, 
Burma. 

The  analysis  corresponds  approximately,  as  shown  by  Mallet  (Min.  India,  14,  1887),  to 
(Cu,,Fe)3  (As.Sb),,  which  if  confirmed  makes  the  mineral  allied  to  domeykite. 


DTSCRASITE  GROUP—  ALGODONITE— WHITNEYITE—  CHILENITE.          45 

38.  ALGODONITE.    F.  Field,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  10,  289,  1857. 

In  incrustations  minutely  crystalline.  Commonly  massive  and  distinctly 
granular. 

Fracture   subconchoidal,  affording  a  granular   surface.     H.  =  4.     G.  =  7*62, 
Chili,  Genth.     Luster  metallic  and  bright,  but  becoming  dull  on  exposure.     Color 
steel-gray  to  silver-white,  the  latter  on  a  polished  surface.     Opaque. 
Comp. — Cu6As  =  Arsenic  16'5,  Copper  83'5  =  100. 
Anal.-l,  F.  Field,  1.  c.     2-4,  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  33,  192,  1862. 

As  Cu  Ag 

1.  Chili  |  16-23        83'30        0'31     =  99'84 

2.  "        G.  =  7-603      f  16-95        8242         tr.       =  99'37 

3.  L.  Superior  15-30        84"22        0'32     =  99"84 

4.  "  16-72        82-35        0'30     =  99'37 

,  In  analysis  3,  a  little  whitneyite  was  mixed  with  the  ore,  and  hence  the  higher  percentage 
of  copper  (Genth). 

Pyr. — The  same  as  with  domeykite,  but  less  fusible. 

Obs.— In  Chili,  at  the  silver  mine  of  Algodones,  near  Coquimbo,  in  the  Cerro  de  los  Seguas, 
Department  of  Rancagua;  in  the  United  States,  in  the  Lake  Superior  region.  A  transported 
mass  of  mixed  whitneyite  and  algodonite,  weighing  95-100  IDS.,  was  found  on  St.  Louis  R. 
The  color  is  grayer,  and  the  texture  more  granular  and  less  malleable,  than  in  whitneyite. 

39.  WHITNEYITE.     Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  27, 400, 1859,  33, 191, 1862.    DarwiniteD.  Forbes. 
Phil.  Mag.,  20,  423,  1860. 

Massive.     Crystalline;  very  fine  granular. 

Malleable.  H.  =  3'5.  Gr.  =  8'4-8'G.  Luster  dull  and  sub-metallic  on  surface 
of  fresh  fracture,  but  strong  metallic  where  scratched  or  rubbed,  soon  tarnishing. 
Color  pale  reddish  to  grayish  white,  pale  reddish  white  on  a  rubbed  surface;  becom- 
ing yellowish  bronze,  brown,  and  brownish  black  on  exposure.  Sometimes  iridescent. 
Opaque. 

Comp. — Cu9As  =  Arsenic  11'6,  copper  88°4  =  100. 

Anal.— 1-3,  F.  A.  Genth,  1.  c.     4,  Id.,  Am.  „.  be    45,  306,  1868.    5,  D.  Forbes,  1.  c. 

As  Cu      Ag  &  insol. 

1.  Michigan  G.  =  8-408    f    11-61        88-13  040  =  100-14 

2.  "  12-28        87-48  004  =    99'80 

3.  "         G.  =  8-47          12-28        87'37  0'03  =    99'68 

4.  Sonora  11-46        88'54  tr.  =  100 

5.  Chili         G.  =8-64     f    11*58        88-14  0'28  =100 

Pyr. — Less  fusible  than  algodonite;  otherwise  as  in  domeykite. 

Obs. — In  Houghton  Co.,  Michigan,  coated  with  red  copper.  A  loose  mass,  weighing  about 
15  Ibs.,  and  consisting  partly  of  algodonite,  was  found  on  the  Pewabic  location,  1  m.  from  Han- 
cock  village,  Portage  Lake;  also  found  in  place  on  the  Sheldon  location,  near  Houghton,  Mich.; 
stated  to  occur  at  the  Albion  location,  about  a  mile  from  the  Cliff  mine,  in  a  vein  4  inches  wide; 
also  at  the  Minnesota  mine;  also  in  Sonora  (Genth),  near  La  Laguna,  a  ranch  on  the  road  to 
Libertad,  Gulf  of  California,  35  m.  fr.  Saric;  reported  also  from  the  Lane  and  Fuller  mine, 
Austin,  Nevada.  Darwinite  (anal.  5)  is  stated  to  occur  near  Potrero  Grande,  southeast  of 
Copiapo,  Chili. 

Named  after  Prof.  J.  D.  Whitney  of  Cambridge,  Mass. ,  formerly  State  Geologist  of  Cali- 
fornia. 

A  mineral  related  to  whitneyite,  from  Fortuna  di  Paposa,  Chili,  gave  Bertrand  7*5  p.  c.  As, 
Ann.  Mines,  1,  413,  1872. 

40.  CHILENITE.    Aleacion  de  plata  con  bismuto  Domeyko,  Min.,  187,  1845.    Plata  bis- 
mutal  Id.,  ib..  185,  1860.     Chilenite  Dana,  Min.,  1868,  36. 

Amorphous;  granular. 

Soft.     Silver- white,  but  tarnishing  easily  to  yellowish. 

Comp.— Contains  bismuth  and  silver,  perhaps  Ag6Bi  =  Bismuth  13'8,  silver  86 -2.  Domeyko 
obtained:  Bi  lO'l,  Ag  601,  Cu  6'8,  As  28,  gangue  19'0,  corresponding  to  Bi  14*4,  silver  85*6. 
Also  (Ann.  Mines,  5,  456,  1864)  Bi  15'3,  Ag  84'7.  For  the  last  the  material  was  separated  from 
a  mass  containing  8  to  10  p.  c.  of  it  disseminated  in  small  points. 

Obs.— From  the  mine  of  San  Antonio,  Potrero  Grande,  in  Copiapo. 

For  the  bismuth  silver  of  Schapbach,  see  p.  122. 


46  SULPHIDES,   RELENIDE8,    TELLURIDES,   ETC. 

41.  Stutzite.    Tellursilberbleude  Sckrauf,  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  245.  1878. 

Hexagonal,  or  pseudo-hexagonal.     If  hexagonal,  axis  c  =  1-2530;  0001  A  1011  =  55°  21'. 

Forms:  c  (0001,  0);  a  (1120,  j-3),  m  (1010,  /),  7*  (2130,  *-f),  £  (4130,  *-f),  d  (1014,  i), 
/(1 012.  4),  0  (1011,  1),  *  (3032,  |);  //  (1126,  £-2),  2  (1124,  f2),  #  (1122,  1-2).  «  (1121,  2-2); 
i  (2132,  |-f),  0(3142,  2-f).  Angles:  cf  =  35°  53',  cs  =  65°  16  ,  cz  =  32C  4',  cy  =  51°  24f, 
cz  =  68°  15'. 

Schrauf  prefers  a  monoclitiic  "parameter,  viz,  a  :  b  :  c  = '1-78205  :  1  :  1'2~>829,  ft  =  89°  33'. 
A  similarity  in  form  to  dyscrasile  (as  also  to  chalcocite;  is  apparent,  and  it  may  be  orthorhouibic 
and  pseudo  hexagonal  like  them. 

Crystals  highly  modified.     Faces  mostly  brilliant;  m  horizontally  striated. 

Fracture  uneven  10  subcouchoidal.  Luster  metallic.  Color  lead-gray,  with  reddish  tinge. 
Streak  blackish  lead-gray. 

Comp.— A  silver  telluride,  perhaps  Ag4Te  =  Tellurium  22*5,  silver  77'5  =  100.  The  silver 
percentage  determined  approximately  with  the  blowpipe  in  two  trials  72  p.  c.  and  77  p.  c. 

Pyr. — Easily  fusible  to  a  dark  bead,  from  which  a  silver  globule  is  obtained  by  reduction 
with  soda;  yields  tellurium  dioxide  in  the  open  tube. 

Obs. -Identified  on  a  single  specimen  in  the  collection  of  the  Vienna  University;  locality 
probably  Nagyag,  Transylvania.  Associated  with  gold  and  hessite  on  quartz.  Named  after 
tStiitz.  who,  in  1*03,  described  a  tellurium  mineral  from  Nagyag,  which  is  regarded  by  JSchrauf 
as  probably  identical  with  this. 


B.    Monosulphides,  Selenides,  Tellurides,  etc. 
1.  Galena  Group.     RS.     Isometric,  liololiedral. 
Monosulphides,  etc.,  of  silver,  copper,  lend  and  mercury. 

42.  Argentite  Ag2S 

Jalpaite  (Ag,Cu)2S 

43.  Hessite  Ag2Te 

44.  Petzite  (Ag,Au)2Te  Massive 

45.  Galena  PbS 

Cuproplumbite,  Alisonite     (Pb,Cu2)S,  (Cu2,Pb)S 

46.  Altaite  PbTe 

47.  Clausthalite  PbSe 

48.  Naumannite  (Ag2,Pb)Se 

49.  Berzelianite  Cu2Se  Massive 

50.  Lehrbachite  (Pb,Hg2)Se 

51.  Eucairite  Cu2Se.Ag2Se  " 

52.  Zorgite  (Pb,Cus,Ag,)Se? 

53.  Crookesite  (Cu,Tl,Ag)2Se  " 

42.  ARGENTITE.  Argentum  rude  plumbei  coloris  et  Galenae  simile,  cultro  difflnditur, 
dentibus  compressum  dilatatur,  Agric.,  438,  1529;  Germ.  Glaserz,  Agric.,  Interpr.,  463,  1546; 
Henckel,  Miu.,  1734  (proving  it  a  sulphur  compound).  Silfverglas,  Miuera  argeuti  vitrea, 
Aigentum  sulphure  mineral isaturn  Wall..  308,  1746;  Sage,  Ann.  Ch.,  2,  250,  1776  (with  earliest 
anal.).  Glanzerz,  Silberglas,  Silberglanz,  Schwefelsilber,  Weichgewachs,  Germ.  Vitreous 
Silver,  Sulphunet  of  Silver,  Silver  Glance.  Argent  sulfure  Fr.  Argyrose  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  392, 
1832.  Argentit  Raid.,  Handb.,  565,  1845.  Argyrit  Glock.,  Syn.,  23,  1847.  Argirose  Ital. 
Plata  sulfurea  Span.  Petlanque  nero  Span.,  S.  A. 

Isometric.     Observed  pianos  ' : 

a  (100,  i-i)  /(310,  *-3)2  p  (221,  2)  z  (322,  f -f) 

d(110,  t)  e(210,  «-3)  m  (311,  3-3)  x  (433,  4-|)2 

o  (111,  1)  g  (320,  i-|)  n  (211,  2-2)  a  (533,  H) 

Penetration-twins:  tw.  plane  o.  Forms  a,  d,  o  most  common;  crystals  often 
distorted,  frequently  grouped  in  parallel  position  making  reticulated,  arborescent 
forms;  also  filiform.  Massive,  embedded  or  as  a  coating. 


GALENA   GROUP— HESSITE.  47 

Cleavage:  a,  d  in  traces.  Fracture  small  subconchoidal.  Perfectly  sectile. 
H.  —  2-2'5.  G.  =  7-20-7-36;  7*296  Freiberg,  Dbr.  Luster  metallic.  Color  aud 
streak  blackish  lead-gray;  streak  shining.  Opaque. 

Comp.— Silver  sulphide,  Ag2S  =  Sulphur  12'9,  silver  87-1  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  open  tube  gives  off  sulphurous  fuuies.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  with  intu- 
mescence in  O.  F.,  emitting  sulphurous  fumes,  and  yielding  a  globule  of  silver. 

Obs. — Found  at  Freiberg,  Auuaberg,  Joachimsthal  of  the  Erzgebirge;  at  Schemnitz  and 
Kremuitz  in  Hungary;  in  IXorwny  near  Kougsberg;  in  the  Altai  at  the  Zmeiuogorsk  mine;  in 
the  Urals  at  the  Blagodatsk  mine;  in  Cornwall;  in  Bolivia;  Peru;  Chili;  Mexico  at  Guanajuato, 
Zacatecas,  C'atorce,  San  Pedro  del  Potosi.  etc'. 

Occurs  in  Nevada,  at  the  Comstock  lode,  at  different  mines,  along  with  stephauite,  native 
gold,  etc.;  in  the  vein  at  Gold  Hill;  common  in  the  ores  of  Reese  river;  probably  the  chief  ore 
of  silver  in  the  Cortez  district;  in  the  Kearsarge  district,  Silver-Sprout  vein.  At  ihe  Silver  King 
mine,  in  Arizona.  At  mines  near  Port  Arthur  on  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior.  Occurs  with 
native  silver  and  copper  in  northern  Micbigan. 

Acauthite  (p.  5b)  may  be  only  argentite  in  distorted  crystals  with  orthorhombic  symmetry, 
Kreuner. 

Alt.— Native  silver,  at  Joachimsthal.  Also  a  mixture  called  silver-black  (Silberschwarze 
Germ.}. 

Ref.— i  Cf.  Schrauf,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  63  (1),  165,  1871,  and  Atlas,  Taf.  xxiii.  2  Groth,  Min. 
Samml.,  Strassburg,  50,  1878. 

JALPAITE  Breithaupt.  B.  H.  Ztg.,  17,  85,  1858. — A  cupriferous  argentite  from  Jalpa,  Mexico. 
Isometric  in  cleavage,  and  malleable  like  ordinary  argentite;  color  blackish  lead  gray; 
G.  =  6-877-6-890.  Composition  according  to  T.  Richter  (I.e.):  S  14'36,  Ag  71 '51,  Cu  13-12, 
Fe  0'79  -•  99'78,  affording  the  formula  3Ag2S.Cu2S. 

Bertrand  obtained  for  a  brittle  mineral  from  Tres  Puntas,  Chili,  associated  with  argentite: 
S  14-02,  Ag  71-63,  Cu  13  06,  Fe  0  57  =  99'28;  Ann.  Mines,  1,  413,  1872.  Cf.  stromeyerite. 

43.  HESSITE.  Tellursilber  G.  Rose,  Pogg.,  18,  64,  1830.  Savodinskite  Huot.  Min.,  1, 
187,  1841.  Telluric  Silver.  Hessit  Frdbel,  Gruudz.  Syst.  Kryst.,  49,  1843.  Tellursilberglauz 
Germ. 

Isometric.     Observed  forms1 : 

a  (100,  i-i);  d  (110,  i}\  o  (111,  1);  /(310,  i-3),  e  (210,  z-2)2;  p  (221,  2),  q  (331,  3)3;  m  (311,  3  3)8, 
n  (211,  2-2)'2,  z  (322,  f  f)«. 

Crystals  sometimes  highly  modified,  and  often  much  distorted.  Also  massive, 
compact  or  fine-grained;  rarely  coarse  granular. 

Cleavage  indistinct  Fracture  even.  Somewhat  sectile.  H.  =  2-5-3. 
G.  =  8-31-8 -45;  8*89.  Luster  metallic.  Color  between  lead-gray  and.  steel-gray. 

Comp.— Silver  telluride,  Ag,Te  =  Tellurium  36-7,  silver  63-3  =  100.  Gold 
is  often  present,  replacing  part  of  the  silver;  it  thus  graduates  toward  petzite. 

Anal.— 1,  Rose,  1.  c.  2,  Petz,  Pogg.,  57,  467,  1842.  3,  Becke,  Min.  Mitth.,  3,  301,  1880. 
4,  5,  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  45,  311,  1868.  6-8,  Id.,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  14,  226,  1874.  9,  Raht 
(blowpipe),  quoted  by  Geuth,  ib.,  17,  115,  1877. 

Te      Ag      Au 

1.  Savodiaski,  Altai  G.  =  8-41-8-56    §3693    62'37  '  —     Fe  0-37  =  99'67 

2.  Nagyag  G.  =  8'31-8'45      [37'76]  61  "55    0  69  Fe  Pb,  S  tr.  =  100 

3.  Botes,  Transylvania       G.  =  8  318  37'22    60'69     1'37  SiO2  0'40  =  99  68 

4.  Stanislaus  Mine,  Cal.  [39'64]  55'60    3  22  Ni  1'54  =  100 

5.  "  "         "  44-45    46-34    3  28  Pb  1'65,  Ni  4'71  =  100*43 

6.  Red  Cloud  Mine,  Col    G.  =  8'178  37'86    59"9l     0'22  Fe  1'35,  PbO'45,  Cu  0-17=9996 

7.  "        "         "        "      G.  =  8-789  |  37-17    59'75    3'33  Fe    0'18,    Cu    0'06,    SiO2    0 15 

=  100-64 

8.  "        "         "        "      G.  =  8-897  34-91    50-56  13 -09  Fe    0'36,  'Ou    0-07.    Pb    017, 

Zn  0-15,  SiO2  0-70  =  lOO'Ol 

9.  Kearsage  Mine,  Utah  undet.  58'79    O'lO 

Pyr. — In  the  open  tube  a  faint  white  sublimate  of  tellurium  dioxide  which  B.B.  fuses  to 
colorless  globules.  On  charcoal  fuses  to  a  black  globule;  this  treated  in  R.F.  presents  on  cool- 
ing white  dendritic  points  of  silver  on  its  surface;  with  soda  gives  a  globule  of  silver. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  the  Savodinski  mine,  about  10  versts  from  the  rich  silver  mine  of  Zyrianov- 
ski,  in  the  Altai,  in  Siberia,  in  a  talcose  rock,  with  pyrite,  black  sphalerite,  and  chalcopyrite. 
Specimens  in  the  museum  of  Barnaul,  on  the  Ob,  are  a  cubic  foot  in  size.  Also  found  at 
•Nagyag  in  Transylvania,  and  in  highly  modified  crystals  at  the  Jacob  and  Anna  mines,  Botes 
Mt.,  between  Zalathna  and  Verespatak;  also  at  Rezbanya,  Hungary.  In  Chili,  near  Arqueros, 


48  SULPHIDES,   SELENIDES,   TELLURIDES,  ETC. 

Coquimbo.  A  silver  telluride  (hessite  or  petzite)  has  been  noted  at  the  Maria  mine,  Karangahake, 
New  Zealand. 

In  the  U.  S.,  at  the  Stanislaus  mine,  Calaveras  Co.,  Cal.  Sparingly  at  the  Red  Cloud  mine. 
Boulder  county,  Colorado;  also  at  the  Kearsarge  mine,  Dry  Canon,  Utah. 

Named  after  G.  H.  Hess  of  St.  Petersburg  (1802-1850). 

Ref.— i  Schrauf,  Rezbanya,  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  242,  1878;  also  2Knr.,  Botes,  Transylvania,  ibid.,  4, 
542,  1880.  3  Becke  (1.  c.)  concludes  from  irregularity  in  angles,  earlier  noted  by  Schrauf,  that 
the  crystals  are  triclinic.  Kenngott  referred  crystals  to  the  orthorhombic  system,  Ber.  Ak. 
Wien,  9,  20,  1853;  Hess  to  the  rhombohedral,  Pogg.,  28,  407,  1833;  cf.  Schrauf,  1.  c. 

44.  PETZITE.    Tellursilber    Petz,    Pogg.     57,    470,    1842.       Tellurgoldsilber  Hautm. 
Handb.,  2,  51,  1847.     Petzit  Raid.,  Handb.,  556,  1845. 

Massive ;  fine  granular  to  compact. 

Fracture  subconchoidal.  Slightly  sectile  to  brittle.  H.  =2-5-3.  Gr.  =  8'7-9'02. 
Luster  metallic.  Color  steel-  or  iron-gray  to  iron-black;  often  tarnishing. 

Comp. — A  telluride  of  silver  and  gold  (Ag,Au)2Te,  if  Ag  :  Au  =  3:1  = 
Tellurium  32'5,  silver  42-0,  gold  25'5  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Petz.,  1.  c.  2,  3,  4,  Geuth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  45,  310,  1868.  5,  6,  Id.,  Am.  Phil.  Soc. 
14,  226,  1874. 

Te       Ag      Au 

Nagyag  G.  =  8'72-8'83      [34'98]  46-76  18-26  Fe,Pb,S  tr.  =  100 

Stanislaus  Mine,  Cal.  f  [32-23]  4214  25-63  =  100 

Golden  Rule  Mine,  Cal.  '    32'68    41-86  25'60  =  100-14 

[34-16]  40-87  24-97  =  100 

Red  Cloud  Mine,  Col.      G.  =  9'01  33-49    40'73  24-60  Bi  0  41,  PbO'26,  Zn  0'05,  FeO-78, 

SiO2  0-62  =  100-44 
G.  =  9-020  [32-97]  40'80  24-69  Zn  0'21,  Fe  1'28,  SiO2  0'05  =  100 

Pyr. — Like  hessite,  but  yields  a  globule  containing  both  gold  and  silver. 
Obs. — Occurs  at  Nagyag,  Transylvania.     In  the  U.  S.  at  the  Red  Cloud  mine,  Boulder  Co., 
Colorado;  at  the  Stanislaus  and  Golden  Rule  mines,  California. 
Named  after  W.  Petz. 
Groth  suggests  that  petzite  may  be  orthorhombic  and  hence  belong  to  the  chalcocite  group. 

45.  GALENA,  or  GALENITE.     Galena  Plin.,  33,  31  [not  Galena  or  Molybdseua  (=  litharge- 
like  product  from  the  ore),  Plin.,  34,  47,  53].     Molybdsena  pt. ,  Plumbago  pt.,  Galena,  Pleiertz, 
Plei  Glanz  Agric.,  1546.     Plumbago    pt. ,  Blyglants,    Galena,  Plumbum  sulphure  et  argento 
mineralisatum,  Wall.,  292,   1747,    Cronst.,  167,   168,   1758.      Galeiiit  von  KM.,   Min.,  201,  1858. 
Lead  glance.     Lead  sulphide.     Bleiglanz  Germ.     Blyglans  Swed.     Galene,  Plomb  sulfure  Fr. 

Plumbago,  Pleischweis  ?  Agric.,  Interpr. ,  467,  1546.  Bleischveif,  Plumbago,  Plumbum 
sulphure  et  arsenico  mineralisatum,  Wall.,  294,  1746.  Steiumannite  Zippe,  Verh.  Ges.  Mus. 
Bohmen.,  1833,  39.  Targionite  Bechi,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  60,  1852.  Supersulphuretted  Lead 
Johnston,  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.,  572,  1833;  Thomson,  Min.,  1,  552, 1836;  Johnstonite  Greg  &  Lettsom, 
Min.,  448,  1858. 

Isometric.     Observed  forms1 : 

a  (100,  i-i)'  w(554,  f)  c  (36-1-1,  36-36)'  T  (15-2'2,  V'¥)8    /3  (322,  f -f ) 

d(110,  *)  r  (774,  |)  £  (16-1-1,  16-16)3  2(611,6-6)  a  (433,  H)8 

0(111,1)  #(221,2)  y  (15-1-1,  15-15)6  <v  (511,  5-5)? 

8  (15-1-0,  a-15)8  q  (331,  3)  6(12-1-1,  12-12)  //  (411,  4-4)'  A  (821,  8-4) 

0(1<M-0,  t-10)6  v  (772,  |)8  *  (11-1-1,  ll-ll)3  m  (311,  3-3)  x  (IO'S'3,  A£-2)3 

/(310,  *-3)  p  (441,  4)  o- (10-1-1,  10-10)6  n  (211,  2-2)  y(521,  5-f)4 

A  (10-10-9,  V-)8  n  (40-40-1,  40)8      0(911,  9-9)5  1(533,  f-f)8  s  (321,  3-|) 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  o,  both  contact-  and  penetration-twins,  sometimes  repeated;  twin 
crystals  often  tabular  ||  o.  Also  tw.  pi.  p  (441)8,  m  (311)9,  and  q  (331)10  as  seen  in 
polysynthetic  tw.  lamellae  often  giving  rise  to  striations  on  a  cleavage  surface;  in 
some  cases  these  are  secondary  and  due  to  pressure.12  Commonly  in  cubes,  or 
cubo-octahedrons,  less  often  habit  octahedral.  Also  in  skeleton  crystals,  reticu- 
lated, tabular.  Massive  cleavable,  coarse  or  fine  granular,  to  impalpable;  occasion- 
ally fibrous  or  plumose. 

Cleavage:  cubic,  highly  perfect;  less  often  octahedral.     Fracture  flat  subcon- 


GALENA  GROUP— GALENA. 


49 


choidal  or  even.  H.  =  2 -5-2 -75.  G.  =  7'4-7'6.  Luster  metallic.  Color  and 
streak  pure  lead-gray.  Opaque.  Thermo-electrically "  positive,  Sardinia, 
G.  =  7-428;  also  negative,  Pribram,  G.  =  7'575. 


4. 


Fig.  1,  Freiberg.     2,  Neudorf ,  Schrauf .      3,  Rossie^  J.  D.  D.       4,  Oberlahr,  Schrauf. 
5,  Neudorf,  Sbk.      6,  Freiberg,  Sbk. 

Comp.,  Tar.— Lead  sulphide,  PbS  —  Sulphur  13'4,  lead  86'6  =  100.  Contains 
silver,  and  occasionally  selenium,  zinc,  cadmium,  antimony,  bismuth,  copper,  as 
sulphides;  besides,  also,  sometimes  native  silver  and  gold;  and  even  platinum  has 
been  reported  as  occurring  in  a  galena  from  the  Dept.  of  Charente,  France. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary,  (a)  Crystallized;  (b)  somewhat  fibrous  and  plumose;  (c)  cleavable,  gran- 
ular coarse  or  fine;  (d)  cryptocrystalline. 

The  variety  with  octahedral  cleavage  is  rare;  the  following  cases  have  been  noted:  Lancaster 
Co.,  Penn.,  with  G.  =  7'63;  Habach,  Salzburg,  G.  =  7'50,  BiaS8  =  1  97;  Glacier  Leschant, 
Mont  Blanc,  with  G.  =  7'67  and  Bi2S3  =  1  p.  c.;  Nordmark,  Sweden,  G.  =  7'508,  Bi2S8  0'91. 
In  these  cases  the  usual  cubic  cleavage  is  obtained  readily  after  heating  to  200°  or  300°  (then 
G.  =  7-475  Nordmark),  cf.  Cooke,  Torrey,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  35,  126,  1863;  Zeph,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  155, 
1877;  Brim,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  4,  260,  1881;  H.  Sj.,  G.  For.  Forh,,  7,  124,  1884.  It  has  been 
suggested  that  the  peculiarity  of  cleavage  may  be  connected  with  the  bismuth  usually  present. 

2.  Argentiferous.     All  galena  is  more  or  less  argentiferous,  and  no  external  characters  serve 
to  distinguish  the  kinds  that  are  much  so  from  those  that  are  not.     The  silver  is  detected  by 
cupellation,  and  may  amount  from  a  few  thousandths  of  one  per  cent  to  one  per  cent  or  more; 
when  mined  for  silver  it  ranks  as  a  silver  ore. 

3,  Ccntfaning  arsenic,  or  antimony,  or  a  compound  of  these  metals,  as  impurity.    Here 
belong  the  following,  which  appear  to  be  merely  impure  galena.     Bleischweif  from  Clausthal 
with  2-22  Zu,  0*34  Fe,  0'22  Sb  (Rg.);  torgfonitotrom  Argentiera,  Tuscany,  with  5'77  Sb,  1*77  Fe, 
I'll  Cu,  1'33  Zn,  0'72  Ag  (Bechi);  and  steinmannite  from  Pfibram,  with  both  arsenic  and  anti- 
mony.    Supersulphuretted  lead  of  Johnston  and  others   (or  Johnstonite}  contains  an  excess  of 
sulphur  owing  to  a  decomposition  of  a  portion  of  the  mass,  setting  part  of  the  sulphur  free. 

Fyr.— In  the  open  tube  gives  sulphurous  fumes.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses,  emits  sulphurous 
fumes,  coats  the  coal  yellow  near  the  assay  (PbO)  and  white  with  a  bluish  border  at  a  distance 
(PbSO3),  and  yields  a  globule  of  metallic  lead.  Decomposed  by  strong  nitric  acid  with  the 
separation  of  some  sulphur  and  the  formation  of  lead  sulphate. 

Obs. — One  of  the  most  widely  distributed  of  the  metallic  sulphides.  Occurs  in  beds  and 
veins,  both  in  crystalline  and  uncrystalline  rocks.  It  is  often  associated  with  pyrite,  marcasite, 
sphalerite,  chalcopyrite,  arsenopyrite,  etc.,  in  a  gangue  of  quartz,  calcite,  barite  or  fluor,  etc.; 
also  with  cerussite,  anglesite,  and  other  salts  of  lead,  which  are  frequent  resuK  3  of  its  alteration. 
It  is  also  common  with  gold,  and  in  veins  of  silver  ores. 

At  Freiberg  in  Saxony  it  occupies  veins  in  gneiss;  in  Spain,  in  grafliie  tu  jumaKtr*  »«o  «B?' 


50  SULPHIDES,   SELENIDES,    TELLURIDES,   ETC. 

in  Catalonia,  Grenada,  and  elsewhere;  at  Clausthal  aud  Neudorf  in  the  Harz,  and  at  Pfibram  in 
Bohemia,  it  forms  veins  in  clay  slate;  in  Styria  it  occurs  in  the  same  kind  of  rock  in  beds;  at 
Sala  in  Sweden  it  forms  veins  in  granular  'limestone;  through  the  graywacke  of  Leadhills  and 
the  killas  of  Cornwall,  in  veins;  tilling  cavities  in  the  Subcarboniferous  limestone  in  Derbyshire, 
Cumberland,  and  the  northern  districts  of  England;  also  in  Bleiberg,  and  the  neighboring  locali- 
ties of  Carinthia.  In  the  English  mines  it  is  associated  with  calcite,  pearl  spar,  fluorite,  barite. 
witherite,  calamine,  and  sphalerite.  Other  localities  are  Joachimsthal,  where  it  is  worked  prin- 
cipally :?or  the  silver;  in  France,  at  Poullaouen  and  Huelgoet,  Brittany,  also  Villefort,  Lozcre; 
in  Spain,  in  the  Linares  district ;•  in  Catalonia;  in  Sardinia;  in  Nerchinsk,  East  Siberia;  in 
Algeria;  near  Cape  of  Good  Hope;  in  Australia;  Chili;  Bolivia,  etc. 

Extensive  deposits  of  this  ore  in  the  United  States  exist  in  Missouri,  Illinois,  Iowa,  and 
Wisconsin.  The  ore  occurs  not  in  veins  bvit  filling  javities  or  chambers  in  stratified  limestone, 
of  different  periods  of  the  Lower  Silurian,  especially  the  Trenton,  also  in  part  Subcarbouiferous. 
It  is  associated  with  sphalerite,  srnithsonite  ("dry-bone"  of  the  miners),  calcite,  pyrite,  and  often 
an  ore  of  copper  and  cobalt.  The  lead  of  Missouri  was  first  noticed  in  1700  and  1701,  and  redis- 
covered in  1720  by  Francis  Renault  and  M.  la  Motte;  the  mines  are  situated  in  the  counties  of 
Washington,  Jefferson,  and  Madison  and  others.  Good  crystals  are  obtained  at  Jopliu,  Jasper  Co. 
The  upper  Mississippi  lead  region  embraces  62  townships  in  Wisconsin,  8  in  low.aaud  10  in  Illinois 
(Owen).  The  productive  lead  district  is  bounded  on  the  west,  north,  and  east  by  the  Mississippi, 
Wisconsin,  and  Rock  rivers.  From  a  single  spot,  not  exceeding  fifty  yards  square,  1,500  tons 
of  ore  have  been  raised. 

In  Illinois,  at  Cave-in-Rock,  associated  with  fluorite.  In  New  York,  at  Rossie,  St.  LawTreuce 
Co.,  in  veins  from  one  to  three  or  four  feet  in  width,  the  crystals  often  very  large,  with  calcite, 
and  chalcopyrite,  and  some  sphalerite  and  celestite;  near  Wurtzboro,  Sullivan  Co.,  in  a  large 
vein  in  millstone  grit,  with  sphalerite,  pyrite,  and  chalcopyrite;  at  Ancrarn,  Columbia  Co. ;  in 
Ulster  Co.  In  Maine,  veins  of  considerable  extent  exist  at  Lubec,  where  the  ore  is  associated 
with  chalcopyrite  and  sphalerite;  also  less  extensively  at  Blue  Hill  Bay,  Bingham,  and  Parsons- 
ville.  In  New  Hampshire,  at  Eaton,  with  sphalerite  and  chalcopyrite;  and  also  at  Haveiiiill, 
Bath,  and  Tamworth.  In  Vermont,  at  Thetford.  In  Connecticut,  at  Middletown,  in  a  vein  in 
argillyte,  massive  and  crystalline.  In  Massachusetts,  at  Southampton,  Leverett,  Newburyport, 
and  Sterling.  In  Pennsylvania,  at  Pheuixville  and  elsewhere.  In  Virginia,  at  Austin's  mines 
in  Wythe  Co.,  Walton's  gold  mine  in  Louisa  Co.,  and  other  places.  In  Tennessee,  at  Brown's 
Creek,  and  at  Haysboro,  near  Nashville,  with  sphalerite  aud  barite  In  Michigan,  in  the  region 
of  Chocolate  river  and  elsewhere,  aud  Lake  Superior  copper  district;  on  the  N.  shore  of  L. 
Superior,  in  Neebiug  on  Thunder  Bay.  and  around  Black  Bay. 

In  California,  at  many  of  the  gold  mines.  In  Nevada,  abundant  in  the  Eureka  district,  and 
at  Steamboat  Springs,  Washoe  Co.  In  Arizona,  in  the  Castle  D'ome,  Eureka,  and  other  districts. 
In  Colorado,  at  Leadville  there  are  productive  mines  of  argentiferous  galena,  also  at  Georgetown 
and  in  the  San  Juan  district  and  elsewhere.  Mined  for  silver  in  the  Cceur  d'Alene  region  in 
Idaho;  also  at.  various  points  in  Montana. 

TUB  name  galena  is  from  the  Latin  galena  (ya'X.iivif),  a  name  given  to  lead  ore  or  the  drp» 
from  melted  lead.     In  Spanish   South  America,  galena  is  called  carne  de  vaca,  when  showin 
broad  crystalline  surfaces;  when  presenting  small  surfaces,  soroche;  when  granular.  acerilla;] 
of  a  fibrous  structure,  frangilla.     Galena,  coarse-grained  and  in  lumps  large  enough  to  be  use 
to  glaze  potters'  ware,  is   sometimes  c&lled potter*' ore;  also  called  Glasurerz  Germ.,  alquifoux 
Fr.,  archifoglio  ItaL 

Alt. — Minium,  anglesite,  cerussite,  pyromorphite,  wulfenite,  tetrahedrite,  chalcocite, 
rhodochrosite,  quartz,  limonite,  pyrite,  pistornesite  (pistopyrite  Breith.),  calamiue,  occur  as 
pseudomorphs  after  galena,  partly  from  alteration,  and  partly  through  removal  and  substitution. 
A  change  to  the  carbonate  (cerussite),  with  the  setting  free  of  sulphur  which  is  sometimes  found 
in  crystals,  is  the  most  common. 

Galena  also  occurs  as  pseudomorph  after  pyromorphite  (Blaubleierz  Germ.)  at  Bernkastel 
on  the  Mosel  and  elsewhere.  Breithaupt  called  it  plumbeine,  or  one  species  of  his  Sexanguliies, 
regarding  this  lead  sulphide  as  crystallized  in  hexagonal  prisms,  and  not  a  pseudomorph. 

FournetiU  of  Ch.  Mene  (C.  R.,  51,  463,  i860),  supposed  to  be  near  tetrahedrite,  is  pronounced 
by  Fournet  (C.  R.,  54,  1096,  1862)  a  mixture  of  galena  with  copper  ore. 

Artif.— Galena  is  sometimes  a  furnace  product.  It  has  been  made  in  crystals  by  heating 
oxide  or  silicate  of  lead  with  vapor  of  sulphur  (Wurtz);  also  by  suspending  lead  sulphate  in  a 
bag  in  water  saturated  with  carbon  dioxide,  and  in  which  putrid  fermentation  is  kept  up  (as  by 
an  oyster  in  the  water),  there  resulting  an  incrustation  of  galena  upon  the  shells  (Gages,  Brit. 
Assoc.,  206.  18B3).  Cf.  Doelter,  Zs.  Kf.,  11,  33,  41,  1885.  also  Fouque-Levy,  Synth  Mm  ,  308, 
1882.  and  Weinschenk,  Zs  Kr.,  17,  497,  1890.  Occurs  as  a  recent  formation  on  coins  at 
Bourbonne-les-Bains,  Daubree.  It  has  been  deposited  as  a  specular  film  by  means  of  a  thiocur 
bamide  (Reynolds). 

Ref._i  See  Schrauf,  Atlas,  xxxiv-v;  also  Sbk.,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  26,  617,  1374.    2  Klein,  Jb.  Miq 
311 
48 
1880 

Habach,  _ 

<'•  Stefan,  Ber.  Ak.  Wieu,  51  (1),  260,  1865;  Schrauf  &  E.  S.  D.,  ib.,  69  (1),  l(/5,  1374,  aud  Am. 
J.  Sc.,  8,  264,  1874. 


GALENA  GROUP— ALTAITE.  51 

19  On  percussion-figures,  see  Weiss,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  29,  209,  1877;  on  gliding-planes,  etc.,  Bauer, 
Jb.  Mm.,  1,  138,  188-3,  1,  191,  1886;  on  etching  figures,  Becke,  Aim.  Mitth.,  6,  287,  1884,  9, 
16,  1887. 

HUASCOLITE  Dana,  Miu.,  42,  1868.  Galena  bleudosa  Domeyko,  Min.,  168,  1860.  Sulphide 
of  lead  and  zinc  D.  Forbes,  Phil.  Mag.,  25,  110,  1863.  The  characters  are  mostly  those  of 
galena.  It  has  a  granular  or  saccharoidal  structure,  a  lead-gray  color  rather  paler  than  ordinary 
galena,  but  little  luster,  and  is  apparently  homogeneous  and  without  any  mixture  of  sphalerite. 
Domeyko  obtained  (1.  c.)  S  19'2,  Pb  48'6,  Zn  25'6,  gaugue  31;  which  corresponds  nearly  to 
PbS.  H  ZnS.  It  comes  from  Ingahuas,  in  the  province  of  Huasco,  where  it  forms  large 
aggregated  masses  or  nodules  in  the  lower  part  of  the  vein. 

A  massive  mineral  having  a  bluish-gray  color  is  referred  to  huascolite  by  Raimondi  (Min. 
Perou,  p.  202,  1878).  He  obtained  after  deducting  14'50p.  c.  gaugue:  S  27'76,  Pb26'86,  Zu  44  50, 
Fe  0'88  —  100;  from  the  Poderosa  mine,  Province  Dos  de  Mayo,  Peru,  where  it  is  called 
c/tu//tbe  bianco  or  pavonado  bianco.  Domeyko  describes  a  mineral  from  Morochocha,  Peru,  cor- 
responding in  composition  , to  PbS.(Zu,Fe)S,  with  Zu  =  16  59  p.  c.;  another  from  Corocoro, 
Bolivia,  afforded  5  p.  c.  ZnS  (6th  App.  Min.  Chili,  p.  17,  1878). 

Another  similar  mineral  occurs  in  the  East  Ovoca  district,  county  of  Wicklow,  Ireland,  and 
also  in  Anglesey;  it  has  been  called  kilmacooite,  after  the  district  called  Kilmacoo,  and  is  locally 
k/iown  as  Milestone.  It  is  hard,  with  fine-grained  saccharoidal  structure.  G.  =  4'736.  Color 
steel-gray.  According  to  C.  K.  C.  Tichborne,  wha  characterizes  it  as  an  "argentiferous 
galeuitic  blende,"  it  consists  of  ZnS  37'68  p.  c.,  PbS  29*07,  Ag2S  0'275.  Sc.  Proc.  R.  Dublin 
feoc.,  4,  300.  1885. 

CUPROPLUMBITE  Breitli.,  Pogg.,  61,  672,  1844.  Kupferbleiglauz  Germ.  Galena  cobriza 
Domeyko,  168,  1860.  Alisouite  Field,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  27,  387,  1859.  Plumbocuprite  Adam,  Tabl. 
Min.,  56,  1869. 

Cuproplumbite  is  a  massive  mineral  varying  in  structure,  color,  and  luster  from  those  of 
galena  to  nearly  those  of  chalcocite  and  covellite;  the  color  a  little  darker,  and  passing  to  iron- 
gray  and  indigo-blue;  the  luster  generally  feeble  and  sometimes  almost  wanting.  The  specimens 
contain  disseminated  ores  of  copper,  and  come  from  a  mine  in  Catemo  (Aconcagua),  Chili, 
^attner's  analysis  (1  below)  corresponds  to  Cu2S.2PbS. 

Aiisonite  'named  after  R.  E.  Alison)  is  also  massive  with  a  deep  indigo-blue  color  quickly 
Finishing;  the  analysis  (2)  corresponds  to  3Cu2S.PbS;  from  Mina  Grande,  near  Coquimbo, 
thili.  Ulrich  mentions  a  similar  mineral  from  Victoria,  Australia. 

Analysis  4,  corresponding  to  2Cu2S.PbS,  is  of  a  massive,  dark  bluish  gray  mineral  from  an 
abandoned  mine  at  St.  Maurice  in  the  Val  Godemas,  Hautes  Alpes;  it  is  associated  with  chalco- 
nyrite,  sphalerite,  tralena,  and  an  argentiferous  tetrahedrite. 

Anal.— 1,  Planner.  Poa'g.,  61,  671,  1844.  2,  Field,  1.  c.  3,  Id.,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  14,  160,  1860. 
4.  Lodin,  Bull.  Soc.  Miu.,  6,  178,  1883. 

S          Pb        Cu  Ag 

1.  Cuproplumbite  G  =  6'41-6'43     [151  ]  64'9  19'5  0'5  =  100 

2.  Ali*onite            G.  =  6  10               17'00    28'25  53-H3  —  =  98  88 
3           "                                                 17-69    28-81  5328  —  =  99'78 

4.  Val  Godemas    G.  =  6"17  17'54    35'87    44'52    O'll  Sb  0'62,  As  tr.,  Fe  0'79,  SiO2  0'25 

=  99-70 

Whether  all  the  above  minerals  represent  definite  homogeneous  compounds,  or  only  ill- 
defined  alteration  products,  is  uncertain,  and  if  so  it  is  not  clear  whether  they  should  be  classed 
with  isometric  galena  or  with  orthorhombic' chalcocite.  It  may  be  noted  that  an  artificial  com- 
pound, crystallizing  in  the  isometric  system,  consists  of  Cu2S,PbS  and  Fe2S  according  to  Brand, 
Zs.  Kr.,  17,  204,  1889. 

46.  ALTAITE.  Tellurblei  G.  Rose,  Pogg.,  18,  68,  1830.  Elasmose  Haot. ,  Miu.,  1,  1841; 
0.  d'Halloy.  Introd.  a  la  Geol  ,  1833  (not  of  Beud.  Tr.,  1832),  etc.  Altait  Haid.,  Handb.,  556, 
18-ii5.  Plomo  telural  Domeyko. 

Isometric.     Usually  massive;  rarely  in  cubes. 

Cleavage:  cubic.  Fracture  subconchoidal.  Sectile.  H.  =  3.  G.  =  8*16, 
Gr.  Rose.  Luster  metallic.  Color  tin-white,  with  a  yellowish  tinge  tarnishing  to 
bronze-yellow.  Opaque. 

Comp.— Lead  telluride,  PbTe  =  Tellurium  37'7,  lead  62*3  =  100. 
Anal.— 1,  2,  Geuth;  1,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  45,  312,  1868;  2,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Philad.,  14,  225,  1874. 

Te  Pb 

1.  Stanislaus  Mine,  Cal.        37*31        60'71     Ag  1-17,  Au  0'26  =  99'45 

2.  Red  Cloud  Mine,  Col.       38'48        61  "52     =100 

Pyr.— In  the  open  tube  fuses,  gives  fumes  of  tellurium  dioxide,  forming  a  white  sublimate, 
which  B.B.  fuses  into  colorless  drops.  On  charcoal  in  R.F.  colors  the  flame  bluish,  fuses  to  a 
globule,  coats  the  coal  near  the  assay  with  a  lustrous  metallic  ring  of  lead  telluride,  outside  of 


52  SULPHIDES,  SELENIDES,    TELLURIDES,  ETC. 

which  it  is  brownish  yellow,  and  in  O.F.  still  more  yellow.  Entirely  volatile,  except  a  trace  of 
silver. 

Obs. — From  the  Savodinski  mine  near  Zyriauovski,  in  the  Altai,  with  hessite.  Also  in 
Coquimbo,  Chili,  at  the  Condorriaco  mine. 

In  California  at  the  Stanislaus  mine,  and  the  Golden  Rule  mine,  Calaveras  Co.;  in  Colorado 
at  the  Red  Cloud  mine,  Boulder  county,  with  native  tellurium,  sylvanite,  pyrite,  siderite,  quartz. 
North  Carolina,  at  the  King's  Mountain  mine,  Gaston  Co.,  in  saccharoidal  quartz  with  gold, 
galena,  pyrite,  tetrahedrite,  and  rarely  nagyagite. 

Named  after  the  original  locality. 

HENRYITE  Endlich,  Eng.  Mng.  J.,  Aug.  29,  1874.  An  impure  altaite,  containing  admixed 
pyrite  (Geiith). 

47,  CLAUSTHALITE.  Selenblei  Zinken,  1823,  Pogg.,  2,  415,  1824,  3,  271;  H.  Rose,  ib., 
2,  415,  3,  281.  Plotnb  selenie  Fr.  Clausthalie  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  531,  1832.  Clausthalite. 

Kobalt-Bleiglanz  Hausm.,  Nordd.  Beitr.  B.  H.,  3,  120.  Kobaltbleierz  Hausm.,  Handb., 
183,  1813;  id.  Strom.  &  Hausm.,  Gott.  gel.  Anz.,  329,  1825.  Selenkobaltblei  H.  Rose,  Pogg.,  3, 
288,  290.  Tilkerodite  Haid.,  Handb.,  566,  1845. 

Isometric.  Occurs  commonly  in  fine  granular  masses;  some  specimens 
foliated. 

Cleavage:  cubic.  Fracture  granular.  H.  =  2-5-3.  Gr.  =  7*6-8'8.  Luster 
metallic.  Color  lead-gray,  somewhat  bluish.  Streak  darker.  Opaque. 

Comp.,  Var. — Lead  selenide,  PbSe  =  Selenium  27'7,  lead  72 -3  =  100. 

Tilkerodite  Haid.,  is  a  cobaltiferous  variety;  it  gave  Rose  3 '14  p.  c.  Co.  Analyses  5th  Ed., 
p.  43. 

Pyr. — Decrepitates  in  the  closed  tube.  In  the  open  tube  gives  fumes  of  selenium  and  a  red 
sublimate.  B.B.  on  charcoal  a  strong  odor  of  selenium;  partially  fuses.  Coats  the  coal  near  the 
assay  at  first  gray,  with  a  reddish  border  (selenium),  and  later  yellow  (lead  oxide);  when  pure 
entirely  volatile;  with  soda  gives  a  globule  of  metallic  lead.  The  tilkerodite  yields  a  black 
residue,  and  gives  a  cobalt-blue  bead  with  borax. 

Obs.-— Much  resembles  a  granular  galena.  Found  by  Zinken,  near  Harzgerode,  in  the 
Harz  with  hematite,  at  Clausthal,  Tilkerode,  Zorge,  and  Lehrbach;  at  Reinsberg,"near  Freiberg, 
in  Saxony;  at  the  Rio  Tinto  mines  near  Seville,  Spain;  Cacheuta  mine,  Meudoza,  S.  A. 


48.  NAUMANNITB.    Selensilber  G.  Rose,  Pogg.,  14,  471,  1828.     Selenbleisilber,  Selen- 
silberglanz.     Seleniure  d 'Argent  Fr.     Naurnannit  Raid.,  Handb.,  565,  1845. 

Isometric.     In  cubes.     Also  massive,  granular,  and  in  thin  plates. 

Cleavage:  cubic,  perfect.     H.  =  2*5.     Gr.  =  8*0.     Luster  metallic,  splendent. 
Color  and  streak  iron -black. 

Comp. — A  selenide  of  silver,  or  of  silver  and  lead,  (Aga,Pb)Se.     If  pure,  Ag2Se 
=  Selenium  26-8,  silver  73'2  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Rose,  1.  c.    2,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  34,  1860. 

1.  Tilkerode        G.  =  8'0        Se  [29'53]        Ag  65'56       Pb    4-91  =  100 

2.  "  26-52  11-67  60'15  =    98'34 

No.  2  corresponds  nearly  to  Ag2Se.5PbSe  and  approximates  to  clausthalite.  Domeyko 
C.  R.,  63,  1064,  1866)  obtained  for  an  ore  from  Cacheuta:  Se  30'0,  Ag  21  -0,  Pb  43  5,  Cu  1.8, 
"  0-7,  Fe  2-2  =  99'2.  Adam  calls  this  cacheutaite,  Tabl.  Min.,  52, 1869. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  on  charcoal  melts  easily  in  the  outer  flame;  in  the  inner,  with  some  intu- 
mescence. With  soda  and  borax  yields  a  bead  of  silver. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Tilkerode  in  the  Harz. 

Named  after  the  crystallographer  and  mineralogist,  C.  F.  Naumann  (1797-1873). 

According  to  Del  Rio,  another  selenide  of  silver  occurs  at  Tasco  in  Mexico,  crystallized  in 
hexagonal  tables.  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  535, 1832. 

49.  BERZELIANITE.    Selenkupfer  Bert.,  Afh.,  6,  42,  1818.     Cuivre  selenie  Fr.    Ber- 
zeline  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  534,  1832.    Berzelianite  Dana,  Min.,  509,  1850. 

In  thin  dendritic  crusts  and  disseminated. 

Soft.     G.  =  6*71.   Luster  metallic.   Color  silver- white,  soon  tarnishing.    Streak 
shining. 

Comp. — Copper  selenide,  CuaSe  =  Selenium  38'4,  copper  61*6  =  100. 


fi 


GALENA   GROUP— LEHRBACHITE—EUCAIRITE—ZORGITE.  53 

AnaL— NordenskiSld,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  23,  364,  1866. 

Se           Cu           Ag         Fe  Tl 

1.  39-85        53-14        4'73        0'54  0'38  =  98'64 

2.  38  74        52-15        8'50        0'35  tr.  =  99'74 

Nordenskiold  remarks  that  the  varying  percentage  of  the  silver  is  possibly  due  to  an  admix- 
ture of  eucairite,  and  that  the  amount  of  thallium  in  the  analyses  is  probably  too  low. 

Pyr. — In  the  open  tube  gives  a  red  sublimate  of  selenium,  with  white  crystals  of  selenium 
dioxide.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fumes  of  selenium,  and  with  soda  yields  a  globule  of  copper. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Skrikerum  in  Sweden  disseminated  through  calcite  as  a  black  or  blackish- 
blue  powder,  also  in  crusts;  also  near  Lehrbach  in  the  Harz. 

Named  after  the  Swedish  chemist,  J.  J.  Berzelius  (1779-1848). 

50.  LEHRBACHITE.     Selenblei  mit  Selenquecksilber  H.  Rose,  Pogg.,  2,  418.  1824,  3, 
297,  1825.     Selen-Quecksilberblei  Leonh.,  Handb.,   592,  1826.     Lehrbachite  B.    &  M.,  Min., 
153,  1852.     Lerbachite. 

Massive,  granular. 

Brittle.     G.  =  7'804-7'876.     Color  lead-gray,  steel-gray,  iron-black. 
Comp. — Selenide  of  lead  and  mercury,  PbSe  with  HgSe. 
Anal.— 1,  Rose,  1.  c.     2,  3,  Schultz,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  1011,  1860. 

Se  Pb  Hg 

1.  Tilkerode  24'97        55'84        16'94  =  97'75 

2.  "         G.  =  7-089    27-68        61'70          8-33,  S  0'80,  Fe2O3  0'64  =  99'15 

3.  "         G.  =  8  104    24-41        16'93        55'52,  S  I'lO  =  97'96 

Pyr. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  a  lustrous  metallic  gray  sublimate  of  mercury  selenide;  with 
soda,  a  sublimate  consisting  of  globules  of  mercury.  In  the  open  tube  gives  reactions  for  selen- 
ium, and  a  sublimate  of  selenate  of  mercury  condensing  in  drops.  On  charcoal  like  clausthalite. 

Obs. — From  Tilkerode  and  Lehrbach,  in  the  Harz. 

51.  EUCAIRITE.    Eukairit  Berz.,  Afh.  6,  42,  1818.     Cuivre  selenie  argental  H.    Selen- 
kupfersilber  Germ. 

Isometric.  Massive  and  granular;  also  in  black  metallic  films,  staining  the 
calcite  in  which  it  is  contained. 

H.  =  2-5.  G.  =  7*50.  Luster  metallic.  Color  between  silver-white  and  lead- 
gray.  Streak  shining. 

Comp. — A  selenide  of  copper  and  silver,  Cu2Se.Ag2Se  =  Selenium  31-6,  copper 
25-3,  silver  43-1  =  100. 

Analyses  by  Berzelius  and  Nordenskiold  agree  rather  closely,  5th  Ed.  pp.  39,  797. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  gives  copious  fumes  of  selenium,  and  on  charcoal  fuses  readily  to  a  gray 
metallic  globule,  leaving  a  bead  of  silver  selenide.  With  borax  a  copper  reaction.  Dissolves  in 
boiling  nitric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  small  quantities  in  the  Skrikerum  copper  mine  in  Smaland,  Sweden,  in  a 
kind  of  serpentine  rock,  embedded  in  calcite.  In  Chili  at  Aguas  Blancas,  near  Copiapo,  and  at 
the  mines  of  Flamenco,  a  few  leagues  north  of  Trespuntas,  in  the  desert  of  Atacama.  Also  on 
the  east  side  of  the  Andes  of  Chili,  in  the  province  of  San  Juan,  where  it  occurs  in  a  narrow 
vein  (10-12  mm.  broad),  and  has  a  lead-gray  color,  tarnishes  easily,  and  is  partly  granular,  and 
partly  very  imperfectly  lamellar;  at  the  Cacheuta  mine,  in  the  province  of  Mendoza,  Argentine 
Repub.,  with  other  selenides.  Domeyko  has  examined  the  selenides  from  Cacheuta  in  the 
province  of  Mendoza  (C.  R.,  63,  1064,  1866),  and  considers  them  to  consist  of  mixtures  or  com- 
binations of  three  selenides:  (A)  A  compound  analogous  to  eucairite;  (B)  a  selenide  of  cobalt  and 
iron;  and  (C)  a  selenide  of  lead.  See  5th  Ed.  p.  798,  cf.  Naumannite. 

Named  by  Berzelius  from  evKaipws,  opportunely,  because  found  by  him  soon  after  the 
discovery  of  the  metal  selenium. 

52.  ZORGITE.    Selenblei  mit  Selenkupfer  H.  Rose,  Pogg.,  2,  415.  1824.     Selenkupferblei, 
Selenbleikupfer,  Rose,  ib.,  3,  293,  294,  296.     Zorgite  B.  &  M    153,  1852.     Raphanosmit  Kbl, 
Taf.,  6,  1853.     Glasbachite  Adam,  Tabl.  Min.,  52,  1869. 

Massive,  granular,  like  clausthalite. 

Brittle.  H.  =  2*5.  G.  =  7-7*5.  Luster  metallic.  Color  dark  or  light  lead- 
£ray,  sometimes  inclining  to  reddish,  and  often  with  a  brass-yellow  or  blue  tarnish. 
Streak  darker. 


54  SULPHIDES,   SELENIDES,    TELLURTDES,   ETC. 

Comp. — A  selenide  of  lead  and  copper  in  varying  amounts;    perhaps  only  a 
mixture  of  clausthalite  with  other  ingredients. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  H.  Rose,  Pogg.,  3,  290,  1825.     3,  4,  Kersten,  ib.,  46,  265,  1839.     5,  Billandot, 
J.  Ch.  Soc.,  42,  1269,  1882. 


Se        Pb        Cu        Ag 


1.  Tilkerode 

2. 

3.  Glasbach 

4. 


3426 
2996 
3000 
29-35 


5.  Argentine  R.  3080 


47-43  15-45  1'29  Fe2O3)PbO  2'08  =  100'51 

59-67      7-86  —    Fe  0'77  (Pb),  iusol.  1-00  =  99'26 

53-74      8-02  0-05  Fe2O3  2'00  S  tr.,  quartz  4'50  =  98'31 

63-82      4-00  0-07  Fe,S  tr.,  quartz  2'06  =  99'30 

41-0  15-0  —    Hg  1-66,  Fe  6'0,  sand  4'6  =  99'06 


No.  1  is  Rose's  Selenbleikupfer ,  No.  2  bis  Selenkupferblei. 

Pyr. — Like  claustbalite,  but  yielding  a  black  residue  and  a  globule  of  copper,  witb  usually, 
when  cupelled,  a  trace  of  silver. 

Obs. — Occurs  under  similar  circumstances  witb  claustbalite  at  Tilkerode  and  Zorge  in  tbe 
Harz:  at  Glasbach  near  Gabel  in  Thuringia,  in  argillaceous  schist  with  galena,  chalcopyrite,' 
malachite,  in  a  gaugue  of  calcite.  siderite,  fluorite,  and  quartz.  With  azurite,  malachite,  chry- 
socolla-at  Cacheuta,  Mencloza,  Argentine  Republic. 

Other  analyses  of  the  South  American  selenides  by  Pisani  (C.  R.,  88,  391,  1879),  and  by 
Heusler,  Klinger  and  Wittkopf  (Ber.  Ch.  Ges  ,  18,  2550,  1885),  show  a  varying  composition  due 
to  admixture.  Analyses:  1-4,  Pisani.  5-8,  H.  &  K.  9,  10,  Wittkopf. 


Se 


Pb          Cu 


Ag 


1. 

G.  = 

5-5 

48-4 

30 

6 

20-6 

—       gangue 

1-2  =  100-8 

2. 

G.   = 

6-38 

37-3 

40-0 

13-7 

1-2 

Co 

0-8, 

FeO.8,  gaugue  1-7 

3. 

G.  = 

7-55 

29-7 

62- 

1 

6-7 

— 

Co 

0-2, 

Fe  0-3  = 

99-0 

4. 

G.  = 

6-26 

425 

13-9 

42-8 



Co 

0-3, 

Fe  0-4  = 

99-9 

5. 

Light 

col 

32-77 

35 

70 

12-43 

19-20 

Co 

tr.  =  100-10 

6. 

« 

29-54 

17- 

10 

25-40 

2749 

Co 

0-39 

=  99-92 

7. 

Dark  col. 

46-25 

[1 

•64]' 

36-30 

15-81 

— 

100 

8. 

" 

36-00 

15-93 

9. 

" 

41-58 

[3 

79] 

35-41 

19-22 

— 

100 

10. 

'* 

41-62 

[3 

•45] 

35-77 

19-16 

= 

100 

=  98-5 


a  Incl.  Co 

Pisani  calls  the  locality  the  Peruvian  Andes,  but  (as  noted  by  H.  &  K.)  the  specimens 
probably  came  from  Cacheuta,  Mendoza,  Argentine  Republic,  like  those  examined  by  Doineyko, 
5th  Ed.  p.  798  (cf.  also  Naumannite).  They  consist  in  part  of  a  light-colored  nearly  silver- 
white  mineral  and  another  dark  and  lead-colored.  Cacheutaite,  Adam,  belongs  here. 


53.  CROOKESITE.    A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  23,  365,  1866. 

Massive,  compact;  no  trace  of  crystallization. 

Brittle.     H.  =  2'5-3.     G.  =  6*90.     Luster  metallic.     Color  lead-gray. 
Comp. — A  selenide  of   copper  and   thallium  with  a  small  amount   of  silver, 
(Cn/Tl,Ag)aSe. 

Anal.— Nordeuskiold: 


Se 

[33-271 
3086 
32-10 


Cu 

46-11 
46-55 
44-21 


Ag 

1-44 
5-04 
5-09 


Fe 

0-63 
0-36 

1-28 


Tl 

18  55  =  100 
16-27=    99-08 
16-89  =    99-57 


Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  very  easily  to  a  greenish  black  shining  enamel,  coloring  the  flame 
strongly  green.  Insoluble  in  hydrochloric  acid;  completely  soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs.— From  the  mine  of  Skrikerum  in  Sweden.  Formerly  regarded  as  copper  selenide  or 
berzelianite.  Named  after  Wm.  Crookes,  the  discoverer  of  the  metal  thallium. 

The  Galena  Group  also  includes  the  silver  sulpho-selenide,  Aguilarite,  Ag2S.Ag2Se,  from 
Guanajuato,  Mexico.  See  p.  1025. 


54. 
55. 
56. 


CHALCOCITK  GROUP— CHALCOCITE. 


2.  Chalcocite  Group.     ES.     Orthorhombic. 


Chalcocite 

Stromeyerite 

Sternbergite 

Frieseite 

Argyropyrite,  Argentopyrite. 


Ou,S 

Ag2S.Cu2S 
Ag2S.Fe4S6 


0-5822 
0-5822 
0-5832 
0-5970 


0'9701 
0-9668 
0-8391 
0-7352 


57.     Acanthite  Ag2S  0-6886  :  1  :  0-9944 

The  supposed  orthorhombic  Ag2S,  acanthite,  may  be  only  a  distorted  argentite. 


54.  CHALCOCITE.  ^Es  rude  plumbei  coloris  pt.,  Germ.  Kupferglaserz,  Agric.,  Interpr., 
461,  1546.  Koppar-Glas  pt.,  Cuprum  vitreuin,  Wall.,  282,  1747.  Cuivre  vitreux  Fr.  Trl.  Wall., 
1,  509,  1753.  Kopparmalin,  Cuprum  sulphure  mineralisatum  pt.,  Cronst.,  174,  1758.  Vitreous 
Copper,  Sulpliuret  of  Copper.  Cuivre  sulfure  Fr.  Kupferglanz  Germ.  Copper  Glance.  Chal- 
cosine  Bend.,  Tr.,  2,408,  1832.  Cyprit  Glock.,  Syu.,  Ib47.  Redruthite  Nicol,  Min.,  1849. 
Kuprein  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  22,  35,  1863.  Cobre  sulfureo  Span.  Calcosina,  Rame  vetroso  Ital. 

Digenit  Breitii.,  Pogg.,  61,  673,  1844.     Carmenite  H.  Hahn,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  24,  86,  1865. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a:b:c  =  0-5822  :  1  :  0*9701  Miller1. 


«  (112, 


100  A  110 
Forms'-  -: 
a  (100,  i-l) 
5(010,  i-l) 

=  30°.  121',  001  A 
m  (110,  /) 
n  (230,   *-|) 
I  (130,  *-§) 

101  =  59°  If,  001  A  Oil  =  44C 
/(012,  i-i)             k  (053,  |4) 
«  (023,  H)             d  (021,  24) 
#  (Oil,  14)              z  (113,  t) 

c  (001,  0) 

mm" 

=  *60° 

25' 

^ 

=      88° 

16' 

cv 

=  43° 

57' 

PP' 

nn' 

11' 

=    97° 
=    59° 

44' 
35' 

kk' 
dd' 

=    116° 
=  *125° 

32' 

28' 

cp 
ex 

=  62° 

=  82° 

35V 
37' 

zz'" 
vv'" 

ff 
ee' 

=    51° 
=    65° 

45' 

47' 

cz 

=      32° 

44' 

zz' 
vv' 

=  55° 

=  73° 

43' 
43' 

pp'" 

z  (441,  4) 


=  100°  13' 

=  31°  34' 

=  40°  52' 

=  53°  34- 


1. 


Bristol. 


Joachimsthal,  Vrba. 


Bristol,  J.  D.  D. 


Twins:  (1)  tw.  pi.  m,  producing  pseudo-hexagonal  stellate  forms,  sometimes 
drillings;  (2)  (032)  cruciform  twins,  crossing  at  angles  of  111° 
and  69°;  (3)  v  (112).  Simple  crystals  often  hexagonal  in 
aspect.  Faces  c  striated  ||  edge  b/c;  also  c,  d  in  oscillatory 
combination.  Also  massive,  structure  granular  to  compact 
and  impalpable. 

Cleavage:  m  indistinct.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Rather 
brittle.  H.  =  2-6-3.  G.  ==  5-5-5-8 ;  5-702  Thomson;  5-648 
Ural,  Erem.  Luster  metallic.  Color  and  streak  blackish  lead- 
gray,  often  tarnished  blue  or  green,  dull.  Opaque. 

Comp. — Cuprous  sulphide,  CuaS  =  Sulphur  20'2,  copper 
79-8  =  100. 


Most  analyses  (5th  Ed.  pp.  52,  53)  agree  closely  with  this  formula; 
sometimes  iron  in  small  amount  is  present,  also  a  little  silver. 


Bristol. 


56  SULPHIDES,   SELEN1DES,    TELLURIDES,   ETC. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  nothing  volatile  in  the  closed  tube.  In  the  open  tube  gives  off  sulphurous 
fumes.  B.B.  on  charcoal  melts  to  a  globule,  which  boils  with  spirting;  the  tine  powder  roasted 
at  a  low  temperature  on  charcoal,  then  heated  in  R.F.,  yields  a  globule  of  metallic  copper. 
Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs. — Cornwall  affords  splendid  crystals  where  it  occurs  in  veins  and  beds  with  other  ores 
of  copper,  and  especially  in  the  districts  of  Saint  Just,  Camborue,  and  Redruth  (redruthite).  It 
occurs  also  at  Fassnetburn  in  Haddingtonshire,  in  Ayrshire,  and  in  Fair  Island,  Scotland.  In 
crystals  (f.  2)  at  Joachimsthal,  Bohemia.  In  Tellemarken,  Norway.  The  compact  and  massive 
varieties  occur  in  Siberia,  Hesse,  Saxbhy,  the  Banat,  etc.;  Mt.  Catiui  mines  in  Tuscany;  Mexico, 
Peru,  Bolivia,  Chili.  Near  Angina, Tuscany,  a  crystal  has  been  obtained,  weighing  half  a  pound. 

In  the  United  States,  compact  varieties  occur  in  the  red  sandstone  at  Simsbury  and  Cheshire, 
Conn.;  also  at  Schuyler's  mines,  N.  J.  Bristol,  Conn.,  has  afforded  large  and  brilliant  crystals. 
In  Virginia,  in  the  United  States  copper  mine  district,  Blue  Ridge,  Orange  Co.  Between  New- 
market and  Taueytown,  Maryland,  east  of  the  Mouocacey,  with  chalcopyrite.  In  Arizona,  near 
La  Paz;  in  N.  W.  Sonora.  In  Nevada,  in  Washoe,  Hurnboldt,  Churchill  and  Nye  counties.  In 
Montana,  massive  at  Butte  City.  In  Canada,  with  chalcopyrite  and  bornite  at  the  Acton  mines 
and  elsewhere  in  the  province  of  Quebec;  at  the  Canada  West  mines,  L.  Huron  and  Prince's 
location,  L.  Superior.  In  Nova  Scotia,  in  nodules  in  sandstone. 

The  Argent  en  epis  or  Cuivre  spiciforme  of  Haliy,  which  is  merely  vegetable  matter  impreg- 
nated with  this  ore,  occurs  at  Frankeuberg  in  Hessia,  and  also  Mahoopeuy,  Peun. 

Under  the  name  Cupreine  (coperite  Domeyko),  Breithaupt  separated  the  larger  part  of  the 
specimens,  referred  to  chalcocite,  on  the  ground  alleged  that  they  were  hexagonal  instead  of 
orthorhoinbic,  and  had  a  lower  specific  gravity,  but  his  conclusions  were  doubtless  erroneous. 

Alt. — Occurs  altered  to  chalcopyrite,  bornite,  covellite,  and  melaconite. 

Specimens  are  often  penetrated  with  the  covellite,  or  indigo- copper,  resulting  from  the 
alteration.  Digenite  of  Breithaupt  (1.  c.)  is  probably  a  mineral  of  this  kind.  Carmenite  of  Halm 
from  Carmen  island,  in  the  Gulf  of  California,  approaches  digenite.  It  is  an  impure  chalcocite, 
containing  visibly  much  covelite.  Liudstrom  has  analyzed  a  mineral  of  apparently  the  same 
nature  from  Sunuerskog,  G.  For.  Forh.,  7,  678,  1885. 

HARRISITE  of  Shepard  from  Canton  mine,  Georgia,  and  the  Polk  Co.  copper  mines  in 
East  Tennessee,  is  chalcocite  with  the  cleavage  of  galena,  and,  as  Geuth  has  proved,  is  pseudo- 
morphous  after  galena.  Unaltered  galena  has  been  observed  within  crystals  of  harrisite  both  at 
the  Georgia  and  Tennessee  localities.  Its  color  is  dark  lead-gray  and  bluish  black.  Named 
for  W.  F.  Harris.  See  further  on  the  above  in  5th  Ed.  p.  53. 

Artif. — Chalcocite  has  beeu  formed  by  Durocher  by  the  action  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen  gas 
on  vapors  of  copper  chloride.  Cf.  Doelter,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  34, 1885,  also  Fouque-Levy,  Synth.  Min., 
294,  1882.  Formed  as  a  recent  product  on  Roman  coins  at  Bourbonue-les-Baius  (Daubree)  and 
elsewhere. 

The  artificial  Cu2S  belongs  in  part  to  the  isometric  system,  Mitsch. 

Ref.— i  Miu.,  159,  1852.  2  J.  D.  D.,  Min.,  46,  1854.  52.  1868;  for  the  twin  (2)  the  angles 
given  correspond  to  (032),  not  (043).  On  Joachimsthal  crystals  (f.  2)  cf.  Vrba,  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  208, 
1888;  on  those  from  the  Tugrinsk  copper  mines  in  the  Ural,  Erem.,Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  25,  315, 1889, 

55.  STROMEYERITE.  Silberkupferglauz  Hausm.  &  Strom.,  Gel.  Anz.  G5tt.,  2,  1249, 
1816;  Schw.  J.,  19,  325,  1817.  Argent  et  cuivre  sulfure  Bournon,  Cat.,  212,  1817.  Sulphuret 
of  Silver  and  Copper.  Argentiferous  Sulphuret  of  Copper.  Kupfersilberglanz  Germ.  Cuivre 
sulfure  aigentifere  Fr.  Stromeyeriue  Send.,  Tr.,  2,  410, 1832.  Stromeyerite  Shep.,  2,  211,  1835. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  b  :  6  =  0-5822  :  1  :  0-9668  Rose1. 
100  A  HO  =  30°  12J',  OOi  A  101  =  58°  56f,  001  A  Oil  =  44°  2'. 
Forms1 ;  b  (010,  i-i),  c  (001,  0);  m  (110.  /);  u  (012,  H),  e  (021,  2-?);  w  (114,  J),  p  (111,  1). 
Angles:    mm'"  -  *60°   25',    cu  =  25°  48',    bu  =  *64°   12',    ce  =  62°  39',    cw  =  25°   39f, 
cp  =  62°  30',  ww'  =  43°  57',  ww'"  =  25°  10'. 

Twins2 :  tw.  pi.  m.  Form  prismatic,  m,  b,  with  u,  iv,  resembling  an  hexagonal 
prism  with  low  terminal  pyramid.  Also  massive,  compact. 

Fracture  subconchoidal.  H.  —  2 '5-3.  G.  =  6-15-6-3.  Luster  metallic. 
Color  and  streak  dark  steel-gray.  Opaque. 

Comp. — Sulphide  of  silver  and  copper,  (Ag,Cu)2S,  or  Ag2S.Cu2S  =  Sulphur 
15-8,  silver  53*1,  copper  31'1  =  100.  The  ratio  of  Ag  :  Cu  often  varies  slightly 
from  1:1;  most  analyses  show  a  little  iron. 

Anal.— 1,  Stromeyer,  Schw.  J.,  19,  325,  1817.  2,  Sander,  Pogg.,  40,  313, 1837.  3,  Siewert, 
Min.  Mitth.,  251,  1873.  4,  G.  A.  Koenig,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  281,  1886. 

S         Ag         Cu 

1.  Siberia  mass.     G.  =  6'26      15-78    52'27    30'48    Fe  0'33  =  98'86 

2.  Rudelstadt     cryst.  15*92    52*71     30'95    Fe  0'24  =  99'82 

3.  Argentine  Republic  G.  =  6-17      14'38     52'60     31  "61     insol.  1'07  =  99'66 

4.  Zacatecas  G.  =6'230     15'81     50'18     33'69    iusol.  0'26  =  99'94 


CHALCOCITE  GROUP— STERNBERGITE. 


57 


Pyr.,  etc. — Fuses,  but  gives  no  sublimate  in  the  closed  tube.  In  the  open  tube  sulphurous 
fumes.  B.B.  on  charcoal  in  O.F.  fuses  to  a  semi-malleable  globule,  which,  treated  with  the 
fluxes,  reacts  strongly  for  copper,  and  cupelled  with  lead  gives  a  silver  globule.  Soluble  in 
nitric  acid. 

Obs.— Found  associated  with  chalcopyrite  at  the  Zmeinogorsk  mine,  near  Kolyvan  in  Siberia: 
at  Rudelstadt,  Silesia;  also  in  Chili;  at  Combavalla  in  Peru;  on  the  Hoyada,  province  of  Cata- 
marca,  Argentine  Republic,  with  chalcopyrite  and  galena;  Zacatecas,  Mexico;  at  the  Heintzel- 
man  mine  in  Arizona.  Reported  from  the  Black  Prince  mine,  Summit  Co.,  Colorado,  and  the 
Yankee  Girl  mine,  Ouray  Co.;  cf.  also  p.  58. 

Named  after  Fr.  Stromeyer  (1776-1835),  Professor  of  Chemistry  at  Gottingen,  who  first 
analyzed  and  established  the  species. 

Ref.— i  Pogg.,  28,  427,  1833.     2  Min.,  p.  158,  1852;  Rose  says  twins  as  with  chalcocite. 


56.  STERNBERGITE.  Haidinger,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.,  Ed.,  11,  1,  1827,  and  Ed.  J.  Sc.,  7, 
242,  1827.  Silberkies  Breith.,  Schw.  J.,  68,  289,  1833.  Argyropyrrhotin  Blomstrand,  Ofv.  Ak. 
Stockh.,  27,  26,  1870.  Frieseite  Vrba,  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  153,  1878. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  1 :  6  =  0-5832  :  1  :  0-8391  Haidinger1. 
100  A  110  =  *30°  15',  001  A  101  =  *55°  12',  001  A  Oil  =  40°  0'. 
Forms1:    b  (010),    c  (001,  0);    m  (110,  /)  tw.  pi.;  w  (301,  3-1);   e  (021,  24),   u  (O'lO'l,  10-i); 
*  (111,1),  0(221,  2),   d  (121,  2-2). 


mm"'  =  60°  30' 
ww'  =  153°  55' 
ee'  =  118°  25' 
uu'  =  166°  24' 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  m.  Crys- 
tals tabular  ||  c.  Faces  c 
striated  ||  edge  c/w;  pyra- 
mids striated  |  intersec- 
tion with  c.  Commonly 
in  implanted  crystals, 
forming  rose-like  or  fan- 
like  aggregations. 

Cleavage:  c,  highly  per- 
fect. Thin  laminae  flex- 
ible, like  tin-foil.  Leaves 
a  trace  on  paper  like 
graphite,  H.  =  1-1-5. 
G.  =  4-215  Haid.,  4-101 


cs  =  59° 
cv  =  73C 
cd  =  65C 


1' 
17' 
40' 


88'  =  95°  34' 
wf  =  111°  39' 
dd'  =  72°  45' 


88'"     =  51°  11' 

m>'"  =  57°  42' 
dd'"  =  87°  33' 


Sternbergite,  Haid. 
3. 


Frieseite,  Vrba. 


Sternbergite,  Haid. 


Breith.      Luster   metallic,   of  c  most  brilliant.     Color 


Sinchbeck-brown,  occasionally  a  violet-blue  tarnish  on  some  faces.     Streak  black, 
paque. 

For  FRIESEITE,  axes  a  :  b  :  c  =  0'5970  : 1  :  0'7352  approx.  Vrba2. 
100  A  HO  =  30°  50*',  001  A  101  =  50°  55*',  001  A  Oil  =  36°  19*'. 
also  r  (102,  *-*),  y  (101,  14),  q  (032,  |4)?,  t  (131,  3-3). 

Ano-lps-   7>7>  —  *fi1°    401.'     •»*».'  —    «3°  1 K'       tiii'  —  1(1 


Observed  forms:  b,  c,  w; 
=  149°  43',    cw  =  *74°  51*', 


Angles:  bb  =  *61°  40*',  rr'  =  63°  15',    yy'  =  101°  51',    ww' 
qq'  =  95°  36',  ~ct  =  68°  24',  «'  =  53°  54*',  «'"  =  108°  33'. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  m.  Crystals  thick  tabular  fl  c;  faces  c  striated  ||  edge  c/r,  a  feather-like  stria- 
tion  on  twins.  Cleavage:  c,  perfect.  Laminae  flexible.  H.  =  2'5.  G.  =  4-212-4 '220.  In  very 
thin  plates  dark  greenish  gray,  translucent. 

Comp.,  Var — Sulphides  of  silver  and  iron. 

1.  Sternbergite.     AgFeaS3  or  AgaS.Fe4S6  =  Sulphur  30-4,  silver  34-2,  iron  35'4 
=  100. 

2.  Frieseite.     Physical  characters  as  above;  analyses  4,5  below,  corresponding 

"  iron  37'2  =  100. 

Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  66,  1875.    3,  Janovsky,  Zs.  Kr., 


to  Ag2Fe5S8  =  Sulphur  34'1,  silver  28' 

Anal.— 1,  Zippe.  Pogg.,  27,  690,  1833.     2, 
3,  187,  1878,     4,  5,  Preis,  ibid. 


1.  Joachirnsthal,  Sternbergite 

2. 

3. 

4.  "  Frieseite 

5. 


s 

Ag 

Fe 

300 

33-2 

36-0    =    99-2 

2910 

35-27 

35-97  =  100-34 

33-87 

30-69 

35-44  =  100 

330 

29-1 

37-4    =    99-5 

339 

27-6 

37-3    =    98-8 

58  SULPHIDES.   SE  LEX  IDES,    TELLURIDES,    ETC. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  open  tube  sulphurous  fumes.  B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  off  sulphur  and 
fuses  to  a  magnetic  globule,  the  surface  of  which  shows  separated  metallic  silver.  The  washed 
mineral,  treated  with  the  fluxes,  gives  reactions  for  iron;  on  charcoal  yields  a  globule  of  metallic 
silver.  Soluble  in  aqua-regia  with  separation  of  sulphur  and  silver  chloride. 

Obs.  —  Sternbergite  occurs  with  ores  of  silver,  particularly  pyrargyrite  and  stephauite,  at 
Joachimsthal  in  Bohemia,  and  Johaungeorgeustadt  in  Saxo'uy,  also  at  Schueeberg  (Breith.). 
Named  after  Count  Caspar  Stern  berg'of  Prague. 

The  Flexible  silver  ore  (Argent  sulfur  'e  flexible  Bourn.,  biegsamer  Silberglanz  Germ.)  from  the 
Himmelsfurst  mine,  near  Freiberg,  is  referred  here. 

Frieseite  occurs  with  dolomite,  proustite,  and  pseudomorphs  of  "  Silberkies"  (see  below, 
Tsch.)  on  massive  marcasite  at  Joachimsthal;  the  crystals  of  frieseite  and  "  Silberkies"  some- 
times in  parallel  position. 

Ref.—  '  Miu.,  p.  180,  1852;  see  earlier  Haid.,  1.  c.,  or  Pogg.,  11,  483,  1827.  2  L.  c.  and  Zs. 
Kr.,  5,  4'36,  1881;  for  q  the  symbol  (04-J)  and  angle  given  do  not  agree,  viz.,  cq  =  47°  28'  meas. 

ARGENTOPYRITK.     Silberkies  S.  v.  Walter  shausen,  Nachr.  Ges.  Gott.,  9,  66,  1866. 

Described  as  mouocliuic;  in  six-sided  twin  crystals.  No  cleavage.  Fracture  uneven. 
Brittle.  H.  =  8'5-4.  G.  -  6'47i?).  Luster  metallic.  Color  steel-gray  to  tin-  white;  tarnishing. 
Analysis  (6)  below.  From  Joachimsthal. 

Tschermak1  later  described  pseudomorphs  in  small  hexagonal  crystals  consisting  of  argentite, 
marcasite,  pyrrhotite  arid  pyrargyrite,  which  he  regarded  as  being  the  argentopyrite  of  v.  Wal- 
tershausen.  Schrauf  '•',  however,  sustained  the  latter  species  making  it  orthorhombic,  but  pseudo- 
hexagonal  by_repeated  twinning. 

Axes  a  :b  :  c  =  0'5812  :  1  :  0'2749,  or  near  that  of  Sternbergite  if  c  be  multiplied  by  3.  Forms: 
b,  c,  m,  n  (130),  y  (Oil),  z  (021),  p  (111),  it  (421).  Angles:  mm"  =  *60°  20',  cy  =  15°  22, 
bx  =  *61°  12',  cp  =  28°  45  (=  c  A  1U  Sternbergite).  Silver  =  22'3  p.  c. 

Streng3  has  also  describee1  a,  "  SILBERKIES"  from  Andreasberg.  occurring  in  prismatic  crystals, 
pseudo-hexagonal  by  twinning,  with  the  planes  m,  n,  x  (as  above).  No  cleavage.  Fracture 
uneven.  Rather  brittle.  H.  =  3'5-4.  G.  =  4'18.  Luster  metallic,  brilliant.  Color  bronze- 
yellow,  tarnishing  on  surface.  Weak  magnetic.  Analysis  (7)  below.  Weisbach4  has  described 
a  similar  mineral  from  Marienberg,  like  the  above  in  form.  Brittle.  G.  =  4'06-4'12,  Also 
another  from  the  Himmelsfurst  mine,  Freiberg,  similar  in  form  but  with  cleavage  ||  c;  crystals 
often  grouped  in  hemispherical  forms.  Not  brittle.  G.  =  4*206.  Color  on  fresh  fracture 
bronze-yellow.  Analysis  by  Winkler  (8)  below.  To  these  varieties  the  name  ARGYTIOPYRITE 
was  attached. 

Anal.—  6,  Waltershausen,  1.  c.     7,  Streng,  1  c.     8,  Winkler,  Jb.  Min.,  908,  1877. 

S  Ag  Fe 

6.  Joachimsthal,  Argentopyrite        [34'2]  26'5  39'3    -  100 

7.  Andreasberg.  -Silberkies"  30'71  32'89  35'89  Cu  0'19  =  99'68 

8.  Freiberg,  Argyropyrite  32'81  29'75  36'28  =  98'84 

The  relations  of  the  above  minerals  are  yet  uncertain.  It  seems  probable  that  there  may  be 
two  independent  species:  1,  Sternbergite  (including  frieseite)  usually  in  tabular  crystals,  cleava- 
ble,  soft,  flexible;  and  2,  Argentopyrite  usually  in  prismatic,  pseudo-hexagonal  forms,  without 
cleavage,  harder,  brittle.  The  fact  that  the  two  forms  occur  together  seems  to  point  to 
this.  The  "  argyropyrite"  from  Freiberg  seems  to  be  intermediate  between  them.  The  vari- 
ation in  composition  is  probably  more  apparent  than  real.  Streng  suggested  the  formula 
Ag2S  -f-  pFenSn-i  for  the  group  (i.e.  acauthite  -|-  pyrrhotite),  but  no  simple  numerical  relation 
exists  and  pyrrhotite  is  yet  to  be  shown  to  be  other  than  true  hexagonal  in  form. 

Ref.-1  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  54  (1),  342,  1866.  *  Ib.,  64  (1),  192,  1871.  a  Jb.  Miu.,  785,  1878. 
4  Ib.,  906,  1877. 

57.  ACANTHITE.    Akanthit  Kenng.,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  15,  238,  18o5,  Pogg.,  95,  462,  1855. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  b  :  6  =  0*6886  :  1  :  0-9944  Dauber1. 

100  A  HO  =  34°  33',  001  A  101  =  55°  17f  ',  001  A  Oil  =  44°  50J'. 
Forms:  m  (110,  I)  e  (301,  34)  *  (214.  -J-2)          n  (122,  1-2)  a>  (141,  4-4)* 

a  (100,  i-l)  a  (120,  i-2)  d  (Q11    1  ^  n  (211,  2-2)          k  (121,  2-2)  ft  (152,  f-5) 

6(010,  «)  ,1Q1    ,-}  *(534,H)  S  (241,  4-2)  *  (181,  6-6)* 

c(001,0)  W-  *(113>*)  Anas   •  *(131,33)  ^(163,2-6) 


*  CU-l  H)  ^  (183, 


r  (210.  ,2 

Also  doubtful  0(508,  |4),  «(203,  f-i),  e(506,  f-i),  ^(801,  8-i),  y  (518,  f-5),  cr  (14-15-13,  lf-f|)f 
g  (8-20-1,  20-f). 

Krenner  shows  the  close  correspondence  between  the  angles  of  acanthite,  as  given  by 
Dauber,  and  those  required  by  the  isometric  system,  and  argues  from  this  that  the  crystals  of 
acanthite  are  simply  distorted  forms  of  argentite.  This  conclusion  seems  plausible  (cf.  gold, 
silver,  also  hessite),  but  cannot  be  regarded  as  proved,  cf.  Zs.  Kr.,  14,  388,  1888. 


SPHALEBITE  GROUP— SPHALERITE. 


59 


rr'" 

mm' 

aa 

oo 

uu' 


=  38° •  0 
=  69°  6' 
=  71°  58' 
=  110°  36 
=  141°  48' 


ee'  =  154'  0' 
dd  =  89°  41' 
ex  =  30°  18' 
cp  =  60°  18' 
en  =  71°  52 


cr  = 
ck  = 
pp'  = 


39°  20 
67°  52 

91°  21f 


nri  =  127°  57' 
>fc&'  =    65°  57' 


nn' 

kk" 

88" 


=  49°  1* 
=  59°  2' 
=r  36°  3' 
=  97°  6' 
=  119°  1' 


Twins:    tw.  plane  o.     Habit   prismatic,   crystals   usually  slender;  sometimes 
mono-clinic,  in  development  of  planes. 

Cleavage   indistinct.       Fracture   uneven.      Sectile. 


Freiberg,     7'246, 
Color  iron-black. 


H.  =  2-2-5.  G.  =  7-2-7-3;  7-196, 
Joachimsthal,  Dbr.  Luster  metallic. 
Opaque. 

Comp. — Silver  sulphide  like  argentite,  Ag2S  =  Sul- 
phur 12-9,  silver  87'1  —  100. 

Pyr. — As  for  argentite. 

Obs.— At  Joachimsthal,  with  pyrite,  argentite,  and  calcite, 
usually  on  quartz;  also  at  the  Hiniuielsfarsi  and  other  mines,  near  Freiberg,  Dbr. 

Freiberg   in  Saxony,    along  with    argentite  and  stephauite.     A 

specimen  found  in  i860  shows  brilliant  crystals  22mm.  long.     At  Sclmeeberg  with  native  silver 
and  argentite. 

Named  from  atcavBa  tliorn,  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  crystals. 

Ref.— '  Crystals  from  Himmelsfurst  mine,  Ber.  Ak.  Wieu,  39~.  685,  1857.  2  Groth,  Anna- 
berg,  crystals  with  marked  monoclinic  symmetry,  Min.  Samml.,  51,  1878. 

Artif. — A  silver  sulphide,  AgaS,  in  acicular  crystals  resembling  acanthite  has  been  obtained 
by  Weinschenk,  Zs.  Kr.,  17,  497,  1890. 

DALEMINZITE  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  21,  98,  1862,  22,  44,  1863.  Silver  sulphide  (Ag2S)  in  an 
orthorhombic  form  regarded  as  distinct  from  acanthite;  crystals  short  prisms  with  010,  001,  110, 
121,  with  mm'"  —  64°.  G.  =  7'049.  It  may  be  a  pseudomorph  after  stephanite,  cf.  Frenzel, 
Min.  Lex.  Sachs.,  76,  1874.  Found  in  1858  at  the  Himmelfahrt  mine  at  Freiberg  with 
argentite. 


3.  Sphalerite  Group.    RS.     Isometric,  tetrahedral. 


58.  Sphalerite  ZnS 

59.  Metacinnabarite  HgS 

.      Guadalcazarite  (Hg,Zn)S 

60.  Tiemannite  HgSe 

61.  Onofrite  Hg(S,Se) 

62.  Coloradoite  HgTe 

63.  Alabandite  MnS 


Massive. 


64.  Oidhamite 

65.  Pentlandite 


CaS 


58.  SPHALERITE  or  BLENDE.  Galena  inanis,  Germ.  Blende,  Agric.,  Interpr.,  465, 
1546.  Bliiude,  Pseudo-galena,  Ziucum  S,  As,  et  Fe  mineralisatum,  Wall.,  Min.,  248,  1747. 
Zincum  cum  Fe,  S  mineralisatum  Bergm..  Sciagr.,  1782.  Sulphuret  of  zinc.  Zinc  sulfure  Fr. 
Zinc  Blende.  Sphalerit  Glock.,  Syn.,  17,  1847.  Black-Jack,  Mock-Lead,  False  Galena  Ei-gl. 
Miners.  Blende  or  Ziukblende  Germ.  Blenda  Hal.,  frpan.  Chumbe  Span.  S.  A. 

Cleiophane  Nuttal.  Cramerite.  Marmatite  (fr.  Marrnato)  Boussingault.  Pogg.,  17,  399, 
1829.  Przibramite  Huot,  Miu.,  298,  1841.  Marasmolite  Sheph.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  210,  1851. 
Christophit  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  22,  27.  Rahtite  Sheph.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  41,  209,  1866. 


60 


SULPHIDES,   SELENIDES,    TELLURIDES,  ETC. 


Isometric;  tetrahedral.     Observed  forms1 

a  (100,  *••*) 
d(110,  *) 

<?(111,  1) 

<?,  (iii,-i) 

a  (810,  »'-8)e 

h  (410,  «-4) 

« (210,  a-2) 

£  (320,  *-f) 

Becke1  states  that  the  positive  octants  are  poor  in  planes,  the  faces  even,  or  striated  with 
straight  lines;  m  is  usually  positive.  In  the  negative  octants  the  secondary  planes  are  more 
common,  faces  often  rounded  or  with  vicinal  elevations.  The  etching  figures  on  o  (-}-  1)  and 
on  a  are  deep  depressions;  on  o,  (—  1)  and  on  d  they  are  acute  elevations.  In  general  the 
etching-figures  developed  belong  to  the  positive  octants.  The  size  and  luster  of  the  faces  doea 
not  serve  to  distinguish  the  positive  and  negative  octants.  Observations  of  Krenner  do  not 
entirely  agree  with  the  above9. 


71(211, 

2-2)2 

V, 

(411, 

-4-4) 

v  (951,  9-f)« 

q  (331, 
c  (661, 

3)' 

p, 

(221, 

-2) 

r  > 

(722, 
(311, 

-K)4 

-3-3) 

s, 

(321,  - 

H)6 

q, 

(331, 

-3) 

(T 

(833, 

-  f-f)6 

*i 

(753,  — 

f-l)6 

5(12-1-1 
M  (411. 

r  (722, 

,  12-12)4 
4-4) 

K)3 

i 

(553, 
(554, 
(885, 

-I)6 
-f)8 
-I)6 

'ft. 

P, 
n 

(523, 
(944, 
(211, 

-  f-f) 

-  H)6 

-  2-2)  ' 

y, 

zt 

u, 

(15-iI'l 
(432,  - 
(431,- 

.  -.  —  ^ 

W6 

4-1) 

m  (311, 

3-3) 

A' 

(15-15-2,  -  Y)4      it 

(744, 

-  f  I)6 

v, 

(975.  - 

H)6 

/?-(522, 

H) 

s. 

(511 

-5-5) 

», 

(iriO'i 

•»  ~~n 

Fig.  1,  Bottino,  Becke.    2,  St.  Agnes,  Id.    3,  Schernnitz,  Sbk.    5,  Lockport.    6,  Freiberg,  Sbk. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  0,  th'e  comp.  face  usually  ||  o,  but  also  _L  o.  Twinning  often 
repeated,  and  sometimes  producing  narrow  polysynthetic  lamellae.  Crystals 
frequently  highly  complex  and  distorted,  sometimes  resembling  rhombohedral 
forms;  the  faces  d,  m  often  rounded  together  into  a  low  conical  form.  Commonly 
massive  cleavable,  coarse  to  fine  granular  and  compact;  .also  foliated,  sometimes 
fibrous  and  radiated  or  plumose;  also  botryoidal  and  other  imitative  shapes. 
Cryptocrystalline  to  amorphous,  the  latter  sometimes  as  a  powder. 

Cleavage:  dodecahedral,  highly  perfect.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle. 
H.  =  3-5-4.  G.  =  3-9-41;  4*063  white,  N.  J.  Luster  resinous  to  adamantine. 
Color  commonly  yellow,  brown,  black;  also  red,  green  to  white,  and  when  pure 
nearly  colorless.  Streak  brownish  to  light  yellow  and  'white.  Transparent  to 
translucent.  Refractive  indices,  Ramsay10: 

nr  =  2-34165  Li     ny  =  2-36923  Na 

Sometimes  shows  abnormal  double  refraction, 
direction  of  the  trigonal  axes,  Frie.de! J1. 


nv  =  2-40069  Tl 


Pyro-electric,  polar    in  the 


SPHALERITE  GROUP— SPHALERITE. 


61 


Comp. — Zinc  sulphide,  ZnS  =  Sulphur  33,  zinc  67  =  100.  Often  containing 
iron  and  manganese,  and  sometimes  cadmium,  mercury  and  rarely  lead-  and  tin. 
Also  sometimes  contains  traces  of  indium,  gallium  and  thallium;  may  be  argentifer- 
ous  and  auriferous. 

Var.— 1.  Ordinary.  Containing  little  or  no  iron;  colors  white  to  yellowish  brown,  sometimes 
black;  G.  =  4-0-4-1.  The  pure  white  blende  of  Franklin,  N.  J.,  is  the  cleiophane  (anal.  1). 
A  kind  occurring  at  Kordmark,  Sweden,  in  snow-white  crystals,  consists  of  pure  ZnS  with 
neither  Fe  nor  Mn.  The  red  or  reddish  brown  transparent  crystallized  kinds  are  sometimes 
called  ruby  blende  or  ruby  zinc. 

The  massive  cleavable  forms  are  the  most  common,  varying  from  coarse  to  fine  granular; 
also  cryptocrystalline.  Schalenblende  (Germ.,  also  Leberblende)  is  a  closely  compact  variety,  of  a 
pale  liver-brown  color,  occurring  in  concentric  layers  with  reniform  surface;  galena  and 
marcasite  are  often  interstratified.  The  fibrous  forms  (faserige  Zinkblende  Germ.)  are  chiefly 
wurtzite  (p  70).  Rarely  occurs  as  a  soft  white  amorphous  deposit,  resembling  the  -zinc 
sulphide  precipitated  by  hydrogen  sulphide  in  the  laboratory,  cf.  below, 

2.  Ferriferous;    Marmatite.     Containing  10  p.  c.  or  more  of  iron;  dark-brown   to  black; 
G.  =  3-9-4-05.    The  proportion  of  FeS  to  ZuS  varies  from  1 :  5  to  1 :  2,  and  the  last  ratio  is  that  of 
the  christophito  of  Breithaupt,  a  brilliant  black  sphalerite  (anal.  11)  from  St.  Christophe  mine,  at 
Breitenbrunn,  near  Johanngeorgenstadt,  having  G.  =  3'91-3'923.     A  similar  variety  from  St. 
Agnes,  Cornwall,  gavevCollius  26  p.  c.  Fe,  Min.  Mag. ,  3,  91,  1879. 

3.  Cadmiferous;  Pribramite,  Przibramite.    The  amount  of  cadmium  present  in  any  sphalerite 
thus  far  analyzed  is  less  than  5  per  cent. 

4.  Mercurial.     A  specimen  from  Aviles,  Asturia,  yielded  Soltsien,  0  135  p.  c.  Hg,  Jb.  Min., 
2,  272  ref.,  1887;  other  sphalerites  (Sweden,  Rhine)  have  given  0-02  p.  c. 

5.  Stanniferous.    Specimens  of  the  black  sphalerite  from  Freiberg,  with'  12-13-4  p.  c.  Fe  and 
Q.  =  3'95-3'99,  yielded  0  06-0*55  p.  c,  Sn,  present  as  sulphide,  also  some  cassiterite  as  impurity 
Cf.  Stelznerand  Schertel,  Zs.  Kr.,  14,  398,  1888. 

Anal.— 1,  Henry,  Phil.  Mag.,  1,  23,  1851.  2,  3,  7,  9,  P.  N.  Caldwell,  priv.  contr.  4-6,  8, 
L.  Sipocz,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  216,  1885.  10,  Bechi.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  61,  1852.  11,  Heinichen,  B.  H, 
Ztg.,  22,  27,  1863. 


1.  Franklin  Furnace,  wh. 

2.  Picos  de  Europa,  yw. 

3.  Joplin,  Mo.,  yw. 

4.  Schemnitz,  yw. 

5.  Kapnik,  yw.brn. 

6.  Nagyag,  brn. 

7.  Roxbury  Ct.,  brn. 

8.  Rodna,  blk. 

9.  Felsobauya,  blk. 

10.  Bottino,  Marmatite 

11.  Breitenbrunn,  Cristophile 


G 

4-063 
4-098 
4-098 
4-109 
4-098 

S 
32-22 
33-60 
32-93 
32-79 
32-98 

Zn 

67-46 
66-59 
66-69 
65-24 
64-92 

Cd 

tr. 

1-52 
1-05 

Fe 

0-16 
0-42 
0-47 
0-57 

Mn 
0-37 

=  99-68 
=  100-35 
=  100-04 
=  100-02 
Pb   0-05, 

Cu    0-06, 

Sb  0-04,  As  tr. =100'04 

4-064       33-47    63'76    0*14      1'37    1'56   Pb    0'06,       Cu     tr., 

SbO-08,  As  *r.  =100-44 
=  100-32 
=  99-66 

Pb  1-01  =  100  02 
Cu  tr.  =  97-99 
Sn  tr.  =  99-43 


4-073 
4-002 
4-030 

3-92 

33-36 
33-49 
33-25 
33-65 
33-57 

63-36 
52-10 
50-02 
48-11 
44-67 

1-51 
0-30 
tr. 
0-28 

3-60 
12-19 
15-44 
16-23 
18-25 

0-37 
2-66 

On  the  sulphides  of  lead  and  zinc  which  are  probably  to  be  regarded  as  mixtures  of  galena 
and  sphalerite,  see  huascolite,  kilmacooite,  p.  51.  The  brass-ore,  Messingwz  Germ.,  of  early 
mineralogists  is  a  mixture  of  sphalerite  and  chalcopyrite.  Shepard's  marasmolite  is  a  partially 
decomposed  sphalerite  containing  some  free  sulphur. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  open  tube  sulphurous  fumes,  and  generally  changes  color.  B.B.  on  char- 
coal, in  R.F.,  some  varieties  give  at  first  a  reddish  brown  coating  of  cadmium  oxide,  and  later 
a  coating  of  zinc  oxide,  which  is  yellow  while  hot  and  white  after  cooling.  With  cobalt  solu- 
tion the  zinc  coating  gives  a  green  color  when  heated  in  O.F.  Most  varieties,  after  roasting, 
give  with  borax  a  reaction  for  iron.  With  soda  on  charcoal  in  Jl.F.  a  strong  green  zinc  flame. 
Difficultly  fusible. 

Dissolves  in  hydrochloric  acid  with  evolution  of  hydrogen  sulphide.  Some  specimens 
phosphoresce  when  struck  with  a  steel  or  by  friction. 

Obs.— Occurs  very  commonly  in  both  crystalline  and  sedimentary  rocks,  and  as  a  frequent 
associate  of  galena;  also  associated  with  chalcopyrite,  barite,  tiuorite,  siderite;  common  in  silver 
mines.  ^  It  often  forms  beds  of  considerable  magnitude  filling  cavities  in  limestone.  Crystals  of 
sphalerite  have  been  observed  associated  in  parallel  position  with  tetrahedrite,  also  with  chal- 
copyrite (cf.  Becke,  Min.  Mitth.,  5,  331,  1883). 

Some  of  the  chief  localities  for  crystallized  sphalerite  are:  Alston  Moor  in  Cumberland, 
black  variety;  Derbyshire,  St.  Agues  and  elsewhere  in  Cornwall;  Oberlahnslein  in  Nassau, 
Ems,  red;  Audreasberg,  yellow  and  brown,  Neudorf  in  the  Harz,  Freiberg.  Breitenbrunn  and 
other  localities  in  Saxony,  black  and  brown,  Pfibram,  green  or  yellow,  and  Schlackenwald  in 
Bohemia,  black;  Kapnik  in  Hungary,  green  or  yellow;  Nagyag  in  Transylvania,  brown; 
Rodna,  black;  the  Binnenthal  in  Switzerland,  isolated  crystals  of  great  beauty,  yellow  -to  brown 


62  SULPHIDES,  SE LEW  IDES,   TELLURIDES,  ETC. 

jm  color,  in  cavities  of  dolomite;  Sala  in  Sweden;  Nordmark,  black,  brown  and  also  snow- 
white.  A  beautiful  transparent  variety  yielding  large  cleavage  masses  is  brought  from  Picos  de 
Europa,  Province  of  Sautander,  Spain,  where  it  occurs  in  a  brown  limestone.  Fibrous  varieties 
{see  wurt/ite)  are  obtained  at  Pfibrain,  Geroldseck  in  Baden,  Raibel;  also  in  Cornwall.  The 
original  Marmatite  is  from  Marmato  near  Popayan,  Italy.  Large  beds  occur  at  Ammeberg 
on  Lake  Wetter  in  Sweden.  The  new  element  gallium  was  first  identified  in  the  sphalerite 
of  the  Pierrefitte  mine,  Vallee  d'Argeles,  Pyrenees,  L.  de  Boisbaudran,  C.  R.,  81,  493,  1875. 
Abounds  with  the  lead  ore  of  Missouri,  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  and  Illinois  In  N.  York,  Sulli- 
van Co.,  near  Wurtzboro',  it  constitutes  a  large  part  of  a  lead  vein  in  millstone  grit,  and  is 
occasionally  in  octahedrons:  in  St.'  Lawrence  Co.,  occurs  at  Cooper's  falls;  at  Mineral  Point 
with  galena,  and  in  Fowler,  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  Beimout,  in  a  vein  with  iron  and  copper  pyrites 
traversing  serpentine;  at  the  Ancram  lead  mine  in  Columbia  Co.,  of  yellow  and  brown  colors; 
in  limestone  at  Lockport  and  other  places,  in  honey  and  wax -yellow  crystals  often  transparent; 
with  galena  on  Flat  Creek,  two  miles  south-west  of  Spraker's  Basin.  In  Mass.,  at  Sterling,  of  a 
cherry-red  color,  with  galena;  also  yellowish  brown  at  the  Southampton  lead  mines;  at  .Hat- 
field,  with  galena.  In  N.  Hamp.,  at  the  Eaton  lead  mine;  at  Warren,  a  large  vein  of  black 
Tjleude.  In  Maine,  at  the  Lubec  lead  mines;  also  at  Bingham,  Dexter,  and  Parsonsfield.  In 
Conn,,  yellowish-green  at  Brookfield;  at  Berlin,  of  a  yellow  color;  brownish  black,  sometimes- 


waxy  var.  In  Virginia,  at  Walton's  gold  mine,  Louisa  Co  ,  and  more  abundantly  at  Austin's 
lead* mines,  Wythe  Co.,  where  it  occurs  crystallized,  or  in  radiated  crystallizations.  In  Michigan', 
•at  Prince  vein,  Lake  Superior,  abundant.  In  Illinois,  near  Rosiclare,  with  galena  and  calcite; 
at  Marsdeu's  diggings,  near  Galena,  in  stalactites,  some  6  in.  or  more  through,  and  covered  with 
cryst.  marcasite,  and  galena.  In  Wisconsin,  at  Mineral  Point,  in  fine  crystals,  and  many  of 
large  size  (3  in.  through,  or  so),  altered  to  smithsonite.  In  Tennessee,  at  Haysboro',  near  Nash- 
ville. In  Missouri,  in  beautiful  crystallizations  with  galena,  marcasite.  and  calcite  at  Joplin  and 
other  points  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state;  the  deposits  here  occur  in  limestone  and  are 
of  great  extent  and  value.  The  original  sphalerite  in  places  has  been  removed  and  redepositeu 
as  calamine  or  smithsonite,  or  again  as  sphalerite,  usually  in  crystals.  A  variety,  formed  by 
reprecipitation,  occurs  as  a  soft  white  powdery  mass  in  Galena,  Cherokee  Co.,  southeastern 
Kansas,  adjoining  the  zinc  region  of  Missouri;  the  deposit  as  first  exposed  extended  for  30  feet 
with  a  thickness  of  at  least  4  feet. "  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  160,  1890.) 

Named  blende  because,  while  often  resembling  galena,  it  yielded  no  lead,  the  word  in 
German  meaning  blind  of  deceiving.  Sphalerite  is  from  cr^cr/lepoS,  treacherous. 

Alt. — Sphalerite  by  oxidation  changes  to  the  zinc  sulphate,  goslarite.  Calamine,  smith- 
sonite, and  liinonite  occur  as  pseudoinorphs. 

Artif. — Made  in  crystals  from  a  solution  of  sulphate  containing  some  putrifying  animal 
matter;  in  an  experiment  by  Gages,  using  oysters  for  the  animal  matter,  the  shells  were  turned 
partly  into  carbonate  of  zinc  and  selenite,  and  some  sphalerite  incrusted  them.  Also  may  be 
made  by  subjecting  heated  oxide  or  silicate  of  zinc  to  vapors  of  sulphur.  Cf.  further  Fouque- 
Levy,  Synth.  Miu.,  297,  1882. 

Rahtite  Shepard  is  an  impure  uncrystalliue  sphalerite,  with  G.  =  4'128,  containing  iron  and 
copper,  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  50. 

Ref.— '  See  Sbk.,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  21,  620,  1869;  24,  180.  1872;  30,  573,  1878;  also  earlier  Hbg., 
Miu.  Not.,  1,  28,  1856,  Kapuik  with  h  and  u\  6,  7,  1864,  Cumberland  and  Schemnitz;  Rath, 
Binnenthal,  with  u,  Pogg.,  122,  396,  1864.  Later  Becke,  Miu.  Mitth.,  5,  457,  1883.  The  dis- 
tinction between  the  planes  of  the  -f-  and  —  octants  was  made  out  by  Sbk.,  and  revised  and 
extended  by  Becke  on  the  basis  of  etching  experiments;  the  results  of  the  latter  (see  above)  are 
followed  here.  Some  planes  are  in  doubt  as  between  the  -f-  and  —  position. 

2  Klein,  Kapuik,  Jb.  Min.,  492;  1871.  3  Id.  Binuenthal,  ibid.,  897,  187_2;  Klein  called  it 
722,  but  Becke's  etching  makes  the  prominent  tetrahedron  for  this  locality  (111)  and  reverses  the 
position  taken  by  other  authors.  4  Sbk.,  1.  c.  5  Groth,  Min.  Samml  ,  23,  1878.  6  Becke.  1.  c. 
'  Hintze,  Striegau,  Zs.  Kr.,13,  161,  1887  *  Flink,  Nordmark,  Bihang,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  13.  (2), 
No.  7,  15,  1885.  9  Foldt.  Kozl.,  18,  151,  1888. 

10  Sautauder,  Picos  de  Europa,  Zs.  Kr.;  12,  .218,  1886.  On  effect  of  change  of  temperature, 
etc.,  on  indices  of  refraction,  see  Calderou,  Zs.  Kr.,  4,  504;  and  Voigt,  ib.  5,  113.  1880: 
11  Friedel,  Bull.  Soc.  Miu.,  2,  32,  1879;  Id.  and  Curie,  6,  191,  1883. 

On  the  effect  of  heat  on  molecular  structure,  Mid.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  5,  235,  1882,  cf.  also 
Hautefeuille.  C.  R..  93.  774.  1881.  Experiments  in  hardness,  JSxuer,  Unt.  H3ne  Kr.,  p  38, 
1873. 

59.  METACINNABARITE.     G.  E.  Moore  J.  pr.  Ch.,  2,  319,  1870;  Am.  J.  Sc.,  3,  S0L 

1872.     Metaziunober  Germ.  * 

Jsometric;  tetrahedral.     Observed  forms1  : 

«mi,-fl)    o,  (111,  -1,     ?i(211.2-2)    0(332,  H)    0(975,  H) 


SPHALERITE  GROUP— METACINNABARITE-TIEMANNITE. 


63 


Twins :  tw.  plane  o,  common.  Habit  tetrahedral,  faces  rough  and  unpolished. 
Also  massive;  amorphous. 

Fracture  subconchoidal  to  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  3.  G.  =  7 -81,  PM.,  cryst.; 
7*701-7-748,  Moore,  amorphous.  Luster  metallic.  Color  grayish  black.  Streak 
black.  Opaqufe. 

Coin  p.— Mercuric  sulphide,  like  cinnabar,  E^S  =  Sulphur  13'3,  mercury 
86-2  =  100. 

Anal.— Moore,  1.  c. 

S  Hg  Fe          Quartz 

1.  13-79  85-69  0'33  0'26      =  100-07 

2.  13-84  85.89  0'45  0'24      =  100'42 
Pyr. — See  ciunabar 

Obs.— From  the  Reddingion  mine,  Lake  county,  California,  with  cinnabar  in  acicular 
crystals,  quartz  and  marcasite.  Also  at  the  Baker  mine  near  Knoxville;  some  tons  have  been 
found  at  New  Idria,  Fresno  Co  (Becker).  At  Huitzuco,  Mexico,  in  pseudomorphs  qf  cinnabar 
after  stibnite  (Sandb.).  At  the  mercury  mines  in  the  Palatinate.  Also,  reported  from  Herms- 
doii  near  Waldeuburg,  Silesia  (Traube).  Probably  at  Pakaraka,  Bay  of  Islands,  New  Zealand, 
where  Button  in  1870  noted  the  occurrence  of  native  mercury  and  a  "black  ore  of  mercury 
a  sulphide  containing  some  iron."  H.  =5,  G.  =  9'224(?)  Trans.  N.  Z.  lust..  3,  252, 1870. 

Metacinnabarite  is  the  equivalent  of  the  black  mercuric  sulphide  of  the  laboratory,  also 
called  jffltliiops  mineral  (Quecksilber-Mohr  Germ.). 

Ref.— 'Pfd.,  Am.  J  Sc  ,  29  452,  1885.  Melville  has  described  crystals  _  from  New 
Almadeii,  Cal.,  which  he  regards  as  rhombohedral  and  heinimorphic,  with  0001  A  1011  =  15°  19', 
Am.  J,  Sc.,  40,  291  1890,  and  p.  1041. 

GUADALCAZARITE  Schwefelselcnquecksilber  Castillo  and  Burkhart,  Jb.  Min.,  414,  1866. 
Guadalcazite  Adam,  Tabl.  Min.,  p.  59,  1869.  Guadalcazarite  Petersen,  Min.  Mitth.,  69,  1872; 
Burkhart,  ibid.,  243. 

Near  metacinnabarite,  but  contains  a  little  zinc.  Occurs  massive,  with  cinnabar,  barite, 
quartz  at  Guadalcazar,  Mexico.  H.  =2.  G.  =  7'15.  Castillo  mentions  rhombohedral  forms. 

Anal.— 1,  Petersen,  1.  c.    2,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.  p.  79,  1875. 

S  Se  Hg.  Zn  Cd          Fe 

1.  G,  =  7-15  14-58  1-08  79-78  4'23  tr.  tr.  =  99-62 

2.  14-01  tr.  83-90  2'09  —  —  =  100 
The  ratio  of  Hg  :  Zn  =  6  .  1  in  anal.  (1),  and  12  :  1  in  (2). 

LEVIGLIANITE  D'Achiardi,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  2,  112,  1876.  Stated  to  be  a  ferriferous  variety 
of  guadalcazarite  (metacinnabarite);  but  not  fully  examined.  From  the  mercury  mines  of 
Levigliaui,  near  Seravezza  in-the  Apuan  Alps,  Italy. 

60.  TIEMANNITE.  Selenquecksilber  Marx,  Schw.  J.  54,  223,  1828  Selenmercur, 
STiemannit,  Naumann,  Min.,  425,  1855. 

Isometric;  tetrahedral.     Observed  forms1: 

a  (100,  t-»);  o  (111,  1),  o,  (111,  -  1);  GO  (511,  5'5),  m  (311,  3'3),  <p  (733,  -|-|);  m,  (311,  -  3-3). 
Also  doubtful  6  (13-1-1),  c  (17'2'2),  e  (13'2-2). 
1. 


o  usually  dull, 
striated  ||  edge  m 


^bright; 
a.    Com- 


Utah, Penfield. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  o.      Crystals  tetrahedral  in  habit, 
zone  a  b  c  e  co  <f>  striated  ||  intersection-edges;  also  m 
monly  massive  ;  compact  granular, 

Cleavage  none.  Fracture  uneven  to  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  2-5.  G.  =  8*19 
Utah,  cryst.  ;  8*30-8-47  Clausthal2.  Luster  metallic.  Color  steel-gray  to  blackish 
lead-gray.  Streak  nearly  black.  Opaque. 


64  SULPHIDES,  SELENIDES,    TELLURIDES,   ETC. 

Comp. — Mercuric  selenide,  HgSe  =  Selenium  28'3,  mercury  717  =  100, 
Anal.— 1,  Penfield,  1.  c.     2,  Petersen,  JB.  Ch.,  919,  1866. 

Se  &  Hg         Cd 

1.  Utah  29-19        0'37        69 -84        0'34        insol.  0-06  =  99-80 

2.  Clausthal  24'88        0'20        75'15  Pb  012  =  100*35 

Earlier  analyses  (5th  Ed.,  p.  56)  were  made  on  more  or  less  impure  material. 

Pyr. — Decrepitates  in  the  closed  tube,  and,  when  pure,  entirely  sublimes,  giving  a  black 
Sublimate,  with  the  upper  edge  reddish  brown,  with  soda  a  sublimate  of  metallic  mercury.  In 
the  open  tube  emits  the  odor  of  selenium,  and  forms  a  black  to  reddish  brown  sublimate,  with  a 
border  of  white  selenate  of  mercury,  the  latter  sometimes  fusing  into  drops.  On  charcoal 
volatilizes,  coloring  the  outer  flame  azure-blue,  and  giving  a  lustrous  metallic  coating. 

Obs.— Occurs  with  chalcopyrite  near  Zorge  in  the  Harz;  at  Tilkerode;  near  Clauslhal.  In 
California,  in  the  vicinity  of  Clear  lake.  Near  Marysvale,  Piute  Co.,  in  southern  Utah,  with 
barite,  manganese  oxide  and  calcite  in  a  vein  in  limestone,  the  ore  in  part  4  feet  in  thickness. 
Cf.  Becker,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Mon  13,  1888.  Named  after  the  discoverer,  Tiemann. 

R?f.— '  Pfd.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  29,  449,  1885.  2  Ibid.,  p.  453;  earlier  determinations  with 
G.  =  7*l-7'37  were  probably  made  on  impure  material. 

61.  ONOFRITB.     Selenschwefelquecksilber  H.   Rose,  Pogg.,   46,   315,  1839.      Merkur- 
Glanz  Breith.,  Char.,  316,  1832.     Onofrite  Haid.,  Handb.,  565,  1845. 

Massive;  fine  granular. 

Cleavage  none.   Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  2 -5.   G.  =  7'98-8'09,  Pfd.1 
Luster  metallic.    Color  and  streak  blackish  gray.     Opaque. 

Comp.— Sulpho-selenide  of  mercury,  Hg(S,Se),  with  S  :  Se  =  6  :  1,  Brush,  or 
4  :  1,  Rose.     The  first  requires:  "Sulphur  1T5,  selenium  4*7,  mercury  83*8  =  100; 
the  second:  Sulphur  10'6,  selenium  6*6,  mercury  82 '8  =  100. 
Anal.— 1,  H.  Rose,  1.  c.    2,  Comstock,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  21,  314, 1881. 

S  Se          Hg          Zn         Mn 

1.  Mexico  10-30        6;49        81-88         —          —   =  98-12 

2.  Utah  |  11-68        4:58        81 '98        0'54       0'69  =  99'42 

Pyr.— In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates  and  then  gives  reactions  for  sulphur  and  mercury, 
coating  the  tube  grayish  black  and  leaving  a  slight  non-volatile  residue.  In  the  open  tube  gives 
sulphurous  fumes  and  sublimates  of  mercury  and  sulphp-selenide  of  mercury'.  On  charcoal 
gives  copious  fumes  with  selenium  odor  and  a  sublimate  with  metallic  luster  which  touched  by 
R.F.  disappears  tingeing  the  flame  azure-blue.  Gives  faint  zinc  and  manganese  reactions. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  calcite  and  barite  at  San  Onofre,  Mexico.  With  the  pure  mercuric 
selenide,  tiemanuite,  forming  a  seam  4  inches  wide  in  limestone  near  Marysvale,  southern  Utah. 

Ref.— i  Am.  J.  Sc.,  29,  453,  1885". 

Del  Rio  early  called  attention  to  a  sulpho-selenide  of  mercury.  He  mentions  two  ores 
occurring  in  limestone  at  Culebras,  Mexico  (Phil.  Mag.,  4,  113,  1828),  one  red,  the  other  gray. 
These  were  called  culebrite  and  riolite  (also  rtonite  other  authors)  by  Brooke,  ib.,-8,  261,  1836. 
No  confidence  can  be  placed  in  Bel  Rio's  chemical  determinations.  Cf.  native  selenium,  p.  10. 

62.  OOLORADOITE.    F.  A.  Genth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  17,  115,  1877. 
Massive;  granular. 

Cleavage  none.  Fracture  uneven  to  subconchoidal.  H.  =  3.  G*  =  8'627. 
Luster  metallic.  Color  iron-black,  inclining  to  gray. 

Comp. — Mercuric  telluride,  HgTe  =  Tellurium  38 -5,  mercury  61*5  =  100. 
The  material  analyzed  (see  Appendix  III,  5th  Ed.,  p.  29  for  analyses)  was  very  impure. 
Pyr.— In  the  tube  slightly  decrepitates,  fuses  and  yields  metallic  mercury  as  a  sublimate, 
also  tellurium  dioxide  in  drops,  and  next  to  the  assay  metallic  tellurium.     Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 
Obs. — Occurs  very  sparingly  at  the  Keystone,  Mountain  Lion,  and   Smuggler  mines,  in 
Colorado,  with  quartz,  gold,  native  tellurium  and  sylvanite  ;  it  sometimes  has  a  columnar 
structure  due  to  alteration  from  sylvanite. 

€3.  ALABANDITE.  Schwarze  Blende  (fr.  Transylvania)  Mutter  v.  Reichenstein,  Phys. 
Arb.  Fr.  in  Wien,  1,  2nd  Quart.,  86.  1784;  Bindlteim.  Sen  rift.  Ges.  Nat.  Fr.  Berl..  5,  452,  1784 
(making  it  comp.  of  Mn.  S,  Fe,  Ag).  Schwarzerz  Klapr.,  Beitr  ,  3,  35,  1802.  Braunsteinkies 
Leonh.,  Tab.  70.  1806  Braunsteinblende  f=  Manganblendel  Blumenbbc?it  Handb.,  1,  70^  1807. 
Manganglanz  Karst..  Tab.,  72,  1808.  Manganese  sulfure  H.t  Tab.,  3,  1809.  Schwefel 


OLDHAMITE— PENTLANDITE.  65 

Siangan  Germ.    Alabandine  Beud.,  Tr.  2,  399,  1832.    Bluinenbachit  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  22, 
193,  1866. 

Isometric;  tetrahedral1.  In  cubes  or  dodecahedrons  with  tetrahedral  planes; 
also  n  (211,  2-2).  Twins2:  tw.  pi-  o;  sometimes  repeated,  consisting  of  five 
octahedi-Qns.  Usually  granular  massive. 

Cleavage:  cubic,  perfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.=3'5-4.  G.=3-95-4'04£ 
4-036,  Mexico.  Luster  submetallic.  Color  iron-black,  tarnished  brown  on  exposure. 
Streak  green. 

Comp.— Manganese  sulphide,  MnS  =  Sulphur  36*9,  manganese  63-1  =  100. 

pyr._Unchanged  in  the  closed  tube.  In  the  open  tube  sulphurous  fumes.  Roasted  on 
charcoal,  the  assay  is  converted  into  the  oxide,  which,  with  the  fluxes,  gives  the  reactions  of 
manganese.  Soluble  in  dilute  hydrochloric  acid,  with  evolution  of  hydrogen  sulphide. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  veins  in  the  gold  mines  of  Nagyag,  in  Transylvania;  also  Kapnik  and 
Offenbanya  in  Hungary,  associated  with  tellurium,  rhodochrosite,  and  quartz;  at  Gersdorf,  near 
Freiberg,  a  variety  containing  a  trace  of  arsenic;  in  Mexico,  at  the  mine  Preciosa  in  Puebla, 
with  tetrahedrite.  From  the  Morococha  mines,  Peru.  Crystallized  and  massive  on  Snake 
River,  Summit  county,  Colorado,  with  rhodochrosite,  galena,  argentite,  pyrite. 

Named  from  Alabanda  i»  Caria,  Asia  Minor. 

Artif.— Cf.  Doelter,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  32,  1885,  and  C.  R.,  105, 1372,  1887;  also  Weinschenk,  Zs. 
Kr.,  17,  500,  1890. 

Ref.— J  Peters,  Jb.  Min.,  665,  1861.    *  Schrauf,  Nagyag,  Pogg.,  127,  348,  1866. 


64.  OLDHAMITE.    Maskelyne,  1862;  Phil.  Trans.,  London,  195,  1870. 
Isometric.     In  small,  nearly  round  spherules,  generally  coated   by  calcium 
sulphate  as  result  of  alteration. 

Cleavage :  cubic.    H.  =  4,    G.  =  2  "58.     Color  pale  chestnut-brown,  transparent 
when  pure.     Isotropic. 

Comp.— Calcium  sulphide,  CaS  =  Sulphur  44'5,  Calcium  55*5  =  100. 
.—After  deducting  foreign  matter  (enstatite,  etc.): 
Oldhamite.  Incrustation. 


CaS  MgS         CaSO4       CaCO,      troilite 

1.  89-37  325  3'95  3'43  —  =  100 

2.  90-20  326  419  2'30  =  100 

Maskelyne  suggests  that  the  MgS  may  be  considered  either  as  a  mechanically  mixed  ingre- 
dient, or  as  a  constituent  of  the  mineral. 

Pyr.— Readily  dissolved  in  acid  with  the  evolution  of  hydrogen  sulphide  and  deposition  of 
aulphur. 

Obs.— Found  embedded  in  eustatite  or  augite  in  the  Busti  meteorite,  and  apparently  also  in 
that  of  Bishopville,  South  Carolina.  Named  after  Dr.  Oldham,  Director  (1862)  of  the  Indian. 
Geological  Survey. 

OSBORNITE  Maskelyne,  Phil.  Trans.,  198,  1870.  Small  golden  yellow  regular  octahedrons 
occurring  in  oldhamite  and  in  augite  in  the  meteorite  from  Busti,  India*  It  is  supposed  to  be  a 
sulphide,  or  an  oxysulphide,  of  calcium  and  probably  titanium.  Named  af  ter.Mr.  George  Osborne 

65.  PENTLANDITE.  Eisen-Nickelkies  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  58,  315,  1843.  Pentlandite 
Dufr  ,  Min.,  2,  549,  1856.  Nicopyrite  8hep.,  Min.,  307,  1857.  Lillhammerit  Wewbach,  Synops. 
Min.,  57,  1875. 

Isometric.     Massive,  in  granular  aggregates. 

Cleavage  octahedral.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  3-5-4.  G.  «=  4'60, 
Luster  metallic.  Color  light  bronze-yellow.  Streak  light  bronze-brown.  Opaque. 
Not  magnetic. 

Comp.— A  sulphide  of  iron  and  nickel,  (Fe,Ni)S.  In  part,  2FeS.NiS  =  Sul- 
phur 36-0,  iron  42'0,  nickel  22-0  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Scheerer,  L  c.    3,  J.  3L  Mackenzie,  priv.  contr. 

S  Fe  Ni  Cu 

1.  Lillehammer  36-45          4270  18'35  M6  =    98*66 

2.  "  36-64  40-21  21 '07  1'78  =    99'70 

3.  Sudbury  84*25          25-81  39'85»  0'24  =  100-15 

•  With  Co  tr. 


66 


SULPHIDES,  SELENIDES,   TELLURIDES,   ETC. 


An  analysis  of  the  Sudbury  nickel  ore  by  Clarke  and  Catlett  gave:  S  40-80,  Fe  15'57, 
2ft  41  -96,  CuO-62,  SiX)2  1'02  —  9997,  G.  =  4'541;  this  corresponds  to  Ni3FeSj,  or  the  general 
formula  ot  polydymite  (p.  75),  Am.  J.  Sc.,  37,  372,  1889.  Cf.  also  pyrrhotite. 

Fyr.  —  In  the  open  tube  sulphurous  fumes.  The  powdered  mineral  roasted  on  charcoal 
gives  with  the  fluxes  reactions  for  nickel  and  iron. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  with  chalcopyrite  in  a  hornblende  rock  near  Lillehammer  in  southern 
Norway.  The  mineral  from  Sudbury,  Ontario,  {anal.  3)  is  mined  extensively  for  nickel;  it 
carries  a  little  platinum  (0'006  to  O1  024  p.  c.)  probably  as  sperrylite,  Clarke  and  Catlett.  Pent- 
landite  was  named  after  Mr.  Pentland. 

The  Sudbury  mineral,  examined  by  Penfield  (priv.  contr.),  shows;  distinct  octahedral  cleav- 
age (or  parting)  which  identifies.it  with  the  original  pentlandite. 


4.  Cinnabar-Wurtsite-Millerite  Group. 


66. 
67. 


Cinnabar 
Covellite 


68.  Greenockite 

69.  Wurtzite 


70. 
71. 
72. 

73. 
74. 


Millerite 
Niccolite 
Breithauptite 

Arite 
Troilite 
Pyrrhotite 


HgS 

CuS 


CdS 
ZnS 

NiS 

NiAs 

NiSb 

Ni(Sb,As) 

FeS 

PeuSlV  etc. 


Trapezohedral 


Hemimorphic 


Rhombohedral  or  Hexagonal. 

a 

1-1453 
1-1466 

d  6 

0-8109  or  0-9364 
0-8175        0-9440 


0-8194 
0-8586 


0-9883 
0*9462 
0-9915 


0-8701        1-0047 


If,  as  suggested  by  Groth,  the  prominent.  pyramids  of  wurtzite,  greenockite,  etc.,  be  made 
pyramids  of  the  second  series  (e.g.,  x  =  1122,  instead  of  1011),  then  the  values  of  c  in  the 
second  column  are  obtained,  which  correspond  to  millerite.  The  form  of  several  of  these 
species,  however,  is  only  imperfectly  known.  A  rhombohedral  form  for  greenockite  has  been 
suggested  but  not  proved. 


66.  CINNABAR.     Kivvaftapi^  (fr.  Spain)  Theophr.    "  A^nor  Dioswr.    Minium  Vitruv., 
Plin     Minium  nativum,  Germ.  Bergziuober,  Agr.fc.,  Interpr..  466,  1546.     Cinuabarite. 

Zinnober,    Schwefelquecksilber,  Merkur-Blende   Germ. 
Cinabro  Ital  '  Cinabrio  Span. 

Khombohedral  ;   trapezohedral  like,  quartz. 
=  *52°  54'  15"  Schabus1. 

A  (5051,  5)4 
7t  (6061,  6)* 
p  (7071,  7)4 


Cinnober    Swed.      Cinabre 


Axis  6=  1-14526;   0001  A  101J. 


Forms': 

c  (0001,  0) 
m  (1010,  /) 
a  (1120,  z-2 


- 
017 


' 


, 

»  8-0-8-10, 

^  (1013  4) 
/2025'  I) 
«  (4049  i)4 
«  (1012  /) 
t  (10-0-10-19 
m  (5059   §)'  ' 


ft  (3035,  f)4 
h  (2023,  §) 
Y  (7079,  |)4 
i(4045.  |)4 


10)4 


n,  (0221,  -  2) 
0  (0552.  -  f)4 
o  (0331,  -  3)4 
p  (0-32'32'9,  - 
q,  (0441,  -4) 

A'(°551'  -5)4 


y  (2243,  |-2  r,  1)< 
«  (1121,  2-2) 
I  (2241,  4-2)* 


l  (4°43' 


0114   - 
03§8   -  I 

S  -  1) 


^ 

m  (9°95'  f) 
n  (2021>  2) 
ft7  (3°31'  3)4 
e  (101°  i0'3' 
'  rt  (707-2'  l)7 
9  (404U  4) 


(0881'  -  8) 


^  (M-2-20, 


F(o385, 


*  (0223.  -  f) 
»1  (0445,  -  |) 
^  (0111,  -  1) 

*  (0554,  -  |) 

*  (0443,  -  |) 


Z  (6157,  |-| 
<5  (8-3-513, 


^(1124,  f-2  r)«' 
P(H23,  f-2  r)« 
x  (2245.  -4-2)< 
O  (7-7-14-18,  I-2)1 


//(I  -8-4-10,  -  |-|)6 
J?  (1342,  ~2-|)« 
C  (2641.  -  6-|  r)4 
5  (2-8-16  5,  -  2-f)« 


CINNABAR. 


67 


tK  =  18°  18' 
«d   =  23°  47' 
,;/    =  27°  53' 
eg   -.  33°  28f 
ch    -  41°  24' 
ci    -  46°  37' 
^    --=  60°  26V 
e/i  =  69°  17' 
eta  -  75°  51' 
CQ    -  79°  18' 


a  =81°  24' 

cb  =    9°  23' 

c&  =  58°  50' 

ct  -  84°  36' 

KK'  =  31°  33' 


dd' 
ff 

ffff' 
hh 

ii' 


=  40°  53^ 

=  47°  464 
=  57°  4' 
=  69°  53' 
=  78°  Of 


rr'  =  87°  23' 
«'  =  97°  45' 
nn  —  108°  12' 
&&'  =  114°  14' 
99'  =116°  38' 
=  117°  48' 
=  16°  14' 
=  95°  38' 


bV 
kk' 


it'   =  119°  7i' 
gg.  =  32°  lr 


r  A  =  47°  Of 
nn,  =  55°  46' 
^  58°  51' 
=  66°  25' 
=  77°  41' 
=  81°  43' 
=  54°  33' 
€5'  =  58°  29' 
mf  -  59°  19' 


99, 

cu 


uu' 


Twins:  tw.  axis  I,  often  penetration-twins5;  with  also  tw.  pi.  a,  sometimes  like 
the  "Brazil  twins"  of  quartz6.  Crystals  usually  rhombohedral  or  thick  tabular  in 
habit,  rarely  showing  trapezohedral  planes;  also  acicular  prismatic.  In  crystalline 
incrustations,  granular,  massive;  sometimes  as  an  earthy  coating: 

1.  2.  3.  4, 


m 


Almaden?,  Sbs. 


Mt.  Avala,  Schmidt.         California. 


Mt.  Avala,  Schmidt. 


Cleavage:  m  perfect.  Fracture  subconchoidal,  uneven.  Somewhat  sectile. 
H.  =  2-2-5.  G.  =  8*0-8-2;  8-090  G.  E.  Moore.  Luster  adamantine,  inclining  to 
metallic  when  dark  colored,  and  to  dull  in  friable  varieties.  Color  cochineal-red, 
often  inclining  to  brownish  red  and  lead-gray.  Streak  scarlet.  Transparent  to 
opaque.  Optically  -{-.  Indices:  <&r  —  2*854,  er  =  3*201,  Dx8.  Polarization  cir- 
cular, chiefly  left  handed;  twins  sometimes  showing  Airy's  spirals5. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary:  either  (a)  crystallized;  (b)  massive^  grauular  embedded  or  compact! 
bright  red  to  reddish  brown  in  color;  (c)  earthy  and  bright  red. 

2.  Hepatic.  Quecksilberlebererz  and  Quecksilberbranderz,  Germ.  Inflammable  cinnabar. 
Of  a  liver-brown  color,  with  sometimes  a  brownish  streak,  occasionally  slaty  in  structure, 
though  commonly  granular  or^compact.  Cinnabar  mixed  with  an  organic  substance  called 
idrialine  (q.v.)  occurs  at  Idria.  "The  corallinerz  of  Idria  is  a  curved  lamellar  variety  of  hepatic 
cinnabar. 

Comp.— Mercuric  sulphide,  HgS  =  Sulphur  13*8,  mercury  86*2  =  100.  Usually 
impure  from  the  admixture  of  clay,  iron  oxide,  bitumen. 

Pyr.— In  UK  close'd  tube  alone  a  black  sublimate  of  mercuric  sulphide,  but  with  sodium 
carbonate  one  of  metallic  mercury.  Carefully  heated  in  the  open  tube  gives  sulphurous  fumes 
and  metallic  mercury,  which  condenses  in  minute  globules  on  the  cold  walls  of  the  tube. 
B.B.  on  charcoal  wholly  volatile,  but  only  when  quite  free  from  gangue. 

Obs.— Occurs  chietiy  in  veins  in  slate  rocks  and  shales,  and  rarely  in  granite  or  porphyry9. 
It  1ms  been  observed  in  veins,  with  ores  of  iron.  The  Idria  mines  are  m  the  Carboniferous 
formation;  those  of  New -Almaden,  California,  in  partially  altered  Cretaceous  or  Tertiary  beds. 
It  sometimes  occurs  in  connection  with  hot  springs  as  the  result  of  solfataric  action.  Pyrite 
and  marcasite,  sulphides  of  copper,  stibnite,  realgar,  gold,  etc.,  are  associated  minerals;  calcite 
quartz  or  opal,  also  barite,  fluorite,  are  gaugue  minerals;  a  bituminous  mineral  (cf.  napalite)  is 
common. 

The  most  important  European  deposits  are  at  Almaden  in  Spain,  and  at  Idria  in  Carniola, 
where  it  is  usually  massive.  ^  Considerable  amounts  are  now  obtained  at  Bakhmut  in  southern 
Russia,  where  it  occurs  as  an  impregnation  of  a  bed  of  Carboniferous  sandstone  from  14  to 
17  feet  in  thickness.  Good  crystals  occur  in  the  coal  formations  of  Moschellandsberg  and  Wolf- 
stein  in  the  Palatinate.  Also  found  at  Reichenau  in  Upper  Carinthia;  in  graywackeat  Wiudiscb 
Kappel;  in  beds  traversing  gneiss  at  Dunbrawa  in  Transylvania;  in  fine  crystals  at  the  recently 
reopened  mines  of  Alt.  Avala.  near  Belgrade,  Servia;  at  Neuinarktel  in  Caruiola;  at  Ripa  iu 
Tuscany;  at  Schemnitz  in  Hungary,  In  the  Urals  and  the  Nerchinsk  region  in  TransbaikaU 
At  the  mines  of  Kwei  Chaw  in  China  abundantly,  and  in  Japan.  In  Guadalcazar,  Huitzuco,  San 


68  SULPHIDES,  SELENIDES,    TELLURIDES,  ETC. 

Onofre  and  elsewhere  in  Mexico;  at  Huancavelica  in  southern  Peru,  abundant;  in  the  provinces 
of  Coquimbo  and  Copiapo  in  Chili.'  Also  in H"ew  South  Wales,  New  Zealand,  and  Transvaal, 
S.  Africa. 

In  the  IF.  S.  forms  extensive  mines  in  California,  in  the  Coast  Ranges  at  many  different 
points  from  Clear  Lake  in  the  north  (near  which  there  is  a  vein  in  a  bed  of  sulphur)  to  Santa 
Barbara  Co.  in  the  south;  important  mines  are  at  New  Almaden  and  the  vicinity,  in  Santa  Clara 
Co..  about  60  m.  S.S.E.  of  San  Francisco.  It  is  now  forming  by  solfataric  action  at  Sulphur 
Bank.  Cal.,  and  Steamboa-t  Spring's,-  Nevada.  Also  occurs  in  southern  Utah;  in  Idaho,  but  only 
as  rolled  masses.  In  Douglas  Co.,  Oregon.  In  British  Columbia,  sparsely  disseminated  througfi, 
a  crystalline  limestone  at  the  Ebenezer  Mine,  Hector  (Kicking  Horse)  Pass,  Rocky  Mts. 

.The  name  cinnabar  is  supposed  to  come  from  India,  where  it  is  applied  to  the  red  resin, 
dragon's  blood.  The  native  cinnabar  of  Theophrastus  is  true  cinnabar;  he  speaks  of  its  afford- 
ing quicksilver.  The  Latin  name  of  cinnabar,  minium,  is  now  given  to  red  lead,  a  substance 
which  was  early  used  for  adulterating  cinnabar,  and  so  got  at  last  the  name.  It  ias  been  said 
(King  on  Precious  Stones)  that  the  word-wane  (miniera,  Itat.)  and  mineral  come  from  the  Latin 
for  quicksilver  mine,  miniaria  (Fodina  miniaria). 

Alt.— Pseudomorp'hs  after  pyrite,  tetrahedrite,  dolomite  have  been  described  (Blum,  Pseud., 
Nachtr.,  2,  1£3,  124,  3,  262);  also  after  stibnite  (Sandb.-).  Heated  nearly  to  the  point-  o{ 
sublimation  and  suddenly  cooled  cinnabar  is  changed  to  the  black  sulphide,  HgS;  cf.  meta* 
cinnabarite. 

Art.— St.  Claire  Deville  and  Debray  have  obtained  rhombohedral  crystals  of  cinnabar  by 
sublimation,  see  Fouque-Levy,  Synth.  Min.,  p.  313,  1882;  also  Weinschenk,  Zs.  Kr.,  17,  498, 
1S90. 

Ref.— '  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  6,  63,  1851;  angles  confirmed  by  Koksharov,  Min.  Russl.,  6,  257, 
1870.  ?  See  Sbs.,  1.  c.  for  early  literature,  new  planes,  etc.;  also  later  Mgg.,  Jb.  Min  ,  2,  29, 
1882.  The  distinction  between  -}-  and  —  forms  is  not  always  surely  made,  cf.  Schmidt". 
3  D'Achiardi,  as  a  trigonal  prism,  tetartobedral.  Ripa,  Tuscany,  Boll.  Com.  G  .  2,463.  1S71. 
Min.  Tosc.,  2,  282,1873.  4  Mgg  ,  Almaden,  Spain,  1.  c.  5  Tsch.,  Nikitovka,  Min.  Mitth.,  7, 
361,  1886.  6  A.  Schmidt.  Mt.  Avala,  Servia,  F5ldt.  KOzl.,  17.  555,  1887,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  13.  433, 
1887;  no  attempt  is  made  to  distinguish  between  -f  and  —  rhombohedrons,  nor  between  r  and  I 
trapezohedrons.  '  Traube,  Mt.  Avala,  Zs,  Kr.f  14,  563,  1888.  8  Propr.  Opt.,  1,  77,  1857. 

9  On  the  genesis  of  cinnabar  deposits,  see  Phillips,  Q.  J.  G.  Soc.,  1879;  Christy,  Am.  J.  Sc  , 
17,  453.  1879;  also  LeConte,  ib.,  24,  23,  1882;  25,  424,  26f  1,  1883;  Becker.,  ib.,-33,  199,  1887, 
and  Mon.,  13,  U  S.  G.  Surv.,  1888.  In  the  latter  tluere  is  given  a  full  description  of  the  occur- 
rence of  cinnabar,  especially  in  California- and  also  throughout  the  world.  Becker  concludes 
that  the  cinnabar,  pyrite  and  gold  of  the  quicksilver  mines  of  the  Pacific.  Slope  reached  their 
present  position  in  hot  solutions  of  double  sulphides  leached  from  the  adjacent  granite  or  the; 
masses  underlying  it  (p.  449). 

ETHIOPSITE  Adam,  Tabl.  Min.,  59,  1869.  Black  mercurous  sulphide,  Hg2Si;  it  Ts  an 
unstable  compound,  not  known  to  occur  in  nature. 

67.  COVELLITE.  FreiesUben,  Geogn.  Arb.,3, 129 (fr.  Sangerhausen);  Kupferindig5?vtt77<v, 
in  Hofi'm.  Min.,  4.  2,  178,  "1817.  Bi-solfuro  di  rame  che  formasi  attualmente  ^nel  Vesuvio 
Covelli  (1826).  Att.  Ace.  Napoli,  4.  9,  1839.  Indigo-Copper;  Blue  Copper.  Covelline,  Sulfure 
de  cuivre  du  Vesuve,  Beud..,  2,  409,  1832.  Breithauptite  Chapm.,  Min.  125,  1843.  Can'tonite 
Pratt,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  22,  449,  1856,  23,  409,  1857.  Cobre  anilado  Span..S.  A 

Hexagonal  or  rhombohedral.  Axis  6.  =  1-1466;  0001  A  1011  =  52°  56J' 
Kenngott1. 

Forms:    c  (0001,  0),    a  (1120.  i-2),    x  (1122,  1-2),    y  (2241; 4-2;. 

Angles:    ex  =  48°  54',    cy  =  77°  42',    xx'  =  44°  IBf ,    yy'  -  58°  29',    ytf*  =  *24°  36' 
Rarely  in  hexagonal  crystals  with,  faces  m  and  x.  horizontally  striated.     Com- 
monly massive  or  spheroidal ;  surface,  sometimes  crystalline. 

Cleavage:  basal,  perfect.  Flexible  in  thin  leaves.  H.  =  1-5-2.  Gr.  =  4-590, 
4-6.36  crystals,  Zeph.  Luster  of  crystals  submetallic,  inclining  to  resinous,  a  little 
pearly  on  cleavage-face ;  subresinous  or  dull  when,  massive.  Color  indigo-blue  or 
darker.  Streak  lead-gray  to  black,  shining.  Opaque. 

Comp.— Cupric  sulphide,  CuS  =  Sulphur  33*6,  copper  66 '4  =  100.  Analyses, 
5th  Ed.,  p.  84. 

Pyr.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  a  sublimate  of  sulphur;  in  the  epen  tube  sulphurous  fumes. 
B.B.  on  charcoal  burns  with  a  blue  flame,  emitting  the  odor  of  sulphur,  and  fuses  to  a  globule, 
•ivhich  reacts  like  chalcocite. 

Obs.— With  oth£r  copper  ores  near  Baden  weiler  .m  Baden;  at  Leogang  in  Salzburg  with 
Chalcopyrite,  sometimes  in  small  crystals;  at  Kielce  in  Poland;  Sangerhausen  in  Saxony; 
Mansfeld,  Thuringia;  Vesuvius,  on  lava;  common  in  Chili. 

Named  after  N.  Covelli  (1790-1829),  the  discoverer  of  the  Vesuvian  covellite. 


GREENOCKITE. 


60 


Covellite  is  a  result  Of  ^the  alteration  of  other  ores  of  copper,  and  is  often  mixed  with 
cbalcocitc,  from  which  it  has  been  derived.  (See  Digenite  and  Carmenite,  p,  56.) 

Artif.—  Formed  at  low  temperatures  (to  200°  C.)  from  CuO,  while  at  higher  temperatures,  as 
too  from  Cu2O,  chalcocite  (Cu2S)  results,  Doelter,  Zs.  Er.,  11,  34,  1885;  also  Weinschenk,  ia 
crystals,  ib  ,  17,  497,  1890. 

Ref,—  '  Leogang,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  12,  22,  1854;  the'  suggestion  of  Groth  as  to"  position  is 
here  followed,  since  it  shows  the  probable  relation  to  cinnabar. 

CANTONITE  is  covellite  from  the  Canton  mine,  Georgia,  occurring  in  cubes,  with  a  cubical 
cleavage.  It  is  associated  with  harrisite  (pseudomorphs  of  chalcocite  after  galena,  see  p.  56), 
uud  is  regarded  by  Genth  as  a  pseudoinorph  of  covellite  after  the  harrisite. 


68.  GREENOCKITE.  .Greenockite  Jameson,  Ed.  N.  Phil,  J.,  28,  390, 1840.    Sulphuret  of 
Cadmium  Connel,  ib.,  392.     Cadmium-blende.     Cadmium  sulfure  Fr. 

Hexagonal;    hemimorphic..     Axis  6  ss  0'81091;    0001  A  lOU  =  43°   7'  3" 

Miigge1. 


Forms' : 
<?(0001,   0) 

m  (1010,  /) 
a  (1120,  i-2) 
k  12130,  i-f) 


7i(1017,  j) 
y  (3-0-3-20, 

n  (1015,  i) 
i  (1012.  i) 
p  (-2023,  f) 


f(3034,  |) 
*  (1011,  1) 

p  (4043,  f) 
q  (8085,  f) 
o  (5053,  f  ) 


y  (7074,-D 
z  (2021.  2) 


u          ,  3) 
w  (10-040-3, 
«  (4041,  4) 


r  (5051,  5) 
t  (6061,  6) 
.s  (1121;  2-2) 


Of  the  above  forms  y,  ft,  p  have  been  observed  only  at  the  lower  extremity  of  the  crystals. 
The  form  of  greenockite  is  near  that  of  the  other  kemimorphic  species,  iodyrite  and  2iucite. 


en  =    7°  37' 
cy  =    8°    0' 
en  =  10°  36V 
ci  =  25°    5 
cp  =  31°  58y 
cl   =  35°    5' 


cp  = 
cq  = 
co  = 
cy  = 
cz  = 


51°  18' 
56°  17' 
57°  21' 
58°  36' 
61°  53'  55" 


cu  =  70°  24' 


cw  =  72°  14' 
cv  =  75°  3' 
cr  =  77°  56V 
ct  =  79°  54f 
cs  =  58°  20f 
if  =  24°  29' 


xx'  =  39°  58' 
ez'  =  52°  20 
vo'  =  57°  46 
ss'  =  60°  23' 
ms  =  42°  30 
mx'  =  70°  1' 


Crystals  hemimorphic, .  terminated   by  e,  cor    or  cyrcpx  below,  above  more 
complex;    the- pyramidal  facej  often  striated  horizontally, 
and  in  oscillatory  combination. 

Cleavage:  a  distinct,  Fdl.;  c  imperfect.  Fracture 
conchoida.l.  Brittle..  H.  =  3-3-5.  G.  =  4/9-5 -0.  Luster 
adamantine  to  resinous.  Color  honey-,  -citron- *or  orange- 
yellow;  also  bronze-yellow.  Streak-powder  between  erange- 
yellow  and  brick-red.  Nearly  transparent.  Optically  -{-. 
bouble  refraction  weak,  co  =  2 '688  Mir. 

Comp.— Cadmium  sulphide,  CdS  =  Sulphur  22*3, 
cadmium  77-7  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  assumes  a  carmine-red  color  while  hot,  fading  to  the  original 
yellow  on  cooling.  In  the  open  tube  gives  sulphurous  fumes.  B.B.  on  charcoal, -either  alone, 
or  with  soda,  gives  in  R.F.  a  reddish-brown  coating.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  affording 
hydrogen  sulphide. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  short  hexagonal  crystals  at  Bishoptou,  in  Renfrewshire,  Scotland;  in  a 
porphyntic  trap  and  amygdaloid,  associated  with  prehnite;  also  at  Bowling  near  Old  Kilputrick. 
and  at  the  Boylestone  quarry,  Barrhead  near  Glasgow.  At  Pfibram  in  Bohemia,  as  a  coating 
especially  on  sphalerite;  similarly  elsewhere  not  uncommon,  as  atBleiberg,  Carinthia,  Pierrefitte, 
Basses  Pyrenees,  Laurium,  Greece;  so  too  in  theU.  S.  at  the  Ueberoth  zinc  mine,  near  Friedens- 
ville,  Lehigh  Co.,  Pa.,  and  in  the_zinc  region  of  southwestern  Missouri;  in  Marion  Co.,  Ark., 
occurs  coloring  smithsonite  bright  yellow. 

Named  after  Lord  Greenock  (later  Earl  Cathcarl).  The  first  crystal  was  found  about 
1810  by  Mr.  Brown  .of  Lanfyne,  and  was  taken  by  him  for  sphalerite.  It  was  over  half  an 
inch  across. 

Artif.— Obtained  by  Hautefeuille  in  hemimorphic  crystals  resembling  the 'natural  ones, 
C.  R.,  93,  824,  1881.  Not  an  uncommon  furnace  product. 

Ref.— >  Jb.  Min.,  2,  18,  1886;  for  first  description  of  crystals  see  Breith.,  Pogg.,  51,  507, 
1840:  he  calls  attention  to  the  relations  of -the  group  of  hexagonal  (and  rhorabofredral)  sulphides. 
Greg  and  Lettsom,  and  Mir.  give  only  camixzv.  Kk.  gave  in  1871,  c  =  0-81257,  Bull.  Acad, 
St.  Pet.,  15,  219;  later  also  c  =  0-817247,  Min.  8,  125,  1881,  Schiller  regarded  artif.  cryst 
examined  by  him  as  rhombohedrai,  Lieb.  Ann,,  87,  40,  1853. 


70  SULPHIDES,  SELENIDES,   TELLURIDES,  ETC. 

69.  WURTZITE.     C.  Friedel,  C.  R.,  52,  983,  1861.     Spiauterit  BreitJi.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  21,  98, 
1862,  25,  193.     Faserige  Blende,  Schalenblende  pt. 

Hexagonal;  hemimorphic.  Axis  6  =  0-81747;  0001  A  lOll  =  43°  20J' 
Friedel1. 

Forms':  c  (0001,  0);    m  (1010,  7),    «  (1150,  «);    0  (4045,  |),    p(10ll,  1),    0(2021,2). 
Angles:  ex  =  37°  8JV  co  =  *62°  5''4,    a»'  =  35°  4',    pp'  =  40°  9',    oo'  =  62°  27'. 

Natural  crystals  quartzoids  (p)  with  also  m,  both  planes  horizontally  striated. 
A-lso  fine  fibrous  or  columnar,  massive. 

Cleavage:  a  easy;  c  difficult.  H.  =  3 '5-4.  G.  =  3f98.  Luster  resinous. 
Color  brownish  black.  Streak  brown.  Optically  +•  Double  refraction  weak. 

Var. — 1.  Crystals,  hemimorphic  like  greeiiockite. .  2.  Massive,  fibrous,  including  the  varieties 
of  "  Schalenbleude"  having  a  fine  columnar  structure  (Noelting). 

Comp. — Zinc  sulphide,  ZnS  =  Sulphur  33,  zinc  67  =  100. 

Pyr1. — Same  as  for  sphalerite. 

Obs. — From  a  silver-mine  near  Oruro  in  Bolivia.  Also  from  Albergaria  Velha  in  Portugal; 
from  Quesbesita,  Peru,  in  tabular  crystals  grouped  and  forming  a  crust,  some  of  the  crystals  £ 
inch  across.  In  fine  pyramidal  crystals  with  sphalerite  and  quartz  at  the  "  Original  Butte  " 
mine,  Butte  City,  Montana. 

The  massive  fibrous  forms  of  "  Schalenblende"  occur  at  Pribram,  Liskeard,  etc.  Other 
forms,  from  Stolberg,  Wiesloch,  Altenberg,  are  in  part  wurtzite,  in  part  sphalerite. 

Named  after  the  French  chemist,  Adolphe  Wurtz. 

Artif.— First  made  by  St.  Claire  Deville  and  Troost  by  fusing  zinc  sulphate  with  CaF2  and 
BaS  in  equal  parts  (C.  R.,  52,  920,  1861);  also  in  crystals  by  a  long  and  high  heating  of 
amorphous  sphalerite  (Sidot,  C.  R.,  62,  999,  1866);  or  by  subliming  the  sphalerite  in  a  current  of 
sulphurous  oxide,  long,  transparent,  colorless  hexagonal  prisms  have  been  formed  (ib.,  63, 
188,  1866).  Cf.  also  Hautefeuille;  also  Noelting  (Inaug.  Diss.,  Kiel,  1887),  who  traces  out 
the  relations  of  sphalerite  and  wurtzite,  and  shows  that  the  latter  has  often  been  produced  in 
nature  from  the  former. 

Ref.— i  On  artif.  cryst.,  C.  R,  62,  1002,  1866;  Foerstner  obtained  c  =  0'8002,  Zs.  Kr.,  5, 
363,  1881.  2  On  nat.  cryst.,  Bolivia,  only  c,  m,  a,  o,  1.  c. 

ERYTHROZINCITE  Damour,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  3,  156,  1880.  Probably  a  maugauesian  variety 
of  wurtzite.  Occurs  in  thin  plates.  Optically  uniaxial,  positive  (Dx.,  ib.  4,  40,  1881).  Soft. 
Color  red.  Streak  pale  yellow.  Translucent.  Contains  sulphur,  zinc,  manganese.  In  veins 
of  lapis  lazuli  from  Siberia, 

70.  MILLERITE.    Haarkies  (as  a  var.  of  Schwefelkies)  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  383,  1789  (fr. 
Johanng.);  Hofmann,  id.,  175,  1791.     Fer  sulfure  capillttire  (as  a  var.  of  Pyritc)  H.,  Tr.,  4,  180L 
Capillary  Pyrites.     Gediegen  Nickel  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  5,  231,  1810.     Schwefelnickel  Berz.;  Arf- 
vedson,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  427,  1822.     Harkise  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  400,  1832.   Capillose  Chapman.  Min., 
135,  1843.     Millerit  Haid.,  Handb.,  561,  1845.     Trichopyvit  Olock.,  Syu.,  43,  1847. 

Nickelkies  Germ.  Sulphuret  of  Nickel.  Nickel  sulfure  Fr.  Sulfuro  di  Nickel,  Archise 
Ital.  Sulfuro  de  niquel  Span. 

Rhombohedral.     Axis  6  =  0-9883;  0001  A  1011  =  48°  46J'  Miller1. 
Forms1:    m  (1010,  7),     a  (1120,  t-2),      k  (2130,  £-f);    r  (1011,  R);    also  as  cleavage-faces: 
e  (1016,  t),  "  d  (1013,  i);    e,  (0116,  -  |),    d,  (0113,  -  i). 

Angles:  &t  =  18°  37f ,    dd'  =  *35°  52',    rr'  =  81°  17',    dd,  =  20°  29'. 

Usually  in  very  slender  to  capillary  crystals,  often  in  delicate  radiating  groups; 
sometimes  interwoven  like  a  wad  of  hair.  Also  in  columnar  tufted  coatings,  partly 
semi-globular  and  radiated. 

Cleavage:  e,  e,,  d,  d,,  all  perfect,  Mir.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle;  capillary 
crystals  elastic.  H.  =  3-3*5.  G.  =  5'3-5'65;  5-65  fr.  Saalfeld,  Rg.  Luster 
metallic.  Color  brass-yellow,  inclining  to  bronze-yellow,  with  often  a  gray 
iridescent  tarnish.  Streak  greenish  black. 

Comp.— Nickel  sulphide,  NiS  =  Sulphur  35-3,  nickel  64'7  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  open  tube  sulphurous  fumes.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  to  a  globule.  When 
roasted,  gives  with  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  a  violet  bead  in  O.F.,  becoming  gray  in  R.F. 
from  reduced  metallic  nickel.  On  charcoal  in  R.F.  the  roasted  mineral  gives  a  coherent 
metallic  mass,  attractable  by  the  magnet.  Most  varieties  also  show  traces  of  copper,  cobalt,  and 
Iron  with  the  fluxes. 

Obs. — Occurs  commonly  in  capillary  crystals,  in  the  cavities  and  among  crystals  of  other 
minerals.  Found  at  Joachimsthal  in  Bohemia:  Johanngeorgenstadt;  Pribram;  lliechelsdorf; 


XICCOLITE.  71 

Andreasberg;  Himmelfahrt  mine  near  Freiberg  and  Marienberg  in  Saxony;  at  Micheroux, 
Belgium;  Cornwall;  near  Merthyr  Tydvil,  at  Dowlais,  occupies  cavities  in  nodules  of 
siderite. 

Occurs  at  the  Sterling  mine,  Antwerp,  N.  Y.,  in  radiating  groups  of  capillary  crystals  with 
ankerite  in  cavities  in  hematite;  in  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.,  at  Gap  mine,  with  pyrrhotite,  in  thin 
coatings  of  a  radiated  fibrous  structure,  often  with  a  velvety  surface  of  crystals,  or  tufts  of 
radiated  needles.  With  calcite,  dolomite  and  fluorite,  forming  delicate  tangled  hair-like  tufts, 
in  geodes  in  limestone,  often  penetrating  the  calcite  crystals,  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.;  similarly  near 
Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Stated  to  occur  in  considerable  deposits  in  quartz  near  Bentoii  in  Saline  Co.,  Arkansas 
(Miu.  Res.  U.  S.,  128,  -1887).  Sparingly  present  with  pyrite  and  marcasite  atone  of  the  cinnabar 
miu^s  in  Pope  Valley,  Mayacinas  distr.,  Cal.  With  a  green  ehromiferous  garnet  in  Orford 
Township,  Quebec,  disseminated  in  grains  in  calcite. 

Identitied  in  the  nickeliseious  metallic  iron  of  Santa  Catarina,  Brazil  (Meimier). 

Artif.— Obtained  in  groups  of  acicular  crystals  by  Weiuscheuk,  Zs.  Kr  ,  17,  500,  1890;  also 
earlier  by  Baubiguy,  Fouqne-Levy,  Synth.  Min.,  306,  1882. 

The  capillary  pyrites,  Haarkies,  of  Werner  was  true  millerite,  from  Jphanngeorgenstadt, 
according  to  Hofmaun,  Miu.,  4,  168,  1817.  But  capillary  pyrite  and  marcasite  have  sometimes 
gone  by  the  same  name. 

Ref.— '  Phil.  Mag.,  6,.  104, 1835,  or  Pogg.,  36,-476, 1835,  and  Min.,  p.  163,  1852.  Cf.  Breith., 
Pogg.,  51,  511,  1840 

JAIPURITE.  Sulphuret  of  Cobalt  Middleton,  Phil.  Mag.,  28,  3'52,  1846.  Syepoorite /.  Nicoll, 
Min.,  458,  1849.  Jeypoorite -Ross,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.,  21,  292,  1873.  Jaipurite  F.  R.  Mallet, 
Records  Geol.  Surv.  India,  14,  pt.  2,  190,  1880,  and  Min.  India,  16,  1887.  Rutenite  Adam, 
Tabl.  Min.,  55,  1869.  Kobaltsulfuret  pt.,  Schwefelkobalt  pt...  Kobaltkies  pt.^  Graukobalterz, 
Kobaltblende  Germ. 

Described  as  a  simple  cobalt  sulphide  (CoS),  occurring  massive,  witlrG.  =  5 '45,  and  ol  a 
steel-gray  color,  stated  to  have  been  found  at  the  Khetri  mines,  Jaipur  (Syepoore,  Jeypoor), 
Rajputaua,  India,  and  to  be  "  used  by  Indian  jewelers  for  staining  gold  of  a  delicate  rose  color." 
Mallet  (1.  c.)  questions  the  existence  of  the  mineral,  he  having  found  only  cobaltite  and  danaite 
at  the  locality.  Moreover  the  cobalt  ore  from  the  Khetri  mines,  sold  to  Indian  enamelers  under 
the  name  of  "  sehta, "  is  used  in  enameling  in  different  shades  of  blue  (not  red)  on  gold  and  silver. 

It  is  to  be  noted  here  that  Weinschenk  describes  an  artificial  cobalt  monosulphide,  CoS,  in 
tin-white  crystals  resembling  those  obtained  of  the  nickel  sulphide,  millerite.  See  Zs.  Kr.,  17, 
500,  1890 


71.  NICCOLITE.    Kupfernickel  Hiarne,  Anledri.  Malm  og  Berg.,   76,  1694.    Cuprum 

Nicolai  [mistaken  trl.]  J.  Woodward,  Foss.,  1728.  Kupfernickel,  Arsenicuin  sulphure  et  cupro 
mineralisatum,  aeris  rnodo  rubeute,  Wall.,  228,  1747.  Niccolum  ferro  et  cobalto  arsenicatis  et 
sulphuratis  miu.  (fr.  Saxony)  Cronst.  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1751,  1754  (first  discoy.  of  metal);  Min., 
218,  1758.  Cuprum  ruin,  arsen.  fulvum  Linn.,  1768.  Mine  de  cobalt  arsenicale  tenant  cuivre 
•Sage,  Min.,  58,  1772;  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  3,  135,  1783  Niccolum  nativum  Bergm.<  Opusc.  2,  440, 
1780  Rothuickelkies,  Arseuiknickel,  Germ.  Copper  Nickel,  Arsenical  Nickel.  Nickeline 
Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  586,  1832.  Arsenischer  Pyrrotin  Breith. f  J  pr.  Ch.,  4,  266,  1835.  NiccoliteZ><m0, 
Niquel  rojo  Span. 

Autimonarsennickel  Petersen,  Pogg.,  137,  396,  1869.  Aarite  Adam,  Tabl.  Min.*  40,  1869. 
Arite  Pisani,  C.  R.,  76,  239,  1873. 

Hexagonal.     Axis  6  =  0-8194;  0001  A  lOll  =  *43°  25'  Breithaupt1. 
Forms:    c  (0001,  0),     m  (1010,  /);  x  (1011,  1).     Angle:  xx' •  =  40°  12'. 

Crystals  rare.  Usually  massive,  structure  nearly  impalpable;  also  reniform 
with  a  columnar  structure;  also  reticulated  and  arborescent. 

Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  5-5-5.  G.  =  7'33-7'67.  Luster  metallic. 
Color  pale  copper-red,  with  a  gray  to  blackish  tarnish.  Streak  pale  brownish  black. 
Opaque. 

Comp.— Nickel  arsenide,  NiAs  =  Arsenic  56-1,  nickel  43-9  =  100.  Usually 
contains  a  little  iron  and  cobalt,  also  sulphur;  sometimes  part  of  the  arsenic  is 
replaced  by  antimony,  and  then  it  graduates  toward  breithauptite.  The  intermediate 
varieties  have  been  called  ante. 

Anal.— 1,  Petersen,  Pogg.,  134,  82,  1868.  2,  Winkler,  Jb.  Min.,  818,1872.  3,  L.  SipScz, 
Zs.  Kr.,  11,  215,  1885.  4,  Genth,  Am  Phil.  Soc.,  20,  403,  1882.  5-7,  Berthier,  Ann.  Mines,  4, 
467,  1819:  ibid.,  7  537,  1835.  8,  Petersen,  Pogg.,  137,  396,  1869.  9,  Pisani,  1.  c. 


72 


SULPHIDES,  SELENIDES,   TELL  U RIDES,   ETC. 


1.  Ordinary. 

1.  Wittichen  G.  =  7*526 

2.  Telhadella  mine,  Portugal  G.  =  7  33 
8.  Dobsiua  G.  =  7'513 
4.  Silver  Cliff,  Col.  G.  =  7  '314 


*  2.     Antimonial. 

Allernont 

Baleu 


5. 
6. 

7.  " 

8.  Wolfacn 

9.  Arite 


G.  =  750 
G.  =  7*19 


As  Sb  S       Ni       Fe 

53-49  —  1-18  43-86  0  67  Bi  0'54  =  99  74 

50-78  —  385  42-41  1  40  SiO,  1  65  =  100'Oi 

53-33  2-03  2-30  42'65  0'17  Bi  (HO  =  100-58 

46-81  2-24  252  44'76  0'60  Cu  1-59      Co  1-70 

=  100  22 

48-80  8-00  2-00  39'94  tr.  Co  O'lG  =  98-90 

32-3  28-0  2-5  34'5  1'4  8iO,  2'0  =  100'7 

33-0  [27-8]  2.8  33'0  1-4  SiOa  2-0=100 

30-06  28-22  1-77  39'8l  0'96  Co  ft-.  =  100'82 

11-5  48'6  1-7  37-3  Zn  2-4  =  101 '5 


Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  a  faint  white  crystalline  sublimate  of  arsenic  trioxide.  In  the 
open  tube  a  sublimate  of  arsenic  trioxide,  with  a  trace  of  sulphurous  fumes,  the  assay  becoming 
yellowish  green.  On  charcoal  gives  arsenical  fumes  and  fuses  to  a  globule,  which,  treated  with 
borax  glass,  affords,  by  successive  oxidation,  reactions  for  iron,  cobalt,  and  nickel;  the  antiino- 
fiial  varieties  give  also  reactions  for  antimony.  Soluble  in  aqua  regia. 

Obs.— Accompanies  cobalt,  silver,  and  copper  in  the  Saxon  mines  of  Aunaberg,  Schneeberg, 
etc.;  also  in  Thuringia,  Hesse,  and  Styria,  and  at  Allemont  in  Dauphine:  at  the  Ko  mines  in 
Kordmark,  Sweden;  at  Balen  in  the  Basses  Pyrenees  (arite);  occasionally  in  Cornwall,  as  at 
Peugelly  and  Wheal  Chance;  formerly  at  the  Hilderstoue  Hills,  Scotland;  at  Chanarcillo,  near 
Copiapo,  and  at  Huasco,  Chili;  abundant  at  Mina  de  la  Rioja,  Oriocha,  in  the  Argentine 
Republic. 

Found  at  Chatham,  Conn.,  in  gneiss,  associated  with  smaltite;  sparingly  at  Franklin 
Furnace,  N.  J.  (Koenig); -Silver  Cliff,  Colorado;  Tilt  Cove,  Newfoundland. 

Named  from  the  contained  metal.  The  name  of  the  species  should  be  formed  from  tlie 
Latin  word  for  nickel,  niccolum,  proposed  by  Cronstedt,  and  hence  should  be  written  niccolinet 
or  better  niccolite,  in  place  of  Beudant's  nickeline. 

Ref.— '  L.  c.,  Pogg.,  51,  515,  1840. 


72.  BREITHAUPTITE.  Antimonnickel  Stromeyer  &  ffausm.,  Gel.  Anz.  G6tt.,  2001, 
1833.  Autimonial  Nickel.  Hartmannite  Chapman,  Min.,  1843.  Breithauptit  Haid.,  Handb., 
559,  1845. 

Hexagonal:     Axis  6  =  G'8586;  0001  A  loll  -  44°  45 J'  Breithaupt1. 
Forms:    c  (0001,  0),    m  (1010,  /);    i  (1012,  i),     w  (3032,  f),     v  (2021,  2)9. 
Angles:    ci  -  26°  22',    cw  =  *56°  5',    cv  =  63°  14',    ii'  =  25°  40',    ww'  =  49°  2 . 

Crystals  thin  tabular,  rare;  also  hexagonal  prisms  (artif.2).  Arborescent  and 
disseminated,  massive. 

Fracture  uneven  to  small  subconchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  5 '5.  G.  =  7'541 
Breith.  Luster  metallic,  splendent.  Color  on  the  fresh  fractured  light  copper-red, 
inclining  strongly  to  violet.  Streak  reddish  brown.  Opaque. 

Comp.— Nickel  antimonide,  NiSb  =  Antimony  67*2,  nickel  32*8  =  100. 
Arsenic  is  sometimes  present;  compare  analyses  5-9  under  niccolite. 

Pyr.— In  the  open  tube  white  antimonial  fumes.  On  charcoal  fuses  in  R.F.,  gives  off  anti- 
monial  fumes,  au-d  coats  the  coal  white;  if  lead  is  present,  a  yellow  coating  near  the  assay; 
treated  with  soda  the  odor  of  arsenic  may  be  distinguished  in  most  specimens. 

Obs. — Found  in  the  Harz  at  Andreasberg,  with  calcite,  galena,  and  smaltite.  Has  beeu 
observed  as  a  furnace  product,  crystallized,  cf.  ref.2  below. 

Named  after  the  Saxon  mineralogist,  J.  F.  A.  Breithaupt  (1791-1873). 
Ref.—1  Pogg.,  51,  512,  1840.    *  Brand,  on  artif.  cryst.,  Zs.  Kr.,  12,  234, 


73.  TROILITE.    Pyrrhotite  pt.    Troilit  Haid.,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  47(2),  283,  1863. 
Usually  massive. 

H.  =  4-0.     G.  =  4-75-4-82.     Color  torn  back-brown.    Streak  black. 
Comp.— Iron  sulphide,  usually  accepted  as  FeS  =  Sulphur  3b'-4,  iron  63*6  =  100, 
it  may,  however,  be  identical  with  pyrrhotite,  as  urged  by  Meunicr. 

Anal.— 1,  J.  L.  Smith.  Am.  J.  Sc..  19,  156,  1855.  2,  Id.,  C.  II ..  81.  976,  1875,  also  Rg.,  1.  c. 
3,  Rg.,  Miu.  Ch.,  53,  1875,  cf.  also  Pogg.,  74,  443,  1848,  122,  365,  1864.  4,  E.  Goinitz.  Jb. 
Min..  608,  1876.  5,  6,  Meunier,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  17,  36.  1869. 


PYBRHOTITE. 


73 


1.  Tazewell  Co.,  Tenn. 

2.  Seviev  Co.,  Tenn.      G.  =  4 '813 

3.  Seelasgen  G.  =  4'787 

4.  Nenntmannsdorf 

5.  Toluca  G.  =  4-799 


S  Fe  Ni 

35-67  62-38  0'32  Cu  tr.  SiO,,  CaO  0'64  =  99 '01 

36-21  63-48  —  =  99'69 

35-91  63-35  —  =  99-26 

37  36  63  82  —  =  101 '18 

40-03  59-01  0-14  Cu  tr.  =  99'18 


6.  Charcas 


G.  =  4-780       39-21    56  29    310    =  98'60 


Pyr.,  etc.— Same  as  for  pyrrhotite. 

Obs.— Common  in  iron  meteorites  in  nodules  disseminated  more  or  less  sparingly  through 
the  mass,  also  in  narrow  veins  usually  separated  from  the  iron  by  a  thin  layer  of  graphite. 

It  is  assumed  by  Rose  that  the  iron  sulphide  of  meteoric  iron  is  troilite,  that  of  meteoric 
stones  (sometimes  crystallized)  is  pyrrhotite,  but  as  remarked  above,  they  may  be  both  pyrrhbtite. 

Named  after  Dominico  Troili.  who,  in  1766.  described  a  meteorite  that  fell  that  year  at 
Albareto  in  Modeua,  which  contains  this  species. 

Artif.— The  simple  iron  monosulphide  is  a  common  laboratory  product.  Weinschenk  has 
obtained  it  in  crystals,  small  hexagonal  tables,  showing  the  basal  plane  and  pyramids  (or  rhom- 
bohedrons),  Zs.  Kr.,  17,  499,  1890. 


Vattenkies,   Pyrites  fusca,   Minera  hepatica,  pt.,  Wall.,  Min.,  209, 
Pyrites  en  prismes  hexagonales  Forst.,  Cat.,  1772;  Bourn.,  de  Lisle's  Crist.,  3,  243, 


74.  PYRRHOTITE. 
212,  1747. 

1783.  Magnetischer-Kies  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  383,  1789  Magnetic  Pyrites  Kirwan,  1796. 
Magnetic  Sulphuret  of  Iron.  Maguetkies  Gei'm.  Fer  sulfure  magnetique  Fr.  Leberkies  pt. 
Germ.  Leberkies  Leonh.,  Handb.,  665,  1826.  Leberkise  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,404,  183S.  Magneto- 
pyrite  Glocker,  Grundr.,  1839.  Pyrrotiu  pt.,  Maguetischer  Pyrrotin,  Breith.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  4, 
265,  1835.  Magnetkis  Swed.  Pirrotiua  Hal.  Pirita  magnetica  Span. 

Hexagonal.     Axis  b  =  0  8701;  0001  A  1011  =  45°  ?£'  Rose1. 

Forms2:   c  (0001,  0),     m  (1010.  J),     a  (1120,  e-2),    «(1011,  1),    2(2021,2),     u  (4041,  4), 
w  (6061,  6)3  ?    y  (20-0-20-3,  -2/)4;    v  (1121,  2-2). 


cs   =  45°  8 
cz    =  63'  32 
cu  =  76°  0' 


cw  =  80'  35' 
cy  =  8lc  30f 
cv  =  60°    7' 


88'    =    41°  30  J' 
zz     =  *53°  11 
uu   =    58°    3 


wf  =  51°  22' 
av  =41°  20' 
ms  =  69°  15' 


Cyclopean  Is.,  Slg.  Elizabethtown*. 

Magnetic,  but  varying  much  in  intensity; 


Twins:  tw.  pi.  s,  with  vertical  axes  nearly  at  right  angles  (f.  2).     Distinct 
crystals    rare,    commonly   tabular; 
also    acute   pyramidal    with    faces 
striated  horizontally.   Usually  mas- 
sive, with  granular  structure. 

Parting:  c  sometimes  distinct; 
a  less  so.  Fracture  uneven  to  sub 
conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  3-5-4-5. 
G.  =  4'58-4'64.  Luster  metallic. 
Color  between  bronze-yellow  and 
copper-red,  and  subject  to  speedy 
tarnish.  Streak  dark  grayish  black, 
sometimes  possessing  polarity. 

Comp.— A  sulphide  of  iron,  often  containing  also  nickel;  formula  chiefly 
FeuS,,,  which  is  also  the  composition  of  the  artificial  compound  (Doelter). 
Analyses,  however,  vary  from  Fe5S6  up  to  Fe16Sn,  while  conforming  to  the  general 
formula  FenSn  + 1.  Percentage  composition  Fe,,S12  =  Sulphur  38'4,  iron  61 -6  =  100; 
Fe7SM  =  Sulphur  39-6,  iron  60*4  =  100;  Fe8SB  =  Sulphur  39-2,  iron  GO'S  =  100. 

The  analyses  collected  and  tabulated  by  LindstrSm,  and  later  with  additions  by  Habermehl, 
show  u  variation  from  Fe  :  S  =  1  :  1*1902,  corresponding  to  Fe5S«,  to  1  :  1*0610  or  Fe,«S,7.  The 
material  may  not  in  all  cases  have  been  homogeneous.  Habermehl  obtained  from  the  Bodenmais 
pyrrhotite,  Fe  =  60  57,  as  the  mean  of  14  determinations,  ten  of  them  essentially  identical,  on 
portions  separated  successively  from  the  fine  powder  suspended  in  water  by  a  strong  magnet; 
the  material  was  thus  proved  to  be  homogeneous  and  to  conform  closely  to  Fe7S8.  On  the 
other  hand  Bodewig  and  also  Doelter  have  obtained  FenSu.  The  FeS  of  anal  4  needs 
confirmation. 

For  a  discussion  of  the  composition  see  Rg. ,  Pogg.,  121,  337,  1864;  Lindstrom.  Ofv.  Ak. 
Stockh..  32,  No.  2,  25,  1875;  Habermehl.  Ber.  Oberhess.  Ges.,  18,  83,  1879;  Bodewig,  Zs.  Kr., 
7.  174.  1882;  Doelter,  Min.  Mitth.,  7,  535.  1886. 


74 


SULPHIDES.   SELENIDES,    TELLURIDES,  ETC. 


Anal.— 1-3,  Bodewig,  1.  c.  4,  Gutknecht,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  164,  1880.  5,  Doelter,  1.  c. 
6-11,  Liudstrom,  1.  c.  12,  Nilsson,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  41,  No.  9,  39,  1884.  13-15,  17,  J.  P. 
Mackenzie,  priv.  contr.  16,  Harrington,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  11,  387,  1876.  18,  19,  Kg.,  1.  c, 
20,  Fiinaro,  Alt.  Soc.  Tosc.,  172,  1881.  21,  Mutschler,  Lieb.  Ann.,  185,  208,  1877, 


1.  Ordinary. 

1.  Schreibershau 

2.  Pallanza 

3.  Bodenmais 

4.  Tavetschthal  G.  =  4*62 

5.  Schueeberg 

6.  Freiberg  G.  =  4-642 

7.  Uto  G.  =  4-627 

8.  Kongsberg  G.  =  4'584 

9.  Tammela 

10.  Smorvik 

11.  Adolfsgrufva 

12  Vestr.  Silfberg  G.  =  4'35 

13.  Monroe,  Conn. 

14.  Brewster,  N.Y.  G.  =  4 "66 

15.  Fort  Montgomery, 

Putnam  Co. ,  N.  Y    G.  =  4'64 
15#.  "  pt.,  magnetic 

156.  "  pt.,  non-magnetic 

16.  Elizabethtown  G.  =  4-622 

2.  Nickelijerous. 


s 

Fe 

38-56 

61-33 

38-75 

60-59 

38-45 

61-53 

36-35 

63-15 

3910 

61-77 

3888 

60-18 

38-22 

60-91 

38-89 

60-20 

39-74 

5976 

3877 

59-40 

37-77 

60-85 

37-76 

61  60 

3822 

61-65 

37-98 

61-84 

Co  0-29  =  100-18 

Co  0  63  =  99-97 

=  99-98 

=  99-50 

Co  tr   -.  100-87 

Cu  tr.,  SiOa  0-57,  CaCO:)  0-30  =  99'93 

Cu  tr  ,  SiO2,  etc.,  0'97  =  100-10 

Si02  0-98  =  100-07 

Ni  0  09,  Cu  0  12,  SiO2  0'45  =  10016 

Ni  0-51,  Cu  tr.,  SiO2  1'22  =  99'90 

NLO-04,  CU  tr.t  SiO2 1  91  =  100'57 

=  99  36 

=  99'87 

Ni  0-25  =  100-07 


39  28  60-03  Ni  0^78  =  100-09 

38-99  60-04  Ni  1'02  =  100'05 

39-85  58-73  Ni  t'53  =  100 "11 

39-02  60-56  NiO'll.  Co  Mn,Cu  0'31  =  100 


17.  Sudbury 
18.  Hilsen 
19.  Gap  Mine,  Pa. 
20.  Frigido 
21.  Todtmoos 

G.  =  4-51 
G.  =  4-577 
G.  =  4-543 

G  =4-12-4^20 

s 

38-91 
[40-27] 
[38-59] 
37-59 
40-46 

Fe 

56-39 
56-57 
55-82 
55-16 
56-58 

Ni 
4-66 
3-16 
5-59 
2-06 
1-82 

=  99-96 
=  100 
=  100 
Cu  tr.,  SiO2  5-90 
Cu  0-54,  Co  0-48 

=  100-71 
=  99-88 

Forbes  (Phil.  Mag.,  35,  174,  180,  1868)  has  described  a  sulphide  of  iron  and  nickel  from 
Scotland,  which  seems  to  lie  between  pyrrhotite  and  pentlandite. .  Massive,  strongly  •magnetic. 
Occurs  near  Inyerary  Castle,  Argyleshire,  anal.  1,  after  deducting  impurities;  also  from  the 
Craigrnuir  minev-elght  miles  below  Inverary,  anal.  2.  In  both  the  ratio  of  Fe  :  Ni  =  5  :  1  nearly. 


G. 

4-50 
4'60 


S 

38-01 
37-99 


Fe 
50-66 

50-87 


Ni 
11-33 
10-01 


Co.Cu  tr   =  100 

Co  1-02,  As  0-04,  Cu  tr.  =  99-93 


This  is  called  inverarite  by  Heddle,  Enc.  Brit.,  16,  392,  1883 

Pyr.}  etc. — Unchanged  in  the  closed  tube.  In  the  open  tube  gives  sulphurous  fumes.  On 
charcoal  in  R.F.  fuses  to  a  black  magnetic  mass;  in  O.FMs  converted  into  red  oxide,  which 
with  fluxes  gives  only  an  iron  reaction  when  pure,  but  many  varieties,  yield  small  amounts  of 
nickel  and  cobalt.  Decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  with  evolution  of  hydrogen  sulphide, 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Kongsberg,  Mpdum,  Snarum,  Hilsen,  in  Norway;,  Klefva  and  Fahluu  in 
Sweden;  Andreasberg  and  Treseburg,  Harz;  Bodenmais  in  Bavaria;  Breitenbrunn,  Saxony; 
Joachimsthal,  Bohemia;  Nizhni  Tagilsk;  Minas  Geraes  in  Brazil,  in  large  tabular  crystals;  the 
lavas  of  Vesuvius;  Cornwall;  Appin  in* Argyleshire. 

In  N.  America  in  Maine,  at  Standish  in  crystals  with  andalusite;  in  Vermont,  at  Stafford, 
Corinth,  and  Shrewsbury.  In  many  parts  of  Massachusetts.  In  Connecticut,  at  Trumbull  with 
topaz,  in  Monroe,  and  elsewhere.  In  N.  York,  \\  m.  N.  of  Port  Henry,  Essex  Co.;  near  Natural 
Bridge  in  Diana,  Lewis  Co. ;  at  O'Neil  mine  and  elsewhere  in  Orange  Co.  In  N.  Jersey,  Morris 
Co.,  at  Hur^stown,  cleavable  massive.  In  Pennsylvania,  at  the  Gap  mine,  Lancaster  Co., 
niccoliferous.  In  Tennessee,  at  Ducktown  mines,  abundant.  In  Canada,  in  large  veins  at  St. 
Jerome,  Elizabethtown,  Ontario;  at  Sudbury  (anal.  17),  etc. 

Pyrrhotite  is  often  present  in  disseminated  particles  or-crystals  in  meteoric  stones;  the  iron 
sulphide  of  meteoric  irons  (p.  29)  is  generally  referred  to  troilite  (Rose,  1.  c.,  cf.  troilite). 

Named  from  itvppoTrf*,  reddish. 

Alt— Occurs  altered  to  pyrite  (G.  Rose,  ZS.  G.  Ges.,  10,  98,  1858);  also  to  limonite  and 
siderite. 


orthorhombic  form1  for  pyrrhotite  has  been  suggested  but  not  confirmed,  cf.  Streng.  Jb.  Min.. 
799,  1878,  1,  183,  1882. 


POLYDYMITE.  75 

2  Rose  observed  c,  a,  mL  s,  z,  v;  Bournon  early  gave  figures  and  measurements  from  which 
Rose  deduces  2021  and  1122  (cf.  Ph.,  Min..  213,  1837).  Slg.  gives  c.  m,  s,  u.  3  D'Achiardi. 
Bottino,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  2,  114,  1876.  4  E.  S.  E).,  Elizabethtowu,  Ontario,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  11,386, 
1876;  w  and  y  may  be  identical,  the  measured  angles  given  are  80£°  and  81  £°  respectively. 

KRCEBERITE  D.  Forbes,  Phil.  Mag.,  29,  9,  1865.  Kroeberite  is  a  strongly  magnetic  mineral, 
in  copper-colored  crystals,  not  yet  analyzed,  which  Forbes  says  "appears  to  be  principally  a  sub- 
sulphide  of  iron."  The  reasons  for  this  opinion  are  not  stated.  Named  after  P  Krceber.  It 
is  from  between  La  Paz  and  Yungas,  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Andes. 

HORBACHITE,  Knop,  Jb.  Min.,  521,  1873.  In  crystalline  masses,  showing  an  imperfect 
cleavage  direction.  H.  =  4'5.  G.  =  4-43.  Color  resembling  pyrrhotite  but  darker,  pinchbeck- 
brown  to  steel  gray.  Streak  black.  Analysis,  Wagner,  1.  c. 

Sf  45-87  Fe  41-96  Ni  11*98        =        99'81 

This  corresponds  pretty  nearly  to  4Fe2S3.Ni2S3.  If  confirmed,  it  would  belong  in  the  fol- 
lowing section  An  earlier  analysis  by  Rg.  gave  different  results,  viz..  S  40-03,  Fe  55*96,  Ni 
3'86  =  99'85,  G.  =  4-7;  the  latter  called  it  simply  pyrrhotite.  Pogg.,  121,  361,  1864. 

Decomposed  rather  easily  under  the  influence  of  air  and  water,  forming  iron  and  nickel 
vitriol.  Occurs  with  chalcopyrite  in  irregular  masses  in  the  serpentinized  gneiss  at  Horbacb, 
near  St.  Blasieu.  in  the  Black  Forest. 


C.  Intermediate  Division. 
Group  JL. 

75     Polydymite  Ni4S5  Isometric 

76.  Beyrichite  Ni3S4 

Polydymite  and  Beyrichite  may  prove  to  be  the  same  species. 

77,  Melonite  Ni2Te3 

75.  POLYDYMITE  H.  Laspeyres,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  14,  397,  1876. 

Isometric.  In  octahedrons;  frequently  in  polysynthetic  twins  with  tw.  pi.  0; 
often  tabular. 

Cleavage:  cubic,  imperfect.  H.  =  4*5.  G.  =  4'54-4*81.  Luster  metallic, 
brilliant  on  the  fresh  fracture.  Color  light  gray  to  steel-gray;  easily  tarnished. 
Opaque. 

Comp. — A  nickel  sulphide,  perhaps  Ni4S5  =  Sulphur  40*6,  nickel  59-4  =  100. 
Anal.— 1,  2,  Laspeyres,  on  0'28  and  0'2  gr. 

S  Ni       ,    Co          Fe          Sb          As 

1.  Grunau    G.  =  4'81  40'27        53'51        0'61        3'84        0'51        1-04     =     99'78 

2.  "  39-20  53-13  4'12        1'15        2'30    =     99'90 

After  deducting  impurities  (gersdorfflte,  ullinannite  5  p.  c.),  anal.  1  becomes:  S41-09. 
Ni  54-30,  Co  0-63,  Fe  3'98  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Insoluble  in  hydrochloric,  soluble  in  nitric,  acid,  with  separation  of  sulphur. 
B.B.  decrepitates,  in  the  closed  tube  gives  U  sulphur  sublimate  and  fuses  to  a  dark-green 
magnetic  bead. 

Obs. — Occurs  intimately  mixed  with  gersdorffite,  ulimannite,  millerite,  sideritc,  quartz, 
sphalerite,  galena,  bismuthiuite,  and  other  minerals,  at  Grunau,  in  Sayu-Altenkirchen, 
Westphalia. 

A  nickel  ore  from  Sudbtrry,  Ontario,  analyzed  by  Clarke  and  Catlett  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  37,  372, 
1889,  cf.  p.  65)  corresponds  to  Ni3FeS5,  conforming  to  the  general  formula  of  polydymile; 
another  Sudbury  ore  agrees  with  peutlandite  (cf.  p.  65),  and  still  another  is  a  nickeliferous 
pyrrhotite  (p.  74). 

Named  from  Tro/luS  many,  fUdv/noS  twin?  because  observed  in  polysynthetic  twinned  forms. 

GRUNAUITE.  Nickel wismuthglauz  Kbl ,  J.  pr.  Ch ,  6,  332,  1835.  Bismuth  Nickel. 
Grunauite  NicoL,  Min.,  458,  1849.  Saynit  Kbl.,  Taf  ,  13,  1853.  Wismuthnickelkies,  Wismuth- 
nickel kobaltkies  Germ. 

Described  as  isometric,  with  octahedral  cleavage.  H.  =  4'5.  G.  =  5'13.  Luster  metallic. 
Color  light  steel.-gray  to  silver  white,  often  tarnished.  Streak  dark  gray.  Analyses:  1,  Kobell, 
1.  c  2.  3.  Schrnabel.  Rg  ,  Min.  Ch.,  108,  1860. 


76  SULPHIDES,  SELENIDEti,    TELLURIDES,  ETC. 

S  Bi  Ni  Fe  Co  Cu  Pb 

1.  38-46  14-11  40-65  3'48  0'28          1'68  1'58  =  100-24 

2.  31-99  10-49  22-03  5'55  11-24  11'59  7'11  =  100 

3.  33-10  1041  22-78  6'06  11'73  11'56  4*36  =  100 

Found  at  Griinau,  in  Sayn-Alteukirchen,  with  quartz  and  chalcopyrite.  According  to 
Laspeyres  this  supposed  species  is  a  polydymite,  impure  through  the  admixture  of  bismuthinite. 
also  chalcopyrite,  and  galena. 

76.  BEYRICHITE.    Ferber;  K.  Th.  Liebe,  Jb.  Min.,  840,  1871. 

In  complex  prismatic  crystals  longitudinally  striated,  grouped  radially  or 
twisted  screw-like.  Terminated  by  a  single  plane  (cleavage)  with  another  plane 
inclined  81°  to  vertical  axis,  and  a  third  36°  to  this. 

H.  =  3-3-5.     G.  =  4*7.     Luster  metallic.     Color  lead-gray. 
Comp.— Perhaps  Ni,S4  or  2NiaNiS3  =  Sulphur  42-1,  nickel  57'9  =  100. 
Analysis. — Liebe,  1.  c. 

S  42  86  Fe  2-79  Ni  54-23  =  99'88 

Pyr-,  etc. — B.B.  in  the  closed  tube  decrepitates  and  gives  a  sublimate  of  sulphur,  on 
charcoal  fuses  to  a  brass-yellow  magnetic  globule.  Soluble  in  aqua  regia,  yielding  an  emerald- 
green  solution. 

Obs. — From  Lommerichskaul  mine  in  Westerwald,  where  it  is  associated  with  millerite,  and 
into  which  it  is  believed  to  change  readily. 

Artif. — An  artificial  nickel  sulphide,  having  the  composition  Ni3S4,  has  been  obtained  by 
Senarmont,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  32,  165,  1851. 

77.  MBLONITB.    Genth,  Am.  J.   Sc.,   45,  313,  1868.      Tellurnickel  Eg.,  Min   Ch.,  17. 
1875. 

Hexagonal,  with  eminent  basal  cleavage.  Generally  in  indistinct  granular  and 
foliated  particles. 

Luster  metallic,  Color  reddish  white,  rarely  tarnished  Jbrown.  Streak 
dark  gray. 

Comp. — A  nickel  teHuride,  perhaps  Ni3Te3  =  Tellurium  76'2,  nickel  23 '8  =  100. 

Anal. — Genth,  1.  c.,  after  deducting  22'2  p.  c.  quartz  and  3'26  gold: 

Te  73-43  Ni  20-98  (Co  tr.)  Ag  4'08  Pb  0*72  =  99*21 

Genth  considers  the  analysis  to  correspond  to  6'60  p.  c.  hessite,  l'17altaite,  2'29  native 
tellurium,  and  89*25  melonite. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  in  the  open  tube  gives  a  sublimate  fusing  to  colorless  drops,  leaving  a  gray 
mass;  on  charcoal  burns  with  a  bluish  flame,  giving  a  white  volatile  coating,  and  a  greenish  gray 
residue;  in  R.F.  with  soda  a  gray  powder  of  magnetic  metallic  nickel.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid, 
giving  a  green  color,  and  on  evaporation  yielding  a  white  crystalline  powder  of  tellurium 
dioxide. 

Obs. — Found  with  other  tellurium  minerals  at  the  Stanislaus  mine,  California.  Probably 
also  at  the  Forlorn  Hope  mine,  Boulder  Co..  Colorado  (Hillebrand). 

Group  2. 

The  species  here  included  are  sometimes  regarded  as  Sulpho-salts :  Sulpho- 
ferrites,  etc.  Of.  Groth,  Tab.  Ueb.,  25,  1889. 

78.    Bornite  3Cu3S.Fe3S3          .  Isometric 


79.  Linnaeite  CoS.CoaS3  Isometric 

80.  Daubreelite  FeS.Cr3S,  Massive 

81.  Cubanite  CuS.Fe,Sr  Massive 

82.  Carrollite  CuS.Co,S8  Isometric 


83.    Chalcopyrite  CuaS.Fe8S,  Tetragonal  0*9858 

Barnhardtite 


84.    Stannite  CuaS.FeS.SnS3        Massive 


BORNIT&. 


77 


78.  BORNITE.  Kupferkies  pt.,  Kupfer-Lazul  Henckel,  Pyrit.,  1725.  Lefverslag,  Brun 
Kopparmalin,  Minera  Cupri  Hcpatica,  Cuprum  sulfure  et  ferro  mineralisatum,  Wall.,  283,  1747. 
Cuivre  vitreuse  violette  Fr.  Trl.  Wall.,  1753.  Koppar-Lazur,  Minera  Cupri  Lazurea,  Cronst., 
175,  1758.  Buutkupfererz  Wern.  Purple  Copper  Ore  Kirw.  Variegated  Copper  Ore. 
Cuivre  pyriteux  hepatique,  H.  Cuivre  panache  .Fr.  Phillipsite  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  411,  1832. 
Pyrites  erubescens  Dana,  Min.,  408,  1837;  Poikilopyrites  Olock.,  Grundr.,  328,  1839.  Bornit 
Haid.,  Handb.,  562, 1845.  Poikilit  Bretth.  Erubescite Dana,  Min.,  510,  1850.  Cobre  abigarrado, 
Cobre  panaceo,  Pecho  de  paloma,  Span.  S.  A.  Peacock  ore  pt.  Eng.  Miners.  Brokig  koppar- 
malm  Swed.  Chalcomiklit  Blomstrand,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  27,  24,  1870. 

Isometric.     Observed  forms:     . 

a  (100,  i-i)       d  (110,  *')        o  (111,  1)        n  (211,  2-2) 

Twins :  tw.  pi.  o,  often  penetration-twins,  hexagonal  in  form.  Habit  cubic, 
faces  often  rough  or  curved.  Massive,  structure  granular  or  compact. 

Cleavage:  o  in  traces.  Fracture  small  conehoidal,  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  3. 
G.  =  4-9-5*4.  Luster  metallic.  Color  between  copper-red  and  pinchbeck-brown 
on  fresh  fracture,  speedily  iridescent  from  tarnish.  Streak  pale  grayish  black. 
Opaque. 

Comp.,  Var.— A  sulphide  of  copper  and  iron,  but  varying  in  the  proportions  of 
these  metals.  The  crystallized  mineral  agrees  with  Cu3FeS3  =  Sulphur  28*1, 
copper  555,  iron  16'4  =  100;  this  may  be  written  3Cu..S.FeaS,  (Groth)  or 
Cu2S.CuS.FeS  (Rg.). 

Analyses  of  massive  varieties  give  from  50  to  70  p.  c.  of  copper  and  15  to  6'5  p.  c.  of  iron. 
The  variation  is  due,  in  part  at  least,  to  mechanical  admixture,  chiefly  of  chalcocite;  this  com- 
monly accepted  view  has  been  confirmed  by  Baumhauer  by  microscopic  examination.  Zs.  Er., 
10,  447,  1885. 

Anal.— 1.  Plattner,  Pogg.,  47,  351V 1839;  also  other  analyses.  2,  Chodnev,  Pogg.,  61,  395, 
1844.  3,  Bechi,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  61,  1852.  4,  Collier,  Dana  Min.,  p.  45,  1868.  5,  Ch.  Staaf, 
Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  5,  66,  1848,  deducting  4'09  gangue.  6,  Hisinger,  Afh.  Phys.,  4,  359,  1815. 
7-14,  quoted  by  Cleve,  G.  For.  Forh.,  2,  526,  1875.  7,  A.  Euren.  8,  S.  R.  Paijkull.  9,  G. 
Ekman.  10,  F.  Svenonius.  11,  12,  N.  Engstrom.  13,  Hj.  Bjorklund^  14,  A.  Ekelund. 
15,  Katzer,  Min.  Mitth.,  9,  404,  1887.  16,  17.  Plattner,  1.  c. 


1.  Condurra  Mine,  Cornwall 

2.  Redruth  " 


3.  Mte.  Catini 

4.  Bristol,  Ct. 

5.  Norberg 

6.  Vestanfors 

7.  Tunaberg 

8.  Nummedal 

9.  Dalsland 

10.  Svappavaara 

11.  Rauavaara 

12.  Falun 

13.  Ragisvaara 

14.  Aardal 

15.  Woderad 

16.  Sangerhausen 

17.  Eisleben 


S  Cu  Fe 

28-24  56-76  14*84    =  99'84 

26-84  57-89  14'94    gangue  0 '04  =  99 '71 


24-93  5588  18-03  = 

25-83  61-79  11-77  Ag  tr.  =  99'39 

25-49  63-73  10'78  =  100 

24-70  63-33  11 '80  =  98'83 

G.  =  5-071                   25-87  62'84  11*46  =  100-17 

G.  =  4-988                   25-34  62'76  11-  64  =  99'74 

G.  =  5-060                  25  55  62'90  1M4  =  99'59 

G.  =  4-99                    26-08  62*40  11'77  =  100'25 

G.  =  5-05                    25-79  62'34  12'18  =  100*31 

G.  =  4-81                     26-03  61-04  12-81  =  99'88 

G.  =  5-248                   24-16  67-14  8'43  =  99'73 

G.  =  5-425                  23-37  68'75  8'60  =  100'72 

G.  =4-91                     23-76  59'85  15-62  insol.  1-23  =  100'46 

22-58  71-00  6-41  =  99-99 

22-65  69-72  7'54  =  99-91 


Many  anplyses  of  the  massive  mineral,  as  urged  by  Cleve,  agree  closely  with  Cu6Fefc« 
or  5CuaS. Fea8s  —  Sulphur  25-5,  copper  63-3,  iron  11-2.  Other  analyses  deviate  more  widely 
from  the  above  formula,  cf.  5th  Ed.,  p.  45. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  a  faint  sublimate  of  sulphur.  In  the  open  tube  yields 
sulphurous  fumes,  but  no  sublimate.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  in  R.F  to  a  brittle  magnetic 
globule.  The  roasted  mineral  gives  with  the  fluxes  the  reactions  of  iron  and  copper,  and  with 
soda  a  metallic  globule.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid  with  separation  of  sulphur. 

Obs.— Occurs  with  other  copper  ores,  and  is  a  valuable  ore  of  copper.  Crystalline  varieties 
are  founo.  in  Cornwall  and  mostly  in  the  mines  of  Tincroft  and  Dolcoath  near  Redruth,  where 
U  is  called  by  the  miners  "horse-flesh  ore."  Other  foreign  localities  of  massive  varieties  are  at 
Ross  Island,  Killarney,  in  Ireland;  at  Monte  Catini,  Tuscany;  in  cupriferous  shale  in  the 
Mansfeld  district,  Germany;  in  the  Ardennes;  in  Norway,  Sweden  (see' above  anal.  5  to  15), 


78  SULPHIDES,  SELENIDES,    TELLURIDKS,   ETC. 

Siberia,  Silesia,  and  Hungary.     It  is  the  principal  copper  ore  at  some  Chilian  mines,  especially 
those  of  Tamaya  and  Sapos;  also  common  in  Peru,  Bolivia,  and  Mexico. 

At  the  copper  mine  in  Bristol,  Conn.,  abundant,  and  "often  in  fine  crystallizations.  At 
Cheshire  sparingly  in  cubes,  with  barite.  malachite,  and  chalcocite.  Massive  at  Mahoopeny, 
near  Wilkesbarre,  Penu.,  and  in  other  parts  of  the  same  State,  in  cupriferous  shale,  associated 
in  small  quantities  with  chalcocite;  also  in  granite  at  Chesterfield,  Mass.;  in  New  Jersey.  A 
common  ore  in  Canada,  at  the  Acton  and  other  mines,  along  a  belt  of  15-20  m.,  between 
L.  Memphremagog  and  Quebec.  Howe  Inlet,  Br.  Columbia. 

Named  after  Ignatius  von  Born,  a  distinguished  mineralogist  of  the  last  century  (1742-1791), 
The  name  phillipsite  has  a  prior  use  for  another  species. 

Artif.— Cf   Doelter.  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  36,  1885. 

CASTILLITE  Rg.,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  18,  23,  1866.  A  massive  mineral  from  Guanasevi,  Mexico, 
resembling  bornite  in  color  and  tarnish.  H.  =  3.  G.  =  5-19-5*24.  Analysis,  Rg.: 

S  25-65        Cu  41-11        Zn  12'09        Pb  10*04        Ag  4'64        Fe  6'49  =  100'02 

Rammelsberg  writes  the  formula  (Cu,Ag)2S.2(Cu,Pb,Zn,Fe)S,  but*  it  can  hardly  be 
regarded  as  other  than  a  mixture,  probably  an  impure  bornite. 


79.  LINNJEITE.  Kobolt  med  Jern  och  Svafe\syra  (fr.  Bastnaes)  G.  Brandt,  Ak.  H. 
Stockh.,  119,  1746.  Kobalt  med  forvswafladt  Jam,  Cobaltum  Ferro  Sulphurate  rniueralisatuin, 
Cronst.,  213,  1758.  Cobaltum  pyriticosum  Linn.,  1768;  de  Barn,  Lithoph.,  1,  144,  1772.  Mine 
de  Cobalt  sulfureuse  de  Lisle,  3,  134,  1783.  Kobalt-Glanz  pt.  Wern.,  Kirwan,  etc.  Svafelbunden 
Kobolt  Hisinger,  Afh.,  3,  316,  1810.  Kobaltkies  Hausm.,  Handb.,  158,  1813.  Schwefelkobalt, 
Sulphuret  of  Cobalt;  Cobalt  Pyrites.  Cobalt  sulfure  Fr.  Koboldine  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  417,  1832. 
Linneit  Haid  ,  Handb.,  560,  1845.  Kobaltnickelkies  [not  Kobaltkies]  Rg.  Siegenite  (fr.  Musen) 
Dana,  Min.,  687,  1850.  Koboltkis  Swed.. 

Isometric.  Commonly  lii  octahedrons.  Twins:  tw.  pi.  octahedral.  Also 
massive,  granular  to  compact. 

Cleavage:  cubic,  imperfect.  Fracture  uneven  to  subconchoidal.  Brittle. 
Etching  figures  similar  to  those  of  magnetite1  H.  =  5'5.  G.  =  4-8-5.  Luster 
metallic.  Color  pale  steel-gray,  tarnishing  copper-red.  Streak  blackish  gray. 

Comp.,  Var. — A  sulphide  of  cobalt,  Co3S4  —  CoS.Oo2S3  analogous  to  the  spinel 
group.  This  requires:  Sulphur  42*1,  cobalt  57*9  =  100.  The  cobalt  is  replaced  by 
nickel  and  to  some  extent  by  iron  and  copper  in  very  varying  proportions. 

The  niccoliferous  variety  has  been  called  siegenite;  Dana,  Min.,  p.  687,  1850  The  name 
linnceite,  after  Linnaeus,  was  given  by  Haidinger  to  the  Bastnaes  mineral. 

Anal.— 1,  Wernekirick,  Schw.  J.,  39,  306,  1823.  2,  Schnabel,  Rg;  Min.  Ch.,  110,  1860. 
3,  Ebbinghaus,  ib.  4,  Rg.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  86,  340,  1862.  5-7,  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  23,  419,  1857. 
8,  9,  P.  T.  Cleve,  G.  F5r.  FOrh.,  1,  125,  1872. 


1. 

2. 
3. 

Musen 
"      Sieg. 
Sieg. 

G. 
G. 

=  4-8 
=  5-0 

S 
41-00 
•  41-98 
42-30 

Co 

43-86 
22-09 
11-00 

Ni 

33-64 
42-64 

Fe 
5-31 
2-29 
4-69 

Cu 
4'10 

gangue  0'67 
=  100 
=  100-63 

=  94-94 

4. 

43-04 

40-77 

14-60 

— 

0-49 

=  98-90 

5. 

Mineral  Hill,  Sie> 

7- 

3970° 

25-69 

29-56 

1-96 

2-23 

insol.  0-45  = 

99-59 

6. 

Siei 

9- 

41-15 

[50 

•76] 

3-20 

3-63 

insol.  1-26  = 

100 

7. 

Missouri,  Sieg. 

41-54 

21-34 

30-53 

3-37 

tr. 

PbO-39,  Sb 

tr.,  insol 

.  1-07 

8. 

Bastnaes 

G. 

=  4-755 

41-83 

44-92 

0-19 

4-19 

8-22 

=  99-35 

r  
L  *""" 

98-24 

9. 

Glad  ham  mar 

G. 

=  4-825 

42-19 

39-33 

12-33 

4-29 

=  100-42 

•  A  portion  lost. 

Hisinger  obtain  ed^U^  p.  c.  Cu  in  the  Bastnaes  mineral,  but  it  is  not  certain  that  it  all 
belonged  to  the  pure  linnseite. 

Pyr.,  etc. — The  variety  from  Musen  gives,  in  the  closed  tube,  a  sulphur  sublimate;  in  the 
open  tube,  sulphurous  fumes,  with  a  faint  sublimate  of  arsenic  trioxide.  BiB.  on  charcoal  gives 
sulphurous  (and  arsenical)  odors,  and  fuses  to  a  magnetic  globule.  The  roasted  mineral  gives 
with  the  fluxes  reactions  for  nickel,  cobalt,  and  iron.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid,  with  separation  of 
sulphur. 

Obs.— In  gneiss,  with  chalcopyrite,  at  Bastnaes,  near  Riddarhyttan,  Sweden,  also  at  Glad- 
hammar;  at  Musen,  near  Siegen,  in  Prussia,  with  barite  and  siderite;  .at  Siegen  (siegenite).  in 
octahedrons;  at  Mine  la  Motte,  in  Missouri,  mostly  massive,  sometimes  octahedral  and  cubo- 
octahedral  crystals;  and  at  Mineral  Hill,  in  Maryland,  in  a  vein  in  chlorite  slate,  with  chalco- 
pyrite, boruite,  sphalerite,  pyrite,  etc. 

Alt.  — Occurs  altered  to  yellow  earthy  cobalt  so-called  (gelb  ErdfcobaU},  which  is  a  mixture  of 
erythrite  and  pitlicite. 

Ref.-1  Becke,  Min.  Mitth..  7.  225.  1885. 


DA  UBREELITE—CUBANITE—CARROLLITE*  79 

80.  DAUBREELITE  /.  L.  Smitii,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  109,  1876;  16,  270,  1878. 
Massive;  somewhat  scaly,  structure  crystalline. 

Cleavage  in  one  direction.  Brittle.  Fracture  uneven.  G.  =  5*01.  Luster 
metallic,  brilliant.  Color  black.  Streak  black.  Not  magnetic. 

Comp.— FeS.CraS,  =  Sulphur  44'3,  chromium  36'3,  iron  19'4  =  100. 

Anal.— Smith,  1.  c.  f  S  42'69    Cr  35'91    Fe  20-10  =  98'70 

Pyr,— B.B.  infusible,  loses  luster  and  (R.F.)  becomes  magnetic.  With  borax  reacts  for 
chromium.  Not  attacked  by  cold  nor  by  hot  hydrochloric  acid,  but  completely  dissolved  in 
nitric  acid,  without  the  liberation  of  free  sulphur. 

Obs.— Occurs  associated  with  troilite,  on  the  borders  of  troilite  noduies,  or  as  minute  veins 
running  across  them,  in  the  meteoric  irons  from  Cohahuila,  Mexico.  Also  identified  in  the 
irons  of  Tolitea,  Mexico,  of  Sevier,  Tenn.,  and  of  Cranbourne,  Australia.  Named  after  M. 
Dunbree,  of  Paris. 

The  name  schrtibersite  was  given  by  Shepard  to  a  supposed  chromium  sesquisulphide, 
occurring  in  the  Bishopville  meteorite  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  2,  383,  1846).  It  is  not  contained  ia 
Shepard  s  list  of- meteoric  minerals  (ibid.,  43,  28),  published  in  1867. 

81.  CUBANITE   Weisskupfererz  pL    Cuban  Breith.-,   Pogg.,  59,  325,  1843.     Cubauite 
Chapman. 

Isometric.     Massive. 

Cleavage:  cubic,  and  rather  more  distinct  than  in  ordinary  pyrite,  Breitru 
Color  between  bronze-  and  brass-yellow.  Streak  dark  reddish  bronze,  black. 
H.  =  4.  G.  =  4-026-4-042  Br.;  4-169  Booth. 

Comp.— CuFeaS4  —  CuS.Fe3S3  =  Sulphur  35'4,  copper  23'3,  iron  41'3  =  100. 
Anal.— 1,  Eastwick,  Dana,  Min.,  p.  68,  1854.     2,  Magee,  'ib.  '  3,   Stevens,  ib.     4,  Scheid- 
hauer,  Pogg.,   64,  280,  1845.     5,  J.  L.  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  381,  1854.     6,  7,  8,  Carlin, 
Brodin,  Liudstroin,  G.  For.  F5rh..  1,  105,  1873. 

1.  Cuba 

2.  " 

3.  " 

4.  " 

5.  "  G.  -  4180 

6.  Tunaberg     G.  =  4'03 

7.  " 

8.  Kafveltorp 

Pyr.— In  the  closed  tube  a  sulphur  sublimate;  in  the  open  tube  sulphur  dioxide.  B.B.  on 
charcoal  gives  sulphur  fumes  and  fuses  to  a  magnetic  globule.  The  roasted  ore  reacts  for  copper 
and  iron  with  the  fluxes;  with  soda  "on  charcoal  gives  a  globule  of  metallic  iron  with  copper. 

Obs.— From  Barracauao,  Cuba;  Tunaberg  and  Kafveltorp,  Sweden. 

CHALCOPYRRHOTITE.     Chalkopyrrhotin  Blomstrand,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  27,  23,  1870. 

Massive.  Color  like  'that  of  pyrite  with  a  tinge  of  brown.  H.  =  3'5-4.  G.  =  4'28. 
Analysis:  f  S  38-16,  Fe  48  22,  Cu  12'98,  residue  0'74  =  10010.  which  gives  the  formula 
Fe4CuS6.  Occurs  at  Nya  Kopparberg,  Sweden,  in  small  imbedded  portions  with  magnetite, 
sphalerite,  calcite,  and  chondrodite. 

A  "Weisskupfererz"  (cf.  p.  96)  from  Halzbrucke,  near  Freiberg,  gave  Frenzel:~~8  44'83, 
Fe  40-47,  Cu  10-75,  Co.  2'61  =  98'66.  Jb.  Miu.,  785,  1873, 

82.  CARROLLITE.    Faber,  Am.  J.  Se.,  13,  418,  1852. 
Isometric.     "Rarely  in  octahedrons.     Massive. 

Fracture  Bupconcnoidal  or  uneven.  H.  =  5'5.  G-.  =  4-85.  Luster  metallic. 
Color  light  steel-gray,  with  a  faint  reddish  hue. 

Comp.— A  sulphide  of  copper  and  cobalt,  CuCo,S4  or  CuS.Co3S  =  Sulphur  41:5, 
cobalt  38-0,  copper  20-5  =  100. 

Anal.— 1-3,  Smith  and  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  367,  1853,    4,  Genth,  ib.,  23,  418,  1857. 
S  Co          Ni          Fe          Cu      As 

1.  Patapscomine        41-93        37'25        1'54        1-26        17-48    tr.  =    9946 

2.  40-94        38-21        1  54        1'55        17'79    tr.   =  100'04 

3.  40-99        37-65        1'54        1'40        19-18    tr.  =  10076 

41-71        38-70        1-70        0'46        17'55,   quartz  007  =  100-19 

Pyr.— Like  siegenite,  except  that  the  roasted  mineral  reacts  for  copper  with  the  fluxes. 
Obs.— In1  Carroll  Co.,  Maryland,  at  the  Patapsco  mine,  near  Finksburg;  and  also  at  the 
Springfield  mine,  associated  and  mixed  with  chalcopyrite  and  chalcocite. 


8 

Cu 

Fe 

Si02 

3901 

19-80 

38-01 

2-30      =    99-12 

39-35 

21-05 

38-80 

1-90      =  lOi-10 

39-05 

20-12 

38-29 

2-85      =  100-31 

34-78 

22-96 

42-51 

Pb  tr.  =  100-25 

39-57 

18-23 

37-10 

SiOsFejOs  4-23  =  9913 

35-86 

23-32 

40-04 

=  99-22 

34-77 

24-68 

40-26 

=  99-71 

3462 

22-69 

40-71 

Znl-11,  insol.  0'38  =  99 

•51 

80 


SULPHIDES,  8ELENIDES,    TELLURIDES,  ETC. 


83.  CHALCOPYRITE.  ?  XahKinS  (fr.  Cyprus)  Aristotle.  ?  XorA/o'rzS,  TlvpiTrjt,  pt., 
Dioscor.,  ?  Chalcites  pt.,  Pyrites  pt.,  Plin.  Pyrites  serosus  pt.,  Pyrites  aureo  colore,  Germ. 
Geelkis  o.  Kupferkis  Agric.,  212,  Interpr.,  467,  1546.  Pyrites  pt.,  Germ.  Kupferkies,  Oesner, 
FOBS.,  1565.  Pyrites  flavus,  Chalcopyrites,  Henckel,  Pyrit.,  1725,  Gul  Kopparmalm,  Cuprum 
eulphure  et  ferro  mineralisatum,  Chalcopyrites,  Wall.,  284,  1747.  Cuivre  jauue,  Pyrite  cuiv- 
reuse,  Fr.  Trl.  Wall.,  2,  514,  1753.  Copper  Pyrites.-  Pyritous  Copper.  Chalcopyrite,  Beud., 
2,  412,  1832.  Towanite  B.  &  M.  Min.,  182,  1852. 

Kupferkies  Germ.  Cuivre  pyriteux  Fr.  Kopparkis  -Swed.  Kobberkis  Dan.  Calcopirite, 
Rame  giallo,  Pirite  di  rame  Ital.  "Cobre  amarillo,  Bronze  amarillo,  Bronze  de  cuivre  Span. 
Peacock  ore  pt.  (when  tarnished). 

Tetragonal:  sphenoidal.    Axis  6  =  0-98525;  001  A  101  =  44°  34^'  Haidmger1 


Forms2  :      g  (203,  f  -*) 
<?(001,  0)      e(l-i,  101) 

a(100.«) 


P  (Hi,  1) 
r  (332,  |) 


(310,  *-3) 


d  (114, 
n(112, 


-*) 
xt  (113,  -  \) 
p,  (111,  -  1) 


r,  (332,  -  |) 
t,  (221,  -  2) 
w<(441,-4)3 

^(20'1-40,'i 
5(22-4-5,  y 
s  (513,  |-5)3 


k  (511,  5^5) 
|  (825,  f-4)6 
y  (313,  1-3)3 
*  (6-3-16,  |- 
^(647,  H)* 
/J  (323,  1-f)? 


U,  (423,  -  f  2)4 
^(647,-f-f)* 
^  (10-8-11,  ^-i 


Also  0  (772, 1)1  and  #  (122,  1-2)1  doubtful  (f.  10),  the  former,  probably  due  to  the  oscillation 
of  a  prism,  the  latter  perhaps  of  a  pyramid  of  the  second  order. 


1,  Freiberg,  Haid.     3,  Ramberg,  Daaden,  Sbk.     4,  Ellenville,  Id.      5,  Cornwall, 
Fletcher  (o  =  p,  GO  =  p,}.     7,  Neudorf,  Sbk. 

Wf    = 


hh' 
i 

99" 

ee' 
M" 


45s  41' 
59°  30£ 

=  71°  42' 
=  78°  11' 

=  66°  36' 
=  89°  9' 
=  111°  50' 
=  126'  11' 


dd, 

PP, 
rr, 
tt, 

dd' 

nri 

PP' 
rr 
U' 


=  26°  54' 

=  70°    7i 

=  79°  16' 

=  83°  27' 

=  38°  25' 

=  69°  44' 

=  *108°  40' 

=  128°  52' 

=  140°  31 


u.u!  = 

cs 
ck 
cy 

CV, 

an 
ap 
ar 


— 

49° 

49if 

at 

— 

48° 

•161' 

— 

159° 

39' 

ak 

— 

15° 

54' 

= 

59° 

78° 
46° 

9' 

44i' 
5' 

as 
ay 
av 

= 

32° 
46° 
64° 

391; 
4' 

_. 

27° 

261' 

kk' 

— 

65° 

55' 

( 

ss' 

-- 

56° 

53' 



66 
54° 

56' 

yy'  t 

= 

37° 

QQ° 

35' 

— 

50° 

22' 

U  .V  . 

~~ 

<6O 

UHALCOPYR1TE 


81 


Twins8:  (1)  tw.  pi.  p  (111),  comp.-face  usually  p,  f.  6,  and  f.  15  a  penetration- 
twin,  also  JL  p'y  sometimes  repeated  as  a  fiveling,f.  7.  (%}  Tw.  pi.  and  comp.-face  e, 
f.  5,  often  in  repeated  twins.  (3)  Tw.  pi.  m,  tw.  axis  c,  complementary  penetra- 
tion-twins. Rarely  by  twinning  (f.  13)  pseudo-rhombohedral  in  symmetry. 

Crystals  commonly  tetrahedral  in  aspect,  the  sphenoidal  faces  p  large,  dull  in 
luster  or  oxidized,  and  diagonally  striated;  while  pt  are  small,  brilliant,  not 
oxidized,  not  striated;  scalenohedral  faces  often  prominent  and  often  striated 
||  intersection  with  p.  Sphenoidal  and  other  faces  also  striated  as  in  figs  8-15 
Often  massiveT  compact. 

Cleavage:  z,  sometimes  distinct;  c,  indistinct.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle. 
H.  =  3*5-4.  G.  =  41-4-3.  Luster'metallic.  Color  brass-yellow ;  of  ten  tarnished 
or  iridescent.  Streak  greenish  black.  Opaque. 

Comp. — A  sulphide  of  copper  and  iron,  CuFeS,  or  Cu2S.Fe2S3  =  Sulphur  35*0; 
copper  34-5,  iron  3O5  —  100.  Analyses  often  show  variation  from  this  formula 
due  in  most  cases  certainly  to  mechanical  admixture  of  pyrite. 


Figs.  8-15,  French  Creek,  Perm.,  Penfield. 

Sometimes  auriferous  and  argentiferous  (Gualda  Span.  S.  A.).  Traces  of  selenium  have 
"been  noticed  by  Kersten  in  an  ore  from  Reinsberg  near  Freiberg;  and  that  from  Rammelsberg 
near  Goslar  must  contain  the  same,  it  being  one  of  the  furnace  products  (Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  120, 
1860).  Thallium  is  also  present  in  some  kinds,  and  more  frequently  present  in  this  ore  than 
in  pyrite. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  and  gives  a  sulphur  sublimate,  in  the  open  tube 
sulphurous  fumes.  On  charcoal  fuses  to  a  magnetic  globule;  with  soda  the  roasted  mineral  gives 
a  globule  of  copper  containing  iron.  The  roasted  mineral  reacts  for  copper  and  iron  with  the 
fluxes.  Dissolves  in  nitric  acid,  excepting  the  sulphur,  and  forms  a  green  solution;  ammonia 
in  excess  changes  the  green  color  to  a  deep  blue,  and  precipitates  red  ferric  hydroxide. 

Obs.— A  widely  disseminated  mineral  in  metallic  veins  aud  nests  in  gneiss  and  crystalline 
echi.sts,  also  in  serpentine  rocks;  often  intimately  associated  with  pyrite,  also  with  siderite,  tetra- 
hed rite,  etc.,  .sometimes  with  nickel  and  cobalt  sulphides,  pyrrhotite,  etc.  Observed  coated 
with  tetrahedrite  crystals  in  parallel  position,  also  as  a  coating  over  the  latter. 

Chalcopyrite  is  the  principal  ore  of  copper  at  the  Cornwall  mines;  it  is  there  associated  with 
cassiterite,  galena,  bornite,  chalcocite,  tetrahedrite,  sphalerite.  The  copper  beds  'of  Falun  in 
Sweden  are  composed  principally  of  this  ore,  which  occurs  in  large  masses  surrounded  by  a 
coating  of  serpentine,  and  embedded  in  gneiss.  At  Rammelsberg,  near  Goslar  in  the  Harz, 
it  forms  a  bed  in  argillaceous  schist,  and  is  associated  with  pyrite,  galena,  sphalerite,  and  minute 


82  SULPHIDES,  SELENIDES,    TELLURIBES,  ETC. 

portions  of  silver  and  gold;  associated  with  nickel  and  cobalt  ores  in  the  Kupferschiefer  of 
Mansfeld.  The  Kurprinz  mine  at  Freiberg  affords  well-defined  crystals;  also  Horhausen,  Dillen- 
burg,  Neudorf,  Musen;  Schlackenwald  in  Bohemia.  It  occurs  also  in  the  Banat,  Hungary,  and 
Thuringia;  in  Scotland  in  Kirkcudbrightshire,  Perthshire  and  elsewhere;  at  Mte.  Catini  in 
Tuscany;  at  New  South  Wales;  in  South  Australia.  Extensively  worked  in  Namaqualand,  S. 
Africa;  in  tine  crystals  at  Cerro  Blanco,  near  Copiapo,  Chili,  and  elsewhere  in  large  deposits. 

In  Maine,  at  the  Lubec  lead  mines;  at  Dexter.  In  N.  Ramp,,  at  Franconia,  in  gneiss;  at 
Unity,  on  the  estate  of  Jas.  Neal;  Warren,  on  Davis's  farm;  at  Eaton,  2  m.  N.E.  of  Atkins's 
tavern;  Lyme,  E.  of  E.  Village;  Haverhill,  etc.  In  Vermont,  at  Stafford,  Corinth,  Waterbury 
Shrewsbury.  In  Mass.,  at  the  Southampton  lead  mines;  at  Turner's  falls  on  the  Connecticut 
near  Deerneld,  and  at  Hatfceld  and  Sterling.  In  Connecticut,  at  Bristol  and  Middletown,  some- 
times in  crystals.  In  New  York,  at  the  Ancram  lead  mine;  five  miles  from  Rossie,  beyond 
De  Long's  mills  at  the  Rossie  lead  mines,  in  crystals;  in  crystals  and  massive  near  Wurtzboro', 
Sullivan  Co. ,  very  large  crystals  (f .  4)  and  massive  at  Ellenville,  Ulster  Co.  In  Pennsylvania, 
at  Phenixville;  at  the  French  Creek  mines,  Chester  Co.,  with  pyrite,  magnetite,  byssolite, 
calcite,  etc.,  sometimes  in  large  skeleton  sphenoidal  crystals  formed  by  parallel  grouping;  also 
in  small  isolated  crystals  embedded  in  chlorite  (tigs  6-15).  In  Maryland,  in  the  Catoctin  Mte.; 
between  Newmarket  and  Taneytown;  near  Finksbury,  Carroll  do.,  abundant  (Patapsco  and 
other  mines),  with  bernite,  carrollite,  and  malachite:  In  Virginia,  at  the  Phenix  copper  mines, 
ITauquier  Co.,  and  the  Walton  gold  mine,  Louisa-  Co.  In  N.  Carolina,  near  Greensboro', 
abundant  massive  (Fenress  or  North  Carolina,  and  Macculloch  mines),  along  with  siderite  in  a 
quartz  gangue.  In  Tennessee,  30  miles  from  Cleveland,  in  Polk  Co.  (Hiwassee  mines).  In 
Missouri,  with  sphalerite  at  Joplin,  Jasper  Co. 

In  Cal\,  in  different  mines  along  a  belt  between  Mariposa  Co.  and  Del  Norte  Co.,  on  west 
side  of,  and  parallel  to,  the  chief  gold  belt;  ,  occurring  massive  in  Calaveras  Co/,  at  Union, 
Keystone,  Empire,  Napoleon,  Campo  Seco,  and  Lancha  Plana  mines,  and  in  crystals  on 
Domiugp  Creek;  in  Mariposa  Co.,  at  the  La  Victoire  and  Haskell  claims,  and  on  the  Ghowr 
chillas  river;  in  Amador  Co.,  at  the  Newton  mine;  in  El  Dorado  Co.,  at  the  Cosumnes,  Hope 
Valley,  Bunker  Hill,  El  Dorado,  Excelsior  mines;  in  Plumas  Co.,  at  the  Genesee  and  Cosmo* 
politan  mines.  Abundant  in  Montana,  near  Butte,  with  born ite,  pyrite,  etc..  also  at  other  points, 
and  often  argentiferous  and  auriferous.  In  Colorado  abundant  in  Gilpin.  Bouldeif  Chaflee, 
Gunhison  Counties,  etc. ;  commonly  associated  with  pyrite,  tetrahedrite,  sphalerite,  and  often 
"highly  argentiferous;  well  crystallized  and  sometimes  coated  with  telrahedrite  in  the  mines 
near  Central  City  Also  ininied  in  Arizona,  Utah,  but  in  most,  cases  chiefly  for  silver  \  and  gold. 
Grant  Co.,  New  Mexico. 

In  Canada,  in  Perth  and  near  Sherbrooke  and  at  many  points  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
province  of. Quebec;  in  the  Nipissing  distr.,  Ontario,  at  various  points;  extensively  mined  at 
Sudbury;  at  the  Bruce  mines,  on  Lake  Huron;  at  Point-au-Miues  and  elsewhere  on  Lake  Superior. 

Alt. — Changes  on  exposure  with  moisture,  especially  if  heated,  to  a  sulphate.  Malachite, 
coveVlite,  chrysocolla,  melaconite,  chalcocite.  and  iron  oxide  are  other  forms  into  which  it  is 
sometimes  altered;  also  to  tetrahedrite. 

Named  from  ^a/lx-o?;  brass,  and  pyrites,  by  Henckel,  who  observes  in  his  Pyritology  (1725) 
that  .chalcopyrite  is  a  good  distinctive  name  for  the  ore.  Aristotle  calls  the  copper  ore  of 
Cyprus  chalcitis;  and  Dioscorides  uses  the  same  word;  but  what  ore  was  intended  is  doubtful. 
There  is  no  question  that  copper-pyrites  was  included  by  Greek  and  Latin  authors  under  the 
name  pyrites  (q.v.,  p.  86). 

Artif.— Obtained  in  crystals  by  the  action  of  H2S  upon  a  mixture  of  2CuO,Fe2O3  slightly 
heated  in  a  glass  tube,  Doelter,  Zs.  Kr.,  13,  35,  1885.  Has  been  observed  as  a  furnace-product: 
Occurs  as  a  recent  formation  at  Bourbohne-les-Bains  (Daubree). 

Refc— '  Mem.  Wern.  Soc.,  4,  1,  1822,  also  Ed.  J.  Sc.,  3,  66,  1825.  Haidinger  first  correctly 
determined  the  system  to  which  the  crystals  belong,  gave  accurate  measurements  (confirmed  by 
Sbk.,  and  Kk.,  Min.  Russl.,  6,  277),  and  described  the  three  twinning  Jaws. 

2  Mir.  Min.,  p.  182,  1852;  Sbk.,  monograph,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  20,  595,  1868.  3  Sbk.,  1.  c. 
4  Schimper,  Min.-Samml.  Strassburg,  53,  1878.  5  Rath,  Anxbach,  Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  Jan.  9,  1882. 
«  Mayer,  Holzheim,  Zs.  Kr.,  13,  47;  1887.  '  Pfd.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  207,  1890.  8  Cf.  Fletcher, 
Phil.  Mag.,  14,  276,  1882;  Zs.  KJr.,  7,  321,  1882. 

BARNHARDTITB  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  17,  1855;  28,  247,  1859.  Compact  massive. 
Tracture  conchoidal,  uneven.  Brittle.  •  H.  =  3 '5.  G.  =  4' 521.  Luster  metallic.  Color 
bron^e-yelloWi  Streak  grayish  black,  slightly  shining.  Tarnishes  easily,  giving  pavonine 
tints,  or  becoming  pinchbeck-brown. 

Anal.— 1,  W.  J.  Taylor,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  18,  1855.  2,  F.  A.  Genth,  ibid.  3,  P.  Keyser, 
ibid.  4,  'Higgins,  ibid.,  45,  319,  1868, 

S  Fe          Ca 

1.  Earnhardt's  Land  29'40        22'23        47-61    Ag  tr.  =  99'24 

2.  Pioneer  Mills  29'76        22  41        46- 69     =  98 "86 

3.  "  "  30-50        21-08        48-40     =  99'98 

4.  Bill  Williams'  Fork  28'96        20-44        50-41     =  99*81 

Occurs  in  N.  Carolina  with  other  copper  ores,  on  Dan  Earnhardt's  land,  Pioneer  Mills, 
Fneoix  mine,  and  Vanderburg  mine,  in  Cabarrus  Co.;  also  near  ^Charlotte.  Mecklenburg  Co. 


STANNITE. 


S3 


at  Bill  Williams'  Fork,  in  California,  with  chalcopyrite,  etc.    It  may  be  a  chalcopyrite,  partly- 
altered  to  chalcoeite,  as  would  be  inferred  from  Genth's  later  observations. 

HOMICHLIN  Breithaupt,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  17,  385,  424,  1858;  18,  65,.  321,  1859.  Closely  related  to 
the  preceding,  and  may  be  chalcopyrite  partly  altered  to  bornite.  Occurs  m  tetragonal  octa- 
hedral crystals,  but  mostly  massive;  H.  =  4-5;  G.  =  4'472-4'480;  color  more  bronze-like  than 
in  chalcopyrite;  streak  black.  Analysis  by  Richter,  ibid.,  18,  321: 

S  30-21        Fe  25-81        Cu  43'76  =  99 -78 

Occurs  with  malachite  and  other  copper  ores  at  Plauen  in  Voigtland;  also  said  to  occur,  by 
Breithaupt,  in  Bavaria,  Hesse  and  Nassau,  Silesia,  the  Harz,  at  Rheinbreitbach  on  the  Rhine, 
in  Algeria,  in  Chili  at  Remolinos  and  Tocopilla,  and  in  Japan. 

DUCKTOWNITE  Shepard.  A  blackish  copper  ore  from  Ducktown,  Tenn.  G.  J.  Brush  has 
shown  that  it  is  not  homogeneous,  and  only  a  mixture,  grains  of  pyrite  being  visible  through 
the  mass  and  also  a  softer  gray  mineral,  which  is  probably  chalcoeite.  See  Rep.  on  Mt.  Pisgab, 
Copper  Mine,  N.  Haven,  1859,  and  Am.  J.  Sc.,  28,  129,  1859. 


84.  STANNITE.  Gesotwefeltes  Zinn  (fr.  Cornwall)  Klapr.,  Schrifteu  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  7, 
169,  1787,  Beitr.,  2,  257,  1797,  5,  228, 1810.  Zinnkies  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  1789,  385,  397.  Tin. 
Pyrites  Kirw.t  2,  300,  1796.  Bell  Metal  Ore.  Etain  sulfure  Fr.  Stanuine  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  41ft 
1832, 

Massive,  granular,  and  disseminated1. 

Cleavage:  cubic,  indistinct.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  4.  G.  =  4*3- 
4-522;  4506,  Zinnwald,  Rg.  Luster  metallic.  Streak  blackish.  Color  steel-gray 
fco  iron-black,  the  former  when  pure;  sometimes  a  bluish  tarnish;  often  yellowish, 
from  the  presence  of  chalcopyrite.  Opaque. 

Comp, — A  sulphide  of  tin,  copper,  iron  and  sometimes  zinc,  perhaps 
Cu2S.FeS  SnS2  -  Sulphur  29'9,  tin  27-5,  copper  29'5,  iron  13'1  =  100. 

Anal.—l,  Kuderuatsch,  Pogg.,  39,  146.  1836.  2,  Mallet,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  17,  33.  1854.  3,  Rg., 
Pogg.,  88.  607,  1853.  4a,  Adger,  Ch.  News,  25,  259,  1872.  46,  deducting  insol.  Also 
Klaproth,  1810;  Johnson,  1839;  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  68. 


1 

2* 
3. 

ia. 
'ib. 


Wheal  Rock 

St.  Michael's  Mt.  G.  =  4  522 

Zinnwald 

Cornwall  G.  =  4'46 


S         Sn  Cu  Fe  Zn 

29^64  25-55  29'39  1244  1'77  gangue  1'02  .=  99-81 

29-46  26-85  29-18  6'73  7'26  gangue  0'16  =  99'64 

29-05  25-65  29*38  6'24  9'68  =  100 

27-94  22-04  27'77  12'75  3'62  insol.  6'39  =  100'51 

29  68  23-42  29'50  13'55  3'85  =  100 


Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  and  gives  a  faint  sublimate;  in  the  open  tube 
sulphurous  fumes.  B,B.  on  charcoal  fuses  to  a  globule,  which  in  O.F.  gives  off  sulphur,  and 
coats  the  coal  with  tin  dioxide;  the  roasted  mineral  treated  with  borax  gives -reactions  for  iron 
and  copper. 

Decomposed  by  nitric  acid,  affording  a  blue  solution,  with  separation  of  sulphur  and  tin. 
dioxide. 

Obs. — Formerly  found  at  Wheal  Rock,  Cornwall,  and  at  Carn  Brea,  where  it  constituted,  a 
considerable  vein,  and  was  accompanied  by  pyrite,  sphalerite,  and  other  minerals;  more  recently 
in  considerable  quantity  in  granite  at  St.  Michael's  Mount;  also  at  Stenna  Gwynn,  St.  Stevens, 
and  at  Wheal  Primrose*  Wheal  Scorrier,  and  occasionally  at  Botallack  mine,  St.  Just;  also  at 
the  Cronebane  mine,  Co.  Wicklow,  in  Ireland;  Zinnwald,  in  the  Erzgebirge,  with  sphalerite  and 
galena,  It  frequently  has  the  appearance  of  bronze  or  bell  metal,  and  .hence  the  name  belts 
metal  ore. 

Ref. — J  Usually  accepted  as  tetrahedral  upon  the  authority  of  Breithaupt;  this,  however,  is 
Stated  by  Weisbach  (priv.  contrib.)  to  be  a  mistake,  the  observations  having  been  made  upon  a/ 
specimen  of  tetrahedrite  from  South  America,  not  upon  stannite. 


84 


SULPHIDES,  SELENIDES,   TELLURIDES,  ETC. 


85. 
86. 
87. 
88. 


89, 
90. 
91. 


93. 
94. 


D.    Oisulphides,  Diarsenides,  etc. 
1.  Pyrite  Group.    RSa,RAsa,RSba.    Isometric,  pyritohedral. 

Pyrite  FeS, 

Hauerite  MnS, 

Smaltite  CoAsa 

Chloanthite  NiAsa 

Species  87,  88  are  united  by  many  intermediate   compounds,  (Co,Ni)A$ 
and  (Ni,Co)Asa 

Cobaltite  CoS2.CoAsa 

Gersdorffite  NiS2.NiAsa 

Corynite  NiS2.Ni(As,Sb)2 

Ullmannite  NiS2.NiSb2 

Also  in  part,  tetrahedral. 

Sperrylite  PtAs2 

Laurite  RuSn? 


95,    Skutteruditt 


CoAs, 


Isometric,  pyritohedral. 


85.  PYRITE.  SrrivoS  Theophr.  nvpiryS  pt.  Dioscor.,  E.  143.  Pyrites  pt. 
30.  Pyrites  pt.,  Arab.  Marchasita,  Germ.  Kis,  Apric.,  334,  431,  467,  1529,  1546.  Pyrites  pt., 
Marcbasita  (=  cryst.  Pyr.)  Henckel, •  Py rit. ,  1725.  Kies  pt,.  Svafelkies  pt.,  Pyrites  pt.  (*=  mass 
and  nodular  Pyr.),  Marcbasita  (=  cryst.  Pyr.),  Wall.,  208,  211,  1747.  Pyrites  pt.  (=  glob.  var.; 
etc.);  M^rcasite  (=  cryst.  Pyr.),  Muiidic  (  =  massive  var.)  Hill,  Foss.,  324-332,  1771.  Xantbo. 
pyrites  Glock.,  Handb.,  314.  1839." 

Schwefelkies,  Eisenkies,  Germ.    Svafvelkis  Swed.   Svovlkis  Dan.   Iron  Pyrites.  Bisulpburet 
of  iron.     Fer  sulfure  Fr.     Pirite  Ital.     Pirita,  Pirita  amarilla,  Bronce  Span,  and  Span.,  S.  A. 

Isometric;  pyritohedral.     Observed  forms1 : 


a  (WO,  i-i) 
d  (110,  *) 
o  (111,  1) 

b  (910,  z-9)4 
c  (710,  »*-7)? 
d  (610,  *6)V 


A  (410,  i-1) 
y  (720.  t-f) 
e  (10-3  0,  i-iay 
/  (310,  *-3) 
C  (11-4-0,  i-*fi 
k  (520,  *-f) 
77  (940,  t-f ) 
€  (210,  f-2) 
^  (12-7-0,  H3-) 
I    (530,  z-f) 


p  (sap.  *--t) 

r  (750,  *  D? 
S  (19-14-0,  ^4f) 
O  (430.  t-|) 
-D  (540,  i-|) 
A   (11-9-0,  Z--V-) 
^    (650,  *-f) 


$,  (890,  -  •»-§)«? 
*,  (780.  -  »*-f) 
p    (1315-0,-t-< 
^  (670,  -  »-J) 
r,  (560,  -  »-f) 
x-y  (450,  -  i  f ) 
»f  (340,  -  .--f) 
g,  (230,  -  if) 
U.  (470,  -  z'4) 


e  1(130,  -  »'-2)18 
k.  (250,  -/-|) 

A,  (140,  -  »-4)18 

B,  (180,  -  ^-8)3 

7-  (332.  f) 
r  1885,  |)5 
p  (221,  2) 
g  (331,  3) 
e  (661,  6)* 

0(911,  9-9) 
2?  (511,  5-5)10 

m(31l',  3-3) 


0  (944,  f  -|)  . 
#  (11-5-5. -V 
?i  (Cll,  2-2) 


ft  (322,  |-f)3 
j  (433,  |.4)2)3 

^7(655,  ff)2? 

ar  (721,  7-|)4 
F  (621,  6-3)" 
y  (932,  S-3) 

z   (166-3",V-f) 
fl  (15-6-5,  3-|)4 
IP"  (942,  |-f)4 
X  (11  5-2,-V-V-) 
9    (12-6-5,  V- 2)? 
M  (632, -3-2) 
t    (421,  4-2) 
w  (841,  8-2) 
r  (10-5  1,  10-2) 
S  (12-6  1,  12-2)4 
R(742,  H)3 


(13-7-3, 


Z  (531,  5-4) 
Y  (10-6-1,  10-f) 


8    (321;  3-|) 

P  (13-9  6,  -V-V3-)3 

Jf  (432*  24) 
Z-  (10-87,  V--D 
^(1411-10,^-1!) 
G^;  (453,  -  ff) 
j/  (342,  _  2-|) 
H,  (341,  -  44) 
s     (231,  -  3-f) 
t,    (241,  -  4-2) 


Twins:  tw.  ax  a,  usually  penetration-twins  (f.  11)  with  parallel  axes;  rarely 
contact-twins.  Cube  and  the  pyritohedfon  e  (210)  most  common  forms,  the  faces 
of  both  often  striated  in  one  direction  j|  edge  a/e,  the  striation  due  to  oscillatory 
combination  of  these  forms  and  tending  to  produce  rounded  faces  (f.  5);  pyritohedral 
faces  also  striated  J_  to  this  edge;  octahedron  also  common.  Crystals  sometimes 
acicular  by  elongation  in  direction  of  a  cybic  axis;  also  abnormally  developed  witht 
tetragonal  or  orthorhombic  symmetry  (f.  7,  8).u  Also  frequently  massive,  fine 
granular;  sometimes  subfibrous  radiated  ;  reniform,  globular,  stalactitic. 

Cleavage:  a,  o  indistinct.     Fracture  conchoidal  to  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  G-6'5. 


P  TRITE  &JIOUP—PYMITE. 


85 


G.  =  4-95-5-10;  4-967  Traversella,  5-027  Elba,  Rg.  Luster  metallic,  splendent 
to  glistening.  Color  a  pale  brass-yellow,  nearly  uniform.  Streak  greenish  black  or 
brownish  black.  Opaque.  Shows  both  +  and  —  varieties  thermo-electric-ally15. 
Paramagnetic. 

Comp.,  Var.-Iron  disulphide,  FeS2  =  Sulphur  53-4,  iron  46-6  =  100. 

Nickel,  cobalt,  and  thallium,  and  also  copper  in  very  small  quantities,  sometimes  replace 
part  of  the  iron,  or  else  occur  as  mixtures.  Gold  is  sometimes  present,  distributed  invisibly 
through  it,  auriferous  pyrite  being  an  important  source  of  gold.  Thallium  occurs  in  traces  in 
much  pyrite,  showing  its  presence  often  in  the  chimneys  of  furnaces  where  pyrite,  or  ores  con- 
taining it,  are  roasted  A  variety  from  near  Ribadeo  in  Gnlicia,  from  which  tin  and  zinc  were 
obtained,  has  been  called  ballesterosite,  after  Lopez  Ballesteros,  Schulz  and  Paillette.  Bull.  G.  FT. 
7,  16,  1849.  Pyrite  sometimes  contains  traces  of  selenium. 

Arsenic  is  rarely  present,  a  variety  in  octahedral  crystals  from  French  Creek,  Penn.,  gave 
Hamburger  (cf.  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  114,  1890): 

S5408    As  020    Fe  44'24    Co  T75    Ni  0*18    Cu  0'05  =  100'50 

For  analyses  of  pyrite,  see  M£ne,  C.  R.,  64,  867,  1867,  also  Girard  and  Morin,  Ann.  Ch. 
Phys.,  7,  229,  1876. 


5. 


Figs.  1-6,  Simple  forms.    7,  8,  French  Creek,  Pfd.14 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  a  sublimate  of  sulphur  and  a  magnetic  residue,  B.B.  on 
charcoal  gives  off  sulphur,  burning  with  a  blue  flame,  leaving  a  residue  which  reacts  like 
pyrrhotite.  Insoluble  in  hydrochloric,  but  decomposed  by  nitric  acid. 

Obs. — Pyrite  occurs  abundantly  in  rocks  of  all  ages,  from  the  oldest  crystalline  to  the  most 
i-ecent  alluvial  deposits.  It  usually  occurs  ,in  small  cubes,  pyritohedrons,  or  in  mor$  highly 
modified  forms;  also  in  irregular  spheroidal  nodules  and  in  veins,  in  clay  slate,  argillaceous 
sandstones,  the  coal  formation,  etc. 

Crystals  have  been  observed  associated  in  parallel  position  with  those  of  marcasite,  also  with 
arsenopyrite. 

Cubes  of  gigantic  dimensions  have  been  found  in  some  of  the  Cornish  mines;  pyritohedrous 
and  other  forms  in  great  variety  occur  with  hematite  on  the  island  of  Elba,  sometimes  five  to 
six  inches  in  diameter;  also  with  magnetite  at  Traversella  in  Piedmont,  and  at  13 rosso  in  fine 
crystals.  Other  localities  for  crystals  are  Miisen  near  Siegen;  Freiberg,  Saxony;  Sclmeeberg; 
Waldenstein  -in  Carinthia;  Pfibram,  Bohemia;  Schemnitz,  Hungary;  large  octahedral  crystals 
are  found  at  Persberg  in  Sweden.  Magnificent  crystals  come  from  Peru.  Alston-Moor,  Derby- 
shire,  Falun  and  Langban  in  Sweden,  Kongsbergiu  Norway,  are  well-known  localities  The  clay 
at  Vlotho  near  Minden,  Westphalia,  and  the  chalk  at  Lewes  in  Surrey,  have  afforded  some 
remarkable  compound  crystals.  It  has  also  been  met  with  in  the  Vesuvian  lavas. 

In  Maine,  at  Coriuna,  Peru,  Waterville,  and  Farmington,  in  crystals;  at  Bingham  (saw- 
mills), Brooksville,  and  Jewell's  Id.,  massive.  In  N.  Hampshire,  at  Unity,  massive.  In  Mass., 
at  Heath,  in  cryst.;  at  Rowe,  Hawley  and  Hubbardston,  massive.  In  Vermont,  at  Shoreham, 
in  limestone,  crystals  abundant;  Hartford,  in  cubes  2-4  im.  In. Conn.,  at  Lane's  mine,  Monroe, 
in  octahedrons;  Orange  and  Milford,  in  cubes  in  chlorite  slate;  Middletown  lead  mine,  some- 
times aciculnr;  Roxbury,  finely  crystallized;  at  Stafford,  in  mica  slate;  massive  at  Colchester, 
Ashford,  Tolland,  Stafford,  and  Union,  In  N.  York,  at  Rossie,  fine  crystals  (dodecahedral, 
f^!4v  occur  at  the  lead  mine  in  green  shale;  at  Schoharie.  a  mile  west  of  the  court-house,  in. 


SULPHIDES,   SELENIDES,    TELLURIDES,   ETC. 


single  and  compound  crystals,  often  highly  polished  and  abundant;  in  interesting  crystals  at 
Johusburgh  and  Chester,  Warren  Co.;, in  gneiss  near  Youkers;  in  Orange  Co.,  at  Warwick  and 
Deerpark;  in  Jefferson  Co.,  in  Champion  and  near  Oxbow  on  the  banks  of  Vroomau's  lake,  in 
modified  octahedrons;  massive  in  Franklin,  Putnam,  and  Orange  Cos.,  etc.  In  Pennsylvania, 
in  crystals  at  Little  Britain,  Lancaster  Co. ;  at  Chester,  Delaware  Co.;  in  Carbon  and  York  Cos.; 
at  Knauertown,  Chester  Co.;  at  French  Creek  mines,  octahedrons  and  other  forms,  sometimes 
tetragonal  or  orthorhombic  in  symmetry.  In  Cornwall,  Lebanon  Co.,  in  lustrous  cubo-octa- 
hedrons,  with  a  steel  tarnish;  in  N:  Car.,  near  Greensboro',  Guilford  Co.,  in  crystals.  In 
Colorado  in  tine  complex  crystals  in  mines  near  Central  City,  Gil  pin  Co.,  and  elsewhere. 
Auriferous  pyrite  is  common  at  the  mines  of  Colorado,  and  many  of  those  of  California,  as  well 
as  in  Virginia  and  the  States  south. 

In  Canada,  2  miles  N.  W.  of  Brockville,  Ontario,  a  cobaltiferous  var.,  in  the  Laurentian; 
on  the  river  Assumption,  seignory  of  Daillebout,  and  at  Escott,  a  niccoliferous  var.,  containing 
also  some  cobalt. 

Large  quantities  of  massive  pyrite  are  mined  at  the  Rio  Tinto  and  other  mines  in  Spain, 
also  in  Portugal.  Among  important  deposits  in  the  U.  S.  are  those  at  Rpwe,  Mass.;  Herman, 
St.  Lawrence  Co.,  and  Ellenville,  Ulster  Co.,  N.  Y.;  Tolersville,  Louisa  Co.,  Va.;  Dallas, 
PauldingCo.,  Ga. 

9. 


12. 


),  13,  Gilpin  Co.,  Col  ,  Ayrws.   10,  Elba.   11,  Vlotho,  Westphalia,  Sbk.   12,  Elba,  Svr.  14,  Rossie. 

The  name  pyrite  is  derived  from  Ttvp,  fire,  and  alludes  to  the  sparks  from  friction.  Pliny 
nentions  several  things  as  included  under  the  name  (36,  30):  (1)  a  stone  used  for  grindstones; 
J2)  a  kind  which  so  readily  fires  punk  or  sulphur  that  he  distinguishes  it  as  pyrites  mvus,  and 
which  may  have  been  flint  or  a  related  variety  of  quartz,  as  has  been  supposed,  but  more  proba- 
bly was  emery,  since  he  describes  it  as  the  heaviest  of  all;  (3)  a  kind  resembling  brass  or  copper; 
(4)  a  porous  stone,  perhaps  a  sandstone  or  buhrstone.  The  brassy  kind  was  in  all  probability 
our  pyrite.  But  with  it  were  confounded  copper  pyrites  (chalcopyrite),  besides  marcasite  and 
pyrrhotite,  although  these  three  kinds  of  pyrites  fail  of  the  scintillations.  In  fact,  Diosco?'ides 
calls  pyrite  an  ore  of  copper,  yet  in  the  next  sentence  admits  that  some  kinds  contain  no 
copper;  and.  moreover,  he  states  that  the  mineral  gives  sparks.  This  confounding  of  iron  and 
copper  pyrites  is  apparent  also  in  the  descriptions  of  the  vitriols  (sulphates  of  iron  and  copper) 
by  Pliny  and  other  ancient  writers,  and  equally  so  in  the  mineralogy  of  the  world  for  more 
than  fifteen  centuries  after  Pliny,  as  is  even  now  apparent  in  the  principal  languages  of  Europe; 
Kupferwasser  (copper-water)  of  the  Germans  being  the  copperas  of  the  English  and  couperose  of 
the  French.  It  is  quite  probable  that  copperas  and  couperose  are  in  fact  corruptions  of  the 
German  word,  instead  of  derivatives  from  cuprosa  or  cuprirosa,  as  usually  .stated,  for  the  Latin 
u  would  not  have  become  ou  in  French. 

Under  the  name  marcaaite  or  marchasite.  of  Spanish  or  Arabic  origin,  the  older  mineralogists 
Henckel,  Wallerius,  Linnaeus,  etc.,  included  distinctively  crystallized  pyrite.  the  cubic  preemi- 
nently; the  nodular  and  other  varieties  being  called  pyrites,  and  the  less  yellow  or  brownish  and 


PTRITE  GROUP—  HAUERITE—  SMALTITE-CHLOAXTHITE.  87 

softer  kinds,  wasserkies,  this  last  including  our  morcasite  and  pyrrhotite,  and  some  true  pyrite- 
Werner  tirst  made  pyrrhotite  a  distinct  species.  The  "  rnarcasite  "  used  for  personal  ornaments  in 
the  last  century  was  pyrite. 

Alt. — Pyrite  readily  changes  to  an  iron  sulphate  by  oxidation,  some  sulphur  being  set  free. 
Also  to  limonite  on  its  surface,  and  afterward  throughout,  by  the  action  of  a  solution  of  bicar- 
bonate of  lime  carrying  off  the  sulphuric  acid  as  change  proceeds,  and  from  limonite  to  red  iron 
oxide.  Green  vitriol,  limonite,  gothite,  hematite,  quartz,  graphite,  ochreous  clay,  occur  as 
pseudomorphs  after  pyrite.  Cf.  also  marcasite  on  the  relative  stability  of  the  two  compounds. 

Artif. — May  be  made  by  the  slow  reduction  of  ferric  sulphate  in  presence  of  some  carbonate. 
Also  by  heating  together  iron  sesquioxide,  sulphur,  and  sal  ammoniac  (Wohler),  the  crystals 
obtained  seemed  to  have  a  tetraJiedral  form;  cf.  Weinschenk,  Zs.  Kr. ,  17,  487,  1890.  See  further 
Fouque-Levy,  Synth.  Min.,  321,  1882,  and  Doelter,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  30,  1885. 

Pyrite  has  been  observed  as  a  recent  formation  at  Bourbonne-les-Bains,  Daubree,  C.  R.,  80, 
605,  1875. 

Ref.— '  See  Striiver,  Mem.  Ace.  Torino,  26,  1869,  and  Att.  Ace.  Torino,  6,  374,  1871 ,  for  list 
of  planes  with  early  authorities,  and  many  new  forms;  also  Helnihacker  Min.  Mitth.,  13,  1876. 
Koksharov  adds  (962)  from  A.  Nordenskiold,  whose  3-f  is,  however,  an  obvious  misprint  for  3-f. 

'Zeph.,  Lolling,  Ber.  Ak.  Wieu,  60  (1),  814,  1869.  3  Hkr.,  Waldenstein,  1.  c.  4  Groth, 
Min.-Samml.,  31,  1878.  5  Zeph..  Bocksteiu,  Salzburg,  Lotos,  1878.  6  Websky,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  31, 
222,1879;  these  forms  are  uncertain.  7  Vrba,  Pfibram,  Zs.  Kr.,  4,  357,  1880.  *  Brugnatelli, 
Brosso,  Piedmont.  Att.  Ace.  Torino,  20,  808,  1885.  9  Jackson,  Calaveras  Co..  Cal.,  Cal.  Acad., 
No.  4,  p.  365, 1886.  10  Fliuk,  Langban,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  Bih.,  13,  (2),  No.  7,  5, 1888.  "  Hoefer, 
Rotzgraben,  Sty  da,  Min.  Mitth.,  10,  157,  1888.  "  E.  F.  Ay  res,  Colorado,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  37,  2:J>6, 
1889.  n  Cathrein,  Mouzoui,  Min.  Mitth.,  10,  395,  1889.  14  Pfd.,  French  Creek,  Am.  J.  Sc. 
37,  209  1889. 

15  Thermo-electrical  character,  Friedel,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  17,  79,  1868;  Rose,  Pogg.,  142,  1, 
1871;  SchraufmA  Dana,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  69  (1),  145,  157,  1874;  Curie,  Bull.  Soc.  Mm.,  8,  127, 
1885. 

On  elasticity,  Voigt,  Nachr.  Ges.  Gottingen,  310,  1888.  On  etching  experiments  see 
Becke,  Min.  Mitth.,  8,  239,  1886,  9,  2,  1887. 

86.  HAUERITE.    Hauerit  Raid.,  Nat.  Abh.  Wien,  1,  101,  107,  1846,  or  Pogg.,  70,  148, 
1847. 

Isometric;  pyritohedral.     Observed  forms: 

a (100,  i-i)    d(110.  0    o(lll,l)   /(310,  £3)    e  (210  i-2)    ft  (321,  3-f) 

Commonly  in  octahedrons;  sometimes  in  globular  clusters. 

Cleavage:  cubic,  imperfect.  Fracture  uneven  to  subconchoidal.  Brittle. 
H.  =4.  G.  =  3-4H3.  Luster  metallic-adamantine.  Color  reddish  brown,  brown- 
ish black.  Streak  brownish  red. 

Comp. — Manganese  disulphide,  MnS2  =  Sulphur  53*9,  manganese  46 •!  =  100. 
Anal.— 1,  Patera,  quoted  by  Haid.     2,  E.  Scacchi,  Rend.  Accad.  Napoli,  April  1890. 

S  Mn  Fe 

1.  Kalinka  5364        42'97          1'30        SiO2  1'20  =  99'11 

2.  Sicily      G.  =  3  366-3 "411  53'76        46'05  =  99'8l 

Pyr. — In  the  closed  tube  a  sublimate  of  sulphur;  in  the  open  tube  sulphurous  fumes,  and 
becomes  green.  On  charcoal  sulphurous  fumes;  the  roasted  mineral  reacts  for  manganese 
with  the  fluxes. 

Obs.— From  Kalinka,  Hungary,  in  clay  with  gypsum,  sulphur,  and  realgar  in  a  region 
like  a  solfatara:  trachytic,  and  other  eruptive  rocks  decomposing  and  adding  to  the  clay,  and  the 
sulphur  given  off  at  the  same  time  making  depositions  of  sulphur  and  sulphides.  One  crystal 
found  measured  1^  inches  through.  The  hauerite  crystals  are  sometimes  coated  with  pyrite;  an 
unknown  flesh-red  or  greenish  mineral  *.j»o  accompanies  it.  Also  in  the  crystalline  schists  of 
the  Wakalinu  district,  New  Zealand  (Cox,  Trans.  N.  Z.  Inst.,  14,  426,  1881).  At  Raddusa, 
Catania,  Sicily,  in  octahedral  crystals  at  a  depth  of  50  meters  embedded  in  a  clay  carrying  layers 
of  sulphur,  gypsum  and  calcite. 

Artif.— Synthetic  experiments  partially  successful,  Doelter,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  32,  1885. 

87,  88.  SMALTITE-CHLOANTHITE. 

Smaltite.  ?Cobaltum  cineraceum  Agric.,  459,  1529.  Koboltrnalm,  Koboltglants,  Minera 
Cobalti  cinerea.  Cobaltum  arsenico  mineralisatum.  pt.  (Cobaltite  here  included),  Wall.,  231, 
1747.  ?Cobaltum  Ferro  et  Arsenico  mineralisatum,  Giants-Cobalt  (fr.  Schueeberg),  Cromt.,  212, 
1758.  Mine  de  Cobalt  grise  De  Lisle,  Crist.,  333,  1772;  Mine  de  Cobalt  arsenicale  De  Lisle,  3, 
123,  1783.  Weisser  Speisskobold,  Grauer  Speisskobold,  Wern.  Gray  Cobalt  ore  Kirw.,  1796. 
Tin  white  cobalt.  Speiskobalt  Hausm.,  Handb.,  155,  1813.  Smaltine  Beud.,  Tr.,  2.  584,  1852. 


SULPHIDES,   SELENIDES,    TELLURWES,   ETC. 


Chloanthite  BreitJt.,  Pogg.,  64,  184,  1845.  Weissnickelkies,  Weissnickelerz  pt.  Weisser 
Kupfernickel,  Arseiiiknickel,  fig.  Rauimelsbergit  Raid.,  Handb.,  560,  1845.  Chathamite 
Shepard,  Min.,  158,  1844;  Am.  J.  Sc.,  47,  351,  1844. 

Isometric;  pyritohedral,  Groth1.     Observed  forms1 : 

a  (100,  i-i);  d(110,  *);  o(lll,  1);  n  (211,  2-2);  e(101-0,  i-W),  5(510,  »-5),  /(310,  »-3); 
x  (831,  8-|)  ? 

Penetration-twins3:  tw.  pi.  o,  comp.-face  211,  normal  to  0;  often  in  complex 
and  distorted  forms.  Also  massive,  and  in  reticulated  and  other  imitative  shapes. 

Cleavage:  o  distinct;  a  in  traces.  Fracture  granular  and  uneven.  Brittle. 
H.  =  5*5-6.  GT.  =  6'4  to  6 '6.  Luster  metallic.  Color  tin-white,  inclining,  when 
massive,  to  steel-gray,  sometimes  iridescent,  or  grayish  from  tarnish.  Streak 
grayish  black.  Opaque.  Shows  both  -\-  and  —  varieties  thermo-electrically  . 

Comp. — SMALTITE  is  essentially  cobalt  diarsenide,  CoAs2  =  Arsenic  71*8, 
cobalt  28*2  =  100.  CHLOANTHITE  is  nickel  diarsenide,  NiAs2  =  Arsenic  71'9, 
nickel  28-1  =  100. 

Cobalt  and  nickel  are  usually  both  present,  and  thus  these  two  species  graduate  into  each 
other,  and  no  sharp  line  can  be  drawn  between  them.  Iron  is  also  present  in  varying  amount; 
the  variety  of  chloanthite  containing  much  iron  has  been  called  chatliamite,  a  name  given  by 
Shepard  to  the  mineral  from  Chatham,  Conn.  Further  sulphur  is  usually  present,  but  only  in 
small  quantities.  Sometimes  argentiferous,  anal.  20. 

Many  analyses  do  not  conform  even  approximately  to  the  formula  RAs2,  the  ratio  rising 
from  less  than  1:2  to  1 :  2*5  and  nearly  1 :  3,  thus  showing  a  tendency  toward  skutterudite 
(RAs3),  perhaps  due  to  either  molecular  or  mechanical  mixture.  Part  of  the  variation  is  due  to 
want  of  homogeneity  in  the  substances  analyzed.  Baumhauer  has  shown  that  even  the  crystals 
often  have  a  zonal  structure,  Zs.  Kr.,  12,  18,  1886.  Moreover,  Volkhardt  has  analyzed  such 
crystals,  and  shown  that,  after  being  acted  upon  by  hydrochloric  acid  and  potassium  chlorate,  a 
part  containing  less  arsenic  went  into  solution,  and  the  residue  was  richer  in  arsenic  than  the 
original  (76 '19  p.  c.  and  73 '46  in  one  case).  Similarly  the  same  author  found  skutterudite 
(RAs3)  to  be  more  difficultly  soluble  than  smaltite  and  chloanthite.  Zs.  Kr.,  14,  407,  1888. 

Much  that  has  been  called  smaltite  (speiskobalt)  is  shown  by  the  high  specific  gravity  to 
belong  to  the  species  saftiorite,  p.  100.  Without  the  determination  of  either  the  form  or 
specific  gravity  the  classification  is  uncertain. 

Anal.— 1,  McCay,  luaug.  Diss.,  p.  44,  1883,  deducting  10'62  p.  c.  quartz  and  1'44  Bi. 
2,  Id.,  ib.,  p.  31,  see  below.  3.  Petersen,  Pogg.,  134,  70,  1868.  4,  van  Gerichteu,  Ber.  Ak. 
Munchen,  137,  1873.  5,  Rg.,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  25,  284,  1873.  6,  Smith,  Gillis  Exped.,  2,  102. 
7,  lies,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  23,  380,  1882. 

8,  Booth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  29,  241,  1836.  9,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  23,  1860.  10, 11,  Bull,  Rose,  Kr.-Ch. 
Syst.,  52,  1§52.  12,  13,  McCay,  1.  c..  pp.  39,  40.  14,  Berthier,  Ann.  Mines,  11,  504,  1837. 
15,  Rg.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  55,  486,  1852.  16,  Id.,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  25,  283,  1873.  17,  Koenig,  Proc.  Ac. 
Philad.,  184,  1889.  18,  Genth,  Dana  Min.,  512,  1854.  19,  Kbl.,  Ber.  Ak.  Munchen,  402,  1868. 
20,  Hillebrand,  Proc.  Col.  Sc.  Soc.,  3,  46,  1888.  See  further  5th  Ed.,  pp.  70,  71. 


1.  Smaltite. 

1.  Schueeberg 

2.  "         Gheleutite 

3.  Wittichen 

4.  Bieber 

5.  Usseglio 

6.  Atacama 

7.  Gunnison  Co.,  Col. 


G. 

As 

S 

Co 

Ni 

6-11 

71-53 

1- 

•88 

18-07 

1-02 

6-30 

|  76-00 

1 

32 

12 

•61 

3-05 

6272 

69-70 

4 

•71 

10 

11 

8-52 

74-84 

1 

'70 

8 

•28 

8-50 

6-498 

7655 

0 

'75 

7 

•31 

4-37 

70-85 

0 

•08 

24 

•13 

1-23 

63-82 

1 

55 

11 

•59 

tr. 

2.  Chloanthite. 
8.  Riechelsdorf 
9. 
10. 
11.  Schneeberg,  Stdngelkobalt 
12. 
13. 
14.  Val  d'Anniviers 
15.  Allemont 
16.  Annaberg 
17.  Franklin  Furnace 
18.  Chatham,  Chathamite 
19.  Andreasberg 
20.  Grant  Co.,  N.  M. 

6-6 
6-374 

6-537 
6-54 
6-45 

6-411 
683 

6-6 
6-644 

Fe    Cu 

7-31  0-01  =  99-32 
5-22  1-60  =  99-80 
5-05  0-94  BiO  97, Sb  ^.=100-00 
4-45  3-24  =  101-01 
7-84  0-22  Sb     0'32,     Zn    411 
4-05  0-41  =  100-75    [=  101-47 
15-99  0-16  Pb    2-05,     Bi    M3, 
Si02  2-60,  Ag«r. =98-89 


6-6 
6-374 

72-64 
60-42 
76-09 

2-11 

3-37 

10-80 
4-56 

20-74- 
25-87 
12-25 

3-25 

0-80 
6-82 

= 

= 

100 
100 
99-72 

6-537 

75-85 

3-32 

12-04 

6-52 

0-94 

=  98.67 

6-54 

75-40 

o- 

73 

3-42 

11-90 

7-50 

039 

= 

99  34 

6-45 

68-40 

1- 

06 

4-20 

24-95 

069 

— 

Bi 

0-21  =  99-51 

[65-02] 

2' 

90 

3-93 

26-75 

1-40 

— 

— 

100 

6-411 

71-11 

8- 

29 

tr. 

18-71 

682 

— 

•  — 

9893 

[76-38] 

o- 

11 

1-60 

18-96 

2-30 



Sb 

0-31, 

Bi  0-34=100 

683 

70-66 

1- 

54 

6-37 

1863 

2-31 

— 

Zn 

tf.t 

CaC03 

0-89 

70-11 

4- 

78 

3-82 

9-44 

11-85 

— 

— 

100 

[=  100-40 

6-6 

72-00 

<)• 

43 

1-94 

7-00 

17-39 

— 

— 

9876 

6-644 

74-04 

0 

13 

19-52" 

0-44 

0-04 

Ag    4-78,     Pb 

0-03 

ss 

98-98 

•  Ni  :  Co  =  3  :  1 

approx. 

PYRITE  GROUP— COBALTITE. 


89 


Analysis  2  by  McCay  is  of  the  Sckneeberg  ore  called  Wismuthkobalterz  by  Kersten  (Schw. 
J.,  47,  265,  1826),  and  from  which  he  obtained  :  (|)  As  77'96,  S  1'02,  Co  9'89,  Ni  I'll,  Fe  4'77, 
Cu  1'30,  Bi  3-89  —  99*94.  Breithaupt  called  it  cheleutite  (cf.  McCay,  p.  25).  It  is  isometric, 
with  cubic  habit  and  cleavage;  H.  =  5;  color  slate-gray.  McCay  shows  that  the  bismuth,  of 
which  he  obtained  0'78  p.  c.,  is  an  impurity;  the  ratio  of  R :  As=  1 :  2*80,  which  with  the  cubic 
cleavage  shows  it  to  be  closely  allied  to  skutterudite. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  a  sublimate  of  metallic  arsenic;  in  the  open  tube  a  white 
sublimate  of  arsenic  trioxide,  and  sometimes  traces  of  sulphur  dioxide.  B.B.  on  charcoal  gives 
an  arsenical  odor,  and  fuses  to  a  globule,  which,  treated  with  successive  portions  of  borax -glass, 
affords  reactions  for  iron,  cobalt,  and  nickel. 

Obs. — Usually  occurs  in  veins,  accompanying  ores  of  cobalt  or  nickel,  and  ores  of  silver  and 
copper;  also,  in  some  instances,  with  niccolite  and  arsenopyrite;  often  having  a  coating  of 
annabergite. 

Occurs  with  silver  and  copper  at  Freiberg,  Annaberg,  and  particularly  Schneebergin  Saxony; 
at  Joachimsthal  in  Bohemia,  the  reticulated  varieties  frequently  found  embedded  in  calcite;  also 
at  Wheal  Sparnon  in  Cornwall;  at  Riechelsdoff  in  Hesse,  in  veins  in  the  copper  schist;  at  Tuna- 
berg  in  Sweden;  Allemont  in  Dauphine;  at  the  silver  mines  of  Tres  Puntas  and  others  in  Chili, 
but  only  in  small  quantities. 

At  Chatham,  Conn.,  the  chloanthite  (cJiathamite)  occurs  in  mica  slate,  associated  generally 
with  arsenopyrite  and  sometimes  with  niccolite.  At  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J.,  at  the  Trotter 
zinc  mine  in  octahedral  crystals  (anal.  17)  with  traces  of  a  pyritohedron  (20'1 '())?. 

Alt. — Occurs  altered  to  erythrite  (arseuate  of  cobalt),  a  change  due  to  the  oxidation  of  the 
arsenic  and  cobalt  on  exposure  to  moisture. 

Ref.— J  Groth,  Pogg.,  152.  249,  1874;  Min.-Samml.  Strassburg,  p.  43, 1878;  Naumann,  Pogg., 
7,  337,  1826,  31,  537,  1834.  2  Rath,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  8,  1877;  cf.  Groth,  Min.-Samml.,  p.  44. 


89.  COBALTITE.  Cobaltum  cum  ferro  sulfurato  et  arsenicato  mineralisatum,  Glants- 
Kobolt  pt.  (fr.  Tunaberg),  Cronst.,  213,  1758.  Mine  de  Cobalt  blanche  de  Lisle,  Crist,  334,  1772. 
Mine  de  Cobalt  arsenico-sulfureuse  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  3,  129,  1783.  Glauz-Kobold  Wern,  Kobalt- 
Glanz  Germ.  Cobalt  gris  pt.  H.  Glance  Cobalt;  Bright-  White  Cobalt.  Glanzkobaltkies  Glock., 
Grundr.,  1831.  Cobaltine  Beud.,  Tr.  2,  450,  1832.  Koboltglans  Swed.  Sehta  Indian  jewelers. 

Isometric;  pyritohedral.     Observed  forms1: 


o  (111,  1)  e  (210,  »-2)  o>  (522,  f-f)  s  (321,  3-f) 

-4)  P(221,2)  x  (433,  f|)  #  (432,  2-|) 


a  (100,  i-i) 
d(UQ,  0 

Commonly  in  cubes,  a,  or  pyritohedrons,  e,  or  combinations  of  these,  with  faces 
striated  as  in  pyrite  (cf.  f.  1-5,  p.  85);  also  with   o.     Also 
lamellar,  granular  massive  to  compact. 

Cleavage:  cubic,  rather  perfect.  Fracture  uneven. 
Brittle.  H.  =  5'5.  G.  =  6-6*3.  Luster  metallic.  Color 
silver-white,  inclined  to  red;  also  steel-gray,  with  a  violet 
tinge,  or  grayish  black  when  containing  much  iron.  Streak 
grayish  black.  Shows  both  -j-  and  —  varieties  thermo- 
electrically.2 

Comp. — Sulph-arsenide  of  cobalt,  CoAsS  or  CoS2.CoAs2 
=  Sulphur  19-3,  arsenic  45 '2,  cobalt  35 '5  =  100.  India,  Mallet. 

Iron  is  present,  and  in  the  variety  ferrocobaltite  in  large  amount;  this  is  the  so-called  Slahl- 
kobalt,  Rg.  4th  Suppl.,  116,  5th,  148,  1853;  ferrocobaltine,  Dana  Min.,  58,  1854. 

Anal.— 1,  Stromeyer,  Schw.  J.,  19.  336,  1817.  2-5,  Schnabel,  Rg.  Min.  Ch.,  60,  1860.  6, 
McCay,  Inaug.  Diss.,  p.  41.  7,  Flink,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  Bihang  12  (2),  No.  2,  5, 1886.  8, Mallet, 
Rec.  G.  Surv.  India,  14,  190,  1880. 

Fe 

3-23  =  99-87 

1-63  =  100 

6-38  =  100 
25-98  Sb  2-84  =  100 
28-03  =  100-75 

5-30Ni  3-20  =  99 '55 

4-72  Ni  1-68  =  100-57 

7-83  Ni,  Sb.  tr.  gangue  0'80  =  100-26 

The  mineral  analyzed  by  McCay  had  H.=  5,  and  gave  in  the  closed  tube  a  distinct  sublimate 
of  arsenic  sulphide  and  metallic  arsenic,  like  arsenopyrite. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Unaltered  in  the  closed  tube.  In  the  open  tube  gives  sulphurous  fumes,  and  a 
crystalline  sublimate  of  arsenic  trioxide.  B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  off  sulphur  and  arsenic,  and 


1    Skutterud           G. 
2.   Siegen,  massive 
3. 
4.        "       plumose 
5. 
6.   Schladming         G. 
7.  Nordmark 
8.  Khetri,  India      G. 

=  6-231 

=  5-722 

=  6-00 

As 
43-46 
45-31 
44-75 
42-53 
42-94 
43-12 
44-77 
43-87 

S 
2008 
19-35 
19-10 
19-98 
2086 
1873 
2023 
1946 

Co 
33-10 
33-71 
29-77 
8-67 
8-92 
29-20 
29-17 
28-30 

90 


SULPHIDES,   SELENIDES,    TELLURIDES,    ETC. 


fuses  to  a  magnetic  globule;  with  borax  a  cobalt-blue  color.  Soluble  in  warm  nitric  acid,  with 
the  separation  of  sulphur. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Tuuaberg,  Riddarhyttan,  aud  Hakausbo,  in  Sweden,  in  large,  splendent, 
well-defined  crystals;  at  the  Ko  and  Bjelke  mines  of  Nordmark;  also  at  Skutterud  in  ^Norway. 
Other  localities  are  at  Querbach  in  Silesia;  Schladimng,  Styria;  Siegen  in  Westphalia  (from  the 
Hauiberg  mine  the  ferrocobaltite);  Botallack  mine,  near  St.  Just,  in  Cornwall;  Khetri  mines, 
Rajputaua,  India,  called  sehta  by  the  Indian  jewelers,  who  use  it  for  giving  a  blue  color  to  gold 
ornaments,  cf.  p.  71. 

Ref.— >  See  Phillips,  Min.  278,  1S£3,  also  Naumann,  Pogg.,  16,  486,  1829,  Groth,  Min.- 
Simml.,  41.  1878;  Zs.  G.  Ges,,  23,  661,  1871.  *  Cf.  references  under  pyrite,  p.  87. 


90.  GERSDORFFITB.  Niccolum  Ferro  et  Cobalto  Arsenicatis  et  Sulphuratis  miuerali- 
satum,  Kupfernickel,  pt.  (white,  var.  fr.  Loos),  Cronist.,  218,  1758,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1751,  1754. 
[The  species  later  taken  for  Kupfernickel  aud  Cobalt  ore,  until  1818.]  Nickelglanz,  Weisses 
JSHckelerz,  Pfaff,  Schw.  J.,  22,  260,  1818;  Berz.,  Ak.  K.  Stockh.,  251,  1820.  Sulto-arseuiure  de 
nickel  Bead.,  1824.  Nickelarsenikglauz,  Nickelarsenikkies,  Arsenikuickelglanz,  Germ.  ISickel 
Glance.  Disomose  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  448,  1832.  Tombazite  pt.  Breith.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  15,  330,  1838. 
Gersdorfflt  (fr.  Schladming)  pt.  Lowe,  Pogg.,  55,  503,  1842.  Amoibit  pt.  Kbl,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  33, 
402,  1844.  Dobschauite  (fr.  Dobschau). 

Isometric  ;  pyritohedral.     Observed  forms  : 


a  (100,  i-i) 


,  1)    <?(210,  i-2) 


Also  lamellar  and  granular  massive. 

Cleavage:  cubic,  rather  perfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  5*5.  G. 
=  5'6-6'2.  Luster  metallic.  Color  silver-white  to  steel-gray,  often  tarnished  gray 
or  grayish  black.  Streak  grayish  black.  Opaque. 

Comp.  —  Essentially  a  sulph-arsenide  of  nickel,  NiAsS  or  NiSa.NiAsa  =  Sulphur 
19*3,  arsenic  45'3,  nickel  35*4  =  100.  Iron  replaces  the  nickel,  often  to  consider- 
able amount;  also  sometimes  cobalt. 

With  normal  gersdorffite  are  classed  a  number  of  minerals,  in  part  doubtless  mixtures,  which 
have  yielded  different  results,  many  of  them  approximating  toward  chloanthite.  The  analyses 
below  include  some  of  these;  see  further  5th  Ed.,  p.  73.  Anal.  9  corresponds  to  NiS2.2NiAs2, 
the  mineral  had  cubic  cleavage. 

Anal.—  1,  Berzelius,  1.  c.  2,  Rg  ,  Pogg.,  68,  511,  1846.  3,  Schnabel,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  62, 
1860.  4,  Id.  ,  Vh.  Ver.  Rheinl.,  8,  307,  1851.  5,  Bergemann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  75,  244,  1858.  6, 
Heidingsfeld,  Rg  ,  Min.  Ch.,  62,  1860.  7,  9,  Sipocz,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  213,  214,  1885.  8,  Genth, 
Am.  Ch.  J.,  1,  324,  1879.  10,  Lowe,  Pogg.,  55,  505.  1842.  11,  12,  Pless,  Lieb.  Ann.,  51,  250, 
1844.  13,  Kobell,  1.  c.  14,  15,  Forbes,  Phil.  Mag.,  35,  181,  1868. 


G 


As 


S       Ni       Fe       Co 


1.  Loos,  Sweden 

2.  Harzgerode 

3.  Miisen,  cryst. 

4.  Ems,  massive 

5.  ' '      cryst. 

6.  Lobenstein 

7.  Orawitza 

8.  Benahanis 

9.  Dobsina 
10.  Schladming 
11. 

12. 


13.  Lichtenberg,  AmoiUte  6;08 

14.  Loch  Fyne 

15.  " 


6-13 

45-37 

19-34 

2994 

4-11 

0-92* 

5-65 

44-01 

18-83 

3030 

600 

— 

46-02 

18-94 

32-66 

2-38 



38-92 

17-82 

35-27 

4-97 

2-23 

4502 

19-04 

34-18 

102 

0-27 

5-934 

46-12 

18-96 

33-04 

1-81 

0-60 

620 

44-35 

18-20 

29-22 

0-99 

6-75 

5-856 

39-71 

22-01 

24-83 

1-12 

12-54 

6-514 

5683 

10-93 

29-54 

1-75 

2-14 

6-7-69 

|  42-52 

14-22 

38  '42 

2-09 

tr. 

6-64 

3904 

16  35 

19-59 

11-13 

14-12 

39-88 

16-11 

2790 

14-97 

0-83 

[3940] 

1691 

28-62 

12-19 

2-88 

6-08 

[45*34] 

14-00 

37-34 

2-50 

tr. 

5-49-565 

34-45 

20-01 

21-59 

13-12 

6  32 

35-84  19  75  23*16  11  02    6'64 


Si02  0  90  =  100-58 
Sb  0-86  =  100 
=  100 

Cu  2  75  =  101  96 
Sb  0-61  =  100-14 
CuO-11,  Sb  033  =  100-97 
Bi  0-J  I  =  99-62 
Cu  0  25  •=  100-46 
=  101-19 

SiO2  1-87  =  99-12 
=  100-23 
=  99-69 
=  100 

Pb  0-82  =  100 

Mn  0-33,  Mg  0'66,  insol. 

[2-71  =,  99  19 

Mn  0-33,  Mg  0'66,  insol. 

[2  60  =  100 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  and  gives  a  yellowish  brown  sublimate  of  arsenic 
trisulphide.  In  the  open  tube  yields  sulphurous  fumes,  and  a  white  sublimate  of  arsenic  trioxide. 
B.  B.  on  charcoal  gives  sulphurous  and  garlic  fumes  and  fuses  to  a  globule,  which,  with  borax- 
glass  gives  at  first  an  iron  reaction,  and,  by  treatment  with  fresh  portions  of  the  flux,  cobalt  and 
nickel  are  successively  oxidized. 

Decomposed  by  warm  nitric  acid,  forming  a  green  solution,  with  the  separation  of  sulphur, 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Loos  in  Helsingland,  Sweden;  Lempala,  Finland;  in  the  Albertine  mine, 

near  Harzgerode   in  the  Harz,   with  chalcopyrite,   galena,    calcile,   lluorite,   and    quartz;   at 


PTR1TE  GRO  UP— COR  YMTE-  ULLMANNITE. 


01 


Schladmiug  in  Styria;  Kamsdorf  in  Lower  Thuringia;  Haueisen,  near  Lobeustein,  Voigtland; 
at  the  quicksilver  mine  and  at  Pn'ugstwiese,  near  Ems.  At  the  Craiginuir  mine,  Loch  Fyue, 
Scotland.  Also  found  as  an  incrustation  of  cubes,  on  decomposed  galena  and  sphalerite,  at 
Pheuixville,  Pa. 

SOMMARUGAITE  is  stated  to  be  an  auriferous  gersdorffite  from  liezbanya,  Hungary.  Bull. 
Soc.  Min.,  1,  143,  1878. 

TOMBAZITE  according  to  Zerrenner,  is  pyrite,  from  Lobenstein. 

91.  COKYNITE.    Korynit  v.  Zepharovick,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  51  (1),  117,  1865.   Arsenantimon- 

nickelglauz  pt.  Germ. 

Isometric.     In  octahedrons,  with  convex  faces.     Also  in  globular  groups. 

Fracture  uneven.  H.  =  4-5-5.  G.  =  5'994;  5'95-6'029  Zeph.  Luster 
metallic.  Color  silver-white,  inclined  to  steel-gray  on  fresh  fracture.  Streak  black. 
Opaque. 

Comp. — Essentially    a    sulph-arseuide   of    nickel   like   gersdorffite,   but  with 
antimony  replacing  part  of  the  arsenic,  and  thus  connecting  it  with  the  arsenical 
varieties  of  ullmannite;  formula  M(As,Sb)S. 
Anal.— Payer,  1.  c.: 


G.  =  5-994 


37-83 


Sb 
13-45 


S 
17-19 


Ni 

28-86 


Fe 


=  99-31 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  open  tube  affords  sulphurous  fumes  and  a  crystalline  white  sublimate  of 
arsenic  trioxide.  In  the  closed  tube  also  finally  a  narrow  yellowish-red  and  a  broader  yellow 
zone.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  easily  at  surface,  yielding  sulphurous  and  arsenical  fumes.  With 
borax-glass  reactions  for  iron,  cobalt,  and  finally  nickel,  with  an  arsenical  odor. 

Obs.— From  Olsa,  in  Carinthia,  with  bournouite;  crystals  about  2±  Him.  through. 

Named  from  Kopvrr/,  a  club. 


92.  ULLMANNITE.  Nickelspiesglaserz  (fr.  Siegen)  Ullmann  (his  discov.  in  1803),  Syst.- 
Tab.,  166,  379,  1814.  Nickelspiessglanzerz  Havsm.,  Handb.,  192,  1813.  Antimonuickelglanz, 
Nickelautimonglanz,  Autimon  Arsenikuickelglanz,  Arsenantimounickelglanz  pt.  Germ.  Nickel 
Stibine;  Nickeliferous  Gray  Antimony.  Antimoine  sulfure  nickelifere  H.,  1822.  Ullmannit 
Frobel,  1843. 

Isometric:  pyritohedral,1  Klein;  tetrahedral,  Zeph.2     Observed  forms: 
a  (100,  i-i),  d  (110,  *),  o  (111,  1),  e  (210,  a-2),  p  (221,  2),  q  (331,  3),  4  (881,  8),  n  (211,  2-2). 

1.  2. 


ttarrabus,  Klein, 


Lolling.  Zeph. 


In  crystals  from  Sarrabus1  with  a,  d,  e  and  rarely  q  with  pyritohedral  striations  on  a  (f.  1). 
Also  from  the  Lolling2  in  tetrahedral  crystals  with  d,  o,  o ,  n,  nt,  p,  £;  also  in  tetrahedrite-like 
twins  with  parallel  axes  (f.  2).  These  two  varieties  have  the  same  composition  (anal.  4,  5)  and 
their  relation  is  somewhat  uncertain,  cf.  Klein3.  It  may  be  noted  that  artificial  crystals  of 
pyrite,  of  apparent  tetrahedral  form,  have  been  described. 

Also  massive,  structure  granular. 

Cleavage :  cubic,  perfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.=5-5'5.  G.  =  6'2-6'7. 
Luster  metallic.  Color  steel-gray  inclining  to  silver-white.  Streak  grayish  black. 

Comp.— Sulph-antimonide  of  nickel,  NiSbS  or  NiS2.NiSb2  =  Sulphur  15'2, 
antimony  57'0,  nickel  27'8  =  100.  Arsenic  is  usually  present  in  small  amount. 


92  SULPHIDES,   SELENIDES,    TELLU RIDES,   ETC. 

Anal.— 1,  H.  Rose,  Pogg.,  15,  588,  1829.  2,  Rg.,  Pogg..  64,  189,  1845.  3,  Lill,  Vh.  G. 
Reichs.,  131,  1871.  4,  5,  Jaunasch,  Jb.  Min.,  2,169,  1887;  also  earlier,  ibid.,  1,186,  1883. 
6,  Gintl,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  60  (1),  812,  1869.  7,  Behrendt,  Rg.,  Miu.  Cb.,  41,  1875.  8,  Ullik 
Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  61  (1),  17,  1870;  also  other  analyses  on  less  pure  material. 

Sb  As         S          Ni 

1.  Siegen  55*76  —  15  98  27'36  =  99-10 

2.  Harzgerode  G.  =  6'506        50'84  265  1738  29'43  Fe  1-83  =  10<M3 

3.  Rinkeuberg  G.  =  6'63          56'07  0'94  15'28  27'50  Co  tr.  =  99'79 

4.  Sarrabus,  pyrit.     G.  =  6-733        5573  0*75  1464  28'17  Co  tr.,  Fe  017,  insol.  O'll  =  9957 

5.  Lolling,  tetrahed.  G.  =  6'625        55-71  1'38  14'69  2813  CoO'25,  FeO  09,  iusol.0'27=100  52 

6.  "    "          "         G.  =  6-74          52-56    3'23    15-73    28'48  =  100 

7.  Nassau  50-56    5'08    16-00    26 '05  Co  1-06.  FeO'43,  Cu  0'40  =  99'58 

8.  Waldenstein  G.  =  6'53-6'56        56-01      —      14'81    28  85  Pb  0  61  =  100'28 

An  alteration-product  of  the  Waldenstein  crystals  gave  Ullik  (1.  c.,  p.  19).  after  deducting 
impurities.  Sb  52  44,  O  16-15,  CaO  13'52,  NiO  3-27,  FeO  3'13,  MgO  0'21,  H2O  11  26  =  99'98. 
For  this  the  formula  3CaO.2Sb2O6.6H2O  is  calculated. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  a  faint  white  sublimate.  In  the  open  tube  sulphurous 
and  antimonial  fumes,  the  latter  condensing  on  the  walls  of  the  tube  as  a  white  non-volatile 
sublimate.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  to  a  globule,  boils,  and  emits  antimonial  vapors,  which  coat 
the  coal  white;  treated  with  borax-glass,  reacts  like  gersdorffite.  Some  varieties  contain 
arsenic. 

Decomposed  by  nitric  acid,  forming  a  green  solution,  with  separation  of  sulphur  and 
antimony  trioxide. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  the  Duchy  of  Nassau,  in  the  mines  of  Freusburg,  with  galena  and  chalcopy- 
rite;  in  Siegen,  Prussia;  at  Harzgerode  and  Lobenstein;  also  Lolling  and  Waldenstein  in 
Carinthia;  Montenarba,  Sarrabus,  Sardinia.  Named  af ter  J.  C.  Ullmann  (1771-1821). 

Ref.— '  Klein,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  180,  1883.  2  Zeph.,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  60  (1),  809,  1869.  3  Klein, 
Jb.  Min.,  2,  169,  1887.  See  p.  1051.  Kallilite,  p.  1039,  is  NiBiS. 

Rammelsberg  calls  an  ore  from  Wolfsberg  in  the  Harz  bournonit-nickelglanz.  It  occurs  in 
cubes;  H.  =  4'5.  G.  =  5'635-5'706.  Analysis,  Pogg.,  77,  254,  1849: 

As  28-00      Sb  19-53      S  16*86     Ni  27  04      Co  1'60      Pb  5'13      Cu  1'33     Fe  0'51  =  100 

Heusler  describes  a  massive  light  to  dark  steel-gray  ore  from  Gosenbach  near  Siegen. 
Analysis  gave  :  Sb  32'90,  As  5'27,  S  34'40,  Ni  27'43,  Pb,Zn  tr.  =  100. 


This  corresponds  to  3  NiS.  f  A^  j-  S3.    Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  p.  67,  1887. 


93.  SPERRYLITE.    Horace  L.  Wells,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  37,  67,  1889;  S.  L.  Penfield,  ib.,  p.  71. 
Isometric;  pyritohedral.     Observed  forms: 

a  (100,  t-t)  d(110,  t)  o(lll,l)  «(210,  f-2) 

In  minute  crystals,  usually  in  cubes,  or  cubo-octahedrons;  dodecahedral  and 
pyritohedral  faces  rare. 

Fracture  conchoidal.  -Brittle.  H.  =  6-7.  G.  =  10-602.  Luster  metallic, 
brilliant.  Color  tin-white.  Streak  black.  Opaque. 

Comp. — Platinum    arsenide,    PtAs2  —  Arsenic    43*5,     platinum    56'5  =  100. 
Antimony  and  rhodium  are  also  present  in  small  quantities. 
Anal.— H.  L.  Wells: 

As  Sb  Pt  Rh        Pd         Fe 

f    40-98        0-50        52-57        0'72        tr.        0'07      SnO2  4'62  =  99'46 

Pyr. — B.B.  decrepitates  slightly.  In  the  closed  tube  remains  unchanged  at  the  fusing  point 
of  glass.  In  the  open  tube  gives  readily  a  sublimate  of  arsenic  trioxide  and  does  not  fuse  if 
slowly  roasted,  but  if  rapidly  heated  it  melts  very  easily  after  losing  a  part  of  the  arsenic. 
When  dropped  on  a  red-hot  platinum  foil,  instantly  melts,  gives  off  white  fumes  of  arsenic 
trioxide  having  little  or  no  odor,  and  porous  excrescences  are  formed  on  the  platinum  which  do 
not  differ  in  color  from  the  untouched  foil. 

Obs.— Found  at  the  gold  quartz  Vermillion  mine,  district  of  Algoma,  22  miles  west  of 
Sudbury,  Ontario,  Canada;  occurs  with  pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  and  cassiterite  as  a  loose  material 
occupying  small  pockets  in  the  decomposed  ore.  Also  probably  present  in  small  amount 
disseminated  through  a  nickel-iron  sulphide,  cf.  p.  66. 

Named  after  F.  L.  Sperry  of  Sudbury.  Ontario,  who  first  called  attention  to  the  mineral. 

Artif.— The  artificial  PtAs2  has  long  been  known. 


PTRITE  GROUP—  LAURITE—  SKUTTERUDITE,  93 

94.  LAURITE.    F.  WoJder  Nachr.  Ges.  Gottingen,  155,  1866;  327,  1869. 
Isometric.     Observed  forms: 
a  (100,  *-/)     o  (111,  1)     e  (210,  i-2)     m  (311,  3-3)     n  (211,  2-2)?     «  (321,  3-|)? 

Commonly  in   minute  octahedrons;  faces  often  rounded  like  the  diamond; 
also  in  spherical  forms  and  grains. 

Cleavage:    o   distinct.      Fracture    subconchoidal.     Very  brittle.      H*  =  7'5. 
G.  =  6*99.     Luster  metallic,  bright.     Color  dark  iron-black;  powder  dark  gray. 

Comp. — Sulphide    of    ruthenium    and    osmium,    probably    essentially    RuS2 
(cf.  below). 

Anal.— Wohler,  1.  c.,  on  0'3  gr. 

S  31-79  Ru  65-18*  Os  [3 -03]  =  100 

•  Containing  some  osmium. 

Fyr.,  etc.— Heated  it  decrepitates.  B.B.  infusible,  giving  first  sulphurous  and  then  osmic 
fumes.  Not  acted  upon  by  aqua  regia,  nor  by  heating  with  potassium  disulphate. 

Obs.— From  the  platinum  washings  of  Borneo.  Found  among  fine-grained  platinum  which 
had  been  brought  from  Borneo.  Also  reported  as  occurring  with  the  platinum  of  Oregon. 

Named  by  Wohler  as  a  compliment  to  the  wife  of  a  personal  friend. 

Artif. — St.  Claire  Deville  and  Debray  have  made  artificially  a  ruthenium  sulphide 
(RuSQ  =  S  38%  Ru  61*9  =  100)  in  isometric  crystals,  octahedrons,  and  cubes.  Bull.  Soc.  Min., 
2,  185,  1879. 


95.  SKUTTERUDITE.      Tesseral-Kies,    Hartkobaltkies,    Breith.,   Pogg.,    9,   115,    1827. 
Arseuikkobaltkies  Scheerer,     Pogg.,    42,    553,    1837.      Hartkobalterz, 
Hausm.,.  Handb.,    69,    1847.      Skutterudit  Haiti.,   Handb.,  560,  1845. 
Modumite  Nicol,  Min.,  457,  1849. 

Isometric;  pyritohedral3.     Observed  forms1 : 

a  (100,  *-*),  d  (110,  *),  o  (111,  I),/ (130,  -  *-3)8,  r  (332,  f)2,  n  (211,  2-2), 
s(321,  3-|)3,   #(643,  2-f)». 

Also  massive  granular. 

Cleavage:  a  distinct;  d  in  traces.  Fracture  uneven. 
Brittle.  H.  =  6.  G.  =  6 '72-6-86.  Luster  bright  metallic. 
Color  between  tin-white  and  pale  lead-gray,  sometimes  irides- 
cent. Shows  both  +  and  -  varieties  thermo-electrically4,  Skutterud,  F  tcher. 

Comp. — Cobalt  arsenide,  CoAs3  =  Arsenic  79*3,  cobalt,  20*7  =  100. 
Anal.— 1,  Scheerer,  1.  c.    2,  3,  Wohler,  Pogg.,  43,  591,  1838. 

As  Co  Fe 

1.  G.  =  6-78  77-84        20-01        1-51     S  0'69,  Cu  tr.  =  100-05 

2.  Cryst.  79'2          18'5          1'3      =  99'0 

3.  Mass.  79-0          19'5          1'4      =  99'9 

A  "  chloanthite  "  from  Markirch  in  Alsace  gave  Vollkardt:  As  77'94,  Ni  12'01,  Co  3*69, 
Fe  5'07;  corresponding  to  RAs3;  it  was  in  crystals  (100,  111)  with  G.  =  6'32.  Other  crystals 
are  stated  to  have  conformed  to  RAs2.  Zs.  Kr.,  14,  408,  1888. 

Pyr.— Reactions  like  those  of  smaltite,  but  gives  a  more  copious  sublimate  of  metallic 
arsenic  in  the  closed  tube. 

Obs.— From  Skutterud.  near  Modum,  in  Norway,  in  a  hornblendic  gangue  in  gneiss,  with 
titanite  and  cobaltite,  the  crystals  sometimes  implanted  on  those  of  cobaltite. 

Ref.—1  Scheerer,  1.  c.  2  Rath,  Pogg.,  115,  480,  1862.  8  Fletcher,  Phil.  Mag,  13  474 
1882,  or  Zs.  Kr.,  7.  20,  1882;  cf.  also  Rath,  Zs.  Kr.,  14,  257,  1888.  4  Schrauf  and  Dana,  Ber. 
Ak  Wien,  69  (1).  153,  1874. 

A  mineral  from  an  unknown   source  in  small  crystals  (not  measured)  in  quartz  has  been 
analyzed  by  Ramsay  (J.   Ch.   Spc.,   29,  153,   1876)  and  called  a  bismuth-skutterudite,  but  its 
homogeneity  may  well  be  questioned,  the  corrected  results  (after  deducting  SiO,FeS2)  are: 
G.  =  7-55  As  46-10    Bi  37'64    Co  10'18    Ni  5'66    Fe  0'55  =  10013 


94  SULPHIDES,   SELENIDE8,    TELLURIDES,   ETC. 


2.  Marcasite  Group.      RS2,  RAs3,  etc.     Orthorhombic. 

The  species  falling  in  this  group  are  closely  parallel  to  those  of  the  Pyrita. 
group,  p.  84. 

a\l\b 

96.  Marcasite  FeS,  0-7662  :  1  :  1-2342 

97.  Lollingite  FeAs2  0-6689  :  1  :  1-2331 

Leucopyrite  Fe3As4 

98.  Arsenopyrite  FeS2.FeAs2  0-6773  :  1  :  1-1882 

Danaite  (Fe,Co)S2.(Fe,Co)As2 

99.  SaffLorite  CoAsa 

100.  Rammelsbergite  NiAs2 

101.  Glaucodot  (Co,Fe)S2.(Co,Fe)Asa  0-6942  :  1  :  1-1925 

102.  Alloclasite  (Co,Fe)(As,Bi)S 

103.  Wolfachite  NiS2.Ni(As,Sb)2 


96.  MARCASITE.  Not  Marchasite  [=  Cryst.  Pyrite]  Arab.,  Agric.,  1546;  Henckel,  1725; 
Wall.,  1747.  Cronst.,  1758;  Linn.,  1768;  de  Lisle,  1783.  ?  Pyrites  argenteo  colore,  Germ.  Wasser- 
kies  o.  Weisserkies,  Agric.  Interpr.,  477,  1546;  Ferrum  jecoris  colore,  Germ.  Lebererz,  pt., 
Agric..  ib.,  469.  Vattenkies  pt.,  Pyrites  fuscus  pt.,  P.  aquosus  pt.,  Wall.,  212,  1747.  Swafwel- 
kies  pt.  Cronst.,  184,  1758.  Pyrites  lamellosus  Born.,  Lithoph.,  2,  106,  1772.  P.  aquosus?  id., 
107.  Pyrites  rhomboidales  pt.  de  Lisle,  Crist  ,  1772,  3,  242,  1783.  Pyrites  lamelleuse  en  crates 
de  coq  Forst.,  Cat  ,  1772;  de  Lisle,  Crist,,  3,  252,  1783.  Pyrites  fuscus  lamellosus  Wall.,  2.  134, 
1778.  Strahlkies.  Leberkies  pt.,  Wern.,  Bergui  J.,  1789  Fer  snlfure  var.  radie//.,  Tr.,  1801, 
Brongn.,  Tr. ,  1807.  Wasserkies  (Diclrter  o.  Leberkies,  Strahlkies,  Haarkies  pt.)  Hausm., 
Handb..  149,  1813.  Fer  sulf lire  blanc  pt.  H.  White  Pyrites  Aikin.  Mia.,  1814.  Fer  sulfure 
prisraatique  rhomboidale  Bourn.,  Cat.,  301,  1817.  Prismatic  Iron  Pyrites  James.,  3,  297,  1820. 
Kammkies,  Speerkies.  Zellkies  pt.,  Germ.  Cockscomb,  Spear,  and  Cellular  Pyrites.  Markasit 
Haid.,  Haudb.,  467,  561,  1845.  Pirite  bianca  Ital.  Marcasita,  Pirita  blauca,  Span. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  b  :  t  =  0*7662  :  1  :  1-2342  Sadebeck1. 


100  A 


•hombic.     Axes  a  :  b  :  6  =  0*7662  :  1  :  1-2342  Sadebeck1. 
110  =  37°  271',  001  A  101  =  58°  10',  001  A  Oil  =  50°  59'. 
52 :        b  (^0. 4.n       m  mo.  n         rwu.  4-ft       «ro25.  *-ft       z  rf 


Forms2 :          b  (010,  i-i)        m  (110,  /)  r  (014,  -\-i)        y  (025,  \-i)        I  (Oil,  1-i) 

o(100,  i-l)        c  (001,  0)          e   (101,  I -1)         9  (013,  f  *)        z  (012,  }-«)        s  (111,  1) 

mm'"  =  *74°  55'  rr'  =  34°  18'  yy'  =      52°  33'  cs    =  63°  46' 

ee        =  116°  20'  vv'  =  44°  43'  zz'    =      63°  21'  ss'    =66°    7' 

II'    -  *101°  58'  88'"  =  90°  48' 

Twins:  (1)  tw.  pi.  m  (f.  4),  often  repeated  (f.  5),  sometimes  producing  stellate 
fivelings  (f.  3);  also  (2)  tw.  pi.  e,  less  common  (f.  6),  the  crystals  crossing  at  angles 
of  nearly  60°.  Crystals  commonly  tabular  |  c,  also  pyramidal;  the  brachydomes 
deeply  striated  ||  edge  b/c.  In  stalactites  with  radiating  internal  structure  and 
exterior  covered  with  projecting  crystals.  Also  globular,  reniform,  and  other 
imitative  shapes. 

Cleavage:  m  rather  distinct;  I  in  traces.  Fracture  -uneven.  Brittle. 
H.  =  6-6*5.  G.  =  4-85-4-90.  Luster  metallic.  Color  pale  bronze-yellow, 
deepening  on  exposure.  Streak  grayish  or  brownish  black.  Opaque. 

Comp. — Iron  disulphide,  like  pyrite,  FeS2  =  Sulphur  53-4,  iron  46-6  =  100. 

Var. — The  varieties  that  have  been  recognized  depend  mainly  on  state  of  crystallization. 
1.  Radiated  (StraJdkies ,  Germ.):  Radiated;  also  the  simple  crystals.  2.  Cockscomb  P.  (Kammkies', 
Germ.):  Aggregations  of  flattened  twin  crystals  iuto  crest-like  forms.  3.  Spear  P.  (Speerkies. 
Germ.):  Twin  crystals,  with  re-entering  angles  a  little  like  the  head  of  a  spear  in  form 
4.  Capillary  (Haarkies.  Germ.):  In  capillary  crystallizations. 

5.  Hepatic  P.  (Leberkies,  Germ.)  and  Pyrites  fuscus  pt.:    The  massive  of  dull  colors,   bein5 
named  from  j/nap,   liver;    but  including,    among  the  older  mineralogists  especially,  brown 
specimens  of  any  pyrite.  altered  more  or  less  to  limonite. 

6.  Cellular  P.  (Zellkies,  Germ.):  In  cellular  specimens,  formed  by  the  incrustation  of  the 
crystals  of  other  minerals  that  have  disappeared;  partly  pyrite. 


MARCASITE  GROUP— MARCASITE. 


7.  Arsenical:  Nearly  white  in  color  (in  part  kyrosite  Breith.,  and  Wemkupfererz,  see  below); 
contains  a  small  amount  of  arsenic. 

8.  Stalactitic:  In  stalactites,   sometimes  with  radiated  structure,  sometimes  compact;  the 
exterior  distinct  crystals,  or  rough;  also  in  layers  with  galena  or  sphalerite,  or  both,  resembling 
the  "  Schalenblende,"  and  hence  sometimes  called  "  Schalenmarcasite." 

Pyr.,  etc. — Like  pyrite;  very  liable  to  decomposition,  more  so  than  pyrite. 

Obs.— The  spear  variety  occurs  abundantly  in  the  plastic  clay  of  the  brown  coal  formation 
at  Littmitz  and  Altsattell,  near  Carlsbad  in  Bohemia,  and  is  extensively  mined  for  its  sulphur 
and  the  manufacture  of  ferrous  sulphate.  The  radiated  variety  occurs  at  the  same  place;  also 
at  Joachimsthal,  Bohemia,  and  in  several  parts  of  Saxony.  The  cockscomb  variety  occurs  with 
galena  and  fluorite  in  Derbyshire;  in  chalk  marl  between  Folkestone  and  Dover;  Castleton  in 
Derbyshire;  near  Alston  Moor  in  Cumberland;  near  Tavistock  in  Devonshire;  and  radiated  at 
East  Wheal  Rose  and  elsewhere  in  Cornwall.  Schemnitz  in  Hungary,  Andreasberg,  Clausthal, 
etc. ,  in  the  Harz  are  other  localities. 


1. 


1,  'Common  Form.     2,  Schernnitz,  Sbk.     3,  Freiberg,  Id.     4,  Galena,  111.     5,  Folkestone. 

6,  Freiberg,  Sbk. 

At  Warwick,  N.  Y.,  it  occurs  in  simple  and  compound  crystals,  in  granite,  with  zircon. 
Hustis's  farm,  in  Phillipstown,  N.  Y. ,  affords  small  crystals,  referred  by  Beck  to  this  species, 
occurring  in  magnesian  limestone.  Massive  fibrous  varieties  abound  throughout  the  mica  slate 
of  New  England,  particularly  at  Cummin gton.  Mass.,  where  it  is  associated  with  cummingtouite 
and  garnet.  Occurs  at  Lane's  mine,  in  Monroe,  Conn.,  and  in  the  topaz  and  fluorite  vein  in 
Trumbull;  also  in  gneiss  at  East  Haddam;  at  Haverhill,  N.  H.,  with  common  pyrite.  Galena, 
111.,  in  stalactites  with  concentric  layers  of  sphalerite,  galena,  the  exterior  commonly  marcasite  in 
twin  crystals  pyramidal  in  aspect  (f.  4).  Mineral  Point,  Wis.,  in  fine  crystals;  on  sphalerite  at 
Joplin,  Mo.  In  Canada  in  Neebing,  a  few  miles  east  of  the  Kamanistiquia  R.,  north-west  shore 
of  L.  Superior. 

The  word  marcasite,  of  Arabic  or  Moorish  origin  (and  variously  used  by  old  writers,  for  bis- 
muth, antimony),  was  the  name  of  common  crystallized  pyrite  among  miners  and  mineralogists 
in  later  centuries,  until  near  the  close  of  the  last.  It  was  first  given  to  this  species  by  Haidinsrer 
in  1845. 

The  species  is  probably  recognized  by  Agricola  under  the  name  wasserkies  and  lebererz,  and 
also  under  the  same  by  Cronstedt;  and  it  is  Wasserkies  of  Hausmann  in  both  editions  of  his  great 
work.  This  name,  wasserkies  (pyrites  aquosus,  as  Cronstedt  translates  it),  is  little  applicable; 
yet  may  have  arisen  from  the  greater  tendency  of  the  mineral  to  become  moist  and  alter  to 
vitriol  than  pyrite— if  it  be  not  an  early  corruption,  as  Agricola  seems  to  think  (see  above),  of 
Weisserkies  (white  iron  pyrites).  It  appears  to  have  been  used  also  for  easily  decomposable 
pyrite;  and  pyrrhotite  was  also  included  under  its  other  name,  pyrites  fuscus.  The  rhombic 


96 


SULPHIDES,   SELENIDES,    TELLURIDES,   ETC. 


crystallization  is  mentioned  by  de  Lisle;  but  Haiiy  long  afterward  considered  it  only  an  irreg- 
ularity of  common  iron  pyrites.  Weisskupfererz  (also  called  weisskupfer  and  weisserz)  occurs  as 
the  name  of  a  species  in  all  the  mineralogical  works  of  last  century,  from  Henckel's  Pyritology, 
in  1725,  where  it  is  called  a  whitish  copper  ore,  and  placed  near  tetrahedrite ;  and  the  light  color, 
from  Henckel  down,  is  attributed  to  the  presence  of  arsenic.  It  has  finally  been  run  out  as 
mostly  impure  marcasite;  and  the  domeykite  and  related  species  are  now  the  only  true  white 
copper. 

Marcasite  is  made  by  Breithaupt  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  4,  257,  1835)  a  generic  name  for  the  various 
species  of  pyrites.  He  used  the  names  Lonchidite  or  kausimkies  for  varieties  in  which  Plattner 
found  44  p.  c.  As;  kyrosite  or  weisskupfererz,  the  latter  an  old  term  of  varied  signification; 
hepatopyrite,  leberkies  Werner;  hydropyrite  or  weicheisenkies,  wasserkies  (see  above).  Cf. 
Frenzel,  Min.  Lex.  Sachsen,  pp.  197-201,  1874. 

Metalonchidite  of  F.  Sandberger  (Oest.  Jb.  B.  Htitt.,  35,  531,  1887)  is  a  marcasite  containing 
about  half  as  much  arsenic  as  Breithaupt's  lonchidite.  G.  =  5 '08.  Analysis  by  F.  Pecher  gave: 
S  49-56,  As  2-73,  Fe  45'12,  Ni  1'29,  Cu  0'72,  Pb  1'12,  Ag  O'Ol  =  IOG'55.  Locality,  the  St.  Bern- 
hard  vein  near  Hausach,  Baden. 

Alt. — Limonite  and  pyrite  occur  as  pseudomorphs  after  marcasite,  also  (Doll)  bournonite, 
chalcopyrite,  magnetite,  sphalerite.  Julien  has  shown  that  the  greater  liability  of  marcasite  to 
undergo  atmospheric  alteration  has  a  profound  influence  upon  the  durability  of  building-stones; 
the  two  forms  of  iron  pyrites  occur  together  either  though  crystallization  or  alteration,  and  as  the 
proportion  of  marcasite  increases,  the  specific  gravity  falls,  the  color  becomes  paler,  and  the 
danger  of  change  is  increased..  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.,  4,  1888. 

Artif.— Not  yet  formed  artificially,  cf.  Doelter,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  31,  1885. 

Ref. — '  Pogg.,  Erg.  Bd.,  8,  625,  1878,  these  results  cannot  claim  a  high  degree  of  accuracy, 
exact  measurements  being  impossible  and  considerable  variation  having  been  noted.  See 
Gehmacher  for  measurements  and  observations  on  vicinal  planes  which  have  led  him  to  suggest 
a  monoclinic  parameter  and  complex  twinning.  Zs.  Kr.,  13,  242,  1887.  2  Cf.  Mir.,  Min.,  p. 
170,  1852. 

97.  LOLLINGITE!.  Prismatic  Arsenical  Pyrites  (communic.  by  Mohs)  pt.  Jameson,  3, 
272,  1820.  Axotomer  Arsenik-Kies  pt.  Mohs,  Gruudr.,  525,  1823.  Arsenikalkies,  Arsenikeisen 
Giftkies,  Arseneisen,  pt.,  Germ.  Leucopyrite  pt.  Sheph.,  Min.,  2,  9,  1835.  Arsenosiderit  pt. 
Olock.,  Giundr.,  321,  1839.  Mohsine  pt.  Chapman,  Pract.  Min.,  138,  1843.  Lollingit  pt.  Haid., 
Handb.,  559,  1845.  Satersbergit  Kenng.,  Min.,  Ill,  1853.  Glanzarsenikkies  Breith.,  J.  pr.  Ch., 
4,  260,  261,  1835.  Huttenbergite  Breith.  Geierite  (fr.  Geyer)  BreitJi..  B.  H.  Ztg.,  25,  167, 1866. 
Leucopyrite  Dana,  p.  76,  1868.  Lollingite  Zeph.,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  3,  84,  1867.  Pharmakopyrit 
W&isbach,  Synops.  Min.,  57,  1875.  Glaucopyrite  Sandberger,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  1,  230,  1870. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  1 :  6  —  0-66888  :  1  :  T2331  Brogger1. 

100  A  HO  =  33°  46f ',  001  A  101  =  61°  31J',  001  A  Oil  =  50°  57J'. 

Forms:    m  (110,  /)    e  (101,  l-l)    u  (014,  %-i)    t  (013,  fi)    I  (Oil,  14)    o  (112,  £). 
Angles:  mm'"  =  *67°  33^',    ee'   -  123°  3',    uu'  =  34°  16',    #'  =  44°  41',    II  =  101°  55',  oo1 
—  76°  14',  oo"  =  95°  55',  oo"'  =  48°  46'. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  e  (101),  crossing  at  angles  of  nearly  60°,  sometimes  trillings. 

Cleavage:  basal,  sometimes  dis- 
tinct. Fracture  uneven.  Brittle. 
H.  =  5-5-5.  G.  =  7-0-7-4  chiefly, 
also  6*8.  Luster  metallic.  Color 
between  silver-white  and  steel-gray. 
Streak  grayish  black. 

Comp.,  Var. — Essentially  iron  diar- 
senide,  FeAs2,  but  passing  into 
Fe3As4;  also  tending  toward  arseno 

StokO,  BrBgger  W"^  l?"^  »"d  wfflorite  (CoAs,). 

rJismuth   and  antimony   are   some- 
times present. 
Var.— 1.  Lollingite,  FeAs2  =  Arsenic  72'8,  i^on  27'2  =  100.     G.  =  7'234  Hiittenberg,  Zeph. 

2.  Leucopyrite,  Fe3As4  =  Arsenic  64'1,  iron  35'9  =  100.     G.  =  7-0-7-2. 

3.  Oeyerite,  containing  sulphur,  anal.,  17-20.     ,G.  =  6'25-6.8. 

4.  Cobaltiferous.     Glaucopyrite  belongs  here,  cv.  anals.  6,  8,  9. 

Anal.— 1,  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  50,  156,  1840.  2,  W<?idenbusch,  Rose,  Kr.-Ch.  Min.,  54,  1853. 
3,  Illing,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  19,  1860.  4,  Nd.,  G.  For.  Porh..  2,  242,  1875.  5,  Niedzwiedzki,  Min. 
Mitth.,  161,  1872.  6,  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  27.  353.  1884.  7,  Loczka,  Zs.  Kr  ,  11  261,  1885. 
8  Frenzel.  Jb.  Min.,  677,  1875.  9,  R.  Senfter,  J.  pr  Ch.,  1,  230,  1870.  10-12,  Guttler,  Jb. 
Mm.,  81, 1871.  13,  Meyer,  Pogg.,  50, 154, 1840.  14,  Weidenbusch.  1.  c.  15  Hofraann  Scheerer 
Pogg.,  25,  485,  1832.  16,  McCay,  Inaug.  Diss.,  p.  43,  1883.  17,  Behncke,  Pogg.,  98  187, 


MARCASITE  GRO  UP—  ARSEXOPYRITE. 


97 


1S56.    18,  Petersen,  ib.,  137,  393,  1869.     19,  McCay,  1.  c.,  p.  45,  1883. 
10,  436, 1837  (deducting  64  p.  c.  SiO2). 


20,  Jordan,  J.  pr.  Ch., 


1.  Fossum,  Satersberg 

2.  Schladming 

3.  Andreasberg 

4.  Brevik,  Scitersbergite 

5.  Dobschau 

6.  Gunnison  Co.,  Col. 

7.  Andreasberg 


G.  =  6-80 


7-15 
7-40 


As 
7022 

72-18 
70-59 
72-17 
70-11 
71-18 


S 

1-28 
0-70 
1-65 
0-37 
0-81 
0-56 


Fe 

28-14 
26-48 
28-67 
27-14 
28-21 
22-96 


Co 


tr. 


G.  =  7-475        68-08    0  84    27'32 


8.  Mte.  Challanches,  massive 
9.  Guadalcanal.  Glaucopyrite  G. 

10.  Reicheustein,  massive 

G. 

U. 

" 

G. 

12. 

cryst. 

G. 

13. 

14. 

15. 

16.   "  Hilttenbergite  " 

17.  Geyer 

G. 

18.  Wolfach 

G. 

19.  Breitenbrunn,  Geyerite 

G. 

20.  Andreasberg 

63-66 

3-66 

21  22 

G. 

=  7-181 

66-90 

2-36 

21-38 

G. 

=  6-97 

66-59 

1-93 

28-28 

G. 

=  7-05 

67-81 

1-97 

28-19 

G. 

=  7-41 

66-57 

1-02 

31-08 

63-14 

1-63 

30-24 

65-61 

1-09 

31-51 

6599 

1-94 

28-06 

68-87 

1-09 

29-20 

G. 

=  6-246 

58-94 

6-07 

32-92 

G. 

=  6-797 

62-29 

5-18 

24-33 

G. 

=  6  58 

f  61-40 

6-73 

31-20 

55-00 

8-35 

36-44 

=  99  64 
=  99  36 
=  100-91 
=  99  68 

—  Bi  tr.  =  99-13 

4.37  Ni  0-21,  Cu  0-39,  Bi  0'08 
[=  99-75 

—  Sb  4-03,  Cu  0-10,  Si02  0-10 

[=  100  47 

6-44  Sb  5-61  =  100-59 
4-67  Sb  3-59,  Cu  1'14  =  100'04 

—  gaugue  2-06  =  98'86 

—  gaugue  114  =  99-11 

—  gangue  0'92  =  99  59 

—  gangue  3'55  =  98'56 

—  gangue  1  '04  =  99'25 

—  gangue  2'17  =  98'16 

—  =  99-16 

—  Sb  1-37  =  99-30 

4-40  Sb  4  37  Mn  tr.  =  100-57 

—  =  99-33 

—  Ag  0-01  =  99-80 

Pyr. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  a  sublimate  of  metallic  arsenic;  in  the  open  tube  a  white 
sublimate  of  arsenic  trioxide,  with  traces  of  sulphurous  fumes.  B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  the  odor 
of  arsenic;  in  O.F.  a  white  coating  of  arsenic  trioxide,  and  in  R.F.  a  magnetic  globule.  With 
the  fluxes  the  roasted'  mineral  reacts  for  iron. 

Obs. — Lollingite  occurs  with  siderite,  also  bismuth  and  chloanthite,  in  the  Lolling- 
Hiitten berg  district  in  Carinthia;  with  niccoliteat  Schladming;  at  Ehrenfriedersdorf,  in  Saxony; 
Andreasberg  in  the  Harz;  at  Satersberg,  near  Fossum,  in  Norway;  on  StokO  and  at  other 
points  in  the  augite- syenite  of  southern  Norway,  there  associated  with  homiliteand  meliphanite. 

The  arsenical  iron  from  Reichenstein,  Silesia,  is  in  part  lollingite,  but  mostly  leucopyrite;  it 
often  carries  gold.  Geyerite  is  from  Geyer  in  Saxony,  in  crystals  and  massive  with  quartz;  also 
from  other  localities.  Glaucopyrite  is  from  Guadalcanal,  Andalusia,  Spain.  In  the  U.  8., 
I511ingite  occurs  at  the  head  of  Brush  Creek,  Gunnison  Co.,  Colorado  (anal.  6),  it  is  often  em- 
bedded in  barite  or  siderite.  Other  localities  for  arsenical  iron  (not  yet  analyzed)  are  Edenville 
and  Monroe,  N.  Y. ;  Roxbury,  Conn.:  Paris,  Me.  A  crystal  of  arsenical  iron,  weighing  two  or 
three  ounces,  was  found  in  Bedford  Co.,  Penn.,  but  it  is  not  known  under  what  circumstances; 
and  in  Randolph  Co.,  N.  C.,  a  mass  of  nearly  two  pounds  weight.  The  composition  of  these 
has  not  been  determined. 

Named  by  Chapman  after  Mohs,  by  whom  the  mineral  was  first  described,  and  who  men- 
tions LSI  ling  as  the  first  locality  at  which  it  was  found;  but  as  moJisite  was  previously  given  to  a 
variety  of  ilmeuite.  Haidinger's  name  was  adopted  in  the  5th  Ed.,  1868,  for  the  Reichenstein. 
mineral,  Fe3As4,  and  Shepard's  name  leucopyrite  (from  Aeu/roS,  white)  given  to  the  arsenical  iron 
conforming  to  FeAs2.  A  little  earlier,  however,  the  same  names  were  used  by  Zepharovich,  but 
reversed,  lollingite  for  FeAsa  and  leucopyrite  for  Fe3As4;  this  arrangement  was  adopted  in 
subsequent  reprints  of  the  5th  Ed.  In  view  of  the  variation  of  composition  of  other  minerals  of 
this  and  of  the  corresponding  isometric  group  (e.g.,  arsenopyrite,  smaltite,  etc.)  it  seems  best  to 
unite  the  varieties  under  the  most  generally  accepted  name. 

Ref.— »  Norway  (anal.  4),  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  8,  1890.  The  measurements  of  Schrauf,  Jb.  Min., 
677,  1875,  were  probably  made  on  arsenopyrite  from  Mte.  Challanches  near  Allemont,  not 
lollingite  as  supposed,  cf.  Groth,  Ber.  Ak.  Milnchen,  384,  1885. 

PACITE  Breithaupt,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  25,  167,  1866.  In  form  and  color  near  arsenopyrite.  G. 
=  6'3.  An  analysis  by  Winkler  gave:  As  64'84,  S  7'01,  Fe  24*35,  Co  0'13,  Cu  0-11,  Bi  O'lO, 
Au,Ag  0-006,  gangue  2-88  =  99-426.  From  La  Paz  in  Bolivia,  in  masses  and  thin  plates  in  the 
gangue,  with  native  gold  and  bismuth. 


98.  ARSENOPYRITE,  or  MISPICKEL.  ?  Lapis  subrutilus  atque  non  fere  aliter  ac  argenti 
spuma  splendens  et  friabilis,  Germ.  Mistpuckel,  Agric.,  Interpr.,  465,  1546.  Pyrites  candidus, 
Wasserkies,  pt.,  Gesner.,  Foss.,  1565.  Arsenikaliskkies,  Mispickel,  Henckel,  Pyrit.,  1725. 
Arsenikaliskkies,  Hvit  Kies  (=  Pyrites  albus),  Mispickel.  Arsenik-Sten,  Wall.,  227,  228,  1747. 
Mispickel,  Pyrite  blanche,  Fr.  trl..  Wall.,  1753.  Arsenikkies  Wern.,  1789.  Rauschgelbkies. 
Fer  arsenical  Fr.  Arsenical  Pyrites.  Dalarnit,  Giftkies,  Glanzarsenikkies,  Breith.,  J  pr.  Ch  , 
4,  259,  261,  1835.  Arsenopyrite  Glock.,  Syn.,  38,  1847.  Plinian  Breith.,  Pogg.,  69,  430,  1846; 
B  H.  Ztg.,  25,  168,  1866.  Bronce  bianco  Span.,  8.  A. 


SULPHIDES,   SELENIDES,    TELLURIDES,  ETC. 


Danaite  =  Cobaltic  Mispickel  (fr.  Franconia)  Hayes,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  386,  1833.     Kobaltar- 
senikkies  Germ.     ?  Vermontit  (fr.  U.  S.)  Breith.,  1.  c.     Thalheimit,  Giftkies,  Breitfi.,  B.  H.  Ztg., 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  t>  :  c  =  0-67726  :  1  :  1 -18817  Arzruni1. 

100  A  HO  =  34°  6J',  001  A  101  ==  60°  19',  001  A  Oil  =  49°  54f '. 


Forms2 : 

b  (010,  M) 

c  (001,  0) 

m  (110,  /) 


e  (101,  1- 

a  (0-1  -24, 

€  (0-116,  TV-i) 


r  (018,  H) 
/*  (016,  H) 
.  /o  (013,  H)3 
^  (014,  f  i) 


Z  (013,  yi) 
n  (012,  |4) 
0  (023,  f-£)4 

?  (on,  i-i) 


*  (021,  2-1) 
r  (031,  3-i) 


v  (331,  3) 
w  (212,  1-2) 
a;  (321,  3-f) 


1. 


2. 


1,  3,  Common  forms. 


2,  Schladming,  Rumpf.     4,  Danaite,  Franconia. 
Schmidt.     7,  Weiler,  Bkg.6 


5,  Deloro.     6,  Servia. 


mm 


=  *68°  13' 

=  120°  38' 
=  *59°  22' 

=  8°  30' 
=  16  54' 
=  26°  44' 


uu  = 
«'  = 
nri  = 


33°  5' 
43°  13' 
61°  26' 
tup  =  76°  46' 
qq1  =  99°  50' 
kk'  =  134°  21' 
rr'  =  148°  39f 


mg  =    25°  16' 

mv  =      8°  56i' 

gg'  =    96°  58' 

gg"  =  129°  28' 

gg'"  =    60°  57' 

w'  =  109°  45' 


ww 
ww' 

XX' 

xx" 
xx'n 


=  67°  17' 
-  112°  54V 

=  32C  47' 
=  127°  48' 
=  160°  21' 

=    47°  50f 


Twins:  tw.  pi.  (1)  m,  as  contact- or  penetration-twins,  sometimes  repeated  like 
marcasite  (f.  5);  (2)  e  in  cruciform-twins  (f.  6),  also  in  trillings6  sometimes  star- 
shaped  (f.  7)  crossing  at  angles  of  59°  and  62°.  Crystals  prismatic  w,  or  flattened 
vertically  by  the  oscillatory  combination  of  n  (012).  Brachydomes  horizontally 
striated;  also  faces  m  often  finely  striated  ||  edges  m/e  or  with  m/n.  Also  columnar, 
straight,  and  divergent;  granular,  or  compact. 

Cleavage:  m  rather  distinct;  c  in  faint  traces.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle. 
H.  =  5-5-6.  Gr.  =  5-9-6-2;  6269  Franconia,  Kenng.  Luster  metallic  Color 
silver-white,  inclining  to  steel-gray.  Streak  dark  grayish  black.  Opaque.  Thermo- 
electrically7  both  positive  and  negative. 

Comp.,  Tar. — Sulph-arsenide  of  iron,  FeAsS  or  FeS2.FeAs9  =  Arsenic  46*0, 
sulphur  19*7,  iron  34-3  =  100.  Part  of  the  iron  is  sometimes  replaced  by  cobalt. 


MARCASITE    GROUP— AESENOPYRITE. 


99 


ror 


Var. — 1.  Ordinary.  Containing  little  or  no  cobalt.  The  analyses  show  considerable 
variation,  and  it  has  been  proved  that  this  is  accompanied  by  a 
change  in  the  angles,  as  exhibited  below.  Antimony  is  present  in 
small  amount  (to  0'28  p.  c.)  Loczka,  1.  c.;  also  bismuth,  Carnot, 
1.  c.  Plinian  of  Breithaupt,  supposed  to  be  monoclinic,  belongs 
here,  anal.  12;  G.  =  63. 

2    Cobaltiferous:   Danaite.     Containing  from  4  to   10  p.  c.  of 
cobalt  replacing  the  iron,  and  thus  graduating  toward  glaucodot. 

3.  Niccoliferous.     Anal.  23. 

Anal.— 1,  Rumpf,  Miu.  Mitth.,  178, 1874.     2-4,  6,  7,  9,  10,  13-17, 
Arzruni,  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  430  et  seq.  1878,  and  Arzruni  and  Barwald,  ib., 

7,  337,  1882.      5,    C.  v.    Hauer,    Jb.    G.    Reichs.,   4,   400,    1853. 

8,  Balson,    quoted   by  Arzruni.       9,    Zimmermann,    Ber.    Ak. 
Miinchen,    385,   1885.     11,  Magel.  Ber.    Oberhess,  Ges.,  22,  297, 

1882.  12,  Plattner,  Pogg.,  69  430,  1846.  18,  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  42,  546,  1837.  19,  Wohler, 
ib.,  43,  591,  1838.  20,  Hayes,  1.  c.  21,  J.  L.  Smith,  Gilliss  Ex.,  2,  102.  22,  Forbes,  Phil. 
Mag.,  29.  7,  1865.  23,  Kroeber,  ibid. 

Also  Genth,  Alabama,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  23,  39,  1885;  Loczka,  varieties  from  Hungary, 
containing  from  014  to  0'28  p.  c.  Sb,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,269,  270,1885;  15,  40,  1888;  Oebbeke- 
Bottiger,  Wuusiedel,  Zs.  Kr.,  17,  384,  1890;  Carnot,  varieties  from  Meymac  containing  both 
bismuth  and  antimony,  C.  R.,  79,  479,  1874. 


Schladming,  after  Rumpf. 


1.  Ordinary. 

1.  Schladming 

2.  Reichenstein 

3.  Sangerberg 

4.  Marienberg 

5.  Mitterberg 

6.  Freiberg.  I. 

7.  Hohenstein 
8. 

9.  Mte.  Challanches 

10.  Ehrenfriedersdorf 

11.  Auerbach,  II. 

12.  Ehrenfried.,  Plinian. 

13.  Sala 

14.  Auerbach,  I. 

15.  Joachimsthal 

16.  Freiberg,  II. 

17.  Binnenthal 


G. 

mm'" 

ee' 

5-89 

67°  37' 

58°  55' 

5-898 

67°  43' 

58°  53' 

59°  1' 

— 

67°  54' 

59°  5' 

— 

67°  59' 

59°  9' 



68°  11' 

59°  7' 

6-192 

68°  13' 

59°  22' 

As 
45-23 
[47-27] 
[46-66J 


S 

21-06 
18-05 
18-29 


Fe 

34-47" 
34-68 
35-05 


100-76 

100 

100 


45-00        21-36        33-52     =  99'88 


6-082 
6-30 


6-035 
6-091 


67°  35' 

68°  17' 
68°  15' 
68°  24' 
68°  29' 
68°  36' 
68°  36' 
68°  39' 
69°  11' 


(58°  24') 
59°  15^ 

59°  10' 
59°  32' 

60°  21V 
(61°  34') 
(60°  1') 


[45-52] 
45-62 

45-78 

44-11 
45-46 
[42-63] 

42-95 
44-14 
42-61 


19-41 
19-76 
19-56 
19-76 
19-91 
20-07 
20-41 
20-64 
20-52 
20-83 
22-47 


35-07 
3464 
34-64 

35-84 
34-46 
36-96 
35-81 
36-53 
35-03 
34-92 


100 

100-02 

99-98 

99-06 
99-99 
100 

100 
100 
100 


With  0-29  Ni. 


2.   Cobaltiferous;  Danaite. 


18.  Skutterud 
19. 

20.  Franconia,  Danatte 

21.  Copiapo 

22.  Mt.  Sorata 

23.  Bolivia 


As 

S 

Fe 

46-76 

17-34 

26-36 

47-45 

17-78 

30-91 

41-44 

17-84 

32-94 

44-30 

20-25 

3021 

42-83 

1827 

29-22 

43-68 

16-76 

34-93 

Co 

9  01  =  99-47 
4-75  =  100-89 
6-45  =  98-67 
5-84  =  100-60 
3-11  Ni  0-81,  Mn  5'12,  Bi  0'64  =  100 

tr.    Ni  4-74,  Ag  0'09  =  100-20 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  at  first  gives  a  red  sublimate  of  arsenic  trisulphide,  then  & 
black  lustrous  sublimate  of  metallic  arsenic.  In  the  open  tube  gives  sulphurous  fumes  and  a 
white  sublimate  of  arsenic  trioxide.  B.B.  on  charcoal  reacts  like  lollingite.  The  varieties  con- 
taining cobalt  give,  after  the  arsenic  has  been  roasted  off,  a  blue  color  with  borax-glass  when 
fused  in  O.F.  with  successive  portions  of  flux  until  all  the  iron  is  oxidized.  Gives  fire  with 
steel,  emitting  an  alliaceous  odor.  Decomposed  by  nitric  acid  with  the  separation  of 
sulphur. 

Obs. — Found  principally  in  crystalline  rocks,  and  its  usual  mineral  associates  are  ores  of 
silver,  lead,  and  tin,  also  pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  and  sphalerite.  Occurs  also  in  serpentine. 

Abundant  at  Freiberg  and  Munzig,  where  it  occurs  in  veins;  at  Reichenstein  in  Silesia,  in 
serpentine;  at  Auerbach  in  Baden;  in  beds  at  Breitenbrunn  and  Raschau,  Andreasberg,  and 
Joachimsthal;  at  Tunaberg  in  Sweden;  at  Skutterud  in  Norway;  at  Wheal  Maudlin  and 
Unanimity,  Cornwall,  and  at  other  localities;  in  Devonshire  at  the  Tamar  mines.  In  S.  America, 
in  the  San  Baldomero  mine  of  Mt.  Sorata  in  Bolivia,  the  arsenopyrite  and  danaite,  the  formei 
having  crystallized  out  of  the  latter  and  the  most  abundant  ore;  also  both  at  Inquisivi  in  Bolivia; 
also,  niccoliferous  var.,  (anal.  23)  between  La  Paz  and  Yungas  in  Bolivia;  at  many  localities  in  New 
South  Wales,  sometimes  highly  auriferous. 


100 


SULPHIDES,   SELENIDES,    TELLURIDES,   ETC. 


In  New  Hampshire,  in  fine  crystallizations  in  gneiss,  at  Frauconia  (danaite)  associated  with 
chalcopyrite;  also  at  Jackson,  and  at  Haverhill.  In  Maine,  at  Blue  Hill,  Coriuna;  Newtield 
(Bond's  mountain),  and  Thomaston  (Owl's  Head).  In  Vermont,  at  Brookfield,  Waterbury,  and 
Stockbridge.  In  Mass.,  at  Worcester  and  Sterling.  In  Conn.,  at  Chatham,  with  smaltite  and 
niccolite;  at  Monroe,  with  wolframite  and  pyrite;  at  Derby,  in  an  old  mine  associated  with 
quartz;  at  Mine  Hill,  Roxbury,  in  fine  crystals  with  siderite.  In  New  Jersey,  at  Franklin.  In 
N.  York,  massive,  in  Lewis,  ten  miles  south  of  Keeseville,  Essex  Co.,  with  hornblende;  in  crys- 
tals and  massive,  near  Edenville.  on  Hopkins's  farm,  and  elsewhere  in  Orange  Co.,  with 
scorodite,  iron  sinter,  and  thin  scales  of  gypsum;  also  in  fine  crystals  at  two  localities  a  few  rods 
apart,  four  or  five  miles  north-west  of  Carmel,  near  Brown's  serpentine  quarry  in  Kent,  Putnam 
Co.  In  California,  Nevada  Co.,  Grass  valley,  at  the  Betsey  mine,  and  also  at  Meadow  lake,  with 
gold,  the  danaite  in  crystals  sometimes  penetrated  by  gold. 

In  crystals  at  St.  Fran9ois,  Beauce  Co.,  Quebec;  on  Moulton  Hill,  near  Lennoxville,  Sher- 
brookeCo.;  large  beds  occur  in  quartz  ore  veins  at  Deloro,  Marmora  Township,  Hastings  Co., 
Ontario,  where  it  is  mined  for  gold. 

Alt. — Pseudomorphs  consisting  of  pyrite. 

Ref.— '  Hohenstein,  this  variety  is  taken  as  fundamental  because  conforming  most  closely  to 
the  formula  FeAsS,  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  434,  1878;  cf.  also,  ib.,  7.  337,  1882;  on  the  variation  of  angle  in 
the  cobaltiferous  varieties,  cf.  Becke,  Miu.  Mitth.,  101,  1877,  and  earlier,  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  42, 
546,  1837. 

2  See  Hausm.,  Handb.,  2,  72,  1847;  Mir.,  Min.,  188.  1852,  and  later  Arzruni,  1.  c.,  and  Gdt, 
Index,  1,  256,  1886;  Hausm.  gives  also  (340),  (370).  (027).  Miller's  x  =  312  is  apparently  a  mis- 
take for  331.  3  Gainper,  Joachimsthal,  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  354,  1876;  cf.  Arzruni,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  396, 
1877.  4  Magel,  Auerbach,  Ber.  Oberhess.  Ges.,  22,  297,  1882.  5  Schmidt,  Servia.  Foldt.  Kozl., 
17,  557,  1887,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  14,  573,  1888.  6  Magel,  1.  c.,  Bilcking,  Mitth.  G.  Land.  Els.  Lothr., 
1,  114.  '  Schrauf  and  Dana,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  69  (1),  152.  1874. 

The  name  mispickel  is  an  old  German  term  of  doubtful  origin.  Danaite  is  from  J.  Freeman 
Dana  of  Boston  (1793-1827),  who  first  made  known  the  Franconia  locality. 

CRUCITE  (Crucilite)  Thomson,  Min.,  1,  435,  1836.  Cruciform  crystals,  twins  or  trillings 
crossing  at  angles  of  60°  and  120°,  disseminated  in  clay  slate  at  Clonmell,  county  of  Waterford, 
Ireland.  They  are  red  in  color  and  consist  largely  of  iron  sesquioxide.  They  have  been 
referred  to  staurolite  (pseudomorphous),  but  Des  Cloizeaux  has  shown  that  they  are  probably 
pseudomorphs  after  arsenopyrite  (cf.  f.  7,  p.  98),  Bull.  Soc.  Min.  11,  63,  1888. 


99.  SAFFLORITE.  Breitfi.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  4,  265,  1835.  Faseriger  Weisser  Speiskobalt 
Werner.  Grauer  Speiskobalt,  Arsenikkobalt  Rose,  Kr.-Ch.  Min.,  50,  1852.  Eisenkobaltkies, 
Spathiopyrit,  Der  rhombische  Arsenkobalteisen,  Quirlkies  Sandberger,  Jb.  Min.,  410,  1868; 
59,  1873;  Ber.  Ak.  Milnchen,  135,  1873.  Schlackenkobalt  Schneeberg  miners. 

Orthorliombic.  Form  near  that  of  arsenopyrite.  Forms  combinations  of 
m  (110,  /)  and  a  macrodome  (hOl,  m-i),  the  latter  brilliant  in  luster.  Twins:  tw. 
pi.  m,  probably  in  fivelings;  also  often  in  cruciform-twins  crossing  at  angles  of 
nearly  120°  with  tw.  pi.  probably  (101)  like  marcasite  and  arsenopyrite.  Also 
massive  and  with  fibrous  radiated  structure. 

Cleavage:  b  distinct.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  4/5-5.  G.  =  6'9-7'3; 
7 '123-7 '129  Breith.  Luster  metallic.  Color  tin-white,  soon  tarnishing  to  dark 
gray.  Streak  grayish  black.  Opaque. 

Comp. — Like  smaltite,  essentially  cobalt  diarsenide,  CoAs2  —  Arsenic  71*8, 
cobalt  28*2  =  100.  Nickel  and  iron  are  also  present  in  varying  amounts,  especially 
the  latter.  Compare  remarks  under  smaltite. 

Anal.— 1.  Varrentrapp,  Pogg.,  48,  505,  1839.  2,  Petersen,  Jb.,  Min.,  410, 1868.  3,  Hofmann, 
Pogg.,  25,  485,  1832.  4,  McCay,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  29,  373,  1885.  5,  Id.,  Inaug.  Diss.,  p.  20,  1883. 
6,  Jackel,  Rose,  Kr.-Ch.  Min.,  53,  1852.  7,  McCay,  ib.,  p.  21.  8,  Van  Gerichten,  Ber.  Ak, 
Milnchen,  138,  1873.  9,  Kbl.,  Grilndz.  Min.,  300,  1838. 

)        Ni        Fe       < 

—    =  98-74 
1-78  Bi  0-33  =  100-28 
Bi  0-01  =  99-88 
0-62  Bi  tr.  =  99'97 
0-69  =  99-55 
1-90  Bi  0-04  =  101 -26 
0-26  =  100-45 
4-22  =  99-49 
Bi  tr.  =  100 

In  anal.  5,  5-82  quartz  and  0'37  Bi  have  been  deducted;  also  in  7,  1'24  Bi.  McCay  suggest* 
that  in  anal.  9  the  percentages  of  Co  and  Fe  may  have  been  exchanged,  cf .  anal.  4. 


G. 

As 

S 

Co        Ni 

Fe       Cu 

1. 

Tunaberg 

7-131 

69-46 

0-90 

23-44      — 

4-94      — 

2. 

Wittichen 

6-915 

69-53 

0-32 

22-11     1-58 

4-63    1-7* 

3. 

Schneeberg 

70-37 

0-66 

13-95    1-79 

11-71     1-31 

4. 

Schlackenkobalt 

7-167 

70-36 

090 

18-58      — 

9-51     0-6$ 

5. 

«< 

728 

69-34 

0-51 

17-06      — 

11-95    0-6S 

6. 

if 

6-84 

66-02 

0-49 

21-21      — 

11-60    1-9C 

7. 

Bieber 

7-26 

69-12 

1-32 

13-29    1-90 

14-56    0-26 

8. 

'  '      Spath  iopyrite 

6-7 

61-46 

237 

14-97      — 

16-47    4-22 

9 

Schneeberg,  Eisenkobaltkies 

6'95 

71-08 

tr. 

9-44(1)  — 

18'48(?)  - 

MARCASITE    GRO  UP—RAMMELSBERGITE—OLA  UCODOT. 


101 


Fyr.— See  smaltite. 

pbs. — Occurs  with  smaltite,  and  implanted  upon  it,  at  Schueeberg  in  Saxony.  Also  similarly 
associated  at  Bieber  near  Hanau,  in  Hesse;  at  Wittichen  in  Baden;  Tunaberg  in  Sweden. 

Kenngott's  Einfach-Arsenik-Kobalt  from  Bieber,  supposed  to  be  hexagonal  in  crystallization, 
is  probably  this  species,  Jb.  Min.,  754.  1869. 

The  name  safflorite  is  from  the  German  Safflor,  sajflower,  bastard  saffron,  in  allusion  to  its 
use.  Spathiopyrite  (from  cntd^rf)  is  the  equivalent  of  the  German  Quirlkies. 

The  true  position  of  safflorite  was  established  by  McCay,  1.  c. 

100.  RAMMELSBERGITE.  Arseniknickel  Hofm.,  Pogg.,  25,  491,  1832.  Weissnickel- 
kies  Breith.,  Pogg.,  64,  184,  1845.  Rammelsbergite  Dana,  Min.,  61,  1854.  [Not  Rammels- 
bergite,  Syn.  of  Chloauthite,  Haid.,  Handb.,  1845.]  Niguel  bianco  Domeyko. 

Orthorhombic;  mm"'  =  56°  to  57°.  Crystals  prismatic  with  a  brachydome, 
resembling  arsenopyrite.  Also  massive. 

Cleavage :  prismatic.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  5-5-6.  Gr.  =  6-9-7*2; 
7*099,  7158  Breith.  Luster  metallic.  Color  tin-white  with  a  tinge  of  red.  Streak 
grayish  black. 

Comp. — Same  as  that  of  chloanthite,  essentially  nickel  diarsenide,  NiAs, 
=  Arsenic  71 '9,  nickel  28'1  =  100.  Cobalt  and  iron  are  present  in  small  amount. 
Anal.— 1,  Hofmann,  1.  c.  2,  Hilger,  Ber.  Ak.  Miinchen,  202,  1871.  3,  McCay,  Inaug. 
Diss.,  p.  8,  1883.  Some  of  the  analyses  quoted  under  chloanthite  may  belong  here;  cf.  p.  88. 


1.  Schneeberg 

2.  "  G.  =  7-19 

3.  "          G.  =  6-9 


As 
71-30 
68-30 
6990 


S 
014 

tr. 
0-17 


Ni 
28-14 
26-65 
29-26 


Co 

tr. 
0-67 


Fe 

2-06 
tr. 


Cu 

0-50 

tr. 


Bi 

2-19  =  102-27 

2  66  =  99-67 

=  100 


In  3,  5'11  p.  c.  bismuth  have  been  deducted. 

A  mineral  from  Hiittenberg,  referred  here  by  Zepharovich,  gave  Weyde:  As  60'40,  S  5*20, 
Ni  13-37,  Co  5-10,  Fe  13  49  =  97'56.  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  3,  90,  1868. 

Fyr. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  a  sublimate  of  metallic  arsenic;  other  reactions  the  same  as 
with  niccolite  (p.  71). 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Schneeberg  and  at  Riechelsdorf.  It  was  first  separated  from  the  isometric 
white  nickel  by  Breithaupt. 

Domeyko  refers  here  a  massive  mineral  from  Portezuelo  del  Carrizo,  Chili,  3  to  4  leagues 
from  Morado,  Department  of  Huasco. 


101.  GLAUCODOT.    Glaukodot  Breith.  &  Plattn.,   Pogg.,    7*7,   127,    1849.     Glaucodot. 
Kobalt  arsenkies  _p*.     Glaucodote.     Akontit  Breith.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  4,  258,  1835. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-69416  :  1  :  1-1925  Lewis1. 

100  A  HO  =  34°  46',  001  A  101  =  59°  47.f ',  001  A  Oil  =  50°  1'. 


Forms : 
a  (100,  t-i) 


p  (610,  z-6)4 
m(lW,  /) 


(101,  1-iY 
(012,  H) 


I  (Oil,  l-«) 
u  (021,  24)3 


T  (031,  3-*)? 
o  (HI,  I)4 


v>  (212,  1-2)4 


Hakansb5,  Lewis. 


ee 


i'"  =  *69°  32' 
=  119°  35|' 
=    61°  36i' 


II'    =*100°2' 
uu'  =    134°  30' 

TT'  =    148°  46' 


mo   =    25°  33V 
oo'    =    56°  1' 
wuf  =  111°  45' 


oo'"    =  61°  55' 

ww'"  =  33°  24' 


Twins:  tw.  pi.  (1)  m;  (2)  e,  cruciform-twins,  also  in  trillings.  Crystals  commonly 

prismatic  ]  «;  faces  a  vertically,  also  brachydomes  horizontally,  striated.     Massive. 

Cleavage :  c  rather  perfect;  m  less  so.     Fracture  uneven.     Brittle.     H.  =  5. 


102  SULPHIDES,  SELENIDES,   TELLURIDES,  ETC. 

G.  =  5  -90-6*01.   Luster  metallic.    Color  grayish  tin-white.    Streak  black.    Opaque. 
Shows  both  +  and  —  varieties  thermo-electrically5. 

Comp. — A  sulph-arsenide  of  cobalt  and  iron,(Co,Fe)AsS  or  (Co,Fe)S2.(Co,Fe)As,, 
=  (if  Co  :  Fe  =  2  :  1)  Sulphur  19'4,  arsenic  45-5,  cobalt  23-8,  iron  11'3  —  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Plattner,  Pogg.,  77,  128,  1849.  2,  Ludwig,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  55  (1),  447,  1867.  3, 
Kobell,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  102,  409,  1867. 

As  S  Co  Ni          Fe 

1.  Chili  43-20        20-21        24'77         tr.         11-90  SiO2  tr.  =  100-08 

2.  Hakansbo  G.  =  5'973  44  03        19  80  16-06  19  34  =  99'23 

3.  "          G.  =  5-96  44-30        19-85        IS'OO        0'80        19'07  SiO2  0'98  =  100 

Pyr. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  a  faint  sublimate  of  arsenic  trioxide.  In  the  open  tube 
sulphurous  fumes  and  a  sublimate  of  arsenic  trioxide.  B.B.  on  charcoal  in  R.F.  gives  off 
sulphur  and  arsenic,  fusing  to  a  feebly  magnetic  globule,  which  is  black  on  the  surface,  but  on 
the  fracture  has  a  light  bronze  color  and  a  metallic  luster.  Treated  with  borax  in  R.F.  until 
the  globule  has  a  bright  metallic  surface,  the  flux  shows  a  strong  reaction  for  iron;  if  the  re- 
maining globule  is  treated  with  a  fresh  portion  of  borax  in  O.F.,  the  flux  becomes  colored 
smalt-blue  from  oxidized  cobalt. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  chlorite  slate  with  cobaltite,  in  the  province  of  Huasco,  Chili.  In  fine 
crystals,  often  twins,  with  chalcopyrite  and  pyrite  at  Hakansbo,  Sweden;  this  is  probably  the 
akontite  of  Breithaupt,  cf.  Lewis,  1.  c.  The  supposed  glaucodot  of  Orawitza  is  alloclasite. 

Named  from  y'X.avKo'i,  Hue,  because  it  is  used  for  making  smalt. 


As 

Bi 

S 

Co 

Fe 

Cu 

33-04 

25-99 

18 

21 

21-06 

3-54 

0-20 

= 

102-04 

28-17 

28-65 

16 

•22 

24-46 

3-70 

0-45 

— 

101-65 

2841 

29-19 

15 

•78 

22-50 

3-84 

0-28 

— 

10000 

30-48 

22-96 

18 

•10 

23-29 

3-40 

0-16 

— 

98-39 

32-59 

24-07 

18 

•34 

21-66 

3-28 

0-16 

— 

100-10 

*  Schrauf  and  Dana,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  69  (1),  153,  1874. 


102.  ALLOCLASITE.    Alloklas  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  53  (1),  220,  1866.  Glaucodot 
pt.  Breith. 

Orthorhombic.     Earely  in  crystals,  with  mm'"  =  74°,  ee'  =  58°  (e  =  101,  1-i). 
Commonly  in  columnar  to  hemispherical  aggregates. 

Cleavage:    m   perfect;    c  distinct.     H.  =  4*5.     G.  =  6*6.     Color    steel-gray. 
Streak  nearly  black. 

Com  p. — Probably  essentially  Co(As,Bi)S  with  cobalt  in  part  replaced  by  iron; 
that  is,  a  glaucodot  containing  bismuth. 

Anal.— 1-6,  Frenzel,  Min.  Mitth.,  5,  181,  1883.    Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  81. 

1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6.  28-22  32-83  16'06  20'25  2  71  0'22  =  100'29 

The  mechanically  mixed  gold  has  been  deducted,  viz.:  1-24,  1-10,  MO,  1-20,  MO,  1-70  p.  c. 
respectively. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  arsenical  fumes,  and  a  bismuth  coating.  Fuses  to  a  dull 
globule.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Orawitza,  Hungary. 

Named  from  aAAoS,  xXdeiv,  to  break,  because  its  cleavage  was  believed  to  differ  from  that 
of  arsenopyrite  and  marcasite,  which  it  resembles. 

103.  WOLFACHITE.    F.  Sandberger,  Jb.  Min.,  313,  1869. 

Orthorhombic.     In  small  crystals  with  m  (110,  /),  and  x  (Okl,  m-i)  and  some- 
times I  (010,  i-i),  resembling  arsenopyrite.     Also  in  columnar  radiated  aggregates. 

Brittle.    Fracture   uneven.    H.  =  4-5-5.    G-.  =  6-372.   Luster  metallic.   Coloi 
silver-white  to  tin-white.     Streak  black. 

Comp.— Probably  Ni(As,Sb)S,  near  corynite. 
Anal.— Petersen,  Pogg.,  137,  397,  1869. 

As  Sb  S  Ni  Co  Fe 

38-83  13-26  14-36  29-81  tr.  3'74  =  100 


8TLVANITE  GROUP— STLVANITE. 


103 


A  little  lead  (1'32  p.  c.)  and  silver  (0'12)  have  been  deducted. 

Pyr. — See  corynite. 

Obs.— From  Wolfach  in  Baden. 


3.  Sylvanite  Group. 


104.  Sylvanite          (Au,Ag)Tea 

105.  Krennerite 

Calaverite     AuTea 


Monoclinic 


a  :  b  :  6  fi 

1-6339  :  1  :  1-1265  89°  35' 


Orthprhombic     0*9407  :  1  :  0-5044 
Massive 


106.     Nagyagite         Au2Pb14Sb3Te7S17?   Orthorhombic     0-2810  :  1  :  0-2761 


104.  SYLVANITE.  Weissgolderz  Muller  v.  Reichenstein,  Ph.  Arb.  eintr.  Fr.  Wien,  Qu.  3, 
48.  Or  blanc  d'Olfenbanya,  ou  grapbique,  Aurum  grapbicum,  v.  Born,  Cat.  de  Raab,  2,  467, 
1790.  Prismatiscbes  weisses  Golderz  v.  Fichtel,  Min.  Bemerk.  Carpatben,  2,  108,  1791,  Min., 
124,  1794;  Aurum  bismuticum  Schmeisser,  Min.,  2,  28,  1795.  Schrifterz  Esmark,  N.  Bergm.  J., 
2,  10,  1798,  Warn.,  1800.  Sylvane  grapbique  Broch.,  1800.  Tellure  ferrifere  et  aurifere  H.t 
1801.  Scbrift-Teilur  Hausm..  1813.  Graphic  Tellurium  Aikin,  1814.  Goldtellur.  Tellure 
auro-argeutifere  H.,  1822.  Sylvane  Beud.,  Tr.  ,  1832.  Sylvauit  Necker,  Min.  ,  1835.  Aurotellurite 
Dana,  Min.,  390,  1837.  Tellursilberblende.  Tellurgoldsilber.  Silvanite,  Oro-grafico,  Silvano- 
grafico,  Ital.  Oro  grafico,  Metal  escrito  Span. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  a  :  I  :  b  —  1-63394  :  1  :  1-12653;  ft  =  89°  35'  =  001  A  100 
Schrauf1. 


100  A  HO  =  58°  31'  55",  001  A  101  =  34°  27'  0",  001  A  Oil  —  48°  24'  16 


Forms2 
a  (100, 
b  (010, 
c(001, 

£(510, 
/(210, 
m  (110, 
R  (120, 


0) 


t-2) 


n(201,—  2-1) 
0(301,  -3-*) 


.#(201,  2-i) 
F(301,  3-i) 

x  (012,  fl) 
d  (Oil,  1-i) 
#(021,  2-1) 

ya  (112,— |) 

7)  (221, -2) 
2~2  (112,  i) 
€  (223,  |) 


P  (111,  1) 
J  (221,  2) 

<4  (414,-  1-4) 

2/4  (314,  -f  -3)' 

Z3  (313,-  1-3) 

J3  (311,-  3-3) 

A  (621, -6-3) 

#3  (213, -£-2) 

U  (212,-  1-2) 

I  (211,  -2-2) 

za  (421, -4-2) 

2. 

J'    a' 


^(323,-  1-f) 

z  (321. -3-1) 

J1  (542, -if) 

T(721,  7-|) 

I  (621,  6-3) 

A3  (311,  3-3) 


73  (521,  5-|) 

T3  (213,  f-2) 

r2  (212,  1-2) 

A  (211,  2-2) 


fl 

rf 
rd 

Jf 

X 

\_ 

c 

*  ^ 

m 

Wr 

,  w 

72  (421,  4-2) 
r  (323,  1-1) 
7(321,  3-f) 
*  (542,  if) 

1>  (341, -4-|) 
w  (231, -3-D 

y  (123,  -1-2) 
P(122,-  1-2) 

5  (121, -2-2) 
w  (381, -8-|) 

0(131,  -3-3) 

3. 


q  (141,  -4-4) 

C  (671,  7-|) 
it  (341,  4-|) 
X  (231,  3-|) 
r(123,  f-2) 
77(122,  1-2) 
o-(121,  2-2) 
fl  (381,  84) 
GO  (131,  3-3) 
Q  (141,  4-4) 


Offenbanya,  etc.,  Schrauf. 


104  SULPHIDES,   SELENIDES,    TELLURIDES,   ETC. 

ff"      =    78°  30'  dd'    =    96°  48f          al     =  47°  23'  ss'      =  123°  11' 

«Mii"' =  117°  4'  KK'=m°8'  ar    =  65°  11'  A  A'  =  106°  1' 

##'     =    34°  2'  ,9o  ..,  as     =  74°  13'  pp     =    85C  53' 

-0°  47.  OQO  Tt  a'p  =  65°  38'  cro-'   =  123°  30' 

CTZ.       =    53   47  cm    =    89   47  ,'    _  7,o  09'  ho  0«°  o*' 

«Q°   KO'  f;Q°  A'  «  CT  —    <4     O£  08          =      4O     4O 

CV         =    bd    52  cp     =    5d    0  T  ,7o  -R, 

cM      =    34°  43'  cs     =    66°  54'  II'     =  66°  46f          f*  S,  J2, 

cJV      =    54°  19'  co-    =    67°  6'  if     =  88°  43' 

xx'       =    58°  47'  at*     =   49°  54' 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  m,  (1)  as  contact  twins;  (2)  sometimes  as  twinned  lamellae;  (3) 
as  penetration-twins  giving  rise  to  branching  arborescent  forms  resembling  written 
characters  and  crossing  at  an  angle  of  69°  44',  rarely  55°  8'  as  too  90°.  Crystals  in 
part  nearly  orthorhombic  in  symmetry,  with  a,  or  m,  or  a  and  b  predominating; 
again  monoclinic  and  usually  with  m  or  a  largely  developed ;  a  also  sometimes 
prominent.  Skeleton  forms  common.  Also  bladed  and  imperfectly  columnar  to 
granular. 

Cleavage:  Z>  perfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  1-5-2.  G.  =  7'9-8'3. 
Luster  metallic,  brilliant.  Color  and  streak  pure  steel-gray  to  silver-white,  inclining 
to  yellow. 

Comp. — Telluride  of  gold  and  silver  (Au,Ag)Te2  with  Au  :  Ag  =  1:1;  this 
requires:  Tellurium  62-1,  gold  24-5,  silver  13-4  =  100. 

AnaL— 1,  2,  Petz,  Pogg.,  57,  472,  1842.  3,  Sipocz,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  210,  1885.  4,  Hanko,  Zs. 
Kr.,  17,  514,  1890.  5,  Genth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  14,  228,  1874.  6,  F.  W.  Clarke,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14, 
286,  1877.  Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  82,  and  Jennings,  Trans.  Am.  Mng.  Eiig.,  6,  507,  1877. 

Te         Au        Ag      Pb       Sb 

1.  Offenbanya  G.  =  8'28          [59-97]    26'97    11'47    0'25    0'58  Cu  0'76  =  100 

2.  "  [58-81]    26-47    11 '31    2'75    0'66  =  100  [100-72 

3.  "  G.  =8-073         62-45     25'87    11'90      —       —  Cu  010,  Fe  0'40  = 

4.  Nagyag  G.  =  8'036         61 '98      26'08    11-57      tr.       —  Cu  0'09,  Fe  0'30  = 

5.  Red  Cloud  mine,  Col.    G.  =  7'94  59-78      26'36    13'86      —       —   =  100  [100'02 

6.  Grand  View  mine,  Col.  5891      2935    11-74      —       —   =  100 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  open  tube  gives  a  white  sublimate  of  tellurium  dioxide  which  near  the 
assay  is  gray;  when  treated  with  the  blowpipe  flame  the  sublimate  fuses  to  clear  transparent 
drops.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  to  a  dark  gray  globule,  covering  the  coal  with  a  white  coating, 
which  treated  in  R.F.  disappears,  giving  a  bluish  green  color  to  the  flame;  after  long  blowing  a 
yellow,  malleable  metallic  globule  is  obtained.  Most  varieties  give  a  faint  coating  of  lead  oxide 
and  antimony  trioxide  on  charcoal. 

Obs. — With  gold,  at  Offenbanya  in  Transylvania,  in  narrow  veins,  which  traverse  porphyry; 
also  at  Nagyag.  In  California,  Calaveras  Co.,  at  the  Melones  and  Stanislaus  mines.  In  Boulder 
Co.,  Colorado,  at  the  Red  Cloud,  Grand  View  and  Smuggler  mines;  also  associated  with 
tetrahedrite  near  Lake  City. 

Named  from  Transylvania,  the  country  in  which  it  was  first  found,  and  in  allusion  to 
sylvanium,  one  of  the  names  at  first  proposed  for  the  metal  tellurium.  Called  graphic  because 
of  a  resemblance  in  the  arrangement  of  the  crystals  to  writing  characters. 

Ref. — !  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  211,  1878.  Early  made  orthorhombic  (Miller)  but  shown  to  be  mono- 
clinic  by  Koksharov.  *  From  Schrauf,  1.  c.,  whom  see  for  a  careful  discussion  of  earlier 
results  and  literature.  See  also  Mir.,  Min.,  134,  1852.  Kk.,  Bull.  Ac.  St.  Pet.,  6,  192,  1865,  or 
Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  1,  6,  1866;  also  Min.  Russl.,  10,  165,  1889. 

MULLBRINE  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  541,  1832.  Gelberz  Karsten,  Tab.,  56,  1800.  Weisstellur, 
Weisserz,  Petz,  Pogg.,  57,  473,  1842.  A  white  to  brass-yellow  telluride  from  Nagyag, 
occurring  in  bladed  foliated  forms,  cleavable  and  massive.  Analyses  have  shown  the  presence 
of  antimony  and  lead,  in  part  due  to  impurities,  and  it  has  been  formerly  referred  with  a  ques- 
tion to  sylvanite.  Krenner  and  Schrauf  make  it  identical  with  krennerite,  see  references  under 
these  species. 

Anal. — Petz,  1.  c. 

Te  Sb  Au  Ag  Pb 


1.  White  cryst.  G.  =  8'27 

2.  "  G.  =  7-99 

3.  Yellow  cryst.  G.  =  8 '33 

4.  "      massive 

5.  " 


55-39 
48-40 
51-52 
44-541 
49-96 


2-50  24-89  14-68  2 -54  =  100 

8-42  28-98  10'69  3'51  =  100 

5-75  27-10  7-47  8'16  =  100 

8-54  25-31  10-40  11-21  =  100 

3-82  29-62  2'78  13-82  =  100 


Named  after  Fr.  J.  Miiller  von  Reichenstein  (1740-1825),  the  discoverer  of  tellurium  (1782). 


8  7L  VANITE  ORO  UP— KRENNERITE— NA  G  YA  GITE. 


105 


105.  KRENNERITE.    BUNSENIN  Krenner  [Termesz.  Fuzetek,  1877],  Wied.  Ann.,  1,637, 
1877.     Krennerite  vom  Rath,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  292,  1877;  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  614,  1877. 


Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-94071  :  1  :  0-50445  Rath  '. 

100  A  HO  =  43°  15',  001  A  101  =  28°  12f,  001  A  Oil  =  26°  46f  . 


Forms : 
a  (100,  i-l) 
b  (010,  *'-*) 


c  (001,  0) 

k  (210,  £2 
I  (320,  £| 


II'"  =  64°  11' 
mm"'  =  *86°  30' 
nri  =  55°  59' 


m  (110,  /) 
n  (120,  *-§) 
s  (130,  i-3) 


30°  1' 
56°  24' 
53°  32 


9  (102,  -H) 
h  (101,  1-1) 
p  (201,  2-i)8 


r  (301,  3-1)* 
e  (Oil,  1-i) 

6  (111,  11 


w  (211,  2-2) 
*  (322,H) 
u  (122,  1-2) 


co  =  36°  22' 
<*>'  =  51°  10' 
uu'  =  26°  55|' 


oo'"  —    47°  56' 
if"  =    42°  55' 

me  =  *72°    U 


In 


prismatic  crystals,  vertically  striated. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect.  Fracture  subconchoidal  to 
uneven.  Brittle.  G-.  =  8'353  Sipocz.  Luster  metallic, 
brilliant.  Color  silver-white  to  brass-yellow.  Opaque. 

Comp.  —  A  telluride  of  gold  and  silver,  composition 
uncertain. 

Anal.—  la,  Scharizer,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  30,  604,  1880;  Ib,  after 
deducting  admixed  stibnite  assumed  to  be  present.  2,  Sip6cz,  Zs. 
Kr.,  11,  210,  1885. 

Anal.  16  corresponds  to  AgAuTe2  (or  Ag2Te.Au2Te8)=Te  45'1, 
Au  35-5,  Ag  19-4  =  100.  Schrauf  obtained  Te  [48],  Au  31, 
Ag  21  =  100,  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  236,  1878.  Anal.  2,  on  the  contrary,  is 
(Ag,Au)Tea  like  sylvanite,  with  Ag  :  Au  =  3  :  10. 


la. 
Ib. 
2. 


G.  5-598 
G.  8-353 


Te 

39-14 
45-59 

58-60 


Au 
30-03 
34-97 

34-77 


Ag 
16-69 
19-44 

5-87 


Sb 
[9-75] 

0-65 


S  4-39  =  100 

=  100 

Cu  0-34,  Fe  0'59  =  100-82 


Pyr. — Decrepitates  violently;  see  sylvanite  and  calaverite. 

Obs. — Found  at  Nagyag,  Transylvania,  associated  with  quartz  and  pyrite. 

Ref.— '  Knr.,  and  Rath,  1.  c.,  andZs.  Kr.,  2,  252, 1878.   *  Schrauf,  ib.,  2,  235.   Seealso  p. 

CALAVERITE  F.  A   Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  45,  314,  1868. 

Massive,  indistinctly  crystalline.  Brittle.  Fracture  uneven,  inclining  to  subconchoidal. 
H.  =  2-5.  G.  —  9'043.  Color  pale  bronze-yellow.  Streak  yellowish  gray. 

Comp. — Like  sylvanite  (Au,Ag)Te2  with  Au  :  Ag  —  6  :  1  or  7  :  1,  the  latter  (anal.  4)  requires: 
Tellurium  57'4.  gold  39'5,  silver  3*1  =  100. 

Anal.— 1-4,  Genth.  1,  2,  1.  c.  3,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  14,  229,  1874.  4,  Ib.,  17,  117,  1877. 
From  2,  1'45  p.  c.  quartz  deducted,  from  4,  4*96  p.  c. 


1.  California 

2. 

3.  Boulder  Co.,  Col. 

4. 


G.  =  9  043 


Te 

Au 

Ag 

55-89 

40-70 

3-52  =  100-11 

[56-00] 

40-92 

3-08  =  100 

57-67 

40-59 

2-24  =  100-50 

57-32 

38-75 

3-03  =  99-10 

Fyr.,  etc.— B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  with  a  bluish  green  flame,  yielding  globules  of  very 
yellow  gold.  Dissolves  in  aqua  regia,  with  separation  of  silver  chloride. 

Occurs  with  petzite  at  the  Stanislaus  mine,  Calaveras  county,  California.  Also  at  the  Red 
Cloud  mine,  Colorado,  with  sylvanite  and  quartz;  and  at  the  Keystone  and  Mountain  Lion 
mines. 

Calaverite  has  the  same  general  formula  as  sylvanite  but  a  much  higher  percentage  of  gold, 
aud  may  belong  with  it;  or  if  anal.  2  of  krennerite  expresses  its  true  composition,  it  may  be  the 
crystallized  form  of  calaverite. 


106.  NAGYAGITE.  Aurum  Galena,  Ferro  etparticulis  volatilibus  mineralisatum,  Scopoli, 
Ann.  Hist.  Nat.,  3,  107;  v.  Born,  Lithoph.,  1,  68,  1772.  Nagiakererz  Wern.  Bergm.  J.,  1789. 
Or  gris  lamelleux  v.  Born,  Cat.  de  Raab,  1790.  Blattererz  Karst.,  Tab.,  56,  1800.  Foliated 
Tellurium;  Black  Tellurium.  Elasmose  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  539,  1832.  Elasmosine  Huot,  Min.,  1. 
185,  1841:  Nagyagite  Haid.,  Handb.,  566,  1845. 


106 


SULPHIDES,   SELENIDES,    TELLURIDES,   ETC. 


Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-28097 
100  A  HO  =  15°  41f ',  001  A  101  =  44 


Forms2 : 
b   (010,  i-i) 
m  (110,  /) 


e  (120,  e-3) 
*  (130,  *-3) 
o  (160,  *-6) 


mm"'=  31°  23' 
ee'"  =  58°  40' 
be  =  *60°  40' 
ii  "  =  80°  15' 
oo  ''  =  118°  39' 


e  (101,  1-i) 
d  (Oil,  l-«) 
/  (031,  3-1) 

ee'  =    88°  59V 
dd'  =    30°  52' 
bd   ='*74°34' 
JT  =    79°  16' 
gg'  =  108°    0y 


1  :  0-27607  Schrauf1. 

29}',  001  A  Oil  =  15°  26'. 

g  (051,  5-i)         r  (121,  2-2)          x  (131,  3-3) 
t  (111,  1)  p  (252,  f-f)         V  (141,  4-4) 

s  (343,  ff) 


tt" 
«'" 
rr' 
rr" 


=  86°  53' 
=  91°  10' 
=  22°  17' 
=  81°  24' 
=  42°  59f 


«*'"  =  29°  25' 
pp"  =  52°  25' 
xx"'  =  61°  9' 
yy"'  =  76°  27' 


Luster 


Crystals  tabular  |  b.     Faces  J  striated  ||  a  and  £.       Also   granular   massive, 
particles  of  various  sizes;  generally  foliated. 

Cleavage:  I  perfect.     Thin  laminae  flexible.  H.  =  1-1  '5.    G.  =  6-85-7-2. 
metallic,  splendent.     Streak  and  color  blackish  lead-gray.     Opaque. 

Comp. — A  sulpho-tellnride  of  lead  and  gold;  recent  analyses  show  the  presence 
also  of  about  7  p.  c.  of  antimony.     Sipocz  writes  AuaPb]4Sb  Te  S,,. 

Anal.— 1,  P.  Schonlein,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  60,  166,  1853.  2,  3,  Folbert  [Vh.  Sieb.  Ver.  Her- 
mannstadt,  8.  99]  Kenng.,  Ueb.,  179,  1856.  4,  S.  J.  Kappel,  JB.  Ch.,  770,  1859.  5,  Sipocz,  Zs. 
Kr.,  11,  211,  1885.  6,  Hanko,  Zs.  Kr.,  17,  514,  1890. 

Te         S         Sb       Pb        Au       Ag      Cu 

1.  30-52      8-07      —      50-78      9'11     0'53    0'99  =  100 

2.  G.  =  6-85  17  22      9'76    3'69    60"83      5'84      —       —  Se  tr.  =  97'34 

3.  18-04      9-68    3-86    60'27      5'98      —       —  Se  tr.  =  97'83 

4.  15-11      8-56      —      60-10    1275    1-82      —   Se  1-66  =  100 

5.  G.  =  7-46  17-72    10-76    7'39    56'81      7'51      —       —  Fe  041  =  100*60 

6.  G.  =  7-347       f  17-87    10'03     6'99     57-16      7'41      —       —  Fe  0'32  =  99'78 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  open  tube  gives,  near  the  assay,  a  grayish  sublimate  of  antiraonate 
and  tellurate,  with  perhaps  some  sulphate  of  lead;  farther  up  the  tube  the  sub- 
limate consists  of  antimony  trioxide,  which  volatilizes  when  treated  with  the 
flame,  and  tellurium  dioxide,  which  at  a  high  temperature  fuses  into  colorless 
drops.  B.B.  on  charcoal  forms  two  coatings:  one  white  and  volatile,  consisting 
of  a  mixture  of  antimonate,  tellurate,  and  sulphate  of  lead;  and  the  other  yellow, 
less  volatile,  of  lead  oxide  quite  near  the  assay.  If  the  mineral  is  treated  for 
some  time  in  O.F.  a  malleable  globule  of  gold  remains;  this  cupelled  with  a 
little  assay  lead  assumes  a  pure  gold  color.  Decomposed  by  aqua  regia. 

Obs. — At  Nagyag  in  Transylvania,  in  foliated  masses  and  crystalline  plates, 
accompanying  rhodonite,  sphalerite,  and  gold;  and  at  Ofl'enbanya  associated 
with  antimonial  ores.  Reported  from  Colorado  with  other  tellurides. 

Berthier  has  analyzed  another  ore,  very  similar  to  the  above  in  physical 
characters,  consisting  of:   Tellurium  13'0,    sulphur  11 -7,    lead  63*1,   gold  6'7, 
antimony  4'5,  copper  1-0  =  100.     It   is  called  Blatterine  (Blatterin,  Blattererz 
Germ.)  by  Huot,  Min.,  1,  189,  1841. 

Ref. — !  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  239, 1878,  earlier  regarded  as  tetragonal,  to  which  it  closely  approximates; 
cf.  also  Fletcher,  Phil.  Mag.,  9,  188,  1880. 

SILBERPHYLLINGLANZ  Bfeith.,  Schw.  J.,  1,  178,  1828.  Nobilite  Adam,  Tabl.  Min.,  35, 1869. 
Occurs  in  gneiss  at  Deutsch-Pilsen,  Hungary,  appears  to  be  related  to  nagyagite.  Color  blackish 
gray.  Structure  foliated  massive.  One  perfect  cleavage.  H.  =  1-2.  G.  =  5-8-5 '9. 

>  According  to  Plattner  (Probirkunst,  3d  Ed.,  421)  the  constituents  are:  antimony,  lead,  tel- 
lurium, gold,  silver,  and  sulphur — 4*9  p.  c.  of  gold,  0'3  of  silver — the  sulphur  probably  in  com- 
bination with  the  antimony  and  lead.  Only  a  trace  of  selenium  was  found,  contrary  to  the 
earlier  determinations  of  Harkort  and  Breithaupt. 


Schrauf. 


107.  Kermesite  Sb2S20 

108.  Voltzite  Zn5S40 


Oxysulphides. 

Monoclinic       a:6  =  I  :  1-4791  j3  =  77°  51' 


107.  KERMESITE.     R5d    Spitsglasmalm,    Antimonium    Sul.    et    Ars.    mineralisatum, 
Minera  Ant.   colorata,  Wall.,   239,    1747  (fr.    BrRunsdorf),    Cronst.,   203,    1758."  Antimonium 


OXYSULPHIDES—  VOLTZITE.  10? 

pluinosum  v.  Born,  Lithoph.,  1,  137,  1772.  Mine  d'antimoine  en  plumes,  ib.  granuleuse, 
==  Kermes  mineral  natif ,  Sage,  Min.,  2,  251,  1779,  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  3,  56,  60,  1783.  Roth-Spies- 
glaserz  Wern.,  1789.  Rothspiessglanzerz  Emmerling,  Min.,  1793;  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  3,  132,  1802 
(with  anal.,  making  it  an  oxysulphide).  Antimoine  oxyde  sulfure  H.,  Tabl.,  1809.  Red 
antimony  Spiessglauzblende  pt.  Hausm.  Handb.,  225,  1813.  Antimony  Blende  Jameson,  Min. 
3,  421,  1820.  Antirnonblende  Leonh.,  Handb.,  157,  1821.  Kermes  Beud.t^v.t  2,  617,  1832. 
Kermesite  Chapman,  Min.,  61,  1843.  Pyrostibit  Glock.,  Syn.,  16,  1847.  Pyrantimonite  Bretth. 
Antiraonio  rosso  Ilal.  Antimonio  rojo  Span. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a:c  =  1:  1-4791;  ft  =  *77°  51'  =  001 A 100  Kenngott1. 

Forms :  a  (100,  *-*,  p),  c  (001,  0,  u),  s  (103,  fi),  o  (101,  1-i). 

Angles:  cs  =  28°  16',  co  =  64°  32',  a'o  =  *37°  37'. 

Usually  in  tufts  of  capillary  crystals,  prismatic  ||  ortho-diagonal. 
Cleavage:     a   perfect.     Sectile;    thin    leaves    slightly   flexible.     H.  =  1-1*5. 
G.  =  4*5-4 *6.     Luster     adamantine,    inclining    to    metallic.     Color    cherry-red. 
Streak  brownish  red.     Feebly  trauslucent. 

Cornp. — Antimony  oxysulphide,  Sb2S20  or  2Sb2S3.Sb203  =  Antimony  tri- 
sulphide  70*0,  antimony  trioxide  30 -0  =  100;  or  antimony  75 '0,  sulphur  20 '0, 
oxygen  5*0  =  100.  Analyses,  Rose,  5th  Ed.,  p.  187. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  blackens,  fuses,  and  at  first  gives  a  white  sublimate  of  antimony 
trioxide;  with  strong  heat  gives  a  black  or  dark-red  sublimate.  In  the  open  tube  and  on  charcoal 
reacts  like  stibnite. 

Obs. — Results  from  the  alteration  of  stibnite.  Occurs  in  veins  in  quartz,  accompanying 
stibnite  and  valentinite  at  Malaczka  near  Posing  in  Hungary;  at  Braunsdorf  near  Freiberg  in 
Saxony;  at  Allemont  in  Dauphine;  at  New  Cumnock  in  Ayrshire,  Scotland. 

At  South  Ham,  Wolfe  Co.,  Quebec,  Canada;  in  cavities  in  native  antimony  and  stibnite  at 
the  Prince  William  mine,  York  Co.,  New  Brunswick. 

The  tinder  ore  (Zundererz)  has  been  shown  to  be  wholly  distinct  from  red  antimony. 

Named  from  kermes,  a  name  given  (from  the  Persian  qurmizq,  crimson)  in  the  older  chemistry 
to  red  amorphous  antimony  trisulphide,  often  mixed  with  antimony  trioxide. 

Ref.— '  Min.  Unt.,  1,  1,  1849,  Breslau;  cf.  Mohs,  Min.,  2,  598,  1824. 

108.  VOLTZITE.  Voltzine  Fournet,  Ann.  Mines,  3,  519,  1833.  Leberblende  Bretth.,  J. 
pr.  Ch.,  15,  333,  1838,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  22,  26.  Voltzit  Eg.,  Handw.,  260,  1841. 

In  implanted  spherical  globules;  structure  thin  curved  lamellar. 

H.  =  4-4-5.  Gr.  =  3-66-3'80.  Luster  vitreous  to  greasy;  or  pearly  on  a 
cleavage  surface.  Color  dirty  rose-red,  yellowish,  brownish.  Opaque  or  subtrans- 
lucent.  Optically  uniaxial,  positive. 

Comp. — Zinc  oxysulphide,  Zn6S40  or  4ZnS.ZnO  =  Zinc  sulphide  82*7,  zino 
oxide  17-3  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Fournet,  1.  c.     2,  Lindaker,  Yogi's  Min.  Joach.,  175. 

ZnS  ZnO          Fe2O3 

1.  Rosieres          G.  =  3 "66  82 '82  15 '34  1'84  =  100 

2.  Joachimsthal  82'75  17'25  —    =  100 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  like  sphalerite.     In  hydrochloric  acid  affords  fumes  of  hydrogen  sulphide. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Rosieres,  near  Pont  Gibaud,  in  Puy  de  Dome;  Elias  mine  near  Joachims- 
thai,  with  galena,  sphalerite,  native  bismuth,  etc.;  near  Marienberg  (the  leberblenae);  Hoch- 
rnuth  near  Geyer;  at  Bernkastel  on  the  Mosel,  in  pseudomorphs  after  quartz;  Cornwall,  prob- 
ably at  Redruth. 

.Named  after  the  French  mining  engineer,  Voltz. 

Supposed  artificial  voltzite  from  the  Freiberg  smelting- works  has  been  shown  to  be  sphalerite. 

Appendix  to  Sulphides,  etc. 

ARSENOTELLTJRITE.  Hannay  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  26,  989,  1873.  A  supposed  new  telluride. 
Stated  to  occur  in  small  brownish  scales  upon  arsenical  iron-pyrites.  Analysis:  Te  40'71,  As 
23  61,  S  35-81  =  100-13.  No  locality  given. 

BOLIVIANITE.  Bolivian  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  25,  188,  1866.  Orthorhombic.  In  acicular 
rhombic  prisms,  tufts,  and  fine  columnar.  Resembles  stibnite.  H.  =  2  5.  G.  =  4  820-4*828. 
Cleavage:  brachydiagonal  distinct.  Luster  snbmetallic.  Color  lead-gray,  a  little  darker  than 
in  stibnite.  According  to  T.  Richter,  an  autiuiouial  silver  sulphide  containing  8'5  p.  c.  of 
silver.  From  Bolivia. 


108  SULPHIDES,  SELENIDES,    TELLURIDES,  ETC. 

KANEITE.  R.  J.  Kane,  Q.  J.  Sci.,  28,  381,  1829;  Haid.,  Handb.  559,  1845.  Arsenikmangan. 
Described  as  a  manganese  arsenide  (MnAs)  occurring  in  botryoidal,  granular  masses  attached  to 
galena.  G.  =  5  '55.  Color  grayish  white,  tarnishing  black.  Luster  metallic.  Supposed  to  be 
from  Saxony.  Needs  confirmation. 

PLAKODIN.  Bretthaupt,  Pogg.,  53,  631,  1841.  Plattner,  ib.,  58,  283,  1843.  Placodine.  A 
supposed  nickel  arsenide  (NiAs2)  in  monoclinic  tabular  crystals.  Stated  by  Breithaupt  to  occur 
at  Miisen,  near  Siegen,  with  siderite  and  gersdorffite,  but  probably  only  a  furnace  product  Cf 
Schnabel,  Pogg.,  84,  585,  1851;  Hose,  Kr.-Ch.  Min.,  47,  1852.  Dana,  Min.,  3d  Ed.,  475,  1850.  ' 

PLUMBOMANGANITE.  Hannay,~bH\v..  Mag.,  1,  151,  1877.  Massive,  crystalline.  G.  =  4'01. 
Color  dark  steel-gray,  with  a  bronze  .tinge  when  exposed  to  the  air  for  some  time  Analvsis- 
Mn  49-00,  Pb  30'68,  S  20'73  =  100-41.'  Of  unknown  source. 

PLUMBOSTANNITE.    A.  Raimondi,  Mineraux  du  Perou,  p.  187,  1878. 

Amorphous;  structure  granular.  H.  =  2.  Feel  greasy,  like  graphite.  Slightly  ductile 
Luster  feebly  metallic.  Color  gray.  Analysis  (deducting  38 '8  p.  c.  quartz): 

G.  =  4-5  S  25-14        Sb.16-98        Sn  16-30        Pb  30-66        Fe  10-18        Zn  0'74  =  100 

B.B.  gives  on  charcoal  antimonial  fumes  and  a  lead  coating;  yields  metallic  tin.  Dissolves 
completely  in  hydrochloric  acid  to  which  a  little  nitric  acid  has  been  added.  With  concentrated 
nitric  acid  leaves  a  white  residue  of  the  oxides  of  tin  and  antimony  and  lead  sulphate. 

From  the  district  of  Moho,  province  of  Huancane,  Peru;  occurs  with  cassiterite  and 
sphalerite. 

SULPHIDE  OP  COPPER  AND  SILVER.  A  massive  mineral  from  the  Gagnon  mine,  near 
Butte,  Montana,  resembling  bornite  has  been  described  by  R.  Pearce.  H.  =  3*5-4.  G.  =  4'95. 
Analysis:  S  20'51,  Cu  41 -10,  Ag  24'66,  Zn  9'80,  Fe  2  09,  insol.  1'02  =  99'18.  This  conforms  to 
8Cus8.Ags8.2Zn8.  Col.  Sc.  Soc.,  2,  70,  1887.  Hillebrand  obtained  for  the  same  mineral: 
S  20-88,  Cu  40-24,  Ag  21-80,  Zn  12-83,  Fe  1-98,  Pb  1-46  =  99-19.  G.  =  5*407.  Ibid.,  3,  45, 
1888.  It  is  not  certain  that  the  mineral  was  homogeneous.  Cf.  jalpaite,  p.  47;  castillite,  p.  78. 

Another  ore  from  Idaho  Springs,  Col.,  is  regarded  by  Pearce  as  a  mixture  of  bornite  and 
stromeyerite  (ibid.,  p.  188);  it  gave:  S  19'40,  Cu  4249,  Ag  26-31,  Fe  6'22,  Pb,  insol.  undet. 
=  94-42. 

VALLERIITE.  Blomstrand,  5fv.  Ak.  Stockh. ,  27, 19, 1870.  A  massive  metallic  mineral  resem- 
bling pyrrhotite  in  color;  very  soft.  Contains  sulphur,  copper,  iron,  alumina,  magnesia,  and 
water.  Of  doubtful  purity.  Found  sparingly  at  the  Aurora  mine,  Nya-Kopparberg,  Sweden. 
Named  for  the  Swedish  mineralogist  Vallerius.  For  analyses  see  5th  Ed.,  App.  II.,  p.  58,  1875. 

YOUNGITE.  Hannay,  Min.  Mag.,  1,  152,  1877;  2,  88,  1878.  A  metallic  mineral  of  doubtful 
homogeneity,  containing  sulphur,  lead,  zinc,  iron,  and  manganese.  One  specimen  analyzed  was 
of  unknown  source,  another  from  Ballarat,  Australia.  For  analyses,  etc.,  see  5th  Ed.,  App.  III., 
p.  133, 1882. 


III.  SULPHO-SALTS. 

I.  Sulpharsenites,  Sulphantimonites,  Sulphobismuthites. 
II.  Sulpharsenates,  etc. 

The  species  here  included  are  chiefly  salts  of  the  sulpho-acids  of  trivalent 
arsenic,  antimony  and  bismuth.  The  most  important  acids  are  the  ortho-acids, 
H,AsS3,  etc.,  and  the  meta-acids,  H2AsS2,  etc. ;  but  H4As2S5,  etc.,  and  a  series  of 
others  are  included.  A  smaller  section  includes  the  sulpharsenates,  etc.,  chiefly 
normal  salts  of  the  acid  H3AsS4,  analogous  to  H3As04.  The  metals  present  as  bases 
are  chiefly  copper,  silver,  lead;  also,  iron,  zinc,  mercury,  rarely  others  (as  Ni,Co) 
in  small  amount.  In  view  of  the  hypothetical  character  of  many  of  the  acids  whose 
salts  are  here  represented,  there  is  a  certain  advantage,  for  the  sake  of  comparison, 
in  writing  the  composition  after  the  dualistic  method,  RS.As2S3,  2RS.As3Ss,  etc. 


I.  Sulpharsenites,  Sulphantimonites,  etc. 

A.  Acidic  Division.  RS  :  (As,Sb,Bi)2S3  =  1  :  2,  2  :  3,  3  : 4,  4  :  5. 

B.  Meta-  Division.  RS  :  (As,Sb,Bi)2S3  =  1:1. 

General  formula:  RAs2S4,  RSb2S4,  RBi2S4. 

C.  Intermediate  Division.  RS  :  (As,Sb,Bi)2S3  =  5:4,    3:2,    2:1,    5:2. 

D.  Ortho-  Division.  RS  :  (As,Sb,Bi)2S3  =  3:1. 

General  formula:  R3As2S6,  R3Sb2S6,  etc.     Also  R3AsS3;  R3SbS3. 

E.  Basic  Division.  RS  :  (As,Sb,Bi)2S3  =  4  :  1,   5  :  1,   6  :  1,  9  :  1,  12: 1, 


A.   Acidic  Division. 

109.  Livingstonite  HgS.2Sb2S3 

110.  Guejarite  Cu2S.2Sb2S3  Orthorhombic  a  :  1 :  6  =  0*8221  :  1  :  0-7841 

111.  Chiviatite  2PbS.3Bi2S3 

112.  Cuprobismutite         3Cu2S.4Bi2S3 

113.  Rezbanyite  4PbS.5Bi3S3 

109.  LIVINGSTONITE.     Mariano  Barcena,  Naturaleza,  3,  35,  172,  1874.    Am.  J.  Sc.,  8, 
145,  1874;  9,  64,  1875. 

In  groups  of  slender  prismatic  crystals;   also  columnar  massive,  resembling 
stibnite. 

H.  =  2.     G.  =  4-81.     Luster  metallic.     Color  bright  lead-gray.     Streak  red. 
Opaque. 

Comp.— HgSb4S,   or   HgS.2Sb2S3  =  Sulphur   22'1,    antimony   53*1,    mercury 
24-8  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Barcena,  ].  c.     2,  Id.,  Naturaleza,  4,  268,  1879.     3,  Venable,  Chem.  News,  40, 
186,  1879.     4,  Page,  ib.,  42,  195,  1880. 

S  Sb  Hg 

1.  Huitzuco  29-08        53-12        14-00        Fe  3'50  =  99'70 

2.  22-97        53-12        20'00        gangue  and  loss  3'91  =  100 

3.  "  §  23  73        53-75        22  52         =  100 

4.  Guadalcazar  24'50        52'21        22-61        Fe  0'68  =  100 

109 


110  SULPHARSENITES,   8ULPHANTIMONITES,   ETC. 

The  results  under  (3)  and  (4)  have  been  obtained  by  recalculation,  after  deducting  impurities 
(chiefly  gypsum,  free  sulphur,  insol.  residue),  viz.  in  (3),  13  to  16  p.  c. ,  in  (4),  37'6  p.  c. 
Groth  suggests  ihat  tbe  formula  may  more  properly  be  written  Hg2S.4Sb2S3  =  Sulphur  21 '9, 
antimony  5?'0,  mercury  21 '1  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  very  fusible,  giving  off  white  antimonial  fumes  freely.  Yield's  me- 
tallic mercury  in  the  open  tube,  or  in  the  closed  tube  with  soda.  Not  sensibly  attacked  by  cold 
nitric  acid,  but  dissolved  by  warm  acid,  with  the  separation  of  antimony  trioxide. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Huitzuco,  State  of  Guerrero,  Mexico,  in  a  matrix  of  cal cite  and  gypsum 
with  sulphur,  cinnabar,  stibnite,  and  valentinite.  Also  at  Guadalcazar,  in  San  Luis  Potosi,  with 
gypsum,  sulphur,  etc. 

Named  after  David  Livingstone  (1818-1873),  the  African  explorer  and  missionary. 

Alt. — Page  (1.  c.)  gives  an  analysis  of  an  ill-defined  alteration  product  of  liviugstonite. 

Artif. — Baker,  by  fusing  together  HgS  and  Sb2S3  in  an  atmosphere  of  CO2  has  obtained  a 
crystalline  mass  resembling  livingstonite  and  yielding  on  analysis:  S  24'83,  Sb  53'20.  Her  22'71 
=  100-74.  Chem.  News,  42,  ltt,  1880. 

110.  GUEJARITE.     Cumenge,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  2,  201,  1879. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0*8221  :  1  :  0*7841  Friedel1. 

100  A  HO  =  39°  25£',  001  A  101  =  43°  39',  001  A  Oil  =  38°  6'. 

Forms:  b  (010,  i-i),  c  (001,  -0);  h  (210,  t-2),  k  (320,  t-$)8?.  w(110,  7),  £(230,  £|)8?;  c*(013,  H), 
e(011,  1-t).  Also  doubtful  410,  310,  032,  and  two  pyramids  x,  z,  with  bx  =  56°  24',  bz  =  39°  58'. 

Angles  :  M'"  =  44°  41',  bh  =  *67°  89f ,  kk'"  =  57°  27',  mm'"  =  78°  51',  II'  =  78°  5'; 
dd'  =  29°  18',  ee'  =  76°  12',  be  =  *51°  54'. 

In  prismatic  crystals,  flattened  ||  #. 

Cleavage :  b  nearly  perfect.  Brittle.  H.  =  3*5.  G.  =  5'03.  Luster  metallic. 
Color  steel-gray,  wtih  a  tinge  of  blue.  Streak  black.  Opaque. 

Comp.— Cu2Sb4S7  or  CuaS.2Sb2S3  =  Sulphur  27'0,  antimony  57*8,  copper 
15-2  =  100. 

Anal.— Cumenge,  1.  c. 

S  25-0    Sb  58-5    Cu  15'5    Fe  0'5    Pb  tr.  =  99'5 

Fyr. — B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  off  antimonial  fumes,  and  yields  metallic  copper  when  treated 
with  soda. 

Obs.— Occurs  with  siderite  at  the  copper  mines  at  the  foot  of  Muley-Hacen,  in  the  district  of 
Gueiar,  Sierra  Nevada,  Andalusia. 

Ref._i  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  2,  203,  1879.  2  Given  as  (730)  and  (370)  which  correspond  with  the 
angles  less  well  than  these,  which,  however,  are  only  approximate. 

111.  CHIVIATITE.    Chiviatit  Rammelsberg,  Pogg.,  88,  320,  1853. 
Foliated  massive;  resembling  bismuthinite. 

Cleavage  in  three  directions  in  one  zone,  one  making  an  angle  with  the  second 
of  27°,  and  with  the  third  of  47°,  Mir.  G.  =  6-920.  Luster  metallic.  Color 
lead-gray. 

Comp.— Pb,Bi6Sn  or  2PbS.3Bi2S3= Sulphur  17'5,  bismuth  61-9,  lead  20 -6=100. 
Part  of  the  lead  is  replaced  by  copper. 
Anal. — Rammelsberg,  1.  c. 

S  Bi  Pb         Cu          Fe         Ag         insol. 

18-00        60-95        16-73        2'42        1-02         tr.          0'59  =  99-71 

Fyr. — Same  as  for  aikinite,  Rg. 

Obs.— From  Chiviato,  in  Peru,  with  pyrite  and  barite. 

112.  OUPROBISMUTITE.    Sulphobismuthite  of  copper  and  silver  Hillebrand,  Am.  J. 
Sc.,  27.  355.  1884.     Kupfersulfobismutit  Bretina.     Cuprobismutite  Dana. 

In  groups  of  slender  prismatic  crystals,  deeply  striated  longitudinally  and 
resembling  bismuthinite;  also  compact. 

G.  =  6-31-6-68.  Luster  metallic.  Color  dark  bluish  black.  Streak  black. 
Opaque. 

Comp.— Probably  Cu6Bi8S16  or  3Cu2S.4Bi2S3  =  Sulphur  19-1,  bismuth  65-9, 
copper  15'0  =  100.  The  copper  is  sometimes  in  part  replaced  by  silver. 


REZBANYITE.  Ill 

Anal.— 1-3,  Hillebrand,  1,  c. 

S  Bi  Cu  Ag  Pb  Fe  Zn 

1  Missouri  Mine  19'94*  60'80  15-96  0-89  —  2-13  0  10  =  99'82 

2  "                        18-83*  63-42  12'65  4'09  0'59  0'07  =  99'65 
3.  Missouri  Mine?           17'90  62'51  6'68  9*89  2'74  010  0 '07  =  99  89 

•  Calculated. 

From  (1)  4-43  p.  c.  gangue  have  been  deducted;  from  (2)  59*75  p.  c.;  from  (3)  47'57  p.  c. 
There  remain  in  (1)  6'97  chalcopyrite;  in  (2)  1-91  p.  c.;  in  (3)  0'33  p.  c.;  also  a  little  sphalerite. 
Deducting  these  the  ratio  of  R2 :  Bi :  S  corresponds  to  3  :  8 :  15. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  a  sublimate  of  sulphur;  a  bismuth  coating  on  -charcoal; 
soluble  in  acids. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  a  quartz  gangue  associated  with  chalcopyrite  and  wolframite  at  the 
Missouri  mine,  Hall's  Valley,  Park  Co.,  Colorado;  the  ore  is  auriferous,  sometimes  highly  so. 

DOGNACSKAITE  Foldt.  Kozl.,  14,  564,  1884.  Briefly  mentioned  by  Krenuer  as  a 
"  Wisinuthkupfererz"  with  the  following  characters: 

Cleavage  in  one  direction ;  color  gray,  tarnishing  on  .exposure  to  the  air.  Analysis  by 
Maderspach: 

S  15-75  Bi  71-79  Cu  12-28  =  99'82 

Occurs  at  Dognacska,  Hungary,  with  gold,  pyrite,  chalcocite,  and  bismuth  ocher. 

113.  REZBANYITE  A.  Frenzel,  Min.  JVlitth.,  5,  175,  1883. 
Massive;  fine  granular  to  compact. 

Cleavage  indistinct.  H.  =  2 -5-3.  GL  =  6-09-6*38.  Luster  metallic.  Color 
light  lead-gray,  becoming  darker.  Streak  black.  Opaque. 

Comp.— Pb4Bi10S19  or  4PbS.5Bi2S3=Sulphur  17-3,  bismuth  591,  lead  23-6=100. 
Anal.— 1-3,  Frenzel,  1.  c. 

S  Bi  Pb  Ag  Cu  Zn 

1.  17-85  59-08  19-80  1'89  1'71  tr.    =  100-33 

2.  16-61  62-57  15'10  1'89  3'71  0'12  =  100 

3.  16-89  62-88  13'88  2'46  3'77  012  =  100 

The  above. results  obtained  after  the  deduction  of  chalcopyrite:  in  (1)  4*64  p.  c.,  in  (2)  3*63, 
in  (3)  6-58;  also  calcite  in  (1)  5'00  p.  c.,  in  (2)  [4 -72],  in  (3)  [4*08i 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Rezbanya,  Hungary,  intimately  mixed  with  chalcopyrite  and  calcite;  also 
embedded  in  quartz.  Named  from  the  locality.  The  same  name  was  given  by  Hermann  to  a 
lead-gray  bismuth  ore  from  Rezbanya,  which  was  probably  an  impure  cosalite,  cf.  p.  121. 

Pyr.— Like  galenobismutite. 

B.   Meta-  Division.    KAs2S4,  KSb2S4,  RBi2S4. 
Zinkenite  Group.      RS.(As,Sb,Bi)2S3,     Orthorhombic. 

&  :  1 :  6 

114,     Zinkenite  PbS.Sb2S,  0-5575  :  1  :  0*6353 

0-5389  :  1  :  0*6188 
0-5430  :  1  :  0-6256 
1  :  0-6065 


115.     Sartor  ite 

PbS.As2S9 

116.     Emplectite 

Cu2S.Bi2S, 

117.     Chalcostibite 

Cu2S.Sb2S9 

118.     Galenobismutite 

PbS.Bi2S3 

119.     Berthierite 

FeS.Sb,S, 

120.    Hatildite  AgaS.Bi2S3 

Plenargyrite 

It  is   uncertain    whether  matildite  and   plenargyrite  are  the  same   species, 
isomorphous  with  miargyrite;  or  whether,  as  seems  probable,  the  compound  AgBiS, 


112  SULPHARSENITES,  SULPHANTIMONITES,  ETC. 

is  dimorphous,  matildite  belonging  to  the  zinkenite  group,  and  plenargyrite  with 
miargyrite. 

a  :i:l  ft 

181.    Miargyrite          AgaS.SbaS3        Monoclinic        2'9945  :  1  : 2-9095        81°  23' 


Zinkenite  Group. 

114.  ZINKENITE.    Zinkenit  G.  Rose,  Pogg.,  7,  91,  1826.    Bleiantimonglanz  Oroth,  Tab. 
Ueb.,  25,  1882.    Zinckenit. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  &  :  1  :  6  =  0*5575  :  1  :  0-6353  Kose1. 

100  A  HO  =  29°  8J',  001  A  101  =  48°  44',  001  A  Oil  =  32°  25f  '. 
Forms:  e  (102,  f  1),     k  (061,  64).     Angles:    ce  =  *59°  21',  kk'  =  *150°  36'. 

Crystals   seldom   distinct;     sometimes    in   nearly   hexagonal   forms   through 
twinning.     Lateral  faces  longitudinally  striated.     Also  columnar,  fibrous,  massive. 

Cleavage  not  distinct.     Fracture  slightly  uneven.     H.  =  3-3'5.    G.  =  5*30-5'35. 
Luster  metallic.     Color  and  streak  steel-gray.     Opaque. 

Comp.—  PbSb2S4  or  PbS.Sb2S3  =  Sulphur  22'3,  antimony  41*8,  lead  35'9  =  100. 
Arsenic  sometimes  replaces  part  of  the  antimony. 

Anal.—  1,  H.  Rose,  Pogg.,  8,  99,  1826.     2,  Kerl,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  12,  20,  1853.     3,  Hilger.  Lieb. 
Ann.,  185,  205,  1877.     4,  W.  F.  Hillebrand,  Proc.  Col.  Soc.,  1,  121,  1884. 

S         Sb       Pb 

1.  Wolfsberg  22*58    44*39    31-84  Cu  0'42  =  99'23 

2.  "  21-22    43-98    30'84  Ag  0'12,  Fe  1'45  =  97'61 

3..  Kinzigthal  23'04  46'18  30*80  =  100'02  [=  98*71 

4.  Red  Alt.,  Col.  G.  =  5*21  22*50  85*00  32'77  As  5*64,  Cu  1*20,  AgO'23,  gangue,  etc.,  1*37 

Fyr.,  etc.—  Decrepitates  and  fuses  very  easily;  in  the  closed  tube  gives  a  faint  sublimate  of 
sulphur,  and  antimony  trisulphide.  In  the  open  tube  sulphurous  fumes  and  a  white  sublimate 
of  antimony  trioxide;  the  arsenical  variety  gives  also  arsenical  fumes.  On  charcoal  is  almost 
entirely  volatilized,  giving  a  coating  which  on  the  outer  edge  is  white,  and  near  the  assay  dark 
yellow;  with  soda  in  R.F.  yields  globules  of  lead. 

Soluble  in  hot  hydrochloric  acid  with  evolution  of  hydrogen  sulphide  and  separation  of 
lead  chloride  on  cooling. 

Obs  —  Occurs  in  the  antimony  mine  of  Wolfsberg  in  the  Harz;  the  groups  of  columnar 
crystals  occur  on  a  massive  variety  in  quartz;  the  crystals  sometimes  over  half  an  inch  long  and 
two  or  three  lines  broad,  frequently  extremely  thin  and  forming  fibrous  masses.  From  the 
Ludwig  mine,  Adlerbach  near  Hausach,  Kinzigthal,  Baden.  Pontgibaud,  Puy  de  Dome, 
France.  In  the  U.  S.,  at  the  antimony  mines  of  Sevier  County,  Arkansas  ;  in  Colorado  at  the 
Brobdignag  mine,  Red  mountain,  San  Juan  Co. 

Named  after  J.  K.  L.  Ziuketo  (1798-1862),  director  of  the  Anhalt  mines  (also  written  Zincken) 

Ref.—  •  1.  c.     Kenng.,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  9,  1852. 

115.  SARTORITE,  Skleroklas  4-  Arsenomelan  Waltershausen,  Pogg>,''94,  115.  1855,  100, 
537,  1857.  Skleroklas  Rath,  ib.,  122,  380,  1864.  Binnit  C.  Heusser-,  Pogg.,  94,  335,  1855,  ,97, 
120.  1856.  Dufrenoysite,  pt.,  Dufr.,  Tr..  pi.  235,  f.  66;  Dx.,  Ann.  Mines.  8,  389,  1855.  Arseno- 
melan Petersen,  Oflenb.  Ver.,  7,  13,  1866.  Sartorite  Dana,  Min.,  87,  1868.  Bleiarsenglanz 
GrothT&b.  Ueb.,  22,  1882. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  1  :  6  =  0-5389  :  1  :  0-6188  Rath1. 

100  A  110  =  28°  19  J',  001  A  101  ='48°  56f'5  001  A  Oil  =  *31C  45' 

d  (021,  24) 
£(041,  44) 


Forms9: 
a  (100,  «) 
b  (0\0,  i-i) 
c  (001,  0) 

or 
/? 

^ 

(108,  4 
(104,  4 
(5*0*14 
(5-011 

4) 
4) 

:fc3 

€  (102,  £4)? 
u  (509,  f  4) 
9  (507,  ft) 
z  (506,  f  4) 

*  (504, 
y  (503, 
a?  (501, 

H) 

54)? 

c»  (10-0 

/(OH, 
6  (043, 
Z  (032, 

1,  104) 
14) 
H) 

H) 

aa'  = 
ftft'  = 

16° 

32° 

20' 

2' 

22' 
99' 

=    87°  28* 
=    97°  54' 

<»<»'  =  170° 

3' 

M' 

nri 

= 

136 

ftft' 

0' 

oo. 

—  do 

O»      40  A/t      -     11U       ID  ,  J_        WQO    Q'  /v_"       _     mi0    Q' 

65°  4'  yy'  =  124°  49'  ff,        '    S,  ^  oo     -  105   3 

WQO  Ant  ™<        iof\o  tA,  II       —    85   44  oo     =    44    14 

78  43  xx   =  160   14  dd     =  102o  T  fo>    =  #44o  19 


ZIXKENITE  GROUP-SMPLECTITE-CHALCOSTIBITE.  113 

Crystals  slender,  elongated  ||  axis  t>',  also  striated  or  channeled  in  tins  direction. 

Cleavage:  c  distinct.     Fracture   conchoid  al.     Very   brittle.     H.  =  3.     G.  = 

5  '393.     Luster  metallic.     Color  dark  lead-gray.     Streak  reddish  brown.     Opaque. 

Comp.—  PbAs2S4  Or  PbS.As3S3  =  Sulphur  26'4,  arsenic  31-0,  lead  42'9  =  100. 

Anal.—  Uhrlaub,  Pogg.,  94,  124,  1855.     Other  analyses,  5th  Ed.,  p.  87. 

S  As  Pb  Ag  Fe 

25-91  28-56  44'56  0'42  0'45  =  99'90 


The  excess  of  lead  is  probably  due  to  admixed  dufrenoysite. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  Nearly  the  same  as  for  dufrenoysite,  but  differing  in  strong  decrepitation. 

Obs.  —  From  the  Binnenthal  with  dufrenoysite  and  binnite. 

Named  after  Sartorius  v.  Waltershausen  (1809-1876)  who  first  announced  the  species; 
icleroclase  is  from  <FKA.r?p6$,  hard,  violent,  and  Khdeiv,  to  break,,  in  allusion  to  its  brittle 
character. 

Ref.—  »  Pogg.,  122,  380,  1864;  see  earlier  (1.  c.)  Heusser,  Dx.  and  Mgc.,  but  note  Rath  'a 
criticism  of  Dx.  (1.  c.  p.  392  el  al.),  whos'e  determinations  were  made  in  part  on  crystals  of 
jordanite.  2  Cf.  Rath,  1.  c.  ;  the  symbols  of  some  of  the  macrodomes  need  confirmation;  the 
measurements  of  earlier  observers  (see  above)  add  other  planes  in  the  two  series  of  domes,  but 
mostly  of  doubtful  position. 

116.  EMPLEOTITE.    "Wismuth-Kupfererz  (fr.  Tannenbaum)  Sett),  Tasch.  Min.,  11,  441, 
451,1817.     Kupferwisinuthglanz  R.  Schneider,  Pogg.,  90,  166,  1853.     Emplektit  Kenng.,  Ueb., 
125,  1853.     Tannenite  Dana,  Min.,  73,  1854.     Hemichalcit  Kbl.,  Gesch.  Min.,  600,  1864. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes:  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-5430  :  1  :  0'6256  Weisbach1. 
100  A  HO  =  28°  30J',  001  A  101  =  49°  2|',  001  A  Oil  =  32°  If. 

Forms:  b  (010,  i-i)        u  (509,  f  1}        z  (506,  f-i)        x  (501,  5-1)        k  (061,  6-1) 

a  (100,  i-l)       c  (001,  0)         g  (507,  f-i)        y  (503,  f-i)       d  (021,  24) 

Angles:  uu'  =  65°  15',  gg'  =  79°  2',  zz'  =  87°  40',  yy'  =  124°  59',  xx1  =  160°  18',  dd'  =  102° 
i4',  **'  =  150°  10',  cz  =  *43°  50',  kc  =  *75°  5' 

In  thin  striated  prisms,  elongated  ||  I. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect;  b  less  so;  also  z  (?)  distinct.  Fracture  conchoidal  to  un- 
even. Brittle.  H.  =  2.  G.  =  6  '3-6  -5.  Luster  metallic.  Color  grayish  to  tin- 
white.  Opaque. 

Comp.—  CuBiS2or  CuJ3.Bi3S8  =  Sulphur  19-1,  bismuth  62'0,  copper  18-9  =  100. 
Anal.—  1,  Schneider,  Pogg.,  90,  166,  1863.  2,  Peterseri,  Jb.  Min.,  847,  1869.  3,  Daw,  Ch. 
News,  40,  225,  J879.  4,  Loczka,  Foldt.  K5zl.,  14,  564,  1884. 

S'  Bi        ,Cu 

1.  Tannenbaum                        f  18-83  62'16  18-72  =  99'71 

2.  Freudenstadt                           19-06  59*09  20'32  Fe  0-40  =  98-87 

3.  Aamdal                                     19-20  57'72  17  23  Ag  2-91,  Pb  tr.,  SiOa  1-80  =  98'36 

4.  Rezbanya        G.  =  6-521        18-61  63*20  16-84  Te  0-16,  Pb  1-14,  Ag  0-20,  Fe  0  11  =  100-26 

Pyr.,  etc.—  In  the  open  tube  gives  sulphurous  fumes.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  easily,  with 
frothing  and  spirting;  treated  with  soda  coats  the  coal  dark  yellow  from  bismuth  oxide,  and  gives 
a  globule  of  copper.  Decomposed  by  nitric  acid,  with  separation  of  sulphur. 

Obs.—  Occurs  embedded  in  quartz  at!  the  mines  of  Tannenbaum,  near  Schwarzenberg,  also 
near  Pohla,  and  on  the  Schreckenberg  at  Annaberg,  Saxony.  At  Christophsau  near  Freuden- 
stadt, Wurtemberg;  Rezbanya,  Hungary.  At  the  Aaindal  copper  mines,  Telemarken,  Norway. 
From  Cerro  Blanco  in  Copiapo,  Chili. 

Named  from  ejitXeKroS,  entwined,  interwoven,  in  allusion  to  its  intimate  association  with 
quartz. 

Artif.—  Obtained  by  Schneider,  J  pr.  Ch.,  40,  564,  1889. 

Ref.—1  Pogg.,  128,  435,  1866;  see  also  Dbr.,  ib.,  92,  241,  1854. 

117.  CHALCOSTIBITE.    Kupferantimonglanz  Zinken,  Pogg.,  35,  357,  1835.     Sulphuret 
of  Copper  and  Antimony;  Antimonial  Copper.     Rosite  Huot,  Min.,  1,  197,  1841.     Chalkostibit 
Clock,  Syn.,  32,  1847.    Wolfsbergite  Nicol,  Min.,  484,  1849. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes:  b  :  c  =  1  :  0-6065  Rose  . 

Forms:  6(010,  i-i),  c  (001,  0),  d  (021,  2-1),  A  (041,  4-1).  Angles:  dc  =  *50°  30',  dd'  =  101% 
U'  «  iao-°  12. 

In  small  aggregated  prisms,  elongated  |  a  •  also  fine  granular,  massive. 


SULPHAR8ENITES,  SULPHANTIMONITES,   ETC. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect:  a  less  so.  Fracture  subconchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  3-4. 
G.  =  4-75-5*0.  Luster  metallic.  Color  between  lead-gray  and  iron-gray.  Opaque. 

Comp.— CuSbS,  or  Cu,S.Sb3S3  =  Sulphur  25-9,  antimony  48-5,  copper  25-6 
=  100. 

Anal.— 1,  H;  Rose,  Pogg,,  35,  361,  1835.     2,  T.  Richter,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  16,  220,  1857. 

S  Sb  Cu          Fe          Pb 

1.  Wolfsberg  26'34       46-81        24*46        1-39       0'56  =  99'56 

2.  -Guadiz        G.  =  5'015  25'29        48'30        25'36        1'23          —    =  100'18 

The  iron  is  supposed  to  exist  as  pyrite,  and  the  lead  as  jamesonite. 

Fyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates  at  first,  and'  then  fuses,  giving  a  faint  sublimate 
of  antimony  trisulphide,  which  on  cooling  is  dark  red;  in  the  open  tube  gives  sulphurous  and 
antimonial  fumes,  the  latter  forming  a  white  sublimate.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  to  a  globule, 
emitting  antimonial  fumes,  coating  the  coal  white;  the  globule  treated  with  borax  reacts  for. 
iron;  with  soda  gives  a  globule  of  metallic  copper. 

Decomposed  by  nitric  acid,  with  separation  of  sulphur  and  antimony  trioxide. 

Obs. — From  Wolfsberg  in  the  Harz,  in  nests  embedded  in  quartz;  and  at  Guadiz,  Spain.  It 
5s  usually  covered  with  a  coating  of  pyrite.  Glocker's  name  antedates  Nicol's.  Eosite  has  an 
earlier  use. 

Ref.— i  Pogg.,  35,  360,  1835.    See  also  p.  1030. 

118.  GALENOBISMUTITB.    H.  Sjogren,  G;  F5r.  Forb,,  4, 109,  1878.     Alaskaite  Kointg. 
Am.  Phil:  Soc..  472,  1881.     Bleiwismuthglanz  Groth,  Tab.  Ueb.,  25,  1882.    "Seleubleiwismuth- 
glanz  Id.,  Tab.  Ueb.,  28,  1889. 

Crystalline,  columnar  with  indistinct  faces;  also  massive,  foliated  or  radiated 
to  compact. 

H.  =  3-4.  G.  =  6-88;  7-145  Falun.  Luster  metallic.  Color  dark  to  light 
lead-gray  to  tin-white:  Streak  grayish  black.  Opaque. 

Comp.,  Tar.— PbBi,S4  or  PbS.Bi,Sf  =  Sulphur  17-1,  bismuth  55-4,  lead  27'5  = 
100.  ^The  lead  is  sometimes  replaced  in  part  by  silver  and  copper,  and  the 
sulphur  by  selenium. 

Var — 1.  Ordinary.^- Analyses  1,  2.  H.  Sjogren,  1.  c. 

2.  Argentiferous— Alaskaite.    Analyses  3,  4,  Koenig,  1.  c.;"in  3,  2'3  p,  c.  chalcopyrite  and 
15  p.  c.  barite  have  been  deducted;  in  4,  4'7  p.  c.  chalcopyrite  and  2-8  p.  c.  barite.-  G.  =  6'878, 

5,  Id.,  ib.,/22,  211,  1885. 

3.  Seleniferous.—A.  variety  from  Falun,    Sweden,   more  or  less  impure,   see  Atterberg, 
G.    For.    F6rL.,    2.    76,    1874,    who  gives  an  analysis  of  a   mineral  (with  Se  —  1  -15  p.  c.) 
regarded  as  a  mixture  of  native  bismuth  and  a  sulphobismuthite  of  lead;  also  Nordstrom,,  ib.  4, 
268,  1879,  with  Se  =  4'79-5'H,  p.  c.   Anal.  6,  Genth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  23,  34,  1885.   H.  =  2.   Color 
dark  lead-gray.    Cleavage  in  one  direction,  eminent.    7,  Weibull,  G.  For.  Fftrh.,  7,  657,  1885. 

S         Se        Bi        Pb      Ag     Cu      Zn 

1.  Nordmark  G.  =  6'88         17-35      —      54'69    27*65      —      ->-       —    =  99'69 

2.  "  16-78       —       54-13    27-18      —       —       —    =  98'09 

3.  Alaskaite    G.  =  6'878    }  17-63      —      56-97    11-79    8-74    3'46    0  79  Sb  0'63  =  100 

4.  "  |  17-62      —      55-81    19-02    3'26    4'07    0-22  =  100 

6.  "          G.  =  6-782        17-98      —      53'39    12-02    7'80    5'11     0'34  Fe  0'84,    insol.  1-80 

6.  Falun          G.  =  7-145    |    9-75    12-43    49'88    27'88    0'33      —       —    -100-27      [=  99'28 

7.  •'  G.  =  6  97  9-82    13'61    49-73    24'62      —     0'77      —   Fe  0'61  =;  9916 

Pyt.— B,B.  fuses  easily  on  charcoal,  giving  bismuth  and  lead  coatings.  The  argentiferous 
^variety  yields  silver,  and  the  seleniferous  the  odor  of  selenium.  Dissolves  with  difficulty  in 
Hydrochloric  acid,  readily  in  strong  nitric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  bismutite  at  the  Ko  mine,  Nordmark  in  Wermland,  Sweden,  where  it 
sometimes  carries  gold.  Also  intimately  mixed  with  quartz,  barite,  chalcopyrite,  and  tetra- 
3iedrite,  at  the  Alaska  mine,  Poughkeepsie  Gulch,  Colorado  (alaskaite).  The  seleniferoua  variety 
5s  from  Falun.  Sweden; -it  occurs  with  native  bismuth. 

119.  BERTHIERITE.    Haidmgerite  Berthier,  Ann.  Ch,  Phys.,  35,  351,  1827;  Pogg ,  11 
478,  1827.    fcerihierit  Haid.,  Ed.  J.  Sc.,  7,  353,  1827.     Eisenantimonglanz  Germ. 

In  elongated  prisms;  also  fibrous  massive,  plumose;  granular. 

Cleavage:  longitudinal,  rather  indistinct.      H.  =  2-3.     G.  =  4-4-3.     Luster 


MATILDITH  1W 

metallic.     Color    dark  steel-gray,    inclining   to  pinchbeck-brown;    surface   often 
covered  with  iridescent  spots.-    Opaque. 

Comp.— Probably  FeSb  S4  or  FeS.SbaSs  ==  Sulphur    30-2,    antimony   56  -6, 
iron  13-2  =  100. 

Analyses  show  a  somewhat  varying  composition,  doubtless  due  to  the  impurity  of  the 
material  examined,  cf.  Fischer,  Zs.  Kr.,  4,  362,  1880. 

Anal.— 1,  Berthier,  1.  c.  2,  Rg.,  Pogg.,  40,  153,  1837.  3,  Pettko,  Haid.  Ber.,  1,  62,  1847. 
4  Hauer,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  4,  635,  1853.  5,  Sackur,  Rg.,  Min.Ch.,  988, 1860.  6,  Rg.,Zs.G.Ge&. 
18,  244,  1866. 

S        Sb  Fe  Zn 

1.  Chazelles  30'3  52'0  16:0  0'3  =  98*6 

2.  Braunsdorf  31-33  54'70  11'43  0'74  Mn  2'54  =  100'74 

3.  Aranyldka  G.  =  4'043        29'27  57'88  12-85  —  =100 

4.  Braunsdorf  30'53  59'30  10-16  —  =  99'99 

5.  "  28-77  56-91  10-55  —  Mn  3-73  =  99*96 

6.  S,  Antonio,  Cal.  G.  =  4'062        29-12  56'61  10'09  —  Mn  3'56  =  99'38 

Other  analyses  by  Berthier  (Ann.  Mines,  3,  49,  1833)  gave: 

Anglar    Sb2S3  80*6    FeS  19'4    deducting  7  p.c.  gangtie. 
Martouret          84'3  15  "7  "        60    " 

These  correspond  approximately  to  FeS.Sb2Sa  and  3FeS.4Sb2S3.  while  anal.  (1)  above  gives 
3FeS.2Sb2S3;  little  dependence  can  be  placed  upon  them.  N.  IMordenskiSld  in  his  Atom.-Ch. 
Min.  System,  1848,  introduces  for  the  three  varieties  analyzed  by  Berthier  the  following  names: 
Anglarite  for  FeS.Sb2S3.  Chazellite  for  BFeS.2Sb2S3,  Martourite 'for  3FeS.4Sb2Ss 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  fuses,  and  gives  a  faint  sublimate  of  sulphur;  with  a  strong; 
"heat  yields  a  blacfc  sublimate  of  antimony  oxysulphide,  which  on  cooling  becomes  brownish-red. 
In  the  open  tube  gives  off  fumes  of  sulphur  and  antimony,  reacting  like  stibnite.  B.B.  on 
charcoal  gives  off  sulphurous  and  antimonial  fumes,  coats  the  coal  white,  and  the  antimony  is 
expelled,  leaving  a  black  magnetic  slag,  which  with  the  fluxes  reacts  for  iron. 

Dissolves  readily  in  hydrochloric  acid,  giving  off  hydrogen  sulphide) 

Obs.— At  Chazelles  and  Martouret  in  Auvergne,  associated  with  quartz,  calcite,  and  pyrite; 
in  the  Vosges,  Commune  of  Lalaye;  at  Anglar,  Depart.  La  Creuse:  also  at  Braunsdorf  near  Frei- 
berg in  Saxony,  and  at  Padstow  in  Cornwall;  at  Arany  Idka  in  Hungary;  at  Real  San  Antonio, 
Lower  California,  massive;  N.  Brunswick,  probably  from  the  antimony  mine  in  Prince: 
William  parish.  25  miles  from  Fredericton,  York  Co. 

Named  after  the  French  chemist,  Pierre  Berthier  (1782-1861). 


120.  MATILDITE.  Silberwismuthglanz  Rammelsb&rg,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  29,  80,  1877.  Matil- 
dite  A.  D'Achiardi,  I  Metalli,  1,  136,  1883.  Morocochite  Heddle,  Enc.  Brit.,  16,  394,  1883. 
Argento-bismutite  Genth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  23,  35.  1885. 

In  slender  striated  prismatic  crystals;  also  massive,  compact. 

Soft.     G.  =  6*92.     Luster  metallic.     Color  gray.     Streak  light  gray.    Opaque. 

Comp.— AgBiS3  or  Ag2S.Bi3S8  —  Sulphur  16'9,  bismuth  54-7,  silver  28 -4  =  100. 
Sometimes  with  lead  replacing  part  of  the  silver  and  hence  tending  toward 
galenobismutite  (p.  114). 

Anal.— 1,  Rg.,  1.  c.,  after  deducting  some  galena.     2,  Genth,  1.  c. 

S  Bi  Ag          Pb 

1.  Peru         G.  =  6-92  f    17'24         54'50        28'26          —    =  100 

2.  Colorado  [16-66]       52  89        26'39        4'06  =  100 

Pyr. — B.B.  fuses  readily  on  charcoal,  giving  a  coating  of  bismuth  oxide  and  on  long  blowing 
6  globule  of  silver.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid  with  separation  of  sulphur. 

Obs. — Associated  with  tetrahedrite,  galena,  sphalerite,  and  pyrile  at  the  Matilda  mine,  near 
TVIorococha,  Peru.  Also  from  Lake  City,  Colorado. 

Artif.— Obtained  by  Schneider,  but  not  in  distinct  crystals,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  41,  414,  1890. 

PLENARoraiTE  Sandberger,  ErzgSnge,  1,  96,  1882. 

In  indistinct  crystals  and  crystalline  groups,  apparently  like  miargyrite  in  form.  Fracture 
conchoidal.  Brittle."  H.  =  2-5.  G.  =  7-22  (calc.).  Luster  metallic,  dolor  iron-black.  Streak 
black.  Opaque. 

COMP.— Probably  like  matildite,  AgBiS2  or  AgaS.Bi2S8.  Anal.— Zeitszchel,  after  deducting 
15*83 p.c.  pyrite,  1'46  quartz: 

818-31  Bi  55-20  Ag  26'49  =  100 


116 


SULPHARSENITES,    SULPHANTIMONIIES,   ETC. 


Occurs  intimately  associated  with  pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  and  quartz  at  Scliapbacb,  Baden. 
The  name  is  stated  to  have  been  given  in  allusion  to  the  fact  that  it  contains  less  silver  than 
miargyrite. 

121.  MIARGYRITE.  Hemiprismatische  Rubin-Blende  (fr.  Braunsdorf)  MoJis.  Grundr., 
606,  1824.  Miargyrit  H.  Hose,  Pogg.,  15,  469,  1829.  Hypargyrite,  Hypargyron-Blende 
(fr.  Clausthal)  Breith.,  Char.,  286,  333,  1832.  Kenngottite  (fr.  Felsobanya)  Haid.,  Ber  Ak. 
Wien.,  22,  236,  1856. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  a  :  l".b  =  2-99449  :  1  :  2-90951;  J3  =  81°  22'  35" 
=  001  A  100  Lewis1. 

100  A  010  =  71°  20'  12",  001  A  101  =  39°  58'  45",  001  A  Oil  =  70°  49'  52". 


Forms2. 
a  (100,  i-l) 
b  (010,  i-l) 
c  (001,  0) 

A  (210,  /-2) 

fl  (105,  -H) 
H  (104,—  £4) 
A  (102,—  i-i)? 
m  (101,—  14) 
Z  (703,—  14) 
w  (301,—  34) 

^  (702,—  14) 
J/  (103,  H) 
^  (203,  £4) 
o  (101,  14) 
E  (201,  24) 
.#(301,  34) 

/?  (013,  H) 
a>  (Oil,  1-i) 

2(111,—  1) 
A  (111,  1) 

8  (15-1-1,—  15-15)? 
$  (811,—  8-8) 
®  (711,—  7-7) 
7}  (611,—  6-6) 
7P  (511,—  5-5) 
/(922,-f-f) 
<p  (411,—  4-4) 
d  (13-4-4,—  !£-*£) 
d  (311,—  3-3) 
e  (522,-f-f) 
E  (212,  —1-2)? 

8  (211,—  2-2) 
w  (12-1-15,  f!2) 
q  (12-1  -3,  4-12) 
p  (616,  1-6) 
it  (515,  1-5) 
X  (414,  1-4) 
W  (413,  f-4) 
£  (313,  1-3) 
t(311,  3-3) 
e  (12-5-20,  f-^) 
C  (215,  |-2) 

€  (213,  $-2) 
*  (212,  1-2) 
o-  (211,  2-2) 

Jc  (124,—  i-2) 
X  (122,—  1-2) 
r  (121,—  2-2) 
2  (13^—3.3) 

.p  (181,—  8-8) 
.7(676,  H) 
a  (233,  1-|) 
x  (122,  1-2) 

Lewis  adds  as  doubtful  (119),  (139),  (l'S'16),  (I'2'IO),  and  several  others  still  more  uncertain. 


^J" 

'=  111°  55' 

oA 

— 

74°  16' 

as 

— 

55°  28' 

dd" 



*96° 

27'  12" 

ell 

—    1  3°    V 

cd 

— 

70°  34' 

at 

— 

69°  45^' 

*/ 

— 

102° 

21' 

am 

cw 

—     10      o 

=    41°  24' 
=    63°  30' 
_.    350  21' 

cs 
ck 

Off 

= 

69°  32' 
54°  36' 
57°  49' 

aoo 
ak 
a'i 

= 

87°  11' 
77°  19' 
47°  44' 

AA' 

XX' 

= 

107° 
131° 
96° 

1' 
501' 
25' 

CO 

fR 

=  *48°  21'  10" 
=  *50°  16'  15" 

ci 

= 

82°    8' 
51°  56£' 

/7QO  OPkl' 
4O      ^^"2" 

a'o- 
a'A 
a'x 

:= 

59°  29' 
74°  53' 
83°  42' 

** 

7TtYTt' 

= 

73° 

58° 
48° 

26' 
27' 
13' 

C/xlf 

=    78°  57' 

a$ 

= 

21°    (X 

OPO    KQt 

a'ff 

•= 

70°    8' 
59°  11' 

1j$ 

=    40°  54' 
=    88°  49' 

ftJCi?' 

=    87°  36' 
=  141°  40' 

a<p 
ad 

= 

26    58 
37°    0' 
44°  47' 

it 
dd' 

= 

125°    4*' 
83°  33' 

atf 

81° 
109° 

48'^ 

c^ 

=    69°  18' 

Crystals   usually  thick  tabular  ||  c  or  a\  also  prismatic  ||  o.     Faces  in  the 

zones  a  o  c  and  ads  often  deeply 
striated,  parallel  to  their  mutual 
intersections;  hence  a  shows  two 
sets  of  striations  ||  edges  a/d  and 
less  uniformly  ||  edge  a/o.  Also 
massive. 

Cleavage :  I  in  traces.  Frac- 
ture subconchoidal  to  uneven. 
Brittle.  H.  =  2-2-5.  G.  =  5'1- 
5*30.  Luster  metallic-adamantine. 
Color  iron-black  to  steel-gray,  in 
thin  splinters  deep  blood -red. 
Streak  cherry-red.  Nearly  opaque. 

Comp.— AgSbS2  or  Ag2S.Sb2S3  =  Sulphur  21:9,  antimony  41'2,  silver  36-9 
=  100. 

Anal.— 1,  H.  Rose,  1.  c.  2,  Sotomayor  and  Cortez,  Min.-Chili,  2d  Append.,  p.  40,  1867. 
3,  4,  L.  Sipocz,  Min.  Mitth.,  213,  1877.  5,  Jenkins,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  109,  1880.  6,  Andreasch,  Min. 
Mitth.,  4,  185,  1881. 


Braunsdorf,  after  Lewis. 


MI ARG  TRITE. 


117 


S  Sb  Ag  Pb  Cu  Pe 

1.  Braunsdorf  21*95  39'14  3640  —  1'06  062  =  99-17 

2.  TVesPuntas  19't>9  41-95  37'30  —       —  1'05  =  99'99 

3.  FelsObauya  G.  =  5'298        \  21-80  40'68  32'77  4'01  0-51  0'19  =  99'96 

4.  Kenngoltite  G.  =  5'337            20'66  39'46  35'28  1'76  0  50  0'25  =  97'91 

5.  Hypargyrite  |  21'35  4107  37'40  —       —  —  As  0'79  =  100'61 

6.  Pfibram  G.  =  5 '077           21  "68  41 '15  3671  —       —  tr.    =  99'54 

Pyr.,  etc  —In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  fuses  easily,  and  gives  a  sublimate  of  antimony 
oxysulpnidc.  inilie  open  tube  sulpliuroiisand  aiitimonial  fumes,  tbe  latter  as  a  white  sublimate. 
BB  on  "charcoal  .  uses  quietly  with  emission  of  sulphur  and  antimony  fumes  to  a  gray  bead!, 
which  after  continued  treatment  in  O.F.  leaves  a  bright  globule  of  silver.  If  the  silver  globule 
is  treated  with  phosphorus  salt  in  O.F.,  the  green  glass  thus  obtained  often  shows  traces  of 
copper  when  fused  with  tin  in  R.F. 

Decomposed  by  nitric  acid,  with  separation  of  sulphur  and  antimony  trioxide. 

Obs. — At  Braunsdorf,  near  Freiberg  in  Saxony,  associated  with  tetrnhedrite,  pyrargyrite, 
etc.;"  Felsobanya  (kenngottite)  with  pyrite,  galena,  sphalerite,  barite;  Pfibram  in  Bohemia; 
Clausthal  (hypurgyrite);  Guadalajara  iu  Spain;  at  Pareuos,  and  the  miue  Sta.  M.  de  Catorce, 
Sau  Luis  Potosi,  Mexico;  also  at  Molinares,  with  rhodochrosite;  at  Tres  Puntas,  Chili. 

Named  from  jueiaov,  less,  dpyvpos,  silver,  because  it  contains  less  silver  than  some 
kindred  ores. 

Artif.— Formed  artificially  by  Poelter,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  39,  1885. 

Ref. — !  Result  deduced  (recalc.,  E.S..D.)from  many  measurements,  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  545,  1884. 
For  .earlier  observations  see  Naumann,  Pogg.,  17,  142,  1829;  Miller,  Min.^  p.  214;  Weisb., 
Pogg.,  125,  441,  1865,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  55,  1877;  Friedlander,  Min.-Samml.  Strassburg,  p.  58, 
1878;  Rath,  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  35,  1883;  Lewis,  ib.,  545,  1884.  With  Weisb.  and  Rath  a  =  101. 

o  =  100,  g  =  110,  etc.     In  general  for  h  k  I  (Lewis)  and p  qr  (Weisb.),  h  =  —  p,  k  =-| ,  l=p  +  r. 

•  o 

*See  Rath  and  Lewis  for  authorities,  etc.,  but  note  Lewis's  explanation  of  Miller's  error  in 
identifying  the  forms,  and  the  consequent  rejection  of  several  planes  included  by  Rath. 


C.  Intermediate  Division. 


a  :     :  6 


122.    Plagionite          5PbS.4Sb2S3?  Monoclinic    1-1331 : 1  :  0-4228   .72°  50* 


123.    Binnite 


3Cu2S.2As3S3?  Isometric 


124.  Klaprotholitei     3Cu2S.2Bi2S3  Orthorhombic 

125.  Schirmerite        3(Aga,Pb)S.2Bi2S8 

126.  Warrenite         3PbS.2Sb2S3 


0-740  :  1 


Jatnesonite  Group.    2RS.(As,Sb,Bi),S8.  Orthorhombic. 

a  :  I  :  b 

127.    Dufrenoysite          2PbS.As2S3  0-9381  :  1 :  1-5309 

2PbS.Bi2Ss  0-9187  :  1  :  1-4601 
PbS.Ag2S.BiaS, 

2PbS.Sb2S3  0-8915  : 1 
2PbS.(Bi,Sb)aS, 


128.  Cosalite 

129.  Schapbachite 

130.  Jamesonite 

131.  Kobellite 


132.    Brongniardite       2(Ag3,Pb)S.Sb3S8.    Isometric. 


a  :l:&  0 

133.     Semseyite  7PbS.3Sb2S3?          Monoclinic    1-1442  :  1  .  1-1051    71°  4r 


118 


SULPHARSENITES*  SULPHANTIMOXITES,  ETC. 


134,  foaphorite 

135.  Freieslebenite 


a-.l-.b 
Orthorhombic  0-4919:  1:  0'7345 


5<[Aga,Pb)S.2Sb8S3 


Monoclinic        0-5871:1:0-9277    87°  46' 


122.  PLAGIONITE.    Ein    neires    Spiessglanzerz    C,    Zincken,    Pogg.,    22,   492,    1831. 
Plagionit  G.  Rose,  ib.,  28,  421,  1833. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  1-1331  :  1  :  0-4228;  ft  =  *72°  49J'=  001  A  100 
Luedecke1. 

100  A  110  =  47°  16J',  001  A  101  =  17°  48£',  001  A  Oil  =  21d  59J'. 

Forms1 :         8  (0'20'3,  -*/-!)'       p  (112,  -  |)»        r  (221,  -  2)          *  (441,  -  4)«         s~(778,  ^)* 
a  (100,  t-i)       d  (081,  8-^  o  (111,  -  1)         2  {773.  -  1)?        #  (661,  -  6)*         c*  (111,  1) 


def  ^=  145°  87' 

cp.  =   14°  19' 
co  =    25°  53' 
cr  =   41°  26V 
ex  =  *56°~14^ 


ty  =  62°  ,48' 
cw  =  31°  12' 

i>p'  =  21°  23' 
oo'  =  38°  13' 
rr'  =  59°  30' 


xx'  =  *77°  6-8' 

yy'  =    83°  39' 

<*><*>'  =    45°  42' 

ao  =    57°  12' 


=  50°  134' 
=  46°  24 

=  45°  474'. 


thick,  tabular  0  c,  or  short  prismatic  ||  .r ;  often  grouped   in  druses 
.  2.  and  geodes.    Faces  d  smooth,   pyra- 

mids .striated  ||  edge.  c/o.    Also  mas- 
sive; granular  to  compact. 

Cleavage :  r  tolerably  perfect.  Frac- 
ture conchoidal  to  uneven.  Brittle. 
H.  =  2-5.  G.  =-5-4.  Luster  metallic. 
Color  and  streak  blackish  lead-gray. 
Opaque. 

Comp.— Perhaps  5PbS.4Sb,S,  = 
Sulphur  21-5,  antimony  37-8,  lead 
40-7  =  100. 

AnaL— 1,  H.  Rose,  Pogg.,  28,  422,  1833. 
2-.    Kudernatsch,   -ib.,    37,    588,   1836.    3, 
Pigs.  Wolfsberg;  1.  Kose;  2,  after  Luedecke.        Schultz,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  1006,  I860- 


1.  Wolfsberg 

2. 

3. 


S  Sb  Pb 

21-53  37-94  40-52  = 

21-49  [3753]  40'98  =     100 

2MO  >  37-84  39-36  Cu  1'27  =  99'57 


Pyr.-^Same  as  for  zinkenite. 

Obs.— At  Wolfsberg  in  geodes  and  druses  of  crystals  in  inassive  plagionite,  or  crystallized 
on  quartz,  discovered  by  Zincken;  also  at  Wolf ach,  Baden;  Arnsberg,  Westphalia. 

Named,  in  allusion  to  its  unusually  oblique  crystallization,  from  TtXdyioS,  oblique. 

Ref.— '  Jb.  Mizi.,  2,  112,  1883;  Rose  obtained  earlier  (1.  c.)  ac  =  72°  28',  rr'  =  59°  11', 
cr  s=  41°  8',  etc.  8  Luedecke,  1.  c. 


123.  BINNTTE.    Dufrenoysite  Walter shausen,  Pogg.,  04.  119,  1855;  C.  ffeutur,  Pogg., 
94,  334,  97,  115.     Binnite  Ex.,  Ann.  Mines,  8,  389. 1855. 

Isometric.     Observed  forms1 : 

a  (100,  i-i)         o  (111,  1)         G)  (441,  4)  ^  (711,  7-7)'       \  //  (411, 4-4)         *  (321, 3-|) 

d  (110.  f)  r  (332,  f)         ¥  (lO'l'l,  10-lty          <p  (611,  6-6)  n  (211,  2-2) 

In  complex  crystals ;  also  massive. 

Cleavage  not  distinct.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  2 '5-3.  G.  = 
4 '477.  Luster  metallic.  Color  dark -steel-gray  to  iron-black,  sometimes  brownish* 
Streak  reddish  brown.  Opaque. 


ELAPROTHOLITE—SCHIRMERITE.  119 

Comp.— Perhaps  Cu6As4S9  or  3Cu,S.2As,S3  =  Sulphur  29 -8,  arsenic  31-0, 
copper  39-2  =  100. 

Anal.— Uhrlaub,  Pogg.,  94,  120,  1855. 

S  As  Cu  Pb  Ag  Fe 

27-55  30-06  37-74  2'75  1'23  0'82  =  lOO'lS 

A  second  analysis  (of  the  same  mineral?)  by  Stockar-Escher  (5th  Ed.,  p.  90)  is  near  enargite; 
as  also  another  by  Mclvor,  viz.:  S  32'46,  As  18'79,  Cu  46*05,  Ag  2'43  =  99'73.  Ch.  News,  30. 
103,  1874.  The  true  character  and  place  of  binnite  is  hence  in  doubt. 

Pyr.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  a  sublimate  of  arsenic  trisulphide;  in  the  open  tube  a  crystal- 
line sublimate  of  arsenic  trioxide,  with  sulphurous  fumes.  B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  an  arsenical 
odor  and  a  faint  white  coating,  fuses  with  intumescence  to  a  dull  iron-black  globule  which 
yields  metallic  copper  with  soda. 

Obs. — In  the  Binnenthal  in  cavities  in  crystalline  dolomite  with  realgar,  orpiment,  sphale- 
rite, pyrite,  sartorite,  and  dufrenoysite. 

Ref. — l  Hbg.,  Min.  Not.,  1875,  p.  6,  gives  authorities  and  new  forms,  and  discusses  the  sup- 
posed hemihedral  character  of  the  species  with  a  negative  conclusion.  *  Lewis,  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  192,. 
1878. 

124.  KLAPROTHOLTTE.       Kupferwismutherz,    Wismuthkupfererz,    pt.      Klaprothit, 
Petersen  and  Sandberger,  Jb.  Min.,  415,  1868.     Klaprotholite,  O.  J.  Brush,  Dana  Min..  App. 
I.,  8,  1872. 

Orthorhombic.  Occurs  in  longitudinally  furrowed  prismatic  crystals,  with  a, 
mr  and  u  (hQl,  m-l)?;  mm'"  =  73°  approx.  Twins:  tw.  pi.  m. 

Cleavage:  a  distinct.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  2*5.  G.=  4*6  Petersen. 
Luster  metallic.  Color  steel-gray,  tarnishing  to  brass-yellow  or  iridescent.  Streak 
black. 

Comp.— Cu6Bi4S9  or  3CuaS.2Bi2S8  =  Sulphur  19-3,  bismuth  55-4,  copper  25-3 
s=  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Schneider,  Pogg.,  127,  309,  1866.    2,  Petersen,  1.  c. 

S  Bi  Cu  Fe 

1.  Wittichen  f  18'69  51-40  28:82  0'91  s=  99'82 

2.  "  |  18-66  53-87  23196  1'70  =  98  19 

Pyr.— Same  as  for  emplectite. 

Obs.— Occurs  with  other  bismuth  minerals,  and  especially  with  cobalt  tetrahedrite  and 
Chalcopyrite  at  the  Daniel  mine  near  Wittichen,  Baden;  at  Freudenstadt;  Eberhard -mine  hear 
Alpirsbach,  and  other  localities  in  the  Black  Forest.  The  mineral  examined  by  Schneider  was 
referred  to  wittichenite  by  Hilger. 

The  name  klaprothite  (after  the  German  mineralogist,  M.  H.  Klaproth,  1743-1817)  was  given: 
to  lazulite  by  Beudant  in  1824,  hence  the  change1  of  Petersen's  name  to  klaprotholite. 

125.  SCHIRMERITE.    Genth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  14,  230,  1874. 
Massive,  finely  granular,  disseminated. 

Cleavage  none.  Fracture  uneven ;  soft ;  brittle.  G.  =  6'737.  Luster  metal- 
lic. Color  lead-gray,  inclining  to  iron-black. 

Comp.— 3(Ag2,Pb)S.2Bi2Sa  =  Sulphur  11-8,  bismuth  47-3,  lead  16-4,  silver  24'5 
s=  100,  if  Ag,  :  Pb  =  2  :  1. 

Anal.— 1;  2,  Genth,  1.  c.;  in  1,  1  p.  c.  quartz  deducted,  in  2,  1'07  p.  c.  deducted. 

S  Bi  Pb  Ag  Zn  Fe 

1.  14-41  46-91  12-69  22'82  0'08  0  03  =  96'94 

2.  15-02  [47-27]  12'76  24'75  0'13  0'07  =  lOO'OO 

— B.B.  fuses  easily,  and  gives  sulphurous  fumes  with  reactions  Jfor  bismuth,  lead,  and 

Obs.— Occurs  with  several  tellurium  minerals  at  Treasury  lode,  Park  Co.,  Colorado. 
Named  from  J.  F.  L.  Schirmer,  Esq. 

Schirmerite  of  Endlich  (Eng.  Mng.  J.,  Aug.  29,  1874),  containing  tellurium,  gold,  silver 
Iron,  is  a  mixture  according  to  Genth. 


120 


SULPHAESENITES,  SULPHANTIMONITES,  ETC. 


'126.  WARRENITE.    Sulphantimonite  from  Colorado  L.  G.  Eakms,  Am  J.  Sc.,  36,  450, 
1888.     Domingit  Groth,  Tab.  Ueb.,  30,  1889. 

In  aggregates  of  acicular  crystals,  forming  matted,  wool-like  masses. 
Luster  metallic,    dull.     Color  grayish  black,  sometimes  iridescent  in   spots 
Opaque. 

Comp.— Pb9Sb4S9   or   3PbS.2Sb2S3  =  Sulphur  20'8,   antimony  34'6,  lead  44*6 
=  100.     Iron  is  present  in  small  amount. 
Anal.— Eakins,  1.  c. 
S  21-19        Sb  36-34       Pb  39^33       Fe  1-77  Ag,  Cu,  Mn  tr.,  gangue  0-52  =  99'15 

Fyr.,  etc. — Fuses  easily.  In  the  closed  tube  a  slight  sublimate  of  sulphur ;  in  the  open  tube 
sulphurous  fumes  and  a  white  sublimate  of  antimony  trioxide.  On  charcoal  sublimates  of  the 
oxides  of  lead  and  antimony,  and  in  R.  F.  a  lead  button.  Soluble  in  hot  hydrochloric  acid  with 
evolution  of  hydrogen  sulphide. 

Obs. — From  the  Domingo  mine,  Gunnison  Co.,  Colorado,  where  it  occurs  in  cavities  in  a 
decomposed  siliceous  rock  mixed  with  some  calcite,  locally  called  "  mineral  wool." 

Named  by  Eakius  after  Mr.  E.  R.  Warren  of  Crested  Butte,  Col. 


127.  DUPRBNOYSITE.  Dufrenoysite  Damour,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  14.  379,  1845.  Gott- 
harditlfy..  Berz.  Ch.  Min.,  229,  256,  1847.  Arsenomelan  and  Scleroclase  pt.  Waltersh.  Pogg., 
94,  115,  1855.  Dufrenoysite  pt.  Dx.,  Ann.  Mines,  8,  389,  1856.  Skleroklas  Petersen,  Offenb. 
V.er,,  7,  13,  Jb.  Min.,  203,  1867.  Bleiarsenit,  Groth,  Tab.  Ueb.,  p.  18.  1874. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes:  a  :  b  :  6  =  0*9381  :  0  :  1-5309  Rath1. 

100  A  110  =  43°  10 J',  001  A  101  =  *58°  30',  001  A  Oil  =  56°  50$'. 


Forms': 
a  (100,  i-i) 
b  (010,  *'•«) 


c  (001,  0) 
m  (110,7) 

h  (104,  f  I) 


g  (102, 
/  (203, 
d  (101, 


e  (201,  24) 
*  (012,  H) 


k  (023,  f -«J 
»(OU,  1-3) 


,  1) 
1,  2) 


mm"'  =  86°  20*' 
hh'      =  44°  23' 

=  78°  25*' 
=  94°  49V 


dd'  =  117°  0' 
ee'    =  145°  56' 

IV    =    74°  52' 
kk'  =    91°  10' 


ck  =  *45°  35' 
w"  =  113°  42' 

co  =    65°  55' 


cp  =  77°  24' 
oo'  =  83°  30' 
oo'"  =  77°  19' 


Crystals  sometimes  one  inch  in  length,  usually 
thick  rectangular;  prismatic  ||  5;  and  somewhat  tab- 
ular ||  c\  faces  in  zone  ac  horizontally  striated.  Also 
massive. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect.  Fracture  conchoidal. 
Brittle.  H.  =  3.  G.  =  5'55-5'57.  Luster  metal- 
lic. Color  blackish  lead-gray.  Streak  reddish 
brown.  Opaque. 

Comp.— Pb,As2S6  or  2PbS.As9S8  =  Sulphur  22 '2, 
arsenic  20*7,  lead  57*1  =  100. 


Binnenthal,  Berendes. 
Anal.— 1,  2,  Damour,  1.  c.    3,  Berendes,  loaug.  Diss.,  Bonn,  1864 


1.  Binnenthal 

2. 

8.          "          G.  =  5-56 


S 

22-49 
22-30 
23-27 


As 
20-69 
20-87 
21-76 


Pb 
55-40 
56-61 
53-62 


Ag 
0-21 
0-17 
0-05 


Fe 
0-44 
0-32 
0-30 


Cu 

0-30  =  99-53 

0-22  =  100-49 

—  =  99-0 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  easily  fuses  and  gives  a  sublimate  of  sulphur  and  nrsenic 
trisulphide  ;  in  the  open  tube  gives  sulphurous  fumes  (SO2)  and  a  white  crystalline  sublimate  of 
arsenic  trioxide.  On  charcoal  decrepitates,  fuses,  yields  fumes  of  arsenic  and  a  globule  of  lead, 
Svhich  on  cnpellalion  yields  silver. 

Obs.— From  the  Binnenthal  in  Switzerland,  in  cavities  in  crystalline  dolomite,  along  with 
sartorite,  jordanite,  binnite,  realgar,  orpiment,  sphalerite,  pyrite. 

Damour,  who  first  studied  the  sulpharsenites  of  the  Binnenthal,  analyzed  the  massive  ore 
and  named  it  Dufrenoysite  (after  the  French  mineralogist,  P.  A.  Dufrenoy,  1792-1857).  He 
inferred  that  the  crystallization  was  isometric  from  some  associated  crystals,  and  so  published 

This  led  von  Waltershausen  and  Heusser  to  call  the  isometric  mineral  dufrenoysite,  and  tha 


JAMESON ITE  GROUP— VOSALITE 


121 


latter  to  name  the  orthorhombic  binnite.  Von  Waltershausen-  after  studying  the  prismatic 
mineral,  made  out  the  species  arsenomelan  and  scleroclase,  yet  partly  on  hypothetical  grounds, 
Laterjitwas  found  that  three  orthorbombic  minerals  existed  at.  the  locality,  as  announced  by  vom 
Rath,  who  identified  one,  by  specific  gravity  and  composition,  with  Damour's  dufrenoysite, 
another  he  made  scleroclase  of  von  Waltershauseu  (sartorite,  p.  112);  and  the  other  he  named 
j&rdanite  (p.  141). 

Ref.— >  Pogi?.,  122,  373,  1864.     See  earlier  Dx.,  Ann.  Mines,  8,  389,  1865;  Heusser,  Pogg,, 
97,  120,  1856;  Bereudes,  Inausr.  Diss.,  Bonn,  1864;    *  Cf.  Berendes.  1.  c. 


128.  COSALITE.  Oenth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  45,  319,  1868.  Ett  nytt  vismutsvafladt  svafveibjy 
Lundstrom,  G.  For  Forh  ,  2,  178,  1874.  Bleibismutit  Groth,  Tab.  Ueb.  18,  1874.  Bjelkite-tt. 
$jogren,  G.  For.  Forh.,  4.  107,  1878. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes:  a  :  1 :  6  =  0-91874  :  1  :  1-4601  Flink.1 

100  A  110  =  42°    34'  30",  001  A  101  =  57°   49'  14",   001  A  Oil  =B  :555° 
35'  36-'. 

Towns :           0  (010,  i-i)  f  (140,  i-l)        e  (101,  1-i)        k  (221,  2)           h.  (142,  M) 

1  (100,  i-l)       c  (001,^  0)  d  (104,  f  i)       /  (Oil,  14)       g  (144,  1-4) 


ii  -    30°  27' 
cd  =  *2I°  40'  6" 
ee'  =  115°  3Sf 


cf  =  *55°  35'  36" 

jr  =  111°  ir 

c7c=    76°  57' 


eg   =  56°  32f 
ch   =  71°  43' 
kk'  =  91°  41' 


kk'"  =  82°  28' 
gg1  =  25°  18' 
m  =28°  52' 


Usually  massive  with  indistinct  crystalline  structure;  fibrous,  radiated. 

Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  2-5-3.  G.  =  6*39- 
6-75.  Luster  metallic.  Color  lead-gray,  steel-gray. 
Streak  black.  Opaque. 

Comp.— Pb,Bi,S6  or  2PbS.Bi0S3  =  Sulphur'  16'2,  bis- 
muth 42-0,  lead  41-8  =  100.  The  lead  is  sometimes  in 
part  replaced  by  silver  and  copper. 


\ 


Nordmark,  Plink. 


Anal.— t,  2,  Genth,  1.  c.,  after  deducting  6'79  p.  c.  and  11-88  p.  c.  cobaltite.  3,4,  Frenzel, 
-Tb  Min.,  681  1874.  5,  LundstrSm,  1.  c.,  containing  some  pyrrhotite.  6,  7,  H.  Sj.>  1.  c.  8,  G. 
Lindstrom,  G.  For.  Forh..  11,  171,  1889.  9,  Tilden,  Proc.  Col.  Soc.,  1,  74,  1884.  10,  W.  F., 
Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  27,  354,  1884.  11,  12,  Genth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  23, 36, 1885.  13,  Koenig 
Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  22,  211,  1885.  14,  Low,  Proc.  Col.  Soc.,  1,  111,  1884. 


1   Cosala 

2. 

3. 


G.  =  6-22-6-33    | 


5    Nordmark  Bjelkite 


6. 

7. 
8 
9 

10 

11 


G.  =  6-39-6  75 


Gladhammar 
Caodamena 
Comstock  mine,  Col 
Gladiator  mine.  Col. 


G.  =  7'0-7'07 


S 
15-27 
15-23 
16-11 
16-68 
17-83 
15-98 
16-48 
15-92 
16-58 
17-11 
17-17 

Bi 

41-76 
12-77 
35-90 
14-48 
39-40 
41-55 
4i-86 
33-84 
40-13 
42-97 
45-09 

Pb 

40-32 
38-79 
38-08 
31-93 
87-64 
40-10 
39-19 
48-05 
25-12 
22-49 
24-61 

Ag  Cu    Fe 

2-65  —     —  =  100 

3-21  —     —  =  100              [99-84 
1-37  0-86  2  96  Zu  1  54,  As  8'02  = 

0-22  3-49  1-18  Zn  0  18,  As  2'82  = 

_  _    5-13  =  100            [100-98 

—  —    0-67  insol.  219  =  100'49 

—  —    1-32  =  98-85 

—  0-69  0-16  Zn  0'05,  insol.  0'45 
15-66  1  63    —   =  99-12  -  [=  99'16 

8-43  7'50  0-70  Zn  tr.  =  99'20 

5-75  5-84    —  Sb  0  84,  Zn  0'58  = 


12    Alaska  mine,  Col- 
13.      y         «       « 
14  Bed  Ait  ,  Coi. 


16-80   44-95  28-.10    1'44  8'00    —  2n  0:24,  Sb  0'51,  As 

[0-04,  Se*r.=10008 

17-13   43-54  26-77    1'35  8'78  0  52.Zn  tr,,   Sb    undet., 

[insol.  0-60  =  98-69 
[18-64]  36-22  28'22    8'70  5- 74  4 '48  =  100 


Pyr.— B.B.  fuses  easily,  giving  the  usual  reactions  for  sulphur,  bismuth,  and  lead;  some 
varieties  yield  a  small  globule  of  silver. 

Obs. — Found  associated  witL  quartz  and  cobaltite  in  a  silver  mine  at  Cosaia,  Province  of 
Sinaloa,  Mexico.  An  argentiferous  variety  (anal.  9)  occurs  at  Candamena,  Chihuahua.  In  cal- 
cite  at  the  Bjelke  mine,  at  Nordmark,  Wermland,  Sweden  (bjelkite);  also  at  Gladhammar.  At 
Rezbauya,  Hungary,  with  sphalerite,  pyrite,  an.d  chalcopyrite ;  an  impure  form  of  this  mineral 
was  called  rezbanyite  (retzbanyite)  by  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  75,  450,  1859;  cf.  Frenzel,  1.  c. 

In  the  U.  S.,  from  the  Comstock  mine  (anal.  10),  near  Parrott  City,  La  Plata  county,  Col., 
in  a  quartz  vein  with  pyrite.  sphalerite,  a  telluride  probably  sylvanite  and  rmtive'  gold.  Also 
from  the  Gladiator  and  Alaska  mines,  Colorado,  and  at  the  Yankee  Girl  mine,  RedMt,  San 
Juan  county. 

Ref.— '  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  Bihang.  12  (2),  No.  2.  6.  1886. 


122  SULPHARSENITES,   SULPHANTIMONITES,  ETC. 

129.  SCHAPBACHITE.    Wismutisches  Silber  Selb.  Crell's  Ann.,  1,  10.  1793.     Wismuth- 
Weierz.     Schapbachit  Kenngott,  Min.,  118,  1853.     Sandberger  Erzgange,  1,  90,  1882. 

Orthorhombic ?  In  minute  acicular  crystals,  with  b,  c,  m;  mm"  =  75°.  Also 
fine  granular,  massive. 

Cleavage:  basal,  distinct.  Fracture  uneven.  H.  =  3*5.  G.  =  6'43.  Luster 
metallic.  Color  lead-gray.  Streak  black.  Opaque. 

Comp.— PbAgaBiaS6orPbS.AgaS.Bi  S3  =  Sulphur  16  •!,  bismuth  41:6,  lead  20*7, 
silver  21'6  =  100. 

Anal.— Hilger,  1.  c.,  after  deducting' 1  ;86  p.  c.  pyrite. 

S  16-08         Bi  42-02         Pb  20*82         Ag  21-08  =  100 

This  species  may  be  regarded  as  an  argentiferous  variety  of  cosalite. 

Obs. — From  Schapbach,  Baden,  intimately  associated  with  galena,  pyrite  and  chalcopyrife/ 
quartz  and  native  bismuth  or  bismuthinite.  Earlier  regarded  as  merely  a  mixture  of  bis- 
muthinite,  argentite  and  galena  (cf.  Sandberger,  Jb.  Min.,  22,  1864). 

130.  JAMESONITE.    Gray  antimony  pt.  Jam.,  Syst.  ,3,  390,  1820.   Axotomous  Antimony. 
Glance  Jam.,   Man.,  285.     Axotomer  Antimon-Glanz  Mb/is,  Grundr.,  586,  1824.     Jamesonite 
Raid.,  Trl.  Mohs's  Min.,~l,  451  (3,  26),  1825.     Bleischimmer  Pfaff,  Schw.  J.,  27.   1.     Pfaffite 
Huot.,  I,  192    1841.     Autimpnialisk  Fadererz  pt.,  Minera  autimonii   plain osa  pt.,  Wall,   1747; 
Fedeierz  Germ.,  Mine  d'antimoiue  au  plumes  Fr.;  Feather  ore,  Plumose  Antimonial  ore,  pt- 
(rest  mostly  Stibnite),  through  last  cent.     Antimoine  sulfure  capillaire  pt.  [or  var.  of  Stibnite]  £T» 
Tr.,  1801;  Haarformiges  Grauspiessglanzerz  pt.   Karst.,   Tab..  52.  1800;  Haarf.  Antimonglanz 
Mohs,  1824,  Leonh.,  1826.  ,  Federerz  of  Wolfsberg  H.  Rose,  Pogg  ,  15,  471,  1829;  Bend.,  Tf\,  2, 
425,   1832      Federerz,  var.  of  Jamesonite,  Kbl.,  Char.,  2,  175,  1831.     Wolfsbergite  Huot.,  Minr! , 
1,  193.     Plumosit  Raid.    Hanclb.,  569,  1845.     Plumites  'Glock.,  Syu.,  30,1847.     Heteromorphit 
Rg.,  Pogg.,  77,  240,  1849.    Federerz,  var.  of  Jamesonite,  Rg.,  Min.  Gh.,  71,  1860.     Bleiantimonit 
Oroth,  Tab.  Ueb.,  18, 1874.     Qucrspiessglanz,  Germ. 

Orthorhombic..  Axes:  d:b  =  0.8915  :  1.  Angles:  raw'"  =  789  40r,  bm  =  50° 
40'.  Usually  in  acicular  crystals,  with  b,  m';  common  in  capillary  forms,  cobweb- 
like.  Also  fibrous  massive,  parallel  or  divergent;  compact  massive.* 

Cleavage:  basal,  perfect;  b,  in,  less  so.  Fracture  uneven  to  conchoidal.  Brittle. 
H.  =  2-3.  G.  =5*5-6-0.  Luster  metallic.  Color  steel -gray, to  dark  lead-gray. 
Streak  grayish  black.  Opaque. 

Comp.— Pb  Sb  S5  or  2PbS.Sb2S3  =  Sulphur  19-7,  antimony  29-5,  lead  50-8  = 
100.  Most  varieties  show  a  little  iron  (.1  to  3  p..c.),  and  some  contain  also  silver, 
copper,  and  zinc. 

AnaL— 1,  Boficky.  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  56  (1),  32,  1867.  2,  Burton,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  45,  36,  1868. 
3,  Sicwert,  Min.  Mitth..  248,  1873.  4.  Sarlay,  ib.,  355,  1877.  5,  Duuniu^ton,  Amer.  Assoc., 
184.  1877.  6,  Wait,  Trans.  Am.  l€tig.*Bng*,  8,  51,  1880.  7,  Geuth,  Am.  Cii.  J..  1.  325,  1879. 
8,  Pisani,  C.  R.,  83,  747,  1876.  For  early  analyses,  5th  Ed  ,  p.  91. 

S        Sb      Pb     Ag    Cu    Fe     Zn 

1.  Pfibram  20-21  30-81  47'17    —     —    1-35    —  As  tr.  =99-54 

2.  Star  City  G.  =  6'03         f  1906  2926  43'86  6'14  1'55  0'05    —   =9992 

3.  FamatinaG.  =-5'54  21'75  32'00  39  05  1  34  345  2'00  0'62  As  020  =  100'41 

4.  Wiltau      G.  =5-2  21-66  34-02  40'39    —      -    3-43     —  As  0'39  =  99'89 

5.  Arkansas  22-18  32'89  36'78    —     —    2"62  5 -07  SiO2  0  74  =  100  28 

6.  •'        G.  t=  5-15  22-07  35-06  38  44  0-22  0-01  2-53    —  Bi.Cd     001      SiO«    1'58 

7.  Huelva     G.  =  5-47  22-3134-0338-49    —     —    5'16    —   =99-99  =9992 

8.  Arnsberg  G.  =  5;59-5'73    19'90  31 '20  47'86    —     —      —    0'60  =  99 "56 

Heleromorphite 

Pyr.— Same  as  for  zinkenite. 

Obs. — Occurs  principally  in  Cornwall,  associated  with  quartz  and  minute  crystals  of 
bouruonite;  occasionally  also  in  Siberia,  Hungary,  at  Valentia  d'Alcantara  in  Spain,  and  Brazil; 
at  the  antimony  mines  in  Sevier  Co.,  Arkansas;  at  the  Montezuma  mine,  Nevada  Named  after 
Prof.  Robert  Jameson  of  Edinburgh  (1774-1854). 

The  feather  ore  (Federerz  Germ.)  occurs  at  Wolfsberg  in  the  Eastern  Harz;  also  at  Andreas- 
berg  and  Clausthal;  at  Freiberg  and  Schemnitz;  in  the  Anhalt  at  Pfaffenberg  and  Meiseberg;  in 
Tuscany,  near  Bottino;  at  Chonta  in  Peru.  It  was  regarded  as  a  species  by  nearly  all  the  min- 
eralogists  of  last  century,  but  included  capillary  Stibnite;  made  a  variety  of  Stibnite  by  v.  Born, 
Karsten,  Haiiy,  Mohs,  Leonhard,  and  other  authors,  until  1829;  and  a  distinct  species  again  by 
rnost  authors  after  the  analysis  by  Rose  in  1829;  but  referred  to  Jamesonite  by  v.  Kobell  in 
1830,  and  Rammelsberg  in  1860. 


KOBELLITE—BRONGNIARDITE—SEMSEYITE.  123 

Zundererz,  or  Bergzunderz  [  =  Tinder  Ore]  of  G.  Lehmann  (Mem.  Ak.  Berlin,  20,  1758), 
•which  is  soft  like  tinder  and  dark  dirty  red  in  color,  has  been  referred  to  kermesite,  but  proves 
to  be  an  impure  jamesouite  or  feather  ore  sometimes  mixed  with  red  silver  and  arsenopyrite; 
also  with  free  sulphur.  From  Andreasberg  and  Clausthal  in  the  Harz. 

Alt. — The  lead  antimonate,  bindheimite,  is  a  common  alteration  product. 

Artif.— Obtained  by  Doelter  in  forms  resembling  the  natural  mineral,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  40,  1885. 


131.  KOBELLITE.    Kobellit  Sdtterberg,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  188, 1839;  Berz.  Jahresb.,  20,  215. 
Massive,    sometimes    fibrous    and    radiated,  resembling    stibnite;    also    fine 

granular. 

H.  =  2-5-3.     G.  =  6-29-6-32  Satterberg;  6-334  Keller.     Color  blackish  lead, 
gray  to  steel-gray.     Streak  black. 

Comp.— Pb,(Bi,Sb)3S5  or  2PbS.(Bi,Sb)2S3  =  (if  Bi:Sb  =  2:1)   Sulphur   17-2, 
bismuth  29*8,  antimony  8*6,  lead  44-4  =  100.  '  Silver  is  also  present. 

Anal.— 1,  Satterberg,  recalculated  by  Rammelsberg,  Min.  Ch.,  100,  1875.  2,  H.  F.  Keller, 
Zs,  Kr.,  17,  67,  1889,  deducting  impurities. 

S  Bi  Sb          Pb          Ag         Cu         Fe 

1.  Sweden         [18-61]        28-37       9'38        40-74         —         0-88       2'02  =  100 

2.  Colorado   |    17'76         30'61        8'13        38  95        3'58        0  97         —  =  100 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  decrepitates,  and  fuses  easily;  in  the  open  tube  sulphurous  fumes  and  a 
sublimate  of  antimony  trioxide;  on  charcoal,  a  yellow  coating  (B52O3)  near  the  assay  and  beyond 
white  (SbjO3);  witli  potassium  iodide  and  sulphur  a  bright  red  coating  (bismuth  iodide).  Soluble 
iu  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid  with  evolution  of  hydrogen  sulphide. 

Obs.— From  the  cobalt  mine  of  Hvena  in  Sweden,  associated  with  actinolite,  chalcopyrite, 
and  small  reddish  white  crystals  of  a  cobaltiferous  arsenopyrite  (Kobaltarsenikkies).  Also  from 
the  Silver  Bell  mine  at  Ouray,  Colorado,  associated  with  chalcopyrite  and  barite. 

Named  after  the  Bavarian  mineralogist  and  poet.  Franz  von  Kobell  (1803-1882). 

Rammelsberg  rejected  Satterberg's  analysis,  and  on  the  basis  of  analyses  by  himself  and 
Genth  deduced  the  composition  3PbS.(Bi,Sb)2*S3.  Keller,  however,  has  proved  the  existence  of 
the  compound  2PbS.(Bi,Sb)2S8,  to  which  Satterberg's  analysis  conforms,  and  to  the  other  has 
given  the  name  of  lillianite  (p.  130);  cf.  also  Groth,  Tab.  Ueb.,  pp.  30,  31.  1889.  If  this  conclusion 
is  correct,  both  these  compounds  must  occur  at  the  Swedish  locality. 

132.  BRONGNIARDITE.     Damour,   Ann.  Mines,  16,  227,   1849.     Bleisilberantimonit 
Oroth,  Tab.  Ueb.,  18,  1874. 

Isometric.     In  octahedrons  (o)  with  truncated  edges  (d).      Massive  without 
cleavage.  • 

H.  above  3.     G.  .=  5*950.     Luster  metallic.     Color  and  streak  grayish  black. 

Comp.— PbAg.Sb.S.  or  PbS.Ag.S.SbJS,  •=  Sulphur  19-5,  antimony  29-2,  silver 
26-2,  lead  25-1  =  100. 
Anal.— Damour,  1.  c.: 

S  Sb  Ag  Pb  Cu  Fe  Zn 

|  19  24  29-77  24-77  24'91  0  62  0'26  0  36  =  99*93 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  a  feeble  orange  sublimate  with  a  white  one  above;  in  the 
open  tube  fuses,  affords  an  odor  of  sulphur  and  a  white  sublimate  of  antimony  trioxide. 
B  B.  on  charcoal  decrepitates,  fuses  easily,  giving  off  an  odor  of  sulphur  and  white  vapors; 
after  roasting,  yields  a  globule  of  silver,  with  a  yellow  coating  of  lead  oxide.  Rapidly  attacked 
by  concentrated  nitric  acid. 

Obs. — From  Mexico.  Named  for  the  French  mineralogist,  Alexandre  Brongniart 
(1770-1847). 


133.  SEMSEYITB.     Krenner  [Mag.   Akad.  £rtes.,  15,  111,  1881],  Ungar.  Revue,  367. 
1881;Zs.  Kr.  8,532,  1883. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  1 :  6  =  1-14424  :  1  :  1-10515;  ft  =  71°  4'  =  100  A  001 
Krenner1. 

100  A  110  =  47°  15f ',  001  A  101  =  34°  49£',  001  A  Oil  =  46°  16£'. 
Forms:  a  (100,  i-l),  c  (001,  0\  s  (113   -  i),  p  (111,  -  1),  ?(221,  -  2),  t  (113.  £). 


124 


SULPHARSENITES,  SULPHANTIMONITES,   ETC. 


Angles:  cs  =  *22°  44',  cp  =  46°  35',  cq  =  *59°  38',  ct  =  27C  20',  ss'  =  33°  50',  pp  =  66°  19'. 
g^  =  81°  2',  ??"  =  *98°  58',  tt'  =  40°  27' 

In  small  tabular  crystals,  often  elongated  ||  b. 

Cleavage:  pyramidal,  p.     G.  =  5 '952  Sipocz.     Luster  metallic.     Color  gray. 
Opaque. 

Comp. — Near  jamesonite,  perhaps  Pb7Sb6S16  or   7PbS.3Sb2S3  =  Sulphur  19  'I, 
antimony  26-9,  lead  54*0  —  100. 
Anal.— Sipocz,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  216,  1885. 

S  19-42        Sb  26-90        Pb  53'16       Fe  O'lO  =  99'58 

Obs.— Occurs  with  galena,  also  diaphorite,  sphalerite  and  pyrite  at  Felsobanya,  Hungary. 
Named  for  Andor  von  Semsey. 
Ref.— '  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  532,  1883. 


134.  DIAPHORITE.    Freieslebenite  pt.     Diaphorit  Zepharovich,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  63  (1), 
130,  1871. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  d  :  I  :  6  =  0-49194  :  1  :  0-73447  Zepharovich. 
100  A  HO  =  26°  11|',  001  A  101  =  56°  llf,  001  A  Oil  =  36°  17}'. 


Forms: 

m  (110,  /) 

P 

(150,  *-5) 

u  (012, 

H) 

w  (021, 

2-t) 

e  (534, 

M) 

a  (100, 

«) 

n 

(120,  i-2) 

a 

(1-11-0,  i'll) 

r  (Oil, 

14) 

*   (114, 

r) 

C  (122, 

1-2)  tw.  pi, 

b  (010, 
t  (310, 

i-l) 
**) 

k 

Tt 

(5-12-0,  *••¥) 
(130,  *-§) 

* 

X 

(102,  i-l) 
(101,  1-i) 

v  (032, 
j  (053, 

H) 

1-0 

oo  (314, 

¥/ 

f-3) 

o  (134, 
d  (144, 

f-3) 
1-4) 

tt'" 
mm'" 

= 

18°  37^ 
52°  23' 

'xx' 
ax 

=  112°  22' 
=  *33°  48f  ' 

ww 

'  =111 

o  nt>' 

by 

=    73: 

54' 
36 

nri 

= 

90°  56' 

uu' 

=    40°  20' 

mi 
ay 

=  54 

/oO 

°59' 

xw 

=  *71° 

45' 

W 

— 

73°  29' 

rr' 

=    72°  36' 

After  Zepharovich. 


Twins:  tw.  pi.  (1)  n  (120);  (2)  C  (122).  Habit 
prismatic,  faces  in  zone  a  m  often  vertically  striated. 

Cleavage  not  observed.  Fracture  subconchoidal  to 
uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  2'5-3.  G.  =  5-902  Zeph.; 
6-042  Vrba.  Luster  metallic.  Color  steel-gray, 
Opaque. 

Cbmp.-(Pb,Ag2)5So4Su  or  5(Pb,AgJS.2Sb2S3.  If 
Pb  :  Ag2  =  4:3,  this  requires:  Sulphur  18-7,  anti- 
mony 25-5,  lead- 31 -3,  silver  24-5  =  100.  The  composi- 
tion is  the  same  as  for  freieslebenite. 

Anal.— 1,  Helmhacker,  Kenng.  Ueb.  294,,  1865.  Referred 
here  (Zeph.)  on  the  ground  that  freieslebenite  is  not  found  at 
Pfibram.  2,  Morawski,  Zs.  Kr.,  2.  101,  1878. 


1.  Pfibrair 
2. 


20-18 
18-51 


Sb 

26-43 
2592 


Pb 

28-67 
31-56 


Ag 
23-44 
23-36 


Fe 
0-67 


Cu 

0-73  =  100-12 
—  =99-35 


Pyr. — As  for  freieslebenite. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Pfibram  and  at  BrSunsdorf  near  Freiberg;  freieslebenite  is  also  found  at 
Freiberg.    Reported  from  Zancudo,  U.  S.  of  Colombia,  S.  A., with  sphalerite  and  heteromorphite* 
Named  from  diaQopd,  difference,  because  distinct  from,  while  similar  to,  freieslebenite. 


135.  FREIESLEBENITE.  Mine  d'antimoine  grise  tenant  argent  (fr.  Himmelsfiirst)  de 
Lisle,  Descr.  de  Min.,  35,  1773,  Crist.,  3,  54,  1783.  Dunkles  Weissgiiltigerz  (id.  loc.,  known 
since  1720)  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  1,  173,  1795.  Schilf-Glaserz  Freiesleben,  Geogn.  Arb..  6,  97,  1617, 
Antimonial  Sulphuret  of  Silver,  Sulphuret  of  Silver  and  Antimony.  Argent  sulfure  antimoni* 
f^re  et  cuprifere  Levy,  Descr.  Min.  Heuland,  1838.  Donacargyrite  Chapm.,  Min.,  128,  1843. 
Freieslebanit  Uaid.,  569,  1845. 


FREIESLEBENITE. 


125 


Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-58714  :  1  :  0-92768;  ft  =  *87°  46'  =  100  A  001 
Miller1. 

100  A  HO  =  30°  24',  001  A  101  =  *56°  5',  001  A  Oil  =  42°  49£'. 


Forms2  : 

t  (310,  *-3) 

o  (230,  *-!)« 

*'  (150,  z-5)4 

r  (Oil,  14) 

/  (111,  -  1) 

o  (100,  i-l) 

ft  (210,  e-2)3 

&  (120,  z-2) 

x  (101,—  l-l) 

d  (054,  f  4)4 

h  (414,  -  1-4) 

b  (010,  i-l  ) 

*  (430,  £|) 

n  (350,  i-l) 

€  (101,  1-1  )3 

«  (032,  ft) 

g  (312,  -  |-3) 

c  (001,  0) 

771(110,  /) 

*(250,  *-|)' 

^    yo.  VA,     A.     i'  f 

w  (021,  2-i) 

z    (212,  -  1-2) 

q  (810,  i-8) 

I  (560,  2-f) 

j3  (130,  i-3)8 

u  (012,  14) 
e  (034,  f-i)4 

vcni'-i) 

0  (ii*  i) 

tt'" 
fi?" 

mm'" 
nri 
kk' 
nit1 

PP' 
ax 


=  22°    8' 

=  32°  42' 

=  *60°  48' 

=  91°  17' 

=  80°  53' 

=  68°  34' 

=  59°  12' 

=  31°  41' 

=  59°  16' 


«'£  =  32°  58' 

uu'  =  49°  44' 

rr'  =  85°  40' 

tow'  =  123°  19' 

cy  =  41°  36V 

cf  =  59°  54' 

cm  =  88°   4f 

c0  =  43°  22' 


ch  =  56°  22' 

my  =  46°  28' 

mf  =  28°  11' 

m'0  =  48°  34' 

ap  =  24°  34' 

as  =  34°  14' 

o  =40°    5 


=  64°  11 
=  69°  39f 
=  51°  57' 
=  13°  53' 
=  27°  23' 
=20°  9' 
=  40°  41' 


Twins :  tw.  pi.  a.     Habit  prismatic,  prismatic  planes  vertically  striated. 

Cleavage :      m     imperfect.  lt '  2. 

Fracture  subconchoidal  to  un- 
even. Rather  brittle.  H.  =  2- 
2-5.  G.  =  6-2-6*4;  6'194Hausm., 
6*35  Vrba.  Luster  metallic. 
Color  and  streak  light  steel- 
gray  inclining  to  silver-white, 
also  to  blackish  lead-gray. 
Opaque. 

Comp.— (Pb,Ag2)6Sb4Sn    or 
5(Pb,Ag2)S.2SbaS3=(ifPb:Ag, 
=  4:3)  Sulphur  18*7,  antimony 
25-5,    lead   31'3,   silver  24-5  =  J.OO. 
antimony  25*7,  lead  55*4  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Wohler,  Pogg.,  46,  153,  1839.  3,  Escosura  [Rev.  Min^ra,  €,  358],  Ann.  Mines, 
8,  495,  1855.  4,  Payr,  Jb.  Min.,  579,  1860.  5,  Morawski,  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  161,  1878.  6,  L.  G.  Eakins, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  36,  452,  1888. 


Also  (anal.  6)  Pb.Sb4Sn  =  Sulphur  18-9, 


1.  Freiberg 

2. 

3.  Spain 

4:  Pfibram 

5.  Spain 

6,  Colorado 


G.=  6-230 
G.  =  6-040 


8 

18-77 
18-71 
17-60 
18-41 
18-90 
18-98» 

Sb 

27-72 
27-05 
26-83 
27-11 
25-64 
25-99 

Pb 

30-00 
30-08 
31-90 
30-77 
31-38 
55-52 

Ag 

22-18 
23-76 
22-45 
23-08 
2331 
tr. 

Fe 
0-11  Cu  1-22  =  100 


—  =98-78 
0-63  =  100 

—  Cu  0-13  =  99-36 
tr.    =  100-49 


By  calculation. 


Pisani  refers  here  the  massive  dark  Wewgultigerz  analyzed  by  Klaproth,  who  obtained  (I.e.) 
822-00,  Sb  21-50,  Pb41'00,  Ag  9'25,  Pe  1'75,  A13O3  I'OO,  SiO2  0'75  =  97'25,  considering  part 
of  the  silver  as  bere  replaced  by  lead. 

Pyr. — In  the  .open  tube  gives  sulphurous  and  antimonial  fumes,  the  latter  Condensing  as  a 
white  sublimate.     B.B.  on  charc< 
antimony  trioxide,  and  near  the 
globule  of  silver. 

Obs.— With  argentite,  siderite,  and  galena,  in  the  Himmelsfilrst  mine,  at  Freiberg  in 
Saxony;  at  Kapnik  in  Hungary;  at  Ratieborzitz,  the  ore  of  which  locality  contains  bismuth, 
according  to  Zincken ;  at  Fels5banya;  at  Hiendelencina  in  Spain,  with  argentite.  red  silver, 
siderite,  galena,  etc.  In  groups  of  acicular  crystals  of  a  bright  steely  grayish  black  color  from 


C£1YC>0    OU1L/U.U1  UlLO    OiLlVi.      tV  U  1 1  LJJ.V7  LI  Kl  I     ft  UlUVOj      VUV       KfctLt/1.     \j\JH  Vl^UOlU  fc 

jharcoal  fuses  easily,  giving  a  coating,  on  the  outer  edge  white,  from 
r  the  assay  yellow,  from  lead  oxide;   continued  blowing  leaves  a 


126  SULPHARSENITES,  SULPHANTIMONITES,  ETC. 

the  Augusta  Mt.,   Gunnison  Co.,    Colorado  (anal.   6).      Formerly  regarded  as  occurring  at 
Pfibram,  but  this  mineral  is  referred  to  diaphorite  (Zeph.). 
Named  after  J.  K.  Freiesleben  (1774-1846) 


;  tli 22 See  Miller' -L c<  3  Zeph- Ber- Ak- Wien* 63  (1)' 130' 18n- 


D.   Grtho-  Division.    K3AsaS6,  R3SbaSe,  etc.;  also  R3AsS3,  etc. 
Bournoiiite  Group.      3RS.(As,Sb,Bi)2S3.     Orthorhombic. 

The  crystalline  form  of  only  a  part  of  the  species  provisionally  included  here 
is  definitely  known, 

136.  Bournonite  3(Cua,Pb)S.SbaS3  0-9380  :  1  : 0-8969 

137.  Wittichenite  3CuaS.BiaS3 

138.  Aikinite  3(Pb,Cu2)S.BiaS3  0-9719  :  1 

139.  Boulangerite  3PbS.Sb2S3 

140.  Lillianite 


141.  Stylotypite       3(Cu2,Ag2,Fe)S.SbaS9  0-941:1 

142.  Guitermanite    3PbS.As2S3? 
Tapalpite          3Aga(S,Te).Bia(S,Te)3? 


Pyrargyrite  Group.     3 AgaS.  (As,Sb)8S8.     Khombohedral,  hemimorphic. 

144     Pyrargyrite     3Ag2S.SbaS3  6  =  0-78916 

145.    Proustite          3AgaS.AsaSs  6  =  0-80393 


146.  Pyrostilpnite    3AgaS.SbaS,  Monoclinic    0-3547  :  1  :  0-1782     90° 

147.  Rittingerite  Monoclinic    0-5280  :  1  :  0*5293     89°  26' 


Bournonite  Group. 

136.  BOURNONITE.  Ore  of  Antimony  (fr.  Endellion)  P.  Rashleigh  (Spec.  Brit.  Min.,  1, 
34,  pi.  xix.,  1797.  Triple  Sulphuret  of  Lead,  Antimony,  and  Copper  B&urnon  (with  figs.),  Phil. 
Trans.,  30r  1804;  Ch.  Hatchett  (anal.),  ib.  63.,  Bournonite,  Antimonial  Lend  Ore,  Jameson,  Syst , 
2,  579,  1805,  3,  372,  1816.  Spiessglanzblei  Karst.,  in  Klapr.  Beitr.,  4,  82,  1S07.  and  Tab.,  68, 
1808.  Plomb  sulfure  autimonif^re  H.,  Tabl.,  1809.  Endellione  Bourn.,  Cat.  Miu.,  409,  1813. 
Schwarz  Spiesglanzerz  Wern.  Sehwarzspiessglaserz,  Antimonbleikupferblende  Germ.  Anti- 
moine  sulfure  plumbo-cuprifere  H.,  Tr.,4,  1822.  Radelerz  [—  Wheel  Ore]  Kapnik  miners. 
Eudelliouite  Zippe,  Char.  Min.,  213,  1859.  Canutillo  Span.  8.  A. 

Prismatischer  Spiesglas-Glanz  Mohs,  Char.,  1820;  Prismatoidischer  Kupfer-Glanz  Mbfis. 
Grundr.,  2,  559,  1824.  Antimonkupfer-Glanz  Breith.  Wdlchit  Haid.,  Haudb.,  564,  1845 
Wolchite. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes:  a  :  b  :  c  =  0*93797  :  1  :  0-89686  Miller1. 

100  A  110  =  *43°  10',  001  A  101  =  *43°  43',  001  A  Oil  =  41°  53}'. 


BOURNONITE  QROJJP—BOURNONITE. 


127 


Forms*  r 
a  (100,  t-i) 
b  (010,  i-«) 
c  (001,  0) 

rj  (310,  i-3) 

e  (210,  j-2) 

J  (320,  t-f ) 

R  (750,  z-I)6 

#(11-8-0,  i1 

» (430,  t-f) 

df  (970,  i-f )« 

*  (540,  «-f  ) 


65  (340,  f-f) 
a  (230,  i-|) 
/(ISO,  i-2) 
*  (130,  t-8) 
S  (3-10-0,  *-J 
£  (140,  *-4> 


IF '(560, 


r  (1-0-13,  TV 
0(108,  H)? 

T,  (105>  H)6 
*  (104,  fi) 
#  (207,  f  -i)? 
e  (103,  f  I) 


F  (205,  f-i)e 

*  (102,  H) 

h  (203,  |-i) 

ft  (304,  |-i)? 

o  (101,  1-0 

cr  (504,  f-i)? 

2  (201,  2-1) 

8  (301,  34) 

,  C  (401,  4-1) 

K  (013,  H) 
y  (023,  |-i) 
»  (Oil,  14) 
^(081, 


n  (in,  jj« 

0  (H3,  i) 
w  (112,  i) 

P  (10-10-19.  H)6 
^(559,  f)s 
^(558,  f)5 
1»  (223,  f ) 
^  (334,  f) 
^  (HI,  1) 


2) 


v  (7-2 -14, 
I  (316,  4-3) 


£  (214,  i-2> 
6  (213,  f-2) 
*  (212,  1-2) 
v  (211,  2-2) 
A  (7-4-14,  H)5 


0  (17-17-12, 
A  (332,f) 
T  (885,  f)« 


(?  (326, 


r  (321, 

ff  (431,  4-f  )* 

F(454,  f-|)« 
F(355,  1-|)« 
w>  (346,  |-f) 

«(232,  H)* 
<7(123,  |-2)« 
TT  (122,  1-5) 
p  (121,  2-2) 
r  (134,|-§) 
9(131,  3§) 

>•  H>* 
(144,  14) 


Miers6  adds  as  doubtful  forms:  (610),  (6'13'0),  (5-16-0),  (270),  (350),  (580),  (190);  (907);  (0«M4) 
(014);  (445),  (20-20-21),  (12-12-11),  (U'14-ll),  (17-1711);  (22-ll'34),  .(10-80-88):  (368),  (132),  (MO'9^ 
(1-18-19). 


«d'" 

-  50° 

16* 

d$' 

55 

141° 

34' 

c?    = 

27° 

50' 

•nit     = 

39°  11' 

mm" 

=  64° 

'  =  86° 
=  566 

2' 
20' 
8' 

O* 

rr'  = 

wn      = 

S2'    5= 

61° 

83° 
139° 

45' 

46i* 
13' 

<jp    = 

46° 
64° 
63° 

34' 

40' 
48' 

i;;;  i 

44°  3' 
53°  31' 
65°54f 

it' 

€€' 

XX' 
40' 

=  39° 

s  26° 
=  35° 

=5  51° 

s=  87° 

o 

53' 
21' 

6' 

26' 

cu 
cp 

cut 

== 

33° 
41' 
52° 
63° 

AQ° 

15' 
9' 
40' 

3' 

71 

yy\  = 

S9\   = 

47° 
57° 
70° 
85° 
109° 

8' 
22' 
53' 
55' 
50' 

gj: 

79°  28-' 
35°  55' 
45°  8' 
104°  43' 

77°  57 

yz' 

s=  124° 

47' 

eg 

S 

t>y 

ftp'  = 

49° 

56' 

2. 


Figvl.  Harz,  Levy. 


,  5,  Kagyag,  Zirkej.    3,  Kapnik,  Hbg..Scbrauf:    4,  Harz,  ZirkeJ. 
6,  Liskfeard,  Miers. 


Twins:,  tw.  pi.  w,  often  repeated  forming  cruciform  and  wheel-shaped  crystals, 
with  also  enclosed  twin  lamellae.  Crystals  usually  short  prismatic  to  tabular;  often 
aggregated  in  parallel  position;  prismatic  faces  often  vertically  striated,  also/ 
macrodomes  horizontally.  Also  massive;  granular,  compact. 

Cleavage:  b  imperfect;  a,  c  less  distinct.  Fracture  subconchoidal  to  ui  3V61^ 
Bather  brittle.  H.  ==  2 '5-3.  G.  =  5 -7-5 '9.  Luster  metallic,  brilliant.  Color  and 
streak  steel-gray,  inclining  to  blackish  lead-gray  or  iron-black.  Opaque. 


128 


SULPHARSENITES,   SULPHANTIMONITES,  ETC. 


Comp.— (Pb,Cua)3Sb,S6  or  3(Pb,Cu2)S.Sb2S9  =  PbCuSbS,  (if  Pb  :  Cu,  =  2  : 1) 
Sulphur  19-8,  antimony  24-7,  lead  42-5,  copper  13'0  ;=  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Wait,  Ch.  News,  28,  271,  1£73.    2.  Helmhacker,  Min.  Mitth.,  86,  1875.     3,4, 
Hidegh,  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  534,  1883,  ref.     5,  SipOcz,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  218,  1885.    6,  Lesinsky,  J.  pr.  Ch 
40,  232,  1889.    Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  96. 


1.  Liskeard      G.  =  5'826 

2.  Pfibram 

3.  Fels&banya  G.  =  5'86 

4.  Kapnik        G.  =  5-737 

5.  Nagyag       G.  =  5'766 

6.  Neudorf 


S        Sb  As     Pb      Cu     Ag 

19-36  23-57  0'47  41.95  13  27    — 

19-94  24-74  —    39'37  13'52  1  69 

19-78  23-80  —    42-07  12.82    — 

19-37  22-42  0'41  40'98  14'75  0'40 

20-22  18-42  3-18  43'85  12'87    — 

19-90  26  35  —   40-20  12'55    — 


Fe 

0-68  =  99-30 

0-13  Zn  0-09  =  99-66 

0-20  =  98-67 

0-81  =  99  14 

0-51  Mn  0-26,  Zn  0'20  =  99 '51 

—    gangue  0-50  =  99 '50 


(f 


Pyr.,  etc.—Jn  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  and  gives  a  dark  red  sublimate.  In  the  open 
tube  gives  sulphur  dioxide,  and  a  white  sublimate  of  antimony 
trioxide.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  easily,  and  at  first  coats  the 
coal  white;  continued  blowing  gives  a  yellow  coating  of  lead 
oxide;  the  residue,  treated  with  soda  in  R.F.,  gives  a  globule  of 
copper. 

Decomposed  by  nitric  acid,  affording  a  blue  solution,  and 
leaving  a  residue  of  sulphur,  and  a  white  powder'containing  anti- 
mony and  lead. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  the  mines  of  Neudorf  in  the  Harz  (which  in- 
clude the  Meiseberg  localities),  where  the  crystals  occasionally 
exceed  an  inch  in  diameter;  also  at  Wolfsberg,  Clausthal,  and 
Andreasberg  in  the  Harz;  at  Pfibram  in  Bohemia;  with  quartz, 
tetrahedrite,  and  phosphorescent  sphalerite,  at  Kapnik  in  Hungary, 
in  flattened  crystals;  at  Servoz  in  Piedmont,  associated  with, 
pearl  spar  and  quartz.  Other  localities  are  the  parish  of  Brftunsdorf  and  Gersdorf  in  Saxony, 
Olsa  in  Carinthia,  etc. ;  Endellion  at  Wheal  Boys  in  Cornwall,  where  it  was  first  found,  and 
hence  called  endellione,  by  Count  Bournon,  after  whom  it  was  subsequently  named;  in  Mexico; 
at  Huasco-Alto  in  Chili;  Mina  Beatriz,  Sierra  Gorda,  Atacama;  at  Machacamarca  in  Bolivia; 
in  Peru. 

In  the  U.  S.,  at  the  Hoggs  mine,  Yavapai  Co.,  Arizona  (Blake),  with  pyrite,  chalcopyrite, 
etc.;  also  from  Montgomery  Co.,  Arkansas,  with  galena,  tetrahedrite,  etc.  (F.  W.  Gibb).  Also 
reported  from  the  Bear  and  Anvil  Mts.,  San  Juan  Co.,  Colorado.  In  Canada,  in  the  township  of 
Marmora.  Hastings  Co.,  and  Darling,  Lanark  Co.,  Ontario. 

Alt.— Occurs  altered  to  cerussite,  malachite,  azurite,  and  also  (as  Rammelsberg  has  shown) 
to  the  mineral  called  wolchite  (Antimonkupferglanz  Germ.),  which  occurs  in  similar  crystals,  with 
the  same  hardness  and  same  sp.  gr,  (5 '88-5 -94  Kg.).  It  was  originally  from  WOlch  in  Carinthia, 
but  occurs  also  at  Olsa,  with  true  bournonite.  Rammelsberg  found,  as  the  mean  of  4  analyses 
(Min.  Ch.,  80,  1860),  S  16'81,  Sb  24'41,  Pb  15'59,  Cu  42'83,  Fe  0'36  =  100,  excluding  the  ad- 
mixed carbonate,  sulphate,  and  antimonial  salts  of  lead  and  copper,  and  some  water.  See  Min. 
Ch.,  102,  1875. 

Artif.— On  synthetic  experiments,  Doelter,  Zs.  Kr.,  11>  38,  1885.  Also  later  (Anz.  Ak.  Wien, 
101, 1890),  where  it  is  shown  that  bournonite  when  digested  in  water  as  a  fine  powder  in  a  sealed 
tube  at  80°  is  slightly  soluble;  in  connection  with  these  experiments  crystals  of  the  common 
twinned  form  were  obtained. 

Ref.—1  Min.  p.  201,  1852;  cf.  Rose,  Pogg.,  76.  291, 1849,  and  Zirkel,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  45 
(1),  431, 1862.  2  See  Zirkel,  1.  c. ;  Hbg.,  Min.  Not.,  5,  32, 1863;  Schrauf ,  Atlas,  Tf .  xxxvi-xxxviii, 
1871-72;  Miers,  Min.  Mag.,  6,  59,  1884;  Gdt.,  Index,  1,  327  et  seq.,  1886.  3  Zeph.,  Lotos,  1876. 
4  Rath,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  602,  1877.  6  Groth,  Min.-Samml.,  61,  1871.  «  Miers,  1.  c. 


137.  WITTICHENITE.  Kupferwismutherz  8ett>.,  Denks.  d'Aerzte  u.  Nat.  Schwab.,  1, 
419;  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  4,  91,  1807.  Bismuth  sulphure  cuprifere  FT.  Cupreous  Bismuth;. 
Cupriferous  Sulphuret  of  Bismuth.  Wismuth-Kupfererz  Leonh.,  1826.  Wittichit  Kbl.t  Taf., 
13,  1853.  Wittichenit  Kenng.,  Uebers.,  1853,  118,  1855. 

Orthorhombic.  In  crystals  resembling  bournonite  with  a,  b,  c,  m,  0,  n,  Breith. 
Massive  and  disseminated;  also  coarse  columnar,  or  an  aggregate  of  imperfect  prisms. 

Fracture  conchoidal.  H;  =  3'5.  G.  =  5,  Hausm.;  4*3,  Gallenbaeh,  Hilger. 
Color  steel-gray,  tin-white,  tarnishing  pale  lead-gray.  Streak  black. 

Comp.— Cu8BiS3  or  3CuaS.Bi5S3  =  Sulphur  19-5,  bismuth  42-1, 


=  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Petersen,  Pogg.,  136, 
Also  5th  Ed.,  pp.  98,  99. 


copper  38-4 


500,  1869.    2,  G.  LiudstrSm,  G.  F5r.  FOrh.,  9,  523,  1887. 


BO  URN  ONI  TE    GRO  UP^-AIKTNITE—BO  ULANGERITE.  129 

S         Bi         Cu         Pb_ 

1.  Galleubach     G.  =  4'45        20-30    4M3    36'76       —    As  0-79,  Sb  0'41,  Ag  0'15,  Zn   0-13, 

[Fe  0-35  =  100-03 

2.  Gladhammar  G.  =  6  70        17'70    42'94    20'86     18'04  Zn  0'06,  Fe  0'68,  insol.  0'16  =  100'44 

It  is  a  question  wbetber  anal.  2  belongs  here;  cf.  lillianite. 

Pyr.— ID  the  open  tube  gives  sulphurous  fumes  and  a  white  sublimate  of  bismuth  sulphate. 
B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  easily,  at  first  throws  out  sparks,  and  coats  the  coal  with  bismuth  trioxide, 
the  residue  with  soda  in  R.F.  gives  a  globule  of  metallic  copper.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid, 
with  evolution  of  hydrogen  sulphide;  decomposed  by  nitric  acid,  with  separation  of  sulphur. 

Obs. — From  cobalt  mines  with  barite,  near  Wittichen,  Baden;  also  at  Zell,  near  Wolfach;  at 
Christophsau  near  Freudenstadt.  Chiefly  at  the  Neugliick  mine,  Bockelsbach,  also  Autor> 
mine  in  Heubach,  David  mine  in  Silberberg,  and  King  David  (anal.  1.)  in  Gallenbach.  A  related 
mineral  (anal.  2)  occurs  at  Gladhammar,  Sweden. 

Alt. — Undergoes  easy  alteration,  becoming  yellowish  brown,  then  red  and  blue  externally, 
forming  apparently  covellite;  also  changing  to  a  greenish  earthy  mineral,  which  is  a  mixture  of 
malachite,  bismuth  oxide,  and  hydra te.d  iron  sesquioxide;  also  to  an  eartUy  yellow  bismutite  and 
bismuth  ochre.  Sandberger.  Jb  Min.,  274,  1865. 

Artif.— Obtained  by  Schneider,  Pogg.,  127,  302,  1866. 

138.  AIKINITE.    Nadelerz  MoJis,  Null's  Kab.,   3,  726,  1804.     Bismuth  sulfure  plumbo- 
cuprifere  H.,  Tabl..  105,  1809.     Needle  Ore;  Acicular  Bismuth;   Cupreous  Bismuth.    Aikinite 
Chapman,  Min.,  127.  1843.     Patrinite  Haid.,  Handb.,  568,  1845.     Belouit  Qlock.,  Syu.,  27,  1847. 
Aciculite  Nicol,  Min.,  487.  1849. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes:  a  :  b  =  0*9719  :  l.Miers. 
Forms:  b  (010,  i-l),  e  (210,  i-2),  m  (110,  /),  /(120,  i-2),  i (130,  *-3). 

Angles:  ee'"  =  51°  50',  mm'"  =  *88°  22'.  ff'  =  54°  27',  ii  =  37°  52';  be  =  64°  5',  bf  =  27* 
13|',  bi  =  18°  56',  measured  63°  26',  26°  34',  19°  4'. 

Crystals  embedded,  acicular,  longitudinally  striated.     Also  massive. 

Fracture  uneven.  H.  -  2-2-5.  G.  =  6 -1-6-8;  6;757  Frick.  Luster  metallic. 
Color  blackish  lead -gray,  with  a  pale  copper-red  tarnish.  Opaque. 

Comp.— 3(Pb,Cu2)S.Bi2S3  or  (if  Pb  :  Cu,  =  2  :  1),  PbCuBiS,  ~  Sulphur  16-8, 
bismuth  36-2,  lead  36-0,  copper  11*0  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Frick.  Pogg.,  31,  529,  1834.  3,  Chapman,  Phil.  Hag.,  31,  541,  1847.  4,  gej» 
inann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  75,  452,  1858. 

S  Bi  Pb  Cu          Ni 

1.  Berezov  G.  =  6-757  1605        34'62        35'69        1179          —    =  98'15 

2.  "  1661        36-45        36'05        10'59          —    =  99'70 

3.  "        G.  =  6-1  18-78        27-93        40-10        12'53         —    =  99-34 

4.  16-50       34-87       36  81        10'97        0'36  Au  0  09  =  99'10 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  open  tube  gives  sulphurous  fumes,  and  also  a  white  sublimate,  which  may 
be  fused  into  clear  drops  that  are  white  on  cooling;  the  assay  becomes  surrounded  with  a  |>lack 
fused  oxide,  which  on  cooling  is  transparent  and  greenish  yellow.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  and 
gives  a  white  coating,  yellow  on  the  edge  nearest  the  assay;  with  the  fluxes,  reactions  for  copper, 
and  after  long  blowing  a  globule  of  metallic  copper. 

Decomposed  by  nitric  acid,  with  separation  of  sulphur  and  lead  sulphate. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Berezov  near  Ekaterinburg,  Urals,  with  gold,  malachite,  and  galena,  in 
white  quartz.  In  the  United  States  perhaps  at  Gold  Hill,  Rowan  Co.,  N.  Carolina  (possibly 
cosalite,  Genth). 

Ref,— »  Berezov,  Min.  Mag.,  8,  206,  1889;  Miers  gives  410  instead  of  210,  but  the  former 
does  not  agree  with  the  measured  angle.  Hoernes  gave  a  prismatic  angle  of  70°. 

139.  BOULANGERITE.    Plomb  antimonie  sulfure  Boulanger,  Ann.  Mines,  7,  575,  1835. 
Schwefelantimonblei  Antimonbleiblende  Germ.     Sulphuret  of  Antimony  and  Lead.     Boulan- 
gerit  Thaulow,  Pogg.,  41,  216,  1837;  Bausm.,  ib.,  46,  281.     Embrithite,  Plumbostib,  Breith.,  J. 
pr.  Ch.,  10,  442,  1837. 

In  plumose  masses,  exhibiting  on  the  fracture  a  crystalline  structure;  also 
granular  and  compact. 

H.  =  2-5-3.  G.  =  5-75-6-0.  Luster  metallic.  Color  bluish  lead-gray;  often 
covered  with  yellow  spots  from  oxidation.  Opaque. 

Comp.— Pb3Sb2S6  or  3PbS.Sb2S3  =  Sulphur   18'3,   antimony  22-8,  lead 
zz  100. 


130  SULPHARSENITES.  8ULPHANTIMONITE8,  ETC. 

Anal.—  1,  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  45,  320,  1868.  2,  3,  Rath,  Pogg.,  136,  430,  1869.  4,  5 
Frenzel,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  2,  360,  1870.  Also  5th  Ed.,  pp.  99,  795. 

S  Sb  Pb         Ag 

1.  Echo  Distr..  Nevada  17'9l        26'85        5482        tr.  Fe  0'42  •  =  100 

2.  Silbersand  G.  =  5'935  18'62       22  93       55-82        —  =  97-37 

3.  "  18-51        25-65        5614        —   =  100'30 

4.  Ptumbostib  G.  =  6'17  |  18  "09        20'49        59  '54        —  Cu  0'88  =  99  '00 

5.  Embrithite  G.  =  6*32  18'08        21-47        59-30       *-  Cu  0'80  =  99'65 

The  last  two  correspond  nearly  to  10PbS.3SbaS8,  but  the  material  analyzed  may  not  hare 
been  quite  pure.  Cf.  Guitermanite. 

Pyr.  —  Same  as  for  zinkenite. 

Obs.  —  Quite  abundant  at  Molieres,  department  of  Gard,  in  France;  also  found  at  Nasafjeld 
in  Lapland;  at  Nerchinsk;  Obpr-Lahr  in  Sayn-Altenkirchen  ;  Silbersand  near  Mayen  in  the 
JSifel;  Wolfsberg  in  the  Harz;  Pribram  in  Bohemia;  near  Bottino  in  Tuscany,  both  massive,1 
acicular,  and  fibrous.  Also  in  aeicular  crystals  embedded  in  quartz  in  Echo  District,  Union 
county,  Nevada. 

Named  after  C.  L.  Boulanger  (1810-1849). 

Embrithite  is  from  the  locality  of  boulaugerite  at  Nerchinsk.  It  is  granular  in  texture,  of  a. 
lead-gray  color.  Named  from  ejufipiQrfs,  Jieavy.  Plumbostib  is  also,  from  Nerchinsk;  it  is 
columnar  to  fibrous  in  structure.  Named  from  plumbum  and  stibium. 

140.  LILLIANITE.    H.  F.  Keller,  Zs.  Kr.,  17,  67,  1889.    Kobellitep*. 
Massive,  crystalline. 

Luster  metallic.     Color  steel-gray.     Streak  black.     Opaque. 

Comp.—  Pb3Bi,S6  =  3PbS.Bi3S,  =  Sulphur  15-7,  bismuth  33-8,  lead  50'5  =  100. 
Also  Pb,BiSbS3  =  Sulphur  16'9,  bismuth  18*2,  antimony  10'5,  lead  54*4  =  100. 
Further  the  lead  may  be  in  part  replaced  by  silver,  in  anal.  1-3,  Pb  :  Ag  =  4  :  1. 

Anal.-l-3,  H.  F.  &  H.  A.  Keller,  J.  Am.  Ch.  Soc.,  7,  194,  1885.  4.  Rg.,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin* 
237,  1862,  after  deducting  5'61  cobaltite,  3'67  chalcopyrite.  5,  Gent,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  100,  1875. 

S         Bi         Sb        Pb       Ag     Cu 

1.  Colorado  15-21     32-62      —      43'94    5'78     tr.    -  97'55 

2.  "  15-27    33-31       —       44'28    5'49    0'03  =  98-38 

3.  "  15-19    33-89      —      44*03    5'72     tr.    =  98-83 

4.  Sweden      G.  =  6145        16-85    18  68    10'59    52-09      —       —  Fe  0'43  =  98-64 

5.  "  17-62    1789    10*14    50'66      —     1'46  Fe  1  -70  =  99-47 

Obs.—  From  Hvena,  Sweden,  with  cobaltite  and  chalcopyrite.     Cf.  Kobellite.  p.  123. 
In  the  U.  S.,  an  argentiferous  variety  occurs  with  galena  in  the  mines  of  the  Lillian  Mining 
Co.,  Printerboy  Hill,  near  Leadville,  Colorado. 

141.  STYLOTYPITE.    Stylotyp  v.  Kobell,  Ber.  Ak.  Mttnchen,  1,  163,  1865.    . 
Orthorhombic;   prismatic  angle  86i°  approx.     Twins:   cruciform,  angle  of 

intersection  near  90°. 

Fracture  imperfectly  conchoidal,  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  3.  G.  =  4*79. 
Luster  metallic.  Color  iron-black;  streak  black. 

Comp.—  3(Cua,  Ag,,Fe)S.SbaS>,  the  species  being  an  iron-silver-copper  bournonite 
(ratio  Cua  -f-  Aga:  Fe  =  2  :  1,  and  Cua:  Aga  =  6  :  1)  =  Sulphur  25-0,  antimoBy 
31-3,  copper  28'3,  silver  $-1,  iron  7'3  =  100. 
Anal.-Kobell,  1.  c.: 

S  24-30     Sb  30-53     Cu  28'00     Ag  8'30     Fe  7'00    Pb,  Zn  tr.  =  98-13 

Pyr.,  etc.—B.B.  decrepitates,  and  fuses  very  easily.     On  charcoal  a  steel-gray  globule, 
-which  is  magnetic;  fumes  of  antimony 
Obs.—  From  Copiapo  in  Chili. 
Named  from  oruAos,  column,  and  Tvno$,form,  in  allusion  to  the  columnarjorm,  in  whica 


it  differs  from  tetrahedrite,  although  approaching  it  in  composition. 

A  related  mineral  from  the  Great  Eastern  mine,  Park  county,  Colorado,  has  been  examined 
l>y  Page. 

Structure  crystalline.    H.  =  4.    G.  =  4'S9.    Color  steel-gray.    Streak  dark  red.     An 

82688    Sb  34-47    Cu  23'20    Pb  1-19    Zn  7*14    Fe  1'38    gangue  5'8G  =  IQO'12 


PYRARGYITE  GROUP—  PYRARGYITE.  131 

The  copper  is  stated  to  be  present  one  half  as  Cu2S,  the  rest  as  CuS  (Ch.  News,  46,  215. 
1882). 

DuBBELDTITE  Haimondi,  Mineroux  du  Perou,  p.  125,  1878. 

In-  masses  with  indistinct  fibrous  structure,  also  in  tine  needles.     H.  =  2'5.     G.  =  5-40 
Color  light  gray.    Luster  metallic.     Associated  with  quartz  as  gangue.     After  deduction  ox 
impurities  (3T3  p.  c.  gangue),  the  composition  is : 

S  24-15,    Sb  30-52,    Pb  25'81,    Ag  7'34,     Cu  1'86,    Fe  2-24,    Mn  8' 08.=  100. 

From  the  Irismachay  mine,  Auquimarca,  province  Cajatambo,  Peru.  Named  afttjt 
Richard  Durfeldt. 

142.  GUITERMANITE.     Billebrand,  Proc.  Col.  Sc.  Soc.,  1,  129,  1884. 

Massive,  compact. 

H.  =  3.     G.  =  5-94.     Luster  metallic.     Color  bluish  gray.     Opaque. 
Comp.— A  sulphide  of  arsenic  and  lead,  10PbS.3As,Ss  or  3PbS.As2S3. 
Analysis,  after  deducting  2'6  lead  sulphate,  also  free  sulphur  and  pyrite,  gangue,  etc.: 

S  19-49        As  14-33        Pb  65'99        Cu  0'19  =  100 

The  formula  10PbS.3As3S3  requires :  S  19'5,  As  14-4,  Pb  66'1  =  100;  but  an  analysis  Of 
purer  material  is  needed  to  settle  the  composition.  It  may  prove  to  conform  to  the  general 
formula  of  the  preceding  group,  i.e.,  3PbS.As2S3  =  Sulphur  20'0,  arsenic  15'6,  lead  64'4  •=  100. 

Obs Occurs  intimately  mixed  with  zunyite  at  the  Zuni  mine,  near  Silverton,  San  Juan 

Co..  Colorado.  Named  for  Mr.  Franklin  Guiterman. 

143.  TAPALPITE.    Pedro  L.  Monroy,  A.  del  Castillo,  Naturaleza,  1,  76, 1869.    Tellurwia- 
muthsilber  fiammelsberg,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  21,  81,  1869. 

Granular,  massive.  Sectile,  somewhat  brittle.  G.  =  7*803.  LilSter 
metallic.  Color  pale  steel-gray,  inclining  to  lead-gray,  tarnished'. 

Comp. — A  sulpho-telluride  of  bismuth  and  silver,  perhaps  3Aga(S,Te).Bia(S,Te)9 
(if  S  :  Te  =  3  :  2)  =  Tellurium  20'33  sulphur  7'8,  bismuth  28'1,  silver  43 '8  =  100. 
Anal.— 1,  Rg.,1.  c.  2,  3,  Genth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  24,  41,  1887,  after  deducting  7-8  p.  C. 
jjalena.  These  analyses  vary  widely;  the  above  formula  is  based  on  those  of  Genth. 

Te  S  Bi  Ag          Cu 

1.  24-10        3-32       48-50        23'35         tr.  =  99'27 

2.  19-76        8-07        28-41        43/76         —  =,100 

3.  G.  =  7-74  21-67        7'25        24*99        46-09         —  =  100 

Pyr.— Fuses  easily  in  the  closed  tube,  giving  a  faint  white  sublimate.  B.B.  on  charcoal 
gives  off  fumes  and  leaves  a  white  and  yellow  coating;  finally  yields  a  silver  globule.  Dissolved 
in  the  cold  by  nitric  acid  forming  a  green  solution,  which  on  heating  becomes  colorless  with  a 
white  precipitate. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  San  Antonio  mine,  San  Rafael  district,  Sierra  de  Tapalpa,  Jalisco-;  Mexico. 


Pyrargyrite  Group. 

144.  PYRARGYRITE.  Argeutum  rude  rubrum  pt.  Germ.  Rothgolderz,  Agnc.  362, 
Interpr.,  462,  1546.  Argeutum  rubri  cploris  pt.,  Gemein  Rothguldenerz,  Gesner.,  Foss.,  62, 
1565.  Rothgylden  pt. ,  Argentum  arsenico  pauco  sulphure  et  ferro  mineralisatum  pt.,  Miuera 
argenti  rubra  var.  opaca,  var.  nigrescens,  Wall.,  310,  1747.  Mine  d'argent  rouge  Fr.  TrL  Wall., 
1753.  Ruby  Silver  Ore  pt.,  Red  Silver  Ore  pt.,  Hill,  Foss,  1771.  Dunkles  Rothgiiltigerz, 
Lichtes  id.  pt.,  Wern.,  1789.  Dark  Red  Silver  Ore;  Antimonial  Red  Silver.  Argent  antimonie 
sulfurept,  H.,  Tr.,  1801.  Argent  rouge  antimoniale  Proust.,  J.  Phys.,  59,  407,  1804.  Prosit 
Selb,  Denks.  Nat.  Schwab.,  1,  311,  Tasch.  Min.,  401,  1817.  Rubinblende  pt.  Mdhs.  Antimon- 
silberblende.  Pyrargyrit  Glock.,  Handb.,  388,  1831.  Argyrythrose  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  430,  1832- 
Argento  rosso  antimoniale  Hal.  Rosicler  oscuro  Span.  Petlanque  Mexico. 

Rhombohedral;   hemimorphic.     Axis:  6  =  0-78916;   OOQ1  A  1011  =  42 
Miers*. 


132 


SULPHARSENITES,  SULPHANTIMONITES,  ETC. 


Forms': 

Gt  (7189.  =5) 

rt  (5-3-8-11,  T2T4) 

63(2358,  -P) 

c  (0001,  0) 

q  (5388,  |  4) 

f  (1235,  —A3) 

m  (lOlO,  /) 

I  (5167,  |  ) 

L  (5386,  i4) 

d  (1222,  -V) 

a  (1120,  z.2) 

to  (5164,  I1) 

P»  (5385,  f  «) 

€(3698,  -§3) 

r  (4150,  z-f) 

<t>  (4156,  ^ 

r  (5382,  I4) 

7(5-10'l5-8,  -§ 

C  (3140,  t-f  ) 
£(2130,  i-f) 

n  (4153,  I5) 
0(14-4-18'13,  U1) 

S  (21-13-34-26,  ^?) 
«7  (17  11-286.  lY) 

a  (2573,  -1') 

U  (1014,  \) 

X<  \       _          ^           •    1  3  /  . 

20  (3145,  ?') 

T(3257,  |5) 

6(1344,  -i2) 

j  (5058,  |) 

^  (3142,  1») 

cr(3254,  ^5) 

V  (5056,  g) 
a  (3034,  f  ) 

/7  (3032,  f  ) 

«  (8  -311  -8,  f1*) 
F(12-5-17-10.  -r7^') 

5 

#(3251,  I5) 

A  (19-13  32-6,  1^) 
W  (7  5-12  8,  |6) 

Al  (17-13  30-4,  lv) 

p  (2797,  -f1) 
F  (4-  15-  19  -4,  -i 
fl  (1451,  -3!) 

A/  (0118,  -£)' 
€  .(0112,  -£) 
A  (0332,  -|)3 
*  (0221,  -2) 

s  (7-3-IO-4,  I1) 

i  (2134,  ^3) 
p(2!32,  |3)? 
A;  (10-5  15-8,  |3) 

T!  (4-3-7-10,  TV) 
B(4376,  ^) 
2  (4374,  y) 
C  (4371,  I1) 
^r  (9-7-16-2,  I8) 

#•(2-9-11  2,  -|^ 
?  (4-20  24-11,  - 
P(1562,  -2^) 

JT  (0772,  —  |) 
/(0551,  -5) 

«  (2131,  I3) 
Fl  (11  -6  17-12,  T5^) 

t,  (14-11-25-15,  ^) 
Z  (5491,  I9) 

S  (2-  13-15-7.  - 

p  (1123,  f-2) 
A  (2243,  f-2) 

C  (9-5  14-4,  I1) 

m  (6  5-11  .7,  V1) 
Tti  (7-6-13-19,  j^13) 

6(2-15  17-8,  -J 

f)  (4483,  |-2) 

A  (7  -4  -11  -15,  I**) 

2Vi  (17-15-32-2,  I16) 

G  (l-9-10-l,-8i 

J>(17-li8-l,  16s) 
Z  (11  1  12-1,  10f) 

x  (7-4-1!  8,  fv) 
F  (7  -4  -11  -6,  f*1) 

/(4595,-£9) 

D  (1-12  13-1,-] 

cu    =    '2°  50' 

rr'      =  *71°  22' 

gg*    =  29°  IT 

EE'  =  26°  34' 

ca    =    34°  21' 

nrr  =  88°  4i' 

w'     =  74°  25' 

PP'  =  16°  38' 

<;r    =    42°  20f 

TT    =  104C  56' 

OTT    =  35°  12' 

gq'     =  14°  51' 

en  =    53°  49' 

ee        =    42°  5' 

^vi     _  490  4g- 

cT  =    66°  18' 

55'       =    98°  48' 

y^v  _  41°  29' 

«7     =  19°  12* 

ce    =    24°  30' 

rr'  =  111°  27' 

yy'    =  70°  37' 

ay     =  15°  34' 

cs     =    61°  15' 

ff       =  115°  32' 

yy*    =  45°  20' 

av      =  24°  54' 

<JF  =    72°35f 
cf    =    77°  37' 

cp       -    27°  45' 
^      =    26°  55V 

ww"  =  15°  9' 
22'     =  55°  Of 
22'     =  40°  32' 

an     =  39°  53' 
ar     =•  54°  19* 
«r     ^  70°  15' 

uu'  =    22°  11' 
aa'  =   58°  30' 

«'       =    39°-30' 
tV       =    19°  27' 

aa'  =  28°  24' 

op     =  76°  32' 

Twins:  tw._pl.  (1)  a,  very  common,  the  axes  6  parallel  (f.  6),  and  c  the  comp. 
face.  (2)  u  (1014),  also  common,  the  composition-plane  usually  J_  if,  the  axes  then 
being  inclined  25°  40'  to  each  other,  sometimes  ||  u\  repeated,  all  three  faces  of  u  as 
tw.  pi.  (f.  5),  also  as  twinning  lamellae  (in  some  cases  secondary  in  origin)  as 
shown  by  fine  striations.  (3)  r,  not  common,  the  crystals  crossing  nearly  at  right 
angles.  (4)  e  (0112)  rare.  Crystals  commonly  prismatic  and  hemimorphic8,  as 
sometimes  shown  by  development  of  the  two  ends  when  distinct;  also  by  the  occur- 
rence of  77?  as  a  trigonal  prism;  also  by  the  unsymmetrical  development  of  striations 
on  a  due  to  the  form  q  (1671).  The  hemimorphic  character  is  often  obscured  by 
twinning.  Also  massive,  compact. 

Cleavage:  r  distinct;  e  imperfect.  Fracture  conchoidal  to  uneven.  Brittle. 
H.  =  2-5.  G.  =  5*77-5'86;  5'85  if  pure.  Luster  metallic-adamantine.  Color 
black  to  grayish  black,  by  transmitted  light  deep-red.  Streak  purplish  red.  Nearly 
opaque,  but  transparent  in  very  thin  splinters.  Optically  negative.  Double  re- 
fraction strong.  Indices,  Eizeau  (Dx.): 

co  =  3-084  e  =  2-881 

Comp.— Ag3SbS3  or  3AgaS.SbaS,  =  Sulphur  17-8,  antimony  22-3,  silver  59-9 
c=  100.  Some  varieties  contain  small  amounts  of  arsenic,  see  proustite  p.  134. 


PYRARGYRITE.  GROUP-PYRARGYRITE. 
2. 


133 


Figs.  1-4,  7,  from  Miers.    5,  Andreasberg,  Sbk. 

Anal.— 1,  Senfter,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  106,  144,  1869.  2,  Petersen,  ib.,  p.  143.  3,  4.  5,  Rethwiscb, 
Jb.  Min.,  Beil.-Bd.,  4.  95,  1886.  6,  Streng,  Jb.  Min.,  916,  1878  7-14/G.  T,  Prior,  Min.  Mag., 
8,  94,  1888.  15,  Traube,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  286,  1890.  Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  95. 


1.  Wolfach 

3.  Andreasberg 
3. 

4.  Freiberg 

5.  Andreasberg 

6.  Dolores 

7.  Andreasberg 

8.  Guanajuato 

9.  Zacatecas 

10.  Andreasberg 

11.  Freiberg 

12.  Chanarcillo 
13    Harz 

14.  Audreasberg 

15.  Kajanel 


G. 

5-90 

5871 
5;754 
5-716 
5-68 

5-82 

5-83 

5-86 

5-78 

5-77 

5-81 

5-805 

5'76 


S 

Sb 

As 

A.g 

18-28 

24-81 

— 

57-01  =  100-10 

17-70 

22-35 

1-01 

58-03  =    99-09 

17-65 

22-36 

— 

59  73  =    99  74 

17-95 

1858 

2-62 

60-63  =    99  78 

17-99 

18-63 

3-01 

60-78  =  100-41 

1817 

18-47 

3-80 

60-53  =  100-97 

17-81 

2245 

_ 

59-75  =  100-01 

17-79 

2209 

012 

59-91  =    99-91 

17-74 

22-39 

0-27 

60-04  =  100-44 

17-74 

SI  -69 

0-44 

60-24  -  100-11 

1765 

21  64 

0-52 

60-17=    99-98 

17-89 

21  20 

0-79 

60  07  =    99-95 

17-78 

20-69 

1-02 

60-21  =    99-70 

17-99 

18-36 

260 

60  85  =    99-80 

[1787] 

2066 

1-02 

60-45  =  100 

were 


Henckel  found  arsenic  in  ruby  silver  (Pyritol..  169,  1725).  and  both  light  and  red  s 
5  afterwards  considered  arsenical,  until  Klaproth's  analysis,  detecting  antimony 


silver  ores 

1794(Beitr,  1.  141);  after  this  both  "were"  supposedfto  l)Tanfimonial7  until  Prou'st,  in  1804, 

showed  that  there  were  two  species,  an  antimonial  and  an  arsenical.     The  existence  of  inter 

mediate  compounds  is  shown  by  several  of  the  analyses  above. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  fuses  and  gives  a  reddish  sublimate  of  antimony  oxysulphide; 

in  the  open  tube  sulphurous  fumes  and  a  white  sublimate  of  antimony  trioxide.  KB.  on  char- 
coal fuses  with  spirting  to  a  globule,  coats  the  coal  white,  and  the  assay  is  converted  into  silver 
sulphide,  which,  treated  in  O.F.,  or  with  soda  in  R.F.,  gives  a  globule  of  silver.  In  case  arsecio 
is  present  it  may  be  detected  by  fusing  the  pulverized  mineral  with  soda  on  charcoal  in  R.F. 
Decomposed  by  nitric  acid  with  the  separation  of  sulphur  and  of  antimony  trioxide. 
Obs.— Occurs  principally  with  calcite,  native  arsenic,  and  galena,  at  Andreasberg  in  the 
Harz;  also  at  Freiberg,  Saxony,  with  proustite,  argentite,  etc.;  Pribram,  Bohemia,  with  argen- 
tiferous galena;  Schemnitz,  Kremnitz,  etc.,  in  Hungary;  Kajanel,  Transylvania;  Kongsberg. 
.Norway,  with  native  silver;  Gaudalcanal  in  Spain;  in  Cornwall.  In  Mexico  it  .is  worked  at 
Guanajuato  and  elsewhere  as  an  ore  of  silver.  In  Chili  it  is  found  in  crystals  with  proustite  .eft 
Chanarcillo  near  Copiapo. 


134 


SULPHARSENITES,  SULPHANTIMONITES,  ETC. 


In  Colorado,  not  uncommon;  thus  with  silver  and  tetrahedrite  in  Ruby  District,  Gunnison 
Co.;  with  sphalerite  in  Sneffle's  distr.,  Ouray  Co.;  Marshall  Creek,  San  Miguel  Co.;  near  Rico 
and  elsewhere,  Dolores  Co.;  also  Clear  Creek  Co.  and  near  Central  City,  Gilpin  Co.  In  Nevada, 
at  Washoe  in  Daney  Mine;  in  Ophir  mine,  rare;  abundant  about  Austin,  Reese  river,  but  no 
good  crystals;  at  Poorman  lode,  Idaho,  in  masses  sometimes  of  several  hundred- weight,  along 
with  cerargyrite;  also  at  the  Monarch  and  other  mines  in  the  Atlanta  district.  In  New  Mexico,' 
at  Gold  Hill  near  Silver  City,  Kingston,  Sierra  Co.,  with  silver,  argentite,  etc.;  Bullard's  Peak 
district,  Grant  Co.  In  Utah  and  Arizona  with  silver  ores  at  various  points. 

Named  from  nvp,fire,  and  apyvpos,  silver,  in  allusion  to  the  color. 

Alt. — Occurs  like  proustite,  changed  to  argentite  (AgaS);  to  pyrite.  Also  occurs  pseudo- 
morph  after  silver. 

Ref.— '  Min.  Mag.,  8,  37,  1888,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  129,  1888;  cf.  also  Rethwisch,  Jb.  Min., 
Beil.-Bd.,  4,  31,  1886:  the  latter  attempted  to  show  a  variation  in  angle  between  pyrargyrite  and 
proustite  corresponding  to  variation  in  composition,  but  this  is  not  confirmed  on  the  specimens 
examined  by  Miers  and  Prior,  cf.  also  Min.  Mag.,  7,  196,  1887. 

8  This  is  chiefly  the  list  of  Miers  (1.  c.),  based  upon  a  critical  study  of  the  earlier  observations 
of  other  authors  and  with  many  additions;  a  large  number  of  forms  regarded  as  doubtful  are  not 
included  here;  cf.  also  Rethwisch,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  1  ref.,  1890.  Other  lists,  also  critical,  have  been 
given  by  Rethwisch  (1.  c.)  and  Gdt.,  Index,  3,  59,  1888.  With  earlier  authors  the  forms  for 
pyrargyrite  and  proustite  have  not  been  separated.  References  to  the  literature  are  given  in 
full  by  Rethwisch  and  by  Miers.  3  Traube,  Kajanel,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  286,  1890.  On  the  hemi- 
raorphic  forms  and  twinning,  see  Schuster,  Zs.  Kr.,  12,  117,  1886,  also  Miers,  1.  c. 


145.  PROUSTITE.  Argentum  rude  rubrum  translucidum  carbunculis  simile  Germ. 
Qurchsichtig  Rodtguldenerz  Agric.,  362,  Interpr. ,  462,  1546.  Argentum  rubri  coloris  pellu- 
cidum,  SchOn  Rubin  Rothguldenerz,  Gesner,  Foss.,62,  1565.  Minera  argenti  rubra  pellucida 
Wall.,  311,  1747.  Ruby  Silver  Ore  pt.  Hill.  Argent  rouge  arsenicale  Proust,  J.  de  Phys.  59, 
&04,  1804.  Lichtes  Rothgliltigerz  pt.,  Arsenikalisches  id  ,  Arseniksilberblende  Germ.  Rubin- 
blende  pt.  Arsenical  Silver  Ore;  Light  Red  Silver  Ore.  Proustite  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  445,  1832. 
Argento  rosso  arsenicale  Ital.  Rosicler  claro  Span. 

Rhombohedral;   hemimorphic.      Axis  d  =  0-80393;   0001  A  1011  =  42° 
Miers1. 


Porms1  : 

r(1011, 

*) 

w  (3145, 

I8) 

• 
m 
e 

T 

(0001,  0)1 
(1010,  /) 
(1120,  z-2) 
(4150,  *-f) 
(1014,  J) 

e  (0112, 
A  (0332, 
«  (0221, 

p(1123, 

-I)? 
-2) 

p  (5279, 

*  (li-5-i 

t    (2134, 

[K 

CM    =      13° 

4' 

tf* 

=  42°  46' 

<r   =    42° 

52' 

«8' 

=  9r  22' 

c«    =    24° 

54' 

W' 

=  74°  39' 

C8    .-=     61° 

«w'=    22° 

414 

35' 

^ 

=  35°  18' 
=  49°    8' 

rr'  =  *72° 

12' 

1. 

2. 

a 

^wii 

V  (2131,  I3) 

C  (9-5-14-4,  1T> 
Y  (5382,  1«) 
}          y  (3251,  1») 

A  (19-13-32-6,  1 

MM'  =  29°  15' 
MM v  =  49°  47' 
ace  =  28°  31' 
aa'  =  76°  1' 
PP'  =  16°  41' 
pp*  _  92°  59' 


!P(4377,  T) 

d  (1232,  -*3) 
J/(3587, -$4) 

a  (2573,  -  14> 
P  (1562, -2*) 

ay  =  15°  20' 

«X  =  18°  554 
av'  =  24°  34' 
ar'  =  53°  54' 
mv  =  28°  56' 


Twins:  tw.  pi.  (1)  u  (1014),  common,  some 
times  as  "tw.  lamellae;  (2)  r,  also  common;  (3)  c, 
(4)  e,  both  rare,  cf.  pyrargyrite.  Crystals  often 
acute  rhombohedral  or  scalenohedral.  Also 
massive,  compact. 

Cleavage:  r  distinct.  Fracture  conchoidal  to 
uneven.  Brittle.  H.  ==.2~5J-5.  G.  =  5-57-5-64; 
5  '57  if  pure.  Luster  adamantine.  Color  scarlet- 
vermilion;  streak  same,  also  inclined  to  aurora- 
red.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Optically 
negative.  Double  refraction  strong.  Dichroism 
weak  ||  6  =  cochineal-red,  ||  a  blood  -red.  Indices, 
Fizeau  Dx.*: 


Comp.—  Ag3AsS,  or   3AgaS.AsaS,  =  Sulphur   19'4,   arsenic  15'2,  silver  65'4 
=  100. 


PTEOSTILPNITE.  135 

Anal.— 1,  Petersen.  J.  pr.  Ch.,  106, 144, 1869.  2,  Rethwisch,  Jb.  Min.,  BeiUBd.,  4,  94, 1886. 
6-7,  G.  T.  Prior,  Min.  Mag.,  C,  98,  1888. 

G.                 S              As  Sb  Ag 

1.  Wittichen  20-16  15'57  tr.  63'38  =    99'11 

2.  Chafiarcillo         5'555  19'52  15'03  —  65'10  =    99  65 

3.  Mexico                5'57  19'52  14'98  65'39  =    99  89 

4.  Chanarcillo         5'59  19'24  14'81  0'59»  65'37  =  100-01 

5.  "  5-58  19-31  14-89          0'26         65'38  =    99'84 

6.  "  5-64  19-64          13'85          1-41         65-06  =    99  96 

7.  Saxony?  19'54         [12'29]         3 -74         64'43  =  100 

Probably  too  higb. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  fuses  easily,  and  gives  a  faint  sublimate  of  arsenic  trisulphide; 
in  the  open  tube  sulphurous  fumes  and  a  white  crystalline  sublimate  of  arsenic  trioxide. 
B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  and  emits  odors  of  sulphur  and  arsenic;  by  prolonged  heating  in  O.F.,  or 
with  soda  in  R.F.,  gives  a  globule  of  pure  silver.  Some  varieties  contain  antimony. 

Decomposed  by  nitric  acid,  with  separation  of  sulphur. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Freiberg,  Johanngeorgenstadt,  Marienberg,  and  Annaberg  in  Saxony;  at 
Joachimsthal  in  Bohemia;  Wolfach  in  Baden;  Markirchen  in  Alsace;  Chalanches  in  Dauphine; 
Guadalcanal  in  Spain;  in  Mexico;  Peru;  Chili,  near  Copiapo,  at  Chanarcillo  in  magnificent 
crystallizations,  some  crystals  3  inches  long. 

In  Colorado,  Ruby  Distr.,  Gunnison  Co.;  Sheridan  mine,  San  Miguel  Co.;  Yankee  Girl 
mine,  Ouray  Co.  In  Arizona,  with  silver  ores  at  various  points.  In  Nevada,  in  the  Daney 
mine,  and  in  Comstock  lode,  but  rare;  in  veins  about  Austin,  Lander  Co.;  in 'microscopic 
crystals  in  Cabarrus  Co.,  N.  C.,  at  the  McMakin  mine;  in  Idaho,  at  the  Poorman  lode,  with 
pyrargyrite,  native  silver  and  gold,  and  cerargyrite. 

Named  after  the  French  chemist,  J.  L.  Proust  (1755-1826). 

Ref.— '  Cf.  references  under  pyrargyrite;  earlier  authors  have  not  attempted  to  separate 
the  forms  characteristic  of  proustite  from  those  of  pyrargyrite. 


146.  PYROSTILPNITE.  Feuerblende  Breith.,  Char.,  285.  333,  1832.  Fireblende  Dana, 
Min.,  543,  1850.  Pyrostilpnite,  Dana,  Min.,  93,  1868.  Pyrichrolite  Adam,  Tabl.  Min.,  60,  1869. 
Pyrochrotit  BreitTiaupt,  Frenzel,  Min.  Lex.  Sachsen,  252,  1874. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  1  :  6  =  0-35465  :  1  :  0-17819;    0  =  90°  =  100  A  001 
Luedecke1. 

100  A  HO  =  19°  31f  ',  001  A  101  =  26°  40J',  001  A  Oil  =  10°  6}'. 

Forms:  c  (001,  0)  d  (140,  i-l)  n  (121,  -2-2)  77(121,  2-fc) 

a  (100,  «)  0  j  d   (101    ^  W)  p  (141,  -  4-4)  7><J41,  4-4) 

9  (010,  «)  ~  ]  o  (191,  -  94)  .(191,  9-0) 


mm"'  =    39°    3'  dD  =  53C  21'  aa>    =    75°    7'  pp'  =     64°  59' 

**'        =  109°  18'  an  =  64°  40£'          'oca    =  *29°  46f  oo1  =  *110°  11' 

65'      =70°  21'  ap  =  67°  45'  itit'    -    35°  20' 

Twins:  tw.  pL  a.     In  slender  prismatic  crystals,  tabular  ||  b;  faces  b  striated 
|  edges  b/oo,  b/c*>'.     Usually  grouped  in  small  tufts  resembling  stilbite. 

Cleavage:    b  perfect.      Somewhat   fusible.      Fracture   conchoidal.     H.  =  2. 
G.  =  4-2-4-25.      Luster  adamantine,   on   b  pearly.     Color   hyacinth-red.     Trans- 
lucent.    Extinction  (b)  inclined  8°-ll°  to  6,  .or  extinction-angle  16°-22°  in  twins. 
Comp.—  Same    as    pyrargyrite,    Ag3SbS3   Or    3AgaS.SbaS,    =    Sulphur    17*8, 
antimony  22-3,  silver  59  -9  =  100. 
AnaL-Hampe,  Zs.  Kr..  6,  572,  1882. 

S  18-11        Sb  22-30        Ag  59'44   =  99'85 
Plattuer's  early  trials  gave  62'3  p.  c.  silver. 
Pyr.  —  Like  pyrargyrite. 

Obs.  —  A  rare  mineral  at  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz,  with  native  arsenic,  galena,  etc.;  also  at 
foe  Kurprinz  and  other  mines  near  Freiberg;  at  Reichstadt,  near  Altenberg:  at  Pfibram  and 
probably  at  Schemnitz.  Cf.  also  rittingerite.  Named  from  nvp,  fire,  and  crrjATryfc,  shining, 
in  allusion  to  the  color. 

Ref.—1  Andreasberg,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  570.  1882. 


136 


SULPHARSENITES.  SULPHANTIMONITES.  ETC. 


147.  RITTINGERITE.  Rittingerit  Zippe,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  9,  2,  345,  1852. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-52801 :  1  :  0-52934;  ft  =  *89°  26'  =  100  A  001 
Schrauf '. 

100  A  110  =  27°  50',  001  A  101  =  45°  21J',  001  A  Oil  =  27°  53J'. 

Forms1:        d(0-16'3,  y-i)  e  (334,  -  f)       q  (16-16-3,--1/)       77  (334,  f)        p  (332,  f) 

e  (001,  0)       /(115,  -*)  p(lll,-l)       0(115,  i)  Trail,  1)         Q  (16-16-3,  ^J 

,  7)        0(112, -i)  r(332, -|)       a?  (112, 1) 


WM»'"  =  *55°  40' 
dd'  =  141°  0' 
co  =  29°  25' 
c  e  48°  18' 


cr  =    59°  10' 

cw  =  89°  30' 
CGO  =  29°  40' 
en  =  *48°  52' 


cp  "=  59°  55' 
00'  =  26°  31' 
pp'  =  40°  4r 
<»«'  =  26°  43' 


K7t'  =  41°  11' 

ap  =  48°  11' 
a'*  =  48°  44' 
pit  =  83°  5' 


In  very  small  crystals,  tabular  ||  c;  sometimes  twins  with  tw.  pi.  a  and  c. 

Cleavage :  c  imperfect.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =2-2-5.  G.=5*634 
Luster  submetallic-adamantine.  Color  blackish  brown  to  iron-black  by  reflected 
light.  Translucent  and  dull  honey-yellow  to  hyacinth-red  by  transmitted  fcght. 
Streak  orange-yellow. 

Comp. — A  compound  of  arsenic,  selenium,  and  silver,  with  57'7  p.  c.  Ag, 
Schrauf,  1.  c. 

Obs. — From  Joachimsthal,  Bohemia,  with  proustite,  argentite,  galena.  Also  from 
Schemnitz,  Hungary,  on  quartz  with  pyrargyrite,  pyrite,  and  probably  pyrostilpnite.  Named 
after  Rittinger,  an  Austrian  mining  official. 

A  mineral  from  Chanarcillo,  Chili,  described  by  Streng  (Jb.  Min.  917,  1878,  547,  1879)  as 
pyrostilpnite,  has  the  angles  of  rittingerite  (Schrauf,  ibid.,  144,  1879)  and  may  belong  .here;  for 
this  Streng  (Jb.  Min.,  1,  57,  1886)  suggests  the  composition  Ag3As(o,Se)3  analogous  to  pyro- 
stilpnite. Groth  places  rittingerite  near  stephanite,  basing  his  conclusion  upon  the  silver  per- 
.centage  given  above,  and  a  certain  resemblance  in  form  noted  by  Schrauf. 
Ref.— »  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  65  (1),  227,  1872.  , 


E    Basic  Division. 
Tetrahedrite  Group.    4RS.(Sb,As)aS3.     Isometric,  tetrahedral. 


4Cu2S.SbaS3 


148.  Tetrahedrite 

4Cu2&(Sb,As)aS3 

149.  Tennantit  4Cu2S.As2S, 

Also  4Cu,S.(Sb,Bi)aS,    4(Cua,Ag2)S.Sb3Ss    4(Cua,HgJS.SbaS,    4(Cua,Pb)S.SbaSf 


150.  Jordanite 

151.  Meneghinite 

152.  Geocronite 

153.  Stephanite 


154.  Kilbrickenite 

155.  Beegerite 

Richmondite 


a:b:6 

4PbS.As2S3      Orthorhombic      0-5375  :  1  :  2-0305 
4PbS.Sb2S3  "  0-5289  :  1  :  0-3632 


5PbS.Sb2Ss 
5Ag2S.Sb2S3 


0-5805  :  1  :  0*5028 
0-6291  :  1  :  0-6851 


6PbS.Sb2S3 
6PbS.Bi2S3 


TETRAHEDRITE  GROUP— TETRAHEDRITE— TENNANTITE.  137 


:  c 
156,    Polybasite  9Ag,S.Sb2S9  0*5793 :  1  : 0-9131 


157.    Polyargyrite  12Ag2S.Sc,S3 


148-149.  TETRAHEDRITE— TENNANTITE. 

Tetrahedrite.  Argentum  arsenico  cupro  et  ferro  mineralisatum,  Falerts,  Grauerts,  Mfnent 
«.rgenti  grisea,  Wall.,  313,  1747.  Falerz,  Argentum  cupro  et  antimonio  sulph.  mineraMsatuni; 
Cronst.,  157,  1758;  Pyrites  cupri  griseus,  Fahlkupfererz,  Cronst.,  175,  1758.  Argentum  cinereunj 
crystallis  pyramidatis  trieonie  v.  Born,  Lithoph.,  1,  $2,  1772.  Cuprum  cinereum  cryst.  trigonis, 
etc.,  v.  Born,  ib.,  108."  Fablevz,  Kupferfahlerz,  Schwarzerz  pt.,  Antimonfahlerz,  Germ. 
Graugiltigerz  Germ.  pt.  Mine  de  cuivre  grise  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  3,  315  (with  figs,  cryst.),  1783. 
Cuivre  gris  Fr.  Cobre  gris,  Pavonado  Span.  Gray  Copper  Ore.  Panabase  Betid.,  Tr.,  2,  43#, 
1832.  Tetraedrit  Raid..  Handb..  563,  1845.  Clinoedrit  pt.,  Fahlit,  Breith..  B.  H.  Ztg.f 
25,  181. 

Argentif.:  Argentum  rude  album  pt.  Agric.,  Foss.,  362,  1546.  Weisgylden,  Minera  argenti 
alba  pt.,  Wall..  312,  1747;  Croustedt,  156, 1758.  Weissgiiltigerz  pt. ,  Silberfahlerz,  -Graugiltigerz 
pt.,  Schwarzgiltigerz  pt.,  Germ.  Aphthouite  Svariberg  Berz.  JB.,  27,  236,  1848.  Freibergit 
Kenng.,  Min.,  117,  1853.  Polytelit  KbL,  Taf.,  10,  1853  fnot  of  Glock.,  Syn.,  31,  .1847]. 
Leukargyrit  Weisbach,  Synops.  Min.,  62,  1875. 

Mercurial:  S'chwarzerz  pt.  Wern.  Quecksilberfahlerz  Germ.  Graugiltigerz  pt.  Hausm. 
•Spaniolith  KbL,  Min.  Namen,  98,  1853  Schwatzit  Kenng.,  Min.,  1.  c.,  1853.  Hermesit  Breitft., 
B.  H.  Ztg.,  25,  182. 

Malinowskite  JSaimotuK,  Domeyko  Min.  Chili,  5  App.  1876;  Min.  Perou,  122,  1878. 
Nepaulite  Piddington.  J.  Asiat.  Soc.,  23,  170,  1854.  Studerite  Fellenberg,  Mitth.  Ges.  Bern,  178, 
1864.  Coppite  Bechi,  A.  D'Achiardi,  Min.  Tosc.,  2,  341,  1873.  Frigidite  A.  D'Achiardi,  Att. 
Soc.  Tosc.,  172,  1881.  Nickelfahlerz  Arzruni,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  629,  1884.  Kobaltfahlerz  8andbergert 
Jb.  Min.,  584.  1865. 

Tennantite.  Gray  Sulphuret  of  Copper  in  dodecahedral  crystals  Sowerby,  Brit.  Min.,  1817. 
Tennantite  Wm,  &  R.  Phillips,  Q.  J.  Sc.,  7,  95,  100,  1819.  Arsenikalfahlerz  Germ.  Kupfer- 
blende  Breith.,  Cl»ar.,  131.  251,  1823,  Ptfgg.,  9,  613,  1827.  Sandbergerit  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  25. 
187,  1866.  Erythroconite  Adam,  Tabl.  Min.,  59,  1869.  Ziukfahlerz  Germ.  Julianite  WebOat, 
Zs.  G.  Ges..  23,  486,  1871.  Fredricit  Hj.  Sjogren,  G.  F5r.  Forh.,  5,  82,  1880. 

Annivite  Brauns,  Mitth.  Ges.  Bern,  57,  1854.  Rionite  Brauns,  Petersen,  Jb.  Min.,  590,  1870. 
Kobaltwismuthfahlerz  Sandberger,  ErzgSnge,  392,  1885. 

Isometric;  tetrahedral.     Observed  forms1 : 

<t  (100,  «)    /  (310,  *-3)  (4n   4  4,  ft  (322,  K)?'  fit  (411,  -  4-4)  x  (431,  4-£)« 

d  (110,  0        e  (210,  *-2)3  '  B     _  n.  (211,  -  2-2)  .,  (5_21,  -  5-|) 

^  W>  D       r  (332.  f )  n    (211,  2-2)  0'  (611.  -  6-6)  ^("'9-9.  V~W  y,  (681.  -  M? 

<U111,  -1)    ^(774,7^  ^   (955,  H)  «,  (511, -5,5)?  5(321,3-1)  z>  (12'7'5'  ~  ¥"¥) 
^  (221,  2) 

TwinsV  (1)  tw.  pi.  o,  contactrtwins  with  the  comp.-face  either  ||  or  J_  to  the  tw. 
pi.,  and  penetration-twins,  both  common,  twinning  often  repeated;  also  rarely  twins 
{2)  with  axes  parallel  and  symmetrical  with  "reference  to  a  cubic  plane.  Habit 
tetrahedral;  crystals  sometimes  in  parallel  position6,  as.  on  chalcopyrite,  sphalerite. 
Also  massive;  granular,  coarse  or  fine;  compact. 

Cleavage  none.  Fracture  subconchoidal  to  uneven.  Bather  brittle.  H.  = 
3-4 -5.  G.  ==  4'4-5-L  Luster  metallic,  often  splendent.  Color  between  flint* 
gray  and  iron-black.  Streak  like  color,  sometimes  inclining  to  brown  and  cherry* 
red.  Opaque;  sometimes  subtranslucent  (cherry-red)  in  very  thin  splinters. 

Comp.,  Van— For  TETRAHEDRITE,  essentially  Cu^b.S,  or  4Cu8S.Sb8S3=Sulphur 
23-1,  antimony  24'8,  copper  52*1  =  100. 

For*TENNANTiTE.  essentially  CuKAs2S.  or  4Cu_S.As  S.  =  Sulphur  25-5.  arsenic 
17-0,  copper  57-5  =  100. 

Antimony  and  arsenic  are  usually  both  present  and  thus  these  two  species  graduate  into 
each  other  and  no  sharp  line  can  be  drawn  between  them.  There  are  also  varieties  containing 
bismuth,  chiefly  at  the  arsenical  end  of  the  series. 

Further  the  copper  is  replaced  by  iron  zinc,  silver,  mercury,  lead,  and  rarely  cobalt  and 
nickel,  and  in  traces  tin  (Sandb  )  and  perhaps  platinum,' 


138 


SULPHARSENITES,  SULPHANTIMONITES,   ETC. 


1.  Tetrahedrite.    ANTIMONIAL  SERIES. 

Var.— 1.  Ordinary;  lichtes  Fahlerz  Germ.  Contains  little  or  no  silver.  Color  steel-gray  to 
dark  gray  and  iron- black.  G.  =  4 -75-4 '9. 

2.  Argentiferous;  Frvibergite,  Weissgiltigerz  Germ.     Color  usually  steel-gray,  lighter  than 
the  ordinary  varieties;  sometimes  iron-black;  streak  often  reddish.     G.  =  4'85-5'U. 

3.  Mercurial;  Schwatzite.     Color  dark  gray  to  iron-black.     Luster  often  dull.     G.  =  5*10 
chiefly.     Breithaupt  attempted  to  distinguish  varieties  here  under  the  names  spaniolite  and 
hermesite. 

4.  PluiHbiferous.     Here  belongs  malinowskite,  also  .a  variety  from  Arizona  (anal.  34),  per- 
haps also  polytelite,  p.  141. 

Other  varieties,  more  or  less  closely  conforming  to  the  tetrahedrite  formula,  occur,  containing 
iron,  nickel,  and  cobalt,  in  considerable  amount.  Platinum  occurs  in  an  ore  from  Guadalcanal, 
Spain,  according  to  Vauquelin,, 


Pigs.  I.  2,  Simple  forms.    3,  after  Sbk.    4,  5,  Dillenburg,  Cramer.    6,  Clausthal,  Sbk. 

II.  Tennantite.    ARSENICAL  SERIES. 

Var.— 1.  The  original  tennantite  from  Cornwall  contains  only  copper  and  iron  (to  9 '75  p.  c., 
Phillips).  In  crystals,  habit  dodecahedral,  also  cleavage  d  in  traces.  G.  =  4- 37-4 '49.  Color 
blackish  lead-gray  to  iron-black. 

2.  Kupferblende  Germ.,  Sandbergerite.     Contains  zinc  in  considerable  amount. 

Fredricite  from  Sweden  has,  besides  copper,  also  iron,  lead,  silver,  and  tin. 

Rionite  and  annivite  carry  bismuth  in  considerable  amount  as  well  as  antimony. 
wismuthkobaltfahlerz  of  S>andberger  with  bismuth  has  also  cobalt. 

I.  ANTIMONIAL  SERIES. 


8,  Raimondi,  Min.  Perou,  114,  1878.  9,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  107,  1875.  10,  Untchj,  Mitth,  Ver. 
Steiermark,  p.  60,  1872,  Jb.  Min.,  874, 1872.  11,  Becke.  Min.  Mitth,,  273,  1877.  12,  13,  Bibra, 
J.  pr.  Ch.,  96,  204.  1865;  14.  Hidegh,  1.  c.  15,  Genth,  Am.  J.,  Sc.,  45,  320,  1868.  16,  Com. 
stock,  ib..  17,  401,  1879.  17,  18.  Nilson,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  417,  1877.  19.  Hidegh,  1.  c.  20,  21,  Rg. 
Pogg.,  77,  251,^1849.  22,  Forbes,  Phil.  Mag.,  34,  350,  1867.  23,  Burton,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  4&,  320, 
1868.  24.  H.  Rose,  Pogg.,  15,  579,  1829  (also  other  an als.).  25,  Mann.  Babanek,  Min:  Mitth., 
6,.  82,  1884.  26,  H.  Rose,  1.  c.  27,28.  Carl  v.  Hauer,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  98.  1852  (and  other 
analyses).  29.  Kersten,  Pogg.,  59,131, 1843.  30,  Weidenbusch,  Pogg.,  76,  86, 1849.  31, .Rath, 
ib.,  96,  322,  1855.  32,  (Ellacher,  Jb.  Min.,  596,  1865.  33,  Raimondi,  Domeyko.  Min.  Chili, 
6th  App.,  1876,  and  Min.  Perou,  122,  1878;  29'3  p.  c.  gangue  have  been  deducted,  other  analyses 
pn  still  more  impure  material  are  given.  34,  F.  W.  Clarke  and  Mary  E.  Owens,  Am,  Ch.  J.,  2, 
173,  1880  35,  Bechi,  1.  c.  36,  Funaro,  quoted  by  D'Achiardi,  1.  c.  37,  Fellenberg.  1.  c. 
83,  39,  Hilger,  Jb.  Min.,  586,  592,  1865. 


TETRAHEDRITE  ORO  UP—  TETRAHEDRITE—  TENNANTITE. 


139 


Sb      As      Cu     Fe    Za      Ag 


1.  Ordinary. 


1. 

2. 
3. 

Liskeard 
Newburyport 
Andreasberg 

G. 
G. 

=  5-09 
=  4-90 

23-95 
27-60 
|  25-22 

23-97 

25-87 
27-38 

tr. 
0-67 

44-08 
35-85 
37  18 

2-17 
2-66 
3-94 

3-64 
5-15 
5-00 

4 

Kahl 

G. 

=  4-75 

259 

24-9 

•2-6 

36-3 

3-6 

4 

•5 

5. 

Kapnik 

G. 

=  491 

2531 

24-21 

2-88 

37-83 

094 

7 

•25 

6. 

Lake  City,  Col. 

G. 

=  4-885 

|  25-97 

25-51 

322 

37-68 

0-64 

7 

•15 

7. 

Herrengrund 

G. 

=  4-77 

25-75 

22-82 

4-75 

3981 

4-75 

1 

44 

s: 

Cajabamba 

23-51 

17-21 

767 

42-00 

828 

0 

•49 

9. 

Musen 

G. 

=  4  793 

25-46 

1915 

4-93 

39-88 

3-43 

3 

•50 

10. 

Brixlegg 

25-59 

20-44 

6-96 

39-37 

3-26 

4-43 

11. 

" 

G. 

=  4-721 

26-55 

15-80 

8-50 

40-84 

1-44 

6 

•26 

12. 

Algodou, 

21-14 

1164 

20-05 

38-72 

633 

— 

13. 

" 

19-66 

18-00 

1930 

36-35 

4-29 

— 

14. 

Nagyag 

G. 

=  4-61 

26-52 

1135 

12-07 

39-75 

1-77 

5 

55 

2.  Argentiferous. 

15.  Prescott,  Arizona 

16.  Huallanca.  Peru     G.  = 

17.  G&Tdsjo,aphlhoniteG.  - 
18. 

19.  Kapnik  G.  = 

UO.  Meiseberg,  mass.     G.  = 
"21.  "  cry  si.     G.  = 


Isle  of  Man 


G.  = 


2697 

24-67 

tr. 

38-16 

1-05 

6-23 

4-70 

|  26-74 

906 

1349 

39-09 

5-46 

214 

4-53 

24-16 

27-48 

— 

36-53 

0-79 

4-73 

22-78 

2613 



36-96 

2-84 

4-72 

4-885 

24-25 

2563 

1-08 

32-59 

0-90- 

5-77 

4-53 

24-69 

25-74 



32-46 

4-19 

3-00 

4:852 

24-80 

2656 

— 

30-47 

352 

3-39 

4-97 

27-48 

24-85 

— 

22-62 

4-80 

4-65 

23.  Star  City,  Nevada  G.  =  5'0  f  24'44  27'60  —  27'41  4'27 

24.  Wolfnch  23'52  26-63  —  25'23  3'72 

25.  Pfibram,  Weissgiltigerz  24*9     23  0  —  10'8     2'4 

26.  Freiberg             ••'  2117  24'63  —  14'8t  5/98 


1-31  =  99-12 
2  30  =  99-43 
1-58  =  100-97 
0-5    Co  0-5,  Bi  tr.  =± 
1-32  =  99-74        [98-8 
0-60  Bi  0-37,  Mn  010 
[=  101-24 
0-05  =  99'37 
0-55  =  99-71 
0-60Ni,Col-64=98'59 
—     =  100-05 
0-23  =  99-62 
0-45  Pb.Hgfr.  =98-33 
0-58  Hg  tr.  =  98-ia  . 
0-29  Mn  1-23  =  98'53 


3-21  =  100-29 
3-86  =  99  84 
6-15  =  99-84 
6-07  =  99-50 
6-76  Mn  0-83  a  97*81 
7.55  =  97  63 
3-39  10  48  Pb  0-78  a  100' 

99-74 
2-31  14-54 
3  10  17-71  =  99-91 
2-0    26-1    Pb  10-8  =  100 
0-99  31-29  =  9887 


| 

=  100-57 


Sb     As     Cu     Fe    Zn     Ag    Hg 


27. 
28. 
29. 
30. 
31. 
32. 

3.  Mercurial. 
Poratscb           G.  =  4  733 
G.  =  5-107 
V.  di  Castello  G.  =  5-092 
Schwatz            G.  =  5-107 
Kotterbach        G  =  5  '356 
Moschellands- 
berg                G.  =  5*095 

24-89 
24-37 
|24-17 
22-96 
f  22-53 

21*90 

30-18 
25-48 
27-47 
21-35 
19-34 

23-45 

tr. 
tr. 

2-94 
0-31 

32-80 
30-58 
35-80 
34-57 
35-34 

32-19 

5-85 
1-46 

189 
2-24 
0-87 

1-41 

6-05 
1-34 
0-69 

o-io 

007 
0-09 
0-33 

fj 

5-57 
16-69 
2-70 
15-57 
17-27 

17-32 

=  99-36 

=  98-67 
=  98-41 
gang.  0-80 
Pb  0.21. 

Co  0-23. 
[gang.  1-3 

=  98-83, 
Bi  081 
[=100 
Bi  1-57, 
9=99-87 

4.  Plumbiferous. 

33.  Peru,  Malinowskite 

34.  Arizona  G.  =  4'35 


S       Sb      As      Cu       Fe    Za      Ag     Pb 

24-27  24-74    0*56  14*38    9-12  1'93  11-92  13'08  =  100 
21 67  24-72     —     33'53    0'56    —      1'80  16'23  =  98'51 


Other  Varieties. 


35. 
36. 

Coppite 
Frigidite 

G. 
G. 

=  4-713 
=  4-8 

|  27-01 
29-60 

29-61 
25-59 

—  • 

30-10 
19-32 

18-08 
12-67 

tr. 

37. 
38. 

Sluderite 
Scbwarzwald 

G. 
G. 

=  4-657 
=  49 

24-97 
26-43 

15-58 
14-72 

11-49 
6-98 

3817 
33-83 

2-76 
6-40 

5 

11 

39.  Kaulsdorf        G.  =  4'8 


28-34  15-05  10-19  32'04    4'85  3'84 


—     =  99-80 

0-04  Ni  7-55,  SiO, 


2-20 


[=  96-97 
0-58=100 


0  96  Pb  0-38,  Bi 

1-37  Co   4  21.  Ni  tr.,  Bi 

[4-55  =  98-46 

0-38  Co    295.     Pb    0'43. 

[Bi  1-83  =  99  74 


II.  ARSENICAL  SERIES. 

Anal.— 1,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  88,  1860.  2,  Wackernagel,  ibid.  3,  Plattner,  Pog.,  67.  422,  1846. 
4,  Merbach,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  25,  187,  1866.  5,  6,  Orosi,  quoted  by  A.  D'Achiardi^  N.  Cim.,  II,  3, 
May,  1870.  7,  Websky,  1.  c.  ,8,  Hidegh,  Min.  Mitth,,  2,  355, 1879.  9,  Petersen,  Jb.  Min,  1.  262. 
1881.  10,  Harrington,  Trans.  R.  Soc.  Canada,  1,  80,  1883.  11,  Qrosi,  quoted  by  Raimondi, 
Min.  Perou,  116,  1878.  12,  Hj.  Sjogren,  G.  Fdr.  F5rh.,  5.  82,  1880.  13,  Brauns,  quoted  by 
Petersen,  1.  c.  14.  Brauns,  1.  c.  15,  Petersen,  Jb.  Min.,  464,  1870. 


140 


SULPHARSENITES,  SULPHAXTIMONITES,   ET& 


Tennantite. 
1.  Cornwall,  cryst. 
2. 


As      Sb      Bi      Cu     Fe    Zn 


26  61  19-03    —       —     51-62  1  95    -    _  99'21 
G.  =  4-69      26-8820-53    —       —    48 -68  3 -09    -    =  99-18 

28-11  18-88   tr.       —    41 '07  222  8'89  Pb  0'34.  Ag  to 

[=  99-51 

4.  Morococha,  Sandbergerite.  G.=4'37  25'12  14'75  7'19      —    41-08  2'38  7'19  Pb  2'77=  100'4& 

26-05  16-78  6-12     —    43'20  4'00  2'00  Pb  tr.  =  98'15 
29-52  15-60  4-54      -    38  45  6'22  3'40  Pb  2'15  =  99  88 
G.  =  5-12      26-50  16-78  1-42     —    52-300-79    —  Ag  0'54  =  9S-33 
G.  =49£      25-98  19-11  0-10      —    53  60  0 '39    —   Ag  0'08  =  99  26 
G.  =  4-87      27-4520-63    tr.      0'98  46'66  3'03  0'88  Ni.Co  030=99-93 

.—    42-09  3-77  4-56  Ag  0  21,  Pb  0'25 
[=98-73 

26-05  16-78  6  12      —    43*30  4'00  2'00  tr.  =  98'25 
G.  -  4-65      27-18  17'11    tr.       —    42'23  6  02  Sn  1-41,  Pb  3  34,  Ag 

[2-87  =  100-10. 


3.  Freiberg,  Kupferblende 


5.  Jucud  mines,  cryst. 

6.  "  "      mass. 

7.  Julianite 

8.  Szaska 

9.  Wilhelmine  mine 

10.  Capelton,  Quebec          G.  =  4  622    27'99  15'34  4'52 

11.  Cajamarca 

12.  Falun,  Fredricite 


Bismuthiferous. 

13.  Creraeuz,  Rionite 

14.  Val  d'Anniviers,  Annivite 
15    Neubulach 


29-10  11-44  2-19  13-07  37'52  6*51    —  Ag  0'04,  Co  1-20 

[=  101-07 

23-75  10-96  8-80  4'94  35-57  3  85  2  01  insol.  9'40  = 

[100-28 

G.  =  4-908    2485  13'53  4'28    6'33  41'43  3*74  3'82  Ag  tr.,  Pb  1-52 

Co,NUr. =99-50 


Pyr.,  etc. — Differ  in  the  different  varieties.  In  the  closed  tube  all  the  antimonial  kinds  fuse- 
and  give  a  dark  red  sublimate  of  antimony  oxysulphide;  when  containing  mercury,  a  faint  dark 
gray  sublimate  appears  at  a  low  red  heat;  and  if  much  arsenic,  a  sublimate  of  arsenic  trisulphide 
first  forms.  In  the  open  tube  fuses,  gives  sulphurous  fumes  and  a  white  sublimate  of  antimony; 
if  arsenic  is  present,  a  crystalline  volatile  sublimate  condenses  with  the  antimony;  if  the  ore 
contains  mercury  it  condenses  in  the  tube  in  minute  metallic  globules.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses, 
gives  a  coating  of  the  oxides  of  antimony  and  sometimes  arsenic,  zinc,  and  lead;  the  arsenic 
may  be  detected  by  the  odor  when  the  coating  is  treated  in  R.F. :  the  oxide  of  zinc  assumes  a 
green  color  when  heated  with  cobalt  solution.  The  roasted  mineral  gives  with  the  fluxes  reac- 
tions for  iron  and  copper;  with  soda  yields  a  globule  of  metallic  copper.  To  determine  the 
presence  of  a  trace  of  arsenic  by  the  odor,  it  is  best  to  fuse  the  mineral  on  charcoal  with  soda. 
The  presence  of  mercury  is  best  ascertained  by  fusing  the-pulverized  ore  in  a  closed  tube  with, 
about  three  times  its  weight  of  dry  soda,  the  metal  subliming  and  condensing  in  minute  globules* 
The  silver  is  determined  by  cupellation. 

Decomposed  by  nitric  acid,  with  separation  of  sulphur  and  antimony  trioxide. 

Obs. — Tetrahedrite  is  often  associated  with  chalcopyrite,  pyrite,  sphalerite,  galena,  and  various-- 
other silver,  lead,  and  copper  ores;  also  siderite.  It  occurs  at  many  Cornish  mines;  thus  at  the 
Herodsfoot  mine,  Liskeard,  in  tetrahedral  crystals  often  coated  with  iridescent  chalcopyrite; 
at  the  Levant  mine  near  St.  Just;  the  ConUurrow  mine;  near  St.  Austell.  Prominent  localities, 
are  Andreasberg  and  Clausthal  in  the  Harz;  Freiberg  in  Saxony;  Dillenburg  and  Horhausen  in 
Nassau;  at  Miisen;  various  mines  in  the  Black  Forest:  Kahl  in  the  Spessart;  Pfibram  in 
Bohemia;  Kogel  near  Brixlegg  in  Tyrol;  Kapnik,  Kremnitz.  and  Herrengrund  in  Hungary;, 
Baigorre  near  St.  Etienue  in  the  Pyrenees.  In  Mexico,  at  Durango,  Guanajuato;  Chili;  Bolivia, 
etc.  The  argentiferous  variety  occurs  especially  at  Freiberg;  Pribram;  the  Foxdale  mine,  Isle 
of  Man;  Huallanca  in  Peru  and  elsewhere  in  South  America  and  Mexico.  The  mercurial 
variety  at  Schmolnitz,  Hungary;  Poratsch,  Zavatka,  and  Kotterbach  near  Iglo;  Schwatz  in 
Tyrol;  and  the  valleys  of  Angina  and  Castelloiu  Tuscany.  Coppite  and  frigidite  are  from  the 
mines  in  the  Val  del  Frigido,  in  the  Apuan  Alps.  Studerite  is  from  Ausserberg,  Ober-Wallis* 
Switzerland;  named  after  Prof.  Bernhard  Studer. 

In  the  U.  S. ,  tetrahedrite  occurs  at  the  Kellogg  mines,  10  m.  N.  of  Little  Rock,  Arkansas, 
•with  galena.  In  Colorado,  near  Central  City,  Gilpin  Co.,  in  fine  crystals,  often  in  parallel  posU 
tion  coating  chalcopyrite;  also  in  Clear  Creek  &nd  Summit  Cos.;  the  Ulay  mine,  Lake  Co.; 
further  in  Hiusdale,  San  Juan,  Ouray,  and  Miguel  Cos.;  with  pyrargyrite  in  Ruby  District,. 
Gunnison  Co.  In  Nevada,  abundant  at  the  Sheba  and  De  Soto  mines,  Humboldt  Co.,  massive 
and  rich  in  silver  (the  De  Sotocontainingl6'4  p.  c.  of  silver,  Allen);  near  Austin  in  Lander  Co.; 
Isabella  mine,  Reese  river.  In  Utah.  In  Arizona  at  the  Heintzelman  mine,  containing  1£  p.  c, 
of  silver;  at  the  Santa  Rita  mine;  at  various  points  in  British  Columbia. 

Tennantite  has  been  found  at  the  Cornish  mines,  particularly  at  Wheal  Jewel  in  Gwennap, 
and  Wheel  Unity  in  Gwinear,  usually  in  splendent  crystals  investing  other  copper  ores;  also  at 
the  East  Relistian  mine;  at  Freiberg  (Kupferblende);  at  the  Wilhelmine  mine  in  the  Spessart: 
Also  at  Skutterud  in  Norway.  At  Capelton,  Pr.  Quebec,  Canada.  Named  after  the  chemist,. 
Smithson  Tennant  (1761-1815).  See  further  p.  1049. 

Julianite  is  from  the  Friedrich-Julian  mine,  at  Rudelstadt,  Silesia.  Annivite  from  the  Val 
d'Anniviers.  Switzerland.  Fredricite  from  Falun.  Sweden. 


JORDANITE. 


141 


Alt.  -Chalcopyrite,  malachite,  azurite,  amalgam,  bournonite,  erythrite,  cinnabar,  covellite, 
occur  as  pseudomorphs  after  tetrahedrite. 

Artif. — Obtained  by  Durocher  in  tetrahedral  crystals  and  of  varying  composition.  C.  R., 
32,  823,  1851. 

Occurs  as  a  recent  formation  at  PlombiSres  and  at  Bourbonne-les-Bains  (Daubree). 

Ref.— l  Sadebeck,  monograph  with  authorities,  description  of  methods  of  twinning,  etc.,  Zs. 
G.  Ges.,  24,  427,  1872.  8  Slg.,  Horhausen,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  335,  1877.  3  Groth,  Min.-Samml.,  66, 
1878.  4  Cathrein,  Brixlegg,  Zs.  Kr.,  9,  353,  1884,  Min.  Mitth.,  10,  56,  1888.  5  Rath,  Bolivia, 
Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  June  7, 1886.  6  Sbk,  1.  c.,  also  Becke,  Min.  Mitth.,  5,  331,  1882. 

NEPAULITE  .H".  Piddington,  J.  Asiat.  Soc.,  23,  170,  1854.  Described  as  a  carbonate  of  bis- 
muth, copper,  etc.;  shown  by  Mallet  (Rec.  G.  Surv.  India,  18,  235, 1885,  Min.  India,  30,  1887)  t» 
be  simply  tetrahedrite.  From  near  Khatmandu,  Nepal. 

FIELDITE.  An  ore  from  mine  Altar,  30  leagues  from  Coquimbo,  afforded  F.  Field  (J.  Ch, 
Soc.,  4,  332,  1851),  S  80'35,  As  3'91,  Sb  20'28,  Cu  36'72,  Zn  7-26,  Fe  1;23,  Ag  0'075,  AU  0'003. 
It  is  soft,  of  greasy  appearance,  greenish-gray,  slightly  reddish,  with  powder  bright  red. 
Domeyko  considers  it  impure  with  sphalerite,  pyrite,  and  galena.  Ettling  observes  (ib.,  6, 
140,  1854)  that  the  constitution  is  analogous  rather  to  enargite  than  tetrahedrite.  Kenngott  has 
named  it  Fieldite. 

POLYTELITE  Gloek.,  Syn.,  31,  1847.  Weissgultigerz  Germ.  pt.  Consists  mainly  of  lead, 
silver,  antimony,  and  sulphur.  Glgcker  cites  the  following  analysis  by  Rammelsberg  (Pogg., 
68,  515,  1846)  of  an  ore  from  the  Hoffnung  Gottes  mine  near  Freiberg,  a  tine-granular  ore, 
having  G.  =  S'438^5'465,  apparently  homogeneous  but  somewhat  mixed  with  sphalerite  and 
pyrite.  Klaproth  also  analyzed  a  related  weissgultigerz  from  the  Himmelsfurst  mine  near  Frei- 
berg (Beitr.,  1,  166,  1795;  cf.  5th  Ed.,  p.  104).  Analysis,  Rg.  : 

S  22-53       Sb  [22-39]       Cu  0*32       Fe  3'83       Zn  6'79       Pb  38'36       Ag  5'78  =  100 

Rammelsberg  makes  the  mineral,  from  his  analysis,  a  silver-lead  tetrahedrite,  with  the 
formula  4(Pb,Ag,Fe,Zn)S.Sb2S3,  in  which  the  ratio  Fe  :  Zn  :  Pb  -f  Ag  =  2  :  3  :  6>  and 
Pb  :  Ag  =  7  :  1.  Cf.  malinowskite,  p.  137. 

CLAYITE  W.  J.  Taylvr,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  p.  306,  Nov.  1859.  In  tetrahedrons  witfi  dodeca- 
hedral  planes.  Crystals  small.  Also  massive,  incrusting.  H.  =  2'5.  Luster  metallic.  Color 
and  streak  blackish  lead-gray.  Opaque.  Analysis — W.  J.  Taylor: 

S  8-22       As  9-78       Sb  6-54      .Pb  68:51       Cu  7-67       Ag  trace  ss  100-72 

From  Peru.  Probably  a  result  of  alteration.  Requires  further  investigation.  Named 
after  Messrs.  Joseph  A.  Clay  and  J,  Randolph  Clay. 


150.  JORDANITE.    Rath,  Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  21,  34,  1864;  Pogg.,  122,  387,  1864. 
Orthorhombic.     Axes  &  :  b  :  6  =  0-53747  :  1  :  2*0305  Rath1. . 
100  A  110  =  28°  15 1/,  001  A  101  =  75°  10J',  001  A  Oil  3  63°  46f '. 


Forms : 
c  (001,  0) 

7/1(110,  /) 

n  (130,  *-3)3 

u  (103,  fQ 

«  (205,  f  4)' 


w  (102,  £4) 
x  (203,  |4)3 

y  (ioi,  i-i) 

d  (029,  f  4) 
e  (014.  f  I) 

/  (027.  f -:> 


g  (013,  H) 

h  (025,  f  4) 
*  (012,  i-i) 
k  (047,  f  4) 
I  (023,  f «) 
p  (01 1/14) 
9(021.  24) 


a  (119,  |) 
ft  (H8,  i) 

s  (lie',  $) 

*  (115,  i) 
C  (114,  i) 
w  (227.  f ) 


mm'" 

=    56°  31* 

nri 

=    63°  37' 

uu' 

=  103°  6' 

ww' 

=  124°  12V 

yy' 

=  150°  21' 

ee' 

=   53°  50' 

ffff' 

=    68°  11' 

ii' 

=    90"  52' 

IV 

=  107°  5V 

& 

=  127°  34' 

=  127°  34' 

cd  = 

35°  33V 

cC   — 

47°  0' 

cO  •= 

55°  2' 

CK  — 

*65°  0' 

cA  = 

76°  52V 

CfJL    = 

81°  10' 

cv  = 

86°  40' 

cB  = 

50°  4' 

cC  = 

60°  50' 

cD  = 

67°  17' 

cb  = 

74°  24V 

= 

82°  3V 

0  (113,  |) 
K  (112,  $) 

1  (225,  f  )» 
*  (HI,  1) 
V  (332,  f  y 
\v  (441,  4)* 


K1  =   80°  12' 

00'  =   92°  24' 

KK'  =  105°  56' 

AA'  =  118°  9' 

CC'r'  -  40°  31' 
=  45°  39' 
=  *50°  49' 
=  54°  55' 
=  58°  11' 
=  62°  56' 


A  (137,  f-3) 
B  (136,  i-3) 
C  (134,  f-3) 
#(133,  1-3) 


AA'" 
DD' 

FF 


DD"1  =  103°  15' 
FF"  -  114°  38' 


Twins:  tw.  pi.  m,  common;  often  repeated,  producing  pseudo-hexagonal 
forms,  like  those  of  aragonite.  Crystals  six-sided  with  c  predominating,  sometimes 
tabular;  the  pyramidal  planes  narrow  and  often  striated. 


142 


SULPHARSENITES,  SULPHANTIMONITE8,  ETC. 


Cleavage:  b  distinct.     Fracture  conchoidal.     Brittle.     H.  =3.     G.  = 
Luster  metallic.     Color  lead-gray.     Streak  black.     Opaque. 

Comp — Pb4AsQS,  or  4PbS.As2S3  —  Sulphur  18-7,  arsenic  12 '5,  lead  68 '8  =  100. 
Anal.— 1,  Sipocz,  Min.  Mitth.,  29,  1873.     2,  Ludwig,  ib.,  p.  216.  material  containing  a 
little  galena. 


1.  Binuenthal 

2.  Nagyag 


G.  =  6-393 


S 

18-16 
17-06 


As 

12-71 

9-90 


Sb 
Oil 

1-87 


Pb 

69  97  =  100  95 
70-80  =     99-63 


Pyr. — Cf.  sartorite. 

Obs. — From  Imfeld  in  tbe  Binnentbal  in  cavities  in  a  crystalline  dolomite  witb  the  related 
minerals  dufrenoysite,  sartorite,  binnite,  also  sphalerite,  etc.  With  sphalerite  and  galena  at 
Nagyag  in  Transylvania. 

Named  after  Dr.  Jordan  of  Saarbriick. 

Ref.— 'Pogg.,  122,  387,  1864,  and  ib.  Erg.-Bd.,  6,  363,  1873.  *  Tsch.,  Nagyag,  Min. 
Mitth.,  215,  1873.  3  Lewis,  Binnenthal,  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  191,  1878.  See  p.  1039. 


151.  MENEGHINITE.    Bechi,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  60,  1852 

Orthorhombic.     Axes' a  :  b  :  6  =  0-52891  :  1  :  0-36317  Miers1. 

100  A  HO  =  27°  52'_29",  001  A  101  =  34°  28'  30",  001  A  Oil  =  19°  57'  34' 


Forms1  : 

/  (350,  t-f) 

a  (100,  i-l) 

T  (120,  i-2) 

b  (010,  'i-l) 

^"(130,1-3) 

c   (001.  0) 

i    (270,  t-^) 

e    (320,  f-|) 

27(140,  £-4) 

m  (110,  /) 

h  (l'10'O,  i- 

£  (340,  *-f  ) 

k  (1-12-O.j- 

i  (mz-3) 

y  (308,  fi) 

6    (6-013,  Tyi)         #(021,24) 


d  (102,  i-i) 

o  (203,  I  -I) 

e  (405,  ft) 

0  (101,  14) 

w  (501,  54) 

n  (Oil.  14) 


0  (0*24*11,  ff 4) 

r  (111,  1) 

ar  (24-24-13,  ff) 

*  (344,  1-1) 

0  (18-24-13,  fff) 

*  (122,  1-2) 

+  (12-24-13,  ff  8) 


SS 
U 
TT 
UU' 

dd' 


38°  31' 

55°  45' 

109°  37' 

103°    9' 

86°  47' 

50°  36' 

37°  54' 


oo'  = 

vv'  = 

av  = 

nri  = 

QQ'  = 

mr  = 

8s  = 


49°  12' 
68°  57' 
*55°  3U' 
39°  55' 
71°  59' 

52°    9V 

57°  47' 


Tt     = 


lu   = 
Uft  = 


rr     = 


63°  27' 
45°  1' 
68°  7' 
51°  13' 

65°  41' 
33°  20' 


«' 

«'" 
PP' 
PP'" 
ft/3' 


p  (121,  2-5)? 

p  (12-24-11,  ff 3) 

u  (144,  1-4) 

A.  (6-24-13,  |f  4) 

/J(142,  S4)-t 

a  (6-24-11.  ^4) 

//  (184,  2-8) 


=  35°  46' 
=  37°  55' 

=  58°  7' 
=  61°  50' 
=  31°  3' 
=  68°  59 


as      =  *64°  lOf 


Bottino,  after  Miers. 
1870.    7,  B.  J.  Harrington,  Trans.  R.  Soc.  Canada,  1,  79.  1883. 


Crystals  slender  prismatic,  vertically  striated.  Als<> 
massive,  fibrous  to  compact. 

Cleavage:  a  perfect,  but  interrupted;  c  difficult. 
Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  2-5.  G.  =  6-34- 
6-43;  6-399  Miers,  6-432  Loczka.  Luster  metallic, 
bright.  Color  blackish  lead-gray.  Streak  black,  shin- 
ing. Opaque. 

Comp.-Pb4Sb2S7  or  4PbS.Sb2S,  =  Sulphur  17'4, 
antimony  18 -6,  lead  64-0  =  100.  Copper  is  usually 
present  in  small  amount. 

Anal.— 1,  E.  Bechi,  1.  c.  2,  Rath,  Pogg.,  132,  376,  1867. 
3,  Martini  &  Funaro,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  2,  116,  1876.  4,  Loczka, 
FOldt.  Kdzl.,  13,  356,  1883.  5,  6,  Frenzel,  Pogg.,  141,  443, 


8  Sb  Pb  Cu  Fe 

1.  Bottino                             17-52  19  28  59-21  3  54  0  35  =  99  90 

2.  "  G.  2=  6-342        16-97  18-37  61-47  0'39  0'23  insol.  0  82  =  98'25 
«.        ••                                   16-98  19-50  60-37  —  2  63  =  99*48 

4.  "  G.  =  6-432        17-49  16'80  61 -05  2'83  0-30  As  0'23.  Ag  O'll  =  98'81 

5.  Saxony  G.  =  6-367        17'04  1960  61'33  1'38  undet.  =  99'35 

6.  "                                   18-22  19-11  60-09  1-56  0'25  =  99'23 

T.Canada  G.  =  6'33         16*81  19*37  61*45  1'36  0'07  As  tr.,  Ag  0'08  =  9914 


GEOCRONITE—STEPHANITE. 


143 


Pyr.— Like  ziukenite. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Bottino,  near  Serravezza,  in  Tuscany,  with  galena,  boulangerite.  jatnesonite, 
etc.,  and  also  crystals  of  albite;  also  in  the  neighboring  valley  of  Castello.  From  the  Qchseu- 
kopf  iiear  Schwarzenberg,  Saxony,  disseminated  through  emery;  at  Goldkronach.  Also  with 
quartz  and  dolomite  as  a  vein  in  gneiss  at  -Marble  Lake,  Barrie  township,  Ontario,  Canada. 

First  observed  by  Prof.  Meneghini,  of  Pisa  (1811-1889),  after  whom  it  was  named. 

Ref.—1  Bottino,  Min.  Mag.,  5,  325,  1884;  Krenner  (Fpldt.  K5zl.,  13,  297,  850,  1883)  obtained 
nearly  the  same  results.  Rath  made  the  species  monoclinic,  Pogg.,  132,  372,  1867.  Cf.  also 
Schmidt,  Zs.  Kr..  8,  613,  1884;  Hintze,  ib.,  9,  294, 1884.  The  position  of  Miers  is  here  retained. 


152.    GEOCRONITE 

Hausm.,  llaudb.,  166,  1847. 


Geokronit  Svanberg,   Ak.    H.  Stockholm,  184, 
Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  1 :  6  =  0'5805  :  1  :  0-5028  Kerndt1.. 


Schulzit 


100  A  110  =  *30°  8',  001  A  101  =  40°  54',  001  A  Oil  =  2.6 

Forms:  a  (100,  i-i)\  m  (110,  /);  k  (211,  2-2). 

Angles:  mm'"  =  60°  16',  kk  =  114°  16', '**"  =  *122°,  kK"  =  28°  13' 

Crystals  rare.     Usually  massive;  granular  and  earthy. 

Cleavage:  m  distinct;  k  less  so.  Fracture  uneven.  H.  =  2'5. 
G.  =  6 '3-6 -45.  Luster  metallic.  Color  and  streak  light  lead-gray 
to  grayish  blue.  Opaque. 

Comp.— Pb6SbtS.  or  5PbS.Sb2S3  =  Sulphur  16-7,  antimony  15-7, 
lead  67*6  =  100.  Part  of  the  antimony  may  be  replaced  by 
arsenic,  and  the  lead  by  copper. 

Anal.— 1,  Svauberg,  1.  -c.  2,  Sauvage,  Ann.  Mines,  17,  525,  1840. 
3,  Kerndt,  Pogg.,  65,  302,  1845,-  4,  Nauckhoff,  G.  For.  Forh.  1,  88, 
1872. 


m 


Kerndt. 


1.  Sala,  Sweden       G.  =  5'88  16'26 

2.  Merido,Schulzite  G.  =  6'43  16*90 

3.  Tuscany  G.  =6-45-647  17'32 

4.  Bjorkakogsnfia    G.  =  6-26  17-73 


Sb  As  Pb  Cu      Fe 

9-58  4-70  65-45  1-51  0'42  Zn  0-11  =  99'03 

16-00  —  64-89  1-60      —   =  99'39 

9-69  4-72  66-55  1-15  1  "73  =  101  -16 

17-33  —  57-95  5  93  0  11  =  99'05 


Pyr.— Same  as  for  zinkenite. 

Obs.— From  the  silver  mines  of  Sala  in  Sweden;  also  in  a  fine  crystalline  dolomite  at  Bj5rk- 
skogsniis,  Orebro;  from  Galicia,  Merido  in  Spain,  in  nodules  in  galena;  Val  di  Caste.llo  near 
Pietro  Santo,  in  Tuscany.  Also  at  Owen's  Valley,  Inyo  Co.,  Cal. 

The  name  geocronite  is  derived  from  yrj,  earth,  and  KpovoS,  Saturn,  the  alchemistic  name 
for  lead. 

A  mineral  found  at  Tinder's  gold  mine,  Louisa  Co  ,  Va.,  may  be  this  species.  It  contains, 
.according  to  Genth  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  9,  1855),  S  16,  Pb  60,  Ag  0'25,  with  antimony  and  arsenic. 
G.  =  6-393 

An  antimonial  ore  from  between  La  Paz  and  Yungas,  in  Bolivia,  is  referred  here  by 
D.  Forbes  (Phil.  Mag.,  29.  9,  1865). 

Ref.—1  From  Val  di  Castello,  Pogg.,  65,  302,  1845. 


153.  STEPHANITE.  Argentum  rude  nigrum?,  Germ.  Schwarzerz,  pt.,  Agric.,  Interpr., 
462.  1456.  Svartgyldeu,  Schvartsertz,  pt.  Minera  argenti  nigra  s'pongiosa  (fr.  Freiberg)  Wall., 
313,  1747.  Argentum  mineralisatum  nigrum  fragile  (fr.  Schemnitz,  etc.)i  ROschgewSchs  (of 
Hung,  miners)  Born.,  Lithoph.,  1,  81,.  1772.  Sprddglaserz  Wern.,  1789.  Sprodglanzerz. 
Brittle  Silver  Ore,  or  Glance.  Brittle  Sulphuret  of  Silver.  Argent  noir  pt.  H.,  Tr.f  1801. 
Argeut  sulfure  fragile  Fr.  Schwarzgiiltigerz  Leonh.,  Handb.,  638,  1826.  Psaturose  Beud  , 
Tr.,  2.  432.  1832.  Stephanit  Haid.,  Handb.,  570.  1845.  Antimonsilberglauz  Breith.,  1830. 
Sc;hwarzsilberglanz  Glocker,  1831.  Prismatischer  Melanglanz  Mbhs,  1824.  Tigererz  Germ. 
Rosicler  negro,  Plata  agria  Span. 

Orthorhombic ;  hemimorphic.  Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-629129  :  1  :  0*685135 
Vrba'. 

100  A  HO  =  32°  10'  31",  001  A  101  =  47°  26'  24",  001  A  011=*34:0  24f  59" 


144 


SULPHARSENITES,   SULPHANTIMONITES,  ETV. 


Forms2  : 

*    (012,  i-i) 

J?2  (554,  f) 

#    (351,  5-i) 

w    (131.  3-3) 

<i    (100,  i-i) 

*    (023,  f  4) 

Pi  (443,  |) 

F  (591,  9-1) 

<i    (3-11  6,  V-Y) 

b    (010,*-*) 

«  (045,  |4) 

P   (332,  f) 

e     (7-13-3  ^-^) 

W(3-ir3  y.i"i) 

c    (001,  0) 

k  (Oil,  1-i) 

r    (221,  2) 

H  (122,  1-2) 

T  (142,  2-4)3 

A    (310,  i-3) 

*  (043,  f  0 

r,  (773,  f  ) 

t*    (243,|-2) 

H    (281,8-4) 

L  (210,  z-2) 

J     (032,1-1) 

r2  (331,  3) 

R  (121,  24) 

U    (3-13-6,  -V-^> 

m  (110,  /) 
tt  (350,  *4) 
U  (120,  £-2) 

d    (021,  2  i) 
<?    (041,  44) 
E  (061,  64) 

B  (916,  |-9) 
A  (313,  1-3) 

p    (241,  4-2) 
T   (371,  7-f) 
o-  (258,  H) 

n2  (156,  1-5) 
Zf  (155,  1-5) 

it  (130,  £-3) 
,7  (150,  i-5) 

*  (i-n-o,*-ii) 

/?,  (102,  i-i) 
0*  (203,  1-i) 
/?   (101,  14) 

5,  (071,  7-0 
S2  (0-15-2,  V-*) 
63  (081,  8-0 
S4  (0-14-1,  144) 

9   (114!  I) 

6    (312,f-3) 
C    (311,3-3) 
2  (211,  2-2) 
0  (535,  1-|) 
0  (532,  f  -f) 

x   (461,  6-|) 

a?.  (5-15-27,  f-3) 
o?2  (135,  |-3) 
»   (134,f-3) 
o?3  (3-9-11,  T9T-3) 
&34  (267,  f-3) 
co&  (3-9-10,  T%-3) 
<»6  (13-39-40,  ll-g) 

7   (151,'  5-5) 
3?    (3-15-1,  15-5) 
r,  (172,  |-7) 
^a  (193,  3-9) 
v8  (192,  |-9) 
c  (2-22-7,  ^-llj 

g-    (201,  24) 

,         n1o'Jx 

#1  (356,  f  4) 

/     (133,  1-3) 

G  (301,  34) 

/     (223    81 

S  (354,  f  -1) 

«     (132,  |-3) 

«   (013,  f  0 

t       V«A*>,  -5; 

p  an.  n 

*    (352,1-1) 

Also  uncertain  (212,  1-2),  (727,  1-1),  v4  (4-2M3,  ff  $)  or  (3-16-10,  |- 


AA1" 

=    23° 

41' 

kk' 

=    68° 

50' 

c2 

=  66° 

21' 

MM'" 



24°  14' 

mm'" 

=    64° 

21' 

dd' 

=  107° 

45' 

cR 

=  60° 

16' 

hh" 



33°  30' 

UU' 

=    76° 

57* 

ee' 

=  139° 

54' 

cw 

=  66° 

44' 

PP" 



49°  44' 

TtTt' 

=    55° 

50' 

CO 

XT        17° 

50' 

cy 

=  74° 

27' 

22'" 

— 

31°  544 

M' 

=    57° 

8' 

cM 

=    23° 

13' 

MM' 

=  38° 

581' 

CC" 

= 

22°  41' 

=    94° 

53' 

ch 

=    32° 

45' 

hh1 

=  54° 

301' 

b'w 



35°  44' 

ffff' 

=  130° 

41' 

cP 

=  *52° 

8'  40" 

PP 

=  83° 

52^ 

by 



23°  21' 

=    49° 

6' 

$, 

=    73° 

19}' 

a2 

=  29° 

6' 

= 

47°  56' 

1. 


Figs.  1,  2,  Simple  forms.    3,  Pfibrani:    4,  Andreasberg.    5,  6,  Pfibram.     3-6,  Vrba. 


Twins:  tw.  pi.  (1)  m,  often  repeated,  hence  pseudo-hexagonal;  (2)  n  (130); 
(3)  a  or  5,  and  comp.-face  c,  observed  in  hemimorphic  crystals.  Crystals  usually 
short  prismatic  ||  b\  also  elongated  |[  a,  and  tabular  ||  c.  Hemimorphism3  shown  by 
want  of  symmetry  in  s.triations  on  m  ||  edge  m/F.  Also  massive,  compact  and 
disseminated. 


KILBRICKENITE—BEEGERITE.  145 

Cleavage:  J,  d  imperfect.  Fracture  subconchoidal  to  uneven.  Brittle. 
H.  =  2-2*5.  G.  =  6-2-6-3.  Luster  metallic.  Color  and  streak  iron-black. 
Opaque. 

Comp.— Ag5SbS4  or  5Ag2S.Sb,S3  =  Sulphur  16'3,  antimony  15-2,  silver  68 '5 
=  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Freiizel,  Jb.  Min.,  788,  1873.  2,  Kolar,  Zs.  Kr.,  5,  435,  188k  Also  5th  Ed., 
p.  106. 

S  Sb           Ag 

1.  Freiberg    G.  =  6'28             16-49  15-76        68'64  =  100'89 

2.  Pfibram     G.  =  6'271           15'61  16'48        67'81  Cu,  Fe  tr.  =  99-90 

Pyr.— In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  fuses,  and  after  long  heating  gives  a  faint  sublimate 
of  antimony  oxysulpbide.  In  the  open  tube  fuses,  giving  off  antimonial  and  sulphurous  fumes. 
B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  "with  projection  of  small  particles,  coats  the  coal  with  antimony  trioxide, 
which  after  long  blowing  is  colored  red  from  oxidized  silver,  and  a  globule  of  metallic  silver  is 
obtained. 

Soluble  in  dilute  heated  nitric  acid,  sulphur  and  antimony  trioxide  being  deposited. 

Obs.— In  veins,  with  other  silver  ores,  at  Freiberg,  Schneeberg,  and  Johaungeargenstadt  in 
Saxony  (see  Freuzel,  Min.  Lex.  Sachs.);  at  Pfibram  and  Ratieborzitz  in  Bohemia;  at  Schemnitx 
and  Kremnitz  in  Hungary;  at  Audreasberg  in  the  Harz;  Kongsberg,  Norway;  Wheal  Newton, 
Cornwall;  Zacatecas  and  Guanajuato  in  Mexico;  in  Peru;  Chanarcillo,  Chili. 

In  Nevada,  a  rather  abundant  silver  ore  in  the  Comstock  lode;  at  Ophir  and  Mexican  mines 
in  fine  crystals;  in  the  Reese  river  and  Humboldt  and  other  regions.  In  Idaho,  a't.  the  silver 
mines  at  Yankee  Fork,  Queen's  River  district  and  elsewhere. 

Named  after  the  Archduke  Stephan,  Mining  Director  of  Austria. 

Alt. — Crystals  occur  altered  to  silver. 

Ref.— '  Pfibram,  Ber.  Bohm.  Ges.,  p.  119,  1886;  closely  similar  results  were  obtained  Dy 
Haidinger,  Min.  Mobs,  2.  588.  1824;  Schroder,  Andreasberg,  Pogg.,  95,  258,  1855;  Morton, 
Kongsberg.  Zs.  Kr.,  9,  239,  1884. 

2  See  Vrba's  monograph  for  authorities,  literature,  many  new  forms,  full  list  of  calculated 
angles,  etc.;  also,  earlier.  Schroder,  1.  c. ;  Schimper,  Min.  Samml.  Strassburg,  69,  1878; 
Vrba,  Zs.  Kr.,  5,  418,  1881;  Lewis,  Wheal  Newton,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  574.  1883;  Morton.  c.; 
Rath,  Mexico,  Zs.  Kr.,  10,  173,  1885.  3  Miers.  Min.  Mag.,  9,  1,  1890. 


154.  KILBRICKENITE.    Apjohn,  L'Institut,  9,  111,  1841  (read  before  R.  Irish  Acad.r 
June  20,  1840). 

Massive.     G.  =  6*407.     Luster  metallic.    Color  lead -gray. 
Comp.— Perhaps  PbaSb2S9    or  6PbS.SbaS3  =  Sulphur  16'3,   antimony  13-6, 
lead  70-1  =  100. 

Anal.— Apjohn,  1.  c. 

S         Sb       As       Pb       Cu      Fe 
G.  =6-407        16-36    14-39      -*-     68'87      --     0'38  =  100 

Obs.— From  Kilbricken,  Co.  Clare,  Ireland. 

155.  BEEGERITE.    Eoenig,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  2,  379,  1881. 
Indistinctly  crystallized  (isometric  ?).     Also  massive. 

Cleavage  apparently  cubic.  G.  =  7*273  Koenig.  Color  light  to  dark  gray. 
Luster  brilliant  metallic.  Opaque. 

Comp — Pb6Bi2S9  or  6PbS.Bi2S3  =  Sulphur  14*8,  bismuth  21°4,  lead  63-8  =  100. 
Silver  is  sometimes  present. 

Anal.— 1,  Koeuig,  1.  c..  26  p.  c.  quartz  deducted.  2.  Id.,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Philad.,  22,  212, 
1885.  3,  Genth,  on  0'03  gr.,  ib.,  23,  3?,  1886. 

S  Bi  Pb  Ag  Cu 

1.  Park  Co.                               4    14'97  20'59  64-23       —  1  "70  =  101  '49 

2.  OurayCo.     G.  =  6  565           16-39  19'3o  45*87      9'98  1  -12  Fe  2-89,   insol.  0'12,  loss  4-2$ 

3.  Park  Co.                                  [14'63]  19'81  50'16  15-40  —   =  100                             [=  100 

Pyr. — B.B.  fuses  on  charcoal  to  a  globule,  giving  lead  and  bismuth  coatings;  sulphurous 
fumes  in  the  open  tube.  Dissolved  by  hydrochloric  acid  slowly  in  the  cold,  quickly  on 
heating. 


146  SULPHARSENITES,  SULPHANTIHONITES,  ETC. 

Obs.— From  the  Baltic  Lode,  near  Grant  P.  O.,  Park  Co.,  Colorado;  also  the  Treasury 
Vault  mine,  Park  Co.  (anal.  3);  Poughkeepsie  Gulch,  Ouray  Co.  Named  after  Mr.  Hermann 
Beeger,  of  Denver. 

RICHMONDITE  W.  Skey,   Trans.  N.  Z.  Inst.,  9,  556,  1877.     Massive,  crystalline.     Brittle 
H.  =  4'5.     G.  =  4*317.    Luster  metallic.     Color  black,  inclining  to  reddish  in  parts. 
Comp.— Approximately  6RS.Sb2S3,  but  needs  further  examination. 
Analysis.— Skey,  after  deducting  15'4  gaugue,  SiO2,  etc.,  also  some  antimony  qxysulphide: 

£b2S3  Bi2S3  PbS  Cu2S          Ag2S  FeS  ZnS  MnS 

22-20  tr.  36-12  19'31  2 '39  13 '59  5'87  0*52  =  100 

From  Richmond  Hill,  New  Zealand. 


156.  POLYBASITE.  Sprodglaserz  pt.  Wern.  Polybasit  H.  Rose,  Pogg.,  15,  573,  1829. 
Uugenglanz  Breith.,  Char.,  266,  1832. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  —  0*5793  :  1  :  0-91305  Mierp1. 
100  A  HO  =  30°  5',  001  A  101  =  57°  36J,  001  A  Oil  =  42°  23f ' . 
Forms :  c  (0.01,  0);   m  (110,  /);   w  (019,  f-2),   n  (Oil,  14),   t  (021,  24);  r  (112,  i),  p  (111,  1), 
&  (221,  2) 

mm'"  =  *60°  10'  cr  =    42°  19f  rr'  =    71°  16'  rr"'  =  39°  27' 

ww'      =    11°  35'  cp  =  *61°  14'  pp'  =    98°  40'  pp'"  =  52°    8' 

nri  ^   =    84'  48'  cs  =    74°  39'  ss'   =  113°    7'  ss'"   =  57°  49' 

In  short  six-sided  tabular  prisms,  with  beveled  edges;  c  faces  with  triangular 
etriations;  in  part  repeated  twins  with  tw.  pi.  m. 

Cleavage:  c  imperfect.  Fracture  uneven.  H.  =  2-3.  G.  =  G'0-6'2.  Luster 
metallic.  Color  iron-bjack,  in  thin  splinters  cherry-red.  Streak  black.  Nearly 
Opaque.  Ax.  pi.  ||  a.  Bx  J.  c.  Ax.  angle  variable,  2E  =  62°  44',  78°,  88°  15',  Dx*. 

Comp — Ag9SbS  or  9Ag2S.Sb2S3  =  Sulphur  15-0,  antimony  9'4,  silver  75 -6 
r=  100.  Part  of  the  silver  is  replaced  by  copper,  e.g.,  Ag:  Cu  =  8  :  1;  also 
arsenic  replaces  antimony. 

Anal.— 1,  H.  Rose,  1.  c,    2,  3,  Id.,  ibid.,  28,  156,  1833.    4,  C.  A.  Joy,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  102, 1860. 
6,  Tonner  [Lotos,  85,  1859],  Jb.  Min.,  716,  1860.    6,  Gentb,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  23,  39,  1886. 

S  Sb  As       Ag  Cu  Fe  Zn 

1    Durango  Mexico             17  04  5'09  3'74  64-29  9'93  0-06  —  =  100-15 

2.  Schemuitz                          16  83  0'25  6'23  72'43  3'04  0'33  '59  =    99'70 

S.  Freiberg                            16'35  8'39  1-17  69'99  4'il  0  29  —  =  100-30 

4.  Cornwall                            15'87  5'46  3'41  72'01  3'36  0'34  —   =  100'45 

5.  Pfibram    G.  =6'03         15'55  ll'53  —  68'55  336  O'M  —  =    9913 

6.  Colorado   G.  =  6'01  [16'70]  1018  0'78  62'70  9'5J  0'07  —   =  100 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  open  tube  fuses,  gives  sulphurous  and  antimonial  funies,  the  latter  form- 
Ing  a  white  sublimate,  sometimes  mixed  with  crystalline  arsenic  trioxide.  B.B.  fuses  with 
(spirting  to  a  globule,  gives  off  sulphur  (sometimes  arsenic),  rind  6oat3  the  coal  with  antimony 
trioxide;  with  long-continued  blowing  some  varieties  give  a  faint  yellowish  white  coating  of 
sine  oxide,  and  a  metallic  globule,  which  with  salt  of  phosphorus  reacts  for  copper,  and  cupelled 
with  lead  gives  pure  silver.  Decomposed  by  nitric  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  the  mines  of  Guanajuato  and  Guadalupe  y  Calvo  in  Mexico;  also  at 
Guarisamez  in  Durango,  with  chalcopyrite  and  calcite;  at  Tres  Puntos,  desert  of  Atacama, 
C!hili;  at  Freiberg  and  Pfibram.  In  Nevada,  at  the  Reeso  mines  and  at  the  Comstock  Lode;  in 
Idaho,  at  the  silver  mines  of  the  Owhyhee  district.  In  Colorado,  at  the  Terrible  Lode,  Clear 
Creek  Co.,  with  argentiferous  galena  and  pyrite.  In  Arizona,  at  the  Silver  King  mine. 

Named  from  TtolvS,  many,  and  fidcns,  base,  in  allusion  to  the  many  metallic  bases  present. 

Alt. — Stephanit'e  and  pyrite  occur  as  pseudomorphs  after  polybasite. 

Kef.— »  Min.  Mag.,  8,  204,  1889.    2  N.  R.,  85,  1867. 


157.  FOLYARGYRITE.  Sandberger,  Jb.  Min.,  310, 1869.   Petersen,  Pogg.,  137,  386, 1869. 

Isometric.  In  cubo-octahedrons,  usually  distorted  and  indistinct;  d  (110,  i)9 
W  (Jill,  mr-m)  also  observed. 

Cleavage:  cubic;  Fracture  uneven.  Malleable  and  sectile.  H.-±=2'5.  Gr.=6'974» 
Luster  metallic.  Color  iron-black  to  blackish  gray.  Streak  black.  Opaque. 


SULPHARSEXATES,  SULPHANTIMONATES,  ETC. 


147 


Comp. — Aga4SbaS16  or  12AgaS.Sb3S3  =  Sulphur  14-5,  antimony  7*4,  silver  78*2 
s=  100. 

Anal.— Petersen,  1.  c. 

S  Sb  Ag  Pb          Fe          Zn 

G.  =  6-974  14-78        6'98       76'70»          tr.          0'36       0-30  =  99'12 

•  Mean  of  76'63  and  76*77;  another  sample  gave  78-85  p.  c. 

Pyr. — B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  easily  to  a  black  globule,  giving  off  antimonial  fumes,  and 
yielding  a  brittle  globule  of  silver.  Soluble  with  difficulty  in  nitric  acid  with  separation  of 
sulphur,  readily  by  fuming  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Wolfach  in  Baden  with  argentite,  etc. 


II.  Sulpharsenates,  Sulphantimonates,  etc. 
Enargite  Group. 

158,  Enargite  3Cu2S.As^S5    Orthorhombic    a :  1 : 6  =  0'871}  :  1 : 0'8248 

Clarite,  Luzonite 

159.  Famatinite  3Cu2S.SbaS6 


160.  Xanthoconite  3AgaS.AsaS5    Rhombohedral    rr'  =  108°  25'  <!  =  2-3163 

161.  Epiboulangerite       3PbS.SbaS6 


Epigenite 
Regnolite 


4CuaS.3EeS.As3S6? 


Orthornombic 


163.    Argyrodite 


3    Monoclinic       0-6780  : 1 :  0-6144  /?  =  70°' 


156,  159.  ENAROITE— PAMATINITB. 

158.  ENARGITE.    Enargit  Bretth,,  Pogg.,  80,  883,  1850.   Guayacanite  ffMti,  Am.  J. 
27,  52,  1859.     Garbyite  W.  Semmons,  Min.  Mag.,  6,  pp.  xxvi,  49,  124,  1884. 

Orthorhombic.    Axes:  a  :  1 :  6  =  0-8711 :  J  :  0-8248  Dauber1. 

ICO  A  110  =  41°  3£',  001  A  101  =  43°  26J',  001  A  Oil  =  *39°  31'. 


Forms2: 
a  (100,  »'-i) 
b  (010,  z-2) 
«  (001,0) 


rr'" 

a»'" 
mm' 
M 
tt' 


r  (310,  » 
«  (320, 


32°  231 
60°  17' 
*82°  7' 
59°  43' 
41°  53' 


a8tw..pl 


\\'  =    85°   2' 

nn'  =    50°  40' 
*#  =    86° 
•/ut  =  124° 


I  (130,  £ 


/e  (201,  24)  g 

p 


s*   =    79'   2' 
^'=  152°  44' 

7   =    14°    6' 


<» 


pp'  s=  47°  17* 
oo'  =  72°  18' 
pp1"  =  40°  53* 
oo'"  =61°50T 


148  8ULPHAESENATES,  SULPHANTIMONATES,  ETC. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  x  (320),  with  a  a  =  60°  17',  sometimes  star-shaped  trillings  re- 
sembling chrysoberyl.  Crystals  usually  small;  prismatic 
planes  vertically  striated ;  also  c  ||  edge  c/a.  Also  mas- 
sive, granular,  or  columnar. 

Cleavage:  m  perfect;  a,  I  distinct;  c  indistinct. 
Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  3.  G.  =  4^43-4-45, 
Luster  metallic.  Color  grayish  black  to  iron-black. 
Streak  grayish  black.  Opaque. 

Comp.— Cu3AsS4   or   3Cu2S.AsaS6  =  Sulphur  32*6, 
Dauber  arsenic   19  •!,    copper  48*3  =  100.     Some  antimony   is 

often  present,  thus  graduating  toward  famatinite. 

Anal.— 1,  Quoted  by  D'Achiardi,  Nuov.  Cimento,  3,  May,  1870.  2,  B,  S.  Burton  Arn  J  Sc  , 
45,  34,  1868.  3,  E  W.  Root,  U>..  46,  201.  4,  E.  S.  D.,  ib.  6,  127, 1873.  5,  Siewert  &  Doring, 
Min.  Mitth.,  242,  1873.  6r  Schickendantz,  Dorneyko,  3d  App.  Min.  Chili,  p.  26,  1871. 
7,  Terrill,  Min.  Mag.,  6,  50,  1884.  Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  108. 

S       As      Sb     Cu  Ag  Fe     Zn 

1.  Morococha  37'45  15-23    —   33*25  0  04  5*66  7  72  Pb  tr  =  99*35 

2.  Willis  Gulch,  Col.          G.=4'43  f  31'56  17-80  1'37  47  58  —  1-04    —  =  99  35 

3.  Alpine  Co.,  Cal.              G.=4'34  f  31 '66  13-70  6'03  45  95  —  0  72    —  SiO2  1-08  =  9914 

4.  Shoebridge  mine,  Utah  G.  =4*861  34-35  1720  095  46*94  tr.  1-06    tr.    -  100-50 

5.  FaraatinaMts.                 G.=4*36  30'48  17*16  1'97  47*83  —  1  31  0*52  Pb  073  =  100 

6.  Catamarca  33 '40  18*78    —   48'05  —  0  36    —   =  100  59 

7.  Montana                          G.=4'3  32*69  19*47    —   47*84  —  —     ~-   =  100 

Pyr.— In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  and  gives  a  sublimate  of  sulphur;  at  a  higher 
temperature  fuses,  and  gives  a  sublimate  of  sulphide  of  arsenic.  In  the  open  tube,  heated 
gently,  the  powdered  mineral  gives  off  sulphurous  and  arsenical  funies,  the  latter  condensing  to 
a  sublimate  containing  some  antimony  trioxide.  B.P>.  on  charcoal  fuses,  and  gives  a  faint  coat- 
ing  of  the  oxides  of  arsenic,  antimony,  and  zinc;  the  roasted  mineral  with  the  fluxes  gives  a 
globule  of  metallic  copper.  Soluble  in  aqua  regia. 

Obs.— From  Morococha,  Cordilleras  of  Peru,  Ht  a  height  of  15.000  feet,  in  large  masses, 
occasionally  with  small  druses  of  crystals,  along  with  tennantite,-  embedded  in  crystalline  lime- 
stone; Cordilleras  of  Chili  (guayacaniieY,  mine  of  Hedioudas,  Prov.  Coquimbo.  mines  of  Santa 
Anna,  U.  S.  of  Colombia,  in  cavities  in  quartz;  Argentine  Republic  at  several  mines  in  the 
Sierra  de  Famatina,  also  in  the  province  of  Catamarca;  at  Cosihuirachi  in  Mexico  In  t-vriu 
crystals  at  Matzenkopti,  Brixlegg,  Tyrol-  and  in  similm  twins  from  Mancayan,  island  of  Luzon, 
lu  the  US,  at  Brewers  gold  mine,  Chesterfield  district,  S.  Carolina;  in  Colorado,  at 
mines  near  Black  Hawk  and  Central  City,  Gilpin  Co.;  in  Park  Co.,  at  the  Missouri  mine,  also 
on  Red  mountain  in  San  Juan  and  Ouray  counties.  In  southern  Utah  at  the  Shoebridge  mine 
In  crystals  and  massive;  also  massive,  cleavable  at  the  Mammoth  and  American  Eagle  mines  in 
the  Tintic  district,  where  it  appears  as  the  parent  mineral  of  a  number  of  copper  arsenates;  at 
several  mines  near  Butte,  Montana,  associated  with  chalcocite,  boruite,  etc.  Morning  Star 
mine,  Alpine  county,  California. 

Ref.— »  Pogg  ,  92,  237,  1854.  2  Dauber,  Peru.  1.  c..  he  adds  as  doubtful  (310).  (210),  (130), 
(403),  (132),  but  see  below.  3  Zeph.,  Brixlegg,  Zs.  Kr  ,  3,  600,  1879  4  Rath,  Argentine  Repub., 
•ib.,  4,  426,  1880.  6  Zettler,  Luzon,  Jb  Min.,  1,  159  ref.,  1880, 

LAUTITE  Frenzel.  Min  Mitth.,  3,  515,  4.  97,  1881.  Described  as  having  the  composition 
<Cu,Ag)AsS,  from  Lauta,  near  Marienberg,  Saxony.  Later  shown  to  be  a  mechanical  mixture 
pf  arsenic  with  a  mineral  near  enargite,  cf.  Weisbach.  Jb.  Min.,  2,  250,  1882. 

LUZONITE  Weisbach,  Min.  Mitth.,  257,  1874. 

Massive  with  uneven  fracture.  Brittle.  H.  =  3'5.  G.  =  4*42.  Luster  metallic.  Color 
dark  reddish  steel-gray  Streak  black. 

Comp.— Cu3AsS4  or  3CuaS.As3S>  like  enargite,  with  which  it  is  regarded  as  being 
dimorphous. 

Analysis.— Winkler,  1.  c. 

S  33-14        As  16-52        Sb  2'15        Cu  47'51        Fe  0-93  =  100*25 

Obs.— Occurs  in  the  copper  veins  of  Mancayan,  district  of  Lepanto,  Island  of  Luzon, 
associated  with  the  lollowing  minerals,  named  in  the  order  of  their  deposition:  quartz,  pyrite 
fluz'onite),  enargite,  quartz,  tetrahedrite,  barite.  See  p.  1041. 

CLARITE  Sandberger,  Jb.  Min.  960,  1874;  382,  1875.  Another  mineral  having  the  com 
position  of  enargite:  Regarded  as  monoclinic  with  cleavage  a,  b.  In  tufted  groups  of  crystals. 
H.  es  3'5.  G.  =  4'46.  Luster  metallic.  Color  dark  lead-gray.  Analysis.— Petersen: 

8  33-92       As  17-74       Sb  1*09       Cu  46'29       Fe  0'83       Zn  tr.  =  98*87 


FAMA  TINITE—XANTHOCONITE—EPIBO  ULANQEBITE.  149 

Occurs  on  barite  at  the  Clara  mine,  near  Schapbach,  Baden.  Sometimes  altered  to  chalco 
pyrite  and  covellite. 

Note  also  remarks  under  binnite,  p.  119. 

159.  FAMATINITE.    Stelzner,  Min.  Mitth.,  242,  1873. 

Ortliorhombic;  isomorphous  with  enargite.     Observed  forms1:  a,  c,  m,  L    Also 
massive,  sometimes  reniform. 

Fracture  uneven.     Rather    brittle.     H.  =  3*5.    G.  =  4'57.     Color  gray  with 
a  tinge  of  copper-red.     Streak  black.     Opaque. 

Comp.— Cu3SbS4  or  3Cu2S.Sb2S6  =  Sulphur  29'3,  antimony  27'4,  copper  43-3  = 
100.     Arsenic  replaces  the  antimony  in  part. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Siewert,  Min.  Mitth.,  242,  1873.  3a,  Frenzel,  Jb.  Min.,  679,  1875.  36,  id., 
:after  deducting  13'8  pyrite  assumed  to  be  present. 

S  Sb  As  Cu  Fe  Zn  Gangue 

1.  Mej.  Upulungos  mine  G.  =  4-59      f  29*17  21-23  4'07  44*12  0'82  059      —    =100 

2.  Mej.  Verdiona  mine    G.  =  4'52      f  29'63  20'54  3'63  45-34  0-51  0*59    0'63  =  100'87 
3a.  Peru                                                        33'46  1093  7'62  41-11  6'43  —       —    =  99'55 
3$.     "                                                           30-45  12-74  8-88  47*93  —  —       —    =  100 

Pyr. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  giving  off  sulphur  readily,  and  on  stronger  heating 
also  some  sulphide  of  antimony,.  On  charcoal  gives  off  white  fumes  of  antimony,  leaving  a 
black,  brittle  metallic  globule. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  enargite,  chalcopyrite,  pyrite',  etc.,  in  the  Sierra  de  Famatina,  Argentine 
Republic.  Also  found  at  Cerro  de  Pasco,  Peru. 

Ref.— *  Rath,  Zs.  Kr.,  4,  426,  1880,  Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  Nov.  4, 1878.     See  p.  1041. 


160.  XANTHOCONITE.    Xanthokon  BreitJi.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  20,  67, 1840. 
Rhombohedral.     Axis  6  =  2-3163;    cr  =  *69°  30',    rr'  =  108°  25'  Breith.* 

Observed  forms:  c  (0001,  0),  r  (lOlO,  R),  e  (0221,  —  2).     ce  =  79°  25'.     In  thiu 
tabular  crystals.     Also  reniform  masses  with  granular  structure. 

Cleavage:  c,  r.  Brittle.  H.  =  2.  G.  =  5«0-5'2;  411-4-16  Breith.  Luster 
adamantine.  Color  orange-yellow  to  dull  red  or  clove-brown.  Streak  yellow. 
Transparent  to  translucent. 

Comp.— Ag3AsS4  or  3 AgaS.  As,S6= Sulphur  24'3,  arsenic  14-3,  silver  61*4  =.100. 
Anal.— Plattner,  Pogg.,  64,  275,  1845. 

S  'As  Ag  *Fe 

1.  Brown  21 '36  [13-491  64'18  0'97  =  100 

2.  Yellow  21-80  [14-32]  63'88  —    =  100 

Pyr. — In  the  closed  tube,  at  a  gentle  heat,  the  yellow  color  is  changed  to  dark  red,  but  on 
cooling  it  regains  its  original  color;  at  a  higher  temperature  fuses,  and  gives  a  faint  sublimate  of 
Sulphide  of  arsenic.  In  the  open  tube,  and  on  charcoal,  behaves  like  proustite. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  stephanite  at  the  Himmelsfurst  mine  near  Freiberg. 

Named  in  allusion  to  its  yellow  powder,  from  £arQ6$.  yello'to,  and  KOVIS,  powder. 

Ref.—1  Pogg  ,  64,  272,  1845. 

161.  EPIBOULANGERITB.    M.  Websky,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  21,  747,  1869. 
Orthorhombic  ?  occurring  in  striated  prismatic  needles.     G.  =  6 '309.    "Lusteis 

metallic.     Color  dark  bluish  gray,  almost  black.     Structure  granular,  acicular. 

Comp.— Pb,Sb2S8  or  3 PbS.SbaS5= Sulphur  21'5,  antimony  23*0,  lead  55-5=100. 
Anal.— 1,2,  Websky: 

S  Sb  Pb         Ni          Fe        Zo 

1.  Granular  21 -139        20'77        56-11        0'20       0*60       Q'29  =  9986 

2.  JSIeedles  21 '31        20'23        54'88       030       0'84       1'32  =  98  8& 

Websky  considers  the  mineral  as  probably  a  product  of  the  decomposition  of  boulangerite 
from  whiph  it  differs  in  containing  more  sulphui  and  correspondingly  less  antimony 

.— Fouud  with  galena,  pyrite,  sphalerite,  and  arsenopyrite  at  Altenberg  in  Silesia 


150 


SULPHAKSENATES,  SULPHANTIMOXATES,  ETC. 


162.  EPIGENITE.    Arsenwismuthkupfererz  Sandberger,  Jb.  Min.,  415,  1868.     Epiarenit 
Id.,  ibid.,  205,  1869. 

Orthorhombic.     In  short  prisms  (69°  10')  with  macrodome  and  brachydome, 
resembling  arsenopyrite. 

Fracture  uneven.   H.  =  3*5.     Luster  metallic.    Color  steel-gray.    Streak  black. 
Opaque. 

Comp.— Perhaps  (Groth)  B,As2S12  with.K7  =  4Cu2  +  3Fe,  or  4Cu3S.3FeS.As9S, 
s=  Sulphur  31*5,  arsenic  12*3,  copper  41 '5,  iron  14 -7  ==  100. 

AnaL— Petersen,  Pogg.,  136,  502,  1869,  after  deducting  5  p.  c.  wittichenite. 


S  32-34 


As  12-78 


Cu  40-68 


Fe  14-20  =  100 


Pyr. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  first  sulphur,  then  sulphide  of  arsenic.  B.B.  on  charcoal  gives. 
an  arsenic  reaction  and  a  magnetic  slag  with  copper  globules.  'Soluble  in  nitric  acid  with  sepa- 
ration of  sulphur. 

Obs.— Occurs  sparingly  at  Neugltlck  mine  in  the  Bockelsbach  at  Wittichen,  Baden.  So- 
named  from  fitiyiyvecrftai,  to  follow  after,  because  always  observed  implanted  upon  the 
barite  vein  masses. 

RKGNOLITE  A.  VAchiardi,  I  Metalli,  1,  293,  294,  1883.    Nuovo  Cimento,  3,  May  1870. 

In  ^tetrahedral  crystals  resembling  (as  it  does  in  other  characters)  the  sandbergerite  with 
which  it  is  associated. 

Analysis : 

S  37-45       As  15  23       Cu  33  25       Ag  0  04       Fe  5-66       Zn  7'72       Pb  tr.  =  99  35 

Calculated  composition  essentially  Cu7As2Sia  or  5CuS.FeS.ZnS.As2S»  =  Sulphur  39'5. 
arsenic  15'4,  copper  32-6,  iron  5'8,  zinc  6'7  =  100, 

From  the  Jucud  mines  near  the  source  of  the  Jucud  river,  Cajamarca,  Peru.  Named  after 
Dr.  Carlo  Regnoli. 


163.  ARGYRODITE.     Weisbaeh,  Jb.  Berg.-Hutt.,  1886;  ib.  Min.,  2.  67,  1886. 

Monoclinic.    Axes:  a  :  1 :  6  =  0-6780  :  1  :  0*6144;     ft  =  ?06   =  001   A  100 
Weisbaeh1. 

100  A  110  =  32°. 30',  001  A  101^=  33°  !£',  001  A  Oil  =  30°. 
Forms :  m  (110,  /),  /(J03,  ft),  q  (101,  1-*),  k  (Sol,  6-i),>  o  (Oil,  14),  « (232,  -H)?,  n  (691,  9-f)?. 
Angles:  mm"'  =  *65°,  oo'  .=  *60°,  w7  =  58°  (meas.  50°),  mv  =  31°  49',  edge,  rn/m"  A  o/o7  = 
»110°,  A  v/v'  =  143°  2'  (141°),  A  #  =  169°  33'  (170"),  A  ff'.  =  120°  59'  (121i°).  A  /  =  92°  26'  (96°). 
Twins:  tw.  pi.  J_  k?  geniculated;  also  as  triHings  (f.  2).     Crystals  small  and 
indistinct;  usually  grouped  in  verruciform  or  reni form  shapes.     Faces  k  brilliant;. 

f  somewhat  less  so;  o  smooth  but 
rounded;  m  striated  parallel  edge 
m/m.  Also  in  rounded  forms  and 
compact  massive. 

No  cleavage  observed  Fracture 
uneven  to  flat  conchoidal.  Some- 
what brittle.  H.  =  2-5.  G.  =  6-085- 
6*111.  Luster  metallic.  Color  steel- 
gray,  on  a  fresh  fracture,  with  a  tinge 
of  red  turning  to  violet.  Streak  gray- 
ish black,  shining. 

Comp.— A     sulpho-salt     containing 
silver    and    the    rare    element    ger- 
manium, first  discovered  in  this  specios,  3Ag9S.GeSa  =  Sulphur  18*2,  germanium 
6'3,  silver  73'5  =  100. 
Anal,~Wiokler,  1.  c. 


S  17-13          Ge  6  93          Ag  74'72 


Fe066 


Zn  0-22  =  99-6* 


ARGTRCDJTE.  151 

On  the  chemical  properties  of  germanium  see  Wiukler,  J  pr.  Ch.,  34,  177, 1886;  36,  177, 
1887.  This  new  element  has  also  been  identified  Jn  euxenite. 

Pyr.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  a  brilliant  black  sublimate;  in  the  open  tube  fumes  of  sulphur 
dioxide.  On  charcoal  fuses  to  a  bead,  giving  near  the  assay  a  fainti  white  sublimate;  after  long 
blowing  an  orange-yellow  sublimate  and  a  silver  globule. 

Obs. — Found  at  the  Himmelsftlrst  mine,  Freiberg,  associated  with  siderite,  marcasite 
abundant  s-lso  sphalerite,  pyrite,  galena,  further  argentite,  pyrargyrite,  polybasite.  stephanite; 
implanted  sometimes  on  argentite  and  again  on  marcasite  or  siderite. 

Ref.—JL.c.,  the  measurements  only  approximate;  the  symbols  of  some  of  the  planes  are 
doubtful  because  measured  and  calculated  angles  vary  widely;  perhaps  0  should  be  454,  for 
wliicb  we  have  454  A  454  =  49°  35' 


IV.  HALOIDS.— CHLORIDES,  BROMIDES,  IODIDES 

FLUORIDES. 

I.  Anhydrous  Chlorides,  Bromides,  Iodides;  Fluorides. 
II.  Oxy chlorides ;  Oxyfluorides. 
III.  Hydrous  Chlorides;  Hydrous  Fluorides,. 


I.  Anhydrous  Chlorides,  Bromides,  Iodides;  Fluorides. 

Calomel  Group.    E,C18. 

6 

164.  Calomel         HgaCl3  Tetragonal  -1-7229 

165.  Nantokite     CuaCl2  Isometric 

iii 
Halite  Group.    RC1,  RBr,  EL    Isometric. 

Chlorides,  etc.,  of  sodium,  potassium,  ammonium,  and  silver. 

166.  Halite  NaCl 

167.  Sylvite  KC1 

168.  Sal  Ammoniac  (NH4)C1 

169.  Cerargyrite  AgCJ 

170.  Embolite  Ag(Cl,Br) 

171.  Bromyrite  AgBr 

172.  lodobromite  Ag(Cl,Br,I) 

Silver  Iodide  (artif.)  Agl 


173.  lodyrite  Agl     Hexagonal     <J  =  0-8196 

Tocornalite  (Ag,Hg)I? 

Coccinite  Hgl? 

Fluorite  Group.     RCla,  EF,.    Isometria 

174.  HydrophiHte       CaCla 

175.  Fluorite  CaF, 


176.  Chloroma^nesite  MgCl, 

177.  SeUaite  MgF,  Tetragonal  <*  =  0-6596 

178.  Lawrencite  FeCl,  Hexagonal  (artif.) 

179.  Scacchite  MnCl, 

152 


CALOMEL  GROUP— CALOMEL. 


153 


180.  Cotunnite 

181.  Molysite 

182.  Tysonite 


PbCla 


Orthorhombic 


&  :  I  :  6 
0-9976  :  1  :  T6805 


Fed,  Hexagonal  (artif.)  $6  =  0-6675 

(Ce,La,Di)F    Hexagonal  6  =  0-6868 


183,  Cryolite 

Elpasolite 

184,  Chiolite 

185,  Hieratite 


SNaF.AlF, 


Monoclinic 
Isometric 

5NaF.3AlF3    Tetragonal 
2KF.SiF4?      Isometric 
Cryptohalite    2(NH4)F.SiF4 
Hydrofluorite  HF.  Proidonite 


a  :  I :  :  d  ft 

0-9663  :  1  :  1-3882    89°  49' 

<*  =  1-0418 


SiF, 


Calomel  Group.     R3C12. 

164.  CALOMEL.  Horn  Mercury  (fr.  Deux  Fonts)  Woulfe,  Phil.  Trans.,  618, 1776.  Mine 
de  mercure  cornee  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  3,,  161,  1783.  Quecksilber-Hornerz  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  381, 
1789.  Horn  Quicksilver;  Dichloride  of  Mercury.  Kalomel,  Chlorquecksilber,  Chlormercur, 
Quecksilberchloriir  Germ.  Mercure  chlorure  Fr.  Calomelano  Ital.  Mercurio  corneo  Ital., 
Span. 

Tetragonal.     Axis  6  =  1-72291;  001  A  101  =  59°  52'  *>"  Schrauf1. 


Forms2 

: 

£ 

(920,  »-|)4 

ft  (504,  | 

-O4 

y  (559,  |)« 

p 

(331, 

3)2 

p  (315,  f-3) 

c   (001, 

0) 

1    '\5 

8  (201,  2-0 

x  (558r  f  )2 

B  (313,  1-3)3 

a  (100, 
™'(710' 

i4) 
i-l)6 

Y 
z 
t 

e 

(104,'  Li) 
(103,  fO 
(102,  i-O6 
(101,1-0 

C  (119,  * 
A  (114,  i 
a  (113,  i 

)3 
)4 

r  (111',  1) 
o  (221,  2)2 
/3  (552,  f)4 

cr  ^u  j.  AV,  -g~vj- 
f   (614,  f-6)* 
«•  (543,  |-5) 
0  (412,  2-4)2 
I>  (18-4-9,  2-|)4 

n  (312,  |-3) 
t&  (311,  3-3)3 
A  (14-5-10,  f  V-)* 
7r(214,    -2)2 

an 

—   8° 

8' 

ee" 

=  119° 

44' 

00'        = 

156° 

48' 

aa 

=  63°  31£' 

\ 

=   9°  28.' 

88" 

=  147° 

38' 

PP"     = 

164° 

25' 

av 

=  21°  53' 

am 

=  12° 
=  45° 

32' 
0' 

aa 
ii' 

'   =    52° 
=   66° 

57' 
16' 

w'      = 

63° 
21° 

20' 
23V 

ap 
an 

=  45°  39' 

=  27°   3' 

yy' 

=  32° 

29' 

=   81° 

43' 

^'     = 

38° 

284' 

ait 

=  51°  39' 

Af\o       rk' 

ZZ1 

^=41° 

14' 

oo' 

=   87° 

41' 

pp*a  = 

26° 

57 

ar 

1 

±=49     9 

ee' 

=  75° 

24' 

PP' 

=   88° 

57' 

jfpM  = 

32° 

10' 

ay 

—   &L          O 

7-10         Qf 

ss' 

=  85° 

33' 

aa 

"=   78° 

10' 

nn*"i  ~ 

34° 

32' 

cv 

CP 

SC  f  1        V 

=  47°  27^' 

7J:> 

=  46° 
=  59° 

36' 

44' 

ii"   =  101° 

rr"   =135° 

14' 
22 

Kit**   = 

36° 

14^' 

JL, 

2. 

3. 

^c 

tf%^ 

ti 

Fig.  1,  El  Doktor,  Mexico,  Websky3.  2,  Moschellandsberg,  Websky8.  3,  Moschellandsowgi 

after  Schrauf1. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  e,  con  tact-  and  penetration-twins..  Crystals  sometimes '.tabular  1 
also  pyramidal ;  often  highly  complex. 


154 


CHLORIDES,  BROMIDES,  IODIDES— FLUORIDES. 


Cleavage:  a  rather  distinct;  also  r.     Fracture  conchoidal.     Sectile.     H.  =  l-£ 
G.  =  6-482   Haid.     Luster  adamantine.     Color  white,  yellowish  gray,  or  ash-gray,, 
also  grayish,  and  yellowish  white,  brown.     Streak   pale  yellowish  white.     Trans- 
lucent—subtranslucent.    Optically  +-     Double  refraction  strong.     Indices- 

cor  =  1-96  er  =  2-60  Senarmont* 

Comp. — Mercurous  chloride,  Hg2Cl7  =  Chlorine  15*1,  mercury  84-9  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  volatilizes  without  fusion,  condensing  in  the  cold  part  of  the 
tube  as  a  white  sublimate;  with  soda  gives  a  sublimate  of  metallic  mercury.  B.B  on  charcoaL 
volatilizes,  coating  the  coal  white.  Insoluble  in  water,  but  dissolved  by  aqua  regia;  blackens^ 
when  treated  with  alkalies. 

Obs.— At  Moschellandsberg  in  the  Palatinate,  coating  the  cavities  of  a  ferruginous  gangue. 
associated  with  cinnabar — crystals  often  large  and  well-defined;  also  at  the  quicksilver  mines  of 
Idria  in  Carniola;  Almadeu  in  Spain;  Horzowitz  in  Bohemia;  with  cinna.ber  at  JVlt.  Avala  near 
Belgrade  in  Servia5.  From  El  Doktor  near  Zimapan,  Queretaro,  Mexico3. 

Calomel  is  an  old  term  of  uncertain  origin  and  meaning,  perhaps  from  KrcAo's,  beautiful,  and 
/ueA.1,  honey,  the  taste  being  sweet,  and  the  compound  the  Mercurius  dulcis  of  early  chemistry; 
or  from  xaAoS  and  U€\<xSt  black. 

Ref.— >  Schrauf,  Atlas,  Tf.  XL,  1872;  cf.  earlier  Brooke,  Ann.  Phil.,  6,  285,  1823;  Sbs.  artif. 
.cryst.,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  9,  394,  1852;  Hbg.,  Abh.  Senck.  Ges.,  1.  24, 1854-5.  2  See  Schrauf.  1.  c. 
3  Websky,  El  Doktor,  Mexico,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin, 461,  1877;  also  #3  (3'lil),  pl  (5'3-ll),  and  p2  (419) 
doubtful.  -»Traube,  Mt.  Avalsi,  Belgrade,  Zs.  Kr..  14,  571,  1888.  5  Vrba,  Mt.  Avala,  ib.,  15, 
455,  1885.  6  Quoted  by  Dx.,  Propr.  Opt.,  1,  40,  1857. 

MERCURIC  CHLORIDE. — The  occurrence  of  native  corrosive  sublimate  (HgCl2)  is  reported  by 
Besnou  near  Iquique,  in  the  desert  of  Atacama;  the  determination,  however,  was  based  only  on 
some  qualitative  trials.  Assoc.  Franc.  Adv.  §c.,  533, 1878.  The  artificial  salt  is  orthorhombic, 
cf.  Rg.,  Kr.  Ch.,  257,  1881. 

165.  NANTOKITB.  Nantoquita  Sieveking,  Domeyko,  2d  App.,  .Min.  Chili,  51,  1867;  3d5 
App.,  22.  1871.  Nantokit  Bretth.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  27,  3,  1868;  Jb.  Min.,  814,  1872. 

Isometric.     Granular,   massive,    not    in    distinct   crystals;  /  artificial    crystals 
tetrahedral. 

Cleavage:    cubic.      Fracture   conchoidal.     H.  =  2-2-5.     G.  =  3'930.     Luster- 
adamantine.     Colorless  to  white  or  grayish.     Transparent  to  translucent. 
,   Comp.— Cuprous  chloride,  Cu2Cla  =  Chlorine  35'9,  copper  64'1  =  100. 

An  analysis  by  Sieveking  (1.  c.)  gave:  Cl  35'52,  Cu  64*17  =  99'69. 

Pyr.— B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses,  coloring  the  flame  intensely  azure-blue;  a  globule  of  copper 
finally  remains.  Easily  soluble  in  hydrochloric  and  nitric  acids,  also  in  ammonia.  Gives  off 
chlorine  when  struck  with  a  hammer.  Oxidizes  readily  on  exposure  to  the  air. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  cuprite,  native  copper,  and  hematite,  also  chalcocite  and  other  copper 
minerals  at  the  mine  Carmen  Bajo,  near  Nantoko,  Chili.  Atacamite  is  sometimes  formed  by 
the  oxidation,  of  nantokite. 


Halite  Group.     RC1,  etc. 

166.  HALITE.  COMMON  or  ROCK  SALT.  Muriate  of  Soda,  Sodium  Chloride.  Kochsalfc;, 
Steinsa)1^  Bergsalz  Germ.  Soude  muriatee,  Chlorure  de  sodium,  Sal  gemme  Fr.  Sal  mai'eBeud.,, 
Tr.,  1832  Halites  Gloctc.,  Syn. ,  290, 1847.  Sal  gemma,  Alite  Ital.  Sal  gema,  Sal  marina, 'Span* 

Isometric.     Observed  forms1:  9 

a  (100,  t-f ),    d  (110,  *),    o  (111,  1),    e  (210,  «-2),    s  (321,  3-f). 

Usually  in  cubes,  rarely  octahedral ;  crystals  sometimes 
distorted,  or  with  cavernous  faces.  Rarely  snowing  twinning 
lamellae  (||  20-20 '7)a.  Also  massive,  granular  to  compact;  less 
often  columnar. 

Cleavage:  cubic,  perfect.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Per- 
cussion-figure on  a  easily  obtained,  rays  ||  d.  Rather 
brittle.  H.=2'5.  G.= 2 -1-2 -6;  pure  crystals  2-135.  Lu'ster 
vitreous.  Colorless  or  white,  also  yellowish,  reddish,  bluish, 
purplish.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Soluble;  taste  saline. 
Refractive  index  1-5442  Na.,  Langley8.  Highly  diather- 
manous.  Sometimes  exhibits  anomalous  double  refraction. 
Comp.— Sodium  chloride,  NaCl  =  Chlorine  60-6,  sodium  39 '4  .=  100.  Com- 


HALITE  GROUP— HALITE.  165 

mouly  mixed  with  calcium  sulphate,  calcium  chloride,  magnesium   chloride,  and 
sometimes  magnesium  sulphate,  which  render  it  liable  to  deliquesce. 

life  For  analyses  quoted  and  references  to  others,  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  112;  also  under  sylvite 
for  Scacchi's  observations  on  Vesuvian  chlorides  with  KC1  (natrikalite  Adam,  Tabl.  Min., 
69,  1869). 

S.  W.  Johnson  attributes  the  bluish  or  indigo  color  of  some  varieties  from  Stassfurt  to 
«odiurn  subchloride,  Ochsenius  to  the  presence  of  sulphur;  this  color  disappears  on  heating. 
Wittjen  &  Precht  (Ber.  Chem.  Ges.,  16,  1454,  1883)  regard  the  color  as  an,  optical  effect  due 
to  the  presence  of  thin  cavities  having  parallel  surfaces  with  gas  inclusions;  they  find  the  color 
distributed  in  lines  mostly  |j  o.  seldom  ||  a. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  fuses,  often  with  decrepitation;  when  fused  on  the  platinum 
wire  colors  the  fiaine  deep  yellow,  Added  to  a  salt  of  phosphorus  bead  which  has  been  saturated 
with  oxide  of  copper,it  colors  the  flame  a  deep  azure-blue.  Dissolves  readily  in  three  parts  of  water. 

Obs.— Common  salt  occurs  in  extensive  but  irregular  beds  in  rocks  of  various  ages,  associ- 
ated with  gypsum,  polyhalite,  anhydrite,  carnallite,  clay,  sandstone,  and  calcite;  also  in  solution 
forming  salt  springs;  similarly  in  the  water  of  the  ocean  and  salt  seas. 

In  Europe  and  England  occurs  in  the  Triassic,  associated  with  red  marl  or  sandstone,  but 
not  confined  to  these  rocks.  At  Durham,  North  umberlandv  and  Leicestershire,  England,  salt 
springs  rise  from  the  Carboniferous  series;  in  the  Alps,  some  saltworks  are  supplied  from' 
Oolitic  rocks;  the  famous  mines  of  Cardona  in  Spain  and  Wieliczka  in  Poland  are  referred,  the 
former  to  the  Green  Sand  formation,  and  the  latter  to  Tertiary  rocks.  Salt  springs  also  occur 
in  volcanic  regions.  In  the  United  States  the  brines  of  New  York  come  from  Upper  Silurian 
strata;  those  of  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  and  Virginia,  mostly  from  Devonian  and  Subcarboniferow 
beds;  ^those  of  Michigan,  mainly  from  the  Subcarbouiferous  and  Carboniferous;  while  in, 
.Louisiana,  at  Petit  Anse,  there  is  a  thick  bed  of  large  extent  of  pure  salt  in  the  Post-tertiary  or 
more  recent  deposits  of  the  coast.  Salt  also  occurs  as  an  essential  part  of  the  efflorescences  orei. 
?the  dry  prairies  and. shallow  ponds  or  lakes  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  California,  Atacaraa,  etc.* 
;and  in  most  desert  or  semi-desert  regions  there  are  numerous  salt  lakes. 

The  principal  mines  of  Europe  are  at  Wieliczka,  in  Poland;  at  Hall,  in  Tyrol;  Stass* 
jfurt,  near  Magdeburg,  and  along  the  range  through  Keichenthal  in  Bavaria,  Hallein  in  Salz- 
burg. Hallstadt,  Ischl,  and  Ebensee,  in  Upper  Austria,  and  Aussee  in  Styria;  in  Hungary,  at 
JMannoros  and  elsewhere;  in  Transylvania,  Wallachia,  Galicia,  and  Upper  Silesia;  Vic  and 
Dieuze  in  France;  Valley  of  Cardona  and  elsewhere  in  Spain,  forming  hills  300  to  400  feet 
liigh;  Bex  in  Switzerland;  and  North wich  in  Cheshire,  England.  At  Cheshire  it  occurs  in  a 
fcasin-shaped  deposit,  and  is  arranged  in  spheroidal  masses,  from  5  to  8  feet  in  diameter,  which 
3tre  composed  of  concentric  coats,  and  present  polygonal  figures.  It  is  but  little  contaminated 
Tvith  impurities,  and  is  prepared  for  use  by  merely  crushing  it  between,  iron  rollers.  At  the 
Austrian  mines,  where  it  contains  much  clay,  the  salt  is  dissolved  in  large  chambers,  and  the 
•clay  thus  precipitated.  After  a  time  the  water,  saturated  with  the  salt,  is  conveyed  by  aqueducts 
to  evaporating  houses,  and  the  chambers,  after  being  cleared  out,  are  again  filled. 

Salt  also  occurs,  forming  hills  and  covering  extended  plains,  near  Lake  Urirmia,  the 
Caspian  Lake,  etc.  In  Algeria;  in  Abyssinia.  In  India  in  enormous  deposits  in  the  Salt  Range 
of  the  Punjab;  thus  at  the  Mayo  mines  there  are  five  great  beds  having  aa  aggregate  thickness 
of  275  feet  alternating  with  another  of  275  feet  of,  Kallar  or  impure  salt.  Also  in  the  Kohat 
district  immense  beds,  in  one  place  exceeding  1000  feet  in  thickness;  at  Mandiin  the  northwestern 
Himalayas;  also  at  the  salt  lakes  of  Rajputana,  and  as  an  important  part  of  a  saline  efflorescence 
(EeK)  in  alluvial  deposits  at  various  points  (Mallet).  In  China  and  Asiatic  Russia;  in  South 
America,  in  Peru,  and  at  Zipaquera  and  Nemocon,  the  former  a.large  mine  long  explored  in 
the  Cordilleras  of  U.  S.  of  Colombia^  clear  salt  is  obtained  from  the  Cerrp  de  Sal,  San  Domingo. 
•Occasionally  formed  at  the  eruptions  of  Vesuvius,  as  in  1855,  when  it  was  found  in  cubes, 
incrustations,  and  stalactites. 

In  the  United  States,  salt  has  Deen  found  in  large  amount  in  central  and  western  New  York. 
Salt  wells  (see  below)  had  long  been  worked  in  this  region,  but  the  presence  of  rock  salt  was-first 
discovered  by  boring  in  1878,  and  since  then  the  industry  has  been  rapidly  developed.  Salt  is 
now  known  to  exist  over  a  large  area  from  Ithaca  at  the  head  of  Cayuga  lake,  Tonipkins  Co., 
und  Canandaigua  lake,  Ontario  Co.,  through  Livingston  Co.,  also  Genesee,  Wyoming,  and  Erie 
Cos.  The  salt  is  found  in  beds  with  an  average  thickness  of  75  feet,  but  sometimes  much 
thicker,  and  at  varying  depths  from  1000  to  2000  feet  and  more;  the  depth  increases  southward 
with  the  dip  of  the  strata.  The  rocks  belong  to  the  Saliua  period  of  the  Upper  Silurian.  Salt 
has  aiso  been  found  near  Cleveland,  Ohio,  associated  with  gypsum,  there  are  here  several  beds, 
the  widest  164  feet  including  shale,  at  depths  from  2154  to  2475  feet.  Also  in  Washington 
•Co.,  West  Virginia,  in  the  Holston  and  Kanawha  valleys;  in  Kansas,  in  beds  from  10  to  100  feet 
in  thickness  at  a  depth  of  700  feet  or  more  in  Ellsworth,  Rice,  Reno,-  Kiugman,  and  Harper 
-counties;  the  salt  beds  lie  near  the  base  of  the  Trias;  at  Petite  Anse,  Louisiana  (see  above);  along 
the  Rio  Virgin  in  Lincoln  Co.,  Nevada,  in  extensive  beds  of  great  purity;  in  Utah,  near  Nephi, 
Juab  Co..  and  Salina,  Sevier  Co.;  hi  Arizona,  on  the  Rio  Verde,  with  thenardite,  etc.,  and  mostly 
impure;  the  headwaters  of  Salt  river,  and  Tonto  basia,  Gila  Co.;  in  California,  at  Dos  Paimas, 
San  Diego  Co.  In  Canada,  salts  occurs  in  Bruce,  Huron,  and  Lampton  Cos.,  Ontario,  along  the 
eastern  shore  of  Lake  Huron;  it  was  first  found  at  Goderich  in  1866  at  a  depth  of  964  feet,  also 
at  Clinton  at  a  depth  of  1180  feet,  ULlU  later  at  other  points. 


156  CHLORIDES,  BROMIDES.  IODIDES— FLUORIDES. 

Brine  springs  are  very  numerous  in  the  Middle  and  Western  States.  These  springs  are 
worked  at  Salina,  Syracuse,  and  elsewhere,  N.  Y.,  in  the  Kanawha  Valley,  Va. ;  Muskinguni, 
Ohio;  Michigan,  at  Saginaw  and  elsewhere,  in  Kentucky  and  Tennessee;  also  at  Goderich. 
Ontario,  Canada.  The  salt  water  is  obtained  by  boring,  and  raised  by  means  of  machinery,  and 
thence  conveyed  by  troughs  to  the  boilers,  where  it  is  evaporated  by  artificial  heat;  or  to  basins 
for  evaporation  by  exposure  to  the  heat  of  the  sun. 

Composition  of  Syracuse  brines,  according  to  analyses  by  Dr.  C.  A.  Goessmann  (private 
communication): 

I.  II.                      III.                     IV. 

NaCl  167503  15'5317  18-2465  13-3767 

CaSO,  0-5673  0'5772  0'5117                  05234 

CaCU  0-1594  0-1533  0'1984                  01037 

MgCl,  0-1464  0-1444  0'1784                  01336 

MgBr»  0-0022  0*0024  0'0025                  0'0017 

KC1  0-0110  00109  0-0119                  00086 

FeCO  00034  0-0044  0-0036                  0-0015 

HaO  82-3600  83-5757  80'8470  85-8508 


100  100  100  100 

No.  I  has  G.  =  1-1300  at  16°  Baume  and  20°  C.  No.  II  has  G.  =  1-1225  at  15°  Baume 
and  21°  C.  The  Saginaw  brines,  Michigan,  afford  about  19  250  of  salt. 

Vast  lakes  of  salt  water  exist  in  many  parts  of  the  world.  Lake  Timpanogos  in  the  Rocky 
mountains,  4,200  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  now  called  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  is  2,000  square 
miles  in  area  L.  Gale  found  in  this  water  20-196  per  cent,  of  sodium  chloride  (Stansb.  Exped., 
cited  in  Am.  J.  Sc.,  17,  129,  1854).  The  Dead  and  Caspian  seas  are  salt,  and  the  waters  of  the 
former  contain  20  to  26  parts  of  solid^  matter  in  100  parts.  Gmelin,  who  analyzed  a  portion  of 
these  waters  of  specific  gravity  1  212,  found  them  to  contain  CaCla  3'336,  MgCl2  12-167,  NaCl 
7-039,  CaSO4  0'052,  MgBra  0'443,  KC1 1-086,  A1C13  0-144,  NH4C1  0*007,  MnCla  <M61,  =  24*435, 
with  75 '565  water  =  100.  This  result  is  given  as  corrected  by  Marchand. 

An  analysis  of  the  water  of  Great  Salt  Lake  (1869)  by  O.  D.  Allen  (U.  S.  G.  Surv.  40th  Par. 
2,  433)  gave: 

NaCl  MgCl,         Na2S04         K2SO4         CaS04  Cl 

79-11  9-75  6-22  3'58  0'57  0'57"  =  100 

•  Excess. 

Salt  is  obtained  on  a  large  scale  commercially,  in  the  U.  S.,  by  the  evaporation  of  the  watery 
of  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  and  in  California  from  the  sea- water  in  San  Francisco  Bay. 

Alt. — Anhydrite,  gypsum,  polyhalite,  occur  as  pseudomorphs after  this  species;  also  celestite, 
dolomite,  quartz,  hematite,  pyrite;  the  removal  of  the  salt  cubes  by  their  solution  leaves  a  cavity 
which  any  mineral  may  then  occupy.  The  hopper-shaped  crystals  often  leave  an  impression  of 
their  form  in  clays, 

Ref.— '  Luedecke,  Neu-Stassfurt,  Zs.  Nat.  Halle,  58,  662,  18^5  2  Brauns,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  126, 
1889.  3  Am.  J.  Sc.,  30,  477,  1885,  cf.  .also  Lagerborg,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.  Bihang,  13  (1),  No.  10, 
1887.  Cf.  the  researches  of  Melloni,  Magnus,  Tyndall;  also  recently  Langley,  1.  c.,  et  al., 
Baur,  Wied.  Ann.,  19,  17,  1883. 

On  etching:  cf.  Sohncke,  Pogg.,  157,  329;  Exner,  ib.,  158,  319,  1876;  Brauns,  Jb.  Min.,  1, 
115,  1889.  Hardness:  Exner.  Harte  Kryst.,  p.  11,  1873.  Constants  of  elasticity:  Voigt,  Pogg., 
Erg.-B(L,  7,  1,  177.  1876,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.-Bd.,  4,  232,  1885;  Groth,  Pogg.,  157,  115,  1876. 
Double  refraction:  Jb.  Min.,  1,  165,  1883;  by  pressure,  Wied.  Ann.,  39,  440,  1890.  Dispersive 
power:  Ketteler,  Wied.  Ann.,  31,  322,  1887. 

MARTINSITE  Karsten,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  36,  127,  1845.  Halite  containing  9  p.  c.  MgSO4;  from 
Stassfurt. 

HUANTAJAYITE  Raimondi,  Domeyko,  Min.  Chili,  5th  Append.,  1876;  Min.  Perou,  p.  64, 
1878.  An  argentiferous  variety  of  halite,  if  homogeneous.  Described  as  occurring  in  cubes, 
also  in  incrustations  made  up  of  minute  cubic  crystals,  also  fibrous.  H.  =  2.  Color  white,  not 
altered  by  exposure.  Transparent.  Fragile,  not  sectile  like  cerargyrite.  Composition: 
20NaCl  + AgCl;  an  analysis  (f)  gave:  NaCl  89,  AgCl  11  =  100.  B.B:  decrepitates  and  fuses 
easily;  on  charcoal  yields  silver  with  soda,  Occurs  in  a  calcareous  gangue  with  cerargyrite, 
embolite,  etc.,  at  the  mine  of  San  Simon,  Huantajaya,  Tarapaca, , Chili.  Called  lechedor  by  the 
miners. 

HYDROHALITE  Adam,  Tabl.  Min.,  p.  69,  1869.  A  hydrous  sodium  chloride  described  by 
Mitscherlich;  see  Hausm.  Handb.,  p.  1459,  1847. 

167.  SYLVTTE.  Muriate  of  Potash  (fr.  Vesuvius)  Smithson,  Ann.  Phil..  6,  258,  1823. 
Chlorideof  Potassium,  Potassium  chloride.  Chlorkalium,  Germ.  Sylviue  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  511,  1832. 
Hoevelit  H.  Girard,  Jahrb.  Min.,  568,  1863.  Leopold  it  E.  Reichardt,  Jahrb.  Min.  331,  1866, 
Schatzellit  and  H&vellit  (fr.  Stassfurt),  B.  H.  Ztg.,  24,  276,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  5,  318,  324. 


HALITE  GROUP— SAL-AMMONIAC.  157 

Isometric.     Observed  forms1 : 

a  (100,  «)  q  (540,  i-f )  r  (722,  ff)  0  (323-  M)  V  ^5,  |-2) 

c  (111,  1)  €  (711,  7-7)  »  (211,  2-2)  t  (421,  4-2) 

Brauns  has  obtained  by  etching  faces  of  931  (9-3  r)  as  a  trapezohedal  hemihedral  form2. 

Habit  cubic;  a,  also  a  with  o,  most  common.  Also  in  granular  crystalline 
masses,  rarely  columnar;  compact.  . 

Cleavage-  cubic,  perfect.     Fracture  uneven.     Brittle.     H.  =  2.     G.  =  1-97' 
1-99  Prietze,  J.  c.     Luster  vitreous.     Colorless,  white,  bluish  or  yellowish  red  from 
inclusions.       Transparent    when     pure.       Kefractive  index9,  ny  =   1-49031   Na. 
Soluble  ;   taste,  much  like  that  of  common  salt,  but  somewhat  bitter.      Sometimes 
exhibits  anomalous  double  refraction.    Highly  diathermanous4. 

Comp. — Potassium  chloride,  KC1  =  Chlorine  47'6,  potassium  52-4  =  100. 
Sometimes  contains  also  sodium  chloride. 

A.  Miiller  (Vh.  Ges.  Basel,  113,  1854)  found  a  Vesuviari  salt  pure  with  only  a  trace  of 
sodium.  Scacchi  (Contrib.  Min.  Vesuv.,  IT,  23)  gives  analyses  of  fifteen  varieties  with 
K  :  Na  =  100  :  6'2,  10  :  17 '5,  etc.,  up  to  10  :  94'8;  some  of  the  varieties  contained  also  the 
alkaline  sulphates,  with  (K.Na)Cl  :  <K,Na)aSO4  =  100  :  0'43.  100  :  6'45.  100  :  4-50,  etc.  Prietze, 
quoted  by  Huyssen  (Zs.  G.  Ges.,  2O,  461,  1868,  and  Jb.  Min.,  484,  1868)  found  in  some  of  the 
Stassfurt  sylvite  12  to  13  p.  c.  NaCl  and  0*5  SOS»  but  other  analyses  of  material  carefully 
separated  from  halite  showed  the  pure  KC1. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B..  in  the  platinum  loop  fuses,  and  gives  a  violet  color  to  the  outer  flame. 
Added  to  a  salt  of  phosphorus  bead,  which  has  been  previously  saturated  with  oxide  of  copper, 
colors  the  O.F.  deep  azure-blue.  Dissolves  in  water,  100  parts  taking  up  34*5  at  18'75°  C. 
Heated  with  sulphuric  acid  gives  off  hydrochloric  acid  gas. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Vesuvius,  about  the  fumaroles  of  the  volcano.  Also  at  Stassfurt,  in  the 
carnal  lite  beds  of  the  salt  formation;  at  Leopoldshall  (leopoldite);  at  Kalusz  in  Galicia,  where 
•with  the  accompanying  picromerite  it  has  been  derived  (Tschermak,  1.  c.)  from  the  alteration  of 
carnal  lite. 

The  compound  is  the  Sal  digestives  Sylmi  of  early  chemistry,  whence  Beudant's  name  for 
the  species. 

Ref.— i  Tschermak,  Kalusz,  Anz.  Ak.  Wien,  p.  24,  1868;  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  63  (1),  308, 1871. 
s  Jb.  Min.,  1,  224,  1886;  also,  1,  121,  1889.  8  Stefan,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  63  (2),  241,1871. 
4  Magnus,  Pogg.,  134,  302,  1868. 

For  experiments  in  elasticity,  see  Voigt,  Nachr.  Ges.  G6tt.,  330,  1888;  oh  hardness,  Exner. 
Harte  Kryst.,  p.  37,  1873. 

168.  SAL-AMMONIAC.  Natiirliches 'Salmiak  (fr.  Bucharia)  /.  O.  Model,  Versuch  ilber 
ein  nat.  Salmiak,  Leipzig,  1758.  Muriate  of  AmmoBia;  Chloride  of  Ammonium.  Salmiak 
Germ.  Ammoniaque  muriatee  Fr.  Salmiac  Bend.,  Tr.,  1832.  Cloramrnonio  ItaL 

Isometric.     Observed  planes1 : 

a  (100,  i-i)       d  (110,  i)       o  (111,  1)       n  (211,  2-2)       *  (321,  3-f) 

Artificial  crystals  show  trapezohedral  hemihedrism  in  the  form  875  (f-$  r)  Tschermak3. 
Naumann2  has  described  forms  with  311  developed  with  tetragonal  symmetry,  and  others  with 
411,  310,  having  rhombohedral  symmetry. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  o.  Also  stalactitic,  and  in  globular  masses;  in  crusts,  or  as  an 
efflorescence. 

Cleavage:  o  imperfect.  Fracture  conchoidaL  Rather  brittle.  H.  =  1*5-2. 
G.  =  1*528.  Luster  vitreous..  Color  white,  yellowish,  grayish.  Transparent  to 
translucent.  Index  ny  =  1*6422  'Grailich. 

Comp. — Ammonium  chloride,  NH4C1  =  Chlorine  66*3,  ammonium  33*7  =  100, 
Chloride  of  iron  is  sometimes  present  giving  a  yellow  color. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Sublimes  in  the  closed  tube  without  fusion.  Pulverized  with  calcium  hydrate, 
or  heated  with  a  solution  of  caustic  alkali,  gives  off  pungent  ammoniacal  vapors.  Soluble  in 
three  times  its  weight  of  water. 

Obs.— Occurs  about  volcanoes,  as  at  Etna,  the  island  of  Vulcano,  Vesuvius,  Stromboli, 
Sandwich  Islands,  and  near  Hecla  after  the  eruption  of  1845,  as  observed  by  Bunsen.  Observed 
after  the  eruption  of  Vesuvius  in  1855,  in  rhombic  dodecahedrons  with  cavernous  faces,  and 
again  in  the  lava  of  1868  (Sec. ,  1.  c.)  in  more  complex  crystals,  in  part  twins.  It  occurs  usually 
where  the  lava  has  spread  over  soil  and  vegetation.  Also  found  id  small  quantities  in  the 
vicinity  of  ignited  coal  seams,  as  at  St.  Etienne  in  France,  and  also  at  Newcastle,  and  in  Scot- 
land; crystallized  near  Duttweiler  in  Prussia,  where  a  coal  seam  has  been  burning  for  more 
than  a  hundred  years.  It  occcurs  also  in  Bucharia;  at  Kilauea  in  Hawaii,  a  variety  which  con- 
tains iron,  and  becomes  rusty  yellow  on  exposure;  in  guano  from  the  Chincha  Islands. 


158  CHLORIDES,   BROMIDES,   IODIDES—  FLUORIDES. 


The  a'As  djujLiaonaKoS,  sal-ainmoniac  of  Dioscorides,  Celsius,  and  Pliny,  is  proved  by 
Beckmann  (Hist,  of  Inventions,  4,  360)  to  be  common  rock  salt,  dug  in  Egypt,  near  the  oracle 
of  Ammon.  The  name  was  afterward  transferred  to  this  compound,  when  subsequently  manu- 
factured in  Egypt.  Sal-ammoniac  is  supposed  to  have  been  included  by  the  ancients,  with  one 
or  two  other  species,  under  the  name  of  nitrum,  which,  according  to  Pliny,  gave  the  test  of 
ammonia  when  mingled  with  quicklime. 

Ref.—  '  Scacchi,  Rend.  Ace.  Napoli,  Oct.,  1872.  *  Kaumann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  50,  11,  310,  1850. 
-Min.  Mitth.,  4,  531,  1881. 

169.  CERARGYRITE.  Argentvyn  cornu  pellucido  simile  (fr.  Marienberg),  Germ.  Horn- 
farbs-Silber,  Gesner,  Foss.,  63,  1565.  Argentum  rude  jecoris  colore,  lucem  corneam  habens 
(fr.  Freiberg,  etc.)  G.  Fabricius,  De  Rebus  Met.,  1566.  Glaserz,  dursichtig  wie  ein  Horn  in 
einer  Lantern,  Matthesius,  Sarept.,  1585.  Horn-Silfver,  Minera  argenti  cornea,  A.  sulphure  et 
arsenico  mineralisatum,  Wall.,  310,  1747.  Argentp  acido  salis  rnineralisatum,  Hornerz,  Cronst., 
159,  1758.  Butterinilcherz  (first  mentioned  early  in  17th  century).  Kerargyre  Beud.,  Tr.  2, 
501,  1832.  Kerat  Raid.,  Handb.,  506,  1845.  Argyroceratite  Glock.,  Syn.,  249,  1847.  Chlo'rar- 
gyrit  Weisbach,  Syn  ops.  Min.,  37,  1875.  Kerargyrite. 

Silberhornerz,  Silberkerat,  Hornsilber,  Chlorsilber,  Germ.  Chlorsilfver,  Silfverhornmalm 
Swed.  Horn  Silver,  Corneous  Silver.  Argent  muriate,  Argent  corne,  Chlorure  d'argent  Fr. 
Cherargirio,  Argento  cornea  Hal.  Plata  cornea  Span. 

Isometric.     Observed  forms1: 

a  (100,  i-i)       d  (110,  «)        o  (111,  1)       p  (221,  2)        n  (211,  2-2) 
Twins:    tw.  pi.  o.      Habit  cubic.      Usually  massive    and    resembling   wax; 
sometimes  columnar;  often  in  crusts. 

Cleavage  none.  Fracture  somewhat  conchoidal.  Highly  sectile.  H.  =  1-1-5. 
G-.  =  5*552.  Luster  resinous  to  adamantine.  Color  pearl-gray,  grayish  green, 
whitish  to  colorless,  rarely  violet-blue;  on  exposure  to  the  light  turns  violet-brown. 
Transparent  to  translucent.  Index2,  ny  =  2  -0611  Na. 

Comp.—  Silver  chloride  =  Chlorine  24-7,  silver  75  -3  =  100. 

Some  varieties  contain  mercury;  Domeyko  (Min.  Chili,  3d  Ed.,  p.  416,  1879)  describes  one 
from  the  La  Julia  mine,  of  the  Cerro  de  Caracoles,  Atacama,  which  yielded:  Cl  22*64,  Ag  66*68, 
Hg  220  =  91-52,  with  impurities  and  loss  8'48.  Moesta  gives  1-31  p.  c.  mercury  for  the  cerar- 
gyrite  of  Los  Bordos,  Copiapo.  See  also  huantajayite  under  halite  (p.  156),  and  the  species 
which  follow. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  fuses  without  decomposition.  B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  a 
globule  of  metallic  silver.  Added  to  a  bead  of  salt  of  phosphorus,  previously  saturated  with 
oxide  of  copper  and  heated  in  O.F.,  imparts  an  intense  azure-blue  to  the  flame.  A  fragment 
placed  on  a  strip  of  zinc,  and  moistened  with  a  drop  of  water,  swells  up,  turns  black,  and  finally 
is  entirely  reduced  to  metallic  silver,  which  shows  the  metallic  luster  on  being  pressed  with  the 
point  of  a  knife.  .Insoluble  in  nitric  acid,  but  soluble  in  ammonia. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  in  veins  of  clay  slate,  accompanying  other  ores  of  silver,  and  usually  only  in 
the  higher  parts  of  these  veins.  It  has  also  been  observed  with  ocherous  varieties  of  brown  iron 
ore;  also  with  several  copper  ores,  calcite,  barite,  etc.;  upon  stibiconite. 

The  largest  masses,  and  particularly  those  of  a  green  color,  are  brought  from  Peru,  Chili,  and 
Mexico,  where  it  occurs  with  native  silver.  In  Chili,  at  some  mines,  it  is  a  much  less  common 
ore  than  embolite;  often  contains,  intimately  mixed  with  it,  native  silver  in  very  minute  grains; 
it  occurs  at  Tres  Puntas,  Atacama,  Chanarcillo  near  Copiapo,  and  elsewhere  in  Chili.  Also  in 
Nicaragua  near  Ocotal;  in  Dept.  of  Gracias,  Honduras.  It  was  formerly  obtained  in  the  mining 
districts  of  Johanngeorgenstadt  and  Freiberg,  but  is  now  rare;  a  mass  weighing  six  and  three- 
quarter  pounds,  from  this  region,  is  in  the  Zwinger  collection  at  Dresden.  It  also  occurs  in  the 
Altai,  at  the  mines  of  Zmeinogorsk  and  Krukovskoi;  at  Kongsberg  in  Norway;  in  Alsace; 
rarely  in  Cornwall,  and  at  Huelgoet  in  Brittany.  In  thin  incrustations  on  stibiconite  from 
Sonora,  Mexico. 

In  the  U.  S.,  in  Colorado,  near  Leadville,  Lake  Co.;  near  Breckenridge,  Summit  Co.,  and 
elsewhere.  In  Nevada,  about  Austin,  Lander  Co.,  abundant;  at  mines  of  Comstock  lode.  In 
Arizona,  in  the  Willow  Springs  distr.,  veins  of  El  Dorado  canon,  in  San  Francisco  distr.  In 
Idaho,  at  the  Poorman  mine,  in  crystals,  some  half  an  inch  across,  mostly  cubes  and  cubo- 
octahedrons,  but  occasionally  with  other  planes,  and  in  twins  consisting  of  two  interpenetrating 
cubes,  the  angles  of  one  projecting  from  the  faces  of  the  other;  also  at  various  mines  in  Custer 
Co.,  Alturas  Co.,  and  at  the  Horn  Silver  and  other  mines,  Tara  Creek.  In  Utah,  in  Beaver, 
Summit  and  Salt  Lake  counties. 

At  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz,  an  earthy  variety  is  met  with,  called  by  the  Germans  Butter- 
milk ore  (Buttermilcherz,  thonige  Hornsilber),  which,  according  to  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  1,  137,  1795), 
contains:  Silver  24'64,  chlorine  8'28,  alumina  (Cu  tr.)  67*08.  Funckens  describes  it  as  "  weiss 
und  dilun  wie  eine  Buttermilch"  (Lenz  Min.,  2,  101,  1794). 

Named  from  KepaS,  horn,  and  apyvpot,  silver  —  Ceralargyrite.  the  proper  derivative,  bein£ 
contracted  to  Cerargyrite.  The  Greek  k  becomes  c,  as  in  other  cases. 


HALITE  GROUP— EMBOLITE—BROMYRITE.  159 

Ref.— >  Cf.  Gdt.,  Index,  1,  p.  437,  1886.     a  Wernicke,  Pogg.,  142,  560,  1871. 

BORDOSITE  Bertrand,  Ann.  Mines,  1,  p.  412,  1872.  A  mineral  substance,  color  yellow 
to  red,  occurring  with  amalgam  and  resulting  from  its  decomposition.  It  becomes  dark 
rapidly  on  exposure  to  the  air.  Analysis:  AgCl  31 '23,  HgCl  4553,  HgO  22 '70  =  99 '46 
Bertrand  regards  the  HgO  as  adventitious,  and  proposes  for  it  the  name  hydrargyrite ;  deducting 
this  there  remain  :  AgCl  40'69,  and  HgCl  59'31  =  100,  or  AgCl  +  HgCl,  to  which  he  gives 
the  name  of  bordosite.  Both  species  are  very  uncertain.  Locality  Los  Bordos^Chili. 

170.  EMBOLITE.    Chlorobromure  d'argent  Domeyko,  Ann.  Mines,  6,  153, 1844;  Berthier, 
ib.,  2,  540,  1842.     Plata  cornea  verde  Domeyko,  Min.,  202,  1845.     Embolit  Breith.,  Pogg.,  77, 
134.  1849.     Chlorobromide  of  Silver.    Chlorbromsilber.     Megabromite,  Microbromit,  Breith. , 
B.  H.  Ztg.,  18,  449,  1859. 

Isometric      Observed  forms: 

a  (100,  i-i)       d  (110,  i)       o  (111,  1)       e  (210,  *-2) 
•  Usually  massive;  sometimes  stalactitic  or  concretioDary  on  surface. 

Cleavage  none.  Fracture  uneven.  Sectile.  H.  =  1-1-5.  G.  =  5-31-5-43 
Domeyko;  5*53  Yorke;  5*79-5-81  Breith.  Luster  resinous,  somewhat  adamantine. 
Color  grayish  green  and  asparagus-green  to  yellowish  green ;  yellow,  often  dark 
and  becoming  darker  on  exposure.  Transparent  to  translucent. 

Comp. — Ag(Cl,Br),  the  ratio  of  the  chlorine  to  the  bromine  varying  indefinitely, 
the  yellowish  varieties  and  those  of  deeper  green  colors  containing  the  largest 
proportion  of  bromine. 

Anal.— 1,  W.  von  Beck,  Jb.  Min.,  165,  1876.  2,  Munro,  Ch.  News,  53,  99,  1886. 
3,  C.  Wood  quoted  by  Welch,  ib.,  54,  94,  162,  1886. 

Br  Cl  Ag 

1.  Orenburg,  cryst.  28'44  8'20  63'36  =  100 

2.  St.  Arnaud,  Victoria  25'84  9'70  64'45  =    99*99 

3.  "  "  24-16  10-73  65-14  =  100'03 

For  other  analyses,  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  116,  these  show  variations  from  AgCl  =  81 '4  and 
AgBr  18 "6  to  AgCl  51  and  AgBr  49.  Cf.  Welch,  1.  c.,  for  a  discussion  of  the  various  analyses 
published. 

The  megabromite  and  micrdbromite  of  Breithaupt  are  varieties  of  embolite  based  on  the  pro- 
portion of  bromide  to  chloride;  and  are  even  indistinct  as  varieties,  these  extremes  being  con- 
nected by  indefinite  shadings. 

Obs.— Abundant  in  Chili,  constituting  the  principal  silver  ore  of  the  mines  of  Chanarcillo, 
and  found  also  at  Agua-Amarga,  Tres-Puntas,  Rosilla,  and  at  all  the  new  openings  in  the 
province  of  Copiapo;  found  also  at  Eulalia  in  Chihuahua,  Mexico;  at  the  mine  of  Coloal  in 
Gracias,  Honduras.  At  St.  Arnaud,  Victoria;  in  New  South  Wales,  at  Sunny  Corner,  Bathurst, 
and  in  the  Silverton  mines. 

Named  from  ejufioA-ior,  an  intermediate,  because  between  the  chloride  and  bromide  of 
silver. 

171.  BROMYRITE.    Bromure  d'Argent,   Plata  verde   Hex.  (fr.  Mexico  and  Huelgoet), 
Berth.,  Ann.  Mines,  19,  734,  742,  1841,  2,  526,  1842.     Bromide  of  Silver;  Bromic  Silver.    Brom- 
silber  Germ.     Bromit  Haid.,  Handb.,  506,  1845.     Bromyrite  Dana,  Min.,  93,  1854.    Bromargyrit 
Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  196,  1860.     Plata  cornea  amarilla  melada  Domeyko,  Min.,  214,  1860. 

Isometric.     Observed  forms: 

a  (100,  i-i)  d  (110,  »)  o  (111,  1) 

Crystals  rare.     Usually  in  small  concretions. 

Cleavage  none.  Fracture  uneven.  Sectile.  H.  =  2-3.  G.  =  5*8-6.  Luster 
resinous  to  adamantine.  Color,  when  pure,  bright  yellow  to  amber-yellow;  slightly 
greenish;  often  grass-  or  olive-green  externally;  little  altered  on  exposure. 
Transparent  to  translucent.  Index,  ny  =  2-2533  Na,  Wernicke. 

Comp — Silver  bromide,  AgBr  =  Bromine  42'6,  silver  57'4  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  and  with  metallic  zinc  reacts  like  cerargyrite.  B.B.  on  char- 
coal emits  pungent  bromine  vapors  and  yields  a  globule  of  metallic  silver.  Fused  with  potassium 
bisulphate  in  a  matrass  gives  off  yellowish  brown  vapors  of  bromine.  Insoluble  in  nitric  acid. 
Difficultly  soluble  in  ammonia. 

Obs. — With  other  silver  ores  in  the  district  of  Plateros,  Mexico,  and  at  the  mine  of  San 
Onofre.  seventeen  leagues  from  Zacatecas,  associated  with  cerargyrite  and  cerussite;  also  in 
crystals  at  Chanarcillo,  Chili,  with  cerargyrite,  sometimes  embedded  in  calcite;  also  at  Huelgoet 
in  Brittany,  with  cerargyrite. 


160 


CHL  0 RIDES,   BROMID  ES,   IODIDES— FL  UOEID  ES. 


172.  IODOB1OMITE.    Jodobrornit  A.  wn  Lasaulx,  Jb.  Min.,  619,  1878.    Jodbromchlor- 
silber  Germ. 

Isometric.     In  octahedrons  with  cubic  planes. 

Cleavage :  o  indistinct.     Sectile.     Soft.     G.  =  5*713.    Luster  resinous.    Color 
sulphur-yellow,  sometimes  greenish. 

Comp — 2AgCl.2AgBr.AgI  =  Chlorine  7'9,  bromine  17'8,    iodine  14'1,   silver 
10-2  =  100. 

Anal.— Lasaulx,  1.  c. 

Cl  7-09  Br  17  30  '  1 15-05  Ag  59*96  =  99'40 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  off  bromine  vapors  and  leaves  a  silver  globule. 
Obs. — Found  in  small  cavities  in  ferruginous  quartz  at  the  "  Schone  Aussicht  "  mine,  near 
Dernbach,  Nassau,  associated  with  beudantite,  carminite,  and  iodyrite. 


173.  IODYRITE.  lodure  d'Argent  Vauquelin,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  29,  99,  1825;  Domeyko, 
Ann.  Mines,  6,  158,  1844.  Plata  cornea  amarilla  clara  Domeyko,  Min.,  205,  1845.  lodic  Silver. 
lodsilber  Germ.  lodit  Haid.,  Handb.,  506,  1845.  Iodyrite  Dana,  Min.,  95,  1854.  lodargyrit 
Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  197,  1860.  lodsilber,  Jodsilber  Germ.  Argent  iodure  Fr. 

Hexagonal;    hemimorphic.      Axis  6  =  0-81960;    0001  A  1011  =  43°  25'  20" 


Zepharovich1 
Forms2 

c  (0001,  O) 


m  (1010,  7) 
ji  (1012,  |) 


e  (3034,  f)  as  tw.  pi. 
o  (1011,  1) 


g  (3032,  f  ) 

*•  (2021,  2) 


Also  on  artif.  crystals3:  a  (1120,  *-2);  v  (2023,  f)?,  e  (3034,  |),  it  (4045,  f)?;  ft  (9'9-18'20, 


/  (3031,  3) 
u  (4041,  4) 


cjj,  -  25°  19' 
ce  =  35°  22' 
eg  -  54°  50' 


ci  =  62°    9' 


cu  =  75°  12' 
oo'  =  40°  12' 


=  52°  28f 
'  =  57°  49' 


Iodyrite  is  homoeomorphous  with  greenockite.  An  isometric  form  is  also  known,4  into  which 
the  hexagonal  form  passes  on  increase  of  temperature,  and  conversely.  The  former  change  is 
accompanied  by  absorption  of  heat5. 

Natural  crystals  in  hexagonal  prisms;  rarely  twins6  with  tw.  pi.  e.    Also  massive, 

and    in    thin    plates  with   a  lamellar 
structure. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect.  Sectile,  plates 
flexible. 

Soft.  G.  =  5-60-5-70;  5'707  Dmr.; 
5 '609  Kath.  Luster  resinous  to  ada- 
mantine. 0  Color  citron-  and  sulphur- 
yellow  to  yellowish  green,  sometimes 
brownish.  Streak  yellow.  Translucent. 
Index,  ny  =  2-1816  Na,  Wernicke. 

Comp. — Silver  iodide,  Agl  =  Iodine 
New  Mexico,  Rath6.       Artif.  cryst.,  Zeph1.    54,  silver  46  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  fuses  and  assumes  a  deep  orange  color,  but  resumes  its 
yellow  color  on  cooling.  B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  fumes  of  iodine  and  a  globule  of  metallic 
silver.  With  zinc  reacts  like  cerargyrite  and  bromyrite.  Fused  with  potassium  bisulphate  in  a 
matrass,  yields  violet  vapors  of  iodine. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  thin  veins  or  seams  in  hornstone  at  Albarradon,  near  Mazapil,  in  Mexico; 
at  Algodones,  12  leagues  from  Coquimbo;  less  abundantly  at  Delirio  mines  of  Chanarcillo,  Chili, 
where  the  crystals  are  sometimes  half  an  inch  broad ;  also  at  Guadalajara  in  Spain.  At  Dern- 
bach, Nassau,  with  iodobromite.  In  Arizona  at  Cerro  Colorado  mine.  In  New  Mexico,  with 
vanadinite  and  descloizite  at  Lake  Valley,  Sierra  Co. 

Ref.— '  Artif.  cryst.,  Zs.  Kr.,  4,  119,  1879;  Dx.  obtained  c  =  0'81438,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  40, 
85,  1854.  2  See  Dx.,  1.  c.  Also  Slg.,  Dernbach,  hemimorphic  crystals  with  coin  above  and  c  i 
below;  Chanarcillo  cmgifholohedral,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  229,  1881.  3  Zeph.,  1.  c.,  hemimorphic 
crystals  with  o  above  and  below  and  ju  v  it  ft  only  below.  4  Lehmann,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  492,  1877. 
5  Mallard  and  Le  Chatelier,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  6,  181,  1883;  J.  Phys.,  4,  305,  1885.  8  Rath,  Lake 
Valley,  New  Mexico,  Zs.  Kr.,  10,  474,  1885. 

TOCOKNALITE  Domeyko,  2d  App.  Min.  Chili,  41,  1867.  Plata  iodurada  mercurial.  Granular 
massive.  Color  pale  yellow,  becoming  darker  on  exposure.  Streak  yellow.  An  iodide  of 
silver  and  mercury. 

Analysis  gave:   Ag  33'80,  Hg  3'90,  I  41-77,  siliceous  residue  16-65  --=  96'12.     The  loss  is 


FLUORITE  GROUP-HYDROPHILITE-FLUORITE.  161 

due  to  some  water  belonging  with  the  residue,  and  probably  some  iodine.  From  the  mines  of 
Chanarcillo,  Chili.  Named  after  M.  A.  Tocornal,  rector  of  the  Santiago  university. 

Several  minerals,  chloro-iodides  of  silver  and  mercury  but  of  variable  composition,  are 
mentioned  by  Domeyko,  Min.  Chili,  3d  Ed.,  431,  1879. 

COCCINITE.  lodure  de  Mercure  Del  Rio,  Ann.  Mines,  5,  324,  1829;  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  515,  1832. 
Coccinit  Raid.,  Handb.,  572,  1845.  Mercure  iodure  Fr.  lodquecksilber  Germ.  Chlorselen- 
quecksilber  del  Castillo. 

In  particles  of  a  reddish  brown  color  on  selenide  of  mercury,  adamantine  in  luster,  at  Casas 
Viejas,  Mexico;  and  supposed  by  Del  Rio  to  be  an  iodide  of  mercury.  But  Castillo  says 
(Colegio  de  Min.  Mexico,  1865)  that  specimens  labeled  by  Del  Rio  contain  no  iodine,  and  appear 
to  be  largely  chlorine  and  mercury,  yet  are  not  calomel.  Castillo  describes  it  from  Zimapan 
and  Culebras,  both  massive  and  in  acute,  acicular,  rhombic  pyramids,  2-6  mm.  long;  color  tine 
red  to  yellow,  and  sometimes  yellowish  green,  changing  to  greenish  gray  and  dark  green  on 
exposure;  transparent  to  translucent.  In  a  closed  tube  affords  a  sublimate,  white  when  cold,  of 
Hg2Cl2,  and  leaves  a  residuum  which  is  dull  red  while  hot,  orange-yellow  when  cold,  and  which 
B.B.  turns  aurora-red,  and  is  dissipated  with  an  odor  like  that  of  selenium. 

ZIMAPANITE  Adam,  Tabl.  Min. ,  70,  1869.  A  hypothetical  vanadium  chloride,  credited  to 
Del  Rio. 

BUSTAMENTITE  Adam,  Tabl.  Min.,  67,  1869.  Hypothetical  lead  iodide,  PbI2,  not  known 
to  occur  in  nature.  The  artificial  compound  is  hexagonal,  cf.  Rg.,  Kr.  Ch.,  305,  1881. 

ZINC  IODIDE — ZINC  BROMIDE. — Iodine  and  bromine  are  stated  by  Mentzel  to  occur  along 
with  a  cadmiferous  zinc  in  Silesia,  and  hence  it  is  inferred  that  iodide  and  bromide  of  zinc  exist 
in  nature,  though  not  yet  distinguished.  Ann.  Mines,  5,  324,  1829. 


ii 
Fluorite  Group.     R(C1,F)2.     Isometric. 

174.  HYDROPHILITE.    Hydrophilit  Hausm.,  Handb.,  857, 1813.     Chlorure  de  Calcium, 
Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  512,  1832.     Clorocalcite  Scacchi,  Rend.  Ace.  Sc.  Napoli,  Oct.  12,  1872;  Contrib. 
Min.  Vesuv.,  n.  37  (Mem.  Ace.  Sc.  Napoli,  Dec.  13,  1873).     Chlorocalcite. 

Isometric.  In  cubic  crystals,  sometimes  with  o  and  d.  As  a  crystalline  or 
mealy  incrustation. 

&.  =  2 -2  artif.  Color  white,  sometimes  stained  violet.  Transparent  to  trans- 
lucent. Taste  bitter.  Deliquesces  readily. 

Comp.— Calcium  chloride,  CaCl2  =  Chlorine  64'0,  calcium  36 -0  =  100. 
The  chl&rocalcite  from  Vesuvius  contained  also  the  chlorides  of  potassium,  sodium,  and 
manganese. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fusible.  Very  soluble  in  water,  attracting  moisture  from  the  air  and 
rapidly  deliquescing. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Luneburg  in  anhydrite  and  gypsum,  and  associated  with  halite  (Hausm.). 
At  Vesuvius  in  crystals  (chloroc'alcite)  in  bombs  ot  the  eruption  of  April,  1872. 

At  Guy's  Cliffe,  Warwickshire,  as  an  impure  slimy  exudation  on  sandstone.  Mixed  witb 
clay  in  the  province  of  Tarapaca  and  elsewhere  in  Peru.  From  crevices  between  ejected  blocks 
near  the  middle  of  a  solfatara  in  the  crater  of  Barren  island,  Bay  of  Bengal,  chiefly  as  a  red  and 
orange  deliquescent  incrustation  mixed  with  ferric  oxide  and  basic  aluminium  sulphate 
(Mallet). 

Named  from  vdoop,  water,  and  </>z'Ao? ,  friend,  in  allusion  to  its  hygroscopic  properties. 

The  hydrous  calcium  chloride  (CaCl2  +  6H2O)  is  known  in  artificial  crystals  belonging  to 
the  hexagonal  system,  cf.  Rg.,  Kr.  Ch.,  265,  1881. 

175.  PLUORITE  or  FLUOK  SPAK.     Fluores  lapides  gemmarum  shnilis  sed  minus  duri — 
qui  ignis  calore  liquescunt  [whence  he  derives  the  name]— Colores  varii,  jucundi,  (1)  rubri,  (2) 
pufpurei  (vulgo  amethysti),  (3)  candidi,  (4)  lutei,  (5)  cineracei,  (6)  subnigri,  etc.  [with  mention 
also  of  its  use  as  a  flux  in  smelting],  Agric.,  Berm.,  458,  1529;  Germ.  Flusse  id.,  Interpr.,  464, 
1546.     Fluor  mineralis  Stolbergicus,  Lithophosphorus  Suhlensis,  Woodward,  Cat.,  1728.     Glas- 
Spat,  Spatum  vitreum,  Wall.,  64, 1747.     Fluss,  Flussspat,  Glasspat,  Cronst.,  93,  1758.     Flussaures 
Kalk  Scheele,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1771.     Calx  fluorata  Bergm.,  Sciagr.,  1782.     Spath  fusible,  Spath 
vitreux,  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  1772,  1783.     Fluorite  Napione,  Min.,  373,  1797.     Fluor  Spar,  Fluate  of 
Lime,  Fluoride  of  Calcium;  Derbyshire  Spar,  Blue-John   Vulg.     Chaux  fluatee  Fr.     Fluorine 
Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  517,  1832.     Liparit  Glock.,  Syn.  282,  1847.     Bruiachite  Macadam,  Min.  Mag.,  7, 
42,  1886.     Fluorina,  Spato  fluore  Ital.     Espato  fluor,  Fluspat,  Span. 

Var.—  Chlorophane  (fr.  Nerchinsk)  Tti.  De  Grotthaus;  Detameth.,  J.  de  Phys.,  45,  398, 
1794.  Ratofkit  Fischer,  John,  Ch.  Timers.,  6,  232,  1812. 

Isometric.     Observed  forms' : 


162 


CHLORIDES,  BROMIDES,  IODIDES— FLUORIDES. 


(100,  i-i) 
(110,  *) 
(111,  1) 

(32-1-0,  a-32)? 
(610,  2-6) 
(920,  *-f ) 
(410,  i-4) 
(11'30, 


F  (10-3-0,  a-W? 

P  (221,  2) 

/   (310,  i-3) 

0  (331,  3) 

k  (520,  *-4) 

p  (441,  4)a 

jr(12-5-0,~&-Y-)6? 
e  (730,  *-i) 
<?    (210,  »-2) 
«    (530,  Hf) 

v  (811,  8-8) 
>u  (411,  4-4)9 
r  (722,  f!) 
ro  (311,  3-3) 

n    (211,  2-2) 
ft   (322,  |-f) 


y 
F 


(25-6-2, 
(821,  8-4)s 
(10-4-3,  J^-|) 
(15-6-2,  ^.5)10 
(732,  1-1)3 


«  (731,  7-1) 
x  (11-5-3,  -V-V-) 
T7  (24 -12 -5,  -3/-2)8? 
t   (421,  4-2) 
0   (321,  3-f) 

0(481,4-1)* 


Figs.  1-4,  simple  forms. 


5,  Freiberg. 


6,  7,  Alston  Moor,  England. 


Twins:  tw.  pi.  o,  commonly  penetration-twins  (f.  6,  7).  Habit  cubic,  often 
modified;  less  frequently  octahedral  ordodecahedral;  forms/,  e  (fluoroids)  common; 
also  the  vicinal  form  C,  producing  striations  on  a  (f.  8) ;  hexoctahedron  t  also  com- 
mon. Cubic  crystals  sometimes  grouped  in  parallel  position,  thus  forming  a  pseudo- 
octahedron.  Also  massive;  granular,  coarse  or  fine;  rarely  columnar;  compact. 

Cleavage:  o  perfect.  Fracture  flat-conchoidal;  of  compact  kinds  splintery. 
Brittle.  H.  =4.  G.  =  3-01-3*25;  3-180-3-189  Kenngott,  mean  3-183.  Luster 
vitreous,  sometimes  splendent;  usually  glimmering  in  massive  varieties.  Color 
white,  yellow,  green,  rose-  and  crimson-red,  violet-blue,  sky-blue,  and  brown:  wine- 
yellow,  greenish  blue,  violet-blue,  most  common;  red,  rare.  Streak  white.  Trans- 
parent— subtranslucent.  Sometimes  presenting  a  bluish  fluorescence.  Phospho- 
resces when  heated  gently.  Refractive  index  for  Na:  ny  =  1-4339  Sarasin; 
*ij  =  1'4324  (gray),  1*4342  (black),  Kohlrausch.  The  index  diminishes  slightly 
with  increase  of  temperature.  Etching,  natural  and  artificial,  develops  depressions 
•corresponding  usually  to  faces  of  m  (311)  or  f  (310) ;  also  other  forms.  Exhibits 
.a  difference  of  electrical  potential  between  the  faces  and  angles  of  a  cube,  both 
under  the  action  of  heat  (pyro-electric)  and  of  light  (photo-electric).  Sometimes 
•exhibits  anomalous  double  refraction12.  See  also  p.  1034. 

Hussak  finds  that  all  fluorite  shows  double  refraction  with  varying  degrees  of  intensity,  the 
crystals  consisting  of  a  series  of  lamellae  crossing  one  another  and  apparently  parallel  to  the 
dodecahedral  planes.  Isotropic  spots  also  occur,  though  rarely.  The  structure  of  the  crystals  is 
that  of  the  orthorhombic  system  with  the  axis  of  least  elasticity  normal  to  a  cubic  face.  The 
abnormal  double  refraction  is  probably  to  be  regarded  as  secondary  and  due  to  internal  tension; 
it  does  not  disappear  at  a  red  heat. 

Comp. — Calcium  fluoride,  CaF,  =  Fluorine  48-9,  calcium  51'1  =  100.  Chlorine 
is  sometimes  present  in  minute  quantities. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary;  (a)  cleavable  or  crystallized,  very  various  in  colors;  (b)  fibrous  to  columnar, 
as  the  Derbyshire  blue-John  used  for  vases  and  other  ornaments;  (c)  coarse  to  fine  granular; 
(d)  earthy,  dull,  and  sometimes  very  soft.  A  soft  earthy  variety  from  Ratovka,  Russia,  of  a 
laveiider-blue  color,  is  the  ralovkite  or  ratofkite. 


FLUORITE  GROUP—  FLUORITE.  163 

The  finely  colored  fluors  have  been  called,  according  to  their  colors,  false  ruby,  topaz, 
emerald,  amethyst,  etc.  The  colors  of  the  phosphorescent  light  are  various,  and  are  independent 
of  the  actual  color;  the  kind  affording  a  green  color  is  the  chlorophane  (fr.  ^Acw/ads,  green,  and 
<t>airecr$ai,  to  appear)  or  pyro-emerald. 

Wyrouboff  attributes  the  various  colors  to  compounds  of  carbon  and  hydrogen,  derived  from 
a  slight  infusion  of  organic  matters  in  the  solvent  waters;  he  found  (Bull.  Soc.  Ch.,  5,  334,  Ib6tt) 
that  the  blue  and  violet  colors  changed  to  purple  on  heating,  and  supposes  that  two  CH  substances, 
a  blue  and  a  red,  were  present,  the  former  more  volatile,  and  therefore  leaving  the  color  reddish 
after  partial  heating. 

Breithaupt  obtained  for  fluorite :  G.  =  3'017,  fr.  Alston  Moor,  Cumberland,  white;  3'170,  Euba, 
blue;  3-176,  ib.,  white;  3'171,  fr.  Siberia,  blue;  3'183,  ib.,  white;  3166,  fr.  near  Marienberg, 
green;  3-J72,  ib.,  blue;  3*169,  fr.  Bosenbrunn  in  Voigtland,  green;  3  186,  ib.,  blue,  8-188.  ib., 
white;  3'185.  fr.  Cornwall,  fluorescent;  3'188,  fr.  Switzerland,  rose-red;  3'193,  fr.  near  Freiberg, 
green;  3  255,  fr.  Mexico,  emerald-green  transparent  oct. ;  3'324-3'357,  fr.  Siberia,  violet  blue. 
For  Kenngott's  observations  on  specific  gravity  see  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  10,  1853. 

2.  Antozonite  of  Schonbein.  Stinkfluss  Germ.  The  dark  violet-blue  fluor  of  Wolsendorf, 
Bavaria,  afforded  Schrotter  OD2  p.  c.  of  ozone,  which  Schonbein  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  83,  95, 1861,  89,  7, 
1863)  called  antozone,  whence  his  name  for  this  variety.  Its  strong  odor  is  said  often  to  produce 
headache  and  vomiting  in  the  miners.  More  recently  antozone  has  been  shown  to  have  no  real 
existence,  and  the  odor  of  this  variety  has  been  attributed  to  free  fluorine. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates  and  phosphoresces.  B.B.  in  the  forceps  and  on 
charcoal  fuses,  coloring  the  flame  red,  to  an  enamel  which  reacts  alkaline  on  test  paper.  With 
soda  on  platinum  foil  or  charcoal  fuses  to  a  clear  bead,  becoming  opaque  on  cooling;  with  an 
excess  of  soda  on  charcoal  yields  a  residue  of  a  difficultly  fusible  enamel,  while  most  of  the  soda 
sinks  into  the  coal;  with  gypsum  fuses  to  a  transparent  bead,  becoming  opaque  on  cooling. 
Fused  in  an  open  tube  with  fused  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  the  reaction  for  fluorine.  Treated 
with  sulphuric  acid  gives  fumes  of  hydrofluoric  acid  which  etch  glass. 

Obs. — Sometimes  in  beds,  but  generally  in  veins,  in  gneiss,  mica  slate,  clay  slate,  and  also 
in  limestones,  both  crystalline  and  uncrystalline,  and  sandstones.  Often  occurs  as  the  gangue 
•of  metallic  ores,  especially  of  lead.  In  the  North  of  England,  it  is  the  gangue  of  the  lead  veins, 
which  intersect  the  coal  formation  in  Northumberland,  Cumberland,  Durham,  and  Yorkshire. 
In  Derbyshire  it  is  abundant,  and  also  in  Cornwall,  where  the  veins  intersect  metamorphic  rocks. 
The  Cumberland  and  Derbyshire  localities  especially  have  afforded  magnificent  specimens. 
Common  in  the  mining  district  of  Saxony;  fine  near  Kongsberg  in  Norway.  In  the  dolomites 
of  St.  Gothard  it  occurs  in  pink  octahedrons;  at  Milnsterthal  in  Baden  in  flesh-red  hexocta- 
hedrons.  Rarely  in  volcanic  regions,  as  in  colorless  octahedrons  in  the  Vesuvian  lava;  also  in 
massive  form  with  other  fluorine  compounds  in  ejected  masses  inclosed  in  the  tufa  of  Fiauo  and 
at  other  points  in  the  Campania. 

In  Maine,  on  Long  Island.  Blue  Hill  Bay,  in  veins.  In  N.  Hampshire,  at  N.  village  of 
Westmoreland,  2  m.  S.  of  meeting-house,  while,  green,  purple,  constituting  a  vein  in  quartz;  at 
the  Notch  in  the  White  Mts.,  green  oct.  in  quartz,  rare.  In  Vermont,  at  Putney,  in  green  cubes. 
In  Massachusetts,  at  the  Southampton  lead  mine.  In  Connecticut,  at  Trumbul),  the  chlorophane 
var.,  with  topaz;  at  Plymouth,  in  octahedral  and  dodecahedral  crystals;  at  Willimantic,  purple, 
in  a  vein  in  gneiss,  and  also  sparingly  at  the  topaz  vein;  at  the  Middletown  lead  mine.  In  New 
York,  in  Jefferson  Co.,  at  Muscolonge  lake,  formerly  abundant,  in  gigantic  cubes,  sometimes 
modified,  of  grass-green  and  pale-green  shades,  in  granular  limestone;  in  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  at 
Rossie  and  Johnsburgh,  rarely  in  fine  crystals:  also  at  Macomb,  where  a  large  cave  was  recently 
opened  (cf.  Kunz,  Am.  J.  Sc  ,  38,  72,  1889),  lined  with  cubic  crystals,  of  a  sea-green  color,  from 
1  to  6  inches  in  diameter,  some  of  the  groups  weighing  1000  pounds  and  the  whole  cavity 
estimated  to  contain  15  tons;  at  Lockport,  occasionally  in  cubes,  with  selenite  and  celestite  in 
limestone;  also  similarly  near  Rochester  and  Manlius;  Amity,  in  thin  seams,  with  spinel  and 
tourmaline;  at  Brewster,  at  the  iron  mine  in  colorless  to  purple  crystals,  sometimes  dodecahe- 
dral. In  New  Jersey,  near  the  Franklin  Furnace,  Sussex  Co.  In  Virginia,  near  Woodstock,  in 
limestone;  on  the  Potomac,  at  Shepardstown,  in  white  limestone;  at  the  mica  mines  of  Amelia 
Court  House,  Amelia  Co.,  a  finely  phosphorescent  variety  of  green  or  purple  color.  In  Illinois, 
Gallatin  Co.,  for  30  m.  along  the  Ohio.  10  to  15  m.  below  Shawueetown.  and  at  other  places,  dark 
purple,  often  in  large  crystals,  in  Carboniferous  limestone,  with  galena,  and  through  the  soil. 
In  Missouri,  in  cavities  in  limestone  at  St.  Louis,  with  calcite,  dolomite,  millerite.  In  California, 
at  Mt.  Diablo,  rare  in  white  cubes  In  Arizona,  in  Castle  Dome  dist.,  white,  pink,  green,  purple. 
In  Nova  Scotia,  at  Mabou  harbor,  green.  Near  Lake  Superior,  a  few  miles  from  the  N.E.  corner 
of  Thunder  Bay,  in  large  violet  cubes  on  amethyst,  affording  magnificent  specimens. 

Alt. — Fluorite  is  slightly  soluble  in  waters  containing  calcium  bicarbonate  in  solution.  The 
alkaline  carbonates  decompose  it,  producing  calcium  carbonate  or  calcite,  and  a  subsequent 
change  of  the  calcite  may  produce  other  forms  of  pseudomorphs.  Fluorite  occurs  changed  to 
quartz,  by  substitution,  and  also  to  limonite,  hematite,  lithomarge,  psilomelane,  calamine, 
smithsonite,  cerussite,  kaolinite. 

Artif. — Made  by  Scheerer  and  Drechselin  crystallized  forms,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  7,  63,  1873. 
Ref. — 1  Klocke,  monograph,  Ber.    Ges.  Freib.,  6,  No.  4,  1876,  who  gives  early  authorities, 
etc.     Dx.  adds  the  vicinal  (40'1'0);  Gdt.  includes  also  e  (510),  v  (121-1),  Index,  2,  51,  1888.     Cf. 
Grailich,  Kr.  Opt.  lint.,  70,  1858,  on  peculiar  distorted  forms.     2  Lsx.,  Jb.  Min.,  134,  1875.     3  Id., 


164 


CHLORIDES,   BROMIDES,   IODIDES— FLUORIDES. 


Zs.  Kr.,  1,  359  seq.,  1877.  4  Groth,  Breitenbriinn,  Min.-Samml.,  16,  1878.  5  Busatti,  Att.  Soc. 
Tosc.,  6,  12,  1883.  6  Van  Calker,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  451,  1883.  7  Hintze,  Riesengrund,  Zs.  Kr.,  14,  74, 
1888.  8  Hoefer,  Sarnthal,  Min.  Mitth.,  10,  158,  1880.  9  Flink,  Nordmark,  Ak.  H.  Stockh., 
Bihang,  13  (2),  No.  7,  46,  1888.  10  Busz,  Cornwall,  Zs.  Kr.,  17,  553,  1890. 

11  Bibl.  Univ.,  10,  303,  1883;  cf.  Kohlrausch,  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  101,  1877,  and  Dufet,  Bull.  Soc. 
Min.,  8,  257,  1885.  12  Anomalous  optical  characters,  Mid.,  Ann.  Mines,  10,  115,  1876;  Hussak, 
Zs.  Kr.,  12,  552,  1887. 

On  fluorescence,  Bonn,  Phil.  Mag.,  34,  109,  1867.  On  etching,  cf.  Baumh.,  Jb.  Min.,  605, 
1876;  Lsx.,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  363,  1877;  Werner,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  14,  1881;  van  Calker,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  449, 
1883.  Hardness,  Exner,  Harte  Kryst.,  31,  1873.  Pyro-electricity,  Photo-electricity,  etc.,  Hankel, 
Wied.,  2,  66,  1877,  11,  269,  1880.  'Elasticity,  Klang,  Wied.,  12,  321,  1881;  Voigt,  Jb.  Min., 
Beil.-Bd.,  4,  236,  1885. 

BRUIACHITE  Macadam,  Min.  Mag.,  7,  42,  1886.  Incrusts  barite  at  Loch  Bruithaich,  In- 
verness-shire, Scotland.  It  was  first  noted  by  T.  D.  Wallace,  ib.,  6,  169,  1885;  its  identity 
with  fluorite  was  shown  by  Heddle,  ib.,  8,  274,  1889. 

GUNNISONITE  Clarke  and  Perry,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  4,  140,  1882.  Massive,  deep  purple;  color  of 
powder  the  same.  Easily  scratched  by  a  knife.  G.  =  2'85.  Analysis  by  E.  A.  Kebler,  after 
deducting  12-75  p.  c.  admixed  CaCO3:  CaF2  74*89,  CaO  11 '44,  SiO2  6  "87,  Al2Os  5'95,  Na,O  0'85 
=  100.  From  near  Gunnison,  Colorado.  Probably  an  altered  or  impure  fluorite. 

176.  CHLOROMAGNESITE.  Cloruro  di  Magnesio  A.  ScaccM,  Mem.  Incend.  Vesuv., 
181,  1855.  Cloromagnesite  Id.,  Att.  Ace.  Napoli,  6,  1873. 

Magnesium  chloride,  Mg012;  found  with  other  deliquescent  salts  of  Vesuvius. 


177.  SELLAITE.    Struver,  Att.  Ace.  Torino,  4,  35,  1868. 
Tetragonal.     Axis  6  =  0-6596;  001  A  101  =  33°  24|'  A.  Sella1 
0   (301,  3-£)3 


Forms2 : 

a  (100,  i-i) 
m  (110,  /) 
h  (210,  *-2) 


r  (320,  »-f ) 

«  (101,  I-*') 
/(605,  |-f) 
0  (502,  |-.-J 

M'      =  57°  40|' 
ss"     =  86°     1' 
/?/?"  =  50°     Of 


ft 

u  (558,  |) 
F(334,  |) 

=  123°  37' 
=  45°  50' 
=  66°  49' 


*  (111,  1) 

n  (221,  2) 
,  5)3 


a  (525,  1-f)3 
e  (733,  H)3 
d  (944,  |-f)3 


=  126°  23' 
=     24°  50 


6  (212,  l-2)3( 
/  (323,  1-f)3 
A  (972,  f-f)' 


=  30°  47' 
=  40°  19' 


The  form  of  sellaite  is  near  that  of  the  species  of  the  Rutile  Group,  p.  233. 


In  crystals,  usually  prismatic  in  habit  and  somewhat  fibrous  in  structure. 

Cleavage:  a,  m  perfect;  also  e  (Mid.).  Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  5. 
G.  =  2'972  Svr.;  3*15  Sella.  Luster  vitreous,  brilliant.  Colorless,  transparent. 
Optically  +.  Kefractive  indices:  GJD  =  1-3780,  eD  =  1-3897,  Sella. 

Comp.— Magnesium  fluoride,  MgF2  =  Fluorine  61'4,  magnesium  38'6  =  100. 
Anal.— 1,  A.  Sella,  1.  c.    2,  3,  A.  Cossa,  on  the  corresponding  artificial  compound,  Zs.  Kr., 
1,  208,  1877. 


1. 


1.  Gebroulaz  glacier 

2.  Artif. 
3. 


G.  =  3-15 

G.  =  2-857 


F 

61-58 
60-79 
6106 


Mg 

38-42  =  100 

39-21  =  100 

38-94  =  100 


Sellaite,  after  Strilver. 


The  natural  mineral  gave  Struver  39'64  p.  c.  Mg. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  in  small  fragments  fuses  with  intumescence. 
Insoluble  in  water;  also  in  acids,  except  concentrated  sulphuric 
acid:  with  this  it  evolves  hydrogen  fluoride. 

Obs.— Found  embedded  in  anhydrite  or  in  sulphur,  also  associated 
withalbite,  dolomite,  magnesite,  fluorite,  celestite;  from  the  moraine 
of  the  Gebroulaz  glacier  in  Savoy  near  Moutiers,  north  of  Modane. 

Named  after  the  Italian  mineralogist  and  statesman,  Quintino 
Sella  (1827-1884). 

Artif.— Formed  artificially  by  A.  Cossa  (1.  c.)  in  short  prismatic 
or  tabular  crystals,  with  a,  m;  sometimes  twins  ||  e.  H.  =6. 
Phosphorescent,  with  a  violet  light  in  a  powerful  induction-current,  which 
Difficultly  fusible. 


G.  =  2-857. 

is  also  true  of  the  natural  compound.     

Ref.— »  Mem.  Ace.  Line.,  4.  455.  1887;  Struver  obtained  c  =  0'6619,  Att.  Ace.  Torino,  12, 
59,  1876.  Cf.  also  Mid.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  11,  302,  1888.  2  Cf.  Struver.  3  A.  Sella,  1.  c.,  also 
some  other  doubtful  forms. 


LA  WRENCITE—SCA  CCHITE—  CO  T  UXNITE—MOL  Y8ITE.  1 65 

178.  LAWRENCITB.    Daubree,  C.  R,  84,  69,  1877.     Eisenchlorur  Germ. 
Solid,  becoming  soft  on  exposure.     Color  green  to  brown. 
Comp. — Ferrous  chloride,  FeCl2  =  Chlorine  55*9,  iron  44-1  =  100. 

Obs. — Present  in  meteoric  irons,  as  those  of  Tazewell  Co.,  Tenn.,  and  Rockingham  Co., 
N.  C.,  as  identified  by  J.  Lawrence  Smith  (1818-1883),  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  159,  1855,  ib.,  13,  214, 
1877.  after  whom  the  species  is  named.  Probably  also  present  in  the  Greenland  native  iron 
(Daubree).  Drops  of  ferric  chloride,  FeCl3  (cf.  molysite),  formed  from  lawrencite,  often  exude 
in  drops  (stagmatite,  Daubree)  from  the  surface  of  meteoric  irons. 

The  existence  of  this  substance  at  Vesuvius  was  announced  by  Monticelli  and  Covelli. 
The  artificial  FeCl2  is  hexagonal,  uniaxial. 

179.  SCACCHITE.    Protocloruro  di  Manganese  A.  Scacchi,  Mem.  Incend.  Vesuv.,  181, 
1855.     Scacchite  Adam,  Tabl.  Min.,  70,  1869. 

Manganese   protochloride,  MnCl2  =  Chlorine  56*4,    manganese  43*6  =  100. 

A  deliquescent  salt  observed  with  magnesium  chloride  and  other  salts  at  Vesuvius. 

CHLORALLUMINITE.     Cloralluminio  A.  Scacchi,  Att.  Accad.  Napoli,  6  (read  Dec.  13,  1873)- 

Aluminium  chloride  (A1C13  -f-^HaO),  produced  with  molysite  and  chloromagnesite,  at  Vesuvius* 

at  the  eruption  of  April,  1872. 

180.  COTUNNITE.    Cotunnia  Monticelli  &  Covelli,  Prodr.  Min.  Vesuv.,  1825.     Cotunnite 
KbL,  Char.,  2,  179,  1830.     Lead  chloride.     Chlorblei  Germ. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-9976  :  1  :  1-6805  Schabus1. 

100  A  HO  =  44°  56',  001  A  101  =  59°  18J-',  001  A  Oil  =  59°  14f '. 

Forms  :  b  (010,  i4)  e  (120,  i-2)  jj-  (102,  $4)  p  (111,  1) 

a  (100,  i-l)  c  (001,  0)  u  (104,  f  I)  v  (101,  1-i)  q  (122,  1-2) 

ee'    =  53°  14f  w'  =  118°  37'  pp'     =     81°  29'  qq'     =    46°  36' 

uu'  =  45°  40A'  ap  =  *49°  15£'  pp"    =  134°  24f  qq"    =  123°  58f 

fiu'  =  80°  13'  pp'"  =  *81°  15'  qq'"  =   104°  14' 

In  acicular  crystals.     Also  in  semi-crystalline  masses.  Cleavage :  «,  perfect. 

Soft;  scratched  by  the  nail.  G.  =  5*238;  5-83  Rg.  Luster  adamantine; 
inclining  to  silky  or  pearly.  Color  white,  also  yellowish  or  with  a  tinge  of  green. 
Streak  white. 

Comp.— Lead  chloride,  PbCl,  =  Chlorine  25 -5,  lead  74-5  =  100. 
Anal.— 1,  2,  Scacchi,  Not.  Min.,  i,  p.  39  (Att.  Ace.  Nap.,  March  12,  1870):  1,  wax-yellow 
var. ;  2,  white  laminae.     Traces  of  fluorine  are  present. 

1.  Cl  25-36  Pb  74-98  =  99'65 

2.  25-33  73-98  =  99-31 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  readily,  spreading  out  on  the  coal  and  volatilizing,  gives 
a  white  coating,  the  inner  edge  of  which  is  tinged  yellow  from  lead  oxide;  the  coating  in  R.F. 
disappears,  tingeing  the  flame  azure;  with  soda  gives  metallic  lead.  Added  to  a  salt  of  phos- 
phorus bead,  previously  saturated  with  copper  oxide,  gives  the  reaction  for  chlorine  (see 
cerargyrite).  Soluble  in  about  22  parts  of  hot  water. 

Obs. — Found  by  Monticelli  and  Covelli,  in  the  crater  of  Vesuvius,  after  the  eruption  of 
1822,  accompanied  by  sodium  chloride,  and  chloride  and  sulphate  of  copper;  also  by  Scacchi 
and  Guiscardi  on  the  lava  of  1855,  and  by  Scacchi  on  that  of  1868  (1.  c.).  Occurs  massive  with 
other  lead  minerals,  Mt.  Challacollo,  Tarapaca,  Chili. 

Named  after  Dr.  Cotugno  of  Naples. 

Ref.— i  On  artif.  cryst.,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  4  (1),  456,  1850;  with  Miller  (Min.,  p.  616), 
fj.  =  110,  e  =  Oil,  q  =  111,  etc.;  the  crystals  deviate  at  most  but  3  or  4  minutes  from  the 
tetragonal  type,  and  are  near  calomel  in  angle,  as  noted  by  Schrauf . 

PSEUDOCOTUNNITE.  Pseudocotunma  A.  Scacchi,  Att.  Accad.  Napoli,  6, 1873  (Contrib.  Min., 
n,  38).  Observed  in  acicular  yellow  opaque  crystals,  destitute  of  luster,  accompanying  cotun- 
nite,  at  Vesuvius,  as  a  result  of  the  eruption  of  1872.  Composition  believed  to  be  PbCl2.KCl, 
but  uncertain. 

181.  MOLYSITE.    Eisenchlorid    Hausm.,    1819,    Handb.,   1463,    1847.      Molisite  Scacchi. 
Molysite  Dana,  Min.,  5th  Ed.,  1868,  p.  118. 

Incrusting.     Color  brownish  red,  light  or  dark,  and  yellow. 
Comp.— Ferric  chloride,  FeCl3  =  Chlorine  65'5,  iron  34-5  =  100. 


166 


CHLORIDES,   BROMIDES,   IODIDES— FLUORIDES. 


Obs. — Noticed  by  Hausmaun  at  Vesuvius  in  1819,  forming  a  brownish  red  incrustation  on 
lavas;  and  by  Scacchi  iu  the  same  region,  as  a  result  of  recent  eruptions  (Eruz.  Vesuv.,  1850-55, 
Min.  Contrib.  Vesuv.,  n,  43,  1878),  who  attributes  the  yellow  color  of  the  lavas  about  the 
fumaroles  or  steam-holes  partly  to  this  species;  by  its  decomposition  a  reddish  brown  deposit, 
insoluble  in  water,  is  formed. 

Named  from  /u6kv(Ti$,  stain,  in  allusion  to  its  staining  the  lavas. 

The  artificial  salt,  FeCl3,  is  hexagonal. 

182.  TYSONITE.    Allen  and  Comstock,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  390,  1880.    Fluocerite  pt. 
Hexagonal.     Axis  b  —  0*68681;  0001  A  1011  =  *38°  25'  E.  S.  Dana1. 

Forms:   c  (0001,  0);  a  (1120,  *-2),  m  (1010,  7);  p  (1011,  1),  q  (2021,  2);  s  (1121,  2-2). 

Angles:  cq  =  57°  46',  cs  =  53°  57',  pp'  =  36°  12',  ms  =  45°  34',  ps  =  26°  20'. 
In  thick  prisms  with  c  a  m,  also  tabular;  crystals  mostly  altered  to  bastniisite. 
Also  massive,  cleavable. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect.  Fracture  subconchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  4*5-5.  G  =  6*12— 
6*14.  Luster  vitreous  to  resinous,  on  cleavage  surface  somewhat  pearly.  Color 
pale  wax-yellow,  when  fresh,  changing  to  yellowish  and  reddish  brown.  Trans- 
parent to  translucent.  Optically  negative. 

Comp. — A  fluoride  of  the  cerium  metals,  (Ce,La,Di)F3,  ratio  of  Ce  :  La(Di) 
=  14  :  11. 

Anal. — Allen  and  Comstock,  1.  c. 

|    Ce  40-19a  La,Di  30'37b  F  [29-44]  =  100-00 

*  Atomic  weight  141 '2.  b  Joint  atomic  weight  138. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  blackens,  but  does  not  fuse.  In  closed  tube  decrepitates,  changes  color  to 
a  light  pink.  Insoluble  in  hydrochloric  and  nitric  acids,  but  soluble  in  sulphuric  acid,  with 
evolution  of  hydrogen  fluoride. 

Obs. — Tysonite  occurs  in  feldspar  in  the  Pike's  Peak  region,  El  Paso  Co.,  Colorado. 

The  original  fluocerite  occurs  at  Finbo  and  Broddbo  near  Falun,  in  Sweden,  embedded  in. 
quartz  and  albite,  accompanying  pyrophysalite  and  allanite;  it  is  described  as  being  hexagonal 
with  basal  cleavage.  The  Broddbo  mineral  occurs  in  crystals  with  cq  =  61°  2'  (A.Nd.).  There 
seems  every  probability  that  this  mineral  is  identical  with  tysonite,  although  the  imperfect 
analysis  of 'Berzelius  (5th  Ed.,  p.  126)  has  left  its  composition  in  doubt.  The  fluocerite  from 
Osterby,  analyzed  by  Weibull  and  Tedin,  seems  to  be  quite  distinct,  see  p.  175. 

Alt.— Commonly  altered  to  the  fluocarbonate  called  bastnasite  (hamartite,  or  hydro  fluo- 
cerite), p.  291. 

Ref.— '  Am.  J.  Sc.,  27,  481,  1884.  The  mineral  from  Broddbo,  Swe_den,  called  fluocerite 
by  Nordenskiold  (see  above)  probably  belongs  here;  he  found  0001  A  2021  =  61°  2',  Ofv.  Ak. 
Stockh.,  27,  550,  1870. 


183.  CRYOLITE.  Chryolith,  Thonerde  mit  Flussaure  AUldgaard,  Scherer's  J.,  2,  502, 
1799;  d'Andrada,  ib.,  4,  37,  1800.  Kryolith  Karat.,  Tab.,  28,  73,  1800;  id.  (with  anal.),  Klapr., 
J.  de  Phys.,  51,  473,  1800,  Beitr.,  3,  207,  1802;  Vauq.,  Ann.  Ch.,  37,  89, 1801.  Alumine  fluatee 
alcaline,  H.,  Tr.,  2,  1801.  Cryolite.  Eisstein  Germ. 

I  :  b  —  0-96626  :  1  :  1-38824;     /?    —   89°  49'   = 


Monoclinic.       Axes 
001  A  100  Krenner1. 

100  A  HO  =  44°  1',  001  A  101  =  55°  2£',  001  A  Oil  =  *54°  14'. 

r  (Oil,  1-1) 

z  (112,  —I)  as  tw.  pi. 


Forms2  : 

a  (100,  i-l) 
e  (001,  0) 

m  (110,  /) 
9  (101,  -1- 
k  (101,  14) 

1. 

/^~           c        -^\ 

2(111,  1) 
e  (323,  -1-f) 


s  (121,  -2-2) 
t  (121,  2-2) 
x  (176,  -|-7) 


3. 


m"' 


Figs.  1-3,  Greenland,  Krenner. 


CRYOLITE.  167 

mm"'  =  *88°    2'  cm  =  *89°  52'  a'q  =    50°    2|'  «'     =  115°  37' 

a«       —    34°  47'  eg  =    63°  31'  as    =    63°  59^'  ee'    =    55°  40' 

c*        =    55°  17'  a    =    72°  11'  at    =    64°    5f  .    _.  ^ 

rr'       =  108°  28'  ct    =  72°  20'  o<?  =    43°  25'  *L  *> 

-^  _.  KQ°  ox/  w*  =  47   21 

cz        =    44°  54'  pp'  =    76°  45'  mr   =  55°  35' 

7712       =    44°  58'  ap  =  49°  55'  qq1  =    76°  55'  vm   =  53°  48' 

mp      =    26°  34'  ar  =  89°  53f  ««'  =  115°  27'  km'  =  53°  51' 

cp       =63°  18' 

Twins3:  tw.  pi.  (1)  w,  contact-twins  with  mm  =  3°  56',  also  as  polysynthetic 
lamella?  resembling  plagioclase;  (2)  z  (112)  contact-twins,  and  since  cz  =  mz  nearly, 
the  prism  of  one  individual  sensibly  coincides  with  the  base  of  the  other,  while  the 
other  prismatic  faces  unite  in  a  diagonal  line  at  a  very  obtuse  angle;  also  (with  tw. 
pi.  112)  shown  as  enclosed  lamellae,  which  may  be  produced  by  application  of  heat. 
(3) «,  with  c-face  nearly  \\  m,  seen  in  enclosed  lamellae;  and  perhaps  also  (4)  c.  Oy&- 
tals  of  ten  cubic  in  aspect  and  grouped  in  parallel  position.  Faces  m  striated  ||  edges 
m/r,  m/vf  also  m/c.  Massive,  cleavable. 

Cleavage:  c  most  perfect,  also  m,  Jc  somewhat  less  so.  Fracture  uneven. 
Brittle.  H.  =  2'5.  Gr.  =  2*95-3-0.  Luster  vitreous  to  greasy;  somewhat  pearly 
on  c.  Colorless  to  snow-white,  sometimes  reddish  or  brownish  to  brick-red  or  even 
black.  Transparent  to  translucent. 

Optically  -f.  Double  refraction  weak.  Ax.  pi.  J_  b;  Bxa  A  £  =  —  43°  54' 
in  white  light.  Dispersion  p  <  v\  also  horizontal.  Axial  angles: 

2Er  =  58°  50'     2Ey  =  59°  24'     2Ebl  =  60°  10'  Krenner4. 

Refractive  index  (for  a  prism  with  edge  ||  Bx0)  =  1  -364  Na,  Knr. ;  also  1  -3343 
Websky5,  or  differing  but  little  from  that  of  water.  On  etching-figures,  cf.  Baum- 
hauer6.  v 

Comp. — A  fluoride  of  sodium  and  aluminium,  N~a3AlF6  or  3NaF.AlF3  = 
Fluorine  54'4,  aluminium  12'8,  sodium  32 '8  =  100.  A  little  iron  sesquioxide  is 
sometimes  present  as  impurity. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Brandl,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  386,  387,  1883.     3,  Hillebrand,  Bull.  20,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  p. 

48,  1885. 

F  Al        Na 

1.  Greenland  54-15        13'07    32-56  =  99'78 

2.  "  54-28        13-01    32-41  =  99'70 

3.  Colorado     G.  =  2'972        53'55f      12*81    32'40  Fe2O3  0'40,  Ca  0'28,  H2O  =  0'30  =  9974 

Pyr.,  etc. — Fusible  in  small  fragments  in  the  flame  of  a  candle.  B.B.  in  the  open  tube 
heated  so  that  the  flame  enters  the  tube  gives  off  hydrofluoric  acid,  etch  ng  the  glass;  the  water 
which  condenses  at  the  upper  end  of  the  tube  reacts  for  fluorine  witli  Brazil-wood  paper.  In 
the  forceps  fuses  very  easily,  coloring  the  flame  yellow.  On  ciiarcoal  fuses  easily  to  a  clear 
bead,  which  on  cooling  becomes  opaque;  after  long  blowing,  the  assay  spreads  out,  the  fluoride 
of  sodium  is  absorbed  by  the  coal,  a  suffocating  odor  of  fluorine  is  given  off,  and  a  crust  of 
alumina  remains,  which,  when  heated  with  cobalt  solution  in  O.F.,  gives  a  blue  color.  Soluble 
in  sulphuric  acid,  with  evolution  of  hydrofluoric  acid.  Slightly  soluble  in  water,  1  part  in  2730 
at  12°  C.,  Johnstrup. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  a  bay  in  Arksuk-fiord,  in  West  Greenland,  at  Ivigtut  (or  Evigtok),  about 
12  m.  from  the  Danish  settlement  of  Arksuk,  where  it  constitutes  a  large  bed  in  a  granitic  vein 
in  a  gray  gneiss.  The  crystals  occur  in  cracks  in  the  massive  mineral.  The  first  specimens  of 
cryolite  came  through  Denmark  from  Greenland,  and  the  earliest  notice  of  it  was  by  Schumacher 
in  the  Abh.  Nat.  Ges.  Copenhagen,  4, 1795.  The  locality  was  described  from  personal  observa- 
tion by  Gieseck^  in  Ed.  Encyc.,  10,  97,  and  Ed.  Phil.  J.,  6,  141,  1822;  by  J.  W.  Tayler  in  the 
Q.  J.  G.  Soc.,  12,  140;  and  more  recently  by  Johnstrup  (FOrh.  Skand.  Nat.,  12,  234,  1880). 
Johnstrup  finds  the  cryolite  limited  to  the  granite;  he  distinguishes  a  central  and  a  peripheral 
part;  the  former  has  an  extent  of  500  feet  in  length  and  1000  feet  in  breadth  and  consists  of 
cryolite  chiefly,  with  quartz,  siderite,  galena,  sphalerite,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  and  wolframite 
irregularly  scattered  through  it.  The  peripheral  portion  forms  a  zone  about  the  central  mass  of 
cryolite;  the  chief  minerals  are  quartz,  feldspar,  and  ivigtite,  also  fluorite,  cassiterite,  molyb- 
denite, arsenopyrite,  columbite.  Its  inner  limit  is  rather  sharply  defined,  though  there  inter- 
venes a  breccia-like  portion  consisting  of  the  minerals  of  the  outer  zone  enclosed  in  cryolite; 
beyond  this  it  passes  into  the  surrounding  granite  without  distinct  boundary.  Also  occurs  spar- 
ingly near  Miask,  in  the  Ilmen  Mts.,  in  a  topaz  mine  with  chiolite  (andchodneffite). 

Cryolite  and  its  alteration  products,  pachnolite,  thomsenolite,  prosopite,  etc. ,  also  occur  in  very 


168 


CHLORIDES,  BROMIDES,  IODIDES— FLUORIDES. 


limited  quantity  at  the  southern  base  of  Pike's  Peak,  El  Paso  county,  Colorado,  north  and  west 
of  Saint  Peter's  Dome;  they  are  found  in  vein-like  masses  of  quartz  and  microcline  embedded  in 
granite;  zircon,  astrophyllite,  and  columbite  are  associated  minerals.  Also  reported  from  the 
Yellowstone  Park  (Min.  Res.  U.  S.,  1886,  p.  693). 

Named  from  KpvoS,  frost,  Az'Oo?,  stone,  hence  meaning  ice-stone,  in  allusion  to  the  translu- 
cency  of  the  white  cleavage  masses. 

Artif.,  Alt.— On  artificial  alteration  products,  showing  that  the  sodium  may  be  replaced  by 
the  alkaline  earths  (Ca,  Mg,  etc.),  see  Noelluer,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  33,  139,  1881.  The  related 
minerals,  pachnolite,  thoinsenolite,  etc.,  are  largely  secondary  products  due  to  the  alteration 
of  the  original  cryolite. 

Ref. — l  Nat.  Ber.  aus  Ungarn,  1,  151,  1883.  Cryolite,  at  first  regarded  as  orthorhombic,  was 
made  triclinic  by  Des  Cloizeaux,  Propr.  Opt.,  1,  64,  1857,  N.  R.,  p.  201,  1867,  and  by 
Websky,  Jb.  Min.,  810,  1867;  cf.  also  Dx.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  6,  254,  1883,  and  Groth,  Zs.  Kr.,  10, 
642,  1886.  2  Knr.,  1.  c.  3  See  Mgg.,  Jb.  Hamb.,  1,  67,  1883-84,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  167,  170,  1885; 
also  Cross  and  Hillebrand,  Bull.  20,  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  45,  1885.  4  Knr.,  1.  c.  5  Websky,  1.  c. 
6Zs.Kr.,  11,133,  1885. 

ELPASOLITE  Cross  and  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  26,  283,  1883;  Bull.,  20,  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv. 
p.  57,  1885.  Massive  or  showing  an  indistinct  isometric  form;  optically  iso tropic.  Colorless  to 
white.  An  imperfect  analysis  (Hillebrand)  gave: 

F  46-98  (calc.)    Al  11-32    Ca  0'72    Mg  0'22    K  28-94  (approx.)    Na  9  90  (approx.)  =  98-08 

This  suggests  a  composition  analogous  to  cryolite  with  sodium  in  part  replaced  by  potassium. 
Occurs  sparingly  in  cavities  in  the  massive  pachnolite  from  the  Pike's  Peak  region,  El  Paso 
county,  Colorado. 


184.  OHIOLITE.    Chiolith  (fr.  Miask)  Hermann  &  Auerbach,  J.  pr,  Ch.,  37,  188,   1846. 
Arksutite  G.  Hagemann,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  94,  1866. 

Tetragonal.     Axis  b  =  1'0418;   001  A  101  =  46°  10J'  Koksharov1. 

In  small  pyramidal  crystals,  o  (111,  1),  with  an  undeter- 
mined zirconoid,  z,  and  rarely  c  (001,  0).  Angles:  oo'=*71° 
37',  oo"  =  111°  40f . 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  o,  contact-twins  sometimes  prismatic  in 
aspect.  Distinct  crystals  rare  and  very  small.  Usually 
massive  granular,  resembling  cryolite;  structure  crystalline. 
Cleavage:  o?  H.  —  3-5-4.  G.  =  2 '84-2 -90  Eg.;  2 -99 
Lindstrom.  Color  snow-white.  Luster  vitreous.  Trans- 
parent to  translucent.  Optically  negative,  Dx.,  Knr. 

Com  p. — A      fluoride      of      aluminium     and      sodium, 
5NaF.3AlF3  =  Fluorine  57'7,  aluminium  17-5,  sodium  24'8  =  100,  Groth-Brandl. 
Anal.— 1,  Brandl,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  478,  1883.     2,  3,  G.  Lindstrom,  G.  F5r.  F5rh.,  8,  172,  1886. 


1.  Miask 

2.  Ivigtut     G.  =  2-994 

3.  << 


F 

57-30 

5716* 

57-74* 


Al 
17-66 
17-28 
17-68 
Calculated. 


Na 

24-97  =  99-93 

24-72  Ca  0'22,  Mg  0*05  =  99'43 
24-49  Mg  0-11  =  100-02 


Earlier  analyses  (5th  Ed.,  p.  128)  on  less  pure  material  were  made  by  Hermann  and  Ram- 
melsberg.  The  analysis  of  Hagemann,  upon  which  "  arksutite  "  was  based,  was  shown  by  Groth 
(Zs.  Kr.,  7,  479,  1883)  to  be  untrustworthy,  and  the  identity  of  the  mineral  with  chiolite  was 
later  established  by  Nordenskiold  on  the  strength  of  LindstrOm's  analysis  (I.e.);  cf.  also  Krenner, 
who  noted  the  resemblance  in  form,  Nat.  Ber.  aus  Ungarn,  1,  170,  1883. 

Pyr. — Like  cryolite,  but  somewhat  more  fusible. 

Obs. — From  the  Ilrnen  Mts.,  near  Miask,  where  it  occurs  in  granite,  with  topaz,  fluorite, 
phenacite,  and  cryolite.  Also  with  cryolite  at  Ivigtut,  Greenland,  in  white  granular  masses, 
occasionally  showing  cleavage. 

Named  from  xioar,  snow,  Az'OoS,  stone,  in  allusion  to  its  appearance  and  similarity  to  cryolite 
(=:  ice-stone). 

Ref.—1  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  p.  1,  1850-51;  Min.  Russl.,  4,  393.  Cf.  Kenng.,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  11, 
980,  1853,  who  made  the  crystals  orthorhombic. 

CHODNEFFITE.  Chiolith  (fr.  Miask)  v.  Worth  tfe  Chodnev,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  1845-46,  208,  216, 
1846.  Chodnefflte  Dana,  Min.,  234,  1850;  Cryolite,  ib.,  97,  1854.  Chodnewit.  Nipholith 
Naum.,  Min.,  219,  1864. 

Separated  from  chiolite  on  the  basis  of  analyses  by  Chodnev  and  Rammelsberg  (5th  Ed.,  p. 


HIERATITE.  169 

129);  but  as  shown  by  Groth,  the  differences  are  almost  certainly  due  to  want  of  purity  in  the 
material  analyzed.  The  formula  deduced  (and  still  preferred,  Rg.)  for  chiolite  was  3NaF.2AlF8; 
that  for  chodnefflte,  2NaF.AlF3. 

185.  HIERATITE.    A.  Cossa,  Trans.  Ace.  Line.,  6,  141,  1882;  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  5,  61, 

1882. 

Isometric.  In  octahedrons  or  cubo-octahedrons  forming,  with  scales  of  sassolite, 
stalactitic  concretions  of  grayish  color  and  spongy  texture. 

The  concretions  contain  also  selen-sulphur,  arsenic  sulphide,  and  the  alums  of  potassium, 
caesium,  rubidium,  and,  in  small  quantities,  thallium.  They  are  four-fifths  soluble  in  boiling 
water,  from  which,  on  cooling,  a  gelatinous  precipitate,  later  becoming  crystalline,  separates  out; 
the  latter  consists  of  isotropic  crystals,  cubes  with  octahedral  faces. 

For  these  the  composition  2KF.SiF4  was  obtained  on  analysis  —  Fluorine  51'9,  silicon  12'7, 
potassium  35 '4  =  100. 

Obs. — From  the  fumaroles  of  the  crater  of  Vulcano  (Greek  name,  Hiera),  one  of  the  Lipari 
Islands. 

The  following  fluorides  are  mentioned  by  Scacchi  as  occurring  at  Vesuvius,  Att.  Ace. 
Napoli,  6,  1873  (Contr.  Min.,  n,  1874): 

HYDROFLUOKITE.  Idrofluore  A.  See.  Hydrofluoric  acid  gas  (HF)  observed  especially  after 
the  eruptions  of  1870,  1872. 

PROIDONITE.  Proidonina,  A.  Sec.  Silicon  tetrafluoride  (SiF4)  observed  in  the  exhalations  at 
the  time  of  the  eruption  of  1872. 

CKYPTOHALITE.  Criptoalite,  A.  Sec.  A  fluo-silicate  of  ammonium,  perhaps  2NH<F.SiF4, 
observed  with  sal  ammoniac  at  a  Vesuvian  fumarole. 


II.  Oxychlorides,  Oxyfluorides. 

A.  Oxychlorides. 

186.  Matlockite  PbCla.PbO  Tetragonal        6  =  1'7627 

187.  Mendipite  PbCla.2PbO  "  6  =  0-8005 

188.  Schwartzembergite  Pb(I,Cl)a.2PbO         Khombohedral 

a:  b:6 

189.  Laurionite  PbCla.Pb(OH)a         Orthorhombic  0-7328 : 1 . 0-8315 

190.  Daviesite  "  0-7940 : 1 : 0-4777 

&:l:6  ft 

191.  Fiedlerite  Monoclinic       0-8192 : 1 :  0-8915  77°  20' 

192.  Percylite  CuCla.Pb(OH)2?        Isometric 

d:l:  6 

193.  Atacamite  CuCl2.3Cu(OH)2        Orthorhombic  0-6613 : 1 :  0-7515 

Melanothallite     CuCla.Cu(OH)2.HaO? 

194.  Daubreeite 

B.  Oxyfluorides. 

195.  Nocerite  2(Ca,Mg)F2.(Ca,Mg)0  Hexagonal 

196.  Fluocerite  Ea08.4RF3          R  =  Ce,  etc. 


A.  Oxychlorides. 

186.  MATLOCKITE.    R  P.  Greg,  Phil.  Mag.,  2,  120,  1851.    Rg.,  Pogg.,  85,  144,  18521 
.Tetragonal.     Axis  6  =  1*7627;  001  A  101  =  *60°  26f  Miller1. 


170  CHLORIDES,  BROMIDES,  IODIDES— FLUORIDES. 

Forms:  c  (001,  0);  m  (110,  1);  e  (101,  l-i);  r  (111,  1). 

Angles:  «e'  =  75°  54f ,  <?e"  =  120°  52',  cr  =  68°  8f,  rr'  =  82°  2',  rr"  =  136°  17'. 
me  =  52°  3 . 

Crystals  tabular  ||  c.     Cleavage :  c  imperfect.     Fracture  uneven,  slightly  con- 
choidal. 

H.  =  2-5-3.  G.  =  7'21.  Luster  adamantine,  oc- 
casionally pearly.  Color  clear  yellowish,  sometimes  a 
little  greenish.  Transparent  to  translucent. 

Comp.— An oxy chloride  of  lead,PbaOClaor  PbCl3.PbO 
=  Chlorine  14'2,  oxygen  3-2,  lead  82-6  =  100,  or  Lead 
chloride  55-5,  lead  oxide  44'5  =  100.  . 

Anal.— 1,  R.  A.  Smith,  Phil.  Mag.,  2,  120,  1851.  2,  Bg.,  1.  c.;  he  gives  Cl  13'38,  Pb  8216, 
and  G.  =  5'395;  the  last  cannot  be  correct. 

PbCla  PbO 

1.  55-18  44-30  ign.  0'07    =    99'55 

2.  52-45  46-42     =     98 '87 

Pyr.,  etc. — Like  mendipite. 

Obs. — From  an  old  mine  at  Cromford  near  Matlock  in  Derbyshire,  with  phosgenite;  also, 
as  a  sublimation-product,  at  Vesuvius  after  the  eruption  of  1858,  R.  Cappa,  C.  R.,  50,  955,  1860. 
Probably  from  Mt.  Challacollo,  Tarapaca,  Peru,  in  crystalline  crusts  in  a  quartzose  gangue;  an 
analysis,  after  deducting  32  p.  c.  quartz,  gave:  PbCl2  65'37,  PbO  34'63.  The  excess  of  lead 
chloride  is  attributed  to  cotunnite,  but  the  identification  is  incomplete.  Raimondi,  Min.  Perou, 
170,  1878. 

Ref.— i  Min.,  p.  620,  1852. 

187.  MENDIPITE.     Saltsyradt  Ely  (Salzsaures  Blei)  Berz.,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  184,  1823; 
Ed.  J.  Sc.,  1,  379,  1824.     New  ore  of  lead  from  Mendip,  Peritomous  Lead-baryte,  Haid.,  Min. 
Mohs,  2, 151, 1825.     Muriate  of  Lead,  Chloride  of  Lead.     Plomb  chlorure,  pt.,  Fr.     Kerasiue  pt. 
[rest  phosgenite]  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  502,  1832.     Chlor-Spath  Breith.,  Char.,  61, 1832.     Berzelite  Levy, 
Min.  Heul.,  2,  448,  1837.     Mendipit  Glock.,  Grundr.,  604,  1839. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes:  &  :  I  =  0-8005  :  1.     100  A  HO  =  38°   42'  Miller1. 
Forms;  a  (100,  *-i),  b  (010,  i-i),  c  (001,  0),  m  (110,  /). 
Angles:  am  =  38°  42',  mm'"  =  77°  24'. 

Occurs  in  fibrous  or  columnar  masses,  often  radiated. 

Cleavage:  m  highly  perfect;  a,  b  less  perfect.  Fracture  conchoidal  to  uneven. 
H.  =  2-5-3.  Gr.  =  7-7*1.  Luster  pearly,  inclining  to  adamantine  upon  cleavage 
face.  Color  white,  with  a  tinge  of  yellow,  red,  or  blue.  Streak  white.  Feebly 
translucent  to  opaque. 

Comp.— Pb302Cl2  or  PbCl2.2PbO  =  Chlorine  9-8,  oxygen  4-4,  lead  85-8  =  100, 
or  Lead  chloride  38-4,  lead  oxide  61'6  =  100.  Analyses  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  120. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates  and  becomes  more  yellow.  B.B.  on  charcoal 
fuses  easily,  and  is  reduced  to  metallic  lead  with  elimination  of  acid  vapors,  giving  the  coal  a 
white  coating  of  lead  chloride,  the  inner  edge  of  which  is  yellow  from  lead  oxide.  With  salt  of 
phosphorus  bead,  previously  saturated  with  oxide  of  copper,  colors  the  O.F.  azure-blue.  Soluble 
in  nitric  acid. 

Obs. — Formerly  found  near  Churchill  in  the  Mendip  Hills,  Somersetshire,  in  small  radiated 
crystalline  masses  with  galena  on  earthy  black  manganese;  also  occurs  at  mine  Kunibert  near 
Brilon  in  Westphalia.  Reported  in  opaque  white  crystals  from  Tarnowitz,  Silesia;  these,  how- 
ever, have  been  shown  to  be  altered  phosgenite. 

Ref.— '  Mir.,  Min.,  621,  1852. 

188.  aOHWARTZEMBERGITE.     OxychloroTodure   de  plomb  (fr.  Atacama)  Domeyko, 
Ann.  Mines,  5,  453,  1864;  Plomo  oxichloro-ioduro,  Min.  Chili.     Schwartzembergite  Dana,  1868. 
Plumbiodite  Adam,  Tabl.  Min.,  67,  1869. 

Rhombohedral.  Optically  uniaxial,  negative,  Btd.1  In  druses  of  small  crystals. 
Also  in  thin  amorphous  crusts,  compact,  passing  into  earthy. 

Brittle.  H.  =  2-2-5.  G.  =  6-2-6-3  Liebe.  Luster  adamantine.  Color 
honey-yellow,  when  purest;  also  stra vv -yellow,  inclining  to  lemon-yellow,  sometimes 
a  little  reddish.  Streak  straw-yellow. 


LA  URIONITE—DA  VIESITE.  171 

Comp.— Probably   Pb(I,Cl),.2PbO,  with  I  :  Cl  =  3  :  2.     This   requires:   Lead 
chloride  13-4,  lead  iodide  33-1,  lead  oxide  53'5  =  100. 
Anal.— Liebe,  Jb.  Min.,  159,  1867: 

PbCl3  PbI2  PbO         PbSO4       PbCO3      Sb2O3 

11-40  3089  48  92  551  1-88  0'91  =  99  51 

Liebe  regards  all  the  ingredients  as  impurities  except  the  iodide  and  oxide  of  lead. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Very  fusible,  like  cerargyrite;  in  fusing  loses  its  color;  on  charcoal  metallic 
globules.  In  a  matrass  abundant  violet  vapors  of  iodine.  No  effervescence  with  nitric  acid,  but 
loses  color,  becoming  first  brownish  and  then  white,  and,  if  some  water  be  added,  it  dissolves 
completely  on  heating. 

Obs. — Forms  crusts  on  galena  at  a  mine  15  leagues  from  the  port  of  Paposo  in  the  desert  of 
Atacarna,  where  it  was  discovered  by  Mr.  Schwartzemberg.  At  the  San  Rafael  mine  in  Bolivia; 
Sierra  Gorda,  in  Peru. 

Bef.— l  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  4,  87,  1881. 

189.  LAURIONITE.    KocMn,  Ann.  Mus.  Wien,  2,  188,  1887. 
Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-7328  :  1  :  0-8315  Kochlin1. 

100  A  HO  =  36°  14',  001  A  101  =  48°  36f ',  001  A  Oil  =  39°  44|'. 
Forms:  a  (100,  i-l),  b  (010,  i-i),  c  (001,  0);  I  (210,  *-2),  m  (110,  /),  n  (120,  »-§);  d  (012,  *-«); 
p  (151,  5-5);  also  uncertain  410,  320,  340,  160,  and  a  pyramid  near  141. 

II"1      =    40°  15'  nri  =  68°  37'  M   =  *67°  25V  PP"  =  153°  52' 

mm'"  =    72°  28'  dd'  =  45°    9'  pp'  =    29°  44'  pp"'  -  140°    1' 

bm      =  *53°  46' 

In  minute  prismatic  crystals  flattened  ||  b',  faces  I  with  feather-like  stria- 
tions  ||  edge  b/p. 

Cleavage:  a  distinct;  perhaps  also  c.  H.  =  3-3*5.  Luster  adamantine,  on  a 
silky.  Colorless.  Transparent. 

Comp.— PbClOH  or  PbCl2.Pb(OH)2  =  Chlorine  13-7,    oxygen  3-1,  lead  79-7, 
water  3-5  —  100,  or  Lead  chloride  53 '5,  lead  oxide  43'0,  water  3 -5  =  100. 
Anal.— Bettendorff,  Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  p.  153,  1887. 

Cl  13-77  O  317  Pb  79'38  H2O  8'68     =     100 

Pyr. — B.B.  fuses  easily  and  quietly  to  a  yellowish  opaque  bead;  on  charcoal  with  soda  a  lead 
globule.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid,  also  in  part  in  hot  water  when  in  powder.  The  water  is  driven 
off  above  142°  C. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  groups  of  cr}rstals  together  with  phosgenite  and  cerussite  in  cavities  of  lead 
slag  at  Lauiion,  Greece,  as  a  result  of  the  action  of  sea-water  to  which  the  slag  had  been  ex- 
posed for  some  2000  years. 

Ref.— ]  L.  c.,  and  ib.,  2,  83,  127  (Notizen);  the  symbol  of  p  is  erroneously  given  as  (2'10'1). 
Cf.  also  Rath,  Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  p.  150,  June  6,  1887. 

190.  DA  VIESITE.    L.  Fletcher,  Min.  Mag.,  8,  174,  1889. 
Orthorhombic.     Axes  &  :  I  :  c  =  0-7940  :  1  :  0-4777  Fletcher. 
100  A  HO  =  *38°  27',  001  A  101  =  *31°  2',  001  A  Oil  =  25°  32'. 

r  (251,  5-4) 


Forms:                      m  (110,  J)                     /  (Oil,  14)                  v  (221,  2) 
b  (010,  i-i)                    d    (101,  14)                   #  (031,  34)                 <  (211,  2-2) 

c  (001,  0)                     e    (301,  34)                   A  (051,  54)                 s  (121,  2-2) 

mm'"  ^  76°  54' 

«?'   =  122°    1' 

00  =  56°  564' 

br  =33°  13| 

dd'      =  62°    4' 

gg'  -  110°  11' 

bt  =  73°     1' 

w'  =  62°  49' 

JT       =  51°    4' 

M'  --=  134°  33' 

bv  =  58°  35' 

88'  =  78°  37' 

In  minute  prismatic  crystals;  faces  b  sometimes  striated  horizontally. 

No  cleavage  observed.     Fracture  subconchoidal.     Luster  vitreous  to  adaman- 
tine.    Colorless.     Optically  -f-.     Ax.  pi.  ||  100.     Bx  J_  c. 

Comp. — An  oxychloride  of  lead,  but  exact  composition  doubtful. 
Pyr.— Yields  metallic  lead  on  charcoal  with  soda.     Readily  dissolved  in  nitric  acid,  more  so 
than  mendipite. 


172  CHLORIDES,  BROMIDES,  IODIDES— FLUORIDES. 

Obs. — Occurs  sparingly,  associated  with  caracolite  and  percylite,  on  a  matrix  of  massive 
anglesite  at  the  Mina  Beatriz,  Sierra  Gorda,  Atacama.  Near  mendipite  in  prismatic  angle,  but 
without  its  perfect  cleavage,  and  more  easily  dissolved  in  nitric  acid. 

Named  after  Thomas  Davies,  Esq. ,  of  the  Mineral  Department,  British  Museum. 

191.  FIEDLERITE.     G.  wm  Rath,  Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  p.  154,  June  7,  1887. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-81918  :  1  :  0-89153;  /3  =  *77°  20'=  001  A  100 
Rath. 

100  A  HO  =  *38°  38',  001  A- 101  =  40°  36^',  001  A  Oil  =  41°  7'. 

Forms:  a  (100,  i-l),  c  (001,  0);  n  (650,  t'-f);  m  (110,  /);  x  (506,  £4),  y  (503,  44);  o  (111,  —  1). 
u  (544,  -  £-£),  i  (577,  -  l-£),  p  (5  12-12,  -  I-1/),  e  (S'24'24,  -  l-^4-). 

Angles:  ex  =  47°  50f,  cy  =  71°  12',  co  =  47°  56',  oo'  =  56°  8',  ao  =  44°  59',  mo  =  *32°  12'. 
Crystals  minute,  tabular  ||  «;  twins  with  tw.  pi.  a.     Faces  a  smooth,  or  with 
fine  striations  ||  edge  a/oj  c  dull. 

Cleavage :  c  distinct.     Luster  adamantine.     Colorless.     Transparent. 
Comp. — Contains  lead  and  chlorine,  perhaps  an  oxychloride. 

Soluble  completely  in  nitric  acid,  but  less  readily  than  laurionite. 

Obs.— Occurs  with  laurionite,  wh.  see  p.  171. 

Named  after  the  Saxon  Commissioner  of  Mines,  Fiedler,  director  of  the  Grecian  exploration. 

192.  PERCYLITE.    H.  J.  Brooke,  Phil.  Mag.,  36,  131,  1850. 
Isometric.     Observed  forms: 

a  (100,  t-t)  d  (110,  i)  o  (111,  1)  e  (210,  i-2) 

Crystals  minute  cubes,  other  forms  rare.     Also  massive. 
H.  =  2*5.     Color  and  streak  sky-blue. 

Comp — A  hydrated  oxychloride  of  lead  and  copper,  perhaps  PbCuOaHaClft 
=  Chlorine  18 -9,  oxygen  4-3,  lead  55-1,  copper  16*9,  water  4*8  =  100. 

An  analysis  by  Flight,  but  of  very  impure  material,  gave  :  Cl  13'37,  Cu  8*78,  Pb  37'64, 
HaO  2-87,  Ag  8-98,  PbSO4  22'98,  O  undet.,  CO2  1"39  =  96'01.  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  25,  1051,  1872. 

Pyx- — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water  and  odorless  fumes.  B.B.  tinges  the  flame  green, 
with  blue  on  the  edges.  With  borax  reacts  for  copper. 

Obs.— The  original  mineral  was  found  with  gold,  and  supposed  to  be  from  Sonora,  Mexico. 
Since  obtained  from  South  Africa  with  anglesite,  cerussite,  and  cerargyrite.     Also  at  the  Mina 
Beatriz,  Sierra  Gorda,  Atacama,  with  caracolite,  daviesite,  and  numerous  other  lead  salts,  and 
perhaps  Mina  San  Rafael,  Galeria  del  Norte,  Bolivia,  and  Mt.  de  Challacolla,  Tarapaca,  Chili. 
Named  after  Dr.  John  Percy,  the  English  metallurgist  (1817-1889).     See  Boleite,  p.  1028. 

193.  ATAOAMITE.   Sable  vert  cuivreux  du  Perou,  Chaux  cuivreuse  unie  aun  peu  d'acide 
muriatique  et  d'eau,  Rochefoucauld,  Baume  &  Fourcroy,  Mem.  Ac.  Paris,  1786  (pub'd  in  1788); 
Berthollet,  ib.,  474  (note  added  in  1788).     Kupfersand,   Salzsaures  Kupfer,  KarsL,  Tab.,  46,  76, 
1800.     Cuivre  muriate  H.,  Tr.,  1801.    Muriate  of  copper.     Atacamit,  Salzkupfererz,  Blumen- 
bach,  Handb.  Nat.,  1805.     Kupferhornerz,  Atacamit,  Ludwig,  Min.,  2, 178, 1804.    Smaragdochal- 
cit  Hausm.,  Handb.,  1039,  1813.     Halochalzit  Breith.,  Handb.,  165,  1841.     Remolinite  B.  &  M., 
Min.,  618,  1852.     Marcylite  Shep.,  Marcy's  Expl.  Red  River,  135,  800,  Washington,  1854,  Am. 
J.  ScM  21,  206,  1856;  Dana,  ib.,  24,  122,  1857.     Botallackite  A.  H.   Church,  J.  Ch.   Soc.,  18, 
212,  1865. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  d  :  I  :  6  =  0-66126  :  1  :  0-75149  Zepharovich-Klein1. 
100  A  HO  =  33°  28$',  001  A  101  =  48°  39J',  001  A  Oil  =  36°  55f . 


Forms':          m  (110,  7) 
a  (100,  i-l)        t   (560,  fcf) 
0  (010,  £4)         J    (230,  i-l) 
c  (001,  0)          *   (120,  i-2) 

«  (140,  i-4)         e  (Oil,  14)               r  (111,  1)            y  (321,  3-f) 
7/  H01    1  n         i  (°'10'9>  V-*)         ^  (221,  2)            v  (762,  |-|)? 

d  teoi  2  -i      *  (031'  24)           z  (331j  3)         w  (121>  2'^ 

g  (031,  3-?)               w(992,  |)            §  (142,  2-I)3? 

k  (130,  e-3) 

^  (023,  |4) 

/  (2 

11,  2-2) 

mm'"  =    66°  57' 

ee'  =  *73°  50'  56" 

rr'"  =    52°  48' 

22'"     =  64°  47i' 

«*'        =    74°  11' 

oo'  =  112°  43|' 

qq'    =  103°    5' 

an      =  27°  57' 

axe'       =    41°  25' 

uu'      =    97°  18V 
ddt      =  132°  30' 

er'  =  *42°  15'  19" 
rr'  =    84°  31' 
rr"=  107°  27' 

qq"   =  139°  42' 
go'"  =    62°  22' 
22'     =  108°  14' 
zz"    =  152°  30' 

W7i'     =  64°  23' 
nri"  =  89°  35' 
mn    =  33°  35V 
me     -  70°  39' 

ATACAMITE. 


173 


Twins :  tw.  pi.  m.     Commonly  in  slender  prismatic  crystals,  vertically  striated, 
with  terminal  planes  (e,  r)  bright;  also  tabular 
||  b.      In  confused   crystalline   aggregates;   also 
massive,   fibrous   or   granular   to   compact;    as 
sand. 

Cleavage:  I  highly  perfect;  u  (101)  imperfect. 
Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  3-3-5. 
G.  =  3-75-3-77.  Luster  adamantine  to  vitreous. 
Color  bright  green  of  various  shades,  dark 
emerald-green  to  blackish  green.  Streak  apple- 
green.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Optically—. 
Ax.  pi.  ||  a.  Bx  J_  b.  Dispersion  p  <  v.  Axial 
angles,  Dx.4 


m 


Chili,  Brogger. 


2Hr  =  91°  50'  2Hy  =  93°  11' 

2Hr  =  91°  33'-94°  30' 


2Hbl  =  100°  23'  Chili 

2Hbl  =  102°  30'-105°  1'  Australia 


Cl 
16-44 
16-17 
15-38 
16-78 
13-79 
15-77 
16-24 
16-15 
15-21 
16-45 
15-83 

Cu 
14-67 
14-76 
13-73 
15-00 
12-11 
14-10 
14-52 
14-45 
13-61 
14-72 
14-16 

CuO 
56-64 
55-47 
55-91 
55-26 
57-01 
54-77 
55-26 
55-04 
56-77 
5526 
55-70 

HaO 
12-02 
13-59 
[13-51] 
12-47 
17-09 
15-36 
13-98 
14-50 
14-41 
13-57 
14-31 

=  99-77 
=  99-99 
insol.  1-47 
insol.  0-21 
=  100 
=  100 
=  100 
=  100-14 
=  100 
=  100 
=  100 

=  100 
=  99-72 

Comp.-Cu2ClH303  or  CuCla.3Cu(OH)2  =  Chlorine  16-6,  copper  14*9,  cupnc 
oxide  55-8,  water  12'7  =  100. 

Anal— 1  J  A  Cabell,  Ch.  News,  28,  271,  1873.  2,  Ludwig,  Min.  Mitth.,  35,  1873. 
3  T  C.  Cloud,  Ch.  News,  34,  254,  1876.  4,  Hiortdahl,  Nyt  Mag.,  13, 153,  1864.  5-11,  Darap- 
sky/Jb.  Min.,  2,  1,  1889.  Also  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  207,  1890;  for  earlier  analyses  see 
5th  Ed.,' p.  121. 

1.  Australia,  cryst.      G.  =  4-314 

2.  "  "          G.  =  3-769 

3.  So.  Australia 

4.  Chili 

5.  Copiapo 

6.  El  Cobre  G.  =  3'11 

7.  Llano  de  Chueca 

8.  Copiapo 

9.  Los  Bordos 
10.  Atacama 
11. 

From  anal.  5-11,  the  impurities  have  been  deducted.  Darapsky  (1.  c.)  gives  a  discussion  of 
the  variation  in  composition. 

Analyses  of  an  ore  from  Cobija,  Bolivia,  and  of  botallackite  give  half  more  water  (see  5th 
Ed.).  Liversidge  obtained  for  a  crystallized  specimen  from  New  South  Wales  69'9  p.  c.  CuO 
and  14-3  CuCl2  (Proc.  Roy.  Soc.,  N.  S.  W.,  Nov.  3,  1880). 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  much  water,  and  forms  a  gray  sublimate.  B.B.  on 
charcoal  fuses,  coloring  the  O.F.  azure-blue,  with.a  green  edge,  and  giving  two  coatings,  one 
brownish  and  the  other  grayish  white;  continued  blowing  yields  a  globule  of  metallic  copper; 
the  coatings,  touched  with  the  R.F.,  volatilize,  coloring  the  flame  azure-blue.  In  acids  easily 
soluble. 

Obs. — This  species  was  originally  found  in  the  state  of  sand  in  the  Atacama  province,  north- 
ern part  of  Chili.  It  occurs  in  different  parts  of  Chili,  especially  at  Los  Remolinos;  also  in  veins 
in  the  district  of  Tarapaca,  Bolivia;  at  Tocopilla,  16  leagues  north  of  Cobija,  an  important 
locality,  in  Bolivia;  with  malachite  at  Wallaroo  in  South  Australia;  in  New  South  Wales, 
probably  at  the  Cobar  mines,  Robinson  Co.;  in  the  Nellore  district,  India;  at  the  malachite 
locality  in  the  Senra  do  Bembe,  near  Ambriz,  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa;  at  the  Estrella  mine 
in  southern  Spain-  at  St.  Just  in  Cornwall,  in  crusts  and  stalactitic  tubes.  In  large  pseudo- 
morphous  crystals.  2  inches  long,  altered  to  malachite,  at  the  Medno-Rondiansky  mine  near 
Nizhni  Tagilsk  and  in  the  Turginsk  mines.  In  the  U.  S.,  with  cuprite,  gerhardtite,  etc.,  at  the 
United  Verde  mine,  Jerome,  Arizona. 

Botallackite  occurs  at  the  Botallack  mine,  Cornwall,  in  thin  crusts  of  minute  interlacing 
crystals,  closely  investing  killas;  Schwarzenberg  in  Saxony;  also  supposed  to  invest  some  of  the 
lavas  of  Vesuvius,  but  questioned  by  Scacchi,  the  mineral  so  called  being  a  basic  sulphate  (Mem. 
Incend.  Vesuv.,  1855). 

Atacamite  is  sometimes  ground  up  in  Chili,  and  sold  under  the  name  of  Arsenillo  as  sand 
for  letters. 

Alt. — Occurs  altered  to  malachite,  cf.  Tschermak  (Min.  Mitth.,  39,  1873),  who  has  imitated 
this  result;  also  Kk.,  Bull.  Soc.  St.  Pet.,  18,  186,  1872.  Also  altered  to  chrysocolla,  cf.  Rose, 
Reis.  Ural.,  1,  409,  412,  1837,  and  Barwald,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  169,  1882. 


174  CHLORIDES,  BROMIDES,   IODIDES—  FL  rORlDHS. 

Artif.—  On  artificial  atacsraiite,  see  Field,  Phil.  Mag.,  24,  123,  1862;  Debray,  Bull.  Soc.  Ch.; 
7,  104,  1866;  Friedel,  C.  R  ,  77,  211,  1873;  on  analogous  oxybromide,  C.  R.,  109,  266,  1889. 
Occurs  as  a  recent  formation  on  bronze  coins  at  Bourbonne-les-Baius  (Daubree). 

Ref.—  !  Mean  deduced  by  Zepharovich  (Ber.  Ak.  Wieu,  68(1),  120,  1873)  from  measurements 
by  himself  and  Klein  (Jb.  Min.,  495,  1871)  on  Australian  crystals;  the  angles  in  the  prismatic 
zone  show  great  irregularities  (cf.  E.S.D.,  Min.  Mitth.,  103,  1874);  compare  also  Brftgger's  results 
on  Chilian  crystals,  Zs.  KT.,  3,  488,  1879.  AVith  Dx.,  u  =  110,  b  =  001,  etc. 

2  See  Zeph.,  1.  c.  and  ib.,  63  (1),  6,  1871,  for  authorities,  etc.;  cf.  also  Miller,  Min.,  p.  618, 
1852;  Schrauf,  Atlas,  Tf.  xxiv;  Gdt.,  Index.  1,  p.  261,  1886.  3  Bgr.,  Chili,  1.  c.  4  N.  R.,  p,  39, 
1867;  cf.  also  Bgr.,  1.  c. 

A  black  oxychloride  of  copper,  differing  somewhat  f  rom  atacamite,  is  described  by  Domeyko 
(3d  Append.,  Min.  Chili,  1871).  It  was  amorphous,  grayish  black,  without  luster.  Compact 
to  granular.  Fracture  even  or  subconchoidal.  It  takes  a  semi-metallic  polish  under  the 
knife.  Composition  as  obtained  by  Stuven,  deducting  impurities,  CuCla  16'94,  CuO  68  67, 
H2O  14-39. 

Marcylite  of  Shepard,  as  originally  described,  was  an  impure  atacamite  of  a  black  color;  a 
trial  afforded  Shepard:  Copper  54*30.  O  and  Cl  39  20,  H  9'50.  G.  —  4-41.  From  the  south  part 
of  the  Red  River,  near  the  Wachita  Mts.  (See  further  under  Melaconite.) 

TALLINGITE  A.  H.  Church,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  18,  77,  213,  1865. 

In  thin  crusts,  consisting  of  irregular  aggregations  of  minute  globules,  appearing  botryoidal 
under  the  microscope.  Subcrystalline.  H.  =3.  G.  —  3'5  approx.  Color  bright  blue,  inclin- 
ing to  green.  Streak  white.  Subtranslucent.  Hygroscopic. 

A  hydrated  copper  chloride,  according  to  Church.  Analysis  yielded:  Cl  11  '33,  CuO  66'24, 
which  is  explained  as  Cl  11  '33,  CuO  53'57,  Cu  lO'll,  H2O  24'99  =  100,  for  which  Groth  writes 
Cu6(OH)BCla  -4-4H2O.  Another  sample  contained  more  water. 

Occurs  at  the  Botallack  mine,  Cornwall.  Named  after  R.  Tailing,  of  Lostwithiel,  by  whom 
the  mineral  was  collected. 

MELANOTHALLITE.     Melanotallo  A.  Scacchi,  Att.  Ace.  Napoli,  May,  1870. 

In  thin  scales  at  first  black  and  gradually  changing  from  without  to  green. 

Composition  perhaps  CuCl2.CuO.2H2O  =  CuCl2  53  8,  CuO  31  8,  H2O  14-4  =  100.  Analy- 
sis :  E.  Scacchi,  Rend.  Ace.  Napoli,  Dec.,  1884,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  405,  1886. 

CuCl2  58-25  CuO  31-37  H,O  (100°)  10  38  =  100 

57-37  31-39  11-24  =  100 

Dissolves  in  water,  giving  an  acid  reaction.  Found  with  euchlorine  and  hydrocyanite 
at  Vesuvius. 

ERYTHR.OCAI.CITE.  Eriocalco  A.  Scacchi.  A  hydrated  copper  chloride  found  in  wool-like 
aggregates  of  a  bright  blue  color;  from  the  eruption  of  1869  at  Vesuvius. 

It  deliquesces  on  exposure.  Composition  CuCl2  with  an  undetermined  amount  of  water; 
an  analysis  of  the  aqueous  solution  gave:  Cu  48  '08,  Cl  51'92.  E.  Scacchi,  Rend.  Ace.  Napoli, 
Dec  ,  1884.  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  405,  1886. 

ATELITE.  Atelina  A.  Scacchi,  Att,  Ace.  Napoli,  6,  1873,  Contr.  Min.,  n,  22,  1874. 
Observed  as  more  or  less  complete  pseudomorphs  after  tenorite,  and  formed  by  the  action  on  the 
latter  of  fumes  of  hydrochloric  acid;  as  a  result  the  black  color  is  changed  to  green.  An 
analysis  gave:  CuO  4559,  CuCl2  38'19,  H2O  and  loss  16  '22  =  100.  This  corresponds  to 
2CuO.CuCl2.3H2O.  Found  at  Mt.  Vesuvius,  as  a  result  of  the  eruption  of  April,  1872.  It  is 
not  far  from  atacamite.  Named  from  areAr/s,  imperfect. 


194.  DAUBREEITE.    Daubreite  I.  Domeyko,  C.   R.,   82,  922,   1876;  Min.  Chili,  p.  297, 
1879. 

Amorphous;  structure  compact,  earthy,  in  part  fibrous. 
H.  =  2-2-5.     G.  =  6-4-6-5.     Color  yellowish  to  grayish  white.     Opaque. 
Comp.—  A  hydrated  oxychloride  of  bismuth,  perhaps  2Bi203.BiCl3.3H20  (Rg.). 
Anal.  —  Domeyko,  1.  c. 

Bi2O3  89-60  Cl  7-50  H2O  3'84(?)  Fe2O8  0'72  =  101  '66 

Pyr.—  In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  acid  water,  and  becomes  grayish  in  color;  but  on  con- 
tinued heating  below  fusion  turns  yellow  again.  B.B.  colors  the  flame  slightly  blue;  in  very 
thin  splinters  fuses  on  the  end  instantly,  the  fused  part  becoming  black  and  compact. 
Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  in  the  cold  without  residue;  the  solution  has  a  more  or  less  yellow 
color. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  at  the  Constancia  mine,  Cerro  de  Tazna,  Bolivia.  Named  after  M.  Daubree, 
of  Paris. 

195.  NOCERITE.    Nocerina  A.  Scacchi,  Ace.  Line.  Trans.,  5.  270,  1881.     Nocerin. 
Hexagonal.      In   very   slender   white   acicular   crystals.     Optically   negative, 

uniaxial,  Btd1. 


FLUOCERITE.  175 

Comp.— Perhaps  2(Ca,Mg)F2.(Ca,Mg)0,  but  doubtful. 
Anal.— E.  Fischer  and  Lederer,  Zs.  Kr.,  10,  270,  1885. 

F  Al        -     Mg  Ca  Na  K  O 

37-60  4-38  17-52        26'92  2'47  0-51  11'40  =  100  80 

Obs. — Occurs  in  volcanic  bombs  in  the  tufa  of  Nocera,  near  Naples,  Italy;  it  is  associated 
with  fluorite,  some  brown  crystals  referred  to  amphibole,  and  minute  crystals  in  hexagonal 
prisms,  perhaps  a  variety  of  microsommite.  The  exterior  of  the  bombs  is  covered  with  mica. 

Ref.— *  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  5,  142,.  1882. 

FLUOSIDEKITE  A.  Scacchi;  E.  Fisher,  Zs.  Kr.,  10,  270, 1885. 

In  minute  crystals  forming  a  granular  crust  of  a  bright  red  color  underneath  the  mica 
covering  of  the  bombs  of  Nocera  which  have  yielded  the  uocerite  (see  above).  Composition 
unknown ;  some  measurements,  but  not  leading  to  definite  results,  have  been  made  by  vom  Rath, 
Ber.  iiied.  Ges.,  Dec.  4,  1882. 

PSEUDONOCERINA  A.  ScaccM,  Mem.  Accad.  Napoli,  2,  1885;  Vulcani  fluoriferi,  p.  69. 

In  minute,  transparent  acicular  crystals,  resembling  nocerite  and  also  containing  fluorine, 
but  of  unknown  composition.  Fusible  B.B.  Dissolves  in  boiling  hydrochloric  acid  with 
difficulty;  with  sulphuric  acid  fluorine  is  liberated.  Found  in  bombs  inclosed  in  the  tufa  of 
Pacoguano,  near  Vico  Equense  on  the  south  side  of  the  Bay  of  Naples. 

196.  PLUOCERITE.  Neutralt  flussspatssyradt  Cerium  Berz.,  Afh.,  6,  56,  1818. 
Neutrales  flusssaures  Cerer,  Flusscerium  ceriumfluat,  Germ.  Neutral  Fluate  of  Cerium. 
Cerium  fluatee  ffr.  Flucerine  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  519,  1832.  Fluocerit  Raid.,  Handb.,  500,  1845. 

Massive. 

H.  =  4.  G.  =  5-70  W.;  5-93  Osterby,  Nd.  Luster  resinous.  Color 
reddish  yellow.  Subtranslucent  to  opaque. 

Comp. — R2OF4  or  R203.4RF3,  where  R  =  cerium  metals  chiefly,  with  some  of  the 
yttrium  group. 

Anal.— M.  Weibull  and  Tedin,  G.  For.  Forh.,  8,  496, 1886;  b  recalculated  on  basis  of  atomic 
weights:  Ce  =  141,  Di,La  =  143,  Y,  etc.  =  97 '5. 

CeaO3      (La,Di)2O3  (Y,Er,Yt)2O3        F  H2O 

G.  =  5-70  |46-03  36'00  3'96  19'49  1-78    C1,A12O3  tr., 

[CaCO3  1-50  =  108-76" 

Ce  La,Di          Y,Er,Yt  F  O  H2O 

39-53  30-82  3'19  19'49  4'43  1-78  CaCO3  1-50  = 

100-74 

•  Deduct  O  (=  F)  8'21  =  100'55 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water,  and  at  a  high  temperature  corrodes  the  glass; 
the  water  contains  fluorine,  and  tinges  Brazil-wood  paper  yellow;  the  assay  changes  from 
yellow  to  white  by  heat.  B.B.  on  charcoal  infusible,  but  darkens  in  color.  With  soda  it  is 
not  dissolved,  but  divides  and  swells  up;  the  soda  is  absorbed  by  the  charcoal,  and  leaves  a  gray 
mass  on  the  surface. . 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Osterby  in  Dalarne,  Sweden,  in  pegmatyte  veins  with  gadolinite,  orthite,  etc 

Cf .  remarks  under  tysonite,  p.  166. 


III.    Hydrous  Chlorides,  etc. 

A.  Hydrous  Chlorides. 
197.  Bischofite  MgCla  +  6H30  Monoclinic  (artif.) 


198.  Kremersite  KCl.NH4Cl.FeCl3  +  HaO  Isometric 

a:b:6 

199.  Erythrosiderite     2KC1. Fe013  -f  H2O  Orthorhombic   0-6911  :  1  :  0'71?8 

200.  Douglasite  2KCl.FeCla  +  2H20  Monoclinic  (artif.) 


176  CHLORIDES,  BROMIDES,  IODIDES—  FLUORIDES. 


201.  Carnallite  KOl.MgCl,  +  6H20  Orthorhombic   0-5936  :  1  :  0-6906 

6 

202.  Tachhydrite         CaCl2.2MgCla  +  12H20       Khombohedral  1-90 

B.  Hydrous  Fluorides. 

a  :  b  :  L 

203.  FlueUite  A1F3  +  H20  Orthorhombic  0-7700  :  1  :  0-8776 

a\l\b  ft 

204.  Prosopite  CaF2.2Al(F,OH)3  Monoclinic  1-3188:1:0-5950  85°  40' 

a:l:c  ft 

205.  Pachnolite         )  AT  T?P  T?   AII?       TTA  Monocliuic  1*1626:  1:  1'5320  89°  40' 

206.  Thomsenolite     \  ^a*  'Ca*  •'  Al*  3  "+  H'°  "          0-9975  :  1  :  1-0329  86°  48' 

207.  Gearksutite          CaF2.Al(F,OH)3  +  H20 

208.  Ralstonite  (Mg,Na2)F2.3Al(F,OH)3  +2H20  Isometric 

209.  Yttrocerite 


A.  Hydrous  Chlorides. 

197.  BISCHOFITE  Ochsenius  [Die  Bildungder  Salzlager,  Halle,  18771,  JB.  Ch.,  pp.  1284, 
1285,  1877. 

Crystalline-granular  and  foliated,  sometimes  fibrous. 
H.  =  1-2.     G.  =  1*65.     Colorless  to  white.     Luster  vitreous  to  dull. 
Comp.— MgCl2  -f  6H20  =  Chlorine  35-0,  magnesium  11-8,  water  53'2  =  100. 
Anal. — Koenig: 

|    Cl  35-04  Mg  11-86  H2O  [53'10]  =  100 

Soluble  in  0'6  parts  of  cold  water.  . 

Obs.— Occurs  in  layers  2-3  cm.  thick  in  halite,  with  kieserite  and  carnallite;  the  fibers 
transverse  to  the  layers,  at  Leopoldshall,  Prussia.  The  assumption  of  water  is  said  to  commence 
as  soon  as  the  layer  is  exposed  to  the  air.  The  artificial  salt  is  monoclinic,  cf.  Rg.,  Kr.  Ch.,  264, 
1881. 

Named  after  Dr.  Gustav  Bischof,  the  German  chemist  and  geologist  (1792-1870). 

.  198.  KREMERSITE.    Eisenchlorid  mit  den  Chloralkalien  Kremers,  Pogg.,  84,  79,  1851. 
Kremersit  Kenng.,  Min.,  9,  1853. 

Isometric.     In  octahedrons. 
Color  ruby-red.     Easily  soluble. 

Comp.— KCl.NH4Cl.FeCl3  +  H20  =  Potassium     chloride     24-2,    ammonium 
chloride  17*3,  ferric  chloride  52*6,  water  5'9  =  100;  or  Chlorine  57*5,   potassium 
12*7,  ammonium  5-8,  iron  18*1,  water  5*9  —  100. 
Anal. — Kremers,  1.  c.: 

Cl  55-15        Fe  16'89        K  12-07       NH4  6'17        Na  016        H  [9-56]  =  100 

Obs. — From  fumaroles  at  Vesuvius,  associated  with  ferric  chloride  as  a  product  of 
sublimation. 

Named  after  the  chemist  Dr.  P.  Kremers. 

199.  ERYTHROSIDERITE.  Eritrosidero  A.  Scacchi,  Contr.  Min.,  n,  p.  42,  1874. 
Rend.  Ace.  Napoli,  Oct.,  1872. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  1 :  6  =  0-6911  :  1  :  0-7178  Scacchi. 

100  A  HO  =  *34°  39',  001  A  101  =  46°  5',  001  A  Oil  =  35°  40J'. 

Forms:  a  (100,  t-I);  d  (102,  H),  «  (101,  l-l).  Angles  :  mm'"  =  69°  18',  dd'  =  54°  53', 
ee'  =  92°  10',  ad  =  62°  33',  ae  =  43°  55'. 


D  0  UGLASITE—  CARNALLITE.  1 77 

Crystals  somewhat  tabular  |  a.     Color  red,  very  deliquescent. 
Comp.-2KCl.FeCl3.H20  =  Chlorine  53-8,    iron    17'0,    potassium  23-7,  water 
5-5  =  100. 

Anal. — Scacchi,  1.  c.: 

01  53-30  Fe  16'81  K  24'21  H2O  5-68  =  100 

Obs.— Found  at  the  cone  of  Vesuvius  embedded  in  the  lava  of  April,  1872,  and  undoubtedly 
formed  at  that  time. 

Named  from  epvbpoS,  red,  and  cridr/po$,  iron. 

200.  DOUGLASITE.     Ochsenius,  Precht,  Ber.   Ch.  Ges.,  13,  2328,  1881.     Eisenchlorur- 
chlorkalium  Germ. 

A  salt  associated  with  carnallite  at  Stassfurt  and  stated  to  have  the  composition 
2KCl.FeCl2.2H20  =  Chlorine  48-2,  potassium  26-6,  iron  19%  water  6-1  =  100. 

The  artificial  salt  is  monoclinic  with  G.  =  2 '162.  Of.  Sbs.,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  4  (1),  475, 1850, 
and  Rg.,  Kr.  Ch.,  273,  1881. 

201.  CARNALLITE.     Carnall.it    H.  Hose,    Pogg.,    98,    161,   1856.     Kalium-Magnesium 
chlorid  Germ. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  \l  :  6  =  0-59356  :  1  :  0'69062  Hessenberg1. 
100  A  HO  =  30°  41J',  001  A  101  =  49°  19f,  001  A  Oil  =  34°  37f '. 

Forms* :  c    (001,  0)  i  (201,  2-i)  e  (021,  2-i)  s  (223,  f)  k  (221,  3) 

b  (010,  i-i)  m  (110,  /)  d  (043,  f  fc)  /(041,  44)  o  (111,  1) 

mm'"  =  *61°  23'  ff'  =  140°  12'  ss'   =    70°  20'  »'"   =  39°  59' 

ii'        =  133°  29'  cs  =    42°  3'  oo'  —    87°  30'  oo'"  =  48°  28' 

dd'      =    85°  17'  co  =  *53°  32'  kk'  =  107°  32'  kk'"  =  57°  13' 

ee'       =  108°  11$'  ck  =    69°  43' 

Crystals  rare,  resembling  hexagonal  pyramids.     Commonly  massive,  granular. 

No  distinct  cleavage.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  l. 
G-.  =  1*60.  Luster  shining,  greasy.  Color  milk-white,  often 
reddish  and  with  a  metallic  schiller  due  to  minute  enclosed 
scales  of  hematite.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Strongly 
phosphorescent.  Taste  bitter.  Deliquescent.  Optically  -j-. 
Double  refraction  strong.  Ax.  pi.  ||  #.  Bx  J_  (100). 
2Er  =  115°  1',  2Ebl  =  117°  0'  Dx.3 

Comp — KMgCl3.6H20  or  KCl.MgCl,  +  6H20  =  Chlorine 
38*3,  potassium  141,  magnesium  8*7,  water  39'0  =  100  or 
Potassium  chloride  26*8,  magnesium  chloride  34*2,  water  39 '0 
=  100. 

Analyses  (5th  Ed.,  p.  118,  also  Hammerbacher,  Inaug.  Diss.,  p.  21, 
Erlanger,  1874)  show  the  presence  of  some  sodium  and  calcium  chlorides,  Hessenberg. 

calcium  sulphate,  etc.    It  also  sometimes  incloses    besides  iron  oxide 
more  or  less  organic  matter.     Hammerbacher  found  thallium  in  the  Stassfurt  mineral. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  easily.  Soluble  in  water,  100  parts  of  water  at  18'75°  C.  taking  up 
64  5  parts;  deliquescent. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Stassfurt,  where  it  forms  beds  in  the  upper  part  of  the  salt  formation,  alter- 
nating with  thinner  beds  of  common  salt  and  kieserite,  and  also  mixed  with  the  common  salt. 
Its  beds  consist  of  subordinate  beds  of  different  colors,  reddish,  bluish,  brown,  deep  red,  some- 
times colorless.  The  red  varieties  inclose  scales  of  iron  oxide  and  resemble  some  varieties  of 
oligoclase  (sunstone)  from  Tvedestrand  (Groth).  Sylvite  occurs  in  the  carnallite  and  may  have 
oeen  formed  from  it  (Tscbermak);  as  may  also  have  been  true  at  Kalusz,  Galicia.  Also  found 
with  salt  at  Maman  in  Persia. 

Named  after  von  Carnall  01  the  Prussian  mines. 

Artif. — Occurs  artificially  formed  in  the  salt-pans  at  Halle. 

Ref.— '  On  natural  crystals,  a  secondary  formation  at  Stassfurt,  Min.  Not.,  7, 12, 1866.  Rg. 
(Kr.  Ch.,  204,  1855)  made  the  artificial  crystals  hexagonal  with  co  =  53°  42';  they  were  later 
shown  to  be  orthorhombic,  Dx.,  Ann.  Mines,  6,  593,  1864,  and  N.  R.,  46,  1867.  Marignac  ob- 
tained on  artificial  crystals:  mm'"  =  61°,  co  =  53°  35',  Ann.  Mines,  12,  3,  1857.  The  axes  of  Hbg. 
Are  calculated  from  his  measured  angle  mm'"  =  61°  23'  and  an  angle  (Rg.)  for  artif.  crystals, 


178  CHLORIDKS,   BROMIDES,   IODIDES— FLUORIDES. 

viz.:  ooiv  =  72°  40',  that  is  co  =  53°  40'.     *  Hbg.,  1.  c.,  all  but  *  observed  by  Dx.  (I.e.)  on  artificial 
crystals.     3  On  masses  from  Stassf urt,  1.  c. 

202.  TAOHHYDRITE.    Tachhydrit  Rammelsberg,  Pogg.,  98,  261,  1856.     Tachybydrite, 
Tachydrite. 

Khombohedral.     Axis  6  =  1-90;   rr'  =  104°  Groth1. 

Massive;  in  roundish  masses  with  easy  rhombohedral  cleavage,  and  twin- 
lamellae  forming  planes  of  parting. 

Color  wax-  to  honey-yell ow.  'Transparent  to  translucent.  Very  deliquescent 
on  exposure.  Optically  uniaxial,  negative,  Dx.2 

Coinp.— CaMg2Cl6.12H20  or  CaCl2.2MgCl2  +  12H20  =  Chlorine  41-1,  calcium 
7*7,  magnesium  9*3,  water  41 -9  =  100,  or  Calcium  chloride  21*4,  magnesium 
chloride  36-?,  water  41-9  =  100. 

Anal.— Hamrnerbacher,  Inaug.  Diss.,  p.  24,  Erlangen,  1874.     Also  Rg.,  1.  c.;  5th  Ed.,  p.  119. 
|  Cl  40-85  Ca  7'18  Mg  9'97  HaO  42'50  =  100'48 

Pyr.,  etc.— Fuses  easily.  Very  soluble;  100  parts  of  water  at  18'75°  C.  dissolving  160'3  of 
tLe  salt. 

Obs. — From  the  salt  mines  of  Stassfurt,  in  thin  seams  with  carnallite  and  kieserite,  in  an- 
hydrite. 

Named  in  allusion  to  its  ready  deliquescence,  from  raxi^,  quick,  and  vdoop,  water. 

Ref.— i  Tab.  Ueb.,  74,  1874.     *  N.  R.,  20,  1867. 

203.  FLUELLITE.    Fluellite  Levy,  Ann.  Phil.,  8,  242,  1824.     Fluateof  Aluinine,  Fluorid 
of  Aluminium. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  —  0*7700  :  1  :  1-8776  Miller1. 

100  A  HO  =  37°  35f ',  001  A  101  =  67°  42',  001  A  Oil  =  61°  57f '. 

In  rhombic  pyramids  (r,  111)  with  basal  plane. 

Angles:  rr'  =  *97°  48',  rr"  =  *144°,  rr'"  =  70°  56',  cr  =  72°. 

Cleavage:  r  indistinct.  H.  =  3.  G.  =  2 '17.  Luster  vitreous.  Colorless  to 
white.  Transparent.  Ax.  pi.  ||  100.  Bx  _J_  c.  Ax.  angle  large,  =  100°  approx. 
Groth.  Refractive  index  1'47. 

Comp. — A  hydrous  fluoride  of    aluminium,   A1F3  -f  HaO  =  Fluorine   56*0, 
aluminium  26-4,  water  17'6'=  100,  Groth-Brandl. 
Anal.— Brandl,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  484,  1883. 

F  56  25  Al  27-62  Na  0'58  H2O  [15-551  =  100 

Obs. — A  rare  mineral  found  at  Steuua-gwyn,  Cornwall,  in  minute  crystals  on  quartz,  with 
wavellite  and  torbernite. 

Ref.-1  Min.,  p.  607,  1852. 

204.  PROSOPITE.     Prosopit  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  90,  315,  1853,  92,  612,  1854,  101,  361,  1857. 

Monoclinic  (or  triclinic) :  Axes:  a  :  I  :  b  —  1-318S  :  1  :  0'5950;  ft  =  85°  40'  = 
001  A  100  Dx.1 

100  A  HO  =  52°  45',  001  A  101  =  23°  30f,  001  A  Oil  =  30°  40f. 

Forms2;  b  (010,  i-i),  m  (110,  /),  o  (Oil,  1-i),  t  (111,  1),  z  (211,  -2-2),  y  (231,  — 3-|). 

mm'"  =  105°  30'  it'    =    58°  13'  bz  —  *66°  59'  mz  =  *45°  28' 

bm       =  *37°  15'  zz'    =    46°     2'  by  =    38°     7'  mi  =    54°  59' 

oo'        =    61°  22'  yy'  =  103°  46' 

In  embedded  crystals;  also  granular  massive.     Crystals  sometimes  tabular  ||  b. 

Cleavage:  z  distinct.     Fracture  uneven.     Brittle.     H.  =  4-5.     G.=  2-88-2-89. 
Luster  vitreous,  weak.     Colorless,  white,  grayish.    Transparent  to  translucent.    Op 
tically  -}-.     Double  refraction  strong.     Ax.  pi.  ||  b.     Bx  nearly  ||  edge  z/zf.     Disper- 
sion p  >  v.     Ax.  angles,  Dx. : 
2Har  =  65°    9'  .-.  2Er=  104°14'also2H0>r  =  120°56'.-.  2Vr=63°  30'  0t  =1-500 


PACHNOLITE. 


179 


2Ha.y  =  64°  21'  .'.  2Ey  =  102°  50'  also  2H0.y  =  121°  42'  .' .  2Vy  =62°  45'  fly  =1-502 
2Ha.bl=60°  35'  .-.  2Ebl=    96°  24'    "    2HaU=  124°  38'  .-.  2Vbl=59°  20'  >ffw= 1-506 

Comp. — A    hydrous    fluoride   of  aluminium   and   calcium,   CaAl2(F,OH)8  or 
CaF2.2Al(F,OH)3  Groth-Brandl. 

Anal.— 1,  Brandl,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  490,  1883.     2,  Hillebrand,  Bull.  20,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  64,  1885. 
An  earlier  incomplete  analysis  was  made  by  Scheerer. 


Ha'O 


1.  Altenberg 

2.  Colorado     G.  =  2 '880 


F  Al          Ca         Mg       Na 

35-01       23-37       16-19      O'll       0"33 
f  33-18       22-02       17  28      0'17      0'48      13-46 


O 


12'41       [12-58]  =  100 

]  =  10° 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  glass  tube  affords  water  and  silicon  fluoride.     Decomposed  by  sulphuric 
acid.     The  water  goes  off  above  260°  C. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  the  tin  mines  of  Alteuberg,  in  crystals, 
part  of  which  are  a  kind  of  kaolin,  and  others,  according 
to  observations  by  G.  J.  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  25,  411, 
1858$,  cleavable  violet  fluorite,  and  others  still,  fluorite 
partly  kaolinized.  Also  found  at  the  Schlackenwald 
tin  mines.  In  cellular  pachnolite,  derived  from  the 
alteration  of  cryolite,  with  fluorite  and  astrophyllite  at  St. 
Peter's  Dome  near  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado. 

Named  from  TtpoaooTteior,  a  mask,  in  allusion  to  the 
deceptive  character  of  the  mineral. 

Ref.— '  Made  triclinic  by  Dx.  (N.  R  ,  190,  1867).  but  as 
shown  by  Groth  (Zs.  Kr.,  7,  489,  1883)  the  variations  in 
angle  lie  within  the  probable  errors  of  observation,  and 
hence  it  seems  better  to  regard  it  as  monoclinic,  at  least 
provisionally.  These  axes  are  calculated  from  the  funda- 
mental angles  of  Dx.,  the  mean  of  010  A  HO,  010  A  110, 
also  of  OiO  A  211,  010  A  211,  being  taken.  2  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  101,  361,  1857. 


Colorado. 


Altenberg. 


205.  PACHNOLITE.      Pachnolit  Knop,  Lieb.  Ann.,  127,  61,  1863.     Pyroconite  Wohler, 
Lieb.  Ann.,  180,  231,  1875. 

Monoclinic.     Axes:  a  :  I  :  6  =  11626  :  1  :  1-5320;  ft  =  89°  40'  =  001  A  100 
Groth1. 

100  A  HO  =  49°  18',  001  A  101  =  52°  35  f,  001  A  Oil  =  56°  52'. 


Forms1 : 

a  (100,  i-l)  as  tw.  pi. 
c  (001,  0) 

mm'"  =  *98°  36' 
cp  =  63°  30' 
cm  =  89°  47' 
ce  =  76°  26' 
op  =  54°  7' 


m  (110,  /) 

P  (HI, -1) 
s    (554,  —  |-)2 


t  (553,  - 1)2 
2(221, -2)2 


0(331,  -3) 
a;  (551,  -  5): 


mp  =  26°  17' 
ms  =21°  34' 
mq  =  13°  53' 

mv  =    9°  22' 


mx  =    5°  39' 

pp'  =  85°  27' 
**'  =  89°  30' 
qq'  =  47°  20' 


P 
)* 

Iff 

ee' 
cc 

PP 

o-  (111,  1) 
e  (811,-8-Sf 

=    96°  45f 
=    41°    8' 
=    *0°.40' 
=  *71°  46' 

.Twins:    tw.   pi.    a,  the   crystals   having   thus   an   orthorhombic   appearance. 
Crystals  prismatic,  commonly  acutely  terminated;    also 
terminated  by  c.     Faces  m  striated  |  edge  m/c. 

Cleavage:  c  indistinct.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle. 
H.  =  3.  G-.  =  2-93-3-0.  Luster  vitreous.  Colorless  to 
white.  Transparent  to  subtransparent.  Optically  +. 
Ax.  pi.  J_  b.  Bx  A  •  &  =  +  68°  5'.  'Ax.  angle  large, 
2E  =  120°  approx.  Dispersion  p  <  v  weak;  horizontal 
strong,  Dx. 

Comp. — A  hydrous  fluoride  of  aluminium,  calcium,  and 
sodium,  NaCaAlF6.H20  or  NaF.CaF2.AlF3.H20  =  Fluo- 
rine 51-5,  aluminium  12'2,  calcium  17'9,  sodium  10-3, 
water  8-1  =  100. 


Anal.— 1-4,  Hillebrand,  Bull.  20,  U.  S.   G.  Surv.,  54,  1885. 


Greenland,  Knr. 


180 


CHLORIDES,   BROMIDES,   IODIDES— FLUORIDES. 


5,  Knop,  1.  c.     6,  Hagemann,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  41,  119, 
Philad.,  42,  1876. 


7,  Wohler,  1.  c.    8,  Koenig,  Proc.  Ac. 


1.  Colorado,  compact  G.  =  2 '980 


2. 
3. 
4. 

5.  Greenland 
6. 

7. 
8. 


cryst. 


G.  =  2-965 
G.  =  2-923 

G.  =  2-929 
G.  =  3-008 


F 

Al 

Ca 

Na 

H20 

[50 
[51 

•27] 
•19 

11-94 
1293 

19-32 
15-22 

10-43 
10-28 

7- 

8' 

91 

•72 

Mg  0-13  =  100 
Mgl-53,  KO-13  = 

100 

51 

•32 

12-14 

18-06 

10-23 

8 

10 

=  99-86 

[51 

•39] 

12-27 

18-04 

10-25 

•05 

=  100 

50 

•79 

1314 

17-25 

12-16 

9 

•Of) 

=  102-94 

51 

•15 

10-37 

17-44 

12-04 

8 

•63 

=  99-63 

[49 

•78] 

13-43 

17-84 

10-75 

8 

•20 

=  100 

51 

•54 

12-50 

18-14 

10-23 

819 

=  100-60 

Obs.— Occurs  with  cryolite,  thomsenolite,  etc.,  at  Ivigtut,  Greenland,  and  at  St.  Peter's 
Dome,  Colorado. 

Pachnolite  is  from  xdxvy,  frost,  Az'-Oo?,  stone.  Pyroconite  from  Ttvp,  fire,  and  xoria, 
powder,  because  it  falls  to  pieces  when  ignited  B.B. 

Ref.— '  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  462,  1883.  Cf.  also  Knr.,  Nat.  Ber.  aus  Ungarn,  1,  166,  1883,  and  Kk., 
Min.  Russl.,  8,  425,  9,  1.  *  Knr.,  1.  c.  a  Hillebrand,  1.  c. 


206.  THOMSENOLITE.    Dimetric  Pachnolite  G.  Hagemann,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  93,  1866. 
Thomsenolite  Dana,  Min.,  129,  1868. 

Monoclinic.     Axes:  a  :  I  :  b  =  0-9975  :  1  :  1-0329;  ft  =  86°  48'  =  001  A  100 
Krenner1. 

100  A  HO  =  44°  53',    001  A  101  =  47°    39J',   001  A  Oil  =  45°  53'. 

Forms;  c  (001,  0);    m  (110,  7);    t  (101,  l-l),  x  (302,  f-i);    «  (331,  -  3),    q  (111,  1),  r  (221,  2), 
*  (331,  3). 


mm'"  =*89°  46' 
ct  =  47°  39' 
ex  =  59°  30' 


m  -  75°  0' 
cm  =  *87°  44' 
eg  =  57°  10' 


cr    =    73°    9' 
cs    =    79°  19' 

w'  =    86°    2' 


qq'  =  *72°  48' 
rr'  =  85°  3' 
88'  =  87°  53 


1. 


2. 


Greenland,  Knr. 


Crystals  often  cubic  in  aspect  (c,  m); 
also  prismatic,  with  prismatic  and  also 
pyramidal  faces  striated  |  edge  c/m-'9  often 
grouped  in  parallel  position.  Twins  not  ob- 
served. Also  massive,  opal,  or  chalcedony- 
like. 

Cleavage :  c  perfect ;  m  less  so.  Fracture 
uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  2.  G.  =  2-93-3-0. 
Luster  vitreous,  on  c  somewhat  pearly. 
Colorless  to  white,  or  with  a  reddish  tinge. 
Transparent  to  translucent.  Optically  — . 
Ax.  pi.  J_  b.  Bx  A  6  =  -  52°  22'.  Dis- 
persion p  <  v.  Ax.  angles : 


2Er  =  69°  10'    2E7  =  69°  36'      also  2Hr  =  48°  28'     2Hbl  =  49°  14'  Knr. 

€omp. — Same  as  pachnolite,  !NaCaAlF8.H30. 

Anal.— 1,  Hagemann,  1.  c.     2,  Wohler,  ISac'hr.  Ges.  Gottingen,  Nov.  17,  1875.     3,  Koenig, 
42,  1876.     4,  NordenskiSld,  G.  For.  FOrh.,  2,  84,  1874.     5-7,  Brandl,  Zs. 


Proc.  Ac.  Philad. 
Kr.,  7,  470,  1883. 

1.  Greenland 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 


F  Al         Ca  Ka  H2O 

G  =  2-75  50-08  14-27  14-51  7-15  9'70  SiO2  2-0  =  97'71 

G.  =  2-929        [49-781  13'43  17'84  10-75  8'20  =  100 

G.  =  2-937         50-37  13-74  16-79  10-10  9'00  =  100 

F52-251  14-22  15'38  8'87  8'92  Mg  0'36,  K  tr.  =  100 

50-65  13-04  17-22  10-02  8'48  Mg  0'39  =  99'80 

50-62  13-00  17-21  10-49  8'33  Mg  0  20  =  99'85 

50-61  13-26  17-22  10*43  8'42  =  99'94 


Pyr..  etc.— Fuses  more  easily  than  cryolite  to  a  clear  glass.    The  massive  mineral  decrepi- 
tates remarkably  in  the  flame  of  a  candle.     In  powder  easily  decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid. 


GEARK8UTITE—RALSTONITE.  181 

Obs. — Found  with  pachnolite  on  the  cryolite  of  Greenland,  as  a  result  of  alteration  of  the 
latter.  First  noticed  by  Dr.  Julius  Thomsen  of  Copenhagen,  the  originator  of  the  cryolite 
industry,  after  whom  it  is  named.  It  differs  strikiugly  from  pachnolite  in  its  pearly  basal 
cleavage  and  its  nearly  square  prisms;  and  from  cryolite  in  the  horizontal  striae  of  the  same  and 
the  facility  of  cleavage.  The  compact  variety  referred  here  by  Dr.  Hagemann  has  much  of  the 
aspect  of  chalcedony;  it  incrusts  cryolite  or  occupies  seams  or  cavities  in  it,  and  is  covered  by 
the  chalky  gearksutite;  the  incrustations  are  sometimes  half  an  inch  or  more  thick. 

Also  occurs  sparingly  with  pachnolite  and  other  fluorides  at  St.  Peter's  Dome,  near  Pike's 
Peak,  Colorado. 

Ref.— i  Nat.  Ber.  aus  Ungarn,  1,  162,  1882. 

HAGEMANNITE  Shepard,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  246,  1866.  Closely  resembles  in  aspect  and  con- 
dition the  compact  thomsenolite,  but  passes  sometimes  into  a  yellow,  opaque,  jaspery  variety. 
It  incrusts  the  cryolite,  and  also  constitutes  seams  ^  to  ^  inch  thick.  It  sometimes  traverses  a 
drusy  ferruginous  pachnolite.  It  is  ocher-yellow  to  wax-yellow  in  color,  rarely  faint  greenish, 
dull,  or  with  only  a  faintly  glimmering  luster,  and  looks  like  an  iron  flint,  or  yellow  chloropal. 
H.  =  3-3-5.  G.  =  2-59-2-60.  Adheres  but  feebly  to  the  tongue. 

Hagemann  obtained  in  an  analysis:  F  40-30,  Al  12'06,  Fe  5  96,  Mg  2'30,  Ca  11-18,  Na  8'45, 
Si  7'79,  H2O  10-44.  G.  =  2'83.  Decrepitates  surprisingly  in  the  flame  of  a  candle. 

No  probable  formula  can  be  deduced.  Excluding  the  Si,Mg,Fe,  the  composition  is  that  of 
thomsenolite;  it  is  consequently  probably  an  impure  thomsenolite.  Cf.  Groth,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  480, 
1883. 

207.  GEARKSUTITE  Hagemann;  Dana,  Min.,  p.  130,  1868.     Evigtokite  Flight,  J.  Ch. 
Soc.,  43,  140,  1883. 

Earthy,  kaolin-like  in  aspect,  but  consisting  of  very  minute  colorless  needles, 
with  oblique  extinction. 

H.  =  2.     Luster  dull.     Color  white. 

Comp.— Perhaps  CaF2.Al(F,OH)3.H20  =  Fluorine  42'9,  aluminium  15'1, 
calcium  22'4,  water  15-1,  oxygen  4-5  =  100,  if  F  :  OH  =  2  :  1,  Hillebrand. 

Anal.— 1,  Hillebrand,  Bull.  20,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  59,  1885.  2,  G.  Lindstrom,  G.  For.  FDrh., 
7,  687,  1885. 

F         Al        Ca       Na       K      HaO        O 

1.  Colorado        f  42'07     15*20    22'30    010    0'04    15'46    [4'83]  =  100 

2.  Ivigtut  41-81*  15-37    21 '02    1'06    0'23    1503      4'82  Fe  0'30,  Mg  016,  Cl  0'20=100 

a  Direct  determination  40-55. 

Hagemann's  analysis  (5th  Ed.,  p.  130)  is  shown  by  Hillebrand  to  be  incorrect  in  the 
determination  of  fluorine  and  water;  the  same  author  shows  that  Flight's  emgtokite  is  identical 
with  gearksutite.  Flight  gives:  Al  16'23,  Ca  2239,  Na  0'43  or  A1F3  4987,  CaF2  43'66, 
NaF  0-76,  H2O  [5'71]  =  100. 

Pyr. — B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  white  enamel.  Gently  heated  in  the  tube  gives  off  neutral 
water,  but  more  strongly  heated  attacks  the  glass.  Soluble  in  acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  sparingly  with  the  Greenland  cryolite,  and  is  one  of  the  results  of  its  alteration. 
The  underlying  material  is  compact  thomsenolite.  Also  more  abundant  with  the  fluorides, 
cryolite,  pachuolite,  etc.,  of  St.  Peter's  Dome  near  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado. 

Named  from  yjj,  earth,  and  arksutite,  alluding  to  its  earthy  aspect. 

208.  RALSTONITE.     O.  J.  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  2,  30,  1871. 
Isometric.     In  octahedrons,  also  with  cubic  planes. 

Cleavage  none.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  4'5.  G.  =  2 '56-2*62. 
Luster  vitreous.  Colorless  to  white,  milky,  often  yellow  on  the  surface.  Trans- 
parent to  translucent.  Often  shows  weak  double-refraction,  Btd.1 

Comp. — A  hydrous  fluoride  of  sodium  and  aluminium,  (Na2,Mg)F0.3Al(F,OH)3.- 
2H20,  Penfield  and  Harper.  If  Na  :  Mg  =  1  :  1  and  F  :  OH  —  2  :  l)  this  requires: 
Fluorine  43'4,  aluminium  23*0,  magnesium  4*5,  sodium  4-4,  water  17'9,  oxygen 
6-8  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Nordenskiold,  on  0'22  gr.,  G.  For.  Forh.,  2,  81,  1874.  2,  Brandl,  on  0'5  gr.,  Zs. 
Kr. ,  7,  474,  1883.  3,  Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  32,  380,  1886.  4,  Penfield  and  Harper,  ibid. 

F  Al          Mg         Na          Ca         H2O 

1.  G.  =2-60  [50-05]*        22-94        5'52        4'66        1'99        14*84  K  tr.,  P2O5  tr.  =  100 

2.  57-12  22-14        3'56        5-50        1'53        lO'OO  =  99-85 

3.  undet.          22'33        4*29        4'12        1'67        18 "41  K  O'll 

4.  G.  =  2  58  1 39-91  24-25        4'39        4-27        0'03        18  73  K  0'12  =  91 '70 

•  This,  as  calculated,  includes  F  38'13,  O  10'69. 


182  CHLORIDES,  BROMIDES,  IODIDES— FLUORIDES. 

Penfield  and  Harper  confirm  NordenskiOld  in  finding  the  fluorine  insufficient  to  unite  with 
thje  bases;  they  complete  analysis  4  by  calculating  the  amount  of  hydroxyl  required,  viz.  16  27 
(==  8'61  HaO),  here  F  :  OH  =  2  :  1. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  whitens,,  yields  water  at  first,  ihen  a  copious  white  sublimate 
which  etches  the  tube.  The  water  reacts  acid.  B.B.  on  charcoal  a  faint  white  sublimate.  In 
the  forceps  whitens,  colors  the  flame  yellow,  but  does  not  fuse.  With  cobalt  solution  gives  a 
deep  blue.  In  salt  of  phosphorus  dissolves  completely  to  a  colorless  bead  in  both  flames. 
Soluble  with  effervescence  in  a  bead  of  sodium  carbonate.  Decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid  with 
evolution  of  hydrofluoric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  cryolite  and  thomsenolite  at  Ivigtut.  Arksuk  Fiord,  Greenland. 

Ref.— »  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  4,  34,  1881. 

209.  YTTROCERITE.  Yttrocerit  Gahn  &  Berzelius,  Afh.,  4,  151,  1814.  Yttrocererit 
teonh.,  Handb.,  573,  1826.  Yttria  fltiatee  Fr.  Fluate  of  Cerium  andYttria.  Ytterflussspath, 
Flussyttrocalcit,  Germ.  Yttrocalcit  Glock.,  Syn.,  283,  1847. 

Massive;  crystalline-granular  and  earthy. 

Cleavage:  in  two  directions  inclined  to  each  other  71°  30'.  Fracture  uneven. 
H.  =  4-5.  G.  =  3*447  Berz,;  3 -363  Rg.  Luster  glistening;  vitreous  to  pearly. 
Color  violet-blue,  inclining  to  gray  and  white,  often  white;  sometimes  reddish 
brown. 

Comp. — A  fluoride  of  calcium  with  the  metals  of  the  cerium  and  yttrium 
>ups.    According  to   Rammelsberg  the  formula  is  2(2RF3.9CaF2)  -f-  3H20,  with 
=  Ce(La,Di)  :  Y(Er)  =  1:2;  further  the  cerium  metals  consist  one-half  of  lan- 
thanum and  didymium,  and  the  yttrium  contains  30  p.  c.  of  erbium. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Rg.,  Ber.  Ch.  Ges.,  3,  857,  1870.  Also  earlier,  Gahn  and  Berzelius  (1.  c.  and 
Schw.  J.,  16,  241,  1816),  5th  Ed.,  p.  125. 

CaO      Ce2O3      Y2OS       H2O 
1.  .  G.  =  3-363  47-27        9'3o        14  87        2'52 


2.  49-32  16-14 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  water.  B.B.  on  charcoal  alone  infusible;  with  gypsum 
the  yttrocerite  of  Finbo  fuses  to  a  bead,  not  transparent,  and  that  of  Broddbo  is  infusible  With 
the  three  fluxes  the  Finbo  mineral  behaves  like  fluorite;  the  glass  is,  however,  yellow  in  the 
Oxidizing  flame  as  long  as  hot,  and  becomes  opaque  sooner  than  the  glass  given  by  fluorite.  In 
a  pulverized  state  it  dissolves  completely  in  heated  hydrochloric  acid,  forming  a  yellow  solution, 

Obs. — Occurs  sparingly  at  Finbo  and  Broddbo,  near  Falun  in  Sweden,  embedded  in  quartz, 
and  associated  with  albite  and  topaz.  Also  at  Amity,  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y.;  in  Mass.,  probably 
Worcester  Co.;  at  Mt.  Mica,  in  Paris,  Maine. 


V.  OXIDES. 

I.  Oxides  of  Silicon. 
II.  Oxides   of   the    Semi-Metals:    Tellurium,    Arsenic,   Antimony^ 

Bismuth ;  also  Molybdenum,  Tungsten. 
III.  Oxides  of  the  Metals. 

HydrogeD  and  Titanium  are  included  here. 


210.     Quartz 
211      Tridymite 


Asmanite 


212.     Opal 


I.  Oxides  of  Silicon. 

SiO  Rhombohedral,  trapezohedral 

SiO,  Hexagonal 

or  Pseudo-hexagonal 

Si02.  ?iH30         Amorphous 


<$  =  1-09997 
6  =  1-6530 


Rhombohedral; 
0001  A  1011  =  51° 


Forms,  pt.2: 

I     (2021,  2) 

c  (0001,  0)  rare 

M  (3031,  3) 

771(1010,7), 

a  (1120,  »-2  r) 
o,  (2110,  i-2  1) 

r    (4041,4) 
e     (5051,  5) 
C     (6061,  6) 

A;  (5160,  i-f  r) 

r  (iO'0-io-i,  10) 

&2  (3140,  fc-f  r) 

GO   (0113,  -  |) 

^4  (2130,  *-f  r) 

7T     (0112,    -  i) 

A:6  (3250,  »-f  r) 

z    (0111,  -  1) 

A,  (6150,  «-§!),  etc. 

1,    (0221,  -2) 

d  (1012,  |) 
r  (1011,  R) 
m  (6065,  |) 
A  (5054,  f) 
t    (4043,  A) 

M,  (0331,  -  3) 
e,    (0551,  -  5) 
A    (0772,  -|) 
£    (0771,  -7) 
IF  (O-ll-H-1,-11),  etc. 

;    (3032,|) 

€     (1122.  1-2  r) 

*'   (5053,  f) 

*     (1121,  2-2  r) 

Qvarts  Swed.     Quarzo  Ital. 
Axis:  6  =  1-09997 \ 

v    (1451,  -  5-f  1) 
V    (1341,  -  4-|  1) 


210.  QUARTZ.  KpvoraXXoS  TheopJir.,  etc.  Crystallus  (with  allusion  to  its  hexagonal 
form  and  pyramidal  terminations)  Plin.,  37,  9,  10;  Silex  Plin.,  36,  371.  Crystallus,  Quartzum., 
candidissimum  [auriferous],  Germ.  Quertze,  Kiselstein,  Agrtc.,  276,  etc.,  444,  459,  465>  1546, 
1529.  Quartz,  Kisel,  Wall., 
Cuarzo  Span. 

with     trapezohedral   tetartohedrism. 
47'  10"  Kupffer1. 

i  (2112,  1-2  1) 
*,  (2111,  2-21) 

Zone,  msz 

n  (12"-H 

0    (7181,  8-f  r) 

x  (5161,  6-|r) 

y  (4151,  5-|  r) 

u  (3141,  4-|  r) 

L  (1232,  -H.I) 

T  (1343, -HI) 

T!  (1454,  -  f-f  1) 

r2(1565,  -|-fl) 

r,  (1676,  -  H  1) 

r4  (1787,  -  f-f  1),  etc. 


r)     e    (1231, -3-fl) 

'  **T    /  t  ••  .•*  c\.c\n  .+  + 


t  (3253,  Hr) 
*8  (2132,  f-fr) 
Y  (3123,  1-|  1) 

Zotoe  ritr' 


r) 


?3  (2134,  |- 
?4  (1235,  - 


ft  .(2979,  -  1-f  r) 


<t>  (6173, 

J  (10  5-15-2,  J^f  r)  etc* 


Zone  ?;i'5r 

p  (1561,  -  6-f  1) 

For  most  of  these  forms  the  complementary  left  or  right  planes,  respectively,  have  been  ob- 
served: thus,  x,  (6151,  6-f  1),  t,  (5233,  f-f  1),  etc.,-  also  p  (1651,  -  5-f  r),  r,  (1433,  -|-«  r), 
ft  (2799,  —  1-f  1)  f.  14,  etc.  The  distinction  between  the  right  and  left  forms  has  not  usually 
been  made  out,  and  that  between  -f-  and  —  forms  only  imperfectly. 

183 


184 


OXIDES. 


mk  =  8°  57' 
mk*  =  13°  54' 
mk*  =  19°  6' 

md  =  57°  35' 
mr  -  38°  13' 
mi  =  25°  17' 
ml  =  21°  29' 
m M  =  14°  42' 
my  =  11°-  8' 
we  =  8°  57' 
w£  =  7°  28 


m$ 
m¥ 

CDC*' 
dd' 


4°  30' 

67°    3' 

6°  25' 
6' 


=      4 


=    39°  28'  - 
=    55°  19£' 
=    85°  46' 
=  *46°  15'  52' 


as      = 


42°  16 

24°  27' 


mv 

— 

8° 

52' 

mft 

-  — 

76° 

39 

mx 

— 

12° 

r 

m$ 

sJ: 

90° 

0' 

my 
mu 
ms 
mL 

= 

14° 
18° 
37° 
49° 

35' 

29' 

58' 
29' 

m'p 
mv 

= 

12' 
14° 

18° 

r 

35' 
29' 

mr 

= 

54° 

57° 

33' 
21' 

m'  e 
m's 

— 

25° 
37° 

5' 

58' 

__ 

59° 

7' 

m't 

5S 

45° 

5' 

mrl 

_ 

60° 

20' 

m'r 

= 

66° 

52' 

mr 



61° 

13' 

m'y 

=1 

81° 

54' 

mz 

— 

66°- 

52' 

rs 

** 

28° 

54' 

1. 


1-6,  simple  forms.     7,  Typical  right-handed  crystal.   8,  Left-handed  crystal.    9-12,  Twins. 
13,  Distorted  crystal.     9,  10,  Sbk.     11,  Switzerland,  Dx.     12,  Madagascar;  Pfd. 

Crystals  commonly  prismatic,  with  the  m  faces  horizontally  striated  {f.  11); 
terminated  either  by  both  rhombohedrons  (f.  1,  5,  6),  or  by 
one  only  (f.  3).  Often  in  double  six-sided  pyramids  or 
quartzoids  through  the  equal  development  of  r  and  z  (f.  2) ; 
rarely  r  predominates  (f.  4),  the  form  then  having  a  cubic 
aspect  (rrf  =  85°  46').  Crystals  frequently  distorted  (f. 

6,  13),  when  the  correct  orientation  may  be  obscure  except 
as  shown  by  the  striations  on  m.     The  faces  s  and  sy  also 
often  striated  ||  edge  r/m'  (s),  or  ||  edge  r  /J)iv  (s,),  cf.  figs. 

7,  8,  14;  also  striations  common  in  other  zones,  f.  17,  18. 
Crystals  often  elongated  to  acicular  forms,  and  tapering 
through  the  oscillatory  combination  of  successive  rhombo- 
hedrons with   the   prism.     Occasionally  twisted  or   bent. 

Frequently  in  radiated  masses  with  a  surface  of  pyramids,  or  in  druses. 


qUAMTZ. 


185 


The  +  rhombohedron  (r)  is  usually  the  predominating  form,  where  r  and  z  are  not  equally 
developed,  and  its  faces  often  show  a  higher  luster  than  those  of  2;  it  can  always  be  recognized 
by  the  shape  of  the  etching  figures  (cf.  figs.  26,  27),  and  also  in  most  cases  by  pyroelectrical 
phenomena  when  these  are  distinct  (see  below).  As  shown  by  Rose,  simple  crystals  are  either 
right- or  left  handed.  On^a  right-handed  crystal  (f.  7),  s,  if  present,  Jies  to  the  right  of  the 
wface,  which  is  below  the  plus  rhombohedron  r,  and  with  this  belong  the  plus  right  trapezo- 
hedrons,  as  x,  alsow,  y.and  t(f.  15,  16),  and  minus  left  trapezohedrons  (f.  17),  as/9,  T,  also  a  (left). 
On'a  left-handed  crystal  (f.  8),  s  (properly  st)  lies  to  the  left  of  the  ra  below  r,  and  with  it  (f.  18-, 
19,  20,  the  last  two  twins)  the  plus  left  and  minus  right  trapezohedrons.  also  a  (right).  The  right- 
and  left-handed  forms  (except  apparently  £  and  ?,)  occur  together  only  in  twins.  In  the  absence 
of  trapezohedral  planes  the  striations  on  s  (cf.  above  and  f.  16),  if  distinct',  serve  to  distinguish 
the  planes?*  and  z,  and  hence  show  the  right-  and  left-handed  character  of  the  crystals. 

Twins3:  (1)  tw.  axis  6  (tw.  pi.  w),  axes  hence  parallel,  the  individuals  both 
right-  or  both  left-handed  but  unsymmetrical,  r  then  parallel  to  and  coinciding 
with  z,  the  resulting. form,  as  in  fig.  9,  mostly  penetration-twins,  the  parts  often 
irregularly  united  (cf.  f.  19,  20),  P,S  shown  by  dull  areas  (/)  on  the  plus  rnombohe* 
dral  face  (r)-;  otherwise  these  twins  are  recognized  by  pyro-electrical  phenomena. 


15. 


16 


m 


Figs.  15-21,  Rath:  15,  Dissentts;  16-21,  Alexander  Co.,  N.  C. 

(2)  Tw.  pi.  a,  sometimes  called  the  Brazil  law,  the  individuals  respectively  right* 
and"  left-handed  and  the  twin  symmetrical  with  reference  to  an  a  face  (f.  10), 
usually  as  irregular  penetration-twins;  in  these  twins  r  and  r,  also  z  and  z,  coincide. 
This -kind  of  twinning  sometimes  gives  rise  to  successive  zones  of  alternate  character 
(as  in  amethyst);  the  composition  is  seen  by  the  simultaneous  appearance  of  planes 
characterizing  both  forms  (right  and  left),  and  in  irregular  areas  on  the  surface 
having  different  physical  character;  alse  in  the  optical  behavior  of  cross-sections 
(JL  £),  as  well  as  by  pyro-electrical  phenomena.  (3)  Tw.  pi.  £  (1122),  contact-twins 
{f.  11, 12),  the  axes  crossing  at  an  angle  of  84°  33',  and  a  plane  in  coincident  in  both 
individuals;  the  like  rhombohedral  faces  are  usually  symmetrical,  i.e.,  r  to  r,  etc., 
but  sometimes  unsymmetrical,  that  is,  r  corresponds  to  ?,  etc.  Groupings' which 
simulate  twins  are  common;  pseudo-twins;  with  s  as  the  approximate  twinning- 


186 


OXIDES. 


plane,  are  also  produced  by  the  arrangement  of  crystals  in  parallel  position  on  ths 
—  £  R  faces  of  calcite. 

Massive  forms  common  and  in  great  variety,  passing  from  the  coarse  or  fine 
granular  and  crystalline  kinds  to  those  which  are  flint-like  or  cryptocrystalline. 
Sometimes  mammillary,  stalactitic,  and  in  concretionary  forms;  as  sand. 

Cleavage:  r,  z,  difficult  and  not  often  observed,  also  m,  and  sometimes  c,  more 
difficult^  sometimes  developed  by  sudden  cooling  after  being  heated;  also  (Mid.4) 
by  the  pressure  of  a  sharp  point  on.  thin,  sections,  e.g.  .cut  |  6  and  j_  m.  Also  a, 
lamellar  structure  ||  r  and  ||  z  as  gliding-planes,  sometimes  developed  by  secondary 
means  (Judd4).  Fracture  conchoidal  to  subconchoidal  in  crystallized  forms,  uneven 
to  splintery  in  some  massive  kinds.  Brittle  to  tough.  H  =  7.  GL  ==  2*653,  2*654 
in  crjstals,  Beud. ;  2'66Q  cryst.,  Herkimer,  Pfd. ;  eryptocrystalline  forms  somewhat 
lower  (to  2*60)  if  pure,  but  impure  massive  forms  (e.g.  jasper)  higher.  Luster 
vitreous,  sometimes  greasy ;  splendent  to  nearly  dull.  Colorless  when  pure;  often 
various  shades  of  yellow,  red,  brown,  green,  blue,,  bladk.  Streak  white,  of  pure 
varieties;  if  impure,  often  the  same  as  the  color,  but  much  paler.  Transparent 
to  opaque. 

Optically  -{-.  Double  refraction  weak.  Polarization  circular;  axial  figure 
hence  having' a  colored  center.  Rotation  sometimes  right-handed,  also  left-handed, 
the  optical  character  corresponding  to  right-  and  left-handed  character  of  crystals, 
as  defined  above;  in  twins  (law  2)  both  right  and  left  forms  sometimes  united, 
sections  then  often  showing  Airy's  spirals  in  the  polariscope;  cf.  figs.  23, 24,  also  2.5. 


23. 


24. 


Figs.  23,  24,  Basal  sections  in  polarized  light,  show  ing  interpenetration  of  right-  and  left-handed 
portions,  Dx.  25,  Same,  showing  also  secondary  lamellae  (at  a,  b),  alternately  right-  and 
left-handed,  Judd. 

Rotatory,  power  proportional  to  thickness  of  plate.     Refractive  indices5   for  the 
Fraunhofer  lines;  also  rotatory  power6  for  sections  of  lmiri-  thickness: 


A 

=  1 '5391 3 

^  1-54805 
12°67 


B 

1-54090 
1-54990 
15°-75 
I,  for  D,  a  =  21°  *736, 


0 

D 

E 

F 

G 

1-5418.1 

1-54418 

1  54711 

1-54965 

1-55425 

1*55085 

1-55328 

1-55631 

1*55894 

3  -56365 

17°  -32 

21°  *71 

27°'54 

32°:77 

42"  -60 

Pyro-electric7;  also  electric  by  pressure  or  piezo-electric.  By  change  of  tem- 
perature a  simple  crystal  is  divided  into  +  and  —  electrical  zones  parallel  to  the 
alternate  prismatic  edges;  ill  right-handed  crystals  the  right  edges  below  r,  and  in 
left-handed  the  corresponding  left  edges  (f.  '7,  8),  become  negative  on  cooling,  the 
alternate  edges  positive.  In  twins  (1)  two  adjacent  edges  may  have  the  same 
character;  in  twins  (2,  Brazil  law)  all  the  prismatic  edges  may  have  the  same 
sign.  Cross-sections  J_  ^  are  divided  into  sectors,  and  the  irregular  penetration 
is  well  exhibited  by  this  method.  A  non-conductor  for  electricity,  acting,  in  the 
form  pf  fine  threads,  as  an  insulator  in  a  remarkable  degree  even  in  a  moist 


QUARTZ. 


187 


atmosphere.     Comparable  as  a  conductor,  in  the  direction  of  the  vertical  axis,  to 
glass  at  high,  temperatures,  but  not  conducting  normal  to  this  direction8. 

Etching  figures11,  developed  by  the  action  of  hydrofluoric  acid  or  alkaline 
carbonates,  exhibit  the  right-  and  left-hand  character  of  the  crystals  (Leydolt, 
Penfield,  Molengraaff)  as  shown  in  figs.  26,  27.  A  sphere  from  a  simple  right- 
handed  crystal  subjected  by  Penfield  to  the  action  of  acid  was  attacked  rapidly  in 
the  direction  of  the  vertical  axis,  but  not  at  all  at  the  +  extremities  of  the  axes. 
Cf.  figs.  28,  29. 


Figs.  26-29,  Crystals  etched  by  hydrofluoric  acid,  Peutield.  26,  right-handed*  27*  left-handed, 
Crystal.  28,  29.  sphere  cut  from  Simple  right-handed  crystal  after  being  etched  by  acid 
for  7  weeks:  28,  basal  view;  29,  front  view;  circle  shows  original  form  of  sphere,  dotted 
hexagon  the  position  of  axes. 

Comp.— Silica,  or  silicon  dioxide,  Si02  =  Oxygen  53*3,  silicon  46-7  =  100. 

In  massive  varieties  often  mixed  with  a  little  opal-silica.  Impure  varieties  contain  iron 
oxide,  calcium  carbonate,  clay,  sand,  and  various  minerals  as  inclusions. 

Var.— 1.  PHENOCKYSTALLINE:  Crystallized,  vitreous  in  luster. 

2.  CRYPTOCRYSTALLINE:  Flint-like,  massive. 

The  first  division  includes  all  ordinary  vitreous  quartz,  whether  having  crystalline  faces  or 
BOI.  'The  varieties  under  the  second  are  in  general  acted  upon  somewhat  more  by  attrition,  and 
"by  chemical  agents,  as  hydrofluoric  acid,  than  those  of  the  first.  In  all  kinds  made  up  of 
layers,  as  agate,  successive  layers  are  unequally  eroded. 

A     PHENOCRYSTALLINE  OR  VITREOUS  VARIETIES. 

1.  Ordinary  Crystallized;  Rock  Crystal.— Colorless  quartz,  or  nearly  so,  whether  in  distinct 
•crystals  or  not.  Ordinary  as  above  described.  Here  belong  the  Bristol  diamonds,  Lake  George, 
diamonds,  Brazilian  pebbles,  etc.  Some  variations  from  the  common  type  are:  (a)  cavernous 
crystals,  having  deep  cavities  parallel  to  the  faces — occasioned  by  the  interference  of  impurities 
during  their  formation;  (b)  cap-quartz  (Kappftn-quarz  Germ.),  itoade  up  of  separable  layers  or 
caps,  due  to  the  deposit  of  a  little  clayey  material  at  intervals  in  the  progress  of  the  crystal; 


below,  also  crocidolite  p.  400). 

2.  Asleriated;  Star-quartz  (Stern-quarz  Germ.). — Containing  within  the  crystal  whitish  or 
colored  radiations  along  the  diametral  planes.    Occasionally  exhibits  asterism  somewhat  like  that 
of  the  asteriated  sapphire. 

3.  Amethystine;    Amethyst,  AjueQvoror,   Theophr.,  etc,— Clear    purple,   or  bluish  violet. 
The  color  has  been  supposed  to  be  due  to  manganese. 

4.  Rose.  —Rose-red  or  pink,  but  becoming  paler  on  exposure.     Common  massive,  and  then 
usually  much  cracked.     Luster  sometimes  a  little  greasy.     Fuchs  states  that  the  color  is  due  to 
titanium;  he  found  1  to  l£  P-  C-  in  specimens  ffom  Rabeustein.  near  Bodenmais.     It  may  come 
in  part  from  manganese. 

a  Yellow;  False  Topaz  or  Citrine, — Yellow  and  pellucid,  or  nearly  so;  resembling  somewhat 
yellow  topaz,  but  very  different  in  crystallization  and  in  absence  of  cleavage 

6.  Smoky;  Cairngorm  Stone  Mormorion  Plin.,  37,  63, 'Morion.  (Rauch-quarz  Germ.) — 
Smoky-yellow  to  smoky-brown,  and  ofteq  transparent;  but  varying  to  brownish  black,  and 
then  nearly  opaque  in  thick  crystals.  The  color  is  probably  due  to  some  organic  carbon  .nitrogen 
compound  (Forster).  Called  criirngorms  from  the  locality  at  Cairngorm,  S.  "W.  of  Banff,,  ia 
Scotland.  The  name  morion  is  given  to  some  dark  colored,  nearly  black,  varieties. 


188  OXIDES. 

7.  Milky. — Milk-white  and  nearly  opaque.     Luster  often  greasy,  and  then  called  greasy 
quartz. 

8.  Siderite,  or  Sapphire-quartz. — Of  indigo  or  Berlin-blue  color;  a  variety  occurring  in  an 
impure  limestone  at  Golling  in  Salzburg, 

9.  Sagenitic. — Containing  within  acicular  crystals  of  rutile  (a),    often    in  reticulated  net- 
like  forms;  the  mineral  called  from  such  specimens  sagenite  (fr.  arayrjvri,  a  net}  by  de  Saussure 
(see  RUTILE). 

Other  included  minerals  in  acicular  forms  are:  (6)  black  tourmaline;  (c)  gothite;  (d)  stibuite; 
(e)asbestus;  (/)  actiuolite;  (g)  hornblende;  (h)  epidote. 

CdCs-Eye  (Katzenauge  Germ.,  OEii  de  Chat  Fr.)— Exhibiting  opalescence,  but  without  pris- 
matic colors,  especially  when  cut  en  caboc?ion,  an  effect  sometimes  due  to  fibers  of  asbestus. 
Also  finely  present  in  the  siliceous  pseudomorphs,  after  crpcidolite,  6alled  tiger-eye  (see  crocido, 
lite,  p.  401).  The  highly-prized  Oriental  cat's-eye  is  a  variety  of  chrysoberyl. 

11.  Aventurine. — Spangled  with  scales  of  mica,  hematite,  or  other  mineral. 

12.  Impure  from  tfie  presence  of  distinct  minerals  distributed  densely  through  the  mass.     The 
more  common  kinds  are  those  in  which  the  impurities  are:  (a)  ferruginous  (Eiseukiesel  Germ.), 
either  red  or  yellow,  from  anhydrous  or  hydrous  iron  sesquioxide;  (b)  chloritic,  from  some  kind 
of  chlorite;  (c)  actinolitic;  (d)  micaceous,;  (e)  arenaceous,  or  sand.     Sinopel  is  a  red  ferruginous 
quartz  from  Schemnitz,  Hungary. 

Quartz  crystals  also  occur  penetrated  by  various  minerals,  as  topaz,  corundum,  chrysoberyl, 
garnet,  different  species  of  the  amphibole  and  pyroxene  groups^  cyanite,  zeolites,  calcite,  and 
other  carbonates,  rutile,  stibnite,  hematite,  gothite,  magnetite,  fluorite,  gold,  silver,  anthra^ 
cite,  etc. 

13.  Containing  liquids  in  cavities.   "These  liquids  are  seen  to  move  with  the  change  of  posi- 
tion of  the  crystal,  provided  an  air-bubble  be  present  in  the  cavity;  they  may  be  detected  also 
by  the  refraction  of  light.     The  liquid  usually  is  either- water  (pure,  or  a  mineral  solution),  or 
some  petroleum-like  or  other  compound.     Quartz,  especially  smoky  quartz,  also  often  contains- 
inclusions  of  both  liquid  and  gaseous  carbon  dioxide.     The  water-cavities  also  occasionally  con- 
tain minute  cubes  of  sodium  chloride.     Cf .  Hartley,  Hawes12.     Wright  has  shown  the  presence 
of  the  gases  COa,  N,  HaS,  SOa,  H8N  and  F  in  the  smoky  quartz  of  Branchville,  Conn. 

B.    CRYPTOCRYSTALLINE  VAKIETIES. 

1.  Chalcedony.    Murrhina  Plin.,  37,  7.     lacmi^  pt.  Theophr.     laspis  pt.  Plin.,  37,  37. 
Murrhina,  Germ.    Chalcedonius,  Agric.,  466,  1546.     Chalcedon,  Achates  vix  pellucida,  nebulosa, 
colore  griseo  mixta,  Wall..,  83,  1747.     Chalcedon  Germ.     Calcedoine  Fr. — Having  the  luster 
nearly  of  wax,  and  either  transparent  or  translucent.     G.  =  2'6-2'64.     Color  white,  grayish, 
pale  brown  to  dark  brown,  black;   tendon-color  common;  sometimes  delicate  blue.     Also  of 
other  shades,  and  then  having  other  names.     Often  mammillary,  botryoidal,  stalactitic,  and 
occurring  lining  or  filling  cavities  in  rocks.      It  often  contains  some  disseminated  opal-silica. 
The  name  Enhydros  is  given  to  nodules  of  chalcedony  containing  water,  sometimes  in  large 
amount. 

Embraced  under  the  general  name  chalcedony  is  the  crystalline  form  of  silica  which  forma 
concretionary  masses  with  radial-fibrous  and  concentric  structure,  and  which,  as  shown  by 
Rosenbusch  (IVlikr.  Phys.  Min.,  345,  1882),-  is  optically  negative,  unlike  true  quartz.  It  has 
nr  =  1-537 ;  G.  =  2'59-2'64.  Often  in  spherulites,  showing  the  spherulitic  interference-figure. 
Becker  proposes  to  distinguish  it  under  the  name  chalcedonite  (U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Mon.,  13,  390; 
1888).  Cf.  lussatite  of  Mallard,  p.  197,  which  has  a  like  structure,  but  is  optically  -j-  and  has  the 
specific  gravity  and  refractive  index  of  opal. 

2.  Carnelian.   2ap8iov  Theophr.     Sarda  Plin.,  37,  23,  id.  =  Germ.  Carneol,  Ayric.,  468,, 
1546.      Carneol,  Agates  fere  pellucida, ,  colore  rubescente,  Wall. ,  82,  1747.     Sard.     Cornaline 
Fr. — A  clear  red  chalcedony,  pale  to  deep  in  shade;    also  brownish  red  to  brown,  the  latter 
kind  (Sardoine  Fr.)  reddish  brown  by  transmitted  light. 

3.  Chrysopraso  (not  Chrysoprasus  antiq.).     An  apple-green  chalcedony,  the  color  due  to  the 
presence  of  nickel  oxide.     Klaproth  found  in  that  of  Silesia  1'Op.  c.  NiO;  and  Rammelsberg, 
in  the  same,  0'41  p.  c.  NiO 

4.  Prase. — Translucent  and  dull  leek-green;  so  named  from  itpacror,  a  leek.      Always 
regarded  as  a  stone  of  little  value.     The  name  is  also  given  to  crystalline  quartz  of  the  same 
color.     "  Vilioris  est  turbae  Prasius"  says  Pliny. 

5  Plasma.  laspis  pt.  Plin.,  37,  37. — Rather  bright  green  to  leek-green,  and  also  sometimes 
nearly  emerald -green,  and  subtranslucent  or  feebly  translucent;  sometimes  dotted  with  white. 

Heliotrope,  or  Blood-stone,  is  the  same  stone  essentially,  with  small  spots  of  red  jasper,  look> 
ing  like  drops  of  blood. 

The  laspis,  or  jasper  of  the  ancients,  was  a  semitransparent  or  translucent  stone,  and  in- 
eluded  in  Pliny's  time  all  bright-colored  chalcedony  excepting  the  carnelian  (sard).  He  gives 
special  prominence  to  sky-blue  and  green,  and  mentions  also  a  shade  of  purple  (the  color  of  the 
best,  he  says),  a  rose-color,  the  color  of  the  morning  sky  in  autumn,  sea-green,  terebenthine 
color  (yellow  like  turpentine,  as  interpreted  by  King),  smoke-color  (his  capnias),  etc. ;  but  in 
general  there  is  a  tinge  of  blue,  whatever  the  shade.  The  green  kinds  may  have  been  ch.ry80« 
prase  or  plasma;  or  perhaps  a  variety  of  jade,  a.  stone  known  in  Europe  since  the  Stone  a^e. 


QVAETZ.  189 

The  green,  with  a  line  running  through  it  (Monogrammos),  may  have  been  plasma,  or  jade,  with 
a  narrow  seam  of  white  quartz. 

Pliny's  Prasius,  spotted  with  red,  was  our  heliotrope;  his  Heliotrope  {37,  60)  was  a  leek- 
greenstone  (prase  or  plasma)  veined  with  blood-red  (jasper);  and  the  jasper  was  so  abundant  a 
part  as  to  give  a  general  red  reflection  to  the  whole  when  it  was  put  in  water  in  the  face  of  the 
sun,  whence  the  name  from  ^Azo$, 'sun,  and  rpeiteiv,  to  turn. 

6.  Agate.     ' A^dr^  [fr.  Sicily]  Theophr.  -Achates  pt.  Plin.,  37,  54.     Onyx  pt.   Plin.,  ib., 
24. — A  variegated  chalcedony.     The  colors  are  either  (a)  banded;  or  (b)  in  clouds;  or  (c)  due  to 
visible  imp  irities. 

(a)  Banded.     The  bands  are  delicate  parallel  lines,  of  white,  tendon-like,  wax-like,  pale  and 
dark  brown,  and  black  colors,  and  sometimes  bluish  and  other  shades.     They  follow  courses, 
sometimes  straight,  more  often  waving  or  zigzag,  and  occasionally  concentric  circular,  as  in  the 
eye-agate  (Leucophthalmus  Plin.,  37,  62,  and  Triophthalmus  ib.,  71).      The  fine  translucent 
agates  graduate  into  coarse  and  opaque  kinds.   The  bands  are  the  edges  of  layers  of  deposition, 
the  agate  having  been  formed  by  a  deposit  of  silica  from  solutions  intermittently  supplied,  in 
irregular  cavities  in  rocks,  and  deriving  their  concentric  waving  courses  from  the  irregularities 
of  the  walls  of  the  cavity.     As  the  cavity  cannot  contain  enough  of  the  solution  to  fill  it  with 
silica,  an  open  hole  has  been  supposed  to  be  retained  on  one  side  to  permit  the  continued 
supply;  but  it  is  more  probable  that  it  passes  through  the  outer  layers  by  osmosis,  the  denser 
solution  outside  thus  supplying  silica  as  fast  as  it  is  deposited  within.     The  colors  are  due 'to 
traces  of  organic  matter/ x>r  of  oxides  of  iron,  manganese,  or  titanium,  and  largely  to  differences 
in  rate  of  deposition.     The  layers  differ  in  porosity,  and  therefore  in  the  rate  at  which  they  are 
etched  by  hydrofluoric  acid;  and  consequently  the  etching  process  brings  out  the  different 
layers,  and  makes  engravings  that  will  print  exact  pictures  of  the  agate.     Owiilg  also*to  the 
unequal  porosity,  agates  may  be  varied  in  color  by  artificial  means,  and  this  is  done  now  to  a 
large  extent  with  the  agates  cut  for  ornament. 

(b)  Irregularly  clouded.     The  colors  various,  as  in  banded  agate. 

A  whitish  clouded  variety  is  probably  the  LeucacJiates  Pliu.  (fr.  A.et> KO$,  white);  a  wax- 
colored,  his  Cerachates  (fr.  cera,  wax),  a  name  that  may  have  been  applied  also  to  ordinary  wax- 
colored  chalcedony,  as  the  stone  was  one  in  little  repute;  (c)  a  reddish,  his  Sardachates,  or 
carnelian-agate.  The  last  probably  included  also  banded  kinds.  HemacJtates  (fr.  <\'iuccy  blood) 
was  probably  a  true  light-colored  agate,  blotched  with  red  jasper,  "blushing  with  spots  of 
blood,"  as  says  Solinus  (King,  p.  207),  of  which  there  are  very  beautiful  kinds,  and  not  simple 
red  jasper.  laspacJiates  must  have  been  an  agate  in  which  bluish  and  greenish  shades  (laspis) 
predominated.  These  names  are  given  by  Pliny  without  accompanying  descriptions.  Ruin- 
agate  or  Fortification-agate  is  a  variety  with  light  to  dark  brown  shades,  showing,  when  polished, 
.curious  markings  well  described  by  the  name. 

(c)  Colors  due  to  visible  impurities,     (a)  Moss-agate^  or  Mocha-stone,  filled  with  brown  moss-like 
or  dendritic  forms,  as  of  manganese  oxide,  distributed  through  the  mass. ,  (6)  Dendritic  Agate , 
containing  brown  or  black  dendritic  markings.    These  two  are  the  Dendrachates  Plin.  (fr, 
devdpov,  a  tree). 

There  is  also  Agatized  wood:  woo4  petrified  with  clouded  agate. 

7.  Onyx.     *Qvv£iov   Theophr.     Onyx  pt.  [rest  agate,  or  stalagmite,   p.  268]    Plin.,  37,  24. 
Onice  Ital. — Like  agate  in  consisting  of  layers  of  different  colors,  but  the  layers  are  in  even 
planes,  and  the  banding  therefore  straight,  and  hence  its  use  for  cameos,  the  head  being  cut  in 
one  color,  and  another  serving  for  the  background.     The  colors  of  the  best  are  perfectly  well 
defined,  and  either  white  and  black,  or  white,  brown,  and  black  alternate  ;  also  white  and  red. 
Omcolbltal.  (dimin.)  is  a  name  given  to  a  kind  of  onyx  in  which  a  thin  layer  of  white  over 
black  gives  a  bluish  tinge. 

8.  Sardonyx  Pirn.!  37,  23. — Like  onyx  in  structure,  but  includes  layers  of  carnelian  (sard) 
along  with  others  of  white  or  whitish,  and  brown,  and  sometimes  black  colors. 

9.  Agate-Jasper — An  agate  consisting  of  jasper  with  veinings  and  cloudings  of  chalcedony. 

10.  Siliceous  sinter. — Irregularly  cellular  quartz,  formed  by  deposition  from  waters  contain- 
ing silica  or  soluble  silicates  in  solution.     See  also  under  opal,  p.  195. 

11.  Flint.     Silex  pt.  Plin.,  Feuerstein  Germ. — Somewhat  allied  to  chalcedony,  but  more 
opaque,  and  of  dull  colors,  usually  gray,  smoky-brown,  and  brownish  black.     The  exterior  is 
often  whitish,  from  mixture  with  lime  or  chalk,   in  which  it  is  embedded.     Luster  barely 
glistening,  subvitreous.     Breaks  with  a  deeply  conchoid al  fracture,  and  a  sharp  cutting  edge. 
The  flint  of  the  chalk  formation  consists  largely  of  the  remains  of  diatoms,  sponges,  and  other 
marine  productions.     The  silica  of  flint,  according  to  Fuchs,  is  partly  soluble  silica.     There  is 
usually  a  small  amount   of  alumina  and  iron  sesquioxide,  with  some  water.     The  coloring 
matter  of  the  common  kinds  is  mostly  carbonaceous  matter.     Flint  implements  play  an  impor- 
tant part  among  the  relics  of  early  man. 

.12.  Hornstone.  Silex  pt.,  Plin.  (Hornstein  Germ.} — Resembles  flint,  but  more  brittle,  the 
fracture  more  splintery.  Chert  is  &  term  of  ten  applied  to  hornstone,  and  to  any  impure  flinty 
rock,  including  the  jaspers. 

13.  Basanite;  Lydian  Stone,  or  Touchstone.  Lapis  Lydius  Plin.,  33,  43?  Basanites  id.,  36, 
11,  Lydite. — A -velvet-black  siliceous  stone  or  flinty  jasper,  used  on  account  of  its  hardness  and 
black  color  for  trying  the  purity  of  the -precious  metals.  The  color  left  on  the  stone  after 
rubbing  the  metal  across  it  indicates  to  the  experienced  'eye  the  amount  of  alloy.  It  is  not 
splintery  like  hornstone.  It  passes  into  a  compact,  fissile,  siliceous,  or  flinty  rock,  of  grayish  and 


190  OXIDES. 

other  colors,  called  siliceous  slate,  and  also  Phthanyte;  and  then  resembles  ordinary  jasper  of 
grayish  and  other  shades,  especially  the  banded  jaspers. 

14.  Jasper.  —Impure  opaque  colored  quartz,  (a)  Red  (Hoematitis  Plin.,  37,  c.  60,  not  hia 
Haematites),  iron  sesquioxide  being  the  coloring  matter.  (b)  Brownish,  or  ocher  yellow,  colored 
by  hydrous  iron  sesquioxide,  and  becoming  red  when  so  heated  as  to  drive  off  the  water,  (c)  Dark 
green  and  brownish  green,  (d)  Grayish  blue,  (e)  Blackish  or  brownish  black.  (/)  Striped  or 
riband  jasper  (Bandjuspis  Germ.*),  having  the  colors  in  broad  stripes,  (g)  Egyptian  jasper,  io. 
nodules  which  are  zoned  in  brown  and  yellowish  colors.  (/*)  Jasponyx.  (i\  Jasperized  wood. 

Porcelain  jasper  is  nothing  but  baked  clay,  and  differs  from  true  jasper  iq  being  B.B.  fusible 
on  the  edges.  Red  porphyry,  or  its  base,  resembles  jasper,  but  is  also  fusible  on  the  edges,  being 
asually  an  impure  feldspar. 

C,  Besides  the  above  there  are  also: 

1.  Granular  Quartz,  Quartz-rock,  or  Quartzyte.—A.  rock  consisting  of  quartz  grains  very 
firmly  compacted;  the  grains  often  hardly  distinct.  2.  Quartzose  Sandstone.  3.  Quartz- 
conglomerate.  A  rock  made  of  pebbles  of  quartz  with  sand.  The  pebbles  sometimes  are  jasper 
and  chalcedony,  and  make  a  beautiful  stone  when  polished.  4..  Itacolumyte ,  or  Flexible  Sand- 
stone. A  friable  sand-rock,  consisting  mainly  of  quartz-sand,  but  containing  a  little  mica,  and 
possessing  a  degree  of  flexibility  when  in  thin  laminae.  5.  Balirstone,  or  Burrstone.  A  cellular, 
flinty  rock,  having  the  nature  in  part  of  coarse  chalcedony. 

6.  Pseudomoi^phous  Quartz. — Quartz  appears  also  under  the  forms  of  many  of  the  mineral 
species,  which  it  has  taken  through  either  the  alteration  or  replacement  of  crystals  of  those 
species.  The  most  common  quartz  pseudornorphs  are  those 'of  calcite,  barite.,  fluorite,  and 
siderite.  (a)  Tabular  quartz  consists  of  intersecting  plates  of  quartz,  and  is  probably  a  result  ,of 
the  quartz  being  deposited  among  intersecting  plates  of  other  minerals,  as  barite.  (b)  Haytorite 
of  C.  Tripe  (Phi).  Mag.,  1,  40,  1827)  is  a  pseudomorph  after  datolite.  (c)  Babet-quartz  is  quartz 
which  has,  on  the  under  surface, "impressions  of  cubes  of  fluorite,  arising  from  its  having  been 
deposited  over  the  crystals;  from  Beer-Alston,  Devonshire,  (d)  Silicified  shells  are  proper 
pseudoinorphs  in  quartz;  they  occur  through  many  rock  strata,  including  limestones,  (e)  Siiici- 
fied  wood  is  quartz  pseudomorph  after  wood.  The  texture  of  the  original  wood  is  usually  well 
retained,  it  having  been  formed  .by  the  deposit  of  silica  from 'its  solution  in  the  cells  of  the 
wood,  and  finally  taking  the  place  of  the  walls  of  the  cells  as  the  wood  itself  disappeared. 

Beekite  (Becldte  Dhfr.)  is  a  chalceclonic  chert  formed  by  the  replacement  of  limestone 
fragments  in  the  New  Red  conglomerate  of  South  Devon,  England;  it  often  takes  the  form  of 
calcareous  shells  or  other  fossils.,  Named  after  Dr.  Beek,  Dean  of  Bristol.  See  Hughes  for 
occurrence,  literature,  etc.,  Min.  Mag;;,  8,  265,  1889. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  unaltered;  with  borax  dissolves  slowly  to  a  clear  glass;  with  soda  dissolves 
with  effervescence;  unacted  upon  by  salt  of  phosphorus.  Insoluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  and 
only  slightly  acted  upon  by  solutions  of  fixed  caustic  alkalies,  the  cryptocrystallines  varieties 
to  the  greater  extent.  Soluble  Only  in  hydrofluoric  acid.  When  fused  and  cooled  it  becomes 
amorphous  silica,  having  G.  =  2 -2. 

,Obs. — Quartz  occurs  as  one  of  the  essential  constituents  of  granite,  syenite,  gneiss,  mica 
schist,  and  many  related  rocks;  as  the  principal  constituent  of  quartz-rock  and  many  sand- 
stones; as  an  unessential  ingredient  in  some  trachyte  (liparyte), ,  porphyry,  etc.;  as  the  vein- 
stone in  various  rocks,  and  for  a  large  part  of  mineral  veins;  as  a  foreign  mineral  in  the  cavities 
of  basalt,  and  related  rocks,  some  limestones,  etc.,-  making  geocles  of  crystals,  or  of  chalcedony, 
agate,  carnelian,  etc. ;  as  embedded  nodules  or  masses  in  various  'limestones,  constituting  the 
flint  of  the  chalk  formation,  the  horustone  of  other  limestones — these  nodules  sometimes 
becoming  continuous  layers;  as  masses  of  jasper  occasionally  in  limestone.  It  is  the  principal 
material  of  the  pebbles  of  gravel-beds,  and  of  the  sands  of  the  sea-shore,  and  sand-beds  every- 
wjiere. 

In  graphic  granite  (pegmatyte)  the  quartz  is  arranged  in  parallel  position  in  feldspar.     The 


Quartz  crystals  occasionally  occur  of  enormous  size.  A  group  in  the  museum  of  the 
university  at  Naples  weighs  nearly  half  a  ton.  A  crystal  belonging  to  Sig.  Rafelli,  of  Milan, 
measures  3£  ft.  in  length  and  5£  in  circumference,  and  its  weight  is  estimated  at  870  Ibs,; 
another  in  Paris  is  3  ft.  in  diameter  and  weighs  8  cwt.  About  a  century  since  a  drusy  cavity 
was  opened  at  Zinken,  which  afforded  1,000  cwt.  of  rock  crystal,  and  at  that  early  period 
brought  $300,000.  One  crystal  weighed  800  Ibs.  A  single  cavity  in  a  vein  of  quartz  near  the 
Tiefen  Glacier,  in  Switzerland,  discovered  in  1867,  afforded  smoky  quartz  crystals  weighing  in, 
the  aggregate  about  20,000  pounds;  a  considerable  number  of  the  single  crystals  having  a  weight 
of  200  to  250  pounds,  or  even  more.  A  group  from  Moose  Mountain,  New  Hampshire;  at  Dart- 
mouth College,  weighs  147£  Ibs.,  and  contains  48  crystals;  four  of  them  are  from  5  to  5|  inches 
in  diameter,  ten  from  4  to  4£  inches.  A  crystal  from  Waterbury,  Vt.,  2  ft.  long  and  18  inches 
through,  weighs  175  Ibs. 

Switzerland,  Dauphine,  Piedmont,  the  Carrara  quarries,  and  numerous  other  foreign 
localities,  afford  fine  specimens  of  rock  crystal;  also  Japan,  whence  the  beautiful  crystal  spheres, 
in  rare  cases  up  to  6  inches  in  diameter.  Smoky  quartz  crystals  of  great  beauty,  and  often  highly 
complex  in  form,  occur  at  many  points  in  the  central  Alps,  also  at  Cairngorm,  Scotland.  The 
most  beautiful  amethysts  are  brought  from  Iiulia.  Ceylon,  and  Persia,  also  from  Brazil;  inferior 


QUARTZ.  391 

specimens  occur  in  Transylvania,  in  large  Crystalline  groups;  in  the  vicinity  of  Cork,  and  on 
Achill  Is.,  Co.  Mayo, Ireland.  The  false  topaz  is  met  with  in  Brazil.  Rose  quartz  occurs  iu  a  vein 
of  manganese,  traversing  the  granite  of  liabcnstein,  near  Zwiesel  in  Bavaria.  Pfase  is  found  in 
the  iron  mines  of  Breiteijbrmm.  near  Sell warzen berg  iu  Saxony;  and  in  Brittany,  near  Nantes 
and  Rennes.  The  amygdaloids  of  Iceland  and  the  Fkroer  Islands  afford  magnificent  specimens 
of  chalcedony;  also  11  linen  berg  and  Leobeu  in  Carinthia,  etc.  A  -smalt-blue  variety,  iu  cubical 
crystals  (pseudomorphs  of  tiuorite),  occurs  at  Trcsz'yan  iu  Transylvania.  The  finest  carnelians 
and  agates  are  found  in  Arabia,  India,  Brazil,  Surinam,  also  formerly  at  Obersteiu  and  Saxony: 
Scotland  affords  smaller  but  handsome  specimens  (Scotch  pebbles).  -Chrysoprase,  a't  Kosemtitz 
in  Silesia.  Aventarine  quartz,  at  Cape  de  Gata  in  Spain.  Cat's-eye,  in  Ceylon,  the  'coast  of 
Malabar,  and  also  in  the  Harz  and  Bavaria.  Plasma,  in  India  and  China,  whence  it  is  usually 
brought  in  the  form  of  beads.  Heliotrope,  in  Bucharia,  Tartary,  Siberia,  and  the  island  of  Rum, 
iu  the  Hebrides.  Float  stone,  in  the  chalk  formation  of  Meuil  Montant,  near  Paris,  and  in  some 
of  the  Cornish  mines.  The  banks  of  the  Nile  afford  the  Egyptian  jasper;  the  striped  jasper  is 
met  with  in  Siberia,  Saxony,  and  Devonshire.  A  yellow  jasper  is  found  at  Vourla.  bay  of 
Smyrna,  associated  with  opal,  chrysopraso,  and  horns^one.  The  plains  of  Argos  are  streAyri 
•with  pebbles  of  red  jasper. 

In  New  York,  quartz  crystals  are  abundant  in  Herkimer  Co.,  at  Middleville,  Little  Falls, 
Salisbury,  and  Newport,  loose  in  cavities  in  the  Calciferous/  sand-rock,  or  embedded  in  loose 
earth,  and  sometimes,  according  to  Beck,  in  powdered  anthracite.  Fine  quartzoids,  at  the 
Ibeds  of  hematite  in  Fowler,  Herman,  and  Edwards,  St.  Lawrence  Co!,  also  at  Antwerp, 
Jefferson  Co.  In  Gouyerueur,  crystals,  with  tourmaline,  etc.,  in  limestone,  which  have  rounded 
angles  as  if  they  had  been  partially  fused.  On  the  banks  of  Laidlaw  lake.  Hossie,  large  im- 
planted crystals.  At  Palatine,  Montgomery  Co.,  crystals,  having  one  end  terminated  with  the 
usual  pyramid,  while  the  other  is  rounded  and  smooth,  At  Ellen ville  lead  mine,  Ulster  Co.,  in. 
£ne  groups.  At  Diamond  island  and  Diamond  Point,.  Lake  George,  quartz  crystals;  as  in 
Herkimer  Co.  In  Mass.,  crystals  with  unus.ua!  modifications,  sparingly  at  the  Somerville 
syenite  quarry,  Pelham  aud  Chesterfield,  Mass.,  Paris  and  Perry,  Me.,  Bentou,  ]$T.  H..  Sharon, 
Vt.,  and  Meadow  Mount,  Md.,  are  other  localities  of  quartz  crystals.  At  Chesterfield,  Mass., 
small  unpolished  rhombohedrons,  in  granite.  At  Paris,  3([e.,  handsome  crystals  of  brown  or 
smoky  quartz.  In  large  crystals,  often  perfect  aiad<  weighing  several  pounds,  at  Minnesota  mine, 
Lake  Superior,  occasionally  enveloped  in  metallic  copper,  as  if  cast.around  the  crystals.  Drusy 
quartz,  of  brown,  apple-green  and  other  tints,  at  Newfane,  Vt.  Beautiful  colorless  crystals 
occur  at  Hot  Springs.  Arkansas.  Alexander  Co.,  N.  C.,  has  afforded  great  numbers  of  highly 
complex  crystals,  with  rare  modifications.  Cf.  Rath,  1.  c.,  Hidden,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  1881,  1883. 
Pine  crystals  of  smoky  quartz  come  from  the  granite  of  the  Pike's  Peak  region,  Colorado. 
Geodes  of  quartz  crystals,  also  enclosing  calcite,  sphalerite,  etc.,  are  common  in  theKeokuk  lime- 
stone of  the  west.  For  other  localities,  see  the  catalogue  of  localities  in  the  latter  part  of  this 
volume. 

Rose  quartz,  at  Albany,  and  Paris,  Me.,  Acworth,  N.  H.,  Williamsburg,  Mass.,  BOuthbury, 
Conn.,  and  Port  Henry,  Essex  Co.,  N.  Y.;  smoky  quartz,  at  Goshen,  Mass.,  Richmond  Co.,  N.Y., 
€tc.;  amethyst,  in  trap,  at  Keweenaw  Point,  Pic  bay,  .and  Gargontwa,  on  Lake  Superior;  with 
fossilized  wood  at  Specimen  Mt.,  Yellowstone  Park;  at  Bristol,  Rhode  Island,  and  sparingly 
throughout  the  trap  region  of  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut;  in  Surry,  New  Hampshire;  in 
Pennsylvania,  in  East  Bradford,  Aston,  Chester,  and  Providence  (one  fine  crystal  over  7  Ibs.  in 
weight),  in  Chester  Co.;  very  handsome  at  the  Prince  vein,  Lake  Superior,  but  now  hardly  ob- 
tainable, as  the  mine  is  not  worked;  also  very  large  fine  crystals,  near  Greensboro,  N,  C.  Crys- 
tallized green  quartz,  in  talc,  at  Providence,  Delaware  Co.,  Penn.;  at  Ellen  ville,  N.  Y.,  with, 
chlorite.  Chalcedony  and  agates-of  moderate  beauty,  in  the  same  trap  region;  more  abundantly 
about  Lake  Superior,  the  Mississippi,  and  the  streams  to  the  west;  at  Natural  Bridge,  Jefferson 
Co.,  N.  Y, ;  about  the  Willamette,  Columbia,  and  other  rivers  in  Oregon;  abundant  arid  beautiful 
on  N.  W.  shore  of  Lake  Superior.  Belmont's  lead  mine,  St.  Laxvrcnce  Co.,  N.  Y.,  has  afforded 
good  chalcedony  and  chrysoprase,  associated  with  calcite.  Red  jasper  is  found  on  Sugar  Loaf 
Mt.,  Maine;  in  pebbles  on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson  at  Troy;  yellow,  with  chalcedony,  at  Chester, 
Mass.;  red  and  yellow,  near  Murphy's,  Calaveras  Co.,  Cal.  Heliotrope  occupies  veins  in  slate 
at  Blooming  Grove,  Orange  Co.,  N!  Y. 

Smoky  quartz  in  large  crystals,  some  over  100  Ibs.,  have  been. found  on  Paradise  I*.. 
Bova  Scotia. 

Agatized  and  jasperized  wood  of  great  beauty  and  variety  of  color  is  obtained  from  the 
petrified  forest  called  Chalcedony  Park,  near  Carrizo,  Apache  Co..  .Arizona;  also  from  the 
Yellowstone  Park;  near  Florissant  and  elsewhere  in  Colorado;  Amethyst  Mt.,  Utah;  Napa  Co., 
Cali'ornia.  Moss  agates  from  Humboldt  Co.,  Nevada,  and  many  other  points.  On  Hie  occur- 
rence of  the  ornamental  varieties  of  quartz,  see  Kunz,  Gems  and  Precious  Stones  of  N.  America, 
1890. 

The  word  quartz  is  of  German  provincial  origin.  Agate  is  from  tlie  name  of  the  river 
Achates,  in  Sicily,  whence  specimens  were  brought,  as  stated  by  Theophrastus. 

Alt. — Pseudomorphs  of  pyrite,  cassiterite,  magnetite,  hematite,  voltzite,  after  quartz,  have 
been  described.  Quartz  pseudomorphs  after  nuorite,  barite,  and  other  species  are  not 
uncommon. 

Artif. — Repeatedly  produced,  both  in  well-formed  crystals  and  in  chalcedonic  Varieties;, 
thus  (Senarmont)  from  gelatinous  silica  in  a  closed  .tube  with  excess  of  water  at  a  high 


192 


OXIDES. 


temperature;  also  (Daubree)  by  the  prolonged  action  of  water  vapor  upon  glass  under  pressure; 
again  (Hautefeuille)  by  fusing  a  mixture  of  alkaline  phosphates  and  fluorides  with  silica  and 
alumina,  orthoclase  was  obtained  at  the  same  time.  By  the  fusion  of  silica  and  lithium  chloride 
at  a  low  red  heat  quartz  crystals  were  obtained  (Hautefeuille  and  Margottet);  at  a  bright  red, 
crystals  of  tridymite.  Cf.  Fouque-Levy,  Synth.  Min.,  81,  1882;  Bourgeois,  Reprod.  Min.,  79,  1884. 

Ref._  i  Preisschrift,  p.  61,  1825;  cf.  Kk.  Min.  Russl.,  8,  129,  1878;  Dbr  obtained 
rt  =  46°  16'  4"  8,  Pogg.,  103,  107,  1858. 

On  the  crystallization  of  quartz  see:  Rose,  A-bh.  Ak.  Berlin,  217-274,  1844,  a  monograph  of 
the  first  importance;  he  gives  also  the  earlier  bibliography  (Weiss,  Haid.,  Wackernagel,  etc.),; 
Dx  ,  Mem.  Ac.  Sc.,  15,  404,  1858,  a  second  equally  important  memoir,  an*  abstract  in  Ann.  Ch. 
Phys.,  45,  129,  1855;  also  later  Min.,  1,  7,  1862.  Sella,  Ac.  Sc.  Torino,  17,  1858  (Min.  Sarda). 
E.  Weiss,  Abb.  Ges.  Halle,  51,  51,  1860.  Also  papers  by  Websky,  Pogg.,  99,  296,  1856; 
Zs.  G.  Ges.,  17,  348,  1865;  Jb.  Min.,  1871,  1874.  Hbg.  Min.  Not.,  1,  11,  2,  3,  etc.  Rath,  Zs. 
G  Ges.,  22,  619,  1870;  Zs.  Kr.,  5,  1,  490,  1881,  10,  156,  475,  1885.  Cassel  Festschrift,  1886,  et  al. 
Scharff,  Abh.  Senck.  Nat.  Ges.,  1874.  Artiiii,  Val  Malenco,  Mem.  Ace.  Line.,  5.  April,  1888. 

•*  Cf.  Rose,  E.  Weiss,  Dx.,  and  later  Gdt.,  Index,  3,'  1,  1888.  3  On  twins,  laws  (1)  and  (2), 
also  fourlings,  see  Groth,  Zs.  Kr..  1,  297,  1877.  Twins  with  inclined  axes  (?  tw.  pl.).Rath,  Pogg., 
155,  57,  1875,  he  also  gives  earlier  literature.  A  variety  of  supposed  twins  with  inclined  axes 
have  been  described  by  Jenzsch,  Pogg.,  130,  597,  1867,  134,  540,  1808.  Cf.  also4  Cleavage: 
Mid.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  13,  61,  1890.  Secondary  lamellar  structuie  Judd,  Min.  Mag.,  3,  1,  1888. 

On  refractive  indices5:  For  A  by.  Van  der  Willigen  (ref.  p.  271),  others  Rudberg,  Pogg  ,  14,  45., 
1828-  also,  ultra-violet,  Sarasin,  C.  R  ,  85,  1230,  1878.  6  Rotatory  power:  Soret  and  Sarasin, 
C.  R.,  81.  610,  1875,  83,  818;  1876,  84,  1362,  1877.  Also  earlier,  Biot,  Mem.  Acad.,  20,  221, 
1849;  on  effect  of  temperature  to  increase  the  rotation,  Lang,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  71  (2),  1875;; 
Joub'ert  C.  R  ,  87,  497,  1879.  7  On  pyro-electricity,  etc.:  Hankel,  Abh,  Sachs,  Ges.,  12,  1881, 
et  al  ;  Wied.  Ann..  10,  618,  1880,  Kuudt,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  16.  1883;  Wied.  Ann.,  20,  592,. 
1883;  Koleuko,  Zs.  Kr.,  9,  1,  1884;  Jacques  and  P.  Curie,  C.  R.,  91,  294,384,  1880;  Friedel  and- 
J.  Curie,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  5,  282,  1882;  Rontgen,  Ber.  Oberhess.  Ges  ,  22,  1882. 

On  elasticity:  Voigt,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.-Bd  ,  5,  90,  1887.  8  Elasticity  of  fine  threads,  Boys, 
Phil.  Mag.,  30,  99,  1890.  Dilatation.  Fizeau,  later  Le  Chatelier,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  13,  112,. 
1890  9  Hoys,  Nature,  May  1$,  1889.  10  Tegetmeier  &  Warburg,  Wied.,  32,  442,  1887. 
Om  magnetism:  Koenig,  Wied.  Ann.,  31,  273.  1873.  »  On  etching-figures:  Leydolt,  Beiv 
«Ak  Wien  15,  59,  1855,  Baumh.,  Wied.  Ann.,  1,  157.  1877;  Pfd-,  Conn.  Acad.,  8,  158,  1889;.' 
Molengraaff,  Zs.  Kr.,  14,  173,  1888,  17,  137.  1889.  12  Inclusions:  Hartley,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  29,  137; 
1876;  Hawes,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  21,  203,  1881;  A.  W  Wright,  ib.,  21,  209,  1881. 

COTTERITE  Harkness,  Min.  Mag.  t  2,  82,  1878.  A  variety  of  quartz,  having  a  "peculiar 
metallic  pearly  luster,"  and  forming  a  coating  on  ordinary  quartz  crystals,  from  Rockforest, 
Ireland. 

211.  TRIDYMITE.    G.  win  Bath,.  Pogg.,  135,  437,  1868. 

Hexagonal  or  pseudo-hexagonal.     Axis  6  =  1-65304;  0001  A  1011  =  62°  21' 
Rath1 

Forms1  :  c,(0001,  0),  m  (1010,  .7),  a  (1120,  i-2\  I  (4590,  e-f  ),  i  (3250,  a-f),  o  (1013.  i)% 
#>  {1011,  1).  Also  q  (1016,  £),  and  r  .(3034,  f  )  as  tw.  planes. 


An 
cq  =  17 


ml  =  10*    53f,    mi=  13°   54',    mp  =  *27°    39', 
-cr  =  55°  4',  cp  =  62°  21'. 
Crystals  usually  minute,  thin  tabular  ||  c 
l  3. 


=  52° 


co  =  32°  28V 


Figs.  1-8,  Pachuca,  Mexico,  Rath. 


Twins  very  common:  (1)  tw.  pi. 
2(1016)  f.  2;  often  in  trillings 
(f.  3),  both  contact-  and  penetra- 
tion-twins. The  twinning  angle? 
cc  =  35°  18%  while  in  trillings  it 
is  70°  36',  approximating  closely 
to  the  regular  octahedron ;  hence 
pseudoTisometric  forms  occur 
among  the  compound  crystals. 
(2)  r  (3034),  often  combined  with 
twins  (1),  cc  =  69°  52',  also  near 
the  octahedral  angle.  Also  united 
with  polysynthetic  twinning  in 
fan-shaped  groups  and  spherical 
rosettes. 

Cleavage:  prismatic,  not  dis- 
tinct; parting  ||  c,  sometimes  ob« 
served.  Fracture  .conchoidal. 


TRIDYMITE.  193 

Brittle.  H.  =  7.  G.  =  2*28-2-33.  Luster  vitreous,  on  c  pearly.  Colorless  to 
white.  Transparent.  Optically  -f-  Double  refraction  weak.  Mean  refractive 
index  =  1*476  for  D,  Mid.  Often  exhibits  anomalous  refraction  phenomena. 

A  basal  section  often  exhibits  a  series  of  differently  orientated  doubly  refracting  and 
biaxial  bands,  whose  existence  has  been  explained3  by  the  assumption  of  a  complex  twinning 
of  monoclinic  or  triclinic  individuals  with  a  prismatic  plane*  (60°)  as  twinning-plane.  These 
may  be  secondary,  however,  since  at  a  moderately  elevated  temperature  the  sections  become 
isotropic  and  uniaxial4. 

Comp. — Pure  silica,  Si02,  like  quartz. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Like  quartz,  but  soluble  in  boiling  sodium  carbonate. 

Obs. — Occurs  chiefly  in  acidic  volcanic  rocks,-  trachyte,  andesyte,  liparyte,  less  often  in1 
doleryte;  usually  in  cavities,  often  associated  with  sanidine,  also  hornblende,  augite,  hematite; 
sometimes  in  opal.  First  observed  in  crevices  and  druses  in  an  augite-andesyte  from  the  Cerrc- 
San  Cristobal,  near  Pachuca,  Mexico;  later  proved  to  be  rather  generally  distributed.  Thus  in 
trachyte  of  the  Drachenfels  and  Perlenhardt  of  the  Siebengebirge;  of  Euganean  Hills  in  N. 
Italy;  Puy  Capucin  (Mont-Dor«)  in  Central  France,  and  Alleret,  Haute  Loire,  in  porphyryte  of 
Waldboc£elheiin;  in  augite-andesyte  of  Gerenczes  in  Transylvania. 

In  the  ejected  masses  from  Vesuvius  consisting  chiefly  of  sanidine.  In  the  andesyte  of 
Krakatau  (Zs.  Kr.,  10,  174,  18S5);  at  Lyttleton  Harbor,  near  Christchurch,  New  Zealand,  in: 
compound  crystals  approximating  to  isometric  forms  (cf.  above,  and,  Rath,  Ber  nied.  Ges.,. 
July  7,  1886).  With  quartz,  feldspar,  fayalite  in  lithophyses  of  Obsidian  cliff,  Yellowstone- 
Park.  In  the  andesyte  of  Mt.  Rainier,  Washington.  In  the  opal  of  Zimapan  and  elsewhere,  a». 
in  the  cacholong  of  Iceland  and  Huttenberg,  Carinthia. 

Named  from  TptSvuoS,  three-fold,  in  allusion  to  the  common  occurrence  in  trillings. 

Alt.— The  tridymite  of  the  Euganean  Hills  (pseudo-tridymite,  Mid.)  has  the  common  forms 
of  the  species,  but,  as  shown  by  Mallard,  its  specific  gravity  is  very  near  that  of  quartz,  with, 
'which  it  also  agrees  in  optical  characters;  it  is  then  to  be  regarded  as  a  paramorph.  Bull,  SocJ 
Min.,  13,  162,  1890. 

Artif.— First  formed  by  Rose  by  dissolving  a  silicate  in  a  salt  of  phosphorus  bead,  thel 
skeleton  of  silica,  consisting  of  tridymite;  later  also  by  Hautefeuille.  Again  by  Friedel  and  Surasiu 
by  heating  gelatinous  silica  at  a  red  neat  with  an  alkaline  solution  in  a  closed  tube.  Cf.  p.  192; 
also  Fouque-Levy,  Synth  Min..  85,  1882;  Bourgeois,  Reprod.  Hin.,  81,  1884.  As  a  recent  for- 
mation at  Plombieres  (Daubree).  Observed  in  the  vitrified  walls  of  the  muffles  of  a  zinc  furnace 
with  gahnite  and  willemite. 

Ref.— i  Pogg.,  152,  1,  1874.  *  Mallard  oh  pseudo-tridymite  (see  above),  Bull.  Soc.  Min..  13, 
162,  1890.  3  Schuster,  Min.  Mitth.,  1,  71,  1878;  Lsx.,  Zs.  Kr.,  2, 253,  1878.  4  Merian,  Jb.  Min., 
1,  193,  1884. 

ASMANITE  Maskelyne,  Phil.  Trans.,  161,  p  361.  1871.  Bath,  Pogg.,  Erg  Bd.,  6,  S82,  1873. 
Winkler,  Nov.  Act.  Leopold,  Car.  Akad.,  40,  339,  1878. 

A  form  of  silica  found  in  the  meteoric  iron  of  Breitenbach,  in  very  minute  grains,  generally 
much  rounded  and  stained  with  iron  on  the  surface.  It  is  mixed  with  bronzite  (after  the  re-; 
moval  of  the  iron,  troilite,  and  chromite),  and  constitutes  about  one-third  of  the  mixed  siliceous 
minerals.  Also  (in  irregular  particles)  in  the  Rittersgriin  iron,  making  up  about  one-fourth  of 
the  non-metallic  portion,  with  troilite  and  bronzite,  which  together  form'about  one-half  of 
the  whole. 

Described  as  orthorhombic,  with  a  :  b  :  c  =  1-7437  :  1  :  3-3120.  Observed  forms:  100,  001, 
110,  013,  012,  023,  Oil,  043,  116.  112,  223.  Angles  (ealc.,Mask.):  110  A  110  =  59°  40',  OOlAOll 
=  62°  14',  001  A  112  =  62°  21'  (mm'  =  60°,  cp  =  62°  21'  tridymite). 

Cleavage:  c  good,  with  vitreous  luster;  m  difficult.  Very  brittle  H.  =  5'5.  G.  =  2'245, 
Breitenbach.  Luster  generally  resinous,  resembling  opal.  Colorless.  Transparent.  .Optically 
biaxial,  negative  Ax.  pi.  ||  a.  Bx_L&.  2E  =  107°-107i°.  Dispersion  p  >v.  Composition,  nearly 
pure  silica.  Analyses:  1,  2,  Maskelyne,  1  on  0  3114  gr.,  2  oh  0'2653  gr.  3,  Winkler,  1.  c* 
p.  358. 

SiO3          Fe2O3  CaO          MgO 

1    Breiteabach  97-43  1*12  0'58  1-51  =  100-64 

2.  "  99-21  0-79  etc.  =  100 

3.  Rittersgriin  97 '84  165  tr.  —   ign.  1*01  ==  100'SO 

It  has  been  pretty  conclusively  proved  that  asmanite  is  identical  with  tridymite,  as  suggested 
by  Lasaulx  (Zs.  Kr.,  2,  274,  1878),  Weisbach  (cf.  Winkler,  1.  c.),  and  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak. 
Wien.  88  (1),  348,  1883.  Groth  regards  tridymite  as  orthorhombic  and  isomorphous  with 
brook'ite  (TiO9). 

CRISTOBALITE  G.  wm  Rath,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  198,  1887.     Christobalite. 

In  regular  octahedrons  up  to  2  mm.,  in  part  spinel  twins.  Angle  oo'  =  70°  21'  Mid.  The 
forms  sometimes  skeleton-like  with  depressed  faces.  No  cleavage.  H.  =  6-7.  G.  =  2*27 
Rath;  2'34  Mid.  Luster  dull.  Color  white.  Translucent.  Shows  abnormal  double  refraction, 
hence  pseudo-isometric  Mid.  Mean  refractive  index  =  1'432.  a?  —  €  =  0*00053  Mid.  Heated 
to  175°  C.  the  double  refraction  disappears  suddenly,  reappearing  on  cooling. 


J94  OXIDES. 

Composition,  pure  silica,  SiO2.  Analysis,  Rath,  on  0'08  gram,  containing  some  e;an£U0 
(Fe203,  etc.):  SiOa  91-0,  Fe2O3>Al2O3  6-2  =  97'2. 

B.B.  infusible.  Occurs  with  tridyrnite  in  cavities  in  the  andesyt^  of  the  Cerro  S.  Cristobal 
near  Pachuca,  Mexico. 

The  similarity  between  the  pseudo-isometric  twinned  forms  of  triclymite  and  the  octahe- 
drons of  cristobalite  was  pointed  out  by  Rath;  and  the  relation  between  the  two  forms  of  silica  is 
.minutely  discussed  by  Mallard,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  13,  172,  1890. 

GRANULINE,  Granulina  A.  ScaccM,  Rend.  Ace.  Napoli,,21,  176,  October  1882.  A  form  of 
silica,  probably  identical  with  tridymite,  occurring  as  a  white  pulverulent  incrustation  on 
"Vesuviau  lava.  Very  hygroscopic,  regaining  in  the  air  the  water  (17'4  p.  c.)  lost  on  ignition. 
Cr.  =  1'73,  after  ignition  2'20.  Readily  soluble  in  sodium  carbonate.  White  pearly  hexagonal 
plates  of  tridymite  occur  with  it  which  consist  also  of  silica  and  water,  losing  12'5  p.  c.  by 
ignition. 

MELANOPHLOGITE  A.  v.  Lasaulx,  Jb.  Min.,  250,  627,  1876;  513,  1879.  Melanoflogite  G. 
Spezia,  Mem.  Ace.  Line.,  15,  300,  1883. 

In  minute  cubes  and  spherical  aggregates.  The  cubes  have  an  isotropic  crust,  while  the  in- 
terior has  aggregate  polarization  like  chalcedony.  H.  =  6-5-7.  G  —  2'04.  Luster  vitreous. 
Color  light  brown  or  colorless.  Transparent.  The  double  refraction  is  sometimes  after  the 
analogy  of  pseudo-isometric  species.  Ilallard  (Bull.  Soc.  Min..  13,  180,  1890)  shows  that  the 
crystals  are  made  up  of  the  fibrous  melanophlogite  turning  black  upon  ignition,  with  G.— 2'04, 
with  enclosed  particles  of  quartz  with  G.  =  2'65,  both  probably  present  by  alteration  from 
gome  earlier  mineral. 

Analyses.— 1,  Lasaulx,  1.  c.    2,  Spezia,  1.  c.    3,  Pisani,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  11,  298,  1888. 

SiO2  SO3  H2O  C  Fe2O3 

1.  86-29  7-20  2-86  —  0'70  grO  2-80  =  99'8i 

2.  89-46  5-60  2'42  1'33  0"25  =  99  06 

3.  G.  =  2-02  91-12  5-30  1  52  043  (A12O3)  =  98'37 

The  carbon  is  present  in  minute  yellow  grains  whose  composition  is  undetermined;  separated 
"by  use  of  hydrofluoric  acid  and  heated  on.  platinum  foil  they  turn  black  and  disappear.  The 
mineral  turns  black  superficially  when  heated  B,B.  (hence  name  from  /weAcrs,  black,  ami 
,  to  be  burned)  in  consequence  of  the  presence  of  this  enclosed  carbon. 

Occurs  with  calcite  and  celestite  implanted  upon  an  incrustation  of  opaline  silica  over  the 
sulphur  crystals  of  Girgenti,  Sicily. 

This  anomalous  substance  can  hardly  be  regarded  as  other  than  of  pseud omorphous  origin. 

SULFUIIICIN  Guyard,  Bull.  Soc.  Chim.,  22,  61,  1874.     Brezina,  Min.  Mitth.,  243,  1876. 

;A  white  porous  silica,  having  a  sour  taste  and  impregnated  with  sulphur.  From  Greece. 
An  analysis  gave  Guyard:  SiO,  80*88,  SO3  6'80,  S  4'10,  H2O  6'10,  A12O3  043,  Fe2O3  0'57  (in 
orig.  8-57),  MgO  0;37,  CaO  1-2.5  =  100.  Cf.  melanophlogitc; 

"VESTAN  Jenzsch,  Pogg.,  105,  320,  1878.  A  supposed  tricliuic  forrri  of  silica  from  the 
fnelaphyre  of  Saxony  and  the  Thuringer  Wald.  Cf.  5th  Ed,,  p.  198. 

JENZSCHITE  Dana,  Min.,  5th  Ed.,  p.  201.  A  name  proposed  for  certain  kinds  of  opal  silica,. 
described  by  Jenzsch  (Pogg.,  126.  497.  1865),  having  the  specific  gravity  of  quartz  but  soluble 
fin  a  hot  solution  of  caustic  potash.  The  kinds  here  referred  to  are  a  white  cacholong  from 
Huttenberg  in  Carinthia,  G,  =  2'591;  from  Hutberg,  near  Weissig,  in  amygdaloid.  G.  =  2'633- 
2-647;  from  the  porphyry  of  Regensberg,  G.  =  2  620;  from  Brazil,  6.  =  2*596.  They  are 
generally  associated  with  chalcedony,  and  Jenzsch  regards  them  as  a  result  of  its  alteration. 

PASSYITE  E.  Marchand,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  1,  392,  1874.  An  impure  variety  of  silica 
occurring  in  white  earthy  masses  at  Contremotilins,  Caux,  France. 

212.  OPAL.    Opalus,  Paederos,  Pirn.,  37,  21,  22.     Quartz  resinite  H.,  Tr.,  2,  1801. 
Amorphous.     Massive;  sometimes  small  reniform,  stalactitic,  or  large  tuberose. 
JUso  earthy.. 

H.'  =  5-5-l6'5v.  f  GL  =  1-9-2-3;  when  pure  2-1-2-2.  Luster  vitreous,  frequently 
BtibTitreous;  often  inclining  to  resinous,  and  sometimes  to  pearly.  Color  white, 
yellow,  red,  brown,  green,  gray,  blue,  generally  pale;  dark  colors  arise  from  foreign 
admixtures;  sometimes  a  rich  play  of  colors,  or  different  colors  by  refracted  and 
.reflected  light.  Streak  white.  Transparent  to  nearly  opaque.  Refractive  indices,  Dx. 

ur  =  1  '4374,  1  -4555  hyalite  1  -450  fire-opal-  1  -442,  1  "446  precious  opal 

n,  =  1-406  white  hydrophane  1-446  same,  with  absorbed  water 

.Often  shows  double  refraction  similar  to  that  observed  in  colloidal  substances  due  to  tension. 
5*ae  tnammillary  form,  hyalite,  often  yields  the  uniaxial  interference  cross  of  a  negative  substance 


OPAL.  195 

in  parallel  polarized  light;  this  is  referred  to  tension  by  Schultze,  Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  69,  186L 
The.  cause  of  the  play  of  color  in  the  precious  opal  was  investigated  by  Brewster  (Ed.  Phil.  J.^ 
38,  385,  1845),  who  ascribed  it  to  the  presence  of  microscopic  cavities.  Behrends,  however, 
has  given  a  monograph  on  the  subject,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  64  (1),  1871,  and  has  shown  that  this 
explanation  is  incorrect  ;  he  refers  the  colors  to  thin  curved  lamellae  of  opal  whose  refractive* 
power  may  differ  by  O'l  from  that  of  the  mass.  These  are  conceived  to  have  been  originally- 
formed  in  parallel  position,  but  have  been  changed,  bent,  and  finally  cracked  and  broken  in. 
the  solidification  of  the  ground  mass. 


Comp.  —  Silica,  like  quartz,  with  a  varying  amount  of  water,  SiO^wH^O,  The 
water  is  sometimes  regarded  as  non-essential. 

The  opal  condition  is  one  of  lower  degrees  of  hardness  and  specific  gravity,  and,  as  generally 
believed,  of  'incapability  of  crystallization.  The  water  present  varies  from  2  to  13  p.  c  or  more,. 
but  mostly  from  3  to  9  p.  c.  A  hyalite  gave  3  p.  c,  H2O;  milk-opal  4*3  p  c.  ,  fire-opal  6-8  p.  c.; 
precious  opal  from  Hungary  gave  10  p.  c.  ;  geyserite  9-13  p.  c.  Small  quantities  of  ferric  oxide* 
alumina,  hine,  magnesia,  and  alkalies  are  usually  present  as  impurities.  Quartz  is  often  mixed 
with  the  opal.  For  analyses,  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  198,  also  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  pp.  164-168,  1875. 

Var.  —  1.  Precious  Opal.—  Exhibits  a  play  of  delicate  colors,  or,  as  Pliny  says,  presents 
various  refulgent  tints  in  succession,  reflecting  now  one  hue  and  now  another.  Seldom  larger 
than  a  hazel-nut;  a  mass  in  the  Vienna  museum  has  the  size  of  a  man's  fist  and  weighs  17  oz., 
but  has  numerous  fissures,  and  is  not  wholly  free  from  the  matrix.  Harlequin  opal  is  a  kind 
presenting  a  variegated  play  of  colors  in  a  reddish  ground,  resembling  the  fire-opal. 

2.  Fire-opal.     Feueropal,  fr.   Mexico,   Humboldt,  Karsten,   Klapr.   Beitr  ,  4,  156,  1807.— 
Hyacinth-red  to  honey-yellow  colors,  with  fire-like  reflections,  somewhat  irised  on  turning. 

3.  OirasoL  —  Bluish  white,  translucenjt,  with  reddish  reflections  in  a  bright  light, 

4.  Common  Opal.  —  In  part  translucent;  (a)  milk-opal,  milk-white  to  greenish,  yellowish, 
bluish;    (5)  Resin-opal  (Wachsopal,  Pechopal.  Germ.),  Wax-,  honey-  to  ocher-yellow,  with  a 
resinous  luster;    (c)  dull  olive-green  and  mountain-green;   (d)  brick-red.     Includes  Semiopal, 
Halbopal  Wern.;  als 

(e}  Hydrophane,  which  is  translucent,  whitish,  or  light-colored,  adheres  to  the  tongue,  and 
becomes  more  translucent  or  transparent  in  water  (to  which  the  name,  from  vdaop,  water,  and 
<pcdvecr$ai,  to  make.  clear,  alludes),  a  common  quality  of  opal.  Pyrophane  is  a  name  (from 
nvp,  fire)  given  to'a  kind  which  by  the  absorption  of  melted  wax  is  made  translucent  wheahot. 
but  becomes  opaque  again  on  cooling.  The  name  has  also  been  used  for  fire-opal. 

(f)  Forcherite  Aichhorn  [Wien.  Ztg.  Abendbl.,  Jul.  11.  I860];  an  orange-yellow  opal, 
colored  by  orpiment;  G.  =  217  Maly  (J...pr.  Ch.,  86,  501,  '1862).  It  is  from  Knittenfeld,  in, 
Upper  Styria. 

Blackmorite  A.  C.  Peale  (Hayden's,  6  Ann.  Rep.,  U  S.  G  S.,  169,  1873)  is  a  yellow  variety 
of  opal  from  Mt.  Blackmore,  Montana.  Analysis  gave:  SiO2  85!20,  H2O  at  110°  7  '40,  ign.  2'40, 
Fe203  2-68,  CaO  1'48  MgO  0'37,  Na2O  tr.  =  99'53;  G.  =  2'172. 

5.  Cacholong.     Kascholong   Germ.     Perl-mutter-opal   Karst.,  Tab  ,  1808.  —  Opaque,  bluish 
white,  porcelain-white,  pale  yellowish  or  reddish;  often  adheres  to  the  tongue,  and  contains  a 
little  alumina.     The  word  is  of  Tatar  origin. 

6.  Opal-agate.  —  Agate-like  in  structure,  but  consisting  of  opal  of  different  shades  of  color. 

7.  Menilite.     Pechstein  de  Menil  Montant  Delarbre  &  Quinquet.  J  de  Phys  ,  31,  219,  1787; 
Menilite  de  Saussure,  Delameth.  T.  T,,  2,  169,  1797.     Leberopal  Karst.,Tfi\).,  24,  1800.—  In  con- 
cretionary forms,  tuberose,  reniform,  etc.,  opaque,  dull  grayish,  grayish  brown,  occurring  em- 
bedded in  a  shaly  argillaceous  deposit. 

8.  Jasp-opal.     Karst.  Tab.,  26,  1808;  Opal-jasper,  Eisenopal,  Eausm.,  Handb.   428,  1813.  — 
Opal  containing  some  yellow  iron  oxide  and  other  impurities,  and  having  the  color  of  yellow 
jasper,  with  the  luster  of  common  opal. 

9.  Wood-opal.     Holz-opal  Germ.  —  Wood  .petrified  by  opal;  sometimes  called  lithoxyle  whea 
showing  a  woody  structure. 

10.  Hyalite.     Mullerisches   Glas  \=  Muller's  Glass,  after  the  discoverer];    Hyalit  Wern.. 
Hoffm.  Min.,  2,  a,  134,  1812,  Karst.,  Tab.,  22,  1800;  Gummistein  Blumenb  ,  Nat.,  553;  Glasopal 
Hausm.y  Handb.,  424,  1813.     Jalite  Ital.—  Clear  as  glass  and  colorless,  constituting  globular 
concretions,  and  also  crusts  with  a  globular,  reniform,  botryoidal,  or  stalactitic  surface;   also 
passing  into  translucent,  and  whitish.     Less  readily  dissolved  in  caustic  alkalies  than  other 
varieties. 

11.  Fiorite,  Siliceous  Sinter.     Kieselsinter  Germ.;  Santi,  Viaggio  al  Montomiata,  Pisa,  1795; 
Crell's  Ann.,  2,  589,  1796;  Thomson,  J.  de  Phys..  39,  407.  1791  Breve  Notizia  di  un  Viaggiatore 
sulle  Incrost.  Sil.  termali  dltalia.  etc.,  1795,  Crell's  Ann.,  1,  108,  1796,  Bibl  Brittan,  185,  1796 
(?  name  fiorite  here  given);  Pfaff,  Crell's  Ann.,  2.  589,  1796;  Resinite  termogino  (Ital.). 

Includes  translucent  to  opaque,  grayish,  whitish,  or  brownish  incrustations,  porous  to  firm 
in  texture;  sometimes  fibrous-like  or  filamentous,  and,  -when  so,  pearly  in  luster  (then  called 
Pearl-sinter);  formed  from  the  decomposition  of  the  siliceous  minerals  o'f  volcanic  rocks  about 
f  uniaroles,  and  deposited  from  the  siliceous  waters  of  hot  springs,  in  part  by  the  action  of  vege- 
tation. It  graduates  at  times  into  hyalite. 

(a)  The  original  fiorite  (or  pearl-sinter),  as  described  by  Thomson,  occurs  in  tufa  in  the? 
vicinity  of  Santa  Flora,  Italy,  and  also  on  Ischia,  and  at  the  Solfatara  near  Naples,  in  globular;, 


196  OXIDES. 

botryoidal,  and  stalactitic  concretions,  pearly  in  luster.  Thomson  also  mentions  (1791)  a  similar 
incrustation  as  formed  from  the  hot  waters  of  the  Sasso  lagoons.  It  was  referred  by  Werner  to 
hyalite  in  18-16. 

(&)  The  Michaelite  (J;  W.- Webster,  Am,  J.  Sc.,  3,  391,  1821)  is  similar,  from  the  island  of 
St.  Michaels,  one  of  the  Azores,  where  it  occurs  in  snow-white  incrustations,  capillary  or  fili- 
form in  structure,  pearly  in  luster,  with  G.  =  T866. 

(c)  Geyserite.  Kieseltuff  (fr.  Geysers)  Klapi- ,  Beitr.,  2,  109,  1797;  Geysirite Delameth. ,  Min., 
1812;  Danipur,  Bull.  G.  Fr.,  157,  1848,  Constitutes  concretionary  deposits  about  the  geysers  of 
the  Yellowstone  Park,  Iceland,  and  New  Zealand,  presenting  white  or  grayish,  porous,  stalactitic,. 
filamentous,  cauliflower-like  forms,  often  of  great  beauty;  also  compact-massive,  and  scaly- 
massive;  H.  =  5;  rarely  transparent,  usually  opaque;  sometimes  falling  to  powder  on  drying  in 
the  air.  Pealite  F.  M.  Endlich  (Hayden's  6  Ann.  Rep.,  U.  S.  G.  S.,  p.  153,  1873)  is  a  variety  of 
geyserite  from  the  Yellowstone  region  containing  but  a  small  amount  of  water;  one  sample 
gave  1'5  p.  c.  with  G.  =  2'49.  Named  after  A.  C.  Peale,  chemist  to  the  U.  S.  G.  &.  Viandtte  E. 
•Goldsmith  (ibid.,  12  Ann.  Rep.,  Pt.  n,  407,  1883)  is  a  form  of  silica,  deposited  by  some  of  the 
hot  springs  of  the  Yellowstone  Park,  in  thin  sheets  or  sponge-like  forms  resembling  a  vegetable 
growth.  It  becomes  soft  and  leather-like  when  dry.  Contains  when  first  collected  a  large,  but 
probably  not  definite,  quantity  of  water;  this  is  estimated  as  forming  80  p.  c.  of  the  whole. 

Analyses  of  ordinary  geyserite  from  the  Yellowstone  region  by  A.  C.  Peale  gave  9-13  4  p-.-c. 
HaO;  others  from  the  Steamboat  Springs,  Nevada,  by  R.  W.  Woodward,  gave  5^5  p.  c.  (U.  S.  G. 
£5.,  40th  Par.,-  2,  826,  1877).  For  description  of  thermal  springs,  etc.,  see  A.  C.  Peale,  Hayden's  12 
Ann.  Rep.,  U.  S.  G.  S.>  Pt.  n,  pp.  65,448,  analyses  (and  by  Eeffmann)  on  p.  411,  also  (Iceland, 
New  Zealand,  quoted)  p.  -413.  Leffmann's  analyses  are  also  given  in  Ch.  News,  43,  124.  1881. 
On  the  essential  part  played  by  vegetable  growth  in  the  deposition  of  siliceous  sinter,  see  Weed, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  37,  351,  1889,  with  analyses  by  Whitfield;  also  U.  6.  G.  Surv. ,  9  Ann.  Rep  ,  pp.  61 9-676. 

1.2. v 'Float-stone.  Quartz  neclique,  H.,  Tr  ,  2,  1801;  Schwimmstein  Germ. — In  light  concre- 
tionary or  tuberose  masses.  w)iite  or  grayish,  sometimes  cavernous,  rough  in  fracture.  So  light, 
bwing  to  its  spongy  texture,  as  to  float  on  water.  The  concretions  sometimes  have  a  flint-like 
gmcleus; 

13.  TnpoUie,  Tripel,  Terra  Tripolitana  '(fr.  Tripoli,  in  part),  Wall,  32,  1747.  Infusorial 
Dearth;  Bergmehl,  Kieselmehl,  Kieselguhr,  Germ.  Farina  fossilis.  Raudanite  Salvetat,  Ann. 
Ch.  Phys.,  24,  348,  1848. — Formed  from  the  siliceous  shells  of  Diatoms  (hence  called  diatomite) 
p,nd  other  microscopic  species,  as  first  made  known  by  Ehreuberg,  and  occurring  in  deposits, 
often  many  miles  in  area,  either  uncompacted^or  moderately  hard,  (a)  Infusorial  Earth,  or 
JSarthy  Tripolite,  a  very  fine-grained  earth  looking  often  like  an  earthy  chalk_or  a  clay,  but  harsh 
<to  the  feel,  and  scratching  glass  when  rubbed  on  it. 

(b)  Eandannite  (Randanite  wr.  orthog.),  a  kaolin-like  variety  from  Ceyssat  (Ceyssatite  Gon- 
jiard,  Lyon,  Feb.  15,  1875,  who  explains  that  the  hamlet  Raudanne  has  been  confounded  with 
•the  larger 'town  Randan)  and  Randaune,  in  Dept.  Puy-de-D6me,  and  from  Algiers,  with  9  to 
10  p.  c..  H2O.     A  deposit  at  Santa  Flora  in  Tuscany  was  made  known  by  G.  Fabbroni  in  1794 
(Giorn.   Fis.-med.  di  D.  Brungnatelli,'  p.   154;  Crell's  Ann.,  2,  199,  1794;  Bergmehl  v.  Santa 
Piora  Klaproth,  Beitr., -6,  348).     It  consists  of  a  grayish  white,  loose,  mealy  earth;  Fabbroni 
•states  that  he  made  bricks  of  it  which  would  float  like  those  which  Pliny  described  as  made  in 
'.Spain  from  a  sort  of  pumice-like  earth  (35,  49),  and  supposes  the  material  the  same.     Ehreuberg 
lias  shown  it  to  be  an  infusorial  earth. 

(c)  Tripoli  slate  (Polishing    slate,    Polirschiefer,    Tripelschiefer,  Saugkiesel,  Klebschiefer, 
Germ.},  a  slaty  or  thin  laminated  variety,  fragile;  G.  =  1'909-2'08.     Often  much  impure  from 
mixture  with  clay,  magnesia,  iron  oxide,  etc.     (d)  Alumocalcite  (fr.  Eibenstock,  Breith  ,  Char., 
97,  326.  1832)  is  a  milk-white  material,  having  a  hardness  of  only  1  to  1£;  G.  =  2174;  it  may  be 
a  variety  of  tripolite,  containing  a  little  lime  and  alumina. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Yields  water.  B.B.  infusible,  but  becomes  opaque.  Some  yellow  varieties, 
•containing  iron  oxide,  turn  red.  Soluble  in  hydrofluoric  acid  somewhat  more  readily  than 
quartz;  also  soluble  in  caustic  alkalies,  but  more  readily  in  some  varieties  than  in  others. 

Obs.— Occurs  filling  cavities  and  fissures  or  seams  in  igneous  rocks,  as  trachyte  (Opalmutter 
Germ  )  porphyry,  also  in  some  metallic  veins.  Also  embedded,  like  flint,  in  limestone,  and 
pbmetimes,  likte  other  quartz  concretions,  in  argillaceous  beds;  also  formed  from  the  siliceous 
••waters  of  some  hot  springs;  also  resulting  from  the  mere  accumulation,  or  accumulation  and 
(partial  'solution  and  solidification,  of  the  siliceous  shells  of  infusoria, -of  sponge  spicules.  etc,,— 
which  consist  essentiallyof  opal-silica.  The  last  mentioned  is  the  probable  source  of  the  opal 
pf  limestones  and  argillaceous  beds  (as  it  is  of  flint  in  the  same  rocks),  and  of  part  of  that  in 
igneous  rocks.  It  exists  in  most  chalcedony  and  flint.  Common  opal  and  hyalite  are  products 
of  the  decomposition  of  a  Roman  cement  at  the  hot  springs  of  Plombieres  in  France. 

Precious  opal  occurs  in  porphyry  at  Czerwenitza,  near  Kashau  in  Hungary;' at  Frankfort;  at 
Graciasa  Dios  in  Honduras;  Esperanza,  Queretaro  in  Mexico,  with  fire-opal,  milk-opal,  and  other 
kinds;  a  beautiful  blue  opal,  with  delicate  play  of  colors,  on  Bulla  Creek,  Queensland  (Phil. 
6oc.  Glasgow,  13,  427,  1882);  Abercrombie  R.,  New  South  Wales.  Fire-opal  occurs  at  Zimapan 
in  Mexico;  the  Fa*r6er;  near  San  Antonio.  Honduras.  Common  opal  is  abundant  at  Telkebanya 
in  Hungary;  hear  Pernstein,  Luckau,  and  Smrezet  in  Moravia;  in  Bohemia;- at  Kosemutz  in 
Silesia;  Hubertsburg  in  Saxony;  Stenzelberg  and  Quegstein  in  Siebengebirge;  Steinheim  near 
Hanau;  in  Iceland;  the  Giant's  Causeway,  and  the  Hebrides,  also  within  |  m.  and  to  the 
J3.W.  of  the  watering-place  at  Vourla,  the  harbor  of  Smyrna,  with  yellow  jasper  and  hom» 


OPAL.  197 

stone,  embedded  in-a  low  ridge  of  yellowish  compact  limestone;  of  a  wax-yellow  and  grayish 
green  color,  occasionally  white,  at  the  Giant's  Causeway.  Hyalite  occurs  in  amygdaloid  at 
Schemnitz,  Hungary;  in  clinkstone  at  Waltsch,  Bohemia.  Wood-opal  forms  large  trees  in  the 
pumice  conglomerates  of  Saiba,  near  Neusohl;  Kremnitz*  Hungary;  near  Hobart  Town, 
Tasmania;  and  in  many  other  regions  of  igneous  rocks. 

In  U  S.,  hyalite  occurs  sparingly  in  N.  York,  at  the  Phillips  ore  bed,  Putnam  Co.,  in 
thin  coatings  on  granite;  in  connection  with  the  trap  rock  of  New  Jersey  and  Connecticut; 
rarely  in  NV  C  .  Cabarrus  Co.,  with  the  auriferous  quartz;  in  Georgia,  in  Burke  and  Scriven  Cos., 
lining  cavities  in  a  siliceous  shell-rock;  in  Washington  Co.,  good  tire-opal;  at  the  Suanna  spring, 
Florida,  small  quantities  of  siliceous  sinter.  A  remarkable  specimen  of  hydrophaue  from 
Colorado  absorbed  half  its  own  volume  of  water  and  became  perfectly  transparent  (Kunz,  Am. 
J.  Sc  .  34,  479,  1887,  Church,  Min.  Mag.,  8,  181,  1889).  A  water-worn  specimen  of  fire-opal 
has  been  found  on  the  John  Davis  river,  in  Crook  Co.,  Oregon. 

Common  opal  is  found  at  Cornwall,  Lebanon  Co.,  Penn  ;  at  Aquas  Calientes,  Idaho  Springs, 
Col.;  awhile  variety  at  Mokelumne  Hill.  Calaveras  Co  ,  Cal.,  and  on  the  Mt.  Diablo  range. 
Geyserite  occurs  in  great  abundance  and  variety  in  the  Yellowstone  region  (cf  above);  also 
siliceous  sinter  at  Steamboat  Springs,  Nevada.  Other  localities  are  given  by  Kuuz,  Gems  and 
Precious  Stones  of  N.  A  ,  1890. 

Artif. — Formed  by  the  gradual  drying  of  a  siliceous  jelly.  See  Fouque-Levy.  Synth.  Min  , 
92,  1882;  Btd.,  Bull.  Soc.  Miu.,  3,  57,  1880. 

LUSSATITE  Mallard,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  13,  63,  1890.  A  form  of  silica,  similar  in  structure  ta 
Chalcedony  but  having  a  low  specific  gravity,  G  =  2'04,  near  that  of  opal;  refractive  index 
(for  D)  1-446  like  opal,  but  crystalline  and  optically  positive.  It  consists  of  pure  silica,  probably 
.anhydrous,  and  is  associated  with  true  amorphous  opal-silica.  Observed  in  the  well-known 
blue  "  chalcedony  "  of  Tresztyan,  Hungary;  also  forming  an  envelope  with  fibrous  ^structure 
over  clear  quartz  crystals  in  the  bitumen  of  Lussat,  near  Pont-du-Chateau,  Puy-de-D6me,  also 
ifrom  Cornwall;  the  Faroer.  Cf  also  observations  on  chalcedony,  p  188. 

Colloid  silica,  probably  directly  derived  from  the  remains  of  siliceous  sponges,  occurs  in 
beds  in  the  Lower  Chalk  of  Berkshire  and  Wilton,  England,  similar  to  the  malmstones  of  the 
Greeusand  Jukes-Browne,  Q  J  G.  Soc  ,  45.  403,  1889;  Hinde,  Phil.  Trans.,  pt.  2,  403,  1885. 

TABASHEETC.  Tabaschir  Germ.  Amorphous,  opal-like  silica  deposited  within  the  joints  of 
the  bamboo.  Color  milk-white  G.  —  0'54  and  when  calcined  less  than  0'67  Refractive  index, 
nr  =  1  119  Dx.  It  absorbs  water  and  becomes  translucent  like  hydrophane;  in  certain  oils  it. 
becomes  as  transparent  as  glass  with  a  remarkable  increase  in  refractive  power.  See  Hintze,  Zs. 
Kr.,  13,  392, 1887;  Blasius,  ib.,  14,  258,  1888;  also  Judd,  Nature,  35,  488,  1887. 


II.   Oxides  of  the  Semi-Metals ;  also  Molybdenum,  Tungsten. 
1.  Arsenolite  Group.     K303.     Isometric. 

213.  Arsenolite  As203 

214.  Senarmontite  Sba03 

&  Valentinite  Group.     R303. 

a 'I  I  :  6 


&15.  Claudetite  As203  Monoclinic       0-4040 

a 
216,  Valentinite  Sb203  Orthorhombic  0-3910 


1  :  0-3445  84°  3' 


1  :  0-3364 


The  above  species  are  near  one  another  in  form  although  belonging  to  differ* 
systems. 


a  \l  :6 
217   Bismite  (artif.  cryst.)      Bi203  Orthorhombic  0-8166  :  1  :  1-0649 


198 


218.  Tellurite 

Selenolite 


219.  Molybdite 

220.  Tungstite 


221.  Cervantite 

222.  Stibiconite 


OXIDES. 
3,  Tellurite  Group.    E0a.    Orthorhomfcic. 

TeO,  0-4566  : 1  :  0-4693 

SeOa? 

4.  Molybdite  Group.     R03. 

a  :l  :6 

Mo03  Orthorhombio  0-3874  :  1  :  0-4747 

W03  ««  0-7002  :  1  :  0'3991 


Sb203-Sb206 
H3Sb20§? 


1.  Arsenolite  Group. 


R203.    Isometric. 


213,  ARSENOLITE.     Arsenicum  nativum  farinaceum,  A.  n.  crystaHinum,  Wall,  224, 
1747.     A.  calciforme  Oronst.,  207,  1758.    A.  cubicum,  etc.,  Linn.,  1768.    White  arsenic  Hill, 
1771.     Nattirlicher  Arsenikkalk.     Arsenikbltithe  Karst.,  Tab.,  79,  1800.     Arsenic  oxide  If. 
Arsenit  Haiti.,  Handb.,  487,  1845.    Arsenolite  Dana,  Min.,  139,  1854.   White  arsenic,  Arsenious 
acid,  Arsenious  oxide.  Arsenige  Saure  Germ.   Arsenikbloinma  Swed.    Acide  arsenieux,  Arsenic 
blanc  natif  Fr.    Arsenico  bianco  Ital.    Arsenico  bianco,  Acido  arsenioso  Span. 

Isometric.     In  octahedrons.     Usually  in  minute  capillary  crystals,  in  stellar 
aggregates,  or  as  crusts.     Also  botryoidal,  stalactitic;  earthy. 

H.  =  1*5.     G.  =  3*70-3-72.     Luster  vitreous  or  silky.     Color  white,  occasion- 
ally with  a  yellowish  or  reddish  tinge.     Streak  white,  pale  yellowish.     Transparent 
to  opaque.      Taste  astringent,    sweetish.       Refractive    indices:    nr  =  1-748  Li, 
Wy  =  1*755  Na  at  17°  C.,  Dx.1     Sometimes  shows  anomalous  double  refraction1. 
Comp. — Arsenic  trioxide,  As203  =  Oxygen  24-2,  arsenic  75*8  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Sublimes  in  the  closed  tube,  condensing  above  in  minute  octahedrons.  B.B.  on 
charcoal  volatilizes  in  white  fumes,  giving  a  white  coating  and  an  alliaceous  odor.  Slightly 
soluble  in  hot  water. 

Obs. — Accompanies  ores  of  silver,  lead,  arsenical  iron,  cobalt,  nickel,  antimony,  etc.,  as  a 
result  of  the  decomposition  of  arsenical  ores.  Occurs  at  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz;  at  Wheal 
Sparnou  in  Cornwall;  Joachimsthal  in  Bohemia;  Kapnik  in  Hungary;  the  old  mines  of  Bieber' 
in  Hanau;  the  Ophir  mine.  Nevada;  the  Armagosa  mine,  Great  Basin,  California. 

Alt. — Native  arsenic  is  often  covered  by  a  blackish  crust  or  powder,  which  has  been  con- 
sidered a  suboxide;  but  according  to  Suckow,  it  is  a  mixture  of  metallic  arsenic  and  arsenic 
trioxide. 

Ref.— *  See  references  under  senarmontiter 

214.  SENARMONTITE.    Antimoine  oxyde  octaedrique  H.   de  Senarmont,   Ann.   Ch. 
Phys.,  31,  504,  1851.    Senarmoutite  Dana,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  209,  1851. 

Isometric;  in  octahedrons.     Also  granular  massive;  in  crusts. 
Cleavage:     octahedral,    in    traces.       H.  =  2-2-5.       G.  =  5-22-5-30.      Luster 
resinous,  inclining  to  subadamantine.     Transparent  to  translucent.     Colorless  or 
grayish.     Streak  white.     Refractive  indices :  nT  =  2-073,  ny  =  2-087  Dx.1     Anoma* 
lous  double  refraction  strongly  marked,  resembling  boracite1. 

Comp. — Antimony  trioxide,  Sb303  =  Oxygen  16-7,  antimony  83-3  =  100. 
Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  fuses  and  partially  sublimes.     B.B.  on  charcoal  .fuses  easily, 
and  gives  a  white  coating;  this  treated  in  R.F.  colors  the  outer  flame  greenish  blue.     Soluble  in 
hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — A  result  of  the  decomposition  of  stibnite  and  other  ores  of  antimony.  First  found  rn 
the  district  of  Haraclas  in  Algeria;  occurs  also  at  Perueck  nearMalaczka  in  Hungary.  Endellion 
in  Cornwall;  the  antimony  mine  of  S.  Ham,  Wolfe  Co.,  Quebec,  Canada,  the  octahedrons 
from  Algeria  are  sometimes  nearly  £  inch  in  diameter. 

Named  after  H.  de  Senarmont  (1808-1862),  who  first  described  the  species. 


VALENTINITE  GROUP-CLAUD^TITE-VALENTINITE.  199 

Ref.— i  Cf.  Dx.,  N.  R.,  3,  9,  1867;  Mid.,  Ann.  Mines,  10,  108,  1876;  Groth,  Pogg.,  137, 
869;  Grosse-Bohle,  Zs.  Kr.,  5,  222,  1880;  Prendel,  Min.  Mitth.,  11,  7,  1889. 

Alt. — Crystals  from  South  Ham  have  been  noted  which  were  superficially  altered  to  stibnite; 
28»  also  others  changed  throughout,  by  paramorphism,  to  valentimte  (Hintze), 


2.    Valentimte  Group.     R,03. 

215.  OLAUDETITE.    Prismatic  Arsenious  Acid  F.  Claudet,  Proc.  Ch.  Soc.,  1868,  Ch. 
News,  22,  128,  1868;    Claudetite  Dana,  Min.,  796,  1868.     Rhombarsenite  Adam,  Tabl.  Min., 
41,  1869.     Arsenphyllite.     Acide  arsenieux  prismatique  FT. 

Monoclinic.      Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =   0-4040  :  1  :  0'3445;   /3  =  86°  3'  =  001  A  100 
Schmidt '. 

100  A  110  =  21°  57',  001  'A  101  =  38°  47',  001  A  Oil  =  18°  58'. 

Forms1:  m  (110,  /)  s  (130,  £3)2  ^  d  (101,  -  1-1}        y  (Oil,  14)        o  (111,  —  1) 

a  (100,  i-l)         r  (120,   »-2)3        t  (MO'O,  e-10)2         q  (101,  14)  ft  (021,  24)        g  (111.  1) 

*  (oio,  i-i) 

mm!"  =    43°  54'    ,  a'q    =    51°  50£'  mo  =    45°  25'  '  oy  —  *37°  24' 

rr'       =  102°  15V  yy'  -    37°  56'  ao  =    48°  52'  a'g  =    53°  23|' 

«*'        =    79°  11'  by     =  *71°    2'  oo'  =    28°  24'  ^'  =    30°  ,19' 

ad       =    47°  16'  fi/3'   =    69°    0'  bo  =  *75°  48' 

Crystals  in  thin   plates,   resembling  selenite;  tabular  ||  b,  with  the  pyramids 
0^  g  prominent;  often  penetration-twins,  with  a  as  twinning-plane. 

Cleavage:  #  perfect;  fibrous  fracture"!  m.  Flexible  like  selenite.  H.  •=  2-5. 
G.  =  3*85  Claudet;  4*151  Groth.  Luster  on  cleavage  surface  pearly,  otherwise 
vitreous.  Colorless  to  white.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Optically  -j—  Ax.  pi. 
||  k  Bx  A  6  =  +  54°.  2Hr  =  66°  14'  Li,  2Hy  =  65°  21'  Na.  Dispersion  p<  v. 
Comp. — Arsenic  trioxide,  like  arsenolite,  As203  =  Oxygen  24*2,  arsenic  75*8 
==  100. 

Pyr. — As  for  arsenolite. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  seams  in  an  ore  of  arsenical  pyrites,  at  the  San  Domingo  .mines,  Portugal. 
Also  observed  as  the  result  of  the  burning  of  a  mine  at  Szomolnbk  (or  Schmftllnitz)  in  Hungaryi 
Szabo,  Foldt.  Kozl.,  18,  49,  1888,  Schmidt,  1.  c. 

Alt. — Crystals  consisting  of  octahedral  crystals  (paramorphs)  have  been  noted,  Ulrich. 

Ref.—1  Szomolnok,  Zs.  Kr.,  14,  575,  1888.  Cf.  also  Dx.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  10,  303,  1887. 
Groth  (Pogg.,  137,  414,  1869),  who  made  the  crystals  orthorhombic,  observed  on  crystals  from 
a  Freiberg  furnace,  a  number  of  other  planes,  which  are  thus  referred  by  Schmidt  to  the 
monoclinic  axes,  viz.:  (-1-0-12)  =  001,  y  (1-1212)  =  Oil,  (210),  JJL  (250),  v  (150),  n  (171). 
a  (1-48-12)  =  041,  ft  (1-24-12)  =  021.  *  Schmidt,  1.  c. 

216.  VALENTINITE.    Chaux  d'antimoine  native  (fr  Chalanches)  Mongez,  /.  de  Phys., 
23,  66,  1783;  (fr.  Pfibram)  Bossier,  Crell's  Ann.,  1,  334,   1787.      Antimonium  spatosum  albunjt 
Hacquet,  ib.,  1,  523,  1788.     Weiss- Spiesglaserz   Wern.,  Hoffm..   JBergm.   J,,   385,   398,    1789. 
Weiss-Spiessglanzerz^Ttopr.,  Crell's  Ann.,  1,  9,  1789;  Beitr.,  3;  183,  1802.     Antimoine  oxyde 
S".,Tr.,4,  1801.     White  Antimonial  Ore  Kirwan,-\,  251,   1796.      Antimonbliithe  «.  Leonh., 
Handb.,   160,    1821.     Exitele  Beud.,   Min.,    615,    1832.     Exitelite    Chapman,   Min  ,    39,  1843. 
Valentinit  Raid.,  Handb.,  506,  1845.     White  antimony,  Antimonious  acid,  Antimony  trioxide. 
Antimouige  Saure  Germ.     Antimonblomma  Swed.     Acide  antimonieux  Fr..    Ahtimonio  bianco 
Ital     Antimonio  bianco  pt.  Span. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  d  :  I  :  c  =  0-3910  :  1  :  0'3364  Laspeyres1. 
100  A  HO  =  21°  20i',  001  A  101  =  40°  42J',  001  A  Oil  =  18 


Forms':  cr  (540.  f-f)  I    (Oil,  14)  q  (021,  24)  s  (0'16'3,  J£4)  *  (5-10-8, 

«  (100,  *4)  7»(110,  /)  *    (054,  £4)  /  (073,  f «)'  h  (071,  7-2)?  y  (481,  8-2) 

b  (010,  e4)  p  (160,  z-6)  *  (043,  £4)  r  (041,  44)  rf  (0-27-4,  -2/4)  w  (3-10-3, 

*  (310,  i-3)  €  (508,  |4>  Q  (032,  |4)  e  (092,  |4)  t  (O'16'l,  164)  a;  (1-20'15.  f  20) 

It  (210.  i-2)  e  (101,  14)  g  (0'15'8, 


TT^'"  =  14°  51'  II'    =  37°  11'  rr'  -  106°  46'  wf  =  52°  44' 

///^'"  =  22°    74'  w"    =  45°  37'  ss'  =  121°  44'  m>'"  =  40°  39' 

mm"  =  42°  41'  99'  =  67°  52'  uu'"  -    80°  44'  xx1  =  48°  15' 

ee'  =  81°  25'  If    =  76°  154' 


200 


OXIDES. 


Commonly  prismatic  either  ||  6  (m)  or  a  (i,  g,  q,  r,  or  s);  also  tabular  ||  b;  often 
rounded  by  striations  ||  m/mr  and  ||  i/i' .  Crystals  often  aggregated  in  fan-shaped 
or  stellar  groups,  in  bundles  and  druses  and  as  aggregations  of  thin  plates.  Also 
massive;  structure  lamellar,  columnar,  granular. 

Cleavage:  b  perfect;  also  m.  H.  =  2*5-3.  G.  =  5*566.  Luster  adamantine, 
Ib  often  pearly;  shining.  Color  snow-white,  occasionally  peach-blossom  red,  and 
ash-gray  to  brownish.  Streak  white.  Translucent  to  subtransparent. 

Ax.  pi.  ||  c  for  red  rays,  J_  c  for  blue,  for  yellow  nearly  uniaxial;  dispersion 
p  >  v  strong  (Braunsdorf);  also  m  other  crystals  (P£ibram,  Algeria),  the  axes  for 
red  are  sensibly  united,  those  for  other  colors  lie  J_  c,  and  p  >  v.  Bx  always  J_  a; 
axial  angles  small.  Heated  to  75°  C.  the  axes  ||  c  unite  slightly,  those  J_  c  open 
(slightly,  Dx3. 

1. 


Braunsdorf,  Lasp, 


P  f ibraui,  Id, 


Constantine,  Id. 


Comp. — Antimony  trioxide,  Sb203  =  Oxygen  16*7,  antimony  83*3  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Same  as  for  seuarmontite. 

Obs.— Occurs  with  other  antimonial  ores,  and  results  from  their  alteration.  Found  at  Pri- 
foram  in  Bohemia,  iu  veins  traversing  metamorphic  rocks;  at  Felsobanya  in  Hungary,  with 
Btibnite  and  arsenopyrite;  Malaczkaiu  Hungary;  Braunsdorf  near  Freiberg  in  Saxony;  Allemont 
in  Dauphine;  Sempsa,  Province  of  Constantine,  Algiers.  Also  at  the  antimony  mine  of  South 
Ham,  Wolfe  Co.,  Quebec;  with  native  antimony  at  the  Prince  William  mine,  York  Co.,  N.  B. 

The  pris-matic  form  of  SbaOa  is  obtained  from  solutions  at  a  temperature  above  100°  C. 

Named  after  Basil  Valentine,  an  alchemist  of  the  15th  century,  who  discovered  the  proper- 
dies  of  antimony. 

Alt. — Observed  as  a  paramorph  after  senarmontite. 

Ref.— '  Mean  of  results  for  Braunsdorf  crystals,  Zs.  Kr.,  9,  162,  1884;  cf.  also  Groth,  Pogg., 
137,  429,  1869;  Tab.  Ueb.,  84,  1874;  and  Brezina,  Ann.  Mus.  Wien,  1,  145,  "1886;  the  last 
suggests  i  as  Oil,  but  without  very  distinct  advantage.  2  See  Brz.  for  critical  summary  of  results 
Of  earlier  authors,  also  Lasp.,  who  adds  many  new  planes.  3  K.  R.,  58,  1867,  also  Groth,  1.  c. 

Antimonophyllite  of  Breithaupt,  of  unknown  locality,  occurring  in  thin  angular  six-sided 
prisms,  is  probably  valentinite. 


217.  BISMITE.  ^Bismuth  trioxide,  Bismuth  Ocher  pt.  Wismuthoxyd,  Wismuthocker, 
Germ.  Bismuth  oxyde  Fr.  Bismutocra  Hal.  Bismite  Dana. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  —  0*8166  :  1  :  1*0649  Nordenskiold1. 
Forms- (artif.)  re. (001,  0);  'm  (110,  /);  q  (034,  f-«),  r  (Oil,  1-?),  s  (032,  f-i),  t  (031,  3-?). 
Angles:  mm".'  =  *78°  28',  rr'  =  93°  36!,  edge  m/m'  A  r/m  =  *129°  31' 

Habit   of  artif.   cryst.  prismatic.     Natural   mineral   not  crystallized;   occurs 
massive  and  disseminated,  pulverulent,  earthy;  alsp  passing  into  foliated. 

Fracture  conchoidal  to  earthy.     G.  =±  4'361  Biisson.     Luster  adamantine  to 
dull,  earthy.     Color  greenish  yellow,  strawryellow,  grayish  white. 

Comp.— Bismuth  trioxide,  Bi203  =  Oxvgeti  10  4,  bismuth  89*6  =  100.     Iron 
a,nd  other  impurities  often  present. 

Pyr.  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  most  specimens  give  off  water  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses,  -and 
Is  easily 'reduced  to  metallic  bismuth,  which  in  O.F  gives  a  yellow  coating  of  oxide.  Soluble 
'in.  nitric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  pulverulent  at  Schneeberg  in  Saxony,  at  Joacbiinsthal  in  Bohemia;  with 
Dative,  gold  at  Berezov  in  Siberia;  in  Cornwall,  at  St.  Roach,  and  near  Lostwithiel. 


TELLURITE  GROUP— TELLURITE.    MOLYBDITE  GROUP— MOLYBDITE.   $01 

Dr  Jackson  reports  an  oxide  of  bismuth  not  carbonated,  as  occurring  with  the  tetradymite 
of  Virginia. 

See  further,  BISMUTITE,  p.  307,  which  includes  some  bismuth  ocher. 

Ref.— '  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  17,  447,  1860,  and  Pogg.,  114,  622,  1861. 

KARELINITE  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  75,  448,  1858.  Massive.  Structure,  crystalline. 
Cleavage  in  one  direction  rather  distinct.  H.  =2.  G.  =  6'60.  Luster  strongly  metallic 
within.  Color  lead-gray.  Analysis,  Hermann:  O  [5'21],  S  3'53,  Bi  91-26  =  100. 

From  the  Savodinski  mine  in  the  Altai,  with  hessite.  The  mineral  is  not  homogeneous, 
containing  along  with  the  metallic  substance  a  gray,  earthy  mass  of  bismutite.  By  treating  the 
powdered  mass  with  hydrochloric  acid,  a  metallic  powder  remains,  free  from  any  native  bismuth, 
which  is  the  supposed  mineral  karelinite.  Named  after  Mr.  Karelin,  the  discoverer. 

VANADIC  OCHER.  Vanadic  acid  Teschemacher,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  11,  233, 1851.  A  yellow  pulver- 
ulent substance,  encrusting  masses  of  native  copper,  along  with  quartz,  at  the  Cliff  mine,  Lake 
Superior,  according  to  Teschemacher  The  color  before  the  blowpipe  changed  to  black;  also 
the  powder,  boiled  in  nitric  acid,  afforded  an  apple-green  solution,  from  which,  on  partial 
evaporation,  after  standing  some  weeks,  red  crystalline  globules  formed  on  the  surface,  which, 
as  they  enlarged,  fell  to  the  bottom;  by  means  of  these  crystalline  masses  the  vanadatesof  silver 
and  lead  were  made.  As  no  metal  was  found  in  the  first  solution,  the  yellow  mineral  was 
inferred  to  be  probably  vanadic  oxide. 

TANTALTC  OCHER.  Tantalochra  A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  Finl.  Min.,  27,  1855.  A  tantalic  ocher 
of  brownish  color  occurring  on  crystals  of  tantalite  at  Pennikoja  in  Somero,  Finland. 


3.  Tellurite  Group.     E03.     Orthorhombic. 

218.  TELLURITE.     Tellurige  Saure  Petz.Pogg.,  57,  478,  1842.     Tellurite  Nicol,  Min. 
429,  1849.     Tellurocker^.,  Min.  Ch.,  175,  1875. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0*45656  :  1  :  0-46927  Brezina1. 

100  A  HO  =  24°  32J',  001  A  101  =  45°  47£',  001  A  Oil  =  25*  8  J*. 
Forms':  b  (010,  i-i),  m  (110,  T),  r  (120,  £2),  s  (140,  i-4),  p  (111,  1). 

Angles:    mm'"  =  49°   5',    rr'  =  95°   12',    ss'  =  57°   18',    pp'  =  85°  53',    pp"  =  *96°  58'8'. 
pp'"  =  36°  14',  bp  =  *71°  52-8  . 

In  slender  prismatic  crystals,  tabular  ||  b,  and  often  striated  vertically;  also 
grouped  in  fufts;  in  spherical  masses  with  radiated  structure. 

Cleavage :  b  perfect.     Flexible.     H.  —  2.     G.  =  5-90.     Luster  subadamantine. 
Color  white,  yellowish  white,  honey-  or  straw-yellow.     Transparent  to  translucent. 
Optically  -.     Ax.  pi.  ||  <u    Bx  J_  b.     2  Hy  =  140°  8'  Na  (n  =  1-6567)  Knr. 
Comp. — Tellurium  dioxide,  Te02  =  Oxygen  20*4,  tellurium  79'6  =  100. 
Pyr.— In  the  open  tube  fuses,  when  strongly  heated,  to  brown  drops  and  sublimes. 
Obs. — With  native  tellurium  at  Faczebaja  and  Zalathna,  Transylvania.     In  cavities  in  and 
:as  an  incrustation  on  native  tellurium  at  the  Keystone,  Smuggler,  and  John  Jay  mines,  Boulder 
Co.,  Colorado. 

Ref.—1  Faczebaja,  Ann.  Mus.  Wien,  1,  135,  1886;  cf.  Knr.  [Term.  Fiiz.,  10,  81.  106,  1886], 
Zs.  Kr.,  13,  69..    *  Brz.,  1.  c.,  vicinal  planes  o  (3-16'0),  n  (3'34  0),  it  (l'42'l)  also  appear. 

SELENOLITE.     Selenious  oxide  (SeO2)  is  noted  by  Bertrand  as  probably  occurring  with  some 
.selenium  minerals  at  Cacheuta,  Argentine  Republic..    Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  5,  92,  1882. 


4.  Molybdite  Group. 

219.  MOLYBDITE=  Molybdena  or  Molybdic  Qcher.  Molybdic  Acid.  Molybda"nocker, 
Molybdanoxyd,  Molybdansa'ure  Germ.  Molybdine  Greg  &  Leltsom,  Dana,  Min.,  144,  1854. 
Brit.  MiiH,  348.  1858.  Molybdite  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  17,  125,  1868. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  b  :  c  =  0-3874  :  1  :  0-474?  Nordenskiold1. 
Forms:  a  (100,  i-l),  I  (010,  i-l),    c  (001,  0);  m  (110,  I),    //  (430,  t-|),  t  (103,  i-i),  s  (102,  $-1), 
(203,  f-5). 

Angles,    mm'"  =  42°  16',  bfi  =  *73°  48',  cs  =  *31°  30'. 

In  capillary  crystallizations,  tufted  and  radiated;  also  subfibrous  massive;  and 
3,3 .an  earthy  powder  or  incrustation. 


202  OXIDES. 


Cleavage:  c  distinct;  also  a  and  b.  H.  =  1-2.  G.  ==  4-49-4-50  Weisbach 
Luster  of  crystals  silky  to  adamantine,,  on  c  pearly;  earthy.  Color  straw-yellow, 
yellowish  white.  Optically  +.  Ax.  pi.  ||  a.  Bx  _L  c.  Axial  angles,  Dx.2 : 

2H0.r  =  117°  15'  2H0.y  =  119C  23'  2H0.bl  =  127°  approx. 

Comp. — Molybdenum  trioxide,  Mo03  =  Oxygen  33*3,  molybdenum  66 '7  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  and  coats  the  charcoal  with  minute  yellowish  crystals  of 
molybdic  oxide  near  the  assay,  becoming  white  near  the  outer  edge  of  the  coating.  This  coating 
treated  for  an  instant  in  R.F.  assumes  a  deep  blue  color,  which  changes  to  dark  red  on  continued 
heating.  With  borax  gives  in  O.F.  a  yellow  bead  while  hot,  becoming  colorless  on  cooling;  in 
R.F.  a  saturated  bead  becomes  brown  or  black  and  opaque.  With  suit  of  phosphorus  gives  a 
yellowish  bead.in  O.FP,  becoming  green  when  treated  in  R.F.  and  allowed  to  cool. 

Obs.— Occurs  with  molybdenite,  from  which  it  is  probably  derived,  at  the  foreign  localities 
of  that  species,  Adun-Chalon  Mis.  in  Eastern  Siberia,  and  at  Pitkiiranta.pn  L.  Ladoga,  in  silky 
tufts  of  capillary  crystals. 

In  N.  Hamp.,  at  Westmoreland,  earthy;  ih  Penn.,  at  Chester,  Delaware  Co.;  Georgia; 
Heard  Co. ,  in  silky  fibrous  tufts;  in  the  gold  region,  a  few  miles  north  of  Nevada  City,  Gal., 
in  subfibrous  masses,  and  tufted  crystallizations  of  a  deep  yellow  Color  (molybdate  of  iron  of  D.  D: 
Owen,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  6,  108  but  shown  by  Genth  to  be  this  species  mixed  with  limouite). 

Kef.—  JArtif.  ,cryst.,  Ofv.  Ak.  iStockh.,  17,  300.  1860,  Pogg.,  112,  160.     2  N.  R.,  26,  1867. 

ILSEMANNITE  H.  Hdfer,  Jb.  Min.,  566, 1871.  Crypto-crystallinc.  Color  blue-black  to  black, 
on  exposure  becoming  blue.  Soluble  in  water,  giving  a  deep  blue  solution.  The  solution  con- 
tained on  analysis  chiefly  a  molybdate  of  molybdic  oxide,  and  yielded  on  evaporation  deep  blue 
crystals,  which  were  considered  to  be  identical  with  the  known  compound  MoO2.4MoO3,  which 
is  also  supposed  to  be  the  composition  of  the  mineral.  A  product  of  the  decomposition  of 
metallic  molybdates,  and  occurs  embedded  in  barite  and  associated  with  wulfenite  al  Bleiberg, 
in  Carinthia.  Named  after  Mining  Commissioner  J.  C.  Ilsemann  (1727-1822). 

220.  TUNGSTITB.    Tungstic  Ocher  B.  Silliman,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  4,  52,  1822.   Wolframocker, 
Wolframsaure,  Scheelsaure  Germ.    Wolframine  Lettsom  &  Greg,  Dana,  Min.,  1854,  Brit.  Min. 
349,  1858. 

Orthorhombic,     Axes:  a  :  b  :  6  =  0-7002  :  1  r  0'3991  Nordenskiold1 

Forms:  a  (100,  i-l),  c  (001,  0)\  m  (110,  /),  n  (021,  2-1).  Rather  uncertain  031,  041.  051,  081. 
Angles:  am  =  *35°,  en  =  *38°  36' 

Pulverulent  and  earthy.     Color  bright  yellow,  or  yellowish  green. 
Comp.— Tungsten  trioxide,  W03  =  Oxygen  20*7,  tungsten  79-3  '=  100. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  on  charcoal  becomes  black  in  the  inner  flame,  but  infusible.  With  salt  of 
phosphorus  gives  in  O.F.  a  colorless  or  yellowish  bead,  which  treated  in  R.  F.  gives  a  blue 
glass  on  cooling.  Soluble  in  alkalies,  but  not  in  acids". 

Obs. — Occurs  with  wolframite  in  Cumberland,  and  Cornwall,  England;  at  Lane's  mine, 
Monroe,  Ct.,  filling  small  cavities  in  other  ores  of  tungsten,  or  coating  them,  and  has  resulted 
from  their  decomposition;  in  Cabarrus  Co.,  N".  C.;  at  St.  Leonard,  near  Limoges, 'rarely  in  dis^ 
tinct  crystals  of  a  sulphur-yellow  color  on  wolframite  and  quartz. 

Ret— »  Artif.  cryst.,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  17,  449,  1860,  and  Pogg.,  114,  623,  1861. 


MEYMACITE  Carnot,  C.  R.,  79,  639,  1874. 

A  hydrated  tungstic  oxide,  formed  from  the  alteration  of  scheelite.  -Sometimes  yellow  or 
greenish  yellow,  with  the  structure*  and  cleavage  of  scheelite;  sometimes  when  the  alteration 
has  been  more  complete,  the  mineral  is  friable  between  the  fingers,  and  has  a  yellow  or  brown- 
ish color.  Luster  resinous. 

Analyses:  1  and  2  on  friable  material,  color  yellow  to  brownish,  streak  sulphur-yellow, 
<5-.  =  3'80.  3,  firm,  with  lamellar  structure  and  yellowish  streak.  G.  =  4 -54. 

WO3  Ta2O5  Fe2O3  Mn2O3  CaO  H2O  gangue 

71-85  1-00  6-00  0-75  2'50  12*93  4'50  =     99*53 

74-25  1-05  6-10  0'65  4'65  11  "75  1'85  =  100-30 

75-12  0-70  6-25  0'32  7'00  6'85  2'55  =     98'79 

Deducting  the  calcium  tungstate  and  hydrated  iron  oxide,  regarded  as  impurities,  Carnot 
deduces  the  formula  WO3.2H2O.  In  the  tube  gives  off  water.  On  charcoal  turns  black. 
With  salt  of  phosphorus,  gives  in  the  O.F.  a  yellow  bead,  nearly  colorless  on  cooling.  In 
R.F.  gives  a  bead  colored  violet  to  red  (iron  and  tungsten  together).  With  acids  gives  the 
reaction  6f  tungsten  when  treated  in  the  usual  way. 

Found  with  wolframite  and  scheelite  at  Meymac,  Correze,  France. 


CEE  VANTITE-STIBICOWTE.  203 

221.  CERVANTITE.    Spiesglanzokker  pt.  Karat.,  Mus.  Lesk..  1,  534, -1789,  Tab.,  54, 
78,  1800.     Antimony  Ocher  pt.      Antimoupcker  pt.  Germ.-    Gelbantimonerz  (from  Hungary) 
Breith.,  Char.,  98,.  1823,  224,  1832.      Acide  antimouieux   Dufr.,  Min.,    2,    654,    1845.     Anti- 
monous  Acid,  Antiirionoso-autiinonic  Oxide.     Cervantite  Dana,  Min.,  1854. 

Orthorhombic.  In  acicular  crystallizations.  Also  massive;  as  a  crust,  or  a 
powder. 

H.  =  4-5.  G.  =  4-084.  Luster  greasy  or  pearly,  also  bright  or  earthy.  Color 
Isabella-yellow,  sulphur-yellow,  or  nearly  white,  sometimes  reddish  white.  Streak 
yellowish  white  to  white. 

Co'iup.— Sb20t  or  Sb203.Sb205  —  Oxygen  21-1,  antimony  78'9  =  100. 
Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  infusible  and  unaltered;  on  charcoal  easily  reduced.     Soluble  in  hydro- 
Chloric  acid 

Obs.— Occurs  at  various  mines  of  stibnite,  and  results  from  the  alteration  of  this  and 
other  autimonial  ores.  Found  at  Cervantes  in  Galicia,  Spain;  Chazelles  in  Auvergne; 
Felsobanya,  Kremnitz,  and  elsewhere  in  Hungary;  Pereta  in  Tuscany^  near  St.  Miuvers.  at 
"Wheal  Lea,  at  Wheal  Kine,  and  at  Endellion,  in  Cornwall;  in  Ayrshire,  Scotland,  at  Hare" 
Hill;  in  Borneo,  in  rhombic  prisms  half  an  inch  long,  terminating  in  two  planes,'  and  also 
massive;  at  the  Carmen  mine  at  Zacualpan  in  Mexico;  at  South  Ham,  Wolfe  Co.,  Quebec; 
in  California,  Tulare  Co.,  at  Pass  of  San  Amedio,  with  stibnite;  with  other  antimony  min- 
erals in  Sevier  Co. ,  Ark. 

222.  STIBICONITE.    Antimony  Ocher  pt.  (Syn.  under  Cervantite).     Stibiconise  Beud., 
*Tr.,  2,  616,  1832.      Stiblith  Blum  &  Delffs.  J.  pr.  Ch.,  40,    318,    1847.     Stibiconite   Brush. 
Am.  J^  Sc.,  34,  207,  1862. 

Massive,  compact.     Also  as  a  powder  and  in  crusts. 

H.  —  4-5-5.  G.  =  5-1-5 -28.  Luster  pearly  to  earthy.  Color  pale  yelloW  td 
Yellowish  white,  reddish  white. 

Comp.— Probably  H2Sb20&  or  Sb204.H20  =  Oxygen  19'9,  antimony  74'5, 
"Water  5'G  •=  100.  Usually  more  or  less  impure. 

Anal.— 1,  Blum  &  Delffs,  1.  c.  2,  Santos,  Chern,  News,  36,  167,  1877.  3,  Sharpies, 
Am.  3.  Sc.,  20,  423,  1880. 

O  Sb  As  H2O 

1.  Goldkronach  G.  =  5'28         19'54  75'83  tr.       4'63  =  100 

2.  Sevier  Co.,  Arkansas    G.  =  5'58         19-85  {76'15]  —  3'08  insol.  0'92  =  100 

3.  Sonora  G.  =  5'07        [20'0]      75'0  —  5'0 

Pyr. — In  the  closed  tube  gives'  off  water,  but  does  not  fuse;  on  charcoal  decrepitates, 
fuses  with  difficulty  to  a  gray  slag,  and  gives  a  white  coating. 

Obs. — From  Goldkronach,  Bavaria;  with  cervautite  in  Borneo,  cf.  Frenzel,  Min.  Mitth., 
298,  1877.  Probably  from  other  localities  of  antimony  ocher.  Forms  extensive  deposits  in 
'Sonora,.  Mexico,  usually  massive.  H.  C.  Lewis  speaks  of  glassy  octahedral  crystals  with 
G.  =  4'9;  he  found  31  p.  c.  HaO  (Amer.  Nat.,  608,  1882).  Raimondi  mentions  a  similar 
(mineral  derived  from  the  alteration  of  stibnite  from  Chayramonte,  Cajamarca,  Peru. 

VOLGERITE.  Antimony  Ocher  pt.  Hvdrous  Antimonic  Acid.  Volgerite  Dana,  Min.. 
m& ;  1854.  Cimengite  Kenng.,  Min.,  29,  1853. 

Massive,  or  as  a  powder.    Color  white.    Analysis:  Cumenge,  Ann.  Mines,  20,  80,  1851 

O  17-0  Sb620  H2O  15-0  Fe3O3  1«0  gangue  3*0  =  98'0 

Th'is  corresponds  perhaps  to  Sb3O».4H3O. 

From  the  province  of  Constantine,  Algeria.  Volger  remarks  that  white  antimony  ocher 
<Sb2O5.5H2O)  is  a  common  result  of  the  alteration  of  stibnite.  EntwfekL"  Min. ,  77. 

The  following  are  uncertain  minerals  containing  chiefly  oxide  of  antimony. 

.RrvoTiTE  Ducloux,  C,  R,.  78,  1471,  1874. 

Amorphous,  compact,  with  a  stony  look.  Fracture  uneven.  Fragile.  H.  =  3-5-4. 
G.  =  3-55-3-62.'  Opaque.  Color  yellowish  gre^n  to  grayish  green.  Streak  grayish  greeu. 
Analysis.— Ducloux : 

SbaQs  42-00  AgaOl-18  CuO  39'50  CO,  21-00    CaO  tr    =103-68 

Occurs  in  small  irregular  masses  disseminated  through  a  yellowish  white  limestoneyon  the 
west  side  of  the  Sierra  del  Cadi,  province  of  Lerida.  Named  after  Prof.  Rivot  of  the  Ecole  dea 
Mines.  Paris 

STIBTANITE  E.  Goldsmith.  Proc,  Ac,  Philad  ,  154,  1878.     An  alteration  product  .of  stibnite. 

from  Victwiai  Australia,    passive,  porous    H.  ==5.    G.  =  367.    Color  reddish  yellow, "of 


204  OXIDES. 

powder  pale  yellow.  Luster  dull.  Analysis  by  W.  H.  Dougherty,  1.  c.:  Sb205  81-21,  H-,0  4*40, 
gangue  13-55.  After  deduction  of  the  impurities:  SbaO6  94'79,  H2O  5'21  =  100,  which,  if  tha 
results  could  be  trusted,  would  correspond  to  the  formula  Sb2O6.H2O. 

STIBTOFEKRITE  E.  Goldsmith,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  p.  366,  1«73.  Amorphous.  Brittle, 
fracture  uneven  to  conehoidul.  H.  =4.  G.  —  3'598.  Luster  slightly  resinous..  Color  yellow 
to  brownish  yellow.  '  Streak  dull  yellow.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid.  Analysis : 

Sb2O5  42-96        FeaO3  3'85        H2O  15'26        SiO2  8'84        loss  1-09  =  100 

Occurs  as  a  coating,  sometimes  £  fach  thick,  on  stibnite  from  Santa  Clara  Co.,  Cal. 

PAKTZITE  A.  Arents,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  43,' 362,  1867.  Apparently  a  hydrous  oxide  of  antimony 
mixed  with  various  metallic  oxides,  as  pronounced  by  Blake  (ib.,  44,  119).  It  varies  in  color 
from  yellowish  green  to  blackish  green  and  black;  has  G.  =  3'8;  H.  =  3-4;  and  an  even  con- 
choidal  fracture. 

An  analysis  afforded  Arents :  Sb2O3  47-65,  Cu2O  32'H,  Ag2O  6'12,  PbO  2'01,  FeO  2'33, 
H20  8'29  =  98-51.  It  occurs  in  the  Blind  Spring  Mts.,  Mono  Co.,  California,  with  argentiferous 
galena,  and  antimonial  ores  of  lead  and  silver,  from  whose  decomposition  it'  has  probably 
proceeded.  Named  for  Dr.  A.  F.  W.  Partz. 

A  related  mineral  occurs  at  the  mine  of  San  Lorenzo,  province  of  Huaylas,  and  mine  dea 
Italiens,  province  of  Cajatambp,  Peru,  Raimondi,  Miu.  Perou,  pp.  83,  86,  875  1878. 

STETEFELDTITE  E.  Riotte,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  26, 253,  1867.  Appears  to  be  very  similar  to  partzitte. 
It  occurs  massive;  blackish  and  brown  in  color;  H.  —  3'5-4'5;  G.  —  4'12-4*24,  with  a  shining 
streak.  Stetefeldt  (ib.,  p.  281)  found  as  a  mean  of  two  analyses:  Sb2O4  43'77,  S  4'7,  Ag  23'74, 
Cu  12-78.  Fe  1-82,  H2O  7-9;  and  thence  deduces  Sb2O546'47,  S  4'59,  Ag  2323,  Cu2'27,,FeO  2'41, 
CuO  13-28,  H2O  7-75  =  100. 

It  comes  from  southeastern .  Nevada,  in  the  Empire  district;  also  in  the  Philadelphia 
district.  Named  for  the  mining  engineer,  Ch.  Stetefeld't. 

An  antimonite  of  copper,  resembling  stetefeldtite,  has  been  described  by  Donieyko  as  oc- 
curring at  the  Potochi  copper  mine,  near  Huancavelica,  Peru.  It  is  amorphous,  compact. 
Fracture  smooth  or  uneven,  in  parts  coarsely  granular  Color  black  or  greenish  black.  Streak 
yellowish  green.  Luster  weakly  resinous.  An  analysis  on  the  purest  material  obtainable 
(though  still  mixed  with  some  sub-sulphate  of  copper)  gave:  SboO4  32'93,  CuO  32-27,  Fe2O3  11-14. 
ZnO  0-50,  SO3  1-00,  H2O  (loss  at  low  redness)  18-53,  insoluble  1-57  =  96'94.  B.B.  infusible. 
Dissolves  readily  in  hydrochloric  acid.  Domeyko  regards  the  mineral  as  probably  having  como> 
from  the  decomposition  of  chalcostibite.  3d  Appendix  Miu.  Chili,  1871. 


III.  Oxides  of  the  Metals. 
A.  Anhydrous.  B.  Hydrous. 


A.  Anhydrous  Oxides. 

I.  Protoxides,  R20  and  RO 

II*  Sesquioxides,  R203 
ii  in 

III.  Intermediate,  RR204  or  RO.Ra09,  etc., 

IV.  Dioxides,  R03. 


1.  Protoxides,  R,0  and  BO. 

223.  Water,  Ice  H20  Hexagonal  £  ==  T4026 

224.  Cuprite  CuaO  Isometric 


WATER— ICE.  205 


Periclase  Group.  RO.     Isometric, 

225.  Periclase  MgO 

226.  Manganosite  MnO 

227.  Bunsenite  NiO 


828.    Zincite  ZnO  Hexagonal  1-6219 


a  :  I :  b 
229.    Massicot  PbO  Orthorhombic  0-6706  : 1  :  0'9764     (artif.) 


a  :  1 :  6  ft 

230.    Tenorite  CuO  Monoclinic  1-4902  :  1 :  1*3604       80°  28' 

Melaconite 


223.  WATER.    Wasser  Germ,    Vatten  Swed.    Eau  Fr.    Acqua  Ital.    Agua  Span. 

Water  exists  in  three  states:  (1)  a  solid,  ICE,  at  or  below  0°  C. ;  (2)  a  liquid,  WATER  proper, 
between  0°  and  100°;  (3)  a  gas,  STEAM  and  AQUEOUS  VAPOR,  the  former  at  100°  C.  under 
-a  pressure  of  76(Tmm.,  or  at  higher  or  lower  temperatures  with  requisite  increase  or  decrease  of 
pressure,  the  latter  in  the  atmosphere  at  all  temperatures. 

ICE.    Eis  Germ.    Is  Swed.    Glace  Fr.     GhiSccio  Ital. 

Hexagonal;  probably  hemimorphic.  Axis  d  =  1-4026  approx. ;  0001  A  1011 
c=  58°  18V  Nordenskiold. 

Forms' :  c  (0001,  0),  m  (1010,  1);  r  (1012,  *),  8  (1011,  1),  t  (4041,  4). 

Angles:  cr  =  *39°,  cs  =  58°  18f,  ct  =  81°  13£',  rr'  =  36°  41',  ss'  =  50°  2iy,  tt'  =  59°  14'. 

Distinct  faces  rare.  Usually,  as  snow  crystals,  in  compound  six-rayed  stellate 
forms  of  great  variety  and  delicacy;  occasionally  as  hail3,  with  hexagonal  crystals 
projecting  from  a  solid  nucleus,  or  rarely  in  distinct  quartzoids.  Also  granular  and 
compact  massive. 

Briuie  at  low  temperatures,  but  somewhat  less  so  near  the  melting-point. 
H.  =  1-5.  G.  =  0*9167  Bunsen2.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Luster -vitreous.  Color- 
less to  white  when  pure,  but  in  thick  layers  pale  blue.  Transparent.  Optically 
uniaxial,  positive.  Refractive  indices,  Reusch4: 

G?r  =  1-30598     er  =  1-30734    co^  .=  1-3120     e^  =  1-3136     &v  =  1-317     ev  =  1-321 

Also  Meyer5: 

<yr  =  1-2970  Li  at  -8°C.      co7  =  1-3090  ISTa  at  -8°     w^  -  1-3107  Tl  at  -  3*8° 
er  =1-3087      "        "  ey   =  1-3133      "       "        e^  =1-3163      "          " 

Comp — H20  =  Oxygen  88-9,  hydrogen  111  =  100. 

Obs. — Formed  as  a  coating  over  ponds,  lakes,  rivers,  etc.,  at  low  temperatures;  also  direct  from 
•water  vapor  In  the  atmosphere  as  snow,  often  in  crystals  of  great  beauty  and  variety  of  form;  also 
as  frost,  hail,  etc.  Forming  permanent  fields  of  snow  at  definite  altitudes,  depending  upon  the 
latitude;  under  favorable  conditions  changed  into  solid  ice  and  descending  as  glaciers  far  below 
the  snow-line;  also,  when  the  latter  reach  the  sea,  forming  icebergs  carried  by  ocean  currents- 
into  lower  latitudes. 

Ref.— J  Of.  Ak.  Stockh.,  17,  439,  1860,  or  Pogg.,  114,  612,  1861;  the  measurements  are  only 
approximate,  and  but  little  weight  can  be  given  to  them;  forms  apparently  orthorhombic  or 
'tetragonal  were  also  observed.  Of.  also  Clarke,  Trans  Cambridge  Phil.  Soc.,  1,  210,  1821; 
Bravais,  on  halos.  etc.,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  21,  361,  1847;  Leydolt,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  7,  477,  1851; 
Listing  Pogg.,  122,  161,  1864.  Later  Koch,  Jb.  Min.,  449,  1877;  Klocke,  ib.,  272,  1879;  1,  23 
1881  Bertin,,Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  13,  283,  1878,  A  great  variety  of  snow-crystals  are  figured  bj 


206 


OXIDES. 


Scoresby  in  his  History  and  Description  of  the  Arctic  Regions,  1820.  5  Po°-g  141,  7,  1870 
3  Cf.  Pogg.,  146,  475,  1872,  Nature,  Dec.  12,  1889  (figures  from  Abich,  Tiflis,  1871);  Am.  J. 
iSc.,  40,  176,  1890.  4  Pogg.,  121,  573,  1864;  earlier,  Bravtfis,  1.  c.  5  Wied.  Ann.,  31,  321,  1887: 


224.  CUPRITE.  Aes  caldarium  rubro-fuscum,  Germ.  Lebererzku'pfer,  Agric.,  Foss., 
334,  Interpr.,  462,  1546.  Minera  cupri  calciformis  pura  et  indurata,  colore  rubro,  vulgo 
.Kupferglas,  Kupfer  Lebererz.,  Cronst.,  Min.,  173,  1758.  Cuprum  tessulatum  nudum  Linn., 
$yst.,  172,  tab.  viii.,  1756;  Cuprum  Cryst.  octaedrum  ib.,  1768.  Octahedral  Copper  Ore,  lied 
Olassy  Copper  Ore,  Hilt,  Foss.,  1771.  Mine  rouge  de  cuivre  Sage,  Min.,  1772.  Mine  de  cuivre 
vitreuse  rouge  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  1772,  1783.  Rothes  Kupferglas  Pallas,  Nord.  Beitrage,  5,  283, 
1793.  Rothkiipfererz.  .  Cuivre  oxidule.  Oxydulated  copper.  Zigueline  Beud.,  Tr..  2,  713, 
1832.  Ruberite  Chapm.,  Pract.  Min,,  63,  1843.  Cuprit J&«&,  Handb,  548,  1845.  Ruby  copper. 

Ziegelerz  =  Tile  Ore;  Kupferlebererz;  Hepatinerz.     Ziguelina  Ital. 

Haarformiges    Rothk;upfererz.      Cuivre    oxidule    capillaire,    H.      Kupferbluthe    TIausm. 

"llary  Red  Oxide  of  Copper.    Chalkotrichit  Glock.,  Grundr.,  369,  1839.     Plush  Copper  Ore. 

isometric;  wi,th  trapezphedral  hemihedrism.     Observed  forms1: 

i  (321,  3-|) 


(lio,  V) 


fl  (510,  *- 


£  C21'0,  z-2 
P  (22i;  2) 


9(331/3) 
n  (211,  2-2) 


S  (533, 
ft  (322, 


h!)3 
hi)2 


Also  x  (986,  f-f)  developed  as  a  trapezohedral  hernihedral  form,  f.  3,  Miers4. 
Commonly  in  octahedrons;  also  in   cubes  and  dodecahedrons,  often  highly 
:modified.     Sometimes    cubes    lengthened    into    capillary   forms.  •  Also  massive, 
granular;  sometimes  earthy. 

•  Cleavage:  o  interrupted;  rarely  a*.  Fracture  conchoidal,  uneven.  Brittle. 
"H/.  =  3'5-4.  G-.  =  5'85^6'15;  5*992,  Haid.  Luster  adamantine  or  submetallic  to 
earthy.  Color  red,  of  various-  shades,  particularly  cochineal-red,  sometimes  almost' 
iblack";  occasionally  crimson-red  by  transmitted  light.  Streak  several  shades  of 
brownish  red,  shining.  Subtransparent  to  subtranslucertt.  Refractive  index  high* 
*u  ^  2-849  Fizeau5. 


3. 


Arizona. 


Gov't  Perm,  Kk. 


Coruwall,  Miers4. 


Var.—l.  Ordinary,  (a)  CrystalUzed;  commonly  in  oclahe^.fOiis,  dodecahedrons,  cubes, 
Und  intermediate  forms;  the  crystals  ofte.u  with  a  crust  of  malachite;  (6)  massive. 

2.  Capillary ^  ChalcotricMte.     Plush  copper  Ore.     In  capillary  or  acicular  crystallizations. 
\vhich  are  cubes  elongated  in  the  direction  of  the  octahedral  axis  (Knop,  Jb.  Min.,  521,  1861). 

3.  Earthy;  Tile  Ore,  Ziegelerz  Germ.     Brick-red  or  reddish  brown  and  earthy,  often  mixed 
•with  red  oxide  of  iron;  sometimes  nearly  black.     The  hepatinerz.  or  liver  ore,  of  Breithaupt  has 
a  liver-brown  color.     Von  Bibra  found  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  96,  203,  1865)  the  tile-ore;of  Algodon  bay, 
Bolivia,  to  be  a  mixture  of  atacamite,  cuprite,  hematite,  and  other  earthy  material. 

Comp.— Cuprous,  dxide,  CuQ0  =  Oxygen  11-2,  copper  88*8  —  100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Unaltered  in  the  closed  tube.  B.B.  in  the  forceps  fuses  and  colors  the  flame 
emerald-green;  if  previously  moistened  with  hydrochloric  acid,  the  color  imparted  to  the  flame 
is  momentarily  azure-blue  from  chloride  of  copper.  On  charcoal  first  blackens,  then  fuses,  and 
is  reduced  to  metallic  copper.  With  the  fluxes  gives  reactions  for  copper.  Soluble  in  con- 
centrated hydrochloric  acid,  and  a  strong  solution  when  cooled  and  diluted  with  cold  water 
yields  a  heavy,  white  precipitate  of  subchloride  of  copper. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Kamsdorf  and  Saalfeld  in  Thuringia;  at  Les  Capanne  Vecchie  in  Tuscany; 
on  Elba,  in  cubes;  in  Cornwall,  in  fine  translucent  crystals  with  native  copper  and  quartz,  at 
Wheal  Gorland  and  other  Cornish  mines;  in  Devonshire  near  Tavistock;  in  isolated  crystals, 
sometimes  an'inch  in  diameter;  in  lithomarge,  at  Chessy,  near  Lyons,  which  are  generally  coated 


PERICLASE  GROUP—  PERICLASE— MAS  GANOSITE.  207 

,  or  entirely  altered  to,  malachite;  at  Ekaterinburg  in  the  Ural;  in  South  Australia;  also 
abundant  in  Chili,  Peru,  Bolivia;  very  fine  crystals  from  Andacollo  near  Coquimbo. 

In  the  U.  S.  it  has  been  observed  at  Schuyler's,  Somerville,  and  Flemington  copper  mines, 
N.  J.,  crystallized  and  massive,  associated  with  chrysocolla  and  native  copper;  also  near  New 
Brunswick,  N.  J.,  in  red  shale;  2  m.  from  Ladenton,  Rockland  Co..  N.  Y.,  with  green  malachit* 
in  trap;  in  soft  earthy  form  in  sandstone  at  Cheshire  near  New  Haven,  Conn.;  at  Cornwall, 
Lebanon  Co.,  Pa.;  in  the  Lake  Superior  region;  at  the  copper  mines  in  St.  Genevieve  Co.,  Mo. 
With  malachite,  limonite,  etc.,  at  the  Copper  Queen  mine,  Bisbee,  Arizona,  sometimes  in  fine 
crystals;  beautiful  chalcotrichiie  at  Morenci;  at  Clifton,  Graham  Co.,  in  crystals,  and  massive. 

Named  cuprite  by  Haidinger  from  the  Latin  cuprum,  copper. 

Artif. — An  occasional  furnace-product.  Cf.  Arzruni,  Zs.  Kr.,  18,  58,  1890.  Also  a  recent 
formation  on  buried  copper  coins,  bronze  utensils,  etc.,  cf.  Fletcher,  Min.  Mag.,  7.  187,  1887. 

Alt. — A  deoxidation  of  cuprite  sometimes  takes  place,  producing  native  copper.  It  also 
becomes  carbonated  and  green,  by  means  of  carbonated  waters,  changing  to  malachite  or  azurite; 
or  through  a  silicate  in  solution  it  is  changed  to  chrysocolla;  or  by  taking  oxygen  it  becomes 
melaconite.  Limonite  occurs  as  a  pseudornorph  by  substitution  after  cuprite. 

Ref.— l  Cf.  Mir.,  Min.,  223,  1852;  Schrauf,  Atlas.  L.  An  early  paper  illustrated  with  9 
plates  and  108  figures  is  given  by  Phillips  in  Trans.  G.  Soc.  London,  1,  23.  1811.  2  Schrauf, 
Liskeard,  Cornwall,  Min.  Mitth.,  106,  1871.  3  Miers,  Wheal  Phoenix,  Min.  Mag.,  8,  207,  1889. 
4  Phil.  Mag.,  18,  127,  1884.  5  Quoted  by  Dx.,  N.  R.,  10,  1867. 

HYDROCUPRITE  Gentli,  Report  Min.  Penn.,  46,  1875.  From  Cornwall,  Lebanon  Co.,  Penn. 
Is  perhaps  a  hydrated  cuprite.  Amorphous,  orange-yellow  to  orange-red;  forms  very  thin  coat- 
ings, sometimes  rag-like,  upon  magnetite.  A  similar  substance  has  been  noted  with  cuprite  at 
Schapbach,  Baden  (Sandb.). 


Periclase  Group.     RO.     Isometric. 

225.  PERICLASE.    Periclasia  Scacchi,  Mem.  Min.,  Naples,  1841.     Periklas  Germ.     Peri- 
clasite. 

Isometric.     In  cubes  or  octahedrons.     Also  in  grains. 

Cleavage:  cubic,  perfect;  octahedral  less  distinct.  H.=  nearly  6.  G.=  3'674, 
Vesuvius;  3 '90,  Nordmark.  Colorless  to  grayish,  and  dark  green.  Transparent 
to  translucent. 

Comp. — Magnesia,  MgO  =  Oxygen  40,  magnesium  60  =  100.  Iron  or  manga- 
nese may  be  also  present. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Damour,  Ann.  Mines,  3,  381,  1843,  and  Bull.  Soc.  G.  Fr.,  6,  811,  1849;  also 
earlier,  Sec.,  1.  c.  and  5th  Ed.,  p.  134.  3,  A.  Sjogren,  G.  For.  Forh.,  9,  526,  1887.  4,  G. 
Lindstrom,  ibid. 

MgO       FeO       MnO      ZnO          ign. 

1.  Vesuvius    G.  =  3'674  93'86        5'97          —  —  —    =  99'83 

2.  "  93-38        6-01          —  —    =  99-39 

3.  Nordmark  G.  =  3'90  f  86'38        0'46        8'27        1'98          1*45  =  98'54 

4.  '*  87-38        0-19        9-00        2-52"          —    =  99'09 

*  Incl.  some  MnO. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  unaltered  and  infusible;  the  manganesian  variety  becomes  dark  colored v 
With  cobalt  solution  after  long  blowing  assumes  a  faint  flesh-red  color.  The  pulverized  mineral 
shows  an  alkaline  reaction  when  moistened,  and  dissolves  in  mineral  acids  without  effervescence. 

Obs.— Occurs  disseminated  through  ejected  masses  of  a  white  limestone,  and  in  spots  of 
small  clustered  crystals,  on  Mt.  Somma,  sometimes  with  forsterite  and  earthy  magnesite.  At 
the  Kitteln  manganese  mine,  Nordmark,  Wermland,  Sweden,  in  small  grains  in  a  dolomitic 
limestone  together  with  hausmannite;  the  grains  are  surrounded  by  a  more  or  less  distinct  zone 
of  brucite  formed  by  alteration. 

Peculiar  pseudomorphs  of  serpentine  (and  in  part  of  dolomite),  showing  a  structure  ap- 
parently corresponding  to  a  highly  perfect  cubic  cleavage,  have  been  observed  at  the  Tilly  Foster 
iron  mine  at  Brewster,  N.  Y.  (J.  D.  D.,  Am.  J.  Sc..  8,  375,  1874).  The  nature  of  the  original 
mineral  is  in  doubt;  Tschermak  has  suggested  that  it  may  have  been  periclase. 

Named  from  nepi,  about,  and  KXaaiS,  fracture,  in  allusion  to  the  cleavage. 

Artif. — Formed  in  crystals  of  a  cubo-octahedral  form  by  making  lime  to  act  at  a  high  temper- 
ature on  magnesium  borate  (Ebelmen);  by  the  action  of  hydrochloric  acid  gas  on  magnesia 
(Deville);  by  the  action  of  magnesium  chloride  on  lime  (Daubree). 

226.  MANGANOSITE.    Manganosit  Blomstrand,  G.  For.  Forh.,  2,  179,  1874. 
Isometric.     In  minute  octahedrons,  with  d  and  rarely  a. 


208  OXIDES. 

Cleavage:  cubic.     H.  =  5-6.     G.  =  5-18.     Luster  vitreous.     Color    emerald 
green  when  fresh,  becoming  black  on  exposure.     Isotropic. 

Com  p. — Manganese  protoxide,  MnO  =  Oxygen  22 -6,  manganese  77*4  =  100. 
Anal.— Blomstrand,  9  For.  Fohr.,  2, 182,  1874. 

MnO  FeO          MgO          CaO 

f    98'04  0-42  1-71  016     =     100*33 

Fyr.,  etc. — B.B.  blackens,  without  sensibly  fusing.  Dissolves  with  difficulty  in  strong 
nitric  acid,  forming  a  colorless  solution.  Reacts  for  manganese  with  the  fluxes. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  pyrochroite  and  manganite,  in  a  manganiferous  dolomite  (anal,  j 
CaCO3  56-47,  MnCO3  30'10,  MgCO3  13'56,  FeOO3  0'18  =  100'31,  Blomstrand)  at  Langban, 
Wermland,  Sweden;  also  in  calcite,  brucite,  or  dolomite,  with  hausrnannite,  pyrochroite,  garnet, 
etc.,  at  the  Moss  mine,  Nordmark,  Wermland,  Sweden. 

227.  BUNSENITE.  Nickeloxydul  C.  Bergemann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  75,  243,  1858.  Bunsenite 
Dana,  Min.,  134,  1868. 

Isometric.     In  minute  octahedrons,  sometimes  having  truncated  edges. 
H.  =  5-5.     G.  =  6*398.     Luster   vitreous.      Color    pistachio-green.      Streak 
brownish  black.     Translucent.     Artificial  crystals  observed  in  slags  have  a  metallic 
luster,  and  brownish  black  color. 

Comp — Nickel  protoxide,  NiO  =  Oxygen  21'5,  nickel  78'5  =  100. 
Obs.— Occurs  in  cavities  with  other  nickel  ores,  and  ores  of  uranium,  at  Johaungeorgenstadt. 
Named  after  Prof.  R.  W.  Bunsen  of  Heidelberg  (b.  1811),  who  observed  long  since  artificial 
crystals  of  this  nickel  oxide. 


228.  ZINCITE.  Red  Oxide  of  Zinc  A.  Bruce,  Bruce's  Min.  J.,  1,  No.  2,  96,  1810.  Zink- 
oxyd,  Rothzinkerz,  Germ.  Zinc  oxyde  Fr.  Red  Zink  Ore.  Zinkit  Haiti,.,  Handb.,  548,  1845. 
Spartalite  B.  &  M.,  218,  1852.  Sterlingite  F.  Alger,  Min.,  565,  1844. 

Hexagonal;  hemimorphic.     Axis  6  =  1-6219;  0001  A  1011  =  *61  °54'  Rinne1. 

Forms2 ;  c  (0001,  0),  m  (1010,  /),  p  (1011,  1).  Also  on  artif.  cryst.3:  a  (1120,  £2),  s  (1013,  i), 
p  (2025,  |),  n  (1012,  i),  ao  (3035,  f),  q  (2023,  f),  £  (8089,  f)5  as  tw.  pi.,  v  (8085,  f),  y  (2021,  2); 
dai21,  2-2)5;  ju  (2133,  1-f)4. 

Angles:  pp'  =  52°  21',  cp  =  36°  50',  coo  =  48°  20',  cv  =  71°  33',  cd  =  72°  52'. 

Natural  crystals  rare,  hemimorphic  (f.  1);  usually 
foliated  massive,  or  in  coarse  particles  and  grains;  also  with 
granular  structure. 

Artif.  crystals  generally  prismatic  (m)  or  quartzoids  (p)  with  c; 
hemimorphic  in  habit  (as  also  shown  by  etching-figures,  Rinne,  1.  c.{ 
like  wurtzite,  greenockite,  iodyrite,  with  which  species  it  is  homceo- 
morphous.  Also  twinned,  with  £  as  tw.  pi.,  Rath6;  also  with  c  tw. 
pi.  and  comp. -face,  Rinne. 

Cleavage:    c  perfect;     prismatic,    sometimes    distinct. 
Fracture  subconchoidal.     Brittle.     H.  =  4-4*5.     G.  —  5*43 
-5*7;  5-684,  cryst.,  Blake.     Luster  subadamantine.    Streak 
orange-yellow.     Color  deep  red,  also  orange-yellow.     Trans- 
lucent to  subtranslucent.     Optically  -f-. 
Comp. — Zinc  oxide,  ZnO  =  Oxygen  19-7,  zinc  80'3  —  100.     Manganese  protox- 
ide is  sometimes  present. 

Anal.— Stone,  Sch.  Mines,  Q.,  8,  149,  1887.     See  also  5th  Ed.,  p.  135. 

ZnO  MnO         Fe2O3 

1.  Sterling  Hill      G.  =  5-531  93'28  6'50  0-44  =  100'22 

2.  "  "       G.  =  5-507  94-30  5'54  0'36  =  100-20 

Pyr.,  etc. — Heated  in  the  closed  tube  blackens,  but  on  cooling  resumes  the  original  color. 
B.B.  infusible;  with  the  fluxes,  on  the  platinum  wire,  gives  reactions  for  manganese,  and  on 
charcoal  in  R.F.  gives  a  coating  of  zinc  oxide,  yellow  while  hot,  and  white  on  cooling.  The 
coating,  moistened  with  cobalt  solution  and  treated  in  O.F.,  assumes  a  green  color.  Soluble  in 
acids  without  effervescence.  On  exposure  to  the  air  it  suffers  a  partial  decomposition  at  the 
surface,  and  becomes  invested  with  a  white  coating  of  zinc  carbonate. 


MASSICOT—  TENOEITE.  209 

Obs. — Occurs  with  franklinite  and  willeuiite,  at  Sterling  Hill  near  Ogdensburg,  and  at 
Mine  Hill,  Franklin  Furnace.  Sussex  Co.,  N.  J.,  sometimes  in  lamellar  masses  in  pink  calcite. 
It  was  first  noticed,  described,  and  analyzed  by  Dr.  Bruce.  Has  been  reported  as  forming 
pseudomorphs  after  sphalerite  at  Schneeberg. 

Artif. — Mitscherlich  has  observed  minute  six-sided  prisms  in  the  iron-furnaces  of  Konigs- 
hutte,  in  Silesia.  Similar  crystals  have  been  met  with  in  the  zinc  furnaces  near  Siegen ;  also  in  the 
furnaces  and  roast-heaps  at  the  New  Jersey  zinc  mines;  surface  drusy,  color  white  to  amber- 
yellow  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  13,  417,  1852);  in  hexagonal  prisms  in  the  zinc  furnaces  at  Bethlehem,  Pa., 
and  Newark,  N.  J. ;  by  L.  Stadtmuller  at  the  iron  furnace  of  Van  Deusenville,  Mass. ;  also  at 
other  furnaces  in  Europe  and  America.  Cf.  also  ref.  below  and  Gorgeu,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  10, 
36,  1887. 

Ref.— 'Artif.  cryst.  from  Lerbach  in  the  Harz,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  164,  1884;  Rose  gives pp'  = 
52°  17'  to  52°  20',  Kr.-Chem.  Min.,  64,  1852.  2E.  S.  D.,  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J.,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
32,  389,  1886.  3  Cf.  Hausm.  for  a  reconciliation  of  earlier  observations,  Handb.,  2,  199,  1847. 
[Stud.,  Gott.  Ver.  Bergm.  Freunde,  5,  215];  some  of  these  planes  are  doubtful;  also  Greim,  Ber. 
Oberhess.  Ges.,  24,  1886.  4  Rath,  Pogg.,  122,  406,  1864.  5  Busz,  artif.  cryst.,  Zs.Kr.,  15,  621, 
1889.  6  Id.,  Pogg.,  144,  580,  1871;  cf.  Levy,  Ann.  Mines,  4,  516,  1843.  See  p.  1052. 

CALCOZINCTTE  Shepard,  Contrib.  Min.,  Amherst,  1876,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  231,  1876.  A  sub- 
stance from  Sterling  Hill,  New  Jersey,  described  as  having  a  fine  granular  to  columnar  structure, 
light  orange-yellow  color.  It  is  probably  a  mechanical  mixture  of  zincite  and  calcite,  as  an 
analysis  indicates. 

x 

229.  MASSICOT.    Huot,  Min.,.  346, 1841.  Massicottite  A.  D'Achiardi  I  Metalli,  1,  221, 1883. 
Lead   ocher,   Plumbic  ocher,  Lead  oxide.     Bleiglatte,  Bleioxyd,   Germ.     Chrysitin   Weisbach, 
Synops.  Min.,  54,  1875.     Plomb oxide  jaune  Fr.     Piornbo  ossidato Ital.     Litarjirio  native  Span., 
Domeyko,  Min.  Chili,  1879. 

Massive;  structure  scaly  crystalline  or  earthy. 

H.  =2.  G-.  =  8-0;  7 -83-7 -98,  Mexico,  Pugh;  9'2-9'36  when  pure.  Luster 
dull.  Color  between  sulphur-  and  orpiment-yellow,  sometimes  reddish.  Streak 
lighter  than  the  color.  Opaque.  Does  not  soil. 

Artif.  cryst.  early  described  as  isometric,  later  shown  to  be  orthorhombic;  crjrstals  thin 
tabular  \  a,  with  a  (100),  c  (001),  d  (hW\,  r  (111),  s  (455),  t  (233).  and  two  other  undetermined 
brachy pyramids  q,  v  Nd.1  See  also  Mitsch.2,  who  describes  rhombic  pyramids,  also  Grail.3, 
Rg.4,  and  Liidecke5,  who  mention  tetragonal  forms;  also  Michel6,  who  finds  them  optically 
negative. 

Comp.— Lead  monoxide,  PbO  =  Oxygen  7'2,  lead  92'8  =  100.  The  natural 
mineral  is  more  or  less  impure. 

Analyses,  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  136. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  readily  to  a  yellow  glass,  and  on  charcoal  is  easily  reduced  to  metallic 
lead. 

Obs.— It  is  said  to  occur  at  Badenweiler  in  Baden,  in  quartz.  Gerolt  states  that  it  has  been 
ejected  from  the  volcanoes  of  Popocatapetl  and  Jztaccituall,  in  Mexico.  It  is  found  in  many 
places  in  the  provinces  of  Chihuahua  and  Cohahuila  in  considerable  quantities,  having  been 
collected  along  the  streams  between  Ceralvo  and  Monterey,  being  supposed  to  come  from  the 
range  of  mountains  running  nearly  north  of  Monterey.  The  specimens  (often  2  or  more  cubic 
inches  in  size)  are  between  orpiment-  and  sulphur-yellow  in  color,  and  glisten  like  a  granular 
mica  of  a  nearly  golden  color.  The  natural  surface  is  slightly  crystalline  and  shining,  and  when 
broken  it  shows  a  scaly  texture. 

Occurs  also  at  Austin's  mines,  Wythe  Co.,  Va. 

Artif. — Artificial  crystals  have  been  obtained  among  furnace-products  and  by  direct  chemical 
methods,  as  well  as  from  fusion.  The  yellow  powder  (PbO)  obtained  by  heating  lead  in  a  cur- 
rent of  air  is  called  massicot;  if,  however,  the  heat  is  sufficient  to  fuse  the  oxide,  the  product, 
crystallizing  usually  in  yellowish  red  scales,  is  called  litharge. 

Ref.— ^Poeg.,  114,  619,  1861.  *  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  11,  1840.  3  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  28,  282,  1858. 
<  Kr.  Ch.,  1,  181,  1881.  *  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  82,  1883.  •  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  13,  56,  1890. 

230.  TENORITE.    Kupferschwarze  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  1789.     Melaconite Huot,  Min.,  326, 
1841.     Tenorite  Semmola,  Opere  Minori,  45,  Napoli,  1841,  Bull.  G.  Fr.,  13,  206,  1841-42.     Mela- 
conisa  A.   Scacchi,  Distrib.    Sist.  Min.,  40,   Napoli,  1842.     Melaconite  Dana,  Min.,   518,  1850. 
Black  copper;  Black  Oxide  of  Copper.     Kupferoxyd  Germ.    Cuivre  oxyde  noir  Fr.    Nero  ram e 
ItaL     Cobre  negro  Span. 

Monoclinic  (or  Triclinic).  Axes:  a  :  I  :  6  =  1-4902  :  1  :  1-3604;  /3  =  80°  28' 
<=  001  A  100  Maskelyne1. 

100  A  HO  =  55°  46',  001  A  101  =  38°  If,  001  A  Oil  =  53°  18'. 


210  OXIDES. 

Forms:  a  (100,  t-i),  c  (001,  0);  *  (601,  -  6-i),  g  (Oil,  14),  u  (111,  -  1),  o  (111,  1), 
«  (611,  -  6-6). 

Angles:  qq'  —  106°  36',  uu'  =  85°  6',  oo'  —  94°  38',  au  =  57°  4',  a?  =  84°  19',  do  =  65°  50.' 
The  axial  ratio  of  Maskelyne  given  above  (he  gives  no  angles)  was  deduced  by  him  from 
melaconite  crystals  from  Cornwall.  Artif.  crystals  were  described  by  Jenzsch  as  orthorhombic, 
but  his  results  agree  better  with  those  of  Maskelyne  (Scacchi,  Kalkowsky).  Teuorite  crystals 
from  Vesuvius  have  been  described  by  Scacchi,  and  later  by  Kalkowsky,  who  makes  them  tri- 
clinic  on  optical  grounds.  Supposed  isometric  crystals  of  melaconite  from  Lake  Superior  were 
perhaps  pseudomorphs. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  a.  Often  in  thin  shining  flexible  scales.  Earthy;  massive; 
pulverulent. 

Cleavage:  c  easy,  also  u  (111)  Mask.  Fracture  conchoidal  to  uneven.  H.  =  3-4. 
G.=  5-825  cryst.,Mask.;  6-25,  massive,  Whitney;  5-952,  id.,  Joy.  Luster  metallic, 
and  color  steel-  or  iron-gray  when  in  thin  scales;  dull  and  earthy,  with  a  black  or 
grayish  black  color,  and  ordinarily  soiling  the  fingers  when  massive  or  pulverulent. 

Var.— 1.  Tenorite.     In  minute  scales  with  metallic  luster,  found  at  Vesuvius. 
2.  Melaconite.    Earthy  black  massive. 

Comp. — Cupric  oxide,  CuO  =  Oxygen  20'2,  copper  79'8  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B,  in  O.F.  infusible;  other  reactions  as  for  cuprite,  p.  206.  Soluble  in  hydro- 
chloric and  nitric  acids. 

Obs. — Found  on  lava  at  Vesuvius  in  scales  from  a  twentieth  to  a  third  of  an  inch  across, 
often  hexagonal  &nd  sometimes  triangular;  and  also  pulverulent.  Common  in  the  earthy  form 
about  copper  mines,  as  a  result  of  the  decomposition  of  chalcopyrite  and  other  copper  ores. 
Abundant  thus  at  the  Ducktown  mines  in  Tennessee,  and  also  formerly  at  Copper  Harbor, 
Keweenaw  Point,  L.  Superior.  Named  after  Sr.  Tenore,  President  of  the  Naples  Academy. 

Ref.— lBrit.  Assoc.,  33,  1865.  Jenzsch,  Pogg.,  107,  647,  1859.  Kalkowsky,  Zs.  Kr.,  3, 
279,  1879.  On  paramelaconite,  see  p.  1043. 

MARCYLITE  tihepard,  Marcy's  Expl.  Red  River,  135,  1854,  Shep.  Min.,  405,  1857.  An  un- 
certain mixture  from  the  Red  River,  near  the  Wachita  Mts.,  Arkansas.  Supposed  to  consist  of 
oxide  of  copper,  sulphide  of  copper,  with  water.  It  is  evidently  a  result  of  the  alteration  of  a 
copper  sulphide.  See  5th  Ed.,  p.  137. 

A  similar  mixture  from  Peru  is  mentioned  by  Raimondi,  Min.  Perou,  137,  1878. 

LIME.     Calcium  oxide.     Calce  ScaccM. 

Found  at  Vesuvius  enveloped  in  the  lava  of  1631,  as  a  result  of  the  alteration  of  calcium 
carbonate. 

PALLADINITE  Adam,  Tabl.  Min.,  82,  1869.    Palladium  oxide,  PdO;  credited  to  Lainpadius. 


II.  Sesquioxides,  R203. 

Hematite  Group.*     Rhombobedral. 

rr'  6 

231.  Corundum                    A1203                                                       93°  56'  1-3630 

232.  Hematite                     Fe203                                                      94°    0'  1-3656 

233.  Ilmenite                      (Fe,Ti)203           Tetartohedral             94°  29'  1-3846 

231.  CORUNDUM.     Corindon  (—  Sapphire,  Corundum,  and  Emery  united)  H.,  Gilb.  Ann., 
20,  187.  1805,  Lucas  Tabl.,  1,  257,  1806. 

1.  SAPPHIRE.— TdtfivQoS  Or.;  Hyacinthos  Plin.,  37,  44;  Asteria,  ibid.,  49.     Jacut  Ar&b. 
"AvbpaZ  pt      TJieophr.     Carbunculus,    Lychnis,    pt.,   Plin.,  37,    25,    29.      Saphir,    Sapphirus, 

Wall.,  Min.,  116;  Orientalisk  Rubin,  id.,  117,  1747.     Telesie  H.,  Tr.,  1801.     Corindon  hyalin 
H.,  1805. 

2.  CORUNDUM. — AdamasSideritesPK/i.,  37, 15.     Karund  Hind.     Corivindum,  Corivendum, 
Woodw.,  Cat.  Foss.,  1714,  172.").     Adamantine    Spar  Black,    1780,    according  to  Greville  and 
Klaproth  (v.  seq.).     Demantspath  Klapr.,  Mem.  Acad.,  Berlin,  1786-87,  Berlin,  1792;  Beitr.,  1, 
47,  1795;   Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  1,  375,  H90,  1789.     8 path  adamantin  Delameth.,  J.  de  Phys.,  30.  12, 
1787;  Haiiy,  ib.,  193.     Corundum  Gremlle,  Phil.  Trans.,  1798.  Corindon//.,  Tr.,  1801.  Corindon 
Lartnophane  H.     Corindon  adamantiu  Brongn.,  Min.,  1,  429,  1807.     Korund  Germ. 

*  Includes  also  pyroplmnite,  MnTiO3,  p.  1045,  and  perhaps  langbauite,  pp.  543,  1039. 


HEMATITE  GROUP— CORUNDUM. 


211 


3.  EMERY. — "* Axovri  e?  *  ApueviaS,  [=  Armenian  Whetstone],  TJieopTtr.  2mupiS  Dioscor., 
5,  165.  Naxium,  Naxiurn  ex  Armenia,  Plin.,  36,  10.  Pyrites  vivus  (?)  Plin.,  36,  30.  Smyris, 
Smiris,  Agric.,  Foss.,  1546.  Smergel,  ISmiris  ferrea,  Wall.,  Min.,  267,  1747.  Smirgel,  Schmirgel, 
Germ.  Emeril  H.,  Tr.,  1801;  Coriiidou  granuleux  H.,  1805. 

Rhombohedral.     Axis  6=  1-3630;     0001  A  1011  =  57°  34'  8"  Miller1. 


Forms2  : 

5  (1013,  i) 

s   (0221,  -  2) 

c   (0001,  0) 

•  tf  (1012,  i) 

/?  (0772,  -  |)3 

m  (1010,'  /) 
a  (1120,  z-2) 

r  (1011,  1) 
6  (7072,  |)3 

0  (2245,  f-2)6 
n  (2243,  |-2) 

f  (7180,  i-f) 

q  (7071,  7)5 

5  (7-7-14-9,  V 

y  (1015,  £)          T;  (0111,  -  1)      w  (1121,  2-2) 


1. 


A 

A;  (7-7 iI-6,  f-2) 

o  (4483,  f-2) 

%  (11 -11 -22 -6,  -V-2)5 

z  (2241,  4-2) 

A  (7-7-14-3,  iA-2)3 

6  (8-8-16  3,  -y-2) 


v  (4481,  8-2) 

GO  (14-14-28-3,  -2/-2)3>4 

i  (4265,  |3) 
9  (3254,  i6) 

p  (2-8-10-9,  -  f  *) 


1,  Ceylon.    2,  Burma,  Mallet.     3,  Zanskar,  Id.    4,  5,  Ceylon,  Haid.    6,  Ilmen  Mts.,  Kk. 


of  =  23°  25' 
TW/  =    6°  35' 

cy  =  17°  28' 
cd  =  27°  41' 
cd  =  38°  12' 
cs    =  72°  22V 
c6    =  79°  43' 

en  =  61°  11' 

c?    =  64°  45' 

cw  =  69°  51' 

ck   =  72°  33' 


Cfl 

cz 
c*. 
cB 
cv 
coo 

=  74°  37' 
=  79°  36' 
=  81°    4' 
=  82°  10' 
=  84°  45if 
=  85°  30' 

* 

Cl 

eg 

cp 

=  59°    1' 
=  59°  45' 

=  58°    2' 

yy> 
dd' 

=  30°    8i' 

=  47°  27' 

dd'   =    64°  46' 

rr'    =  *93°  56' 

**'  .  =  111°  15' 

W     =116°  53' 

rrf    =    49°  56' 


nn  = 
55'  = 
ww'  = 
kk  = 


51°  58' 
53°  46' 
55°  59V 
56°  58V 

57°  38V 
=    58°  55' 


AA' 

— 

59° 

12' 

60' 

-— 

59° 

23' 

vv' 

= 

59° 

43V 

GOGO' 

=. 

59° 

48' 

ii' 

— 

68° 

17' 

UY 

— 

46° 

46' 

99' 

= 

61° 

59' 

ffffr^ 

— 

40° 

9' 

= 

79° 

47' 

PP' 

— 

18° 

27' 

ar 

= 

43° 

2' 

as 

= 

34° 

22V 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  r;  sometimes  penetration-twins;  often  polysynthetic,  and  thus 
producing  a  laminated  structure.  Crystals  often  rough  and  rounded,  especially  if 
large.  Planes  in  zone  ca  deeply  striated  horizontally;  c 
striated  ||  edge  c/r,  or  divided  into  'sectors  by  lines  radiat- 
ing from  center  normal  to  edges  c/a.  Also  massive,  with 
nearly  rectangular  parting  or  pseudo-cleavage;  granular, 
coarse  or  fine. 

Parting:  c,  sometimes  perfect,  but  interrupted;  also  r 
due  to  twinning,  often  prominent.  Fracture  uneven  to 
conchoidal.  Brittle,  when  compact  very  tough.  •  H.  =  9. 
G.  =  3-95-4-10.  Luster  adamantine  to  vitreous;  on  c 
sometimes  pearly.  Occasionally  showing  asterism.  Color 
blue,  red,  yellow,  brown,  gray,  and  nearly  white;  streak 
uncolored.  Pleocbroic  in  deeply  colored  varieties.  Trans- 
parent to  translucent. 

Normally  uniaxial,  negative;  sapphire  oor  =  1-7676  to  1*7682  and  er  =  1-7594 


Ilmen  Mts.,  Kk. 


212  OXIDES. 

to  1-7598;  ruby  &  —  1-7675,  e  =  1-7592,  Dx.7  Often  abnormally  biaxial8.  Phos- 
phorescent with  a  rich  red  color,  and  yielding  a  double  crimson  line  (at  A  =  6937, 
6942)  in  the  spectroscope  (Crookes). 

Var. — There  are  three  subdivisions  of  the  species  prominently  recognized  in  the  arts,  a-nd 
until  early  in  this  century  regarded  as  distinct  species;  but  which  actually  differ  only  in  purity 
and  state  of  crystallization  or  structure.  Haily  first  (in  1805)  formally  united  them  under  the 
name  here  accepted  for  the  species,  though  the  fact  that  adamantine  spar  and  sapphire  were  alike 
in  crystallization  did  not  escape  the  early  crystallographer  Rome  de  Lisle,  and  led  him  to  suggest 
their  identity. 

VAR.  1.  SAPPHIRE,  RUBY. — Includes  the  purer  kinds  of  fine  colors,  transparent  to  translu- 
cent, useful  as  gems.  Stones  are  named  according  to  their  colors:  Sapphire  blue;  true  Ruby,  or 
Oriental  Ruby,  red;  0.  Topas,  yellow;  0.  Emerald,  green;  0.  Amethyst,  purple.  A  variety 
Laving  a  stellate  opalescence  when  viewed  in  the  direction  of  the  vertical  axis  of  the  crystal,  is 
the  Asteriated  SappMre  or  Star  Sapphire  (Asteria  of  Pliny).  The  ruby  sapphire  was  probably 
included  under  the  ai/Qpac,  of  Theophrastus,  and  the  Carbunculus  and  Lychnis  of  Pliuy.  The 
blue  sapphire  (Ceylon)  was  called  Salamstein  by  Werner. 

Barklyite  is  a  more  or  less  opaque  magenta-colored  ruby  from  Victoria,  cf.  Liversidge,  Min. 
N.  S.  W.,  198,  1888.  Ghlorsapphir  is  a  deep  green  variety  occurring  in  bombs  of  a  "sanidiner 
gneiss  "  enclosed  in  an  ancient  trachytic  tufa  at  Kouigswinter  on  the  Rhine,  cf.  Polig,  Ber.  uied. 
Ges.,  May  7,  1888. 

2.  CORUNDUM.— Includes  the  kinds  of  dark  or  dull  colors  and  not  transparent,  colors  light 
blue  to  gray,  brown,  and  black.     The  original  adamantine  spar  from  India  has  a  dark  grayish 
smoky-brown  tint,  but  greenish  or  bluish  by  transmitted  light,  when  translucent,  and  either  in 
distinct  crystals,  often  large,  or  cleavable-massive.     It  is  ground  and  used  as  a  polishing  material, 
and  being  purer,  is  superior  in  this  respect  to  emery.     It  was  thus  employed  in  ancient  times, 
both  in  India  and  Europe.     The  ''Armenian  stone  "  is  supposed  by  King  to  have  been  corundum 
rather  than  emery. 

3.  EMERY.  Schmirgel  Germ.  —Includes  granular  corundum,  of  black  or  grayish  black  color, 
and  contains  magnetite  or  hematite  intimately  mixed.     Sometimes  associated  with  iron  spinel  or 
hercyuite.    Feels  and  looks  much  like  a  black  fine-grained  iron  ore,  which  it  was  long  considered 
to  be.  There  are  gradations  from  the  evenly  fine  grained  emery  to  kinds  in  which  the  corundum 
is  in  distinct  crystals.     This  last  is  the  case  with  part  of  that  at  Chester,  Massachusetts.     The 
specific  gravity  varies  rather  widely,  G.  =  3'75-4'31  Smith. 

Comp. — Alumina,  A1203  =  Oxygen  47*1,  aluminium  52*9  —  100.  The  crystal- 
lized varieties  are  essentially  pure;  analyses  of  emery  show  more  or  less  impurity, 
chiefly  magnetite. 

For  analyses,  etc.,  see  J.  L.  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  10,  354,  1850,  11,  53,  1851,  42,  83,  1866,  and 
5th  Ed.,  p.  139. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  unaltered;  slowly  dissolved  in  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  to  a  clear  glass, 
which  is  colorless  when  free  from  iron;  not  acted  upon  by  soda.  The  finely  pulverized  mineral, 
after  long  heating  with  cobalt  solution,  gives  a  beautiful  blue  color.  Not  acted  upon  by  acids, 
but  converted  into  a  soluble  compound  by  fusion  with  potassium  bisulphate. 

Obs. — Usually  occurs  in  crystalline  rocks,  as  granular  limestone  or  dolomite,  gneiss,  granite, 
mica  slate,  chlorite  slate.  The  associated  minerals  often  include  some  species  of  the  chlorite 
group,  as  prochlorite,  corundophilite,  margarite,  also  tourmaline,  spinel,  cyanite,  diaspore, 
and  a  series  of  aluminous  minerals,  in  part  produced  from  its  alteration.  Occasionally  found  in 
ejected  masses  enclosed  in  younger  volcanic  rocks,  as  at  Konigswinter,  Niedermendig,  etc. 
Rarely  observed  as  a  contact-mineral.  The  fine  sapphires  are  usually  obtained  from  the  beds 
of  rivers,  either  in  modified  hexagonal  prisms  or  in  rolled  masses,  accompanied  by  grains  of 
magnetite,  and  several  kinds  of  gems,  as  spinel,  etc.  The  emery  of  Asia  Minor,  Dr.  Smith 
states,  occurs  in  granular  limestone. 

The  best  rubies  come  from  the  mines  in  Upper  Burma,  north  of  Mandalay,  in  an  area  cover- 
ing 25  to  30  square  miles,  of  which  Mogok  is  the  center.  .  Also  found  in  the  marble  hills  of  Sagyin, 
16  miles  north  of  Mandalay.  The  rubies  occur  in  situ  in  crystalline  limestone,  also  in  the  soil 
of  the  hillsides  and  in  gem-bearing  gravel.  All  the  crystallized  varieties  of  the  species  occur 
here;  the  spinel  ruby  is  a  common  associate.  A  ruby  weighing  304  carats  is  said  to  have  been 
found  here  in  1890.  Rubies  and  sapphires  have  also  been  reported  from  other  localities,  and  the 
massive  varieties  are  common  especially  in  the  crystalline  rocks  of  southern  India.  Ruby  mines 
have  also  been  worked  at  Jagdalak,  32  miles  east  of  Kabul,  Afghanistan.  Some  fine  sapphires  were 
obtained  in  1882  from  the  Zanskar  range  of  the  Kashmir  Himalayas  near  the  village  Machel  in 
Padar,  and  since  then  mining  has  been  carried  on  there  with  some  success  (Mallet,  Min.  India;  La 
Touche,  Rec.  G.  Surv.  India,  23,  59,  1890).  Blue  sapphires  are  brought  from  Ceylon,  often  as 
rolled  pebbles,  but  also  as  well-preserved  crystals.  Corundum  occurs  in  the  Carnatic  on  the 
Malabar  coast,  on  the  Chantibun  hills  in  Siam,  and  elsewhere  in  the  East  Indies;  also  near 
Canton,  China.  At  St.  Gothard,  it  occurs  of  a  red  or  blue  tinge  in  dolomite,  and  near  Mozzo  in 
Piedmont,  in  white  compact  feldspar.  Adamantine  spar  is  met  with  in  large  coarse,  hexagonal 
pyramids  in  Gellivara,  Sweden. 

Emery  is  found  in  large  boulders  at  Naxos,  Nicaria,  and  Samos  of  the  Grecian  islands;  also 


HEMATITE  GROUP—  HEMATITE.  213 

in  Asia  Minor,  12  m.  E.  of  Ephesus,  near  Gumuch-dagh,  where  it  was  discovered  in  situ  by  Dr. 
J.  Lawrence  Smith,  associated  with  margarite,  chloritoid,  pyrite,  calcite,  etc.;  and  also  at  Kulah, 
Adula,  and  Manser,  the  last  24  m.  N.  of  Smyrna;  also  with  the  nacrite  (?)  of  Cumberland,  Eng- 
land. Other  localities  are  in  Bohemia,  near  Petschau;  in  the  Ural,  near  Ekaterinburg;  and  in 
the  Ilmen  mountains,  not  far  from  Miask;  in  the  gold-washings  northeast  of  Zlatoust  as  small 
crystals  (called  soimonite  after  Senator  Soimonov)  in  barsovite  (Kk.  Min.  Russl.,  1,  30,  2,  80). 
Corundum,  sapphires,  and  less  often  rubies  occur  in  rolled  pebbles  in  the  diamond  gravels  on  the 
Cudgegong  river,  at  Mudgee  and  other  points  in  New  South  Wales. 

InN.  America,  in  Maine,  at  Greenwood,  in  cryst.  in  njica  schist,  with  beryl,  zircon,  lepidolite, 
rare.  In  Massachusetts,  at  Chester,  corundum  and  emery  in  a  large  vein,  consisting  mainly  of 
emery  and  magnetite,  associated  with  diaspore,  ripidolite,  margarite,  etc.;  the  corundum  occa- 
sionally in  blue  pyramidal  crystals.  In  Connecticut,  at  W.  Farms,  near  Litchtield,  in  pale  blue 
crystals;  at  Norwich,  with  sillimanite,  rare.  In  New  York,  at  Warwick,  bluish  and  pink,  with 
spinel,  and  often  in  its  cavities;  Amity,  wtiite,  blue,  reddish  crystals,  with  spinel  and  rutile  in 
gran,  limestone.  Emery  with  magnetite  and  green  spinel  (hercynite)  in  Westchester  Co.  in 
Cortlandt  township,  near  Cruger's  Station,  and  elsewhere  (Am.  J.*Sc.,  33,  194,  1887).  •  In  New 
Jersey,  at  Newton,  blue  crystals  in  gran,  limestone,  with  grass-green  hornblende,  mica,  tour- 
maline, rare;  at  Vernou,  near  State  line,  red  crystals,  often  several  inches  long.  In  Pennsyl- 
vania, in  Delaware  Co.,  in  Aston,  near  Village  Green,  in  large  crystals;  at  Mineral  Hill,  in  loose 
cryst.;  in  Chester  Co.,  at  Unionville,  abundant  in  crystals,  some  masses  weighing  4,000  Ibs.,  and 
crystals  occasionally  4  in.  long,  with  tourmaline,  margarite,  and  albite;  in  large  crystals  loose  in 
the  soil  at  Shimersville,  Lehigh  Co.  In  Virginia,  in  the  mica  schists  of  Bull  Mt.,  Patrick  Co. 

Common  at  many  points  along  a  belt  extending  from  Virginia  across  western  North  and 
South  Carolina  and  Georgia  to  Dudleyville,  Alabama;  especially  in  Madison,  Buncombe,  Hay- 
wood,  Jackson,  Macon,  Clay,  and  Gaston  counties  in  North  Carolina.  The  localities  at  which 
most  work  has  been  done  are  the  Culsagee  mine,  Corundum  hill,  near  Franklin,  Macon  Co.,  N.C., 
and  26  miles  S.  E.  of  this,  at  Laurel  Creek,  Ga.  The  corundum  occurs  in  beds  in  chrysolite 
(and  serpentine)  and  hornblendic  gneiss,  associated  with  a  species  of  the  chlorite  group,  also  spinel, 
etc.,  and  here  as  elsewhere  with  many  minerals  resulting  from  its  alteration.  (Cf.  Shepard,  Am. 
J.  Sc.,  4,  109,  175,  1872;  also  Genth,  1.  c.)  Fine  pink  crystals  of  corundum  occur  at  Hiawassee, 
Towns  Co.  ,  Georgia. 

In  Colwado,  in  small  blue  crystals  in  mica  schist  near  Salida,  Chaffee  Co.  ^  Gem  sapphires  are 
found  near  Helena,  Montana,  in  gold-washings  and  in  bars  in  the  Missouri  river,  especially  the 
Eldorado  bar.  In  California,  in  Los  Angeles  Co.  ,  in  the  drift  of  San  Francisqueto  Pass.  In 
Canada,  at  Burgess,  Ontario,  red  and  blue  crystals. 

Alt.  —  Corundum  undergoes  extensive  alteration,  a  series  of  aluminous  minerals  being  the 
result.  The  commonest  change  is  to  the  potash  mica  damourite,  also  to  spinel,  cyauite,  fibrolite, 
zoisite,  margarite,  and  other  species.  Cf.  Genth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  13,  361,  1873;  ibid.,  20,  381, 
1882:  Am.  J.  Sc.,  39,  47,  1890. 

Artif.  —  Formed  by  decomposing  potash  alum  by  charcoal  (Gaudin);  in  crystals  by  exposing 
to  a  high  heat  4  pts.  of  borax  and  1  of  alumina  (Ebelinen);  by  subjecting  in  a  carbon  vessel 
aluminium  to  the  action  of  boric  acid,  the  process  yielding  large  rhombohedral  plates  (Deville  & 
Carou);  by  addition  to  the  last  of  chromium  fluoride  in  varying  amounts,  affording  the  red 
sapphire  or  blue  sapphire,  or  a  fine  green  kind;  by  action  of  aluminium  chloride  on  lime  (Daubree). 
Again  by  the  fusion  of  alumina  and  minium  in  siliceous  earthen  crucibles,  yielding  a  fusible 
lead  aluininate  which  was  subsequently  decomposed  by  the  silica,  setting  free  the  alumina  in 
hexagonal  crystals  of  considerable  size  (Frerny  and  Feil);  under  varying  conditions  rubies, 
sapphires,  etc.,  being  obtained.  Also  by  the  decomposition  of  aluminium  chloride  by  magnesium 
and  water  vapor  at  a  high  temperature  in  a  sealed  tube  (Meunier).  Cf.  Fouque-Levy,  Synth. 
Min.,  218-224,  1882;  Bourgeois.  Reprod.  Min.,  62,  1884. 

Ref.—  '  Min.,  p.  242,  1852.  2  Cf.  Mir.,  1.  c.,  and  Svr.,  Att.  Ace.  Torino,  7,  377,  1871. 
3  Klein,  Ceylon,  Jb.  Min.,  486,  1871.  4  Kk.,  Ceylon,  Min.  Russl.,  6,  223,  1874.  5  Busz,  Ceylon, 
Zs.  Kr.,  15,  622.  1889.  6  Bruhns,  ibid.,  17,  554,  1890.  7  Dx.,  Propr.  Opt.,  2,  18,  1858.  »  Cf. 
Mid.,  Ann.  Mines,  10,  150,  1876,  who  makes  the  species  orthorhombic;  also  Btd.,  Bull.  Soc. 
Min.,  1,  95,  1878;  Tschermak,  Min.  Mitth.,  1,  362,  1878,  who  regards  it  as  monoclinic;  Lsx.,  Zs. 
Kr.,  10,  346,  1885. 


232.  HEMATITE.  'Aifj-arir^  [=  Blood-stone]  'pt,  TJieophr.,  325  B.C.;  Dioscor.,  5,  143, 
A.D.  40.  Haematites  pt.  Plin.,  36,  28,  38,  A.D.  77.  (1)  Galenae  genus  tertium  omnis  metalli 
inanissimum,  Germ.  Eisenglanz,  (2)  Haematites  pt.  =  Germ.  Blutstein,  Glaskopf,  Agric.,  Interpr., 
4(55,  468,  1546.  (1)  Speglande  Jernmalm,  Mineraferri  specularis,  (2)  Haematites  ruber,  (3)  Ochra 
rubra,  Wall.,  259-266,  1747.  Rotheisenstein.  (1)  Jarnmalm  tritura  rubra,  Speglande  Eisen- 
glimmer,  (2)  Haematites  ruber,  (3)  Ochra  pt.,  Cronst.,  178-185,  1758.  Specular  Iron  ;  Red  Hematite, 
Red  Ocher.  Specularite.  Fer  speculaire,  (2)  Hematite  rouge,  Sanguine,  Fr.  (1)  Eisenglanz, 
(2)  Roth  Eisenstein,  Rother  Glaskopf,  Rother  Eisenrahm,  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  1789.  Iron  Glance, 
Red  Iron  Ore,  Red  Oxide  of  Iron,  Micaceous  Iron  Ore.  (1)  Fer  oligiste,  (2)  Fer  oxyde  rouge, 
H.,  Tr..  1801.  Hamatit  Hausm.,  Haid.  Handb.,  552,  1845,  Hausm.  Handb.,  232,  1847.  Jem- 
glans.  Rod  Jernmalm,  Blodsten,  Rodmalm,  Swed.  Ematite  rossa,  Oligisto,  Ferro  specolare  ItaL 
Hematita  rojo,  Hierro  oligisto  Span. 


214 


OXIDES. 


Rhombohedral. 

Forms2 : 

c    (0001,  0) 
m  (1010,  7) 
a    (1120,  £2) 
h    (4150,  ^-f) 
d  (2130,  i-D 

A  (1-0-1 -16,  TV) 

O  (1019,  *) 

t*  (1014.  i) 

r  (3-0-3-10,  T85)3 

e  (2025,'  |) 

d  (1012,  i) 

fl  (4047,  f ) 

^  (3035,  f) 

Bucking  adds : 
v  (0992,  -  f ),  W  (0771 
#(24-630-5, 
J  (14-8-22-38,   TV*); 

M  (7-14-21-18,  -  |3), 
scalenohedrons. 


ral.     Axis  b 

=  1-36557;  0001  A-lOll  =  57°  37' 

4" 

(p  (5058,  |) 

$  (0665,  -  f  )* 

t  (29-4-33-31,  1^*) 

r  (1011,  R) 

_ZV"(0554,  5.) 

•Q  ( 

I    (5052,  f  ) 

a  (0332,'  -  |) 

^(5161,  4*) 

C    ( 

m  (4041,  4) 

s  (0221,  -  2) 

q  (8-2-10-9,  f3)8 

¥( 

- 

j      ^?  (0551,  -  5) 

0  (7298,  f1) 

£   ( 

y  (0118,  -  i) 
n  (0-2-2-13,- 

2  (1126,  *-2) 
£)    TT  (-1123,  f-2) 

e  (3-1-4-32,  TV) 
/  (6281,  42) 

^  ( 

il>  ( 

^  (0115,  -  *) 

T(2245,  |-2) 

0(5276,  }*) 

^( 

-»: 

o   (0114,  -  i) 

n  (2243,  f2) 

t>  (15-7-22-2,  4V) 

$>   \ 

^  (0227,  -  f  ) 

X(4483,  f-2) 

t  (2134,  i8) 

X   ( 
/?  / 

e    (0112,  -  i) 

F(3362,  3-2) 

f  (4265,  f3) 

P  ( 

p  (0557,  -  f) 

x  (5-5  10-3,  Jy0- 

-2)    k  (2131,  I3) 

GO    ( 

A  (0445,  -  f) 

z  (2241,4-2) 

g  (3254,  i5) 

K( 

?  (0111,  -  1) 

o-  (6-4-10-5,  |5) 

s:  (9-5-14-0,  i- 

V-);    Ji(5054,f), 

0  (2021,  2);     (0559,  - 

t), 

Koksharov1. 
(3475,  _  47) 

(6-8-14-13,  -  TV) 

(2355,  -  *») 
IT  (4-6-10-7,  -  f5) 
S    (2352,  -  i5) 

(1238,  -  i3) 

(1235,  -  £3) 
P  (2467,  -  f3) 
$  (7-14-21-20,  -  ^») 

(1232,  -  i3) 

(2461,  -  23) 


R  (1-10-11-3,  -  3) 


7);  K  (M-2'10,  £-2),  Q  (3365,  f-2);  r  (721-73'73, 
(15'8-23'22,  ^\  ^(9- 
$*),       £  (8'15'23-19,  - 
* 


T4/), 


(0-8'8'H,  -  T\), 
,  B  (26'6  32'7,  -8/1), 
^(H-7-18'22,  T3Tf), 
(10-20'30'27,  -  ^3), 


(1-15-16-4,  —  f).     Scacchi   mentions  several  doubtful   pyramids  and 


rr' 

=  *94° 

0' 

cju 

=    17° 

30' 

cV 

— 

76° 

17' 

ff£T 

=  48°  15' 

11 

=    49° 

=      9° 

57' 
45' 

cA 
cs. 

=--    51° 

=    67° 

36' 
5' 

ex 
cz 



77° 
79° 

37' 
87*' 

CC' 
CC" 

-44°  3' 

=  60°  40' 

*£x 

=    37° 
=    55° 

=    64° 

•*•»> 

2' 
2' 
51' 

31 

cs 
cp 

yy' 

=    72° 
=    82° 

=    19° 

24' 
46' 

17' 

nn' 
ww' 
ww* 

= 

51° 
101° 

17° 

59' 

12' 

47' 

CC' 
CC; 

=  44°  58' 
=  57°  38' 
=  54°  1' 

mm' 

=    7o 
=  114° 
=  117° 

10' 
36' 

ee' 
AA 

=    30° 
=    64° 

'=    85° 

12' 

51' 
29' 

ee' 
ff' 

= 

14° 
4° 
91° 

29' 
39' 

45' 

'zz 

ZZ" 

=  69°  49' 

=  17°  25' 
=  35°  14' 

cA 

=      5° 

38' 

aa' 

=  105° 

49' 

ff" 

_ 

27° 

41' 

iplfj 

=  24°  13' 

cu 

=    21° 

31'  t 

ss' 

=  111° 

17' 

U' 

_ 

56° 

24' 

7~>  7~»/ 

=  49°  36' 

ce 

el7 

cm 

cy 

=    32° 

=    38° 
=    43° 
=    75° 
=    80° 
=    11° 

15' 
25' 

46' 

PP' 
cq 

CTt 

cT 

en 
cX 

=  118° 

=    24° 
=    42° 
=    47° 
=    61° 

=    74° 

26*' 

28*' 
19' 
32' 
13' 
39' 

tP 

ii1 

kk' 

gg' 

=3 

27° 
68° 
32° 
79° 
37° 
62° 

20' 
20' 
37' 
5' 

7' 
1' 

PP 

ppr 

ftp 

GOGO' 

=  29°  3' 

=  60°  12' 
=  37°  56' 
=  81°  5' 
=  27°  24' 
=  72°  37' 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  (1)  c,  penetration-twins;  also  comp.  face  often  _J_  c  as  in  f.  5. 
(2)  r,  less  common,  usually  as  poly  synthetic  twinning  lamellae5,  producing  a  fine 
striation  on  e,  and  giving  rise  to  a  distinct  parting  or  pseudo-cleavage  ||  r.  Crys- 
tals often  thick  to  thin  tabular  ||  c,  and  grouped  in  parallel  position  or  in  rosettes ; 
c  faces  striated  ||  edge  c'/d  and  other  forms  due  to  oscillatory 
combination;  also  in  cube-like  rhombohedrons;  rhombohe- 
dral  faces  u  horizontally  striated  and  often  rounded  over 
in  convex  forms.  Also  columnar  to  granular,  botryoidal, 
and  stalactitic  shapes;  also  lamellar,  laminae  joined  parallel 
to  c,  and  variously  bent,  thick  or  thin;  also  granular,  friable 
or  compact. 

Parting:  c,  due  to  lamellar  structure;  also  r,  caused  by 
twinning.  Fracture  subconchoidal  to  uneven.  Brittle  in 
compact  forms;  elastic  in  thin  laminae;  soft  and  unctuous  in 
some  loosely  adherent  scaly  varieties.  H.  =  5'5-6*5. 
G.  =  4-9-5-3;  of  crystals  mostly  5'20-5*25;  of  some  com- 
pact varieties,  as  low  as  4-2.  Luster  metallic  and  occa- 


Ural,  Kk. 


HEM  A  TITE  GRO  UP— HEM  A  TITE. 


gionally  splendent;  sometimes  dull.  Color  dark  steel-gray  or  iron-black;  in 
very  thin  particles  blood-red  by  transmitted  light;  when  earthy,  red.  Streak 
cherry-red  or  reddish  brown.  Opaque,  except  when  in  very  thin  laminae.  Optically 
negative,  artif.  cryst.,  Michel.  Sometimes  feebly  magnetic,  and  occasionally 
magnetipolar.  Electrical  conductivity  |  c  nearly  double  that  J_  c,  the  conductivity 
for  both  electricity  and  heat  conforming  to  the  crystalline  symmetry,  Backstrom6. 

Var.  1.  Specular.  Luster  metallic,  and  crystals  often  spier  lent,  whence  the  name  specular 
iron  (Glanzeiseiierz  Germ.},  (b)  When  the  structure  is  foliated  or  micaceous,  the  ore  is  called 
micaceous  hematite  (Eisenglimmer  Germ.);  some  of  the  micaceous  varieties  are  soft  and  unctuous 
(Eiseurahm  Germ.). 

2.  Compact  columnar;  or  fibrous.     The  masses  often  long  radiating;   luster  submetallic  to 
metallic;  color  brownish  red  to  iron-black.     Sometimes  called  red  hematite,  the  name  hematite 
among  the  older  mineralogists  including  the  fibrous,  stalactitic,  and  other  solid  massive  varieties 
of  this  species,  also  limonite  and  turgite.     Often  in  reniform  masses'with  smooth  fracture,  called 
kidney  ore  (rother  Glaskopf,  Blutstein,  Eisenniere,  Germ.). 

3.  Red  Ocherous.     Reddle  or  Ruddle  (Rothel  Germ.).     Red  and  earthy.     Often  specimens  of 
the  preceding  are  red  ocherous  on  some  parts.     Reddle  and  red  chalk  are  red  ocher,  mixed  with 
more  or  less  clay. 


1. 


1-4,  Simple  forms.     5,  Vesuvius,  Sbk.     6,  Binnenthal,  Calderon.     7,  8,  Elba.     9,  St.  Gothard. 

4.  Clay  Iron-stone;  Argillaceous  hematite.  Hard,  brownish  black  to  reddish  brown,  often 
in  part  deep  red;  of  submetallic  to  unmetallic  luster;  and  affording,  like  all  the  preceding, 
a  red  streak.  It  consists  of  oxide  of  iron  with  clay  or  sand,  and  sometimes  other  impurities. 

(b)  When   reddish  'in   color  and   jasper-like   in   texture,    often   called  jaspery  clay  iron-stone. 

(c)  When  consisting  of  minute  flattened  concretions,  it  is  the  lenticular  iron  ore;  also  called  fos- 
sil ore.     Foerste  has  shown  that  this  oolitic  ore  in  the  Clinton  group  consists  largely  of  the  frag- 
mental  remains  of  bryozoan  corals.     Itabiryte  is  a  schist  resembling  mica-schist,  but  containing 
much  specular  ore  in  grains  or  scales,  or  in  the  micaceous  form. 

Comp. — Iron  sesquioxide,  Fe203  =  Oxygen  30,  iron  70  =  100.  Sometimes 
contains  titanium  and  magnesium,  and  passing  into  ilmenite,  wh.  see. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  infusible;  on  charcoal  in  R.F.  becomes  magnetic;  with  borax  gives  the 
iron  reactions.  With  soda  on  charcoal  in  R.F.  is  reduced  to  a  gray  magnetic  metallic  powder. 
Soluble  in  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — This  ore  occurs  in  rocks  of  all  ages.  The  specular  variety  is  mostly  confined  to  crys- 
talline or  metamorphic  rocks,  but  is  also  a  result  of  igneous  action  about  some  volcanoes,  as  at 
Vesuvius.  Many  of  the  geological  formations  contain  the  argillaceous  variety  or  clay  iron-stone, 
which  is  mostly  a  marsh-formation,  or  a  deposit  over  the  bottom  of  shallow,  stagnant  water 
but  this  kind  of  clay  iron-stone  (that  giving  a  red  powder)  is  less  common  than  the  corresponding 
variety  of  limonite.  The  beds  that  occur  in  metamorphic  rocks  are  sometimes  of  very  great 
thickness,  and,  like  those  of  magnetite  in  the  same  situation,  have  resulted  from  the  alteration 


216  OXIDES. 

of  stratified  beds  of  ore,  originally  of  marsh  origin,  which  were  formed  at  the  same  time  with 
the  enclosing  rocks,  and  underwent  inetarnorphism,  or  a  change  to  the  crystalline  condition,  at 
the  same  time. 

Beautiful  crystallizations  of  this  species  are  brought  from  the  island  of  Elba,  which  has 
afforded  it  from  a  very  remote  period,  and  is  described  by  Ovid  as  "  Insula  iuexhaustis  chalyb- 
dum  generosametallis."  The  surfaces  of  the  crystals  often  present  an  irised  tarnish  and  brilliant 
luster.  St.  Gothard  affords  beautiful  specimens,  composed  of  crystallized  tables  grouped  in  the 
form  of  rosettes  (Eisenrosen),  and  accompanying  crystals  of  adularia.  Near  Limoges,  France,  it 
occurs  in  large  crystals.  Fine  crystals  are  the  result  of  volcanic  action  at  Etna  and  Vesuvius, 
and  particularly  in  Fossa  Caucharone/o'n  Monte  Somma,  where  it  incrusts  the  ejected  lavas; 
also  formed  in  most  recent  eruptions  abput  the  fumaroles;  in  that  of  1855,  in  fine  crystallizations 
about  the  fumaroles,  some  so  thin  as  to  be  blood-red  by  transmitted  light  (Scacchi);  Areudal  in 
Norway,  Langbau  and  Nordmark  in  Sweden,  Framont  in  Lorraine,  Dauphine,  Biunenthal 
and  Tavetsch,  Switzerland,  also  Cleator  Moor  in  Cumberland,  afford  splendid  specimens. 
Red  hematite  occurs  in  r.eniform  masses  of  a  fibrous  concentric  structure,  near  Ulver- 
stoue  in  Lancashire,  in  Saxony,  Bohemia,  and  the  Harz.  In  Westphalia  it  occurs  as  pseudo- 
morphs  after  calcite.  In  Brazil  it  is  associated  with  quartz.  In  Spain,  also  Chili,  there  are 
immense  beds. 

In  N.  America,  widely  distributed,  and  sometimes  in  beds  of  vast  thickness  in  rocks  of  the 
Archaean  age,  as  in  the  upper  peninsula  of  Michigan,  in  theMarquette  district,  also  in  Menominee 
county  and  west  of  Lake  Agogebic  in  Gogebic  county;  further  through  northern  Wisconsin, 
Florence,  Ashland  and  Dodge  Cos.,  and  in  Minnesota  near  Vermilion  lake,  St.  Louis  Co.;  in 
Missouri,  at  the  Pilot  Knob  and  the  Iron  Mtn. ;  the  former  650  feet  high,  consisting  mainly  of 
an  Archaean  quartz  rock,  and  having  specular  iron  in  the  upper  part,  the  iron  ore  in  heavy  beds 
interlaminated  with  quartz;  the  latter  200  feet  high,  and  consisting  at  surface  of  massive  hema- 
tite in  loose  blocks,  many  10  to  20  tons  in  weight. 

In  New  York,  in  Oneida,  Herkimer,  Madison,  Wayne  Cos.,  a  lenticular  argillaceous  var.  (fos- 
sil ore),  constituting  one  or  two  beds  in  the  Clinton  group  of  the  Upper  Silurian;  the  same  in 
Pennsylvania,  and  as  far  south  as  Alabama;  and  in  Canada,  and  Wisconsin  to  the  west;  in  Ala- 
bama, there  are  extensive  beds  along  each  border  of  the  anticlinal  valleys,  through  Jackson, 
Marshall,  Blount,  Cherokee,  Etowah,  Jefferson,  Tuscaloosa  counties  (Min.  Res.  U.  S.,  1887); 
prominent  mines  are  near  Birmingham. 

Besides  these  regions  of  enormous  beds,  there  are  numerous  others  of  workable  value, 
either  crystallized  or  argillaceous.  Some  of  these  localities,  interesting  for  their  specimens,  are 
in  northern  New  York,  at  Gouverneur,  Antwerp,  Hermon,  Edwards,  Fowler,  Canton,  etc.; 
Woodstock  and  Aroostook,  Me.;  at  Hawley,  Mass.,  a  micaceous  variety;  at  Piermont,  N.  H.,  id.; 
in  North  and  South  Carolina  a  micaceous  variety  in  schistose  rocks,  constituting  the  so-called 
specular  schist,  or  itabiryte. 

Named  hematite  from  a'ifj.a,  blood,  it  seeming,  says  Theophrastus,  as  if  formed  of  concreted 
blood.  This  old  Greek  author  speaks  afterwards  of  a  second  kind  of  hematites  ('A jju ar IT rj $ 
£,avQrf],  which  was  of  a  yellowish  white  color,  probably  a  yellow  ocher,  an  impure  form  of 
limonite,  the  species  long  called  brown  hematite. 

Alt. — By  deoxidatiou  through  organic  matter  forms  magnetite  or  protoxides;  and  from  the 
latter  comes  siderite  by  combination  with  carbonic  acid;  or  by  further  deoxidation  through 
sulphureted  hydrogen  forms  pyrite.  By  combination  with  water  forms  limonite.  Limonite, 
magnetite,  and  pyrite  constitute  occurring  pseudomorphs  after  hematite. 

Artif.— Formed  in  crystals  by  the  action  of  steam  on  ferric  chloride,  regarded  as  the  probable 
method^  of  origin  of  the  hematite  of  lavas;  also  by  the  action  of  ferric  chloride  on  lime 
(Daubree);  by  the  action  of  a  stream  of  hydrochloric  acid  gas  on  Fe2O3,  the  application  being 
made  very  slowly,  lest  it  be  all  converted  to  chloride,  etc. 

On  the  formation  of  hematite  by  sublimation,  see  Arzruni,  Zs.  Kr.,  18,  44,  1890,  who  also 
gives  literature. 

Ref.— »  Vesuvius,  Min.  Russl.,  1,  3,  1853;  Mohs  gives  94°  2';  Levy,  Mir.,  93°  50'.  8  Cf.  Mir., 
Mm.,  236,  1852;  also  earlier,  Hbg.,  Min.  Not.,  5,  43,  1863,  6,  et  seq.,  1864 (list  of  planes  on  p.  6), 
8,  33,  41,  9,  52,  1870;  Rath,  Pogg.,  128,  420,  1866;  Svr.,  Att.  Ace.  Torino,  7,  377,  1872; 
Sec.,  Contr.  Min.,  n,  1  (Att.  Ace.  Napoli,  6,  1873).  Also  Bkg.,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  562,  1877,  2,  416, 
1878. 

3  Flink,  Pajsberg,  also  the  following  rhornbohedrons  not  all  above  doubt:  l'Oi'10,  2-0-2'lS, 
1017,  1016,  1015,  O'l-l-ll,  0117,  0116,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  Bihang,  13  (2),  7,  25,  1888.  4  Id.,  Nord- 
mark,  ibid.,  p.  32. 

5  Bauer,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  26,  186,  1874;  Mgg.,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  216,  1884,  2,  35.  1886.  This  seems 
to  have  been  observed  by  Mohs  as  noted  by  Strilver,  Rend.  Accad  Line.,  4,  347  1888.  6  Back- 
str5m,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  45,  533,  1888;  also  thermo  electric  behavior,  ibid.,  p.  553. 

MARTITE.  Martit  Breith.,  Char.,  233,  1832.  Martite  is  iron  sesquioxide  under  an  isometric 
form,  occurring  in  octahedrons  or  dodecahedrons  like  magnetite,  and  believed  1o  be  pseudomor- 
phous  after  magnetite;  perhaps  in  part  also  after  pyrite.  Parting  octahedral  like  magnetite. 
Fracture  conchoidal.  H.  =  6-7.  G.  =  4'809-4'832,  Brazil,  Breith.;  4'65,  Puy-de  Dome;  4'35, 
Frassem,  Dewalque:  515,  Brazil,  Rg.;  5'194-5'205,  Brazil,  Lex.;  5'33,  Monroe,  N.  Y  ,  Hunt. 
Luster  submetallic.  Color  iron-black,  sometimes  with  a  bronzed  tarnish.  Streak  reddish  brown 
or  purplish  brown.  Not  magnetic,  or  only  feebly  so.  The  crystals  are  sometimes  embedded  in 


HEMATITE  GROUP— ILMEJSITE.  217 

the  massive  sesquioxide.  They  are  distinguished  from  magnetite  by  the  red  streak,  and  very 
feeble,  if  any,  action  on  the  magnetic  needle. 

Found  at  the  localities  mentioned;  also  in  Vermont  at  Chittenden;  in  the  Marquette  iron 
region  south  of  Lake  Superior,  where  crystals  are  common  in  the  ore,  as  if  all  of  it,  or  the  greater 
part,  were  martite;  Bass  lake,  Ontario;  at  Monroe,  N.  Y.;  in  a  rock  containing  quartz,  feldspar, 
and  hornblende,  and  embedded  in  each  of  these  minerals  in  Digby  county,  Nova  Scotia;  at  the 
Cerro  de  Mercado,  Duraugo,  Mexico,  in  large  octahedrons  (Silliman,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  375,  1882); 
in  the  schists  of  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil;  at  the  Rother  Adler  mine  near  Rittersgrun,  Saxony; 
in  Moravia,  near  Schonberg,  in  granite. 

The  martite  of  Monroe  contains  some  FeO,  Brush.  The  octahedral  crystals  from  Chittenden, 
Vt.,  according  to  D.  Olrnstead,  are  part  true  magnetite,  with  a  black  powder;  part  give  a  slightly 
reddish  streak,  with  little  FeO;  and  part  give  a  red  powder  and  contain  no  FeO. 

Whether  the  crystals  of  martite  are  original  crystals  or  pseudomorphs  after  either  magnetite 
or  pyrite,  or  both,  is  still  questioned  (cf.  Lex.,  Bull.  Soc.  Mm.,  12,  49,  1889);  but  the  latter  seems 
to  be  much  the  most  probable  view.  Rammelsberg  found  1'83-2'30  p.  c.  FeO  in  the  Brazil  crys- 
tals. The  octahedrons  from  the  fumaroles  of  Vesuvius  afforded  him  (Min.  Ch.,  159,  1860) 
Fe.2O3  92-91,  FeO  6'17,  MgO  0'82  =  99'90;  G.  =  5'235.  The  crystals  from  Frassem,  France, 
contain  0'2  p.  c.  of  sulphur,  which  suggests  that  these  may  be  pseudomorphs  after  pyrite.  The 
Brazilian  crystals  are  pure  Fe2O3,  as  found  by  Lacroix. 

RAPHISIDERITE.  Rafisiderite  A.  Scacchi,  Att.  Accad.  Napoli,  Mem.,  3,  read  Dec.  1, 
1888.  A  form  of  iron  sesquioxide  occurring  in  the  tufa  of  Piaiiura  and  Fiano  in  the  Campania; 
it  appears  in  minute  acicular  crystals  for  which  an  orthorhombic  form  is  suggested. 

233.  ILMENITE  or  MENACCANITE.  Specular  Iron  pt.,  Eisensand  pt.,  of  last  cent. 
Menachanite  (fr.  Cornwall)  Wm.  McGregor,  J.  de  Phys.,  72,  152,  1791,  Crell's  Ann.,  1791,  and 
Kirwan's  Min.,  1796  (making  it  to  consist  of  iron  and  an  oxide  of  a  probably  new  metal). 
Eisenhaltige  Titanerz,  Menakanit  (from  Cornwall)  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  2,  226;  (fr.  Aschaffenberg) 
ib.,  232,  235,  1797.  Titaue  oxyde  ferrifere  H.,  Tr.,  1801.  Manaken  Karat.,  Tab.,  74,  1808. 
Titaneisenstein,  Titaneisen,  Germ.  Titanic  or  Titaniferous  Iron.  Crichtoiiite  (spelled  Craitonite) 
Bourn.,  Cat,,  430,  1813.  Axotomes  Eisenerz  (fr.  Gastein)  Mohs,  Grundr.,  2,  462,  1824,  =  Kib- 
delophan  Kbl ,  Schweig.  J.,  64,  1832.  Ilmenit  (fr.  L.  Ilmen)  A.  T.  Kupffer,  Kastn.  Arch.,  10, 
1,  1827.  Mohsite  (fr.  Dauphine)  Levy,  Phil.  Mag.,  1,  221,  1827.  Hystatisches  Eisenerz,  Hys- 
tatite  (fr.  Arendal),  Breith.,  Uib.,  64,  1830,  Char.,  236,  1832.  Haplotypite  Breith.  Basanomelan 
(fr.  St.  Gothard,  =  Eisenrose)  KU.,  Grundr.,  318,  1838.  Washingtonite  (fr.  Conn.)  S7iep.,  Am. 
J.  Sc.  43,  364,  1842.  Titanioferrite  Cliapm.,  Min.,  1843.  Paracolumbite  (fr.  Taunton)  SJiep., 
ib.,  12,  209,  1851.  Parailmenite,  ib.,  20,  56,  1880.  Titanjern,  Titanjernmalni  Swed. 

Rhombohedral;  tetartohedral.  Axis  6  =  1-38458;  0001  A  1011  =  *57°  58'  30" 
Koksharov1. 

Forms2 :  u  (1014,  £)  I  (5052,  f )  p  (0551,  -  5)  n,  (2423,  f-2  1) 

c  (0001,  0)  C  (2025,  |)  <?(0112,  -  |)  n  (1213,  |-2  1)  £  (5'5-10'3,  J^-2) 

m  (1010,  I)  r  (1011,  R)  s  (0221,  -  2)  n  (2243,  f  2  r)  x  (6-4'10'5,  |5 1) 
a  (1120,  «-2) 

cu  =  21°  47'  cp    =    82°  52'  ee'    =    65°  28'  c|     =  77°  46 V 

cC  =  32°  36'  uu'  =    37°  30'  **'    =  111°  29f  nit,  =  39°  39' 

el  =  75°  57'  CC'    =    55°  37f  pp'  =  118°  29'  nn,  =  52°  10' 

ce  =  38°  38'  rr'    =    94°  29'  CTC  =    42°  421' 

cs  =  72°  38'  II'     =  114°  38'  en   =    61°  33' 

Twins:  (1)  tw.  pi.  c;  (2)  r,  as  tw.  lamellae,  less  common  than  with  hematite. 
Crystals  usually  thick  tabular;  also  acute  rhombohedral.  Often  in  thin  plates  or 
laminae.  Massive,  compact;  in  embedded  grains,  also  loose  as  sand. 

Fracture  conchoidal.  H.  =  5-6.  Gr.  —  4'5-5.  Luster  submetallic.  Color 
iron-black.  Streak  submetallic,  powder  black  to  brownish  red.  Opaque.  Influ- 
ences slightly  the  magnetic  needle. 

Comp.,  Tar.— If  normal,  FeTi03  =  Oxygen  31 -6,  titanium  31'6,  iron  36'8  -  100, 
or  Titanium  dioxide  52-7,  iron  protoxide  47'3  =  100;  or  (Fe,Ti)203  since  Fe203  and 
Ti20,  are  isomorphous.  The  ratio  of  titanium  to  iron  varies  widely,  usually  corre- 
sponding (Eg.)  to  wFeTi03.^Fe203.  Sometimes  also  contains  magnesium,  replacing 
the  ferrous  iron. 

The  varieties  recognized  arise  mainly  from  the  proportions  of  iron  to  titanium.  They  have 
been  named  as  follows,  commencing  with  that  containing  the  most  titanium.  No  satisfactory 
external  distinctions  have  yet  been  made  out,  and  their  true  relations  are  in  many  cases  in  doubt. 

1  KibdelopTiane.  About  30  p.  c.  titanium.  In  crystals,  but  usually  massive,  or  in  thin 
plates;  rr'  =  94°  1';  G.  =  4-661,  Gastein,  Mohs;  4'723-4'735,  ib.,  Breith. 


218 


OXIDES. 


2.  Crichtonite.     Composition  essentially  like  that  of  the  preceding.   In  acute  rhombohedrons, 
with  basal  cleavage;    G.  =  4'79,   from  St.   Oristophe  (original);    4'689,  same  compound  from 
Ingelsberg,  Rg. ;  luster  bright. 

3.  Ilmenite.     Contains  26-30  p.  c.  titanium,  and  near  the  preceding  in  composition,  but 
with  more  sesquioxide  of   iron  (anal.  9).     Crystallized  and   massive;  G.  =;  4'895,  from   Ilmen 
Mts.  (original),  Breith.;  4'81-4'873,  ib.,  Rg.     For  same  compound   fr.  Egersund,  4'744-4'791, 
Kg.;  fr.  Kragero  4-701. 

4.  Menaccanite.     About  25  p.  c.  of  titanium,  and  with  more  iron  sesquioxide  than  in  the 
preceding.     Massive,  and  in  grains  or  as  a  sand  (Eisensand).     G.  =  4'7-4'8,  fr.  near  Menaccan, 
Cornwall  (orig.).     Similar  compound  from  Iserwiese,  4*676-4-752,  Rg. 

5.  Hyslatite.     15-20  p.  c.  titanium,  .and  much  Fe2O3.     rr'  =  93°  50';  G.  =  5,  Arendal  (orig.). 
Washingtonite  belongs  here.     Occurs  in   large  tabular  rather  dull  crystals;  rr'  =  94°  approxi- 
mately;  G.  =  4  963,  Westerly,  R.  I.,  and  5-016,  Litchtield,   Ct.  (orig.),   Shepard;  for  latter, 
4-986,  Rg. 

6.  Uddevallite  D.     About  10  p.  c.  titanium  and  70  p.  c.  of  Fe2O3.      The  Aschaffenberg 
titanic  iron  is  near  this.     It  occurs  massive  and  in  plates,  and  has  G.  =  4*78. 

7.  Basanomelan  (Eisenrosen  of  the  Alps).     6  to  8  p.  c.  Ti,  and  75  to  83  of  Fe2O3;  G.  =  4'95- 
5 '21.    It  is  properly  a  titauiferous  hematite.     See  hematite. 

8.  Kragero  hematite.     Containing  less  than  3  p.  c.  of  titanium. 

9.  Magnesian  Menaccanite;   Picrotitanite  D.     Contains  10  to  15  p.  c.  of  magnesia;  formula 
(Fe,Mg)TiO3:  G.  =  4-293-4-313.     Named  from  niKpoi,  Utter,  in  allusion  to  the  magnesia. 

The  Mohsite  is  of  uncertain  locality  and  composition.     Crystals  tabular;   in  twins;  no 
cleavage  observable. 


1,  Ilmen  Mts.,  Kk. 


2,  Washingtonite.     3,  Crichtonite,  Dx.    4,  Ilmen  Mts.,  Kk. 


The  loose  Iron-sand  of  Iserwiese,  called  iserine,  is  in  part,  at  least,  in  isometric  octahedrons; 
and  the  trappisches  Eisenerz,  Breith.,  is  similar.  See  iserine  beyond. 

Paracolumbite  or  Parailmenite  of  Shepard  is  an  iron-black  mineral  from  1  m.S.  W.of  Taunton, 
Mass.,  having  H.  about  5.  Pisani  has  proved  it  to  be  this  species.  He  found  G.  =  4  -353, 
H.  4-5. 

Anal.—  1,  Marignac,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  14,  50,  1845.  2,  Rg.,  Pogg.,  104,  497  et  seq.,  1858; 
Min.  Ch.,  148  et  seq.,  1875.  3,  4,  H.  F.  Keller,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  23,  42,  1885.  5,  Mackintosh, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  29,  342,  1885.  6,  7,  Rg.,  1.  c.  8,  Tamm,  G.  For.  FOrh.,  2,  46,  1874.  9,  10,  Rg. 
11,  Petersen,  Ber.  Ak.  Munchen,  146,  1873.  12,  Cathrein,  Zs.  Kr.,  12,  44,  1886.  13-16,  Rg. 
17,  Mgc.,  1.  c.  18,  Rg.  19,  Kuerr  and  Brunner,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  6,  413,  1884.  20,  Rg.  21,  Cohen, 
Jb.  Min..  695,  1877.  22-25,  Rg. 

Also  Harrington,  Geol.  Canada,  1874;  Heddle,  Trans.  R.  Soc.,  Edinburgh,  30,  438,  read 
Feb.,  1882.  5th  Ed.,  p.  144-145. 


G. 

1.  St.  Cristophe,  Crichtonite  4 -727 

2.  Gastein,  Kibdelophane  4'689 

3.  Carter's  Mine,  N.  Carolina  4*67 

4.  "          "             «  4-68 

5.  Brazil  4-3 

6.  Egersund  4'744-4-791 

7.  "  «« 
8. 

9.  Ilmen  Mts.,  llm&nUe  4*811-4 -873 

10.  KragerO  4'701 

11.  Frauenberg  4-70 

12.  Filrstschlagl,  Zamserthal 


TiOa  Fe2O3  FeO  MnO 
52-27    1'20  46  '53    — 
53-03    2'66  38*30  4'30 
52-73    8'08  33'08    — 
52-64  10'07  31  -11    — 
59-2032-11    4  "90  1  "73 
51-30    8'87  39'83    — 
45-77  14-10  39-51     — 
41-96  22-22  31'16  0'28 

45-93  14'30  36'52  2'72 
4H-92  11-48  39*82    - 
46-2112-8240-50    tr. 
44-50  19-55  33-72    — 


MgO 

—     =  100 

1*65  =  99'94 

5'33  SiO2  0'14  =  99*36 

5*33  =  99'15 

SiO2  1-16  =  9910 
0-40  =  100-40 
1*14  =  100*53 
3*16  SiO2  0*60,P2O50*02, 
[CaO  0-55=99-95 
0'59  =  100-06 
1^2  =  99'44 
1'54  Cr2O3  tr.  =  100'57 
3'03  =  100'80 


HEMATITE  GROUP— ILMENITE.  219 

G.  Ti02  Fe203  FeO  MnO  MgO 

13.  Iserwiese,  Iserine  4'676        42-20  23'36  30'57  1-74    1-57  -  99-44 

14.  "  4-745        41-64  28 -87  25'00  1  00    4  66  =  10M7 

15.  "  39-70  27-02        30*34       2-23  =  99'29 

16.  "  4'752        37-13  28'40  29'20  3'01     2'97  =  100*71 

17.  Litchfield,  WasMngtonite  4'992        22-21  59-07  18'72    —      —     =  100 

18.  "  "  23-7253-7122-390-25    0-50  =  100-57 

19.  Adamstown,  Pa.  4'6  13'31  53'36  32-38    —      —     SiO2  0'50  =  99 '55 

20.  Warwick  4'303  57'71  26'82  0'90  13'71  =  99'14 

21.  Du  Toil's  Pan,  S.  Africa  4'436  53'79     7'05  27'05  —    12*10  =  99'99 

22.  Snarum  4 '943  10 '47  80 '63    8 '90    —      —     =  100 

23.  Bmnenthal                               5-127-5*150  9*1881*92    8*60  —      —     =99*70 

24.  St.  Gothard,  Eisenrose  5*187  9*10  83*41     7*63  0*44     —    =  100*58 

25.  Kragero  5*24  3*55  93'63    3*26  —      —     =  100'44 

On  the  composition  of  titanic  iron,  see  Rg.,  Pogg.,  104,  497,  1858,  Min.  Ch.,  148,  1875 
Friedel  and  Guerin,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  8.  38,  1876,  who  describe  artif.  cryst.  of  TiaO3  with 
cr  =  56°  40',  also  isoinorphous  mixtures  of  Ti2O3  and  Fe2O3 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  infusible  in  O.F.,  although  slighly  rounded  on  the  edges  in  R.F.  With 
borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  reacts  for  iron  in  O.F.,  and  with  the  latter  flux  assumes  a  more  or 
less  intense  brownish  red  color  in  R.F.;  this  treated  with  tin  on  charcoal  changes  to  a  violet-red 
color  when  the  amount  of  titanium  is  not  too  small.  The  pulverized  mineral,  heated  with 
hydrochloric  acid,  is  slowly  dissolved  to  a  yellow  solution,  which,  filtered  from  the  undecom- 
posed  mineral  and  boiled  with  the  addition  of  tin-foil,  assumes  a  beautiful  blue  or  violet  color. 
Decomposed  by  fusion  with  bisulphate  of  sodium  or  potassium. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  beds  in  gneiss  and  other  crystalline  rocks;  also  in  small  particles  in  many 
crystalline  rocks,  often  associated  with  magnetite.  The  principal  European  localities  of  this 
species  have  been  enumerated  above  in  connection  with  the  statement  of  varieties.  One  of  the 
most  remarkable  is  at  Kragero,  Norway,  where  it  occurs  in  veins  or  beds  in  diorite,  which 
sometimes  afford  crystals  weighing  over  16  pounds.  Others  are  Egersund,  Arendal,  Snarum 
in  Norway;  Miask  in  the  Ilmen  Mts. ;  Bourg  d'Oisans,  Dauphine;  St.  Gothard,  etc. 

Fine  crystals,  sometimes  an  inch  in  diameter,  occur  in  Warwick,  Amity,  and  Monroe, 
Orange  Co.,  N.  Y.,  embedded  in  serpentime  and  white  limestone,  and  associated  with  spinel, 
chondrodite,  rutile,  etc.;  also  4  m.  west  of  Edenville,  and  near  Greenwood  furnace  with  spinel 
and  chondrodite;  also  at  Chester  and  South  Royalston,  Mass.;  Litchfield,  Conn,  (washingtonite); 
Troy,  Yt.,  with  chlorite.  Vast  deposits  or  beds  of  titanic  ore  occur  at  Bay  St.  Paul  in  Quebec, 
Canada,  in  syenite;  one  bed,  90  feet  thick,  continues  on  in  view  for  300  feet,  and  probably  far 
beyond;  also  in  the  Seignory  of  St.  Francis,  Beauce,  mixed  with  magnetite  as  a  bed  45  feet 
thick  in  serpentine;  G.  =  4'56-4'66;  also  with  labradorite  at  Chateau  Richer.  Grains  are  found 
in  the  gold  sand  of  California. 

ISERINE.  Titaneisenstein  pt.,  Magnetischer  Eisen-Sand  pt.,  Wern.  Iserin  (fr.  Iser)  Wern., 
Letztes  Min.,  26,  52,  1817,  Hoffm.  Min.,  4,  258,  1817.  Oktaedriscb.es  Titaneisen-Oxyd  Wern. 
Iseriu  Bretth.,  Char.,  51, 1820.  Hexaedrisches  Eisen-Erz  Mohs,  436, 1839.  Iserite.  Supposed  to 
be  isometric  titanic  iron,  and,  like  martite,  to  be  pseudomorphous.  Anals.  13-16,  above.  The 
locality  of  Iserwiese  gave  the  name  to  this  mineral.  The  titanic  iron-sand  is  partly  in  octahedral 
forms,  and  this  portion,  if  not  all,  is  the  iserine.  Yet  it  is  still  doubted  whether  the  octahedrons 
are  regular  octahedrons,  or  whether  they  are  acute  rhombohedrons  with  truncated  apices,  and 
therefore  true  ilmenite.  Similar  sands  come  from  many  other  localities,  as  from  Bohemia, 
Saxony,  Calabria,  Puy-de-D6me  in  France. 

Alt.— The  titanic  iron  of  massive  rocks  is  extensively  altered  to  a  dull  white  opaque  sub- 
stance, called  leucoxene  by  Giirnbel  (Die  palaolith.  Eruptivgesteiue  d.  Fichtegebirges,  22,  1874). 
This  for  the  most  part  is  to  be  identified  with  titanite.  Cf.  Cathrein,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  244,  1881,  also 
Rosenb.,  Mikr.  Phys.  Min.,  332,  1885. 

Ref.— '  Min.  Russl.,  6,  350,  1874.  2  Cf.  Kk.,  ib.,  1, 16  and  1.  c.,  also  Mir.,  Min.,  p.  239, 1852. 
A  crystal  from  the  Binnenthal,  regarded  as  tetartohedral  and  distinct  from  the  associated  hema- 
tite, gave  Bkg.,  2*  (1215,  f-21),?  (1216,  f2  1),  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  576,  1877.  Cf.  also  Sbk.,  Jb.  Min.,  287, 
1878.  Planes  on  crystals  from  Cavradi,  and  on  the  Swiss  "  Eisenrosen,"  are  referred  to  hematite. 
Bucking  includes  in  his  list  of  planes  a  large  number  of  forms  given  by  Struver  for  corundum  ! 

HYDROILMENITE  C.   W.  Blomstrand,  Minnesskrift  Fys.  Sallsk.,  Lund,  No.  3,  p.  4,  1878. 

A  partially  altered  variety  of  ilmenite.  It  forms  thin  curved  plates  with  tolerably  dis- 
tinct rhombohedral  cleavage  [pseudo-cleavage];  rr'  =  93°-94°.  G.  =  4'066-4'136.  Color  iron- 
black.  Streak  dark  gray.  Luster  metallic.  Not  magnetic.  Analysis: 

TiO2       SiO3       Fe2O3        FeO        MnO       CaO      MgO       H2O 

54-23        1-40        14*99        21*91        6'34        0'45        0'19        1'33  =  100'84 

The  mineral  decomposes  readily,  and  finally  becomes  coated  with  a  yellowish  white^  crust 
consisting  essentially  of  TiO2.  Probably  altered  from  normal  ilmenite  by  the  assumption  of 
water.  From  Smaland,  Sweden. 

FERROZINCITE  AdamtTsib\.  Min.,  78,  1869.    A  hydrous  mineral  containing  Fe2O3  and  ZnO- 


220 


OXIDES. 


III.   Intermediate  Oxides. 

The  species  here  included  are  retained  among  the  oxides,  although  chemically 
considered  they  are  properly  oxygen-salts,  aluminates,  ferrates,  manganates,  etc., 
and  hence  in  a  strict  classification  to  be  placed  in  section  5  of  the  Oxygen-salts. 


Spinel  Group.     RR204  or  KO.R203.     Isometric. 


234.  Spinel 

Ceylonite 

Chlorospinel 

Picotite 

235.  Hercynite 

236.  Gahnite 

Automolite 

Dysluite 

Kreittonite 

237.  Magnetite 

238.  Magnesioferrite 

239.  Franklinite 

240.  Jacob  site 

241.  Chromite 


242.    Chrysoberyl 


MgO.Al203 

(Mg,Fe)O.Al203 

MgO.(Al,Fe)208 

(Mg,Fe)0.(A],Fe,Cr)203 

FeO.Al203 

ZnO.Al203 

(Zn,Fe,Mn)0.(Al,Fe)203 
(Zn,Fe,Mg)0.(Al,Fe)208 

FeO.Fe203 

(Fe,Mg)O.Fe203 

MgO.Fe203 

(Fe,Zn,Mn)0.(Fe,Mn)2Os 

(Mn,Mg)0.(Fe,Mn)203 

FeO.Cr20, ' 

(Fe,Mg)0:(Cr,Fe)203 


BeO.ALO,       Orthorhombic 


a:  I'.b 
0-4701  :  1  :  0'5800 


243.  Haiisniannite 

244.  Minium 

245.  Crednerite 

246.  Pseudobrookite 

247.  Braunite 


MnO.Mn203 
2PbO.Pb02 
3Cu0.2Mn2Oa 


2Fe203.3Ti02 
3Mn203.MnSi03 


Tetragonal      ^=1-1743 


Monoclinic 

Orthorhombic 
Tetragonal 


a  :  b  :  6 

0-8878  :  1  :  0'8778 
6  =  0-9850 


234.  SPINEL.  1.  RUBY  SPINEL.  "ArQpa£  pt.,  "AvBpaKa  itepi  Mityrov,  Theophr. 
Carbunculus  pt.,  Lychnis  pt.  [rest  ruby  sapphire],  Plin.,  37,  25,  29.  Spinella,  Carbunculus  pt.. 
Rubinus  pt.,  Carb.  ruber  parvus,  =  Germ.  Spinel,  Ballagius  (a  pallido  colore  videtur  appellasse). 
=  Germ.  Dallas,  Lychnis,  =  Germ.  Gelblichter  Rubin,  Agric.,  Foss.,  293,  Interpr.,  463,  1846. 
Rubin  orientales  octaedrici,  seu  octo  hedris  comprehensi,  quae  modo  triangula  sunt,  modo 
trapezia,  aliquando  hedrse  oblongae  angulos  solidos  occupant,  etc.,  Cappeler,  Prod.  Crystallo^r. 
Lucerne,  1723.  Rubinus  pt.  (Spinell,  Ballas,  Rubicelle),  Wall.,  Min.,  115,  1447.  Rubis  spinelle 
octaedre  (Spineile,  Balais),  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  2,  224,  1783  [by  de  L.  first  made  distinct  in  species 
from  Ruby  Sapphire]. 

2.  CEYLONITE.     Ceylanite  Delametk.,  J.  de  Phys.,  42,  23,  1793.     Zeylanit  Karst.,  Tab.,  28, 
72,  1800.    Zeilanite  Pleonaste  H.,  Tr.,  1801.     Ceylonit  Eg.     Candite  (fr.  Candy,  Ceylon)  Bourn. 

3.  CHLOROSPINEL  G.  Rose,  Pogg.,  50,  652,  1840.     Gahnit  B.  de  Marni,  1833. 


SPINEL   GROUP— SPINEL.  221 

4.  PICOTITE   Charpentier,  J.  Mines,  32,  321,   1812;    Gilb.  Ann.,  47,  205,  1814.     Chrom- 


Isometric.     Observed  forms1 : 


a  (100,  i-i? 
d  (110,  ») 
^  (111,  1) 


/  (310,  *-3 

n  (776,  I)6 
r  (332,  f ) 


,  2) 
(331,  3)s 
(771,  7)3 


0  (611,  6-6)3 
m  (311,  3-3) 
n  (211,  2-2)3 


/*  (322,  |-|)4 
x  (531,  5-f}3 


Twins:  tw.-pl.  and  comp.-face  o  common  (f.  1),  hence  often  called  spinel-twins; 
also  repeated  (f.  4)  and  polysynthetic5,  producing  tw.  lamellae  with  striations  on  o. 
Habit  octahearai;  o  faces  sometimes  convex;  habit  rarely  cubic. 

Cleavage:  o  imperfect.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  8.  G.  =  3 -5-4-1. 
Luster  vitreous;  spiendent  to  nearly  dull.  Color  red  of  various  shades,  passing 
into  blue,  green,  yellow,  brown  and  black;  occasionally  almost  white.  Streak 
white.  Transparent  to  nearly  opaque.  Kefractive  indices: 

nr  =  1-7121  Li        w,  =  1-7155  Na        n-Dl  =  1-7261  Dx.7 


Phosphorescent  with  a  red  light,  yielding  a  crimson  line  (A  =  6857  Crookes) 
in  the  spectroscope.     Etching-figures  as  with  magnetite8. 


1. 


2. 


3. 


1,  Spinel  twin.     2,  Crystal  flattened  I  o.     3,  Amity,  N.  Y.    4,  Striiver5. 

Comp.,  Tar.— Magnesium  alnminate,  MgAl204  or  MgO.Al203  =  Alumina  71-8, 
magnesia  28-2  =  100.  The  magnesium  may  be  in  part  replaced  by  ferrous  iron  or 
manganese,  and  the  aluminium  by  ferric  iron  and  chromium. 

Var.— 1.  RUBY  SPINEL  or  Magnesia  Spinel— Clear  red  or  reddish;  transparent  to  translucent; 
sometimes  subtranslucent.  G.  =  3'52-3'58;  3'63-3'71  Church.  Composition  normal,  with  little 
or  no  iron,  and  sometimes  chromium  oxide  to  which  the  red  color  has  been  ascribed.  The 
varieties  are:  (a}  Spinel- Ruby,  deep  red;  (b)  Balas-Ruby,  rose-red;  (c)  Rubicell-e,  yellow  or  orange- 
red;  (d)  Almandine,  violet. 

2.  CEYLONITE  or  Pleonaste,   Iron-Magnesia  Spinel.— Color  dark  green,  brown  to  black, 
mostly  opaque  or  nearly  so;  G.  —  3 '5-3  6.     Contains  iron  replacing  the  magnesium  and  perhaps 
also  the  aluminium,  hence  the  formula  (Mg,Fe)O  A12O3  or  (Mg,Fe)O.(Al,Fe)2O3. 

3.  CHLOROSPINEL  or  Magnesia-Iron  Spinel. — Color  grass- green,  owing  to  the  presence  of 
copper;  G.  =  3'591-3'594.     Contains  iron  replacing  the  aluminiam,  MLO.(Al,Fe)2Os. 

4.  PICOTITE  or  Chrome- Spinel. — Contains  chromium  and  also  has  tlu  magnesium  largely 
replaced   by  iron,  (Mg,Fe)O.(Al,Cr)2O3,  hence  lying  between   spinel   proper    and    chromite. 
G.  =  4'08.     Color  dark  yellowish  brown  or  greenish  brown.     Translucent  to  nearly  opaque. 
The  original  occurs  in  disseminated  grains,  rarely  octahedral  crystals,  in  a  rock  occurring  about 
L.  Lherz,  called  Lherzolite  by  Delametherie  (T.   T,  2,   281,    1797),   and  earlier  described  by 
Picot  de  la  Peyrouse  (Mem.  Ac.  Toulouse,  3,  410).  after  whom  picotile  is  named. 

The  analyses  of  Thomson  (Min.,  1,  214,  1836),  showing  considerable  lime,  e.  g.  10'6  p.  c.,  in  a 
spinel  from  Amity,  N.  Y.,  are  probably  erroneous. 

A  red  octahedral  mineral  from  Dornbach  is  a  titaniferous  variety  (5'68  p.  c.  TiO2)  rich  in 
iron,  accorcliug  to  Kosmann.  Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  p.  144,  July  19,  1869. 

Aaal.-- 1,  2,  Abich,  Pogg.,  23.  305,  1831,  also  De  Spinello,  Inaug.  Diss.  (in  Latin),  Berlin, 
1831.  3,  Vogel,  Rg.  Min.  Ch.,  136,  1875.  4,  Reuter,  ibid.  5,  A.  M.  Thomson,  Liversidge, 
Min  N  S.  W.,  202,  1888.  6,  Gmeliu,  Berz.  JB.,  4,  156,  1825.  7,  Lorenzen,  Medd.  Gronl.,  7, 
1884.  8,  9,  Abich,  1.  c.  10,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  135,  1875.  11,  Pisani,  C.  R.,  63,  49,  1866. 
12,  Wolle,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  48,  350,  1868.  13,  Nikolayev,  Kk.  Min.  Russl.,  5,  368,  1866.  14,  H. 
Rose,  Poirg.  50,  652,  1840.  15,  Damour,  Bull.  G.  Soc.,  19,  413,  1862.  See  also  5th  Ed., 
pp.  147,  148. 


OXIDES. 


1.  Ceylon,  red 

2.  Aker,  blue 

3.  Franklin,  N.  J.,grn.  black 

4.  Amity,  N.  Y., 

5.  Mudgee,  N.  S.  W., 

6.  Ceylon,  Ceylonite 

7.  Greenland 

8.  Monzoni 

9.  Vesuvius 

10.  Ramos,  Mexico 

11.  Auvergue,  blk. 

12.  Peekskill,  green 

13.  Zlatoust,  Ural,  pseud. 

14.  Ural,  ChloroSpmel 

15.  L.  Lherz,  Picotite 


A12O3  Fe2O3  Cr2O3  FeO  MgO 
1*10 


—     4-62 


ppppp  p 

=  3-77 

=  3-865 
=  3-871 
=  3-58 
=  3-589 
=  3-593 

69-01 
68-94 
67-01 
69-71 
64-29 
57-20 
70-05 
66-89 
67-46 
68-46 
59-06 
60-79 
68-96 
64-13 

2-17 
1-62 

10-72 
5-26 

8-70 

0-71 
3-49 
8-55 
4-61 
4-49 
20-51 
9-86 
8-07 
5-06 
11-64 
13-60 
21-74 
18-01 

26-21 
25-72 
21-97 
24-63 
21-95 
18-24 
21-25 
23-61 
25-94 
19-90 
17-20 
12-84 
10-82 
26-77 

SiO2  2-02  = 
SiO2  2-25  = 
=  99-70 
=  100-57 
SiO2  2-75  = 
SiO2  3-15  = 
SiO2  0-23  = 
SiO2  1-23  = 
SiO2  2-38  = 
=  100 
=  100-58 
=  100-63 
Si02  2-96  = 
CaO   0-27, 

99-05 
100-40 

98-10 
99-10 
101-39 
99-80 
100-84 

100-75 
CuO  ( 

[=  100-14 
G.  =4-08      56-00     —     8-00  24'90  10'30  SiO2  2'00  =  101-20 


Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  alone  infusible;  red  variety  changes  to  brown,  and  even  black  and  opaque, 
as  the  temperature  increases,  and  on  cooling  becomes  first  green,  and  then  nearly  colorless,  and 
at  last  resumes  the  red  color.  Slowly  soluble  in  borax,  more  readily  in  salt  of  phosphorus,  with 
which  it  gives  a  reddish  bead  while  hot,  becoming  faint  chrome-green  on  cooling.  The  black 
varieties  give  reactions  for  p-on  with  the  fluxes.  Soluble  with  difficulty  in  concentrated  sul- 
phuric acid.  Decomposed  by  fusion  with  potassium  bisulphate. 

Obs. — Spinel  occurs  embedded  in  granular  limestone,  and  with  calcite  in  serpentine,  gneiss, 
and  allied  rocks.  Ruby  spinel  is  a  common  associate  of  the  true  ruby.  Common  spinel  is  often 
associated  with  chondrodite.  It  also  occupies  the  cavities  of  masses  ejected  from  some 
volcanoes.  Picotite  is  common  in  grains  in  peridotyte  and  the  serpentine  derived  from  it,  also 
enclosed  in  chrysolite  in  other  rocks. 

In  Ceylon,  in  Siam,  and  other  eastern  countries,  it  occurs  of  beautiful  colors,  as  rolled 
pebbles  in  the  channels  of  rivers.  In  upper  Burma  it  is  found  with  ruby  (cf.  p.  212). 
Pleonaste  is  found  at  Candy,  in  Ceylon.  At  Aker,  in  Sweden,  is  found  a  pale  blue  and  pearl- 
gray  variety  in  limestone.  Small  black  splendent  crystals  occur  in  the  ancient  ejected  masses  of 
Monte  Somma,  with  mica  and  vesuviauite;  also  at  Pargas,  Finland,  with  chondrodite,  etc.; 
in  compact  gehlenite  at  Monzoni,  in  the  Fassa  valley.  In  granular  limestone  (cipolin)  enclosed 
in  gneiss  at  Mercus  and  Arignac  north  of  Tarascon,  on  the  borders  of  1'Ariege,  where  the 
association  with  brucite,  cbondrodite,  scapolite,  pyroxene,  etc.,  is  very  similar  to  that  at  War- 
wick, New  York,  and  at  Pargas  (Lex.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  12,  518,  1889).  In  the  gold  sands  of 
New  South  Wales  at  various  points. 

From  Amity,  N.  Y.,  to  Andover,  N.  J.,  a  distance  of  about  30  miles,  is  a  region  of  granular 
limestone  and  serpentine,  in  which  localities  of  spinel  abound  ;  colors,  green,  black,  brown, 
and  less  commonly  red,  along  with  chondrodite  and  other  minerals.  A  mile  S.W.  of  Amity,  on 
J.  Layton's  farm,  is  a  remarkable  locality;  also  on  W.  Raynor's  farm,  a  mile  N. ;  another  half 
mile  N.  affording  grayish  red  octahedrons;  and  others  to  the  south.  Localities  are  numerous 
about  Warwick,  and  also  at  Monroe  and  Cornwall,  though  less  favorable  for  exploration  than 
those  at  Amity.  Franklin,  N.  J.,  affords  crystals  of  various  shades  of  black,  blue,  green,  and 
red.  which  are  sometimes  transparent,  and  a  bluish  green  ceylonite  variety  here  has  the  luster 
of  polished  steel;  Newton,  N.  J.,  pearl-gray  crystals,  with  blue  corundum,  tourmaline,  and 
rutile;  at  Byram,  red,  brown,  green,  and  black  colors,  with  chondrodite;  Sterling,  Sparta, 
Hamburgh,  and  Vernon,  N.  J.,  are  other  localities.  Light  blue  spinels  occur  sparingly  in  lime- 
stone in  Antwerp,  Jefferson  Co.,  N.  Y.,  2|  m.  S.  of  Oxbow,  and  rose  and  reddish  brown  in 
Gouverneur.  2  m.  N.  and  f  m.  W.  of  Sonierville,  St.  Lawrence  Co.;  green,  blue,  and  occasion- 
ally red  varieties  occur  in  granular  limestone  at  Bolton,  Boxborough,  Chelmsford,  and  Littleton, 
Mass.  Octahedral  crystals  tessellated  like  chiastolite  occur  embedded  in  slate  near  Springfield, 
Mass.  Soft  octahedral  crystals  occur  in  Warwick,  which  are  pseudomorphs,  consisting  partly 
of  steatite  or  serpentine.  With  the  corundum  of  North  Carolina,  as  at  the  Culsagee  mine,  near 
Franklin,  Macon  Co.;  similarly  at  Dudley ville,  Alabama.  Spinel  ruby  at  Gold  Bluff,  Hum- 
boldt  Co.,  Cal. 

Good  black  spinel  is  found  in  Burgess,  Ontario;  a  bluish  spinel  having  a  rough  cubic  form 
occurs  at  Wakefield,  Ottawa  Co.;  blue  with  clintonite  at  Daillebout,  Joliette  Co.,  Quebec. 

Alt. — Observed  altered  to  steatite,  serpentine,  hydrotalcite,  mica. 

Artif. — Formed  in  crystals  by  heating  a  mixture  of  alumina  and  magnesia  with  boracic 
acid,  and. also,  for  red  spinel,  some  oxide  of  chrome;  for  black,  oxide  of  iron  (Ebelmen);  by 
using  fluorides  of  aluminium  and  magnesium  and  boracic  acid,  with  heat  (Deville  &  Caron);  by 
action  of  aluminium  chloride  in  vapor  on  magnesia  (Daubree).  See  also  Meunier,  who  uses 
cryolite  and  aluminium  chloride,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  10,  191,  1887;  and,  in  general,  Fouque-Levy, 
Synth  Min  ,  227-232,  1882;  Bourgeois,  Reprod.  Min.,  69-76,  1884. 

Ref.— »  Mir.,  Min.,  p.  263,  1852.  «  Hbg.,  Min.  Not.,  8,  45,  1868.  3  Svr.,  pleonaste  from 
the  Albani  Mts.,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  233,  1877.  4  Erem.,  Turkestan,  ibid.,  4,  642.  5  Svr.,  Zs.  Kr.,  2, 


SPINEL  GROUP— HERCYNITE—GAHNITE.  223 

480,    1878.      6Cathrein,   Mcnzoni,   Min.   Mitth.,    10,    398,    1888.       '  Dx.,   N.   R.,   204,   1867. 
8  Becke,  Min.  Mitth.,  7,  224,  1885. 

An  unknown  mineral,  occurring  in  colorless  octahedrons  and  supposed  to  belong  to  the 
spinels,  has  been  noted  in  ihe  phonolyte  of  Olbruck;  see  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  9,  85,  1886,  also  Jb. 
Min.,  2,  180,  1886. 

235.  HERCYNITE.    Hercynit  F.  X.  Zippe,  Min.  Bohm.,  1839.     Hercinite  bad  orthogr. 
Iron  Spinel. 

Isometric.     Occurs  massive,  fine  granular. 

H.  =  7'5-8.  G.  =  3*91-3*95.  Luster  vitreous,  externally  dull.  Color  black. 
Streak  dark  grayish  green  to  leek-green.  Opaque. 

Comp, — Iron  aluminate,  FeAla04  =  Alumina  58 '6,  iron  protoxide  41*4  =  100. 
Anal.— B.  Quadrat,  Lieb.  Ann.,  55,  357,  1845. 

A1203  61-17  MgO  2-92  FeO  35'67  =  99'76 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  infusible.  The  heated  powder  becomes  brick-red,  and  gives  iron  reactions. 
With  soda  fuses  only  imperfectly  to  an  olive-green  mass. 

Obs.— From  Ronsberg,  at  the  eastern  loot  of  the  Bohrnerwald,  with  corundum,  iron 
hydroxide;  also  scattered  through  the  granulytes  of  Saxony,  Kalkowsky,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  33,  533, 
1871.  A  related  iron-alumina  spinel,  with  about  9  p.  c.  MgO,  occurs  with  magnetite  and 
corundum  in  Cortlandt  township,  Westchester  Co.,  N.  Y.  (Williams,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  33,  194, 
1887). 

Named  from  the  Latin  of  the  Bohemian  Forest,  Silva  Hercynia  (Plin.,  4,  25,  28). 

236.  GAHNITE.     Zinc-Spinel.     Automolite    (fr.   Falun)    Ekeberg,   Afh.,    1,   84,   1806. 
Gahnit  v.  Moll,  Efem.,  3,  78,  1807.      Spinelle  Zincif£re  H.,  Tabl.,  67,  99,  1809.      Dysluite 
(fr.  Sterling,  N.  J.)  Keating,  J.  Ac.  N.  Sci.,   Philad.,  2,  287,  1821;  Shep.t  Min.,  1,  158,  1832, 

2,  176,  1835;    Thomson,  Min.,   1,  220,  1836.      Kreittonite   Kbl.,  J.    pr.   Ch.,    44,    99,   1848. 
Spiuellus  superius  Breith. ,  Handb.,  623,  1847. 

Isometric.     Observed  forms: 

a  (100,  i-i)  d  (110,  »)  o  (111,  1)  m  (311,  3-3) 

Twins:  tw.-pl.  o.  Habit  octahedral,  often  with  planes  striated  ||  edge  d/o; 
also  less  commonly  in  dodecahedrons  and  modified  cubes. 

Cleavage:  o  indistinct.  Fracture  conchoidal  to  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  7*5-8. 
G.  =  4 '0-4*6.  Luster  vitreous,  or  somewhat  greasy.  Color  dark  green,  grayish 
green,  deep  leek-green,  greenish  black,  bluish  black,  yellowish,  or  grayish  brown ; 
streak  grayish.  Subtransparent  to  nearly  opaque. 

Comp.,  Tar. — Zinc  aluminate,  ZnAl204  =  Alumina  55*7,  zinc  oxide  44*3  =  100. 
The  zinc  is  sometimes  replaced  by  manganese  or  ferrous  iron,  the  aluminium  by 
ferric  iron. 

Var. — 1.  AUTOMOLITE,  or  Zinc  GaJinite. — Zn  A12O4 ,  with  sometimes  a  little  iron.  G.  =4'l-4"6. 
Colors  as  above  given. 

2.  DYSLUITE,  or  Zinc-Manganese-Iron  Gahnite. — (Zn,Fe,Mn)O.(Al,Fe)2Os.     Color  yellowish 
brown  or  grayish  brown.     G.  =  4-4'6.      Form   the  octahedron,  or  the  same  with  truncated 
edges. 

3.  KREITTONNITE,  or  Zinc-Iron   Gahnite.— (Zn,Fe,Mg)O.(Al,Fe)2O3.     Occurs  in  crystals, 
and    granular    massive.     H.  =  7-8.     G.  =  4'48-4'89.    Color  velvet-black  to  greenish  black; 
powder  grayish  green.     Opaque. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Abich,  1.  c.  (see  p.  221).  3,  J.  S.  Adam,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  1,  28,  1871.  4.  Genth, 
Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  50,  1889.  5,  Id.,  Proc  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  20,  397,  1882.  6,  H.  F.  Kellar.  ibid. 
7,  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc  ,  33,  196,  1862.  8,  Damour,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  1,  93,  1878.  9,  A.  G.  Dana, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  29,  455,  1885.  10,  Thomson,  Min..  1,  221,  1836.  11,  Mauro,  Trans.  Arc.  Line., 

3,  65,  1879.     12a,  Kbl.,  1.  c.;  126,  as  corrected  (Kbl.)  for  undecomposed  mineral,  oxidation  of 
iron,  etc. 

G.  A12O3  Fe2O3  ZnO  FeO  MnO  MgO 

1.  Falun,  Automolite  55-14     —     30-02  5'85    tr.      5'25  SiO2  3'84  =  100*10 

2.  Franklin  furnace  157-09     —     34 -80  4 -55    tr.      2*22  SiO2  1*22  =  99'88 

3.  "  "  4-90      |49-78    8'58  39'62    —    1-13    0*13  SiO2  057  =  99'81 

4.  Delaware  Co.,  Pa.  4*587        57*22  —     38'14  3'55  0  70    0*26  CuO  0*06  =•  99*93 

5.  Mitchell  Co.,  N.  C.  4'576        54'86  4'50  38'05  1-14  0'29    0'79  CuO  0'30  =  99'93 

6.  Chaffee  Co.,  Col.  60'76  0'58  23'77  4'56    —    10  33  =  100            [=  100'35 

7.  Canton  Mine,  Ga.  53'37  6  68  30 "27  3 -01  0 "20    3'22  SiO2  2'37,     CuO  >  "38 


224  OXIDES 

G.  A12O3  Fe2O3  ZnO  FeO  MnO  MgO 

8.  Brazil  4'52-4'56          59  41     —     33-82  6'17    —       —  ign.   0'14  =  99'54 

9.  Howe,  Mass.  4'53      f  54'83    3  00  36'92  3'37    tr,      1'93  SiOa  0'53  =  100'58 

10.  Sterling,  N.J.,ZtysZ.         4'551        30 '49  41  '93  16 -80    —    7'60      —  SiO2   2-97,    H2O   0'40 

[=  100-19 

11.  Calabria  63'64     —     21  28  4'53    —    12  34  Sb2O3  0'35  =  10214 
12a.  Bodenmais,  Kreitt.                            44-66  16'63  24*00    —    1-30    3'05  insol  10  =  99  64 
13&.                                                              49-73    8-70  26'72  8'04  3'41    1-45  =  98*05 

Pyr.,  etc.— Gives  a  coating  of  zinc  pxide  when  treated  with  a  mixture  of  borax  and  soda  on 
charcoal;  otherwise  like  spinel. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  talcose  schist  at  Falun,  Sweden  (automolite);  at  Tiriolo,  Calabria;  at  Boden- 
mais, Bavaria  (kreittonite);  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil. 

In  the  U.  ».,  at  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J.,  with  franklinite  and  willemite;  also  at  Sterling 
Hill,  N.  J.  (dysluite);  with  pyrite  at  Rowe,  Mass.;  at  a  feldspar  quarry  in  Delaware  Co.,  Penn.; 
sparingly  at  the  Deake  mica  mine,  Mitchell  Co.,  N.  C.;  at  the  Canton  Mine,  Georgia;  witli 
galena,  chalcopyrite,  pyrite  at  the  Cotopaxi  mine,  Chafl'ee  Co.,  Col.,  in  part  altered  to  a  chloritic 
mineral  (cf.  Geuth,  1.  c.). 

Named  after  the  Swedish  chemist  Gahn.  The  name  Automotive,  of  Ekeberg,  is  from 
avrojuokoS,  a  deserter,  alluding  to  the  fact  of  the  zinc  occurring  in  an  unexpected  place.  Von 
Moll  objected  to  such  an  idea  in  nature,  and  named  the  species  the  next  year  after  J.  G.  Gahn, 
the  discoverer  (1745-1818).  His  name  is  here  applied  to  the  whole  group  of  zinc  spinels,  and 
automolite  retained  for  the  special  variety  so  named. 

Artif.— Observed  with  tridymite  in  a  zinc  furnace  from  the  alteration  of  the  distillation 
vessels,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  120,  1881;  also  in  a  fayalite  slag  at  the  Freiberg  furnaces,  ibid.,  1,  170, 
1882. 

237.  MAGNETITE.  'Hpaxheta  XiQoS  (fr.  Heraclea,  in  Lydia)  Gr.  [AiQoS]  (TiSrjpov 
ayovcra  Theophr.  Not  n<xy  vijTiS  Az'SoS  [—  Talc]  Theophr.  Mayvrfi  Az'QoS  Dioscor.,  5,  147. 
Magnes,  Sideritis,  Heraclion,  Plin.,  36,  25;  Id.,  Germ.  Siegelstein  Agric.,  Foss.,  243,  466. 
(l)Minera  ferri  nigricans,  magneti  arnica.  (2)  Magnet,  (3)  Jern  Sand,  Wall.,  256,  262,  1746. 
Minera  Ferri  attractoria,  Magnet,  CronsL,  184,  1758.  Magnetischer  Eisenstein  (incl.  Eisen- 
sand)  Wern.  Fer  oxydule  H.  Magnetite  .Saw*.,  Handb.,  551,  1845. 

Magnetic  Iron  Ore;  Octahedral  Iron  Ore;  Oxidulated  Iron.  Magneteisenstein,  Magnetei- 
seixerz,  Eisenoxydoxydul,  Germ.  Magnetjernmalm,  Svartmalm,  Swed.  Fer  oxydule,  Fer  oxyde 
magnetique,  Aimant,  Fr.  Ferro  ossidolato,  Ferro  magnetico,  Calamita,  Ital.  Hierro  magnetico 


Isometric.     Observed  forms1 : 

a  (100,  »'-f)          e  (210,  a- 2)  q  (331,  3)  ^  (722,  |4)3  cr(533,  f-f)7  w  (432,  24)4 

<Z  (HO,  »')  £(950,  H)8  „  MA-1.1   i«i«x  w*(311,  3-3)9  /J  (322,  f-f )7  I    (971,  9-f)6 

o  (111,1)  I   (530, /-f)6  ^    JO-1-1  10  10  *  (522,  f-f)6  w  (21'7'S,  V-»)8  F  (543,  f-f )7 

e  (970,  e-f)6  y    £//  i'ip    U'  A  (944,  f-f)6  «  (531,  5-f  )2  0  (654,  f-f)4 

'«•    Vu-«-A>  W/l  „     /Oft      O  OS5       o     ^QOI      ^   3"\  71    /"1^'tl'Q     18    1  8\7 

(510,  i-5?»       0  (553,  |)2      p  (511, 5-5)7  w  ^n'  T^     *  ^^  d"^  U°  Al  y>  "^"TT) 

(310,  i-3)5        p  (221,  2) 

Twins:  tw.-pl.  o,  sometimes  as  polysynthetic  twinning  lamellae9,  producing 
striations  on  an  octahedral  face  and  often  a  pseudo-cleavage 
(f .  1).  Most  commonly  in  octahedrons,  also  in  dodecahedrons 
with  faces  striated  ||  edge  d/o  from  oscillatory  combination 
(f .  2) ;  in  dendrites  between  plates  of  mica;  crystals  some- 
times highly  modified;  cubic  forms  rare.  Massive  with 
laminated  structure ;  granular,  coarse  or  fine;  impalpable. 
Cleavage  not  distinct ;  parting  octahedral,  often  highly 
developed9.  Fracture  subconchoidal  to  uneven.  Brittle. 
H.  =  5*5-6-5.  G.  =  5168-5 -180  crystals.  Luster  metal- 
lic and  splendent  to  submetallic  and  rather  dull.  Color 
iron-black.  Streak  black.  Opaque,  but  in  thin  dendrites 
in  mica  nearly  transparent  and  pale  brown  to  black. 
Port  Henry  Kemp.  Strongly  magnetic,  sometimes  possessing  polarity. 

Etching-figures  developed  by  acids  on  an  octahedral 

face  are  inverted  triangular  pits,  often  with  truncated  edges;  on  a  cubic  ^face, 
quadrilateral  elevations  formed  by  dodecahedral  planes  or  planes  nearly  coinciding 
with  them;  the  chief  etching-zone,  in  which  the  planes  forming  the  figures  lie 


SPINEL   GROUP— MAGNETITE.  225 

(e.g.,  443,  223,  337,  etc.),  is  that  of  the  trigonal  trisoctahedrons;  a  secondary  zone 
is  mat  of  the  tetragonal  trisoctahedrons. 


ii    m 


Comp.,  Tar. — FeFe204  or  FeO.Fe203  =  Iron  sesquioxide  69'0,  iron  protoxide 
31-0=100;  or,  Oxygen  27'6,  iron  72'4  —  100.  The  ferrous  iron  sometimes  re- 
placed by  magnesium,  and  rarely,  nickel ;  also  sometimes  titaniferous. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary,  (a)  In  crystals,  (b)  Massive,  with  pseudo-cleavage,  also  granular, 
coarse  or  fine,  (c)  As  loose  sand.  The  property  of  polarity  which  distinguishes  the  lodestone 
(less  properly  written  loadstone)  is  exceptional. 

The  Scalotta  crystals  gave  Calhrem  :  Fe2O3  68'51,  A12O3  110,  O2O3  0'55,  FeO  27'70, 
MnO  0-42,  MgO  2'09  =  100'37,  Zs.  Kr.,  12.  37,  1886. 

2.  Magnesian.        Talk-eisenerz,     Breith.      Schw.    J.,    68,    287,    1833.— (Fe,Mg)O.Fe2O3. 
G.  =  4  41-4'42;    luster  submetallic;  weak  magnetic:  in  crystals  from   Sparta,  N.  J.     An  ore 
from   the  Mourne  Mts.,  Ireland,  contains  6'45  p.c.  MgO   (Andrews),  and  an  octahedron   from 
Eisenach  gave  1  20  p.c.  MgO  (Rg.).     A  New  Zealand  magnetite  with  G.  =  4'67  has  7'15  MgO 
and  4-63  MnsO4  (Chester,  M'in.  Mag.,  8,  125,  1889). 

3.  Niccoliferous.     Petersen  obtained  in  a  magnetite  from  Pregratten  in  the  Tyrolese  Alps: 
Fe2O3  68-92,  FeO  29 -32,  NiO  1'76,  Mn2O3,Cr2O3,TiO2  tr.  =  100.     It  occurred  in  a  schistose 
serpentine  in  dodecahedral  crystals;  G.  =  5'167.    Jb.  Min.,  836,  1867. 


2,  Nordmark,  Flink.    3,  Scalotta,  Cathrein.    4,  Oberhollersbachthal,  Pinzgau,  Bnignatelli. 

4.  Titaniferous.     Knop  found  24-95  p.  c.  TiO2  in  octahedrons  from  Meiches,  Vogelsberg, 
Lieb.  Ann.,  123,  348,  1862;  also  4'08  TiO2  with  6'85  A12O3,  4'57  MgO  in  a  magnetite  from 
Oberbergen,  Kaiserstuhl.     Nordstrom  gives  6'01  TiO2,  Kristianstad,  G.  For.  Forh.,  1,  14,  1872; 
Koenig  gives  3-25  TiO2  for  a  variety  from  Magnet  Cove,  Ark.,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  293,   1877. 
It  is  to  be  noted,  however,  that  rutile,  titanite,  etc.,   have  been  observed  in  microscopic  form 
intimately  associated  with  magnetite.     Of.  Cathrein,  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  321,  1883. 

5.  Manganesian,  Manganmagnetite.     A  variety  from  Vester  Silfberg,  Sweden,  gave  Weibull 
3'80  p.  c.  MnO;   another  gave  6'27  p.  c.  G.  =  5'064.     Min.  Mitth.,  7,  109,  1886.     See  also 
jacobsite.     Cf.  also  results  of  Chester  quoted  under  2. 

6.  Ocherous.     Eisenmulm  Germ.     A  black,  earthy  variety  as  that  from  Siegen.     Eisenmohr 
is  in  magnetic  scales,  regarded   as  pseudomorph   after  micaceous  hematite,  as   at    Johann- 
georgenstadt. 

A  variety  containing  vanadium  and  chromium  in  minute  amounts  is  mentioned  by 
Claassen. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  very  difficultly  fusible.  In  O.F.  loses  its  influence  on  the  magnet.  With 
the  fluxes  reacts  like  hematite.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs.— Magnetite  is  mostly  confined  to  crystalline  rocks,  and  is  most  abundant  in  meta- 
morphic  rocks,  though  found  also  in  grains  in  eruptive  rocks.  In  the  Archasan  rocks  the 
beds  are  of  immense  extent,  and  occur  under  the  same  conditions  as  those  of  hematite.  It 
is  an  ingredient  in  most  of  the  massive  variety  of  corundum  called  emery.  The  earthy 
magnetite  is  found  in  bogs  like  bog-iron  ore.  Occurs  in  meteorites,  and  forms  the  crust  of 
meteoric  irons. 

Present  in  dendrite-like  forms  in  the  mica  of  many  localities  following  the  direction  of 
the  lines  of  the  percussion-figure,  and  perhaps  of  secondary  origin.  A  common  alteration- 
product  of  minerals  containing  iron  protoxide,  e.g.,  present  in  veins  in  the  serpentine  result- 
ing from  altered  chrysolite. 

The  beds  of  ore  at  Arendal,  Norway,  and  nearly  all  the  celebrated  iron  mines  of  Sweden, 
consist  of  massive  magnetite;  Dannemora  and  the  Taberg  in  Smaland  are  entirely  formed 
of  it.  Still  larger  mountains  of  it  exist  at  Kurunavara  and  Gelivara.  in  Lapland.  Falun, 
in  Sweden,  and  Corsica,  aiford  octahedral  crystals,  embedded  in  chlorite  slate.  Splendid 


226  OXIDES. 

dodecahedral  crystals  occur  at  Nordmark  in  Wermland.  The  most  powerful  native 
magnets  are  found  in  Siberia,  and  in  the  Harz;  they  are  also  obtained  on  the  island  of  Elba. 
Other  localities  for  the  crystallized  mineral  are  Traversella  in  Piedmont;  Achmatovsk  in  the 
Ural;  Scalotta  near  Predazzo  in  Tyrol,  also  Rothenkopf  and  Wildkreuzjoch;  the  Binnenthal; 
a  cubic  variety  occurs  in  serpentine  near  Kraubat  in  Styria. 

In  N.  America,  it  constitutes  vast  beds  (some  scores  of  feet  thick)  in  the  Archaean,  in  the 
Adirondack  region,  Warren,  Essex,  and  Clinton  Cos.,  in  Northern  N.  York,  while  in  St.  Law- 
rence Co.  the  iron  ore  is  mainly  hematite;  line  crystals  and  masses  showing  broad  parting  sur- 
faces and  yielding  large  pseudo-crystals  are  obtained  at  Port  Henry,  Essex  Co.;  similarly  in  New 
Jersey;  in  Canada,  in  Hull,  Greuville,  Madoc.  etc.;  at  Cornwall  'in  Pennsylvania,  and  Magnet 
Cove,  Arkansas.  It  occurs  also  in  N.  York,  in  Saratoga,  Herkimer.  Orange,  and  Putnam  Cos.;  at 
O'Neil  mine,  Oraug3  Co.,  in  crystals;  at  the  Pine  Swamp  mine,  Greenwood,  in  masses  with  dis- 
tinct parting;  at  the  Tilly  Foster  iron  mine,  Brewster,  Putnam  Co.,  in  crystals  and  massive 
accompanied  by  chondrodite,  etc.  In  Maine,  Raymond,  Davis's  Hill,  in  an  epidotic  rock;  at 
Marshall's  island,  masses  strongly  magnetic.  In  N.  Hampshire,  at  Franconia,  in  epidote  and 
quartz;  at  Swan  ey  near  Keeue,  and  Unity.  In  Vermont,  at  Marlboro',  Rochester,  Bethel,  and 
Bridgewater,  in  crystals  in  chlorite  slate.  In  Conn.,  at  Haddam,  in  crystals,  etc.  In  2f.  Jersey, 
at  Hamburg,  near  Franklin  Furnace  and  elsewhere.  In  Penn.,  at  Gosh  en,  Chester  Co.,  and 
at  the  French  Creek  mines;  at  Webb's  mine.  Columbia  Co.;  in  dendritic  delineations  forming 
hexagonal  figures,  in  mica  at  Pennsbury  and  New  Providence.  In  Maryland,  at  Deer  Creek. 
Good  lodestones  are  obtained  at  Magnet  Cove,  Arkansas. 

In  California,  in  Sierra  Co.,  abundant,  massive,  and  in  crystals;  in  Plumas  Co.;  Mariposa 
Co.,  east  of  the  Mariposa  estate,  on  the  trail  to  the  Yosemite;  Placer  Co..  Utt's  ranch;  Los 
Angeles  Co.,  at  Canada  de  las  Uvas;  El  Dorado  Co.,  near  the  Boston  copper  mine,  in  oct.,  and 
at  the  El  Dorado  Excelsior  copper  mine.  In  Washington,  in  large  deposits. 

Named  from  the  loc.  Magnesia,  bordering  on  Macedonia.  But  Pliny  favors  Nicauder's 
derivation  from  Magnes,  who  first  discovered  it,  as  the  fable  runs,  by  finding,  on  taking  his 
herds  to  pasture,  that  the  nails  of  his  shoes  and  the  iron  ferrule  of  his  staff  adhered  to  the 
ground. 

Alt. — By  deoxidation  through  organic  matter  changed  to  protoxide,  which  may  become  a 
carbonate  or  siderite.  By  oxidation  becomes  iron  sesquioxide  pr  hematite. 

Artif.— Formed  in  crystals  by  the  action  of  hydrochloric  acid  on  the  sesquioxide  heated, 
producing  a  partial  deoxidation  (Deville);  by  decomposition  of  the  sesquioxide  with  boracic 
acid  (Deville  and  Caron);  by  the  action  of  iron  upon  alkaline  sulphates  (Gorgeu,  Bull.  Soc.  Min., 
10,  174,  1887);  also  by  a  variety  of  other  methods. 

Dimagnetite  of  Shepard  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  13,  392,  1852)  appears  to  be  a  magnetite  pseudornorph, 
perhaps  after  ilvaite.  See  5th  Ed.,  p.  151.  From  Monroe,  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y. 

Ref.— !  Mir.,  Min.,  p.  259;  z,  y  by  Breithaupt.  A  summary  with  authorities  is  given  by 
Brugnatelli,  Zs.  Kr.,  14,  237,  1888.  Scheibe  notes  511,  lt'9'7»  U'7'0,  but  gives  no  measure- 
ments, Zs.  G.  Ges.,  38,  469,  1886;  also  Brogger  (861  8-f)?  from  the  Brevik  region,  Zs.  Kr.,  16. 
59,  1890.  3  Scacchi,  Vesuvius,  Accad.  Napoli,  1842.  3  Sbk.,  Pitorsky,  Achmatovsk,  Zs.  G. 
Ges.,  21,  489,  1869;  w  also  earlier  by  Kk.  Min.  Russl.,  3,  51,  1858.  4  Erofeyev,  Min.  Russl.,  8, 
226.  5  Svr.,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  230,  1877.  6  Cathrein,  Scalotta,  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  219,  9,  365,  1884.  7  Brugna- 
telli, Alps,  1.  c.  8  Flink,  Nordmark,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  Bill.,  13  (2),  7,  39,  1888;  he  earlier  men- 
tions the  vicinal  planes  46'9'0,  55'9'9,  and  92  9'9,  ib.,  12  (2),  2,  14.  9  Cathrein,  Zs.  Kr.,  12,  47, 
1886,  Min.  Mitth.,  10,  53,  1888;  Mgg.,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  244,  1889;  Kemp,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  62,  1890. 
10  Becke,  Min.  Mitth.,  7,  200,  1885;  9,1,  1887. 

NICKEL  OXIDE.  The  occurrence  of  a  niccoliferous  sand  in  the  gold-washings  of  the  Fraser 
river,  British  Columbia,  is  noted  by  James  Blake  (Proc  Cal.  Acad.,  5,  200,  1874).  It  occurs  with 
magnetic-iron  sand,  from  which  it  i  distinguished  by  its  yellow  color,  resembling  pyrite.  It  is 
inferred  to  have  the  composition  Ni3O4  or  NiO.Ni2O3,  analogous  to  magnetite. 

This  compound  has  been  formed  artificially  by  Baubigny  in  regular  octahedrons  of  a  gray 
color,  non-magnetic.  C.  R.,  87,  1082,  1878. 

238.  MAGNESIOFERRITE.  Magnoferrit  Rammelsberg,  Pogg.,  107,  451,  1859.  Magne* 
ferrit  Kenng.,  Ueb.  J.,  98,  1859,  96,  1860. 

Isometric.     In  octahedrons,  and  octahedrons  with  truncated  edges. 

H.  =  6-6-5.  G.  =  4-568-4-654.  Luster,  color,  and  streak  as  in  magnetite. 
Strongly  magnetic. 

Comp. — MgFe04  or  MgO.Fe203  =  Magnesia  20,  iron  sesquioxide  80  =  100. 

Analyses,  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  152. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  like  hematite      Difficultly  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — Formed  about  the  f umaroles  of  Vesuvius,  and  especially  those  of  the  eruption  of  1855, 
as  observed  by  Scacchi,  who  particularly  described  the  crystals  and  their  associations.  The 
laminae  of  hematite  intersecting  the  octahedrons  have  rhombohedral  planes  on  their  edges. 
Crystals  of  hematite  occur  at  the  same  fumaroles.  These  crystals  have  been  also  described  by 
Rath,  Jb.  Min.,  386,  1876. 

Rammelsberg  first  detected  the  magnesian  nature  of  the  crystals,  and,  in  allusion  to  it,  named 


SPINEL   GRO  UF—FRANKLINITE—JA  COBSITE. 


227 


the  species  magnoferrite.     But  magno  has  its  own  different  signification  in  Latin;  and  the  word 
should  be  mag nesiofer rite. 

Artif.— Formed  in  crystals  by  heating  together  Fe2O3  and  MgO,  and  subjecting  to  the  action 
of  hydrochloric  acid  vapor  (Deville). 


239.  FRANKLINITE.    Francklinite  Earthier,  Ann.  Mines,  4,  489,  1819. 
Isometric.     Observed  forms: 

a  (100,  W);    d  (110,  *);    o  (111,  1);    p  (221,  2);    w  (311,  3-3). 

Habit  octahedral;  edges  often  rounded,  and  crystals 
passing  into  rounded  grains.  Massive,  granular,  coarse 
or  fine  to  compact. 

Pseudo-cleavage,  or  parting,  octahedral,  as  in  magnetite. 
Fracture  conchoidal  to  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  5*5-6*5. 
G.  =  5*07-5*22.  Luster  metallic,  sometimes  dull.  Color 
iron-black.  Streak  reddish  brown  or  black.  Opaque. 
Slightly  magnetic. 

Comp. —  (Fe,Zn,Mn)0.(Fe,Mn)203,  but  varying  rather 
widely  in  the  relative  quantities  of  the  different  metals  pres- 
ent, while  conforming  to  the  general  formula  of  the  spinel 
group. 

Anal.—l,  2,  Seyms,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  210,  1876.     3-6,  Stone,  Sch. 
Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  152. 


Mines  Q.,  8,  150,  1887. 


1.  Mine  Hill,  N.  J. 

2.  Sterling  Hill,  N.  J. 

3.  Mine  Hill 

4.  " 

5.  Sterling  Hill 
6. 


Fe2O3  Mn2O3   ZuO     MnO     FeO 


G.  = 
G.  = 
G.  = 
G.  = 

5-187 
5-136 
5-215 
5-074 

f  63-40 
f  67-42 
60-52 
56*57 
67-38 
66-34 

4-44 

6-79 
10-52 

23-12 
6-78 
19-44 
15-91 
1628 
20-26 

10-46 
953 
12-81 
16-37 
16-38 
12-31 

—  =  101  "42 

15'65  A12O3   0'65  =  100  04 

—  =  99  56 

—  =  99'37 

—  =  100-04 

—  =  98*91 


Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  infusible*  With  borax  in  O.F.  gives  a  reddish  amethystine  bead  (manga- 
nese), and  in  R.F.  this  becomes  bottle-green  (iron).  With  soda  gives  a  bluish  green  manganate, 
and  on  charcoal  a  faint  coating  of  zinc  oxide,  which  is  much  more  marked  when  a  mixture  with 
borax  and  soda  is  used.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  sometimes  with  evolution  of  a  small 
amount  of  chlorine. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  cubic  crystals  near  Eibach  in  Nassau;  in  amorphous  masses  at  Altenberg, 
near  Aix-la-Chapelle. 

Abundant  at  Mine  Hill,  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J.,  with  willemite  and  zincite  in  granular 
limestone;  also  at  Sterling  Hill,  two  miles  distant,  where  it  is  associated  with  willemite,  in  a 
large  vein,  in  which  cavities  occasionally  contain  crystals  from  one  to  four  inches  in  diameter. 

Artif. — Formed  in  crystals  by  action  of  ferric  chloride  and  zinc  chloride  on  lime,  with  heat 
(Daubiree). 

240.  JACOBSITE.  Damour,  C.  R.,  69,  168,  1869.  Jakobsit.  Manganomagnetit  Flink, 
Ak.  H,  Stockh.  Bihang.  12  (2),  2,  20,  1886. 

Isometric;  in  distorted  octahedrons.     Also  in  cleavage  forms  bounded  by  planes 
which  seem  to  correspond  to  the  hexoctahedron  (60*50*3,  20-f)J. 

H.  =6.     G.  =  4*75.     Luster  metallic,  brilliant.     Color  deep  black.     Streak 
blackish  brown.     Magnetic. 

Comp.— (Mn,Mg)0.(Fe,Mn)203. 

Anal.— 1,  Damour,  I.e.,  and  Kg.,  Min.  Ch.,  132, 1875.  2,  Lindstrom,  G.  For.  Forh.,  3,  384, 
1877.  3,  Flink,  1.  c.  4,  Igelstrom,  G.  For.  Forh.,  12,  137,  1890. 


1.  Jakobsberg  G.  =  4'75 

2.  Langban 

3.  G.  =  4-761 

4.  Glakarn 


Fe2O3  Mn2O3  MnO 
68-25    4-03    20-72 
58-39    696    29"93 
43-85         54-80 
57-55  36-74* 


MgO 

6  41  =  99-41 

1-68  CaOO-40,   PbO  1'22,   P2O6  0'06,  insol. 

0-94  Si02  0  74,  CaO  0'41  =  100'74 

0-72  insol.  6  02  =  101*03 


[2-17  =  100*81 
>206  0*1 


With  some  Mn2O3. 


228  OXIDKS. 

Pyr.— B.B.  infusible.  It  does  not  lose  weight  when  ignited.  With  the  fluxes  reacts  for  Iron 
and  manganese.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  with  a  slight  evolution  of  chlorine. 

Obs.— From  Jakpbsberg,  in  Nordmark,  Wermland,  Sweden,  where  it  occurs  associated  with 
white  mica  and  native  copper  in  a  crystalline  limestone;  .also  at  Laugban,  Wermland,  with 
tephroite  and  calcite;  at  the  Sjo  and  also  the  Glakarn  mine,  Orebro. 

Ref.— l  Flink,  1.  c.,  anal.  3. 

241.  CHROMITE.  Fer  chromdte  alumine  (fr.  Var)  Vauq.,  Bull.  Soc.  Philom.  55,  57, 
1800.  Eisenchrom  (fr.  \]TSL\)  Meder,  Crell's  Ann.,  1,  500,  1798;  Karst.,  Tab.,  56,  79,  1800,  74,  1808, 
Fer  chromate  H.,  Tr.,  4,  1801.  Chromate  of  Iron,  Chromic  Iron.  Chromsaures  Eisen,  Chroni- 
eisenstein  Germ.,  Eiseuchrome  Beud.,  1832.  Siderochrome  Huot. ,  1,  287,  1841.  Chromoferrite 
Chapm.,  Min.,  1843.  Chromit  Haid.,  Handb.,  550,  1845.  Chromjernmalm  Swed.  Fer  chrome, 
Fer  chromate,  Fr.  Siderocromo,  Cromite,  Cromoferrite,  Ferro  cromato,  Ital.  Hierro  cromado 
Span. 

Isometric.  In  octahedrons;  also  with  d  (110,  i),  m  (311,  3-3).  Commonly 
massive;  fine  granular  to  compact. 

Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  5'5.  G.  =  4*32-4-57.  Luster  submetallic 
to  metallic.  Color  iron-black  to  brownish  black,  sometimes  yellowish  red  in  thin 
sections.  Streak  brown.  Translucent  to  opaque.  Sometimes  feebly  magnetic. 

Comp — FeCr204  or  FeO,CrQ03  —  Chromium  sesquioxide  68'0,  iron  protoxide 
32-0  =  100.  The  iron  may  be  replaced  by  magnesium  as  in  magnochromite 
(magnesiochromite)  below;  also  the  chromium  by  aluminium  and  ferric  iron.  The 
varieties  containing  but  little  chromium  (up  to  10  p.  c.)  are  hardly  more  than 
varieties  of  spinel  and  are  classed  under  picotite. 

Analyses:  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  153;  Kg.,  Min.  Ch.,  141-144,  1885,  etc.  For  an  exhaustive  table 
of  the  analyses  which  have  been  published,  see  Wadsworth,  Lithological  Studies,  1884,  Mem. 
Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  11,  Pt.  1. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  in  O.F.  infusible;  in  R.F.  slightly  rounded  on  the  edges,  and  becomes 
magnetic.  With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  beads  which,  while  hot,  show  only  a  reac- 
tion for  iron,  but  on  cooling  become  chrome-green;  the  green  color  is  heightened  by  fusion  on 
charcoal  with  metallic  tin. 

Not  acted  upon  by  acids,  but  decomposed  by  fusion  with  potassium  or  sodium  bisiilphate. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  serpentine,  forming  veins,  or  in  embedded  masses.  It  assists  in  giving  the 
variegated  color  to  verde-antique  marble.  Not  uncommon  in  meteoric  irons,  sometimes  in 
nodules  as  in  the  Coahuila  iron,  less  often  in  crystals  (Lodran). 

Occurs  in  the  Gulsen  mountains,  near  Kraubat  in  Styria;  in  crystals  in  the  islands  of  Unst 
and  Fetlar,  in  Shetland;  in  the  province  of  Trondhjem  in  Norway;  'in  the  Department  du  Var  in 
France;  in  Silesia  and  Bohemia;  abundant  in  Asia  Minor  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  7,  285,  1849);  in  the 
Eastern  and  Western  Urals;  in  New  Caledonia,  affording  ore  for  commerce. 

At  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  the  Bare  Hills,  in  large  quantities  in  veins  or  masses  in  serpentine; 
also  in  Montgomery  Co.,  6  in.  north  of  the  Potomac;  at  Cooptown,  Harford  Co.,  and  in  the 
north  part  of  Cecil  Co. ,  Md.  In  Pennsylvania,  in  W.  Goshen  (crystals),  Nottingham,  Mineral 
Hill,  and  elsewhere;  Chester  Co.,  near  Unionville,  abundant;  at  Wood's  Mine,  near  Texas,  Lan- 
caster Co.,  very  abundant.  Massive  and  in  crystals  at  Hobokeu,  N.  J..  in  serpentine  and  dolo- 
mite; in  the  south-western  part  of  the  town  of  New  Fane,  and  in  Jay,  Troy,  and  Westfield,  Vt.; 
Chester  and  Blanford,  Mass.  In  Califopnia,  in  Monterey  Co.;  also  Santa  Clara  Co.,  near  the  N. 
Aimaden  mine.  On  I.  a  Vache,  near  San  Domingo;  at  Boltou  and  Hani,  Quebec,  Canada. 

The  two  folio  wing  are  properly  varieties  of  chromite: 

CHROMPICOTITE  T.  Petersen,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  106,  137,  1869.  From  the  dunyte  of  Dun  Mt., 
New  Zealand.  H.=8.  G.=4'115.  Color  black.  Analysis,  Petersen  and  Senfter:  Cr2O3  56 "54 
A1203  12-13,  FeO  18'01,  MgO  14-08,  MnO  0'46.  CoO,  NiO  tr.  =  101  -22. 

MAGNOCHROMITE  Bock  [Inaug.  Diss.,  Breslau  1868],  Websky,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  25,  394,  1873. 
Alumisches  Eisenerz  Breith.,  Char.,  234,  1832.  A  magnesian  variety  of  chromite  from 
Grochau,  Silesia.  Analysis.  Bock,  after  deducting  assumed  impurities:  Cr203  40 '78,  A12O3  29  92, 
FeO  15-30,  MgO  14'00  =  100. 

IRITE  flmra.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  23,  276,  1841.  Described  by  Hermann  as  occurring  in  the  Urals 
in  black  shining  octahedrons,  with  G.  —  6'506,  and  as  consisting  of:  Indium  56'04,  osmium  9'53, 
iron  9'72,  chromium  9  40,  traces  of  manganese,  with  a  loss  of  15'25,  which  he  reckoned  as  oxygen. 
But  Glaus  has  shown  that  the  mineral  is  only  a  mixture  of  iridosmine,  chromite,  etc.  (ib.,  80,  285. 
1860). 

'PLUMBOFERRITE  L.  J.  Igelstrdm,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  38.  No.  8,  27,  1881. 

In  cleavable  masses.  H.  =  5.  Color  nearly  black.  Streak  red,  like  hematite.  Acts  very 
feebly  on  the  magnet.  Analysis,  deducting  8  p.  c.  CaCOa: 

Fe3O8  60-38      PbO  23'12      FeO  10  68      MnO  220      MgO  1'95      CaO  1'67  =  100 


CHRI 'SOBER TL. 


229 


For  this  the  composition  SFeO.FeaOs.PbO.FeaOs  is  suggested.  Dissolves  readily  in  hydro- 
chloric acid  with  evolution  of  chlorine  and  formation  of  lead  chloride. 

Found  at  the  Jakobsberg  manganese  mine,  Nordrnark,  Wermland,  Sweden;  it  occurs  in 
narrow  veins  in  a  granular  limestone,  associated  with  jacobsite. 


242.  CHRYSOBERYL.  [Not  Chrysoberyl  (=  var.  Beryl)  of  the  Ancients.}  Krisoberil 
Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  373,  387,  1789;  84, 1790.  Chrysoberyll  Karsten,  Lenz,  etc.  Oymophane  H. ,  J. 
Mines,  4,  5,  1798.  Alexandrite  Nordenskiold,  Schr.  Min.  Ges.,  St.  Petersb.,  1842.  Alaunerde-f 
Kieselerde  Klap.,  Beitr.,  1,  97,  1795;  Arfvedson,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1822.  Aluminate  of  Glucina, 
mainly,  Seybert,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  105,  1824;  Bergemann,  De  Chrys.,  G6tt.,1826. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-47006  :  1  :  0-58002  Kaidinger1. 
100  A  HO  =  25°  10$',  001  A  101  =  50°  58f ',  001  A  Oil  =  30°  6*'. 


Forms'2 : 

a  (100,  i-i) 
b  (010,  i-i) 
c(001,  Of 


m  (110,  7) 
u  (230,  £|) 
*    (120,  i-2) 
r  (130,  »-§) 
t   (270,  H) 


d  (160,  £6)3 

y  (102,  H) 
z  (203,  f-i) 
a;  (101,  l-l) 


mm'"  =    50°  21' 

uu'  =  109°  87f 

ss'  =    93°  32' 

rr'  =  *70°  41' 

dd'  =    39°  2' 

yy'  =    63°  21' 

zz  =    78°  53' 


xx'  =  101°  57' 

ii'  =    60°  14' 

kk'  =    98°  28V 

pp'  =  120°  14' 

oo'  =  *93°  44' 

00"  =  107°  29' 


oo'" 


ww 


»  (Oil,  14) 

v>  (211, 

k  (021,  24)3 

v>  (122, 

p  (031,  3-i)  tw. 

pi. 

n  (121, 

o  (HI,  1) 

e  (Ml. 

=    40°     7' 

nn' 

=    77-  43' 

=  129°  48' 

nn" 

=  118°  53' 

=  136°  57' 

nn'" 

-    72°  17' 

=    24°  35' 

bo 

=    69°  56 

=    56°  11' 

bn 

=    53°  51 

=  ;80°  31' 

be 

=    24°  32 

=    52C  3? 

6-6) 


1. 


4. 


o" 

x' 

o' 

til  k' 


1,  Norway,  Me.     2,  Alexandrite,  Cathrein.     3,  do.,  Kk.     4,  5,  Haddam:     6,  Alexandrite, 

after  Klein. 


Twins:  tw.  pi.  p  (031),  both  contact-  and  penetration-twins;  often  repeated 
and  forming  pseudo-hexagonal  crystals  with  or  without  re-entrant  angles4.  Crystals 
generally  tabular  J  a.  Face  a  striated  vertically,  in  twins  a  feather-like  striation, 
cf.  f.  3-5. 


230  OXIDES. 

Cleavage:  i  (Oil)  quite  distinct;  b  imperfect,  <7  more  so.  Fracture  uneven 
to  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  8-5.  G.  =  3'5-3'84.  Luster  vitreous.  Color 
asparagus-green,  grass-green,  emerald-green,  greenish  white,  and  yellowish  green; 
greenish  brown;  yellow;  sometimes  raspberry-  or  columbine-red  by  transmitted 
light.  Streak  uncolored.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Sometimes  _a  bluish 
opalescence  or  chatoyancy,  and  asteriated.  Pleochroic,  vibrations  ||  b  (=  b)  orange 
yellow,  t  (=  6}  emerald-green,  fl'(=  a)  columbine-red,  cf.  Haid.,  1.  c.  Optically  -f-. 
Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bx  J_  c.  Indices: 

a  =  1-7470     ft  =  1-7484     y  —  1-7565    .  • .  2  V  —  45°  20'     2E  =  84°  43' 
The  measured  axial  angles  vary  widely  because  of  want  of  homogeneity.     Ele- 
vation of  temperature  causes  the  axes  to  unite  and  open  again  in  a  plane  ||  c,  Dx.5 

Var.  1.  Ordinary. — Color  pale-green,  being  colored  by  iron;  also  yellow  and  transparent 
and  then  used  as  a  gem.  G.  =  3-597,  Haddam;  3*734,  Brazil;  3'689,  Ural,  Hose;  3  835,  Oren- 
burg, Kk. 

2.  Alexandrite. — Color  emerald-green,  but  columbine  red  by  transmitted  light;  valued  as  a 
gem.     G.  =  3'644,  mean  of  results,  Kk'     Supposed  to  be  colored  by  chromium.     Crystals  often 
very  large,  and  in  twins,  like  fig.  3,  either  six-sided  or  six-rayed. 

3.  Vat's  Eye. — Color  greenish  and  exhibiting  a  fine  chatoyant  effect;  from  Ceylon. 

Coiiip. — Beryllium  aluminate,  BeAl2O4  or  BeO.Al203  =  Alumina  80^,  glucina 
19-8  =  100. 

Analyses,  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  156. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  alone  unaltered;  with  soda,  the  surface  is  merely  rendered  dull.  With 
borax  or  salt  of  phosphorus  fuses  with  great  difficulty.  With  cobalt  solution,  the  powdered 
mineral  gives  a  bluish  color.  Not  attacked  by  acids. 

Obs.— In  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil,  and  also  in  Ceylon,  in  rolled  pebbles,  in  the  alluvial  deposits 
of  rivers;  at  Marschendorf  in  Moravia;  in  the  Ural,  85  versts  from  Ekaterinburg,  in  mica  slate 
with  beryl  and  pheuacite,  the  variety  Alexandrite,  of  emerald-green  color,  columbine-red  by 
transmitted  light;  in  the  Orenburg  district,  S.  Ural,  yellow;  in  the  Mourne  Mts.,  Ireland. 

In  the  U.  S.,  at  Haddam,  Ct.,  in  granite  traversing  gneiss,  with  tourmaline,  garnet,  beryl, 
automolite,  and  columbite;  in  the  same  rock  at  Greenfield,  near  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  with  tour- 
maline, garnet,  and  apatite;  Orange  Summit,  1ST.  H.,  in  granite  at  the  deep  cut  of  the  Northern 
railroad;  Norway,  Me.,  in  granite  with  garnet,  also  at  Stoneham,  with  fibrolite,  at  Canton,  Peru, 
and  Stowe 

Chrysoberyl  is  from  j/at?cro5,  golden,  fiypv'XXot,,  beryl.  Cymophane,  from  Kv/j,a,  wave,  and 
<paii/Gi),  appear,  alludes  to  a  peculiar  opalescence  the  crystals  sometimes  exhibit.  Alexandrite 
is  after  the  Czar  of  Russia,  Alexander  IL 

Artif.— Formed  in  crystals  by  exposing  to  a  high  heat  a  mixture  of  6  of  alumina,  1'62 
glucina,  and  5'0  boric  acid  (Ebelman);  by  putting  a  mixture  of  beryllium  fluoride  and  aluminium 
fluoride,  in  the  proportions  of  their  equivalents,  in  a  carbon  crucible,  and  at  the  center  of  the 
fluorides  a  small  carbon  crucible  with  a  little  fused  boric  acid,  and  heating  for  some  hours 
(Deville  and  Caron),  the  process  yielding  fine  crystals  easily. 

Ref.— !  Pogg.,  77,  2^8,  1849.  2  See  Dx.,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  13.  329,  1845;  Mir.,  Min.,  267, 
1852;  Kk.,  Min.  Russl.,  4,  54,  1862,  5,  113,  1866;  Dana,  Mm.,  155,  1868;  Schrauf,  Atlas,  Tf. 
XLV,  1877.  3  Klein,  Jb.  Min.,  548,  1869;  479,  1871.  4  Cf.  Cathrein,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  257,  1881. 
*  Dx.,  Propr.  Opt.,  1,  59,  1857,  2,  28,  1859,  N.  R.,  54,  1867;  cf.  Mid.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  5,  237, 
1882. 

243.  HAUSMANNITE.  Schwarz  Braunsteinerz  pt.  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  386,  1789. 
Schwarz  Manganerz  pt.  Karst.,  Tab.  72,  100,  1808.  Black  Manganese.  Blattricher-  Schwarz- 
Braunstein  Hausm.,  Haudb.,  293,  1813.  Manganese  oxyde  hydrate  H,  Tr.,  1822.  Pyramidal 
Manganese  Ore  Haid  ,  Mohs,  Min.,  2,  416,  1824.  Hausmannite  Haid.,  Trans.  R  Soc.  Ed.,  11, 
127,  1827.  Glanzbraausteiu  Hausm.,  Handb.,  405,  1847.  L'oxyde  rouge  de  manganese  Fr. 
Scharfmanganerz  Germ. 

Tetragonal.     Axis  6  =  1'1743;  001  A  101  =  49°  35'  Haidinger1. 
Forms2:  c  (001,  O)3;  e  (101,  l-»);  s  (113,  £),   a  (112,  £)3,  p  (111,  1),  n  (221,  2)3,  r  (313.  1-3)3. 
Angles:  ee"  =  *99°  10',  «*"  =  57°  56',  pp"  =  117°  53^',  ee'  =  65°  9',  *«'  =  40°  3 ,  pp'  =  74' 
34',  ep  =  37°  17'. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  e,  often  repeated  as  fivelings  (f.  2).  Habit  octahedral;  faces  s 
usually  bright  and  smooth,  p  striated  ||  edgejyS,  often  dull.  Also  granular  massive, 
particles  strongly  coherent. 

Cleavage:  c  nearly  perfect;  e,  p  indistinct.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle. 
H.  =  5-5-5.  G.  —  4-722,  4*856  Kg.  Luster  submetallic.  Color  brownish  black. 
Streak  chestnut-brown.  Opaque. 


M1NIUM-CREDNERITE. 


231 


Com  p. — Mn304  or  MiiO.Ma03  =  Manganese  sesquioxide  69 -0,  manganese  pro- 
toxide 31-0  =  100. 

Analyses,  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  162. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  like  mangauite.     Dissolves  in  heated  hydrochloric  acid,  yielding  chlorine. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  porphyry,  along  with  other  manganese  ores,  in  fine  crystals,  near  Dmenau 
in  Thuringia;  Ilefeld  in  the  Harz;  Filipstad  in  Wermlaud,  Sweden;  also,  as  the  chief  vein 
mineral  with  maugauosite,  pyrochroite,  rhodochrosite,  etc.,  at  Langban  andatNordmark;  at  the 
Sjo  mine,  Grythyttau.  Reported  from  Framontin  Alsace.  Also  reported  from  Lebanon,  Penn. 
(but  very  doubtful,  Genth). 

Artif.— Obtained  by  Debray,  Deville  et  al.  by  various  methods  (cf.  Fouque  Levy,  Synth. 
Min.,  243,  1882);  also  by  Gprgeu  in  crystals  (G.  =  4'80)  by  keeping  fused  manganese  chloride 
for  several  hours  in  an  oxidizing  atmosphere  saturated  with  water  vapor,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  6, 
136,  1883. 

2.  3. 


1,  Li&ngban,  Flink.     2,  Haidinger.     3,  Langban,  Flink. 

Ref.—1  L.  c.,  also  Ed.  J.  Sc.,  4,  41,  1826,  and  Pogg.,  7,  232,  1826.  2  Haid,  1.  c  ;  Mir., 
Min.,  257,  1852.  3  Flink,  Langban,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  Bih.,  12  (2),  No.  7,  40,  1888;  he  gives 
pp'  =-•  74°  14'.  See  also  p.  1036. 

244.  MINIUM.  Mennige  Germ.  Plomb  oxide  rouge  H.  Minio,  Piombo  ossidato  rosso 
Ital.  Azarcon  nalivo  Span. ,  Domeyko. 

Pulverulent,  occasionally  exhibiting,  under  the  microscope,  crystalline  scales. 
Also  (artif.)  in  prismatic  crystals. 

H   =  2-3.     G.  =  4 -6.     Luster  faint  greasy,  or  dull.     Color  vivid  red,  mixed 
with  yellow;  streak  orange-yellow.     Opaque. 

Comp.— Pb304  or  2PbO.Pb02  =  Oxygen  9'4,  lead  90 '6  =  100. 

Pyr. — In  the  reducing  flame  of  the  blowpipe,  on  charcoal,  globules  of  lead  are  obiameu. 

Obs. — Usually  associated  with  galena,  and  also  with  calamine,  and  sometimes  constituting 
pseudomorphs  after  galena  and  cerussite. 

Occurs  at  Bleialf  in  the  Eifel;  Badenweiler  in  Baden;  Brillon  in  Westphalia;  island  of 
Anglesey;  Grassington  Moor  and  Weardale  iu  England;  Leadhills  in  Scotland;  Zmeinogorsk 
mine  in  Siberia.  Reported  from  Zimapan,  Mexico. 

In  the  U.  S.,  found  at  Austin's  mine,  Wythe  Co.',  Va. ,  along  with  cerussite;  reported  as  oc- 
curring with  native  lead  at  the  Jay  Gould  mine.  Alturas  Co.,  Idaho;  at  the  Rock  mine,  Leadville, 
Col.,  having  in  part  the  structure  of  the  galena  from  which  it  has  been  derived  (Hawkins). 

Artif. — Obtained  in  small  prismatic  crystals  by  heating  amorphous  lead  carbonate  in  a  bath 
of  potassium  and  sodium  nitrate  kept  at  a  temperature  near  300°  C.,  Michel,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  13, 
56,  1890. 


245.  CREDNERITE.  Kupferhaltiges  Manganerz  Credner,  Jahrb.  Min.,  5.  1847.  Man- 
gankupferoxyd  Hausm.,  Handb.,  1582,  1847.  Mangankupfererz,  Crednerit,  Rg.,  Pogg.,  74,559, 
1848. 

Monoclinic.     Foliated  crystalline. 

Cleavage:  basal,  very  perfect;  less  distinct  in  two  other  directions  obliquely 
inclined  to  one  another.  H.  =  4-5.  G.  =  4-9-5-1;  4-959,  4-977  Rg.  Luster 
metallic.  Color  iron-black  to  steel-gray.  Streak  black,  brownish. 

Comp. — Cu3Mn409  or  3Cu0.2Mn*03  (Rg.)  =  Cupric  oxide  43'0,  manganese 
gesquioxide  57'0  =  100. 


232 


OXIDES. 


Analyses,  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  166. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fusible  only  on  thin  edges.  With  borax  in  O.F.  gives  a  dark  violet  color 
(manganese);  with  salt  of  phosphorus  a  green  glass,  which  on  cooling  is  blue,  and  in  R.F.  be- 
comes red  (copper).  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  with  evolution  of  chlorine. 

Obs. — From  Friedrichsrode,  with  volborthite,  malachite,  and  manganese  ores.  Rammels- 
b«rg  observes  that  this  ore  is  undoubtedly  the  source  of  the  cupreous  manganese  (p.  258),  a 
secondary  product. 


246.  PSEUDOBKOOKITE.    A.  Koch,  Min.  Mitth.,  1,  77,  344,  1878. 
Orthorhombic.     Axes  a:t>:6'=  0*87776  :  1  :  0*88475  Schmidt1. 
100  A  HO  =  *41°  16i',  001  A  101  =  45°  13f,  001  A  Oil  =  41°  30'. 


Forms : 
a  (100,  *-*) 
b  (010,  i-i) 


c  (001,  0) 
m  (110,  7) 
e  (130,  a-3) 


n  (102,  f  S)» 
I  (101,  1-5) 
fi  (201,  2-1) 


y  (Oil,  i-i) 

p  (133,  1  3) 


q  (132,  |-3)<? 
r  (131,  3-3)4? 


mm'"  =  82°  33' 
ee'  =  41°  35' 
nri  =  53°  30' 
II  =  90°  27' 


W'  =  127°  14' 
aju  =  *2(5°  23' 
yy'  =  83°  0' 


pp'  =  28°  15' 
pp"  =  86°  51' 
pp'"  =  79°  58' 


ep  =  43°  25' 
cq  =  62°  9' 
cr  =  70°  36* 


Aranyer  Berg, 
mann,  Min.  Mitth.,  9,  47, 1887. 


_  Usually  in  minute  crystals,  tabular  ||  a  and  often  prismatic 
||  5;  a  faces  striated  horizontally;  also  in  large  coarse  crystals. 

Cleavage :  c  distinct.  Fracture  uneven  to  subconchoidal. 
H.  =  6.  G.  =  4-390  Cederstrom,  4'98  Koch.  Luster  ada- 
mantine; on  the  fracture  greasy.  Color  dark  brown  to  black, 
nearly  opaque;  on  thinnest  edges  red,  translucent.  Streak 
ocher-yellow  or  reddish  brown.  Optically  -J-.  Ax.  pi.  ||  b. 
Bx  J_  a.  Dispersion  v  >  p.  Axial  angle:  2H  =  84°  30' 
Lattermann5. 

Comp — Probably  Fe4(Ti04)3  or  2Fe203.3Ti02  =  Titanium 
dioxide  42*9,  iron  sesquioxide  57'1  =  100,  Cederstrom. 

Anal.— 1,  Koch,  on  O'l  gr.,  Min.  Mitth.,  1,  344,  1878.     2,  Latter- 
3,  Cederstrom,  Zs.  Kr.,  17,  133,  1889. 


1.  Aranyer  Berg    G.  =  4 '98 

2.  Katzenbuckel 

3.  Bamle  G.  =  4'39 


*  A12O3  tr. 


TiO2        Fe2O3 
52-74        42-29* 
46-79        4864 
4426        56-42 

b  Also  CaO. 

MgO 
[4-28b]    ign.  0-69 
4-53       =     99-96 
=  100-68 

=  100 


Pyr. — B.B.  nearly  infusible,  with  the  fluxes  reacts  for  iron  and  titanium.  Decomposed 
partly  by  boiling  hydrochloric  acid,  wholly  by  sulphuric  acid. 

Obs.— Found  with  hypersthene  (the  so-called  szaboite)  in  cavities  of  the  andesyte  of 
Aranyer  Berg,  Transylvania;  with  hypersthene  and  tridymite  in  the  trachyte  of  Riveau  Grand, 
Mt.  pore,  Puy-de-D6me;  in  the  nephelinyte  of  the  Katzeubuckel  in  the  Odenwald;  with  the 
apatite  from  Jumilla,  Spain;  in  andesyte  from  Beriiigs  Is.;  on  recent  lava  (1872)  from  Vesuvius. 

In  large  crystals  several  inches  long,  prismatic  ||  5,  at  Havredal.  Bamle,  Norway,  embedded 
in  kjerulfine  (wagnerite)  altered  to  apatite,  also  associated  with  quartz,  feldspar,  titanic  iron 
(Bgr.,  G.  For.  Forh.,  10,  21,  1888,  Cederstrom,  1.  c.). 

Ref.— i  Aranyer  Berg  [Term.  Filz.,  4,  No.  4,  1880],  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  100.  The  position  taken  is 
that  originally  proposed  by  Groth. showing  relation  to  brookite,  ibid.,  3,  306,  1879;  with  Koch, 
Groth,  1889,  and  others,  the  axes  b  and  c  as  here  taken  are  interchanged.  The  angles  vary  rather 
widely,  see  Koch,  1.  c.,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  3,  306;  Lewis,  Jumilla,  Spain,  ib.,  7,  181,  1882;  Oebbeke, 
Mt.  Dore,  ib.,  11,  370,  1886. 

9  Koch,  Groth,  1.  c.     3  Schmidt,  1.  c.     4  Oebbeke,  1.  c.     5  Lattermann,  1.  c. 


247.  BRAUNITE.  Brachytypous  Manganese-Ore,  Braunite,  Raid.,  Ed.  J.  Sc.,  4,  48, 
1826,  Trans.  R.  Soc.,  11,  137,  1827.  Hartbrauustein  Hausm.,  Handb.,  222.  1847.  Marceline 
Beud.,  2,  188,  1832.  Heteroklin  Breith.,  Pogg.,  49,  204,  1840  (in  art.  by  Evreinov),  Handb., 
3,  801,  1847.  Leptonematite,  Pesillite  Adam,  Tabl.  Min.,  75,  1869. 


BRA  UNITE. 


233 


Tetragonal.     Axis  6  =  0-9850;  001  A  101  =  44°  34'  Haidinger1. 

Forms1 :  c  (001,  0);  a  (100,  i-i)\  m  (110,  /)3,  e  (101,  I-*)8  as  tw.  pi.,  p  (111,  1),  «  (221,  2) 
y  (423,  f  2)4,  a;  (421,  4-2). 

Angles:  cp  =  54°  19f,  cs  =  70°  15',  A  a'' 

^^77°13',^"-*108039',^'=703 

7',      «'  =  83°   27',      xx'  =  35°   56',  /  I     \  ™/^     T     ^X^ 

=  51°  43'. 


Twins:  tw.  pi.  e.  Commonly 
in  octanedrons,  nearly  isometric 
in  angle.  Faces  c  faintly  stri- 
ated ||  edge  c/p'y  s  uneven  and 
striated  ||  edge  p/s;  x  smooth, 
even.  Also  massive. 

Cleavage:  p  perfect.  Fracture 
uneven  to  subconchoidal.  Brit- 
H.  =  6-6-5.  G.  =  4-75- 


1,  2,  Langban,  Flink. 


tie. 

4-82;  4-752,  Elgersburg,  Rg. ;  4-818,  ib.,  Haid.;  4-77,  St.  Marcel,  Dmr.     Luster 

submetallic.     Color  dark  brownish  black  to  steel-gray.     Streak  same. 

Comp.— 3MnaO,.MnSi08  (Eg.)  =  Silica  lO'O,  manganese  protoxide  11-7,  man- 
ganese sesquioxide  78-3  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  160,  1875;  Pogg.,  124,  515,  1865.     2,  Dmr.,  as  given  by  Rg.,  1.  c. 
3,  Igelstrom,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  8,  421,  1885. 


1.  Elgersburg 

2.  St.  Marcel 

3.  Jakobsberg 


SiO3 
8-63 
7-70 
8-67 


MnO 
80-94 
81-42 
80-23 


O 

8-08 
[8-14] 
8-17 


CaO 
091 
1-25 
0-95* 


BaOO-44,  Ha01-00  =  100 

Fe2O3  1-49  =  100 

PbO  0-65,  FeO  1-33  =  100 


Including  MgO. 


Marceline  (heterocline)  from  St.  Marcel,  Piedmont,  is  impure  braunite.  Cf.  Dmr.,  Ann. 
Mines,  1,  400,  1842. 

Fyr.,  etc. — B.B.  infusible.  With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  an  amethystine  bead 
in  O.F.,  becoming  colorless  in  R.F.  With  soda  gives  a  bluish  green  bead.  Dissolves  in 
hydrochloric  acid  evolving  chlorine,  and  leaving  a  residue  of  gelatinous  or  flocculent  silica 
(Rg.).  Marceline  gelatinizes  with  acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  both  crystallized  and  massive,  in  veins  traversing  porphyry,  at  Oehrenstock, 
near  Ilmenau;  at  Elgersburg  in  Thuringia;  near  Ilefeld  in  the  Harz;  at  St.  Marcel  in  Piedmont; 
at  Elba;  at  Botnedal,  Upper  Tellemark,  in  Norway;  at  the  manganese  mines  of  Jakobsberg, 
Sweden,  also  at  Langban,  and  at  the  Sjo  mine,  Grythyttan,  and  Glakarn,  Orebro.  At  Vizianagram, 
Bimlipatam  and  elsewhere  in  India  in  large  quantity  (Mallet,  Min.  India,  55.  1887).  In  the 
Wellington  district  and  elsewhere  in  New  South  Wales  (Liversidge,  Min.  N.  S.  W.,  110,  1888). 

Named  after  Mr.  Braun  of  Gotha. 

Ref.— l  Ed.  J.  Sc.,  4,  48,  1826,  or  Pogg.,  7,  234,  1826.  Schuster  has  attempted  to  show  that 
the  Jakobsberg  crystals  belong  to  the  rhombohedral  system  with  tetartohedral  development,  but 
his  conclusions  seem  very  doubtful,  Min.  Mitth.,  7,  443,  1884.  2  Rath,  Pralorgnan  mine,  St. 
Marcel,  Piedmont,  Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  Dec.  4,  1882;  he  gives  pp'  =  70°  8'  and  70°  13'.  3  Schmidt, 
Maderanerthal,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  603,  1886.  4  Flink,  Langban,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  Bib,,  32  (2),  No.  7, 
38,  1888;  he  gives  pp'  =  70°  19'.  See  also  p.  1029. 


IV.  Dioxides,  RO,. 


248.  Cassiterite 

249.  Polianite 

250.  Rutile 

251.  Plattner  ite 


Rutile  Group. 


SnO, 

MnOa 
Ti03 

PbO, 


Tetragonal. 

6 

0-6723 
0-6647 
0-6442 
0-6764 


234 


OXIDES. 


With  the  Rutile  group  is  also  sometimes  included: 

Zircon    ZrOa.SiOa  c  =  0-6404. 

In  this  work,  however,  Zircon  is  classed  among  the  silicates,  with  the  allied  species, 
Thorite,  ThOa.SiO9,  c  =  0'6402.  See  p.  482. 

A  tetragonal  form,  approximating  closely  to  that  of  the  species  of  the  Rutile  Group,  belongs 
also  to  a  number  of  other  species,  as  Sellaite,  MgF2;  Tapiolite,  Fe(Ta,ISb)2O6;  Xenotime, 
YPO4,  etc. 


252.  Octahedrite  Ti02 

253.  Brookite  Ti02 

254.  Pyrolusite  Mn02 


Tetragonal 
Ortliorhombic 
Orthorhombic  ? 


c  =  11771 
a  :  b  :  6  =  0-8416  ;  1  :  G'9444 


Rutile    Group. 

248.  CASSITERITE.  Ore  of  the  KaacrirepoS  of  tJie  Greeks  (Herod.,  etc.),  and  of  the 
Plumbum  album  of  Plm.,  34,  47,  etc.;  not  of  the  Stannum  [=  a  pewter-like  alloy]  of  Plin. 
Zinusten,  Staunum  ferro  et  arsenico  miu.,  Wall.,  Min.,  303, 1747.  Miue  d'Etain,  Fr.  Trl.  Wall,, 
1753.  Tin  Ore,  Tin  Stone.  Zinnstein,  Ziunerz  Germ.  Stannum  calciforme  (Oxide  of  Tin) 
Bergm.,  Opusc..  2,  436,  1780;  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  2,  245,  1797.  Etain  oxyde  Fr.  Cassiterite  Beud., 
2,  618,  1832.  Kassiterit  Germ.  Terminal  m  Swed.  Stagno  ossidato  Ital. 

Tetragonal.     Axis  6  =  0-67232;  001  A  101  =  33°  54£'  Becke1. 


Forms2: 

c  (001,  0) 

a  (100,  i-i) 
w(110,  /) 
A  (210.  *-2) 
r   (320,  »-f ) 
P  (750,  *-|)5 


?-!  (430,  z-l) 

/ff  (870,  t-4) 

A;  (14- 13-0, 

e  (101,  1-0 

to  (501,  5-0 

*  (114,  i) 


y  (335,  f) 

-8  (223,  |) 

*  (111,  1) 

<r  (665,  |)6 

i  (552,  |) 

it  (551,  5) 

77  (771,  7) 


r   (514,  f-5)6? 

z!    (313, 

u3  (942,  f-f ) 

•MJ  (742,  |-|) 
0  (645,  f -|)6 


(3-1-12,  4- 
L3,  1-3) 


(321,  3-|) 
(752,  H)3 
(766,  fj)* 
(761.  7-1) 
(19-16-7, 
(17-13-6,  - 


ee' 

ww' 

ee" 

ww' 

xx1 


=  46°  28' 

=  85°  20' 

=  67°  50' 

=  146°  52' 

=  18°  49' 

=  41°     1' 

=  58°  19' 


if  =  81°  21' 
nit'  =  87°  34' 
xx"  =  26°  44| 
yy"  =  59°  24| 
88"  =  87°  7' 
U"  =  134°  23' 


TtTt"   =  156 

tt'      =    29 
«vii   =    21 


rz 


4' 

=    20°  53V 
=    61°  42' 

=    22°  25' 


mz  =    24°  59P 

my  ==    60°  18' 

ms  =  *46°  26f ' 

mi  =    22°  49' 

ct    =    35°  19V 

cz    =    67°  35' 


1. 


2. 


3. 


Stoneham,  Me. 


Cornwall. 


Zinnwald,  Sbk. 


Zinnwald,  Brown. 


Twins:  tw.  pi.  e,  both  contact-  and  penetration-twins;  often  repeated  produc- 
ing complex  forms,  sometimes  stellate  fivelings.  Faces  c,  w  often  uneven ;  faces 
in  zone  s,  e,  as  also  those  in  prismatic  zone,  often  striated  parallel  to  their  re- 


EUTILE  GROUP— CASSITERITE.  235 

spective   intersections.      Often  in  reniform  shapes,   structure   fibrous  divergent; 
also  massive,  granular  or  impalpable;  in  rolled  grains. 

Cleavage:  a  imperfect;  s  more  so;  m  hardly  distinct. 
Fracture  subconchoidal  to  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  6-7. 
G.  =  6'8— 7*1.  Luster  adamantine,  and  crystals  usually* 
splendent.  Color  brown  or  black;  sometimes  red,  gray, 
white,  or  yellow.  Streak  white,  grayish,  brownish.  Nearly 
transparent  to  opaque.  Optically  -f-.  Indices:  coy  =  1*9966, 

ey  —  2-0934.     Grubenmanri  (Rosenb.). 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary,  Tin-stone.  In  crystals  and  massive.  G.  of 
ordinary  cryst.  6'96;  of  colorless,  from  Tipuani  R.,  Bolivia,  6'832, 
Forbes;  of  honey-yellow,  from  Oruro,  6*704,  id.;  of  very  pure 
crystals  from  Carabuco,  6*4,  id  ;  of  black  cryst.  fr.  Tipuani,  7 '021, 

id.      The  acute    pyramidal   variety   (f.    2)   is  called   needle  tin  ore  Cornwall,  Haid. 

(Nadelzinuerz  Germ.}.     The  twin  crystals  are  called  by  the  German 
miners,  Zwitter,  Zinngraupen. 

2.  Wood  Tin  (Holzzinnerz  Germ.).  In  botryoidal  and  reniform  shapes,  concentric  in  struc- 
ture, and  radiated  fibrous  internally,  although  very  compact,  with  the  color  brownish,  of  mixed 
shades,  looking  somewhat  like  dry  wood  in  its  colors.  Toad's-eye  tin  is  the  same,  on  a  smaller 
scale.  G.  of  one  variety  6*514. 

Stream  tin  is  the  ore  in  the  state  of  sand,  as  it  occurs  along  the  beds  of  streams  or  in  the 
gravel  of  the  adjoining  region.  It  has  been  derived  from  the  wear  and  decomposition  of  the 
rocks  carrying  tin  ore. 

Comp.— Tin  dioxide,  SnO,  =  Oxygen  21-4,  tin  78'6  =  100.  A  little  TaaO§  is 
sometimes  present,  also  FeQ03. 

Analysis,  by  Becke,  of  a  dark  colored  crystal,  1.  c. : 

Schlackenwald         SnO2  98*74  Fe2O3  0*12  CaO  0*41  SiO2  0*19    =    99'46. 

Other  analyses,  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  158,  also  Genth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  24,  26,  1887.  Genth 
shows  of  Mexican  cassiterite  that  the  red  varieties  carry  Fe2O3  up  to  6  p.  c.  and  more,  with 
G.  =  6  54-6  91;  the  yellow  carry  As2O6  to  10  p.  c.,  and  ZnO  to  3  p.  c.,  with  G.  =  6*16-6*51; 
these  constituents  are  to  be  regarded  simply  as  impurities. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  alone  unaltered.  On  charcoal  with  soda  reduced  to  metallic  tin,  and  gives 
a  white  coating.  With  the  fluxes  sometimes  gives  reactions  for  iron  and  manganese.  Only 
slightly  acted  upon  by  acids. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  veins  traversing  granite,  gneiss,  mica  schist,  chlorite  or  clay  schist,  and 
porphyry;  also  in  finely  reticulated  veins  forming  the  ore-deposits  called  stockworks,  or  simply 
impregnating  the  enclosing  rock.  The  commonly  associated  minerals  are  quartz,  wolframite, 
scheelite,  also  mica,  topaz,  tourmaline,  apatite,  fluorite;  further  pyrite,  arsenopyrite,  sphalerite; 
molybdenite,  native  bismuth,  etc. 

'Formerly  very  abundant,  now  less  so,  in  Cornwall,  in  fine  crystals,  and  also  as  wood-tin  and 
stream-tin;  in  Devonshire,  near  Tavistock  and  elsewhere;  County  of  Wicklow,  Ireland;  in  pseudo- 
morphs  after  feldspar  at  Wheal  Coates,  near  St.  Agnes,  Cornwall;  in  fine  crystals,  often  twins, 
at  Schlackenwald,  Graupen,  Joachimsthal,  and  Zinnwald,  etc.,  in  Bohemia ; Ehrenfriedersdorf, 
Altenberg,  etc.,  in  Saxony;  at  Limoges  in  splendid  crystals;  also  in  Galicia;  Greenland,  with 
cryolite  at  Ivigtut;  Sweden,  at  Finbo;  Finland,  at  Pitkaranta. 

In  the  E.  Indies,  on  the  Malay  peninsula  of  Malacca  and  the  neighboring  islands,  Banca, 
and  Bilitong  near  Borneo.  In  Australia,  abundant,  thus  :  In  Xew  South  Wales,  over  an  area 
of  8500  sq.  miles,  also  in  Victoria;  in  Queensland  in  alluvial  deposits  over  a  large  area  along  the 
Severn  river  and  its  tributaries,  also  in  numerous  veins  in  granite.  In  large  amount  in 
Tasmania.  In  Bolivia,  S.  A.,  in  the  gold  region  along  the  Tipuaui  R.;  at  Oruro  tin  mines;  and 
at  Carabuco,  Bolivia;  in  Mexico,  in  Durango;  also  Guanajuato,  Zacatecas,  Jalisco. 

In  the  United  States,  in  Maine,  sparingly  at  Paris,  Hebron,  Winslow  and  Stoneham.  In 
Mass.,  at  Chesterfield  and  Goshen,  a  few  crystals,  with  albite  and  tourmaline.  In  N.  Hamp.,  at 
Lyme,  and  somewhat  more  abundantly  in  the  town  of  Jackson.  In  Virginia,  sparingly  in  some 
gold  mines;  also  more  abundantly  on  Irish  Creek,  Rockbridge  Co.,  with  wolframite,  etc.,  Glen- 
wood.  Mason,  W.  Va.  In  Alabama,  in  Coosa  Co.  In  South  Dakota  near  Harney  Peak  and 
near  Custer  City  in  the  Black  Hills,  where  it  has  been  mined  to  some  extent,  but  with  indiffer- 
ent success;  in  the  Nigger  Hill  district  in  Lawrence  Co.  In  Wyoming,  in  Crook  Co.  In  Mon- 
tana, near  Dillon.  In  California,  in  San  Bernardino  Co.,  at  Temescal  (see  p.  1030).  In  Idaho,  on 
Jordan  creek,  near  Boonville. 

Artif.— Formed  in  crystals  by  the  action  of  a  stream  of  hydrochloric  acid  gas  on  SnO2 
(Deville);  by  action  of  steam  on  chloride  or  fluoride  of  tin  (Daubree).  Also  Bourgeois,  Bull. 
Soc.  Min.,  11,  58,  1888. 

Alt. — Substitution  pseudomorphs  after  orthoclase,  quartz,  tourmaline  occur  in  Cornwall; 
also  after  hematite  and  magnetite  in  Mexico  (Geiith). 


236 


OXIDES. 


Ref.—  '  Gniupen,  Bohemia,  Min.  Mitth.,  243,  1877;  Mir.  gives  ce  =  33°  55'  "2  .-.  c  =  0'6725, 
Min.,  230;  Nd.,  Pitka'ranta,  ce  =  33°  53f  ,  c  =  0-6718,  Pogg.,  101,  637,  1857. 

'2  Cf.  Mir.,  also  Becke,  1.  c.,  the  latter  for  authorities,  etc.;  also  earlier,  Hbg.,  Min.  Not.,  1, 
28,  6,  18,  1864;  Gadoliu,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  161,  1855-56  (who  adds  many  doubtful  planes  not 
included  here);  Nd.,  1.  c.  An  early  paper  by  Phillips  on  the  Cornish  forms  is  elaborately 
illustrated  with  235  figures,  plates  15-26,  Trans.  G.  Soc.,  London,  2,  336,  1814  3  Becke,  1.  c. 
4  Erem.,  Trausbaikal,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  11,  273,  1876.  5  Bodewig,  Min.-Samml.  Strassburg,  104, 
1878.  6  Zeph.,  Schlackenwald,  Lotos,  1880.  7  Busz,  Zinnwald,  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  623,  1889.  See  p.  1030. 

STANNITE  Breith.,  Handb.,  3,  772,  1847.  An  amorphous,  pale  yellowish  white  substance, 
from  Cornwall,  with  H.  =  6'5,  G.  =  3  545;  has  been  regarded  as  a  pseudomorph  after  feldspar, 
containing  much  tin  dioxide  as  a  mixture  /with  the  other  ingredients. 

AINALITE  A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  Fiul.  Min.,  162,  1855,  26,  ^  1863.  A  cassiterite  containing 
nearly  9  p.  c.  of  tantalum  pentoxide.  Isomorphous  with  cassiterite,  and  presenting  the  planes 
e,  s.  H.  =  6-6'5;  G.  =  66-68.  Luster  vitreous  to  adamantine;  color  black  to  grayish  black; 
streak  light  brown;  opaque.  Analysis  by  Nordenskiold: 


SnO2  88-95 


Ta2O5  8'78 


Fe2O3  2'04 


CuO  0'78  =  100'55 


From  Peunikoja  in  Somero,  Finland,  with  tantalite  and  beryl  in  albite.     Cf.  Tapiolite, 
p.  738. 


249.  POLIANITE.    Pyrolusite  pt.     Lichtes  Graumanganerz  Breithaupt,  Char.,  281,  1832. 
Polianit,  id.,  Pogg.,  61,  191,  1844. 

Tetragonal.     Axis  6  =  0-66467;  001  A  101  =  33°  36}'  E.  S.  Dana1. 
Forms1 :  a  (100,  i-i),  m  (110,  /);  h  (210,  a-2);  e  (101,  \-i),  g  (201,  2-a);  s  (111,  1),  n  (221,  2); 
0(321,  3-f). 


1. 


2. 


3. 


m" 


Figs.  1-3,  Flatten,  Bohemia. 


ah  =  26°  34' 
hh'  =  36°  52' 
ee'  =  46°  5' 
oa'  =  68°  49' 


ee"  -  67°  13' 
gg"  =  106°  6' 
ss'  =  *57°  56' 
nri  =  77°  15£ 


ss"  =  86°  27' 
nn"  =  123°  59' 
ez'  =  20°  51' 
22vii  =  61°  35' 


=  45°  18' 


az      =  39°  50' 

mz     =  25°  11' 


Often  in  composite  parallel  groupings  of  minute  crystals,  the  resulting  form 
having  a  rough  summit  and  rhombic  form.  Also  forming  the  outer  shell  of  crys- 
tals having  the  form  of  manganite. 

Cleavage:  m  perfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  6-6-5.  G.  =  4*992 
Pfd.;  4-838,  4-880  Breith. ;  5 -026  Rg.  Luster  metallic.  Color  light  steel-gray  or 
iron-gray.  Streak  black.  Opaque. 

Comp — Manganese  dioxide,  Mn02  =  Oxygen  36*9,  manganese  63'1  =  100. 

Anal.— 1.   Plattner,    Pogg.,    61,    192,   1844  and  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.  174,  1875.      2,  Rg.,  1.  c. 
3,  Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  35,  247,  1888. 


1.  G.  =  4-84-4-88 

2.  G.  =  5-026 

3.  G.  =  4-992 


MnO 
81-17 
80-82 
80-81 


O 

18-21 
18-60 
18-16 


Fe2O3 
0-17 

0-16 


Si02 


H2O 
0-32 


0-36        0-28 


insol. 

0-13  =  100 
—    =  99-42 
0-16  =  99-93 


The  loss  by  ignition  in  (1)  was  12*43,  in  (2)  12'44;  in  an  other  analysis  by  Penfield  12'42,  witfc 
only  a  trace  of  H2O.     Plattner's  analysis  gave:  Mn3O4  87  27,  O  12-11. 


RUT1LE  GROUP— RUTILE. 


237 


Pyr.— B.B.  alone  infusible;  on  charcoal  loses  oxygen-  the  usual  reactions  for  manganese 
with  the  fluxes.  Evolves  chlorine  when  treated  with  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Flatten,  Bohemia.  It  is  distinguished  from  pyrolusite,  with  which  it  has 
often  been  confounded  (though  the  distinction  was  insisted  upon  by  Breithaupt)  by  its  hardness 
and  its  anhydrous  character.  Like  pyrolusite  it  is  often  a  pseudomorph  after  manganite.  The 
name  refers  to  the  gray  color,  from  itoXiaivea&ai,  to  become  gray. 

Ref. — J  Am.  J.  Sc.,  35,  243,  1888.  The  form  was  earlier  regarded  as  orthorhombic,  but 
only  imperfectly  made  out.  Cf.  also  Breith.,  1.  c.,  and  Kochlin,  Min.  Mitth.,  9,  29,  1887. 


250.  RUTILE.  Schorl  rouge  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  2,  421,  1783:  v. 
Born.,  Cat.  de  Raab,  1,  168,  1790.  Rother  Schorl  pt.,  Titankalk, 
Klapr.,  Beitr.,  1,  233,  1795  (discov.  of  metal  Titanium).  Red  Schorl 
Kirw.,  Min.,  1,  271,  1794.  Titanite,  id.,  2,  329,  1796  [not  Titanite 
Klapr.,  1794  =  Sphene].  Schorl  rouge,  Sagenite,  Saussure,  Alpes, 
4,  §  1894,  1796.  Crispite  (fr.  Crispalt,  St.  Gothard)  Delameth.,  T.  T., 
2.  333,  1797.  Rutil  Wern.,  1800,  Ludwig's  Wern,  1,  55,  1803.  Titane 
oxyde  H.,  Tr.,  1801.  Edisonite  W.  E.  Hidden,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  36,  272,  „ 
1888. 

Schwarzer  Granat  Lampadius,  Samml.,  2,  119,  1797.  Eisen- 
haltiges  Titanerz  (fr.  Olahpiau)  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  2,  235,  1797  =  Nigrin 
Karst.,  Tab.,  56,  79,  1800.  Ilmenorutile  Koksharov,  Min.  Russl.,  2, 
352,  1854. 


Tetragonal.     Axis  6  =  0'644154;    001  A  101  =  32' 
47'  16"  Miller1. 


Forms* : 
c    (001,  0) 

a  (100,  i-i) 
m  (110,  /) 

*    (810,  »-8V 
u  (710,  i-7) 


x  (410,  £4) 
I  (310,  £-3) 
#  (940,  *-f)8 
h  (210,  *-2) 
Q  (530;  i-f  )« 
r  (320,  z'-f) 


k  (430,  *-f)« 

d  (508,  |-06 
e    (101,  1-0 
v  (301,  3-O 
(f>  (902,  f-O" 
w  (501,  5-08 


Alexander  Co.,  N.  C.,  W.9 


a  (227,  f)9 
2,  i)9 


5  (223,  f)9 
s  (111,  1), 
M  (998,  I) 
/o  (221,  2) 


a  (441,  4)6 

77  (518,  f-5)5 
n  (515,  1-5)5 
<    (313,  1-3) 
v  (525,  1-f)7 
g  (212,  1-2)4 

C  (531,  5-f  )• 
/  (323,  1-f) 
2   (321,  3-|) 
T  (651,  6-f)6 
y  (989,  l-f)» 

ai  =  7°  7V 
au  =  8°  8' 
ax  =  14°  2' 
al  =  18°  26' 
ah  =  26°  34' 
aQ  =  30°  58' 
ar  =  33°  41' 

ee'  =45°  2' 
w'  =  77°  48' 
ww'  =  84°  57' 


dd"  =    43°  511' 

ee"  =  *65°.  34'  32" 

w"  =  125°  17' 

ww"  =  145°  30' 

«*'  =    56°  52f 

pp'  =    76°  37' 

ss"  =    84°  40' 

uu"  =    91°  24' 

pp"  =  122°  29' 

ca  =    14°  35' 


c/J  =  24°  29' 

cd  =  31°  16' 

cs  =  42°  20' 

cp  ^61°  14' 

co-  =  74°  39' 


ct 


10 


=  34° 

=  35° 
c/  =  37°  45' 
cz  =  66°  42' 
nn'  =  35°  28' 


U' 


ff' 


mz 


11  =  12°  22' 
=  29°  6' 
=  20°  28' 
=  21°  18' 

1  =  30°  18' 
=  13°  47' 
=  39°  42' 
=  20°  45' 
=  61°  16' 
=  36°  23' 
-  25°  454 


Twins10:  tw.  pL  (V\  e,  often  geniculated;  also  contact-twins  of  very  varied  habit, 
sometimes  sixlings  and  eightlings.  (2)  v  (301)  rare,  contact-twins  (f.  9);  rarely 
both  methods  observed  in  the  same  crystal;  sometimes  shows  tw.  lamellae11  ||  e, 
also11  ||  902.  Crystals  commonly  prismatic,  vertically  striated  or  furrowed;  often 
slender  acicular.  Occasionally  compact,  massive. 

Cleavage:  a  and  m  distinct;  s  in  traces.  Parting  due  to  twinning  ||  902". 
Fracture  subconchoidal  to  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  6-6'5.  G.  =  4'18-4'25; 
also  to  5-2.  Luster  metallic-adamantine.  Color  reddish  brown,  passing  into  red; 
sometimes  yellowish,  bluish,  violet,  black,  rarely  grass-green ;  by  transmitted  light 
deep  red,  Streak  pale  brown.  Transparent  to  opaque.  Optically  -{-.  Double 
refraction  strong.  Refractive  indices  high:  coy  =  2-6158,  ey  =  2-9029  for  Na, 
Barwald18.  Sometimes  abnormally  biaxial,  cf.  Mid13. 

Comp.,  Tar.— Titanium  dioxide,  Ti02  =  Oxygen  40'0,  titanium  60'0  =  100. 
A  little  iron  is  usually  present,  sometimes  up  to  10  p.  c. 

Var.— 1.  Ordinary.  Brownish  red  and  other  shades,  not  black.  G.  =  4'18-4'25.  Trans- 
parent quartz  is  sometimes  penetrated  thickly  with  acicular  or  capillary  crystals,  and  this  variety 
is  the  Sagenite  (fr.  crayrjvrj,  a  net),  also  named  Crispite.  Dark  smoky  quartz  penetrated  with 
the  acicular  rutile  is  apparently  the  Veneris  crinis  of  Pliny  (Filches  d'amour  Fr.,  or  Venus  hair- 
stone).  Acicular  crystals  often  implanted  in  parallel  position  on  tabular  crystals  of  hematite; 
also  somewhat  similarly  on  magnetite. 


238 


OXIDES 


3. 


(I.  c.)  was  supposed  to  be  an  independent  orthorhombic  form  of  TiO2,  though 
approximating  closely  in  angle  to  rutile  ("un  mineral 
qni  parait  offrir  une  forme  dimorphe  du  rutile,"  Dx., 
Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  9,  184,  1886).  There  can  be  no  doubt, 
however,  that  it  is  similar  to  the  forms  from  the  Ural 
and  from  Soar  urn  (f .  2),  described  by  Miigge11,  peculiar 
in  showing  a  parting  |  0  (902),  00iv  (902  A  902)  = 
38°  4'.  Found  very  sparingly  in  the  gold  washings  of 
Polk  Co.,  N.  C.  Named  after  the  inventor,  Thomas 
'A.  Edison. 

2.  Ferriferous,  (a)  Nigrine.  Color  black,  whence 
the  name.  Contains  2  to  3  p.  c.  of  Fe2O3.  But  as 
ordinary  rutile  has  1  to  2  p.  c.,  the  distinction  is  very 
small.  G.  =  4-249,  Olahpiaii;  4'242  Freiberg.  A  jet- 
black  rutile  from  St.  Peter's  Dome,  Colorado,  with 
3-77  p.  c.  FeO  (Eakins),  and  G.  =  4'288,  belongs  here, 
cf.W.  B.  Smith,  Proc.  Col.  Soc.,  2,  175, 1887.  Another 
black  rutile  from  Colorado  closely  resembles  common 
twins  of  cassiterite. 

(5)  Ilmenorutile.     A  black  variety  from  the  Ilmeri 
Mts.,  containing  up  to  10  p.  c.  or  more  of  Fe2O3,  and 
having  G.  =  5 -074-5-133.     Cf.  Erem.3,  also  Kk.,  Min.  Russl.,  5,  193. 

A  black  rutile  occurring  in  the  granite  of  the  Black  Hills,  Dakota,  is  in  twin  crystals, 
prismatic  and  orthorhombic  in  habit  by  extension  of  two  pyramidal  faces  (*);  it  has  G.  =  5'29- 
5-31,  and  contains  8'01  p.  c.  FeO  and  1-35  SnO2  according  to  W.  P.  Headden  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  41, 
249,  1891).  A  similar  form  has  been  described  by  Miklucho-Maclay,  Jb.  Mm.,  2,  88,  1885. 


2,  Form  with  parting  ||  902,  Mgg.  3, 
Pseudomorph  after  hematite,  Bin- 
nenthal,  Rath. 


8. 


9. 


10. 


Figs.  4,  5,  Common  forms.    6,  Magnet  Cove,  Rath.     7,  8,  Graves  Mt.,  Rose.     9,  Alexander 
Co.,  N.  C.,  Rath.     10,  Geniculated  twin. 


3.  Chromvferous.  Titane  oxyde  chromifere  H.  A  grass-green  variety,  containing  chrome, 
which  gives  the  color.  Cf.  below,  also  Arzruui,  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  334,  1883. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  infusible.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  a  colorless  bead,  which  in  R.F. 
assumes  a  violet-color  on  cooling.  Most  varieties  contain  iron,  and  give  a  brownish  yellow  01 
red  bead  in  R.F.,  the  violet  only  appearing  after  treatment  of  the  bead  with  metallic  tin  on 
charcoal.  Insoluble  in  acids;  made  soluble  by  fusion  with  an  alkali  or  alkaline  carbonate 
The  solution  containing  an  excess  of  acid,  with  the  addition  of  tin-foil,  gives  a  beautiful  violet- 
color  when  concentrated. 


RUTLLE   GROUP-RUTILE,  PLATTNMRITE.  239 

Obs. — Rutile  occurs  in  granite,  gneiss,  mica  slate,  and  syenitic  rocks,  and  sometimes  in 
granular  limestone  and  dolomite;  common,  as  a  secondary  product,  in  the  form  of  microlites  in 
many  slates.  It  is  generally  found  in  embedded  crystals,  often  in  masses  of  quartz  or  feldspar, 
and  frequently  in  acicular  crystals  penetrating  quartz;  also  in  pblogopite  (wh.  see),  and  has  been 
observed  in  diamond.  It  has  also  been  met  with  in  hematite  and  ilmenite,  rarely  in  chromite. 
It  is  common  in  grains  or  fragments  in  many  auriferous  sands. 

Prominent  localities  are:  at  Arendal  and  Kragero  in  Norway;  Horrsjoberg,  Sweden,  with 
lazuliteand  cyanite;  Saualpe,  Carinthia;  in  the  Urals;  in  Tyrol;  at  St.  Gothard;  Binnenthal-, 
at  Yrieux,  near  Limoges  in  France;  Krummhennersdorf,  near  Freiberg;  in  Castile,  in  geuiculated 
crystals,  often  large;  at  Ohlapian  in  Transylvania,  nigrine  in  pebbles;  in  large  crystals  in 
Perthshire,  Scotland;  at  Crianlarich,  at  Craig  Calleach  near  Killin,  and  on  Benygloe;  in  Donegal 
Co.,  Ireland.  A  variety  from  Karingsbr  icka  in  Sweden  contains,  according  to  Ekeberg  (Ak.  H., 
Stockh.,  46,  1803),  3  p.  c.  of  chrome,  and  is  the  titane  oxyde  chromifere  of  Hally;  grass-green 
needles,  supposed  to  be  chromiferous,  have  been  found  in  the  Swiss  Alps.  The  llmenorutile  is 
from  the  phenacite  and  topaz  mine  of  the  Ilmen  Mts.,  in  the  Ural. 

In  Maine,  at  Warren,  along  with  tremolite  and  chalcopyrite.  In  N.  Hamp.,  sparingly  at 
Lyme,  with  tourmaline;  near  Hanover,  acicular  crystals  in  quartz,  only  in  loose  masses.  In 
Vermont,  at  Waterbury,  Bristol,  Dummerston,  and  Putney;  also  in  loose  bowlders  in  middle  and 
northern  Vermont,  acicular,  some  specimens  of  great  beauty  in  transparent  quartz.  In  Mass., 
at  Barre,  in  gneiss,  crystals  occasionally  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter;  at  Windsor,  in  feldspar 
veins  intersecting  chlorite  slate;  at  Shelburne,  in  fine  crystals  in  mica  slate;  at  Leyden,  with 
scapolite;  at  Con  way,  with  gray  epidote.  In  Conn.,  at  North  Guilford;  at  Lane's  mine,  Monroe, 
and  in  the  adjoining  town  of  Huntington.  In  IT.  York,  in  Orange  Co.,  1  m.  E.  of  Edcnville, 
with  pargasite  in  limestone  bowlders;  2  m.  E.  of  Warwick,  in  granite  with  zircon;  1  m.  E.  of 
Amity,  in  quartz  with  brown  tourmaline,  and  2  in.  W.,  with  spinel  and  corundum,  and  also  2 
m.  S.  W".,  with  red  spinel  and  chondrodite;  near  Warwick,  in  slender  prisms  penetrating  quartz; 
in  N.  York  Co.,  at  Kingsbridge,  in  veins  of  quartz,  feldspar,  and  mica  traversing  granular  lime- 
stone; in  the  limestone  of  Essex  Co.  In  Penn.,  in  fine  long  crystals,  at  Sadsbury,  Chester  Co., 
and  the  adjoining  district  in  Lancaster  Co.;  at  Parksburg,  Concord,  West  Bradford,  andNewlin, 
Chester  Co.;  at  the  Poor  House  quarry,  Chester  Co.,  in  delicate  crystals,  sometimes  iridescent, 
on  dolomite.  In  .2V.  Jersey,  at  Newton,  with  spinel.  In  N.  Car.,  at  Crowder's  Mountain;  bt 
Stony  Point,  Alexander  Co.,  in  splendent  crystals  of  varied  habit  with  dolomite,  muscovlte, 
hiddenite,  emerald,  etc.  In  Georgia,  in  Habersham  Co.;  in  Lincoln  Co.,  at  Graves'  Mountain, 
with  lazulite  in  large  and  splendent  crystals,  some  3^  by  2f  in.  In  Arkansas,  at  Magnet  Cove, 
commonly  in  twins  with  brookite  and  perovskite,  also  as  paramorphs  after  brookite.  In  Colorado 
and  Dakota,  as  noted  above. 

In  Canada,  small  crystals,  with  hematite  at  Sutton,  Quebec;  in  the  ilmenite  of  Bay  St. 
Paul,  orange  translucent  grains,  pure  TiO2,  and  probably  rutile  or  brookite. 

Artif. — Formed  in  crystals  by  heating  together  to  redness  titanic  acid  and  protoxide  of  tin, 
and  then  heating  the  mass  with  silica  to  a  cherry -red  heat  (Deville);  by  the  action  of  steam  on 
fluoride  or  chloride  of  titanium  (Daubree,  Hautefeuiile).  Hautefeuille  observes  that  in  this 
process  crystals  of  rutile  are  formed  when  the  heat  used  is  red  heat;  of  brookite,  when  it  is 
between  that  required  for  volatilizing  cadmium  and  zinc;  and  of  octahedrite,  when  the  heat  is  a 
little  below  that  required  for  the  volatilization  of  cadmium. 

Has  been  observed  in  crystals  as  a  furnace  product  by  Scheerer. 

Alt.— Observed  as  a  paramorph  after  brookite,  also  pseudomorph  after  hematite.  Cf.  Rath, 
Jb.  Min.,  397,  1876,  Zs.  Kr.,  1.  13,  1877.  Also  altered  to  ilmenite,  Lsx.,  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  55,  1883 

Ref.— J  Phil.  Mag.,  17,  268,  1840;  the  measurements  of  Koksharov  agree  very  closely,  viz.: 
ce  =  32°  47'  20",  c  =  0-64418,  Min.  Russl.,  1,  50.  Zeph.  obtained  ce  =  32°  47',  c  =  0-64404,  Zs. 
Kr.,  6,  238,  1881.  Washington  obtained  from  fine  N.  Carolina  crystals  ce  =  32°  47'  30", 
c  =  0'64425,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  33,  501,  1887.  These  angles  show  great  constancy  for  the  species. 

2  See  Kk.,  1.  c.  Dx.,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  13,  436,  1845.  Haid.,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  39,  5,  1860. 
Hbg.,  Min.  Not.,  1,  30,  2,  11,  1858,  5,  25,  1863.  Arzruni  (list  of  planes,  literature,  etc.),  Zs. 
Kr.,  8,  336,  1883.  8  Erem.,  ilmenorutile,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  4,  201,  1869,  6,  376, 1871;  Bull.  Ac.  St. 
Pet.,  24,  534,  187c.  4  Zeph.,  Stillup  Thai,  1.  c.  5  Arzruni,  1.  c.  6  Schrauf,  Brazil,  Zs.  Kr.,  9, 
461,  1884.  •"  Rinne,  Binnenthal,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  20,  1885.  8  Rath,  Alexander  Co.,  N..C.,  Ber.  nied 
Ges.,  May  3,  1886.  9  Hidden  and  Washington,  Stony  Pt.,  N.  C.,  1.  c. 

10  Dx.,  1.  c.;  also  the  valuable  paper  by  Rose,  Pogg.,  115,  643,  1862:  Rath,l.  c.,  and  Magnet 
Cove,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  13,  1877;  Dx.,  Min.,  2,  197,  1874.  1!  Mgg.,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  221,  1884,  1,  147, 
1886,  1,  231,  1889.  la  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  167,  1882.  13  Ann.  Mines,  10,  134,  1876;  cf.  also  Lsx.,  Zs. 
Kr.,  8,  67,  1883. 

ISERITE  Janovsky,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  80  (1),  34,  1886.  Found  among  the  black  grains  of  the 
so-called  "iserin"  of  the  Iserwiese,  Bohemia.  Distinguished  from  the  true  iserin  by  the 
absence  of  conchoidal  fracture  and  the  brown  color.  In  thin  fragments  honey-yellow.  Crystal- 
line form  like  rutile,  occasionally  in  twins;  cleavage  imperfect.  G.  =  4'52.  Analysis. 
TiO2  69-51  (f),  FeO  28-67  (f),  MnO  1'41,  MgO  0'32,  Nb2O5,  SiOa  0'44  =  100'45.  This  corre- 
spends  to  the  formula:  FeTi2O5. 

251.  PLATTNERITE.  Schwerbleierz  RreitJi.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  10,  508,  1837.  Plattuerit 
Haid.,  Handb.,  504,  1845.  Brauubleioxyd  Hausm.,  Handb.,  202,  1847. 


240 


OZWES. 


Tetragonal.     Axis  b  =  0-67643;  001  A  101  =  34 

S-  2.  Forms:     c  (001, 

a;  (332,  |).     Angles: 
_  *i< 


4i'  Ayres1. 
«); 


=  *127° 


0);    a  (100,  i-i);    e  (101,  !-»'),    «  (301,  8-*); 
ee'  =  46°  41',     w'  =  78°  44',     «e"  =  68°  9', 
=  55°  8',  vx  =  39°  22'. 


Figs.  1,  2,  Idaho,  Ayres. 


Rarely  in  crystals,  habit  prismatic;  usually  massive; 
sometimes  in  globular  or  mammillary  forms. 

Cleavage  not  observed.  Fracture  subconchoidal  to 
uneven'.  Brittle.  H.  =  5-5  '5.  G.  =  8'5.  Luster  sub- 
metallic.  Color  iron-black.  Streak  chestnut-brown. 
Translucent  to  nearly  opaque.  Optically  negative2. 

Comp.  —  Lead  dioxide,  Pb02  =  Oxygen  13*4,  lead 
86-6  =  100. 


Anal.— 1,  E.  Kiuch,  Min.  Mag.,  7,  63,  1886.  2,  W.  S.  Yeates,  priv.  contr.  Also  H.  A. 
Wheeler  (G.  =  9'41),  Am.  J.  Sc.,  38,  79,  1889,  and  J.  D.  &  E.  N.  Hawkins  (G.  --  7-25),  ib.,  p.  165. 

Pb         O 

1.  Leadhills      G.  =  8-54        86-01    12-85   H2O,CO2,Fe2O3,CaO  tr. 

2.  Idaho  G.  =  8*56        83'20    12-93    (Fe,Al)2O8  1-71,  Cu  (H4,  Ag  tr.,  insol.  0'82  =  98'80. 

Pyr. — B.B.  fuses  at  2.  giving  off  oxygen;  yields  metallic  lead  on  charcoal.     Soluble  in  acids. 

Obs.— Described  by  Plattner  (G.  =  9 '39-9 -45)  on  specimens  probably  from  Lead  bills,  Scot- 
land, apparently  pseudomorphous  after  pyromorphite.  Later  identified  from  Leadhills  with 
cerussiteand  pyromorphite,  and  from  Wanlockhead  (G.  =  9'27,  Heddle).  Also  recently  obtained, 
massive,  rarely  in  crystals  (figs.  1.  2),  at  the  "  As  You  Like"  mine,  ivi^ilau,  Coeur  d'Alene  Mts., 
Idaho,  with  pyromorphite.  limonite,  and  quartz. 

Named  for  the  mineralogist,  K.  Fr.  Plattner  (1800-1858). 

Ref.— '  E.  F.  Ayres,  priv.  contr.     2  Michel,  artif.  cryst.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  13,  56,  1890. 


252.  OCTAHEDRITE.  Schorl  bleu  indigo  (fr.  Oisaus)  Bourn.,  de  Lisle's  Crist.,  2,  406, 
1783;  Schorl  octaedre  rectangulaire id.,  J.  Phys.,  30,  386, 1787.  Octaedrite  Sauss.,  Alpes,  §  1901 
1796.  Oktaedrit  Wern.,  1803,  Ludwig's  Wern.,  2,  218, 1804.  Oisanite  Delameth.,  T.  T.,  2,  269, 
1797;  H.,  J.  Mines,  5,  273,  1799.  Anatase  H.,  Tr.,  3,  1801.  Dauphinit. 

Tetragonal.     Axis  6  =  1-7771;  001  A  101  —  *60°  38'  Miller1. 


l. 


7. 


Figs  1,  2  Bourg  d'Oisans.     3,  4,  Binnenthal,  Klein.     5,  Brazil,  Dx.     6,  Binnenthal,  Zeph. 

7,  Binnenthal,  Klein. 


OCTAHEDRITE.                                                          241 

Forms  *• 
c    (00:  L,  0) 

r 

(902 

(701 

',  7-09 

*    (116,  i) 
r   (115,  |) 

4 

€    (335,  f)3 
r?    (223,  f)3 

•t  (5-1-19,^-5) 
^  (513,  |-5)H 

a 
m 

0 

(100, 
(110, 

(107, 

i-i) 
2) 

E 
P 

'(801,  8-£)5 
(1-1-40,  ¥V)n 
(1-1-28,  A)11' 

n-1-14  ju 

/i  (5-5-19, 

?       n  (227,  f) 
?       2    (113,  i) 

* 

P    (111,1) 
MI  (15-15-8,  Y-) 
«/>  (221,  2) 
S   (331,  3) 

6   (31-13 
0  (319,  i 
r  (313,  1 
/^  (526,  f 

-3? 
-3)3 
-*)? 

u 

Ui 

X 

e 

2 

(105,  H) 
(5-0-19,  TV«)' 
(103,  H)78 
(101,  1-0 
(201,  2-0 
(301,  3-*) 

I 
a 

it 

\*-  -*•  **i  if/ 
(M-10,^) 

(119,  i)3 

(118,  i)3 
(117,  |) 
(3-3-20,  -&)9 

^  (225,  f  ) 
y  (5  5-12, 
X  (337,  f  ) 
k  (112.  i) 
X  (5-5-11, 

A)< 

t    (21-1-3,  7-21)7 
Z)  (11-1-4,  -V-ll)10 
oo  (39-4-6,  ^-^)8'9 
J?  (17-3-2,  -V-V) 
s    (5-1-20,  i-5)? 

y  (9-4-12,  ff)11? 
cr  (2-1-10,  i-2)11 
C  (5  3-20,  H)? 
^  (532,  f-|)3 

00' 

= 

20° 

2V 

ee"   = 

121°  16' 

«P' 

=     82°    9'              rjrf" 

=  118° 

20' 

uu'   = 

XX'      = 

27° 
42° 

24' 
15' 

gq"  = 
dd'  = 

148°  34' 
158°  45' 

w'!, 

-    39°30:             «" 

=  136° 
=  157° 

36' 
30' 

ee'f 

=s 

76° 

Ofro 

5' 

U'    = 

19°  51' 

w" 

=     45°  27'              5<r 

=  164° 

53' 

qq' 

= 

85 

QQO 

O' 

vv'  = 

27°  39' 

7T" 

=     53°  22'              «s'i'' 

=      9° 

17' 

dd 

— 

OO 

o 

rr'   = 

37°    2' 

jf' 

=     64°  17'              00vil 

=     19° 

17' 

oo1 

'    — 

28° 

29' 

zz'    = 

54°    1' 

zz" 

=     79°  54V             rrvil 

=     32° 

24' 

uu 

"  — 

39° 

8' 

kk'  = 

67°  11' 

kk" 

—  102°  58V            ^^' 

=     27° 

33' 

XX' 

'    = 

61° 

17' 

7777'  = 

74°  46' 

€€" 

=  112°  54'             ££'» 

=     60° 

41' 

Commonly  octahedral  in  habit,  either  acute  (p)  or  obtuse  (v);   also  tabular, 
c  predominating;  rarely  prismatic  crystals;  frequently  highly  modified. 

Cleavage:  c  and  p  perfect.     Fracture   subconchoidal.     Brittle.     H.  =  5-5-6. 

G.  =  3*82-3-95;  sometimes  4-11-4-16  after  heating.  Luster  adamantine  or  metallic- 
adamantine.  Color  various  shades  of  brown,  passing  into  indigo-blue,  and  black; 
greenish  yellow  by  transmitted  light.  Streak  uncolored.  Transparent  to  nearly 
opaque.  Optically  — .  Double  refraction  rather  strong.  Indices  ojy  —  2*554, 
ey  =  2*493  Mir.  Sometimes  abnormally  biaxial,  cf.  Mldia. 

Comp. — Titanium  dioxide,  Ti03  =  Oxygen  40*0,  titanium  60-0  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Same  as  for  rutile. 

Obs. — Most  abundant  at  Bourg  d'Oisans,  in  Dauphine,  with  feldspar,  axinite,  and  ilmenite. 
Found  in  mica  slate  in  the  Grisons;  in  Bavaria;  near  Hof  in  the  Fichtelgebirge;  Norway;  the 
Urals;  in   chlorite  in  Devonshire,    near    Tavistock;    with 
brookite  at  Tremadoc,  in  North  Wales;  in  Cornwall,  near  8. 

Liskeard  and  at  Tintagel  Cliffs;  in  Brazil  in  quartz,  and  in 
detached  crystals  so  splendent  as  to  be  sometimes  mistaken 
for  diamonds. 

In  Switzerland  in  the  Binnenthal  the  variety  wiserine, 
long  supposed  to  be  xenotiine,  but  correctly  determined  by 
Klein  (1.  c.);  also  in  Cavradi,  Tavetsch;  Kauris,  Salzburg 
in  the  Eastern  Alps,  also  at  Pfitsch  Joch. 

In  the  U.  States,  at  the  Dexter  lime  rock,  Smithfield, 
R.  I.,  in  dolomite;  in  the  washings  at  Brindletown,  Burke 
Co.,  N.  C.,  in  transparent  tabular  crystals. 

De  Saussure's  name  octaJiedrite  has  the  priority,  and  is 
particularly  appropriate,  the  crystals  being  usually  octa- 
hedrons. Hatty's  anatase  is  No.  3  in  order  of  time,  and  was 
brought  forward  after  he  had  once  adopted  for  a  while 
Delametherie's  name  oisanite;  it  is  from  dvarao'i's,  erec- 
tion, and  was  intended  to  signify,  as  Hatty  says,  that  the 
common  octahedron  was  longer  than  that  of  other  tetragonal 
species;  but  length  is  not  in  the  meaning  of  the  Greek 
word. 


Binnenthal,  after  Zeph. 


Artif.  —  Formed  in  crystals  by  the  action  of  steam  on  chloride  or  fluoride  of  titanium 
(Daubree);  by  the  action  of  a  stream  of  hydrochloric  acid  gas  on  TiO2  (Deville);  by  fusing  TiOa 
with  salt  of  phosphorus  B.B.  in  R.F.,  and  then  exposing  the  bead  to  the  point  of  the  blue  flame, 
when  minute  transparent  crystals  of  octahedrite  separate  (G.  Rose). 


Ref.  —  l  Min.,  p.  229.     2  Klein  gives  list  of  planes,  authorities,  calculated  angles,  et<j.,  Jb. 
5.     See  too  Dx.,  Min.,  2,  200,  1874,  and  earlier  (Brazil)  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  10,  418, 
Klein,  Binnenthal,  1.  c.,  and  ibid.,  900,  1872.     4  Brz.  on  "wiserine,"  Min.  Mitth.,  7, 


Min.,  337,  1875. 

1844. 

1872.     5  Klein,  Jb.  Min.,  852,  1875.     6  Groth,  Min.-Samml.  Strassb.,  108,  1878.     '  Vrba,  Rauris, 

Zs-  Kr.,  5,  417,  1881.     8  Slg.,  Binnenthal,  Jb.  Min,  2,  269,  1881,  2,  281,  1882:  see  also  Zeph. 

*  Zeph.,  Lotos,  1880.  and  Jb.  Min.,  2,  325,  ref.,  1881;  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  240,  1882.     10  Wein,  Zs.  Kr.,  8, 

532,  1884.     n  Slg.,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  337,  1886.     12  Ann.  Mines,  10,  137,  1876. 


242 


OXIDES. 


253.  BROOKITB.    Jurinite  Soret,  1822.     Brookite  Levy,  Ann.  Phil.,  9,  140,  1825.     Arkan 
site  Shephard,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  2,  250,  1846. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  b  =  0-84158  :  1  :  0'94439  Koksharov1. 
100  A  HO  =  40°  5',  001  A  101  =  48°  17f ',  001  A  Oil  =  43°  21f '. 


Forms: 

a  (100,  i4)2 
i  (010,  «4)2 
c  (001,  O)2 

JV  (710,  e-7)5 
#  (23-4  0,  £ 
p  (11-2-0,  i-- 
k  (410,  £-4)3 


ft  (320,  i-1)8 
i    (210,  £-l)3 
w  (110,  J)2 
0  (120,  ^-2)15 

y  (104,  ^4)2 
x  (102,  *.*)* 
#  (012,  i-S)13 
5  (Oil,  I-*)8 


d  (043,  f  -i? 

w  (784,  24)1? 

0  (5-1418,  f  V-)4 

t  (021,  2-S)» 

;  (3-4-12,  H)7 

e  (134,  f-3)8 

2   (112,  |)2 

i   (342,  2-f  )3 

g  (132,  f-3)9 

o  (111,  I)3 
r  (221,  2)1 

Q  (234,  H)10 
*  (124,  J-2> 
e  (122,  1-2)2 

/  (3-10-2,  5-ia)1 
w  (272,  H)3 
A  (142,  2-4> 

9  (326,  H)4 

7i  (121,  2-2)3 

h  (151,  5-5)3 

s  (322,  H)' 

The  symbol  of  the  plane  6  (S'14-18)  has  been  established  by  several  observers.  Dx.8  adds  the 
vicinal  planes  near  e,  A.  (9'22'30  or  6-15-20)  and  8  (S'14'18  or  5'13-16).  Schrauf6,  who  makes  the 
species  monoclinic,  gives  e  (940,  e-f),  a  (320,  *-f);  r  (089,  |4);  ±p  (9'4'IS,  ±^-|),  ±Q  (949,  ±l-f); 

p  (7-5-14,  -  H);  ±  *  (349'  ±  H).  ±  i  (343>  ±  H);  ^  (256,  +  H)>  ^  (4-io-i  3  +  |H); 

D  (4-11-14,  -  H-V-);  ^  (1-22-12,  -t-  -V-22). 


**•" 

=  23° 

46' 

cz 

=  36° 

15' 

& 

=  76° 

27' 

ee'" 

— 

*78°  57' 

mm'" 

=  45° 
=  *80° 
=  61° 

88*' 

10' 
26' 

CO 

cr 

=  55° 
=  71° 

=  28° 

43' 
10*' 

47' 

nn' 
AA' 

QQ' 

=  55° 

=  29° 

=  49° 

24' 
25' 

12' 

'§: 

= 

102°    1' 
63°  24^' 
117°  29' 

, 

010 

901' 

ce 

=  47° 

41' 

ee' 

=  25° 

47' 

oo'" 

-g 

64°  17' 

yy 

xx' 

dd' 
dd' 
U' 

—  ol 

=  58° 

=  50° 
=  86° 
=  103° 
=  124° 

86*' 
33' 

12' 

en 

zz' 
oo' 
rr' 
XX' 

=  65° 

=  53° 

'"'Si0 

=  92° 

=  28° 
=  44° 

81*' 

48' 
25' 

48' 
28' 
23' 

XX'" 
ee'" 
ss'" 
vv'" 
zz'" 

=  48° 
=  68° 
=  51° 
=  30° 
=  44° 

54' 
35' 
30' 

42' 
46' 

nn'" 
ww'" 
M'" 
me 
mt 

= 

102°  581' 
131°    6' 
144°  41' 
45°  42' 
55°  19' 

1. 


m 


5. 


3. 


7. 


m 


a    I 


Figs.  1-4,  Magnet  Cove,  Arkansite™.    5,  Elleuville.    6,  Tremadoc,  Rath.     7,  Miask,  after  Kk. 


BROOKITE— PYROL  USITE.  243 

Only  in  crystals.  Habit  varied,  often  tabular  ||  a  ;  faces  a,  and  prisiratic  faces 
striated  vertically.  Also  prismatic  (in),  sometimes  simulating  rutile  (f.  1);  faces 
z,  x  often  striated  ||  their  intersection-edge.  Sometimes  in  forms  with  e  and  m, 
nearly  hexagonal  (f.  4) ;  since  me  =  ee'  nearly,  also  mm'"  and  ee'". 

Cleavage:  m  indistinct;  c  still  more  so.  Fracture  subconchoidal  to  uneven. 
Brittle.  H.  =  5-5-6.  G.  =  3'87-4'01  Tremadoc;  3-96,  4-07  Magnet  Cove,  Kath; 
4-084  Magnet  Cove,  Pfd.  Luster  metallic-adamantine  to  submetallic.  Color  hair- 
brown,  yellowish,  reddish,  reddish  brown,  and  translucent;  also  brown  to  iron-black, 
opaque.  Streak  uncolored  to  grayish  or  yellowish. 

Optically  +.  Bx  J_  a.  Ax.  pi.  for  red  and  yellow  II  c\  for  green  and  blue  ||  #; 
for  yellow-green  uniaxial.  Rarely  ax.  pi.  for  all  colors  |  c  with  p  >  v.  A  section, 
||  a  shows  four  sets  of  hyperbolic  bands.  On  heating  the  axes  ||  b  approach  and 
those  ||  c  open,  but  temporarily  only,  unless  this  is  carried  carefully  to  a  bright  red 
heat,  when  the  change  becomes  permanent,  Dx.14  Ax.  angles  somewhat  variable 
for  different  localities;  as  obtained  by  Zepharovich  and  Lippich15: 

2Ea  =  55°  2'  red,  Li       30°  16'  yellow,  Na      0°  yw. -green       33°  48'  green,  Tl 

Var. — 1.   Ordinary.     Thin  tabular  crystals  often  highly  modified,  brilliant  luster. 
2.  Arkansite.     Stout  crystals  brown  to  iron-black;  often  dull,  and  on  the  surface  altered  by 
paramorphism  to  rutile. 

Comp. — Titanium  dioxide,  Ti02  =  Oxygen  40*0,  titanium  60-0  =  100. 

Fyr.— Same  as  for  rulile. 

Obs.— Brookite  occurs  at  Bourg  d'Oisans  in  Dauphine;  at  St.  Gothard,  with  albite  and 
quartz;  Maderauer  Thai,  Switzerland;  in  the  Ural,  district  of  Zlatoust,  near  Miask,  and  in  the 
gold-washings  in  the  Sanarka  river  and  elsewhere;  near  Markirch  in  the  Vosges,  in  pseudomorphs 
after  titanite;  rarely  at  Val  del  Bove,  Etna,  with  rutile;  in  the  gneiss  of  Beura;  at  Fronolen 
near  Tremadoc,  Wales.  In  relatively  large  crystals  from  the  Tyrol,  44  X  39  mm.  (Zeph.,1.  c.)11. 

In  the  U.  S.,  in  thick  black  crystals  (arkansite)  at  Magnet  Cove,  Ozark  Mts.,  Arkansas,  with 
elaeolite,  black  garnet,  schorlomite,  rutile,  etc.;  in  small  crystals  from  the  gold-washings  of 
North  Carolina;  at  the  lead  mine  of  Elleuville,  Ulster  Co.,  N.  Y.,  on  quartz  (f.  5),  with  chalco- 
pyrite  and  galena;  at  Paris,  Maine. 

Named  after  the  English  crystallographer  and  mineralogist,  H,  J.  Brooke  (1771-1857). 
Jurinite  is  from  the  naturalist  L.  Jurin  (1751-1819)  of  Geneva;  Arkaneite  from  the  locality. 

Alt. — Pararnorphs  of  rutile  after  brookite  are  not  uncommon  at  Magnet  Cove. 

Ref.— !  From  the  Ural,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  1848-49,  2,  an.}  Min.  Russl.,  1,  61,  1853;  2,  273. 
"With  some  authors  e  is  made  111.  *  Levy,  Ann.  Phil.,  9,  140,  1824.  3  Brooke,  Snowdon, 
credited  by  Mir.  4  Mir.,  Min.,  226,  1852.  5  Leuchtenberg,  Ural,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  7,  82,  1872 
6  Schrauf,  Atlas,  Tf.  xxxix,  1873,  and  Ber.  'Ak.  Wien,  74  (1),  535,  1876,  see  also,  Zs.  Kr.,  1, 
306,  1877,  9,  444,  1884.  '  Mgc.,  cf.  Dx.  «  Dx.,  Min.,  2,  203,  1874.  »  Rath,  Atliansk,  Pogg., 
158,  405,  1876;  also  ib.,  113.  435,  1861.  10  Groth-Bkg.,  Maderanerthal,  Min.  Samml.  Strass- 
burg,  p.  110,  1878.  "  Zeph.,  Tyrol  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  577,  1884.  12  E.  S.  D.,  Magnet  Cove,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
32,  314,  1886;  also  Pfd.,  ib.,  31,  387,  1886.  13  G.  H.  Williams,  Magnet  Cove,  priv.  contr. 
14  Erein.,  gold-washings,  Ural,  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  542,  1889;  also  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  23,  322,  1887.  15Dx., 
1.  c.,  Zeph.,  1.  c.  Cf.  other  observations  by  Zeph.;  also  by  Schrauf,  Zs.  Kr.,  9,  444,  1884,  who 
gives  2Ha.r  =  26°-29°. .  Dx.  found  the  axial  plane  ||  c  with  p  >  v,  for  Snowdon  crystals. 

In  addition  to  the  several  forms  in  which  the  oxide  of  titanium  appears  in  nature,  viz. 
rutile,  octahedrite,  brookite,  also  with  iron  oxide,  ilmenite  and  pseudobrookite,  Riggs  has 
noted  a  rhombohedral  form  in  thin  iron-black  scales  as  inclusions  in  the  tourmaline  of  Hamburg 
and  De  Kalb.  It  seems  to  belong  to  ilmenite,  but  apparently  contains  very  little  iron,  not 
becoming  magnetic  on  heating.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  35.  51,  1888. 

EUMANITE  Shepard,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  211,  1851.  Minute  crystals  occurring  with  rubellite 
and  microlite  in  the  albite  vein  of  Chesterfield,  Mass.,  suspected  to  be  related  to  brookite.  On 
the  crystalline  form,  see  J.  D.  D.,  ib.,  12,  211,  397;  13,  117,  and  Syst.  Min.,  5th  Ed.,  p.  165. 


254.  PYROLUSITE.  Lapis  manganensis  pt.  Ccesalp.,  Metall.,  1596.  Brunsten  =  Mag- 
nesia pt.  Wall  .  268,  1747;  Manganese  pt.  Fr.  Trl.  Wall.,  1,  483,  1753.  Manganaise  grise  pt. 
Forst.,  Cat.,  1772.  Molybdsenum  magnesii  Linnaeus.  Grau  Braunstein  pt.  Wern.,  Bergm.  J., 
386,  1789;  id.,  Hausm.,  Handb.,  288,  1813.  Gray  Oxyd  of  Manganese  pt.;  Anhydrous  Binoxyd 
of  Manganese.  Mangan  Hyperoxyd  Leonh.,  Handb.,  240,  1826.  Pyrolusite,  Prismatic 
Manganese-Ore,  Raid.,  Trans.  R.  Soc.  Ed.,  11,  136,  1827.  Weichbraunstein,  Weichmangan, 
Germ.  Peroxide  of  manganese.  Manganese  dioxide. 

Orthorhombic,    but  perhaps  only  pseudomorphous   (cf.   below).      Commonly 
columnar,  often  divergent;  also  granular  massive,  and  frequently  in  reniform  coats. 


244 


OXIDES. 


1.  Salisbury  G.  =  4'785 

2.  "  G.  =  4-732 
,  3.  Negaunee  G.  =  4 '858 

4.  Augusta  Co.,  Va.  G.  =  4'69 


Soft,  often  soiling  the  fingers.  H.  =  2-2-5.  G.  =  4-82  Turner;  4-73-4-86  Pfd. 
Luster  metallic.  Color  iron-black,  dark  steel-gray,  sometimes  bluish.  Streak 
black  or  bluish  black,  sometimes  submetallic.  Opaque. 

Comp.— Manganese  dioxide,  Mn02,  like  polianite.  Commonly  contains  a  little 
water,  it  having  had  usually  a  pseudomorphous  origin  (after  manganite). 

Anal.— 1-3,  Penfield,  priv.  contr,    4,  Jarman,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  11,  39, 1889.   Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  166. 

MnO       O  H2O 

79-14  17-27  2-33*  CaO  0'25,  SiO2  0'55,  Lc  0'49  =  100-03 

78-84  17-04  2-68*  CaO  0'26,  SiO2  0-48,  L  0-59  =  99'89 

79-46  17-48  1-94-  CaO  0'56b,  SiO20'18,L  0'31  =  99-93 

78-77  17-61  2-08    Xd  1'91  =  99'87 

a  Incl.  loss  at  100°,  0-18,  0'15,  0'17.     b  Incl.  0'38  BaO.     c  L  =  Limonite 
d  X  =  CaO,  NiO,  CoO,  K2O,  NaaO,  Fe2O3,  insol. 

It  is  uncertain  whether  pyrolusite  is  an  independent  species,  with  a  crystalline  form  of  its 
own,  or  only  a  secondary  mineral  derived  chiefly  from  the  dehydration  of  manganite;  also  from 
polianite  (Breith.).  Pseudomorphous  crystals  having  distinctly  the  form  of  mauganite  are 

common  (f.  1).  Forms  have  been 
attributed  to  pyrolusite  in  part  with 
prismatic  angles  of  mauganite 
(mm'"  =  80°),  in  part  with  mm'"  =  86° 
20'  Haid.  Crystals  from  Salisbury, 
Conn.,  have  the  form  of  fig.  2,  with 
mm'"  =  84°  30',  and  another  prism,  n, 
with  nn'"  =  73°  20  ;  often  in  skeleton 
forms,  f.  3.  Cf.  also  Kochlin,  Min. 
Mitth.,  9,  34,  1887;  and  earlier, 
Haid.,  1.  c. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Like  polianite,  but 
most  varieties  yield  some  water  in  the 
closed  tube. 

Obs. — This  ore  is  extensively 
worked  at  Elgersberg  near  IJmenau, 
and  other  places  in  Thuringia ;  at 
Vorderehreusdorf  near  Maurisu-Tru- 
bau,  in  Moravia,  which  place  annually 


a 

m 

3. 


1,  Pseudomorph  after  manganite,  Nova  Scotia. 
2,  3,  Pyrolusite,  Salisbury,  Conn. 


affords  many  hundred  tons  of  the  ore;  at  Flatten  in  Bohemia,  and  elsewhere;  near  Johann 
georgenstadt;  at  Hirschberg  in  Westphalia;  Matzka,  Transylvania;  also  found  sparingly  in 
Cornwall;  in  Timor;  in  Australia;  in  India. 

Occurs  in  the  United  States  with  psilomelane,  abundantly  in  Vermont,  at  Brandon, 
Irasburg,  Bennington,  Monkton,  Chittenden,  etc.,  both  crystallized  and  massive;  at  Conway, 
Mass.,  in  a  vein  of  quartz;  at  Plainfield  and  West  Stockbridge,  Mass.;  at  Winchester,  N.  H.; 
at  Salisbury  and  Kent,  Conn.,  forming  velvet-like  coatings  on  limonite;  Crimera  and  Old 
Dominion  mines,  Augusta  Co.,  and  elsewhere  in  Virginia;  Pope,  Pulaski,  Montgomery  Cos., 
Arkansas.  In  California,  on  Red  island,  bay  of  San  Francisco.  In  New  Brunswick,  7  m.  fr. 
Bathurst,  in  fine  cryst.;  in  Shepody  Mtn.  and  elsewhere;  near  Upham  in  King's  Co.  In  Nova 
Scotia,  at  Teny  cape,  cryst.  and  massive;  also  at  Walton,  abundant;  near  Kentville;  Pictou; 
Amherst;  Musquodobit. 

The  name  is  from  Ttvp,  fire,  and  hoveiv,  to  wash,  because  used  to  discharge  the  brown  and 
green  (FeO)  tints  of  glass;  and  for  the  same  reason  it  is  whimsically  entitled  by  the  French 
le  sawn  de  verriers. 


255.  Turgite 


B.  Hydrous  Oxides. 
2Fe203.H20 


Diaspore  Group.     RO(OH)  or  K203.HQ0     Orthorhombic. 


a  :  I  :  6 


256.  Diaspore 


A1303.H20 


a 


0-9372  :  1  :  0-6039  or  0-6443 


TURQITE.  245 

257.  Gothite  Fe203.H20  0-9185  :  1  :  0-6068  or  0*6606 

258.  Manganite  Mn203.HaO  0-8441  :  1  :  0-5448  or  0-6463 


259.  Limonite  2Fe,03.3H20 


260.  Xanthosiderite         Fe203.2H20 

261.  Bauxite  Ala03.2H20 


Brucite  Group.     R(OH)2  or  RO.H20.     EhombohedraL 

262.  Jirucite  MgO.H20  rr'  =  97°  37  J'  6  =  1'5208 

Manganbracite  (Mg.Mn)O.H30 
&63.  Pyrochroite  MnO.H20  rr'  =  94°  52'  6  =  1-3999 


a:t>:6          ft 

264.  Gibbsite  A1(OH)3  or  A1203.3H20  Monoclinic  1-7089: 1: 1-9184  85°  29' 

265.  Sassolite  B(OH)3  or  B203.3H20     Triclinic   &:  5:^  =  0-5771:1 : 0-5283 

a  =  104°  17'  ft  =  92°  33'  y  =  89°  43' 


266.  Hydrotalcite  6MgO.Al203.15H20  Hexagonal 

267.  Pyroaurite  6MgO.Fe203.15H20  « 


6 

268.  Chalcophanite         (Mn,Zn)0.2Mn02.2H20        Khombohedral        3-5267 

269.  Psilomelane  MnO,  BaO,  Mn03,  H20 
WAD  :  Bog  manganese,  asbolite,  lampadite. 

255.  TURGITE.  Hematite  pt.  Red  Ocher  pt.  Turgit  Rerm.,  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  1, 
252,  1845.  Hydrohgematit  Breith.,  Handb.,  846,  1847.  Turjit. 

Compact  fibrous  and  divergent,  to  massive ;  often  botryoidal  and  stalactitic 
like  limoirite.  Also  earthy,  as  red  ocher. 

H.  =  5-6.  G.  =  4-2"9-4-49,  Hof,  Breith.;  4-681,  Horhauseu,  Bergemann; 
4'14,  Salisbury,  Brush.  Luster  submetallic  and  somewhat  satin-like  in  the 
direction  of  the  fibrous  structure;  also  dull,  earthy.  Color  reddish  black  to  dark 
red,  bright  red  when  earthy;  botryoidal  surface  often  lustrous,  like  much  limonite. 
Streak  red. '  Opaque. 

Comp.— Fe4H207  or  2Fe203.H20  =  Oxygen  28-5,  iron  66*2,  water  5-3  =  100, 
or  Iron  sesquioxide  94*7,  water  5-3  =  100. 

For  analyses,  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  168.  Heddle  (Min.  Mag..  5,  3,  1882)  has  analyzed  cubic  crys- 
tals, pseudomorphs  after  pyrite,  from  the  clay  slate  of  the  island  of  Kerrera.  Argyllshire,  which 
had  the  composition  of  turgite,  with  G.  =  3'534.  Turgite  is  sometimes  regarded  as  an  inter- 
mediate stage  in  the  alteration  of  limonite  to  hematite  by  loss  of  water. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Heated  in  a  closed  tube,  flies  to  pieces  in  a  remarkable  manner,  and  in  this  is  dis- 
tinct from  hematite  and  limonite;  yields  water.  Otherwise  like  hematite. 

Obs. — A  common  ore  of  iron,  often  taken  for  limonite,  with  which  it  is  frequently  asso- 
ciated, and  which  it  resembles,  except  in  its  superior  hardness,  streak,  and  decrepitation.  It 
also  looks  very  much  like  fibrous  hematite.  Hermann's  mineral  was  from  the  Turginsk  copper 
mine  near  Bogoslovsk,  in  the  Ural,  and  from  the  Kolyvan  district,  in  the  Altai;  that  of 
Breithaupt,  from  near  Hof  in  Bavaria,  and  Siegen  in  Prussia;  found  also  with  limonite  at 
Dilsseldorf  in  Prussia;  at  the  Louisa  mine,  Horhausen.  In  the  United  States  it  occurs  abun- 
dantly, in  large  botryoidal  masses,  at  the  limonite  ore  bed  of  Salisbury,  Ct.  (Brush),  usually  con- 
stituting the  exterior  layer  of  the  limonite,  sometimes  an  inch  or  more  thick.  The  line  of 
demarcation  between  it  and  the  limonite  is  very  distinct,  and  separation  along  it  is  often  easy. 


246 


OXIDES. 


256.  DIASPORE.  Diaspore  Hauy,  Tr.,  4,  1801.  Blilttricher  Hydrargillit  Hausm., 
Handb.,  442,-,  1813.  Empholite  Igektrom,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  6,  40,  1883-  A  E  Nordenskiold 
G.  For.  Forh.,  9,  30,  1887. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes:  a  :  I  :  c  =  0-93722  :  1  :  0-60387  Koksharov1. 

100  A  HO  =  43°  8'  38",  001  A  101  =  32°  47'  40",  001  A  Oil  =  31°  7'  35". 


rms2: 

>,  i-i) 

7i  (210,  i-2) 

0  (130, 
n  (15$ 

*-3) 

e  (Oil,  \4 
M  (098,  |-4 

) 
) 

*  (212, 
t  (211, 

1-2) 

v  (122, 
x  (133, 

1-3) 

>,  i-i) 

k  (230,  i\) 

to  (101', 

i-iy 

p  (111,  1) 

9  (232, 

H)4 

0 

(292, 

H) 

,  0) 

I   (120,  e-2) 

/  (012J 

i-«) 

r  (10-1-4,  i 

hio) 

^(344, 

i-f)4 

IJi 

=  *64°  53V 

tow'  = 

65° 

35' 

gg'  = 

51° 

2' 

pp'"  = 

53 

0  50' 

hh'" 

=     50°  13' 

/"     = 

33° 

36' 

-ww'  = 

44° 

57' 

rr"'   = 

9 

'     6' 

mm" 

=     86°  17*' 

ee'     = 

62° 

15' 

•»•»"  = 

30° 

50' 

88'"      = 

28 

0  29' 

kk 
W 

nri 

=     70°  51' 
=     56°    9i' 
=     39°     9|' 

=     24°     5J' 

#.: 

88'       = 

57° 
115° 
63° 
95° 

45' 
45' 
20' 
37' 

aw'  = 
pp"  = 

sr= 

20° 

82° 
96° 
*75° 

50' 

54' 
3' 

it'"    = 

99"  = 
uu'"  = 

40 

74 
57 
59 

0  38' 
0  34' 

0    4' 

°  47' 

hh 


Figs.  1,  2,  Ural,  Kk.     3,  Newlin,  Penn.    4,  Chester,  Mass. 

Crystals  prismatic;  usually  thin,  flattened  fl  &;  sometimes  acicular;  faces  often 
rounded,  in  prismatic  zone  vertically  striated,  also  in  zone  ae,  ||  edge  p/e.  Also 
foliated  massive  and  in  thin  scales;  sometimes  stalactitic. 

Cleavage:  b  eminent;  li  less  perfect.  Fracture  conchoidal,  very  brittle. 
H.  =  6-5-7.  G.  =  3-3-3-5;  3-432  Haiiy;  3-452  Dufr.;  3-30-3-34,  fr.  Schemnitz. 
Luster  brilliant;  pearly  on  cleavage-face,  elsewhere  vitreous.  Color  whitish, 

frayish  white,  greenish  gray,  hair-brown,  yellowish,  to  colorless;  sometimes  violet- 
lue  in  one  direction,  reddish  plum-blue* in  another,  and  pale  asparagus-green  in 
a  third   (cf.  Haid.,  1.  c.).     Transparent  to  subtranslucent.     Optically  -(-.    Double 
refraction  strong.     Ax.  pi.  ||  b.     Bx  J_  a.     Dispersion  p  <  v,  feeble.    Axi-al  angles, 
Dx.6: 


2Har  =  103°  34' 
2Hay  =  103°  53' 
2Ha.bl  =  104°  38' 
2H0.r  =  121°  59' 


#.  =  1-719 

/?y  =  1-722 

fin  =  1-729 

2H0.y  =  121°  32' 


/.     2Fr   =    84°    8' 

.-.     2Fy  =    84°  20' 

.-.     2Fbl  =    85°    8' 

2H0.bl  =  120°  48' 


Comp — AIO(OH)  or  A1203.H20  =  Alumina  85'0,  water  15-0  =  100. 

Some  varieties  yield  a  little  P2O5  (Hermann,  Shepard),  probably  from  impurity.  Analyses, 
see  5th  Ed.,  p.  169. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates  strongly,  separating  into  white  pearly  scales,  and 
at  a  high  temperature  yields  water.  The  variety  from  Schemnitz  does  not  decrepitate.  In- 
fusible; with  cobalt  solution  gives  a  deep  blue  color.  Some  varieties  react  for  iron  with  the 
fluxes.  Not  attacked  by  acids,  but  after  ignition  soluble  in  sulphuric  acid. 


DIA8PORE  GROUP— GOTHITE.  247 

C*bs. — Commonly  found  with  corundum  or  emery  in  dolomite,  chlorite  schist,  and  other 
crystalline  rocks,  invests,  or  as  implanted  crystals  on  corundum  and  other  minerals.  Occurs 
near  Xossoibrod,  district  of  Ekaterinburg  in  the  Ural,  in  granular  limestone7 with  emery;  at 
Schemnitz,  Hungary,  in  veins  between  dolomite  and  limestone;  in  a  gneissoid  rock  near  Bournac 
in  the  Haute-Loire;  at  Broddbo  near  Falun;  at  the  Horrsjoberg,  Werinland,  Sweden  (empholite) 
embedded  in  pyrophyllite  and  damourite  with  tourmaline,  rutile,  and  cyanite;  sparingly  in  the 
nephelite-syeuite  veins  of  southern  Norway,  sometimes  as  an  inclusion  in  some  secondary  min- 
erals, as  the  "  spreustein  "  (Scheerer,  cf.  Bgr.,  Zs.  Kr  ,  16,  50,  1890);  with  corundum  in  dolomite 
at  Campolongo,  near  Dazio  Grande,  in  the  canton  of  Tessiu  in  Switzerland;  Greiner  in  the 
Zillerthal;  at  Gumuch-dagh  and  Manser,  Asia  Minor,  and  the  Grecian  islands  Naxos,  Samos,  and 
Nicaria,  with  emery,  as  detected  by  J.  L.  Smith. 

In  the  U.  S.  with  topaz  and  margarodite  at  Trumbull,  Ct. ,  but  rare;  with  corundum  and 
margarite  at  Newlin,  near  Union  ville,  Chester  Co.,  Pa.;  at  the  emery  mines  of  Chester,  Mass., 
in  large  plates  aud  crystals;  in  cavities  in  massive  corundum  at  the  Culsagee  mine,  neai  Iranklin, 
Macou  Co.,  N.  Carolina. 

Named  by  Hauy  from  diaaTteipeiv,  to  scatter,  alluding  to  the  usual  decrepitation  before 
the  blowpipe.  Le  Lievre,  as  Hauy  states,  first  made  known  the  species,  having  found  it  at  a 
mineral-dealer's  in  Paris,  and  given  it  to  Vauquelin  for  analysis.  Its  original  locality  is  supposed 
to  have  been  the  Ural. 

Ref.— !  Min.  Russl.,  3,  169,  1858.  2  See  Kenng.,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  9,  595,  1852;  earlier, 
Haid.,  Pogg.,  61,  309, 1844;  Marignac,  Bibl.  Univ.,  6,  296,  1847;  Kk.,  1.  c.  3  Rath,  Campolongo, 
Pogg.,  122,  400,  1864.  4  E.  S.  D.,  u  v,  Chester,  Mass.,  q,  Newlin,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  32,  388,  1886. 
•  Catkrein,  Greiner,  Min.  Mitth.,  10,  62,  1888.  6  Dx.,  N.  R.,  55,  1867. 

257.  GOTHITE.  Dilnnschuppiger,  linsenfOrmiger,  rubinrother,  etc.  Eisenglimmer  (fr. 
Siegen),  Becker,  Min.  Beschr.  O.-Nass.  Lande,  401,  1789.  Kryst.  fasriger  Brauneisenstein  Mohs, 
Null  Min.  Kab.,  3,  403,  1804.  Gothit  (fr.  Eiserfeld  near  Siegen)  J.  G.  Lenz,  Tabell.  ges.  Mineral- 
reich,  46,  Jena,  1806,  fol.,  Moll's  Efem.,  4,  505,  1808,  Ullmann's  Ueb.,  304,  1814.  Pyrrhosiderit 
[not  Pyrosiderit]  Ullmann,  Hausm.  Handb.,  268,  1813,  Ullmann's  Ueb.,  144,  299,  304,  1814  [but 
given  many  years  before  to  his  class],  Schuppig-fasriger  Brauneisenstein  (fr.  Hollerter  Zug)  = 
Lepidokrokit  Ullmann,  Hausm.  ib.,  269,  1813,  Ullmann's  Ueb.,  148,  316,  1814.  Haarformiger 
Brauneisenstein  Hausm.  ib.,  270,  1813  —  Nadeleisenerz  Breith.,  Char.,  1823.  Brown  Iron-stone 
pt.,  Brown  Iron-ore  pt.,  Brown  Hematite  pt.,  of  Jameson,  Phillips,  etc.  Sammteisenerz,  Sam- 
metblende  pt.  =  Przibramit  in  Glock.  Handb.,  549,  1831.  Hierro  pardo  Span.  Goethite. 

Chileit  Breith.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  19,  103,  1840.  Onegit  (fr.  L.  Onega)  Andre  (of  Briinn),  Tageblatt, 
No.  18,  1802,  Moll's  Efem.,  2,  109,  112,  1806  -  Ore  of  Titanium  various  auth.  for  25  years  = 
Gothite  later  auth. 

Orthorliombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0*9185  :  1  :  0-6068  Phillips1. 
100  A  HO  =  42°  34',  001  A  101  =  33°  27',  001  A  Oil  =  31°  15'. 

Forms':  d  (210,  i-2)  u  (101,  l-l)  i  (052,  f-?)4  *  (212,  1-2) 

a  (100,  i-l)  m  (110,  J)  e  (Oil,  \-l)  p  (111,  1)  z  (252,  H) 

b  (010,  i-i)  I    (120,  2-2)  g  (021,  2-1)*  r  (311,  3-3) 

dd"    =  *49°  20'  ee'     =  *62°  30'  ds    =     36°    1'        rr'"  =     30°  34f 

mm'"  =     85°    8'  gg'    =  101°    3'  rr'  —  118°  54'        **'"    =     28°  25' 

U'        =    57°    7f  ,00  w  98'    =     64°  36'        pp'"  =     53°  42' 

uu'     =    66°  54'  mp  =    S°  %'          &  =     |I  g!        ""'    =  103°  23' 

In  prisms  vertically  striated,  and  often  flattened  into  scales  or  tables  J  I.     Also 
fibrous;  foliated  or  in  scales;  massive,  reniform  and  stalactitic,  with 
concentric  and  radiated  structure. 

Cleavage :  b  very  perfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  5- 
5'5.  G.  =  4*0-4*4;  4*37,  cryst.,  Lostwithiel,  Yorke.  Luster  im- 
perfect  adamantine.  Color  yellowish,  reddish,  and  blackish  brown. 
Often  blood-red  by  transmitted  light.  Streak  brownish  yellow  to 
ocher-yellow.  Optically  +(?)•  Ax.  pi.  ||  c.  Bx  J_  b.  Dispersion 
strong,  p  <  v;  for  red  nearly  uniaxial;  for  green  and  blue, 
2E  =  50°  approx.;  cf.  Palla,  1.  c. 

Var. — 1.  In  thin  scale-like  or  tabular  crystals,  usually  attached  by  one 
edge.  Such  is  the  original  Gothite  (Pyrrhosiderite  or  Rubinglimmer}  of  Siegen. 

2.  In  acicular  or  capillary  (not  flexible)  crystals,  or  slender  prisms,  often 
radiately  grouped:  the  Needle- Ironstone  (Nadeleisenstein).  It  passes  into  a 
variety  with  a  velvety  surface:  the  Przibramite  (Sammetblende)  of  Pfibram  is  of  this  kind. 


248 


OXIDES. 


Onegite  is  acicular  gothite  penetrating  quartz,  like  rutile,  from  an  island  in  L.  Onega,  Russia, 
where  it  was  found  in  loose  stones,  in  1800,  by  Mr.  Armstrong,  an  Englishman.  It  has  also 
been  called  Fullonite,  after  Mr.  Fullon,  a  brother-in-law  of  Mr.  A.,  who  also  possessed 
specimens. 

3.  Columnar  or  fibrous. 

4.  Scaly-fibrous,  or  feathery  columnar,  the  lines  consisting  of  more  or  less  distinct  scales, 
somewhat  like  plumose  mica:  the  Lepidocrocite  (fr.  AeTrz'S,  scale,  and  KpoKiS,  fiber). 

5.  Also  compact  massive,  with  a  flat  conchoidal  fracture,  liver-brown  to  blackish  brown 
and  rust-brown  color;  sometimes  reniforin  or  stalactitic  with  radiated  structure. 

6.  Disseminated  microscopic  crystals  of  gothite  are  one  source  of  the  frequent  aventurine 
and  opalescent  character  of  specimens  of  different  feldspars,  and  of  some  other  species. 

Comp.— FeO(OH)  or  Fe203.H20  —  Oxygen  27'0,  iron  62'9,  water  10-1  =  100, 
or  Iron  sesquioxide  89-9,  water  10*1  =  100. 

Analyses,  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  170. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  water  and  is  converted  into  red  iron  sesquioxide. 
With  the  fluxes  like  hematite;  most  varieties  give  a  manganese  reaction,  and  some,  treated  in 
the  forceps  in  O.F.,  after  moistening  in  sulphuric  acid,  impart  a  bluish  green  color  to  the  flame 
(phosphoric  acid).  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — Found  with  the  other  oxides  of  iron,  especially  hematite  or  limonite.  Occurs  at 
Eiserfeld  near  Siegeu,  in  Nassau,  in  lamelliform  and  foliated  crystallizations  of  a  hyacinth-red 
color,  with  lirnouite;  at  Zwickau  in  Saxony;  Oberkirchen  in  Westerwald,  etc.,  near  Clifton  in 
Gloucestershire,  near  Bristol,  England;  in  Cornwall,  near  Botallack  and  Lost-  ithiel,  some  of 
the  crystals  1|  to  2  in.  long  and  f  in.  across;  in  Somersetshire,  at  the  Provi •"  nee  iron  mines. 

In  the  U.  States,  at  the  Jackson  Iron  mine,  Negaunee,  near  Marquette,  L.  Superior,  in 
lamelliform  crystals;  also  in  beautiful  stalactitic  forms  with  velvety  surface  and  delicate  radiated 
structure,  often  encrusting  hematite;  in  Conn.,  at  Salisbury;  in  Penn.,  near  Easton,  the  var. 
lepidocrocite  with  limonite;  with  calcite  in  clay-ironstone  concretions,  Adair  county,  Mo.;  in 
the  Pike's  Peak  region,  Colorado;  in  California,  at  Burns  Creek,  Mariposa  Co.,  in  quartz;  in 
Oregon,  16  m.  from  Portland. 

Named  Gothite  (Goethite)  after  the  poet-philosopher  Goethe  (1749-1832);  and  Pyrrhosiderite 
from  TtvppoS,  fire-red,  and  cridrjpoS,  iron.  The  name  Onegite  has  priority,  but  it  was  given 
without  a  proper  description,  and  for  25  years  the  nature  of  the  mineral  was  unknown. 

Artif.— By  submitting  solutions  of  FeCl3  (30  to  85  pts.  in  100)  to  the  action  of  heat  in  closed 
tubes,  Rousseau  has  obtained  acicular  crystals  having  the  composition  of  gothite  and  like  it 
orthorhombic,  but,  according  to  Fouque,  differing  from  it  in  optical  characters.  It  does  not 
seem  certain,  however,  that  there  is  any  essential  difference.  C.  R.,  110,  1032,  1890. 

Ref.— !  Min.,  p.  226,  1823;  Palla  has  discussed  the  vicinal  planes  and  suggested  amonoclinic 
axial  ratio,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  23,  1885.  *  Ph.,  1.  c.,  and  Mir.,  Min.,  273,  1852.  3  Groth,  Min.-Samml., 
91>  1878.  4  Busz,  St.  Just,  Zs.  Kr.,  17,  553,  1890. 


258.  MANGANITE.  Manganaise  cristallise  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  330,  1772,  3,  101,  1783. 
Manganese  oxyde  metalloide  H.,  Tr.,  4,  1801  (with  figs.).  Grau-Braunsteinerz  pt.  Wern.,  1789; 
Karsten,  Tab  ,  1800.  Graumanganerz  pt.  Karsten,  Tab.,  1808.  Grau-Braunstcin  pt.  Hausm., 
Handb.,  288,  1813,  390,  1847.  Gray  Oxide  of  Manganese  pt.  Prismatoidisches  Mangan-Erz 
Mohs  Grundr  488,  1824.  Manganite  Raid.,  Trans.  R.  Soc.  Edinb.,  11,  122,  1827.  Acerdese 
Beud  ,  Tr.  2,  678,  1832.  Newkirkite  Thorn.,  Min.,  1,  509,  1836. 


1. 


P\ 


•Id 


1,  L.  Superior.     2,  3,  Ilefeld,  Groth.     4,  Ilefeld,  Sbk. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-84407  :  1  :  0-54484  Haidinger1. 
100  A  HO  =  40°  10',  001  A  101  =  32°  50*',  001  A  Oil  =  28°  35'. 


DIASPORE  GROUP— MANGASITE. 


249 


Forms2 : 
a  (100,  »'-*) 
&  (010,  i-l) 

c  (oor  0) 

a  (30-1-0,  *30> 
ft  (16-1-0,  i-16)8 
^  (12-1-0,  e-12)8 
/u,  (10-1-0,  i-10)8 
,u  (610,  i-6)3 
A  (410,  i4) 


A  (310,  z-3)3 
w  (520,  «-|)3 
tf  (210,  z-2) 
»    (430,  «-|) 
5  (650,  *  |)3 
j  (10-9-0,  »-^ 
m  (110,  /) 
x-  (12-13-0,  i 
k  (230,  t-f) 
2    (350,  *-|)3 


I  (120,  i-2) 

e  (Oil,  14) 

X  (414,  l-4> 

t  (250,  *-f) 

/  (021,  24)3 

0  (313,  1-3) 

y  (130,  ^3) 

P  (HI,  1) 

G-  (525,  l-l)3 

r  (150,  a-5)3 

0^(443,  f)3 

*    (212,  1-2) 

t  (1-0-15,  TVi)3 

«  (221,  2) 

Y  (323,  1-f)3 

£(2-0-15,  Tyi)3 
7;  (105,  H)3 
e  (205,  f  -i)3 

w(201,  2-i) 

1  (20-1-20,  1-2~0)3 

o  (lo-i-io,  i-io)3 

T  (616,  1-6)3 
p  (515,  1-5)3 

v  (17-30-30, 
C    (32-60-45, 
x   (365,4-2) 
72.  (121,  2-2) 
0  (177,  1-7)8 

M'" 
A/I'" 

= 

23° 
31° 
37° 

50' 
26' 
19' 

7777' 

=      4° 
=      9° 
=     14° 

56' 
50' 
43' 

88' 

= 

65° 
64° 
63° 

12' 
51' 
50' 

dd" 

— 

45° 

46' 

ee' 

=     28° 

57' 

PP' 

— 

59° 

5f 

mm'" 

— 

*80° 

20' 

uu' 

=    65° 

41' 

w' 

— 

82° 

14' 

kk' 

= 

76° 

36' 

ww' 

=  104° 

29' 

XX' 

= 

35° 

55' 

«. 

= 

61° 

50Q° 

17' 

43' 

61 

ee 
ff' 

=  *57° 

=     94° 

10' 
55' 

nri 
pp"t 

I 

47° 
80° 

9*' 

22V 

yy' 

rr 

= 

26° 

40' 

cp 

CD 

=    40° 
=     59° 

11' 
23' 

= 

96° 
118° 

48' 
46' 

88" 

=    70°    .2' 

nn" 

=  103°  23' 

oo'" 

=      5°  14i' 

XX'" 

=     13°    3' 

=     25°  47' 

PP'" 

=     49°  11V 

w'" 

=     67°  26' 

ffd" 

=     17°  21' 

o-o-'" 

=     20°  45' 

nn'" 

=    84°  57' 

5. 


5,  Ilefeld,  after  Groth. 


Twins:  tw.  pi.  e,  both  contact-  and  cruciform-twins;  often  repeated  and  with 
comp.-face  either  parallel  or  inclined,  analogous  to 
rutile.  Crystals  long  prismatic  and  terminated  (1)  by 
c,  or  (2)  by  zone  of  macropyramids  p,  s,  p,  etc.; 
planes  in  this  zone  striated  parallel  to  their  mutual 
intersections.  Also  short  prismatic  (3)  terminated  by 
c  and  numerous  macrodomes;  or  (4)  highly  modified 
with  macropyramids  predominating;  the  last  two 
types  generally  as  twins.  The  prismatic  faces  deeply 
striated  vertically.  Crystals  often  grouped  in  bun- 
dles.. Also  columnar;  seldom  granular;  stalactitic. 

Cleavage:    b  very  perfect;   m  perfect.     Fracture 
uneven.      Brittle.      H.  =4.       G.  =  4 -2-4 '4;    4'315 
cryst.,  Xegaunee,  Pfd.     Luster   submetallic.     Color 
dark   steel-gray  to   iron-black.     Streak   reddish  brown,  sometimes   nearly  black. 
Opaque;  minute  splinters,  sometimes  brown  by  transmitted  light. 

Comp.— MnO(OH)  or  Mn203.H20  =  Oxygen  27 -3,  manganese  62 -4,  water  10-3 
=  100,  or  Manganese  sesquioxide  89-7,  water  10'3  =  100. 

Anal.— Blomstrand,  G.  For.  Forh.,  2,  183,  1874.     Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  171. 
Langban       Mn2O3  88'51     Fe2O3  0'23    MgO  1-51     CaO  0'62    H2O  9'83  =  100-70 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  yields  water;  otherwise  like  braunite,  p.  232. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  veins  traversing  porphyry,  associated  with  calcite  and  barite,  at  Ilefeld  in 
the  Harz;  Ilmenau  and  Oehrenstock  in  Thuringia;  Undenaes  and  Langban  in  Sweden;  Chris- 
tiansand  in  Norway;  Cornwall,  at  various  places,  occurring  crystallized  at  Botallack  mine,  St. 
Just;  Callington  and  at  the  Royal  iron  mines;  also  in  Cumberland,  Devonshire,  Somerset; 
Aberdeeushire,  Scotland;  near  Ross  and  elsewhere  in  Ireland. 

In  the  L.  Superior  mining  region  at  the  Jackson  mine,  Negaunee,  Michigan.  Devil's 
Head,  Douglas  Co.,  Colorado.  In  Nova  Scotia,  at  Cheverie,  Hants  Co.,  and  Walton;  also  10  m. 
W.  of  Walton,  where  it  forms  a  bed  of  conglomerate,  along  with  quartz  pebbles.  In  New 
Brunswick,  at  Shepody  mountain,  Albert  Co.;  Tattagouche  R.,  Gloucester  Co.;  Upham,  King's 
Co. ;  and  Dalhousie,  Restigouche  Co. 

Newkirkite  of  Thomson,  from  Neukirchen  in  Alsace,  according  to  Lettsom,  is  nothing  but 
mauganite. 

Named  acerdese  by  Bendant  from  dKep8?'fi,  unprofitable,  because  of  little  value  for  bleach- 
ing purposes  (cf.  pyrolusite). 

Alt. — By  loss  of  water  changes  to  pyrolusite,  hausmannite,  or  braunite;  pseudomorphs  of 
pyrolusite  (see  p.  244)  are  very  common.  Cf.  Breith.,  Pogg.,  61,  187,  1844. 

Ref.— !  Ed.  J.  Sc.,  4,  41,  1826,  or  Pogg.,  7,  225,  1826;  Groth  obtained  similar  results,  also 
the  author  for  L.  Superior  crystals.  Hemihedrism  has  been  suggested  (Haid.)  but  seems 


250  OXIDES. 

improbable;  cf.  Kochlin,  Min.  Mitth.,  9,  24,  1887;  Busz  mentions  crystals  from  Grettenich, 
Saarbrilcken,  witb  n  (121)  hemibedrally  developed,  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  624,  1889.  2  See  Grotb,  Min.- 
Samml.,  Strassburg,  79, 1878,  also  some  otber  doubtful  forms.  Brauns  adds  (17'0'20),  Jb.  Min., 
1,  252,  1886;  also  Kochlin  ou  pseudomorpbous  crystals  2  (10'5'1),  1.  c.  3  Grotb,  1.  c. 


259.  LIMONITE.  ^tcrrds  Azflos  (fr.  Iberia) Diosc.  Schistus,  Haematites,  Plin.,  36,  37,  38. 
Haematites  pt, ,  Blodsten,  pt.  [rest  red  hematite],  Wall.,  260,  1747,  Cronst.,  178,  1758.  Hematite 
pt.,  Fr.  TrL  Wall.,  469,  1753.  Brauu-Eiseu  stein  (incl.  Eisenrabm,  Brauner  Glaskopf)  Wern., 
Bergm.  J.,  383,  1789.  Brauneiseustein  pt.  [rest  Gothite]  Hauwn.,  Handb.,  268,  1813.  Braun- 
Tiisenstein,  Stilpuosiderit,  Ullmann,  Ueb.,  146,  305,  148,  313, 1814.  Brown  Iron  Stone  pt.,  Brown 
Hematite,  Brown  Ocber,  Jameson,  Min.,  253,  261,  1816.  Limonite  pt.  [rest  Gotbite,  Bog  Ore] 
Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  702,  1832  [not  Limonit  Hausm.,  1813  (=  Bog  Ore  only)].  Brun,  Gul  Jernmalm, 
Myrmalm,  Sjoinalm  Swed.  Hierro  arcilloso,  globoso,  palustre,  etc.,  Span. 

fliXpa  [yellow  and  brown]  Theophr.  ?Sil  Plin.,  33,  56.  Ocbra  nativa,  Germ.  Berggeel, 
Agric.,  466,  1546.  O.  nativa,  Sil,  Berggelb,  Ockergelb,  Oesner,  Foss.,  8,  1565.  Ocbriger 
Brauneisensteiu  Wern.,  Karat.  Brown  Ocber  pt. ,  Yellow  Ocber  pt. 

Minera  Ferri  subaquosa,  Min.  F.  lacustris,  v.  palustris,  Sjpmalm,  Myrmalm,  Wall.,  263, 
1747.  Mine  de  fer  limoneuse  Fr.  TrL  Wall.,  1753.  Ferrum  limosum,  etc.,  Wall.,  2,  256,  1775. 
Raseneisenstein  (incl.  Morasterz,  Surnpferz,  Wiesenerz)  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  383,  1789.  Marsh 
Ore,  Bog  Ore,  Meadow  Ore  pt.,  Kirwan,  Jameson,  etc.  Limonit  (=  Raseneisenstein  or  Bog  Ore) 
Hausm.,  Handb.,  283. 1813  [not  Limonite  of  Beud.,  wh.  incl.  all  hydrous  oxides  of  iron]  Limnit 
Glock.,  Syn.,  62,  1847. 

Not  crystallized.  Usually  in  stalactitic  and  botryoidal  or  mammillary  forms, 
having  a  fibrous  or  subfibrous  structure;  also  concretionary,  massive;  and  occasion- 
ally earthy. 

H.  =  5-5-5.  G.  =  3-6-4-0.  Luster  silky,  often  submetallic;  sometimes  dull 
and  earthy.  Color  of  surface  of  fracture  various  shades  of  brown,  commonly  dark, 
and  none  bright;  sometimes  with  a  nearly  black  varnish-like  exterior;  when  earthy, 
brownish  yellow,  ocher-yellow.  Streak,  yellowish  brown.  Opaque. 

Var. — (1)  Compact.  Submetallic  to  silky  in  luster;  often  stalactitic,  botryoidal,  etc.  (incl. 
brauner  Glaskopf  Germ.)  (2)  Ocherous  or  earthy,  brownish  yellow  to  ocher-yellow,  often  im- 
pure from  the  presence  of  clay,  sand,  etc.  (3)  Bog  ore.  The  ore  from  marshy  places,  generally 
loose  or  porous  in  texture,  often  petrifying  leaves,  wood,  nuts,  etc.  (4)  Brown  clay -ironstone,  in 
compact  masses,  often  in  concretionary  nodules  (including  Adlerstein,  Klappenstein  Germ.), 
having  a  brownish  yellow  streak,  and  thus  distinguishable  from  the  clay-ironstone  of  the  species 
hematite  and  siderite;  it  is  sometimes  (a)  pisolitic,  or  an  aggregation  of  concretions  of  the  size  of 
small  peas  (Bohnerz  Germ.;  bean  ore);  or  (&)  oolitic. 

Part  of  the  stalactitic  iron  ore,  brown  or  yellow  ocber,  bog  ore,  and  clay-ironstone  contains 
more  water  than  true  limonite,  and  hence  belongs  to  the  species  xanthosiderite  (or  limnite). 

Kaliphite  of  Ivanov  is  a  mixture  of  limonite,  manganese  oxide,  silicate  of  zinc  and  lime, 
from  Hungary. 

Comp.— 2Fe203.3H20  =  Oxygen  25-7,  iron  59-8,  water  14-5  =  100,  or  Iron 
sesquioxide  85-5,  water  14*5  =  100.  In  the  bog  ores  and  ochers,  sand,  clay,  phos- 
phates, oxides  of  manganese,  and  humic  or  other  acids  of  organic  origin  are  very 
common  impurities. 

Analyses,  see  5th  Ed. ,  p.  172.  Analyses  are  chiefly  interesting  from  the  technical  side  as 
showing  the  amount  of  impurity  (SiO2,  P2O6,  etc.)  present. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Like  gothite.  Some  varieties  leave  a  siliceous  skeleton  in  the  salt  of  phosphorus 
bead,  and  a  siliceous  residue  when  dissolved  in  acids. 

Obs. — In  all  cases  a  result  of  the  alteration  of  other  ores,  or  minerals  containing  iron,  through 
exposure  to  moisture,  air,  and  carbonic  or  organic  acids;  derived  largely  from  the  change  of 
pyrite,  magnetite,  siderite,  ferriferous  dolomite,  etc. ;  also  various  species  (as  mica,  pyroxene,  horn- 
blende, etc.),  which  contain  iron  in  the  ferrous  state  (FeO).  It  consequently  occupies,  as  a  bog  ore, 
marshy  places,  into  which  it  has  been  borne  by  streamlets  from  the  hills  around;  also  found  at  the 
bottom  of  lakes  as  in  Sweden  (Sjomalm  Swed.,  Seeerz  Germ.);  and  in  the  more  compact  form  it 
occurs  in  stalactites  as  well  as  in  tuberose  and  other  concretionary  forms,  frequently  making 
beds  in  the  rocks  which  contain  the  minerals  that  have  been  altered  into  it.  In  moist  places 
where  a  sluggish  streamlet  flows  into  a  marsh  or  pool,  a  rust-yellow  or  brownish  yellow  deposit 
often  cover?  the  bottom,  and  an  iridescent  film  the  surface  of  the  water:  the  deposit  is  a  growing 
bed  of  bog  ore.  The  iron  is  transported  in  solution  as  ferrous  carbonate  in  carbonated  waters,  a 
sulphate,  or  as  a  salt  of  an  organic  acid.  It  is  often  associatedwith  manganese. ores.  Limonite 
is  a  common  ore  in  Bavaria,  the  Harz,  Luxembourg,  Scotland.  Sweden,  etc. 

Abundant  in  the  United  States.  A  few  localities  only  are  here  mentioned;  reference  may 
be  made  to  the  various  geological  reports  for  complete  lists.  Extensive  beds  exist  at  Salisbury 
and  Kent,  Conn.,  also  in  the  neighboring  towns  of  Beekman,  Fishkill,  Dover,  and  Amenia,  N. 


XAXTHOSIDERITE—BA  UXITE.  251 

Y.,  and  in  a  similar  situation  north;  at  Richmond,  West  Stockbridge  and  elsewhere  in  Berk- 
shire Co.,  Mass.;  in  Vermont,  at  Benningtou,  Monktou,  Pittsford,  Putney,  and  Ripton;  in 
Pennsylvania  widely  distributed  especially  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  state;  also  in  Tennes- 
see, Alabama,  Ohio,  etc. 

Named  Limonite  from  \emoov,  meadow.  Ullmann's  name,  Stilpnosiderite,  from  crrzATTvo?, 
shining,  has  priority;  but  the  ore  is  characteristically  not  a  shining  ore,  although  sometimes 
with  a  lustrous,  varnish-like  exterior.  The  name  ttmentitowas  first  appropriated  especially  to 
the  bog  ores  by  Hausmann  in  1813.  But  most  bog  ores  are  of  the  above  species,  and  Beudant, 
recognizing  this,  in  1832  used  limonite  for  the  bog  as  well  as  other  limonite. 

Alt. — By  deoxidation  through  organic  matter,  if  carbonic  acid  is  present,  may  form  siderite. 
By  losing  water  becomes  hematite,  which  occurs  as  pseudomorphs  after  limonite.  This  species 
also  forms  numerous  pseudomorphs  after  other  species. 


260.  XANTHOSIDERITE.    Gelbeisenstein  Hausm.,  Handb.,  279,  1813.     Xanthosiderit 
E.  E.  Schmid,  Pogg.,  84,  495,  1851.     Yellow  Ocher  pt.     Bog  Ore  pt. 

In  fine  needles  or  fibers,  stellate  and  concentric.     Also  as  an  ocher. 

H.  =  2*5,  iri  needles.  Luster  silky  or  greasy ;  pitch-like;  also  earthy.  Color 
in  needles  golden  yellowish,  brown  to  brownish  red;  as  an  ocher, yellow  of  different 
shades,  more  or  less  brown,  sometimes  reddish.  Streak  ocher-yellow. 

Comp.— Fe203.2H20  =  Oxygen  24 '5,  iron  57*1,  water  18*4  =  100,  or  Iron 
sesquioxide  81'6,  water  18'4  =  100. 

Analyses,  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  174. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Like  those  of  limonite. 

Obs. — Associated  with  manganese  ores  at  Ilmenau,  in  silky  needles,  etc. ;  as  an  ocher  near 
Goslar,  Bruchberg,  Elbingerode  in  the  Harz;  as  a  pitchy  ore  at  Kilbride,  Wicklow  Co., Ireland, 
along  with  limouite  and  psilomelane. 

Artif. — This  hydrate  is  formed  when  oxide  of  iron  is  precipitated  from  hot  solutions  of  its 
salts;  and,  according  to  Gmelin,  also  from  cold  solutions. 

LIMNITE  Dana,  Min.,  178,  18(58.  Quellerz  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  27,  53,  1842.  Raseneisen- 
erz,  Sumpferz,  Wiesenerz  Germ.  A  hydrated  iron  oxide,  for  the  most  part  bog  ore,  recent  in 
origin  and  containing  organic  acids  with  quartz  sand,  phosphoric  acid,  etc.  The  composition 
Fe(OH)3  or  Fe2O3.3H2O,  has  been  attributed  to  it.  Cf.  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  187.  1865. 

261.  BAUXITE.     Alumlne  nyciratee    de    Beaux1  Berthier,    Ann.    Mines,    6,    531.    1821. 
Beauxite  Dufr. ,  Min.  (2,  347),  3,  799,  1847.     Bauxite  Deville,  Ann.  Ch.   Phys.,   61,  309,  1861. 
Wocheinite^l.  Flechner,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,   18,   181,  1866,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  1866.     Cliachite  Adam, 
Tabl.  Min.,  73,  1869. 

In  round  concretionary  disseminated  grains.  Also  massive,  oolitic;  and 
earthy,  clay-like. 

GL  —  2-55,  fr.  Wochein,  v.  Lill.  Color  whitish,  grayish,  to  ocher-yellow, 
brown,  and  red. 

Var. — 1.  In  concretionary  grains,  or  oolitic;  bauxite.  2.  Clay-like,  wocheinite;  the  purer 
kind  grayish,  clay-like,  containing  very  little  iron  oxide;  also  red  from  the  iron  oxide  present. 

Comp.— Essentially  A1203.2H20  =  Alumina  73'9,  water  26*1  =  100;  some 
analyses,  however,  give  A1203.  H20  like  diaspore. 

Iron  sesquioxide  is  usually  present,  sometimes  in  large  amount  (up  to  50  p.  c.  Henatsch), 
in  part  replacing  alumina,  in  part  only  an  impurity.  Silica,  phosphoric  acid,  carbonic  acid, 
lime,  magnesia  are  common  impurities. 

Analyses,  see  5th  Ed.,  pp.  174,  175;  also  Coquand,  Bull.  Soc.  G.  FT.,  28,  98,  1871;  Auge, 
ibid.,  16,  345,  1888;  John,  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  389,  1874;  Lang,  Ber.  Ch.  Ges.,  17,  2892.  1884; 
Henatsch,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Breslau,  1879.  The  analyses  are  interesting  chiefly  on  the  technical 
side,  as  showing  the  amount  of  impurity  present;  thus  Heuatsch  gives  9  to  24  p.  c.  SiO2,  0'8  to 
2'5  p.  c.  P2O5,  etc. 

Obs.— From  Baux  (or  Beaux),  near  Aries,  France,  disseminated  in  grains  in  compact  lime- 
stone, and  also  oolitic;  also  at  Revest,  near  Toulon,  brown  to  dark  red,  and  massive,  regarded  as 
an  iron  ore;  at  Allauch,  Dept.  of  Var,  France,  massive,  oolitic,  with  a  base  of  like  nature, 
cemented  by  some  calcium  carbonate,  the  most  common  variety;  at  Hilgel,  in  the  Commune  of 
Baux,  a  hard  and  firm  variety;  at  Calabre,  massive;  also  in  Nassau;  in  French  Guiana. 
Wocheinite  occurs  in  Carniola.  between  Feistritz  and  Lake  Wochein,  in  a  deposit  12  feet  thick, 
the  junction  of  the  Trias  and  Jurassic  formations,  part  of  it  red  from  iron  sesquioxide.  The 
purest  bauxite  is  used  for  the  manufacture  of  aluminium,  and  is  called  aluminium  ore. 

In  the  U.  S.,  bauxite  occurs  in  Saline  and  Pulaski  Cos.,  Arkansas. 

Auge,  1.  c.,  regards  bauxite  as  a  hydro-thermal  deposit;  he  calls  attention  to  the  occurrence 
of  hydrated  alumina  in  the  Yellowstone  region. 


252 


OXIDES. 


Brucite  Group.     K(OH)2.      Khombohedral. 

262.  BRUCITE.  Native  Magnesia  (fr.  N.  Jersey)  A.  Bruce,  Bruce's  Min.  J.,  1,  26,  1814 
(with  anal.).  Hydrate  of  Magnesia  A.  Aikin,  Min.,  236,  1815,  Cleaveland,  Min.,  429,  1822. 
F.  Hall,  Cat.  Min.,  28,  1824,  8.  Robinson,  Cat.  Amer.  Min.,  166,  1825.  Brucite,  ou  Hydrate  de 
maguesie,  Beud.,  Tr.,  838  (Index),  1824.  Talk-Hydrat,  Magnesiu-Hydrat.  Germ.  Monoklino- 
edrisches  Magnesiahydrat  oder  Texalith  (fr.  Texas,  Pa.)  Herm.,  J.  pr.  Ch  ,  82,  368, 1861.  Amian- 
thus (fr.  Hoboken)  J.  Pierce,  Km.  J.  Sc.,  1,  54,  1818  =  Amianthoid  Magnesite,  Nemalite,  T. 
Nuttall,  ib.,  4, 18, 1821  =  Brucite  (Talk-hydrat,  "  hierher  zu  gehoren  scheint "),  LeonJi.,  Handb., 
245,  1826;  J.  D.  Whitney,  J.  Soc.  N.  H.,  Boston,  36,  1849  (with  anal.).  Manganbrucit  Igelstrom, 
Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  39,  No.  2,  83,  1882.  ' 

Khombohedral.     Axis  6  =  1'52078;  0001  A  1011  =  60°  20'  26"  Hessenberg1. 
Forms2:     c  (0001,  0),    a  (1120,  *-2),  r  (1011,  R),  p  (2021,  2);    z  (0113,  -  £),    e  (0112,  -  $), 
h  (0775,  -  |),  t  (0441,  -  4). 


cp  =  74°  6i' 
cz  =  30°  20i' 
ce  =  41°  17' 

1. 


cA  =  67°  52' 
ct  =  81°  54' 
TT'  =  97°  37V 


pp'  =  112°  48' 
zz'  =  51°  53' 
ee'  =  69°  42' 


hh'  =  106° 
«'  =  118° 
rs'"  =  *89° 


41' 

3' 

19' 


Fig.  1,  Low's  Mine,  Texas,  Penn. 


Figs.  2,  3,  Wood's  Mine,  Texas. 


Crystals  usually  broad  tabular.  Also  commonly  foliated  massive;  fibrous, 
fibers  separable  and  elastic. 

H.  =  2-5.  G.  =  2-38-2-4;  2*388  Ural,  Losch.  Cleavage:  c  eminent.  Folia 
separable  and  flexible,  nearly  as  in  gypsum.  Sectile.  Luster  ||  c  pearly,  elsewhere 
waxy  to  vitreous.  Color  white,  inclining  to  gray,  blue  or  green.  Transparent  to 
translucent.  Optically  -J-:  Indices  :  oor  =  1-559,  er  —  1*5795  Bauer3.  Pyro- 
electric,  on  cooling  the  extremities  of  6  — ,  the  edges  -}-,  Hankel4. 

Com  p.,  Var. — Magnesium  hydrate,  Mg(OH),  or  MgO.HQ0  =  Magnesia  69'0, 
water  31*0  =  100.  Iron  and  manganese  protoxide  are  sometimes  present. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary.  In  plates,  white  to  pale  greenish  in  color;  strong  pearly  luster  on  the 
cleavage  surface. 

2.  NemaliU.     A  fibrous  variety  containing  4  to  5  p.  c.  iron  protoxide,  with  G.  —  2'44 
Nuttall. 

3.  Manganbrucite.     Granular,   massive.      Color  honey-yellow  to  brownish  red;    perhaps 
originally  colorless;  contains  manganese  in  considerable  amount,  anal.  7;  cf.  also  anal.  3. 

Anal.— 1,  E.  F.  Smith,  Am.  Ch.  J..  5,  281,  1883.  2,  3,  F.  A.  Genth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  23, 
40,  1885.  4,  Smith,  1.  c.  5,  Rosenblad,  G.  For.  Forh.,  7,  733,  1885.  6,  T.  Blyth,  Mallet,  Min. 
India,  161,  1887.  7,  Igelstrom,  1.  c.;  small  amounts  of  SiO2  and  CaCO3  have  been  deducted. 
Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  176. 


MgO 

1.  Fritz  Island  66'78 

2.  "  67-64 

3.  "                 G.  =  2-382  65-38 

4.  Sinking  Spring  66'19 

5.  Ural                    G.  =  2  388  69-02 

6.  Afghanistan,  J$nms  60-95 

7.  Jakobsberg,  manganbrucite  57 '81 


FeO 

0'44» 

0-82* 

0-30* 

1-24*          — 

0-61 
11-14  — 

—  14-16 


MnO 

0-63 
4-04 


H20 

32-52  =  99-74 

30-92  =  100-01 

29-70  =  99-42 

31-05  CaO  1-68  =  100-16 

30-23  CO2  0  09  =  99-95 

29-32  insol.  0-38  =  101-79 

28-00  =  99-97 


Fe2O3. 


Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  water,  becoming  opaque  and  friable,  sometimes 
turning  gray  to  brown;  the  mangauesian  variety  becomes  dark  brown.     B.B.  infusible,  glows 


BRUCITE  GROUP— PYROCHROITE.  253 

with  a  bright  light,  and  the  ignited  mineral  reacts  alkaline  to  test-paper.  Witli  cobalt 
solution  gives  the  pale  pink  color  of  magnesia.  The  pure  mineral  is  soluble  in  acids  without 
effervescence. 

Obs. — Accompanies  other  magnesian  minerals  in  serpentine,  and  has  also  been  found  in 
limestone.  Occurs  in  considerable  veins  traversing  serpentine,  at  Swinaness  in  Unst,  one  of  the 
Shetland  Isles,  where  it  is  sometimes  found  in  crystals;  at  Pyshminsk  in  the  Urals;  at  Goujot 
in  France;  at  the  iron  mine  of  Cogne,  valley  of  Aosta,  Italy;  near  Filipstadt  in  Wermland,  in 
Sweden,  in  roundish  masses  in  limestone. 

At  Hoboken,  N.  J.,  in  serpentine;  at  the  Tilly  Foster  iron  mine,  Brewster,  N.  Y.,  well  crys- 
tallized, also  pseudomorph  after  dolomite  and  altered  to  serpentine;  in  Richmond  Co.,  N.  Y. ; 
on  the  peninsula  east  of  New  Rochelle,  Westchester  Co.,  N.  Y.;  at  Wood's  mine,  Texas,  Pa., 
in  large  plates  or  masses,  and  often  crystallizations  several  inches  across;  at  Low's  mine,  with 
hydromagnesite;  at  Fritz  Island,  near  Reading,  and  near  Sinking  Spring,  Spring  Township. 

Nemalite,  the  fibrous  variety,  occurs  at  Hobokeu,  and  Xettes  in  the  Vosges.  Mangaribrucite 
occurs  with  hausmannite  and  other  manganese  minerals  in  the  granular  limestone  of  Jakobsberg, 
Nordmafk,  Sweden. 

Named  after  A.  Bruce  (1777-1818),  an  early  American  mineralogist,  who  first  described  the 
species. 

Alt. — Becomes  white,  pulverulent,  and  carbonated  on  exposure,  and  also  crystallized,  con- 
stituting then  the  mineral  hydromagnesite;  the  latter  is  sometimes  in  pseudomorphous  crystals 
after  brucite.  Also  altered  to  serpentine  (see  above). 

Artif. — Has  been  noticed  in  crystalline  plates  as  a  deposit  in  a  steam-boiler  (Luedecke, 
Zs.  Kr.,  7,  502,  1883).  Also  obtained  by  de  Schulten  from  a  solution  of  magnesium 
chloride  precipitated  by  an  excess  of  caustic  potash  and  heated  to  200°;  the  crystals  of  brucite 
separate  out  on  cooling. 

Ref.— i  Texas,  Penn.,  Min.  Not.,  4,  40,  1861.  2  Cf.  Hbg.;  also  Mir.,  Min.,  269,  1852, 
Rose,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  12,  178,  1860;  Schrauf,  Atlas,  Tf.  XL;  Erem.,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  16,  310,  1881. 
3  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  958,  1881.  4  Wied.  Ann.,  6,  53,  1879.  On  the  percussion-figure,  Mgg.,  Jb. 
Min.,  1,  57,  1884. 

EISENBRUCIT  Sandberger,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  288,  1880.  A  product  of  partially  decomposed 
brucite  from  Siebenlehn  near  Freiberg.  An  anal,  gave  Petersen  :  MgO  38'92,  FeO  18'73, 
CO2  7  38,  H2O  30*46,  SiO2  4'15,  Al2O3,CaO  tr.  —  99'64.  After  deducting  the  SiO2  as  quartz, 
and  24-49  p.  c.  hydromagnesite  believed  to  be  present,  the  result  is  :  MgO  39 '89,  FeO  24*92, 
H2O  35-19  =  100. 

263.  PYROCHROITE.  Pyrochroit  L.  J..  Igelstrom,  Pogg.,  122,  181,  1864,  Ofv.  Ak. 
Stockh.,  21,  205,  1864. 

Rhombohedrai.  Axis  c  =  T3999;  cr  =  *58°  15|',  rr'  =  94°  52'  Flink1.  In 
hexagonal  tabular  crystals.  Usually  foliated,  like  brucite. 

H.  =  2-5.  G.  =  3'258  artif.,  de  Schulten.  Luster  pearly.  Color  white; 
but  changing  on  exposure  to  bronze,  and  then  to  black.  In  thin  pieces  trans- 
parent, and  having  a  flesh-red  color  by  transmitted  candle-light.  Optically 
uniaxial,  negative. 

Comp. — Manganese  hydrate,  Mn(OH)2  or  MnO.H20  =  Manganese  protoxide 
79  -7i  water  20-3  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  L.  Stahre,  G.  For.  Forh.,  4,  163,  1878. 

MnO       FeO       CaO       MgO       H2O         CO2 

1.  Cryst.  76-56        0'47        0'29        2'39        18 -57        1'99  =  100'27 

2.  Massive  77'67        0'20         tr.         1-33        20'00        1'07  =  100-27 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  a  small  piece  becomes  at  surface  verdigris-green,  then  dirty 
green,  and  finally  brownish  black.  Yields  water.  B.B.  reactions  for  manganese.  In  hydro- 
chloric acid  forms  easily  a  clear  colorless  solution. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  veins  1  to  2  lines  broad  in  magnetite  at  Pajsberg,  Filipstadt,  Sweden; 
at  the  Moss  mine  at  Nordmark  in  Wermland;  at  the  Sjo  mine,  Grythyttan,  Orebro.  It  is 
commonly  associated  with  hausmannite.  Identified  by  Roepper  at  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J. 

Named  from  TtOp,  fire,  xpoa.  color,  because  of  the  change  of  color  upon  ignition. 

Artif.— Obtained  by  de  Schulten  in  hexagonal  crystals,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  10,  326,  1887. 

Ref.— ]  Flink,  Nordmark,  Ak.  Handl.  Stockh.,  Bihang,  12  (2),  No.  2, 12.  1886. 

Kenngott  refers  here  (Jb.  Min.,  440,  1866)  a  mineral  which  Wiser  had  announced  as  a 
hydrous  carbonate  of  manganese,  and  which  Haidinger  (Handb.,  493,  1845)  named  Wiserite.  It 
is  described  as  yellowish  white  to  gray  in  color,  pearly  to  silky  in  luster,  fibrous  in  structure, 
and  as  coming  from  Gonzen  near  Sarganz,  the  Canton  of  St.  Gall,  in  Switzerland,  where  it  is 
found  in  seams  in  a  granulitic  hausmannite,  with  rhodochrosite. 


254  OXIDES. 

264.  GIBBSITE.  Wavellite  (fr.  Richmond)  C.  Dewey,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  2,  249,  1820;  =  Watei 
and  Alumina,  id.,  ib.,  3.  239.  1821.  Gibbsite  J.  Torrey,  N.  Y.  Med.  Phys.  J.,  1,  No.  1,  68, 

April,  1822.     Hydrargillite,  Gibbsite  of  Torrey,  CleaveL,  224,  782,  1822.     Hydrargillite  (f r.  Ural) 
G.  Rose,  Pogg.,  48,  564,  1839. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  a  :  I  :  c  =  1-70890  :  1  :  1-91843;  ft  =  85°  29 J-'  =* 
001  A  100  Brogger1. 

100  A  HO  =  59°  35J',  001  A  101  =  *50°  50',  001  A  Oil  =  62°  23}'. 

Forms:  e(001,  0)  k  (310,  £3)?  n  (870,  *-?)  s  (312,  f-3) 

a  (100,  i-l)  t  (920,  *-|)  -  v  (520,  i-\ )?  m  (110,  /)  u  (623,  2-3) 

b  (010,  £1)  Z  (410,  i-l)  }JL  (210,  i-2)  d  (101, 14)  0  (211,  2-2)? 

Angles :  U'"  =  41°  28',  II'"  -  46°  8',  ju/u'"  =  80°  51'  nri"  =  112°  17'  wm'"  =  *119  lOf , 
*7w  =  *87°  43'. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  (1)  m  with  cc  =  —  4°  34',  rare.  (2)  a  with  cc  =  —  9°  2', 
not  common.  (3)  c,  common,  usually  combined  with  one  of  the  other  laws. 
(4)  tw.  pi.  J_  c  and  intersecting  c  in  a  line  inclined  119°  49|'  to  the  edge  c/a,  and, 
0°  31J-'  to  the  edge  c/m]  very  common,  the  faces  c  and  c  falling  together,  while  the 
zone  ca  of  one  crystal  coincides  with  the  zone  cm  of  the  other;  method  of  grouping 
very  varied,  in  part  analogous  to  the  pericline  twins  of  the  triclinic  feldspars. 
Also  rare  and  somewhat  uncertain,  (5)  tw.  pi.  (3*1*54,  ^5-8?). 

Crystals  tabular  ||  c,  the  forms  cam  most  common ;  hence  hexagonal  in 
aspect.  Occasionally  in  lamello-radiate  spheroidal  concretions.  Also  stalactitic, 
or  small  mammillary  and  incrusting,  with  smooth  surface,  and  often  a  faint  fibrous 
structure  within. 

Cleavage:  c  eminent.  Tough.  Percussion-figure2  similar  to  that  of  mica, 
with  rays  normal  to  the  hexagonal  edges.  H.  =  2*5-3-5.  G.  =  2*3-2*4;  2*385, 
Eichmond,  B.  Silliman,  Jr.;  2*287,  Ural,  Hermann;  2-420,  Norway,  Bgr.  Color 
white,  grayish,  greenish,  or  reddish  white;  also  reddish  yellow  when  impure. 
Luster  of  c  pearly;  of  other  faces  vitreous;  of  surface  of  stalactites  faint.  Trans- 
lucent; sometimes  transparent  in  crystals.  A  strong  argillaceous  odor  when 
breathed  on. 

Optically  -f-.  For  Uralian  crystals  (Dx. ),  ax.  pi.  usually  J_  1),  and  inclined 
41°  26'  to  a  normal  to  c  for  red,  dispersion  strong  p  >  v,  horizontal  inappreciable; 
increase  of  temperature  causes  a  gradual  change  in  the  axial  plane  until  at  56°-5  and 
above  the  ax.  pi.  becomes  ||  b,  the  angles  increasing  with  p  >  v  up  to  171°  C.;.in 
all  cases  the  bisectrix  lies  in  the  plane  of  symmetry;  at  26°  *5  nearly  uniaxial  for 
blue.  In  another  section,  ax.  pi.  ||  b  at  ordinary  temperature,  and  axes  inclined 
respectively  50°  12'  and  35°  9J'  (red)  to  a  normal  to  c.  Brazilian  crystals  (Dx.) 
similar  to  those  from  the  Ural.  The  Norwegian  crystals  (Bgr.)  are  sensibly  uniaxial 
with  Bx  A  c  =  —  21°.  Refractive  indices: 

a  =  fl  =  1*53471  Y  =  1*55769 

Var. — 1.  In  crystals;  the  original  Hydrargillite.     2.  Stalactitic;  gibbsite. 
Comp. — Aluminium  hydrate,  A1(OH)3  or  A1203.3H20  =  Alumina  65*4,  water 
34*6  =  100. 

Analyses,  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  177.  Also  Eustis,  Brazil,  Ch.  News,  48,  98,  1883;  da  Costa  Sena, 
id.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  7,  220,  1884;  Jannettaz,  French  Guiana,  ibid.,  1,  70,  1878. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  becomes  white  and  opaque,  and  yields  water.  B.B.  infusible, 
whitens,  and  does  not  impart  a  green  color  to  the  flame.  With  cobalt  solution  gives  a  deep 
blue  color.  Soluble  in  concentrated  sulphuric  acid. 

Obs. — The  crystallized  gibbsite  (hydrargillite)  was  discovered  by  Lissenko  in  the  Shishimsk 
mountains  near  Zlatoust  in  the  Ural;  it  occurs,  according  to  Koksharov,  in  cavities  in  a  schist 
containing  much  magnetite.  The  larger  crystals  were  1  to  2  inches  long.  Also  in  crystals 
lilling  cavities  in  natrolite  on  the  small  islands,  Lille- Aro  and  Eikaholm.  in  the  Langesundfiord , 
Norway.  With  corundum  at  Gumuch-dagh,  Asia  Minor.  In  French  Guiana.  Ouro  Preto  and 
Marianna,  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil. 

In  the  U.  S.  on  corundum  at  Unionville,  Pa.(?);  in  stalactitic  form  at  Richmond,  Mass.,  in 
a  bed  of  limonite;  also  at  Lenox,  Mass.;  at  the  Clove  Mine,  Union  Vale,  Dutchess  Co.,  N.  T., 
on  limonite;  in  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y.  . 

Named    after  Col.  George    Gibbs,    the    original    owner    (after  extensive  foreign    travel) 


SASSOLITE.  255 

of  the  large  Gibbs  cabinet  acquired  by  Yale  College  early  in  the  century.      Cleaveland  calls  the 
Richmond  mineral  hydrargiUite  on  p.  224  of  his  mineralogy,  but  on  p.  782  adopts  Torrey's  name 


Ref. — !  Norway,  Zs.  Kr..  16,  16,  1890.  Earlier  regarded  as  rhombohedral,  Kk.,  Min. 
Russl.,  4,  88,  1862,  but  proved  by  Dx.  to  be  monoclinic,  ibid.,  p.  398,  and  N.  R.,  138,  1867.  It 
is  shown  by  Bgr.  that  the  orthopinacoid  of  Dx.  is  in  fact  the  prism  m.  '2  Jb.  Min.,  1,  56,  1884. 

RICHMONDITE.  The  substance  labelled  gibbsite  from  Richmond,  Mass.,  in  which  Hermann 
states  he  found  37  p.  c.  P2O5  (see  his  analysis  under  gibbsite,  5th  Ed.,  p.  178),  has  been  named 
Richmondiie  by  Kenngott  (Vierteljahrschr.  nat.  Ges.  Zurich,  11,  225). 

ZIRLITE  Pichler,  Jb.  Miu.,  57,  1871,  51,  1875.  An  amorphous  aluminium  hydrate  resem- 
bling allophane  from  near  Zirl,  Tyrol,  also  f rom  Nassereit ;  it  occurs  in  yellowish  white  incrusta- 
tions in  a  sandy  marl.  Easily  soluble  in  acids. 

265.  SA83OLITE.  Sale  sedativo  naturale  U.  F.  Hoefer,  Memoria,  Firenze,  1778;  Mascagni, 
Mem.  Soc.  Ital.,  8,  487.  Native  Sedative  Salt.  Acidum  boracis,  vulgo  Sal  sedativum,  Bergm., 
Sciagr.,  1782.  Native  Boracic  Acid  Kirw.,  1796.  Sassolin  Karst.,  Tab.,  40,  75,  1800.  Acide 
boracique  Fr.  Boric  Acid. 

Triclinic.     Axes:    &  :  b  :  c  =  0-57711  :  1  :  0-52824;    a  =  104°  174';    ft  =  92° 
33J';  Y  =  89°  41f  Miller1. 

100  A  010  =  89°  39f,  001  A  100  =  87°  26J',  001  A  010  =  75°  42£'. 

Forms1 :  m  (110,  /')  y  (Oil,  14')  v  (111,  1')  u  (ill,  ly) 

b  (010,  i-i)  M(llQ,  '/)  x  (Oil,  '14)  s  (111,  ,1)  r  (111,  '!) 

c  (001,  0) 

If  the  axes  a  and  b  are  interchanged,  and  at  the  same  time  the  axis  c  doubled,  the  axial  ratio 
becomes:  a  :  b  :  c  —  1*7328  :  1  :  1'8306,  which  brings  i*  into  correspondence  with  gibbsite 
(hydrargiUite). 

bm     =  *59°  cv   =  41°  6'  cr    =     48°  26'  b'r  =  78°  24' 

VM  =  59°  30'  cm  =  *80°  33'  cM  =  *95°  3'  bs  =  59°    4f 

mM  =  *61°  30'  cu  =  50°  53'  Mr  =  *46°  37'  b'u  =  77°  26' 

cy      =  24°  21'  cs    =  43°  14'  bv    =     59°  51'  ys  -  36°  18' 

ex      =  36°  27' 

Twins:  tw.  axis  6',  cc  =  29°  2'  (Mir.).     Crystals  tabular  ||  c,  the  plane  angles 
of   the   basal   plane   nearly   120°.     Usually  small  scales; 
sometimes  grouped  in  stalactitic  forms. 

Cleavage :  c  very  perfect.  H.=l.  G.  =  1'48.  Luster 
pearly.  Color  white,  except  when  tinged  yellow  by  sulphur ; 
sometimes  gray.  Feel  smooth  and  unctuous.  Taste 
acidulous,  and  slightly  saline  and  bitter.  Ax.  pi.  nearly 
coincident  with  axis  b  and  J_  c.  Bx  J_  c.  2E  =  8°  Mir. 
2E  =  10°  to  12°  and  unchanged  by  beat  (to  75°  C.)  Dx. 
Dispersion  zero. 

Comp.  —  Boric  acid,  B(OH)3  or  B203.3H20  =  Boron  trioxide  56'4,  water  43'6  = 
100. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  water.  B.B.  on  platinum  wire  fuses  toa  clear  glass  and 
tinges  the  flame  yellowish  green.  Some  specimens  react  for  sulphur  or  ammonia  in  the  closed 
tube.  Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol.  Dissolves  in  2'97  parts  of  water  at  100°  C.,  and  10'7  parts 
at  50°  C. 

Obs.— This  long  known  compound,  the  Sal  sedativum  Hombergu,  wns  first  detected  in  nature 
by  Hoefer  in  the  waters  of  the  Tuscan  lagoons  of  Monte  Rotondo  and  Castelnuovo,  and  after- 
ward in  the  solid  state  at  Sasso  by  Mascagni.  The  hot  vapors  of  the  lagoons  consist  largely 
of  boric  acid.  To  collect  it  the  vapors  are  made  to  pass  through  water,  which  absorbs  the 
boric  acid;  the  waters  are  then  evaporated  by  means  of  the  steam  from  the  springs.  Have 
yielded  seven  to  eight  thousand  pounds  troy  per  day.  These  lagoons  spread  over  a  surface  of 
about  30  miles;  and  in  the  distance,  clouds  of  vapor  are  seen  rising  in  large  volumes  among  the 
mountains. 

Exists  also  in  other  natural  waters,  as  at  Wiesbaden;  Aachen;  Krankenheil  near  Folz;  Clear 
Lake,  in  Lake  Co.,  California;  has  been  detected  in  the  waters  of  the  ocean. 

Occurs  also  abundantly  in  the  crater  of  Vulcano,  one  of  the  Lipari  isles,  forming  a  layer  on 
sulphur,  and  about  the  fumaroles,  where  it  was  discovered  by  Dr.  Holland  in  1813. 

Ref.— i  Trans  Phil.  Soc.  Cambr.,  3,  365,  1830,  Pogg.  Ann.,  23,  558,  1831,  Min.,  p.  281. 
Kenngott  made  the  artificial  crystals  monoclinic,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  12,  26,  1854.  Cf.  also  Dx., 
Min.,  2,  1,  1874,  and  Haushofer,  Zs.  Kr.,  9,  77,  1884,  who  gives  new  measurements. 


256  OXIDES 

266.  HYDROTALCITE.    Hydrotalkit  Hochstetter,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  27,  376,  1842.     Volknerite 
S0rm.,'J.  pr.  Ch.,'40,  11,  1847,  46,  257,  1849. 

Hexagonal.     Also  lamellar-massive,  or  foliated,  and  somewhat  fibrous. 

Cleavage:  basal,  eminent;  lateral,  distinct.  H.  —  2.  Gr.  =  2'04-2'09;  2'091 
Rg.  Color  white.  Luster  pearly.  Translucent,  or  in  thin  folia  transparent.  Feel 
greasy. 

Cornp.— Perhaps  Al(OH)3.3Mg(OH)3.3H20  or  Al203.6Mg0.15H20  =  Alumina 
16-7,  magnesia  39*2,  water  44'1  =;  100. 

Analyses  (Hermann,  Rg.,  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  179)  show  the  presence  of  a  carbonate  in  consider- 
able amount  (2'6  to  7'3  p.  c.  CO2,  Kg.),  so  that  the  true  nature  of  the  mineral  is  not  above 
doubt. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  much  water.  B.B.  infusible,  but  exfoliates  somewhat, 
and  gives  out  light.  A  pale  rose-red  with  cobalt  solution.  With  the  fluxes  intumesces  and 
affords  a  clear  colorless  glass.  The  Snarum  mineral  reacts  for  iron. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  the  mines  of  Shishimsk,  district  of  Zlatoust,  Ural,  implanted  on  schist 
(wlknerite);  at  Snarum,  Norway,  in  serpentine  (hydrotalcite}. 

Named  hydrotalcite  in  allusion  to  its  resembling  talc,  but  containing  much  more  water; 
vdlknerite,  after  Captain  Volkner. 

HOUGHITE  Shepard,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  210,  1851.  A  hydrotalcite  derived  from  the  alteration 
of  spinel.  From  near  Oxbow,  and  near  Somerville  in  Rossie,  St.  Lawrence  Co. ,  New  York. 
Color  white;  luster  faint,  pearly.  The  crystals  are  in  all  conditions,  from  the  pure  spinel  to 
octahedrons  with  rounded  edges  and  pitted  or  irregular  surfaces,  and  it  also  occurs  in  flattened 
nodules.  The  surfaces  are  sometimes  soft  and  altered,  when  the  edges  or  angles  have  the 
hardness  of  spinel.  Analysis,  see  S.  W.  Johnson,  ibid.,  p.  361,  or  5th  Ed.,  p.  179.  Associated 
with  dolomite,  spinel,  phlogopite,  graphite,  and  serpentine.  Named  for  Franklin  B.  Hough  of 
Somerville. 

267.  PYROAURITE.    Pyroaurit  Igelstrom,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  22,  608,  1865.     Igelstrom- 
ite  Heddle  Min.  Mag.,  2,  107,  1878. 

Hexagonal.     In  six-sided  tables.     Also  with  obscure  fibrous  structure. 
Luster  pearly.     Color  gold-like  or  silvery  white.     Subtranslucent. 
Comp.— Perhaps    Fe(OH)3.3Mg(OH)2.3H20     or    Fe203.6Mg0.15HaO  =  Iron 
sesquioxide  23'9,  magnesia  35*8,  water  40'3  =  100. 

Anal. — 1,  Igelstrom,  1.  c.     2,  Heddle,  1.  c.;  also  other  analyses  with  some  CO2. 

Fe2O3       MgO         H2O        COa 

1.  Langban  23'92        34'04        34'56        7 '24     =      99 "76 

2.  Scotland,  Igelstromite  23'63        36'85        40'02          —      =     100-50 

Pyr.,  etc.— Yields  water.  B.B.  infusible,  turns  brown  and  becomes  magnetic.  Soluble  in 
hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — From  the  Langban  iron-mine  in  Wermland,  Sweden,  in  gold-like  subnietallic  scales 
(pyroaurite).  In  thin  seams  of  a  silvery  white  color  in  serpentine  in  the  island  Haaf-Grunay, 
Scotland  (igelstromite). 

268.  CHALCOPHANITE.     G.  E.  Moore,  Amer.  Chemist,  July,  1875. 
Rhombohedral.     Axis  6  =  3-5267;  0001  A  1011  =  76°  12£'  Moore. 

In  druses  of  minute  tabular  crystals,  with  small  rhombohedral  faces. 
Angles:  rr'  =  114°  30',  rrnt  =  *65°  30'.  Also  in  foliated  aggregates;  in  stalactitic 
and  plumose  forms. 

Cleavage:  basal,  perfect.  Flexible  in  thin  laminae.  H.  =  2*5.  G.  =  3'9070 
Luster  metallic,  brilliant.  Color  bluish  black  to  iron-black.  Streak  chocolate- 
brown,  dull.  Opaque. 

Comp. — (Mn,Zn)0.2Mn02.2H20  =  Manganese  dioxide   60 -3,  manganese  pro- 
toxide 6-1,  zinc  protoxide  21-1,  water  12'5  =  100;  here  MnO:ZnO  =  1:3. 
Anal. — 1,  2,  Moore:  1,  cryst.;  2,  stalactitic,  deducting  1'27  p.  c.  limonite. 

Mn02  MnO  ZnO  Fe2Os          H2O 

1.  59-94  6-58  21'70f          0'25  11 '58  =  100*05 

2.  \  61-57  4-41  20-80  12 '66  =     99 -44 

Pyr.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  water  and  oxygen,  exfoliates  slowly,  and  changes  to  a 
golden  bronze  color.  B.B.  becomes  yellowish  bronze  to  copper- red  in  color,  and  fuses  slightly 


PSILOMELANE.  257 

on  the  edges.     With  borax  a  manganese  bead;  on  charcoal  with  soda  a  zinc  coating.     Dissolves 
in  hydrochloric  acid  with  the  evolution  of  chlorine. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  the  calamiue  deposits  of  Sterling  Hill,  near  Ogdensburg,  Sussex  Co.,  N.  J. 
It  is  a  product  of  the  decomposition  of  frauklinite.  Named  from  ^aA.x'oS,  brass,  and  (pairea&ai, 
to  appear,  in  allusion  to  the  change  of  color  on  ignition. 

269.  FSILOMELANE.  Derb  Brunsten  pt.  Wall.,  Min.,  268,  1747.  Magnesia  indurata 
pt.  Cronst.,  Min.,  106,  1758.  Schwarz  Braunsteinerz  pt.  Wern..  Bergm.  J.,  386,  1789.  Ver- 
hartetes  Schwarz-Braunsteinerz  pt.  Emmerling,  Min.,  4,  532,  Karsten,  Tab.,  54,  1800.  Verh. 
Schwarz-Manganerz  pt.  Karst.,  Tab.,  72,  1808.  Schwarz-Eisenstein  pt.  Wern.,  v.  Leonh.,  etc. 
Black  Hematite,  Black  Iron  Ore,  Compact  Black  Manganese  Ore.  Hartmauganerz.  Psilomelaue 
Haid  ,  Trans.  R.  Soc.  Edinb.,  11,  129,  1827.  Schwarzer  Glaskopf  Germ.  Calvonigrit  Laspeyres, 
J.  pr.  Ch.,  13,  226,  1876. 

Massive  and  botryoidal;  reniform;  stalactitic. 

H.  =  5-6.  Gr.  =  3'7-4'7.  Luster  submetallic  ;  dull.  Streak  brownish  black, 
shining.  Color  iron-black,  passing  into  dark  steel-gray.  Opaque. 

Comp. — A  hydrous  manganese  manganate  in  which  part  of  the  manganese  is 
often  replaced  by  barium  or  potassium,  perhaps  conforming  to  H4Mn06  (Laspeyres). 
The  material  analyzed  is  generally  very  impure,  and  the  composition  hence  doubtful. 

Anal. — 1,  2,  Laspeyres.  J.  pr.  Ch.,  13,  1,  215,  1876.  3,  4,  Langhans,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Jena, 
1885.  5,  6,  Gorgeu,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  13,  21,  1890. 

Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  180;  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  189-191,  1875;  Heddle,  Trans.  R.   Soc.  Edinb.,  30, 

427,  1882. 

MnO2    MnO       O        BaO    CaO  MgO  Na2O    K2O  Li2O  H2O 

1.  Salm  Chateau  G.  =  4'328  f  75'74    14-66      —       0-26    0  08    0'84    3-38    0-48    3*76 

[SiO2  0-13,  CuO  0-08,  CoO  0'12,  Fe2O3  0'17,  A12O3  2'53  =  102-28 

2.  Kalteborn  67'87    13'66      0'20    0-10    0'20    0'39    0'38    0'21    6'42 

[SiO2  0-36,  CuO  1-15,  CoO  0'47,  Fe2O3  3'77,  A12O3  6'32  =  101 '50 

3.  Voile  Rose  74'97    15*06      0'61     1-18    0*52    0'18    2'59      —     3*06 

[PbO  0-06,  Fe2O3  0'37,  A12O3  M6,  insol.  0'21  =     99'97 

4.  Heinrichgluck  69'76    13*93      6'50    0'52    0'66    0'76    2-17      —     3-90 


[Fe2O3  0-49,  A12O3  0'87,  SiO2  2'74,  insol.  0'24  =  102'54 
67'J 


5.  Eisenbach  67'29    12-19      6'43    1'33    0'21    0'69    1'89      tr.      3'10 

[CuO  0-50,  A1203  1-10,  Fe203  0'50,  SiO2  312,  insol.  2'47  =  100'83 

6.  Romaneche  69'2        8'5        —       16'8      0'4      0'2  O'l  —     4'8 

[=  100 

7.  Thuringia  71*6       8-2        —        8'5      1-1      0-7       —     I'O       —     8'9 

[=  1(X? 

8.  Lorca  83 '6        8'2        —        1-0      0'2      0'2      1-4        —       —     5'4 

[=  100 

The  psilomelane  from  Kalteborn,  Siegen  (anal.  2),  is  called  calwnigrite  by  Laspeyres  (1. 
c.,  p.  226). 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  most  varieties  yield  water,  and  all  lose  oxygen  on  ignition; 
with  the  fluxes  reacts  for  manganese.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  with  evolution  of  chlorine. 

Obs. — This  is  a  common  ore  of  manganese.  It  is  frequently  in  alternating  layers  with 
pyrolusite.  It  occurs  in  botryoidal  and  stalactitic  shapes,  in  Devonshire  and  Cornwall;  at 
Ilefeld  in  the  Harz;  also  at  Johanngeorgenstadt,  Schneeberg,  Ilmenau,  Siegen,  etc.;  at  Elgers- 
burg  and  Oehrenstock,  Thuriugia,  and  Nadabula,  Hungary.  In  the  Orkneys. 

It  forms  mammillary  masses  at  Chittenden,  Irasburg,  and  Brandon,  Vt.  In  Independence 
Co.,  and  elsewhere  in  Arkansas.  With  pyrolusite  at  Douglas,  Hants  Co.,  Nova  Scotia. 

Named  from  ^zAd?,  smooth  or  naked,  and  jueA.a's,  black. 

LITHIOPHORITE  Frenzel,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  2,  203,  1870;  4,  353,  1871;  Jb.  Min.,  55,  1879.  Lithion- 
psilomelaa  Laspeyres,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  13,  2,  1876. 

A  hydrated  manganese  ore  containing  (Winkler)  10  to  15  p.  c.  A12O3,  1-2-1-4  p.  c.  LiaO, 
and  12-6-15-4  p.  c.  H2O.  Occurs  in  fine  scales,  also  compact,  botryoidal.  H.  =3.  G.  =  3-14- 
3-36  Frenzel.  Luster  dull  to  metallic.  Color  bluish  black.  Streak  blackish  gray.  Analyses, 
see  Winkler,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  4.  353,  1871,  or  5th  Ed.,  App.  i,  p.  9. 

Found  associated  with  quartz  in  many  localities  in  the  Schneeberg  mining  district,  also 
occurs  at  Sayn,  and  near  Siegen. 

WAD.  (A)  BOG  MANGANESE.  Magnesia  friabilis  terriformis  Cronst.,  Min.,  105,  1758. 
Earthy  Ocher  of  Mang.,  Black  Wad  pt.,  Kirwan,  Min.,  1784.  1796.  Schwarz  Braunsteinerz 
Manganschaurn,  Karst.,-  Tab.,  1808.  Brauner  Eisenrahm  Wern.  Bog  Manganese.  Ouatite 
Huot.,  Min.,  241.  1841.  Groroilite  Berth.,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  51,  19,  1832.  Reissacherit  Haid., 
Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  7,  609,  1856.  Wackenrodite  Adam,  Tabl.  Min.,  76,  1869.  Vod  Hal. 

(B)  ASBOLITE.     ?Cobaltum  nigrum  Agric.,  Bermann,  459,  1529.     Svart  Kobolt-Jord,  Min. 


258  OXIDES. 

Cob.  terrea  fuliginea,  Wall.,  Mm.,  235,  1747.  Kobalt-Mulm,  Ochra  Cob.  nigra,  Cronst.,  Min., 
211,  1758.  Kobolt-Erde,  Schwarzer  Erdkobalt,  Russkobalt,  Kobaltmanganerz,  Germ.  Earthy 
Cobalt,  Black  Cobalt  Ocber.  Cobalt  oxyde  noir  H.,  Tr.,  4,  1801.  Kakochlor  (fr.  Lausitz) 
Breith.,  Cbar.,  240,  1832.  Handb.,  896,  1847.  Asbolan  (fr.  Kamsdorf,  etc.)  Breith  ,  Haiidb  332 
1847.  Aitbalite  Adam,  Tabl.  Miu.,  78,  1869. 

(C)  LAMPADITE.     Kupfermaugan  Lampadms,  Neue  Erfahr.  im  Gebiete  der  Ch.,  etc..  2,  70. 
Kupfermanganerz  Breith.,   in  Hoitm.  Min.,  4,   b,   201,   1818.     Cupreous  Manganese.     Kuper- 
schwarze  Germ.,  pt.     Pelokonit  G.  F.  Richter,  Pogg.,  21,  591,  1831.     Lampadite  Huot.,  Min. 
238,  1841.     Lepidophait  Weisbach,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  109,  1880;   Schaumiges  Wad. 

In  amorphous  and  reniform  masses,  eitber  earthy  or  compact;  also  incrustiug  or  as  stains. 
Usually  very  soft,  soiling  the  lingers;  less  often  hard  to  H.  =  6.  G.  =  3  0-4  26;  often  loosely 
aggregated,  and  feeling  very  light  to  the  hand.  Color  dull  black,  bluish  or  brownish  black. 

The  mineral  substances  here  included  are  mixtures  of  various  oxides,  chiefly  of  manganese 
(MnO2,  also  MnO),  cobalt,  copper,  with  also  iron,  and  from  10  to  20  p.  c.  water.  They  can  hardly 
be  regarded  as  representing  distinct  mineral  species. 

The  following  are  the  chief  varieties;  some  other  closely  related  substances  are  described  in 
the  pages  259,  260. 

A.  BOG  MANGANESE.     Consists  mainly  of  oxide  of  manganese  and  water,  with  some  oxide 
of  iron,  and  often  silica,  alumina,  baryta.     The  Derbyshire  wad  sometimes  gives  the  angle  Of 
barite,  with  which  mineral  it  is  in  part  impregnated.     The  wad  of  Leadhills  is  pseudomorphous 
after  calcite.     Ororoilite  occurs  in  roundish  masses  of  a  brownish  black  color,  and  reddish  brown 
streak;  with  H.  sometimes  6-6*5;  it  is  from  Groroi  in  Mayenne,    Vicdessos,   and  Cautern,  in 
France.     Reissacherite  is  an  ore  analyzed  by  Hornig  which  is  remarkable  for  containing  a  large 
amount  of  water.      Wackenrodite  is  a  wad  from  Baden  containing  12  p.  c.  Pb  (5th  Ed.,  anal.  6, 
p.  182).     The  name  wad  is  of  English  origin.    Huot's  name  ouatite  is  from  the  French  spelling 
of  wad.     The  wad  of  the  Cumberland  miners  is  graphite, — a  wrong  use  of  the  word,  says  Mawe 
in  his  Mineralogy  of  Derbyshire. 

B.  ASBOLITE.  or  Earthy  Cobalt.     Wad  containing  oxide  of  cobalt,  which  sometimes  amounts 
to  32  p.   c.     Named   from   dorfiokr],  soot  (or  Asbolan  from   do-fiokaivco,  to  soil  like  soot). 
Breithaupt's   kakochlor   includes  the  ore   from   Rengersdorf   in  Lausitz,    having  H.  =  2-2 '5, 
G.  =  3-15-3-29. 

C.  LAMPADITE,  or  Cupreous  Manganese.      A   wad   containing  4   to   18  p.  c.    of  oxide  of 
copper,  and  often  oxide  of  cobalt  also.      It  graduates  into  black  copper  (Melaconite  or  Kup- 
ferschwarze).      G.  =  3'l-3"2.      Peloconite   is  a   brownish  black  variety,  having  a   liver-brown 
streak;  H.  =  3;  G.  —  2  508-2 '567;  from  Remolinos  in  Chili;  cf.  also  Freuzel.  Jb.  Min.,  801, 
1873.      Lepidophmte  is  a  kind  from  Kamsdorf,  Thuringia.      Structure  fine  fibrous  and  scaly. 
Very  soft,  soiling  the  fingers.     G.  =  2'89-3-04.     Luster  silky,  dull.     Color  and  streak  reddish 
brown,  the  latter  shining.     Analysis,   Jenkins  :    MnO2  58  77,  MuO  9  59,  CuO  11 '48,  H2O  21*05 
=  100-89. 

Analyses  of  the  various  kinds  of  wad  vary  very  widely,  see.  5th  Ed.,  pp.  181,  182.  Also 
the  following  :  A.  Gorgeu,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  13,  27,  1890;  impurities  in  small  amount  have 
been  deducted. 

MnO2  MnO  BaO  CaO  MgO  CoO  ZnO  CuO  PbO  K2O  Na2O  H2O 

1.  Loc.  unknown        66'2    7'9      —  5'0      2-0  —  1'6         02  tr.      1-8    [15-3]  =  100 

2.  RoinanSche             681     7-6    16'2  1-7      tr.  —  tr.     tr.     0'3  —      0'8       5'3   =100 

3.  Giessen                    83'1     7'1      —  0'26     —  0'5  —     0'5      —  4'05    I'O       3'49=100 

The  above  ores  are  results  of  the  decomposition  of  other  ores — partly  of  oxides  and  sulphides, 
partly  of  manganesian  carbonates.  They  occur  at  Clausthal,  llmenau,  Siegen,  and  many 
other  places.  Bog  manganese  is  abundant  in  the  counties  of  Columbia  and  Dutchess.  N.  Y.,  at 
Austerlitz,  Canaan  Centre,  and  elsewhere,  where  it  occurs  as  a  marsh  deposit,  and,  according  to 
Mather,  has  proceeded  from  the  alteration  of  brown  spar;  also  in  the  south-west  part  of 
Martinsburg.  Lewis  Co.,  in  a  swamp.  There  are  large  deposits  of  bog  manganese  at  Blue  Hill 
Bay,  Dover,  and  other  places  in  Maine. 

Asbolite  occurs  at  Riechelsdorf  in  Hesse;  Saalfeld  in  Thuringia;  at  Nerchinsk  in  Siberia; 
at  Alderley  Edge  in  Cheshire  ;  New  Caledonia.  An  earthy  cobalt  occurs  at  Mine  la  Motte, 
Missouri,  which  contains  10  or  11  p.  c.  of  oxide  of  nickel,  besides  oxide  of  cobalt  and  copper, 
with  iron,  lead,  and  sulphur;  also  near  Silver  Bluff,  South  Carolina,  affording  24  p.  c.  of 
oxide  of  cobalt  to  76  of  oxide  of  manganese. 

Lampadite  is  found  at  Schlackenwald,  and  at  Kamsdorf  near  Saalfeld;  at  Lauterberg  in  the 
Harz.  Peloconite  is  from  Remolinos,  Chili,  where  it  occurs  with  chrysocolla,  or  malachite. 

VARVICITE  Phillips,  Phil.  Mag.,  6,  281,  1829.  7,  284,  1830.  Varvacite.  An  altered  manganite, 
approaching  wad  in  composition;  from  Warwickshire.  Some  similar  substances  are  noted  in 
5th  Ed.,  p.  182;  another,  from  Austin ville,  Wythe  Co.,  Va.,  has  been  analyzed  by  P.  H.  Walker 
(Am.  Ch.  J.,  10,  41,  1888): 

G,  =  3-27    MnO2  68'86  MnO  7'51   BaO  14'42  H2O  5'08   SiO2 1-98    Fe203,Al2O3  2-23  =  100  08 


OXIDES.  259 

Appendix  to  Oxides. 

BERNONITE  Adam,  Tabl.  Min.,  73,  1869.     Contains:  Al2O3,CaO,H,O. 

DELAFOSSITE  (J.  Friedel,  C.  R.,  77,  211,  1873.  In  small  crystalline  plates,  cleavable  into 
thin  opaque  laminae.  H.  =  2'5.  G.  =  5*07.  Color  dark  gray  like  graphite,  with  a  more 
decided  metallic  luster.  Streak  blackish  gray.  Analysis,  Friedel: 

CuO  47-45  Fe203  47'99  A12O3  3'52     =     98'96 

B.B.  fusible  with  difficulty,  coloring  the  flame  green.  Easily  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid, 
even  in  the  cold.  Found  on  yellowish  white  lithomarge  from  the  region  of  Ekaterinburg, 
Siberia,  perhaps  also  from  Bohemia.  Named  for  the  mineralogist  G.  Delafosse. 

HET.EROLITE  G.  E.  Moore,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  423,  1877.  Hetairite  Naumann-Zirkel,  Min., 
llth  Ed.,  p.  371,  1881.  In  botryoidal  coatings  with  columnar-radiate  structure.  Brittle. 
H.  =5.  G.  =  4-933.  Luster  metallic  to  submetallic.  Color  black.  Streak  brownish  black. 
Opaque.  Contains  zinc  and  manganese,  and  stated  to  be  a  zinc  hausmannite,  but  no  analyses 
published.  Occurs  intimately  associated  with  chalcophanite  (whence  name  from  ercn/joS, 
companion}  at  the  Passaic  zinc  mine,  Sterling  Hill,  near  Ogdensburg,  Sussex  Co.,  New  Jersey. 

HETEROGENITE  Frenzel,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  5,  404,  1872.  Amorphous,  massive  in  globular,  reni- 
form  masses,  with  little  luster.  H.  =3.  G.  =  3'44.  Color  black,  or  blackish  to  reddish  brown; 
streak  dark  brown.  Composition,  essentially,  CoO.2Co2O3  -f-  6H2O  (Frenzel).  Analysis  (after 
deduction  of  foreign  constituents,  Cu,  Bi,  etc.): 

|  CoO  72  0  O  5-98  H2O  21'33    =     99'31 

Soluble  in  dilute  hydrochloric  acid,  with  evolution  of  chlorine,  leaving  a  residue.  Occurs 
sparsely  with  calcite  and  pharrnacolite  in  cobalt  and  nickel  veins  at  Schneeberg;  also  at  the  St. 
Anton  mine,  Heubach,  near  Wittichen,  Baden.  It  is  a  decomposition-product  of  smaltiie. 

HEUBACHITE.  Kobaltnickeloxydhydrat  F.  Sandberger,  Ber.  Ak.  Munchen,  238.  1876; 
Erzgange,  413,  1885.  In  thin  soot-like  incrustations;  in  dendritic  or  small  spherical  aggregates. 
H.  =  2*5.  G.  =  3-75.  Color  deep  black.  Streak  submetallic.  Composition  perhaps 
8(Co,Ni,Fe)203  4-  4H2O.  Analysis,  Zeitschel.  1.  c.: 

Co2O3  65-50        Ni2O3  14'50        Fe2O3  5'13        Mn2O3  1'50        H2O  12'59  =  99'22 

Soluble  in  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid,  with  evolution  of  chlorine;  the  solution  is  deep 
bluish  green,  but  on  diluting  with  water  becomes  rose-red.  Occurs  as  a  secondary  product 
coating  barite  at  the  St.  Anton  mine,  in  the  Heubachthal,  near  Wittichen,  Baden;  also  at  the 
mine  Eberhard,  near  Alpirsbach,  Wurteinberg. 

HYDRATED  TITANIC  OXIDE.  Oxyde  de  titane  hydrate  Gorceix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  7,  179, 
1884.  In  small  flattened  discs,  like  small  beans.  H.  —  6.  G.  =  3 '96.  Color  yellow,  reddish, 
with  brilliant  luster,  compact;  also  grayish  with  earthy  fracture.  They  contain  besides  TiO3 
also  P2O5,  V2O6,  A12O3,  and  small  quantities  of  iron,  lime,  cerium,  didyraium,  and  yttrium. 
B.B.  decrepitate  violently  and  yield  acid  water  in  the  closed  tube.  Common  in  the  diamond 
gravels  of  the  valley  of  the  Jequitinhonha  near  Diamantina,  Brazil.  They  are  called  favas  by 
the  local  miners.  The  existence  of  the  same  substance  in  the  diamantiferous  gravels  was  noted 
by  Damour  (Bull.  Soc.  G.  Fr.,  13,  552,  1856). 

HYDHOFRANKLINITE  W.  T.  Roepper.  Stated  to  be  a  new  hydrous  oxide  of  zinc,  manganese, 
and  iron.  Occurs  in  small,  very  brilliant  iron-black  regular  octahedrons;  with  highly  perfect 
octahedral  cleavage.  H.  —  4-4'5.  G.  =  4  06-4*09.  From  Sterling  Hill,  near  Ogdensburg, 
Sussex  Co.,  New  Jersey.  Not  yet  analyzed. 

HYDROPLUMBITE  Heddle,  Min.  Mag. ,  8,  201,  1889.  In  minute  crystalline  scales  (hexagonal?), 
forming  thin  white  flakes  with  pearly  luster.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid,  the  solution  showing  the 
presence  of  lead  alone.  B.B.  yields  water.  Inferred  (but  on  very  insufficient  grounds)  to  be 
3PbO.H2O.  Observed  with  cerussite  and  pyromorphite  upon  galena.  Locality  doubtful,  or 
perhaps  from  Cumberland  or  Leadhills. 

NAMAQUALITE  A.  H.  Church,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  23,  1,  1870.  In  silky  fibers  and  thin  layers. 
H.  =  2'5.  G.  =  2'49.  Luster  silky.  Color  pale  blue.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Analysis, 
Church: 

A12O3  15-29      CuO  44-74      MgO  3'42      CaO  2'01      SiO2  2'2o      HeO  32'38  -  100'09 
From  Namaqualand,  S.  Africa.     Approximates  to  A1(OH)».  2Cu(OH)2.  2H2O. 

PELAGITE  A.  H.  Church,  Min.  Mag.,  1.  50, 1876.  A  name  given  by  Church  to  the  manga- 
nese nodules  obtained  by  the  Challenger  Expedition  from  the  bottom  of  the  Pacific,  between 
Japan  and  the  Sandwich  Is.,  at  a  depth  of  2740  fathoms.  Characters,  as  follows:  Fracture  con- 
choidal;  fragile.  H.  =  3'5.  Color  brownish  black.  Powder  between  blackish  brown  and 
clove  brown.  The  nodules  have  a  concretionary  structure,  consisting  of  concentric  layers  with 
a  core  of  indurated  red  clay,  and,  in  one  case,  of  pumice.  Anal.,  Church: 


260  OXIDES. 

SiO2    MnOa  A1203  Fe203    H3O 

10-37    30-22    3-30    20'02    34'55»  Cl  0'71,  MgO,  CaO,  CuO,  Na2O,  01,  P2O5,  etc.,  0'83  =  100 

a  At  a  red  heat  lO'O  p.  c. 

Other  analyses  by  Schwager  (quoted  by  Giimbel,  Ber.  Ak.  Miinchen,  189,  1878)  also  by 
Dittmar  (Rep.  Chall.  Ex.),  by  J.  Y.  Buchanan  (Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  Ed.,  9,  287, 1877;  Ch.  News,  44, 
253,  1881),  of  specimens  from  different  localities,  show  a  wide  variation  in  composition.  These 
nodules  obviously  do  not  represent  a  mineral  species.  Cf.  also  Report  Challenger  Exped.,  1, 
1885. 

RABDIONITE  F.  von  Kobell,  Ber.  Ak.  Munchen,  46, 1870.  Stalactitic,  in  columnar  or  rod-like 
forms.  Very  soft,  soiling  the  fingers.  G.  =  2 -80.  Luster  dull,  after  rubbing  is  greasy  to  sub- 
metallic.  Color  black.  Streak  dark  brown.  Analysis: 

Fe203  45-00    Mn203  13'00    A1203 1-40    CuO  14-00    MnO  7-61    CoO  5-10    H20  13-50  =  99*61 

B.B.  fuses  at  3  to  a  steel-gray,  magnetic  globule.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  with  evolu- 
tion of  chlorine,  giving  an  emerald-green  solution.  From  Nizhni  Tagilsk  in  the  Ural. 
Near  asbolite.  Named  from  pdfidiov,  a  little  rod. 

TRANSVAALITE  T.  B.  McGhie  and  John  Clark,  Eng.  Mng.  J.,  50,  96,  1890.  An  oxidation- 
product  of  cobalt  arsenide  occurring  in  black  nodular  masses  forming  veins  in  quartzyte. 
H.  =4.  G.  =  3-846.  Analysis: 

Co2O3       CoO       NiO        H2O       Fe2O3    A12O3      CaO       MgO       SiO2     As205 
65-80        3-82        0-15        12*19        2*41        2'68        0'40        0'30        6'35        5'79  =  99*89 

Dissolves  readily  in  hydrochloric  acid  with  evolution  of  chlorine.  Occurs  at  the  cobalt 
mine,  30  miles  north  of  Middleburg,  Transvaal,  South  Africa.  Cf.  heterogenite  and  heubachite, 
above;  also  winklerite. 

WINKLERITE  Breithdupt,  Jb.  Min.,  816,  1872.  Amorphous,  massive.  Fracture  conchoi- 
dal.  H.  =3.  G.  =  3'432.  Luster  dull.  Color  bluish  black  to  violet-black.  Streak  dark  brown. 
A  mixture  regarded  as  containing  a  hydrated  oxide  of  cobalt  and  nickel.  Analyses. — 1,  Winkler, 
after  deducting  iron  sesquioxide  and  silica.  2,  Iwaya,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  256,  1882;  the  material 
analyzed  consisted  nearly  one-half  of  a  copper-calcium  arsenate,  deducting  which  the  results  in 
2a  are  obtained,  for  which  the  formula  (Co,Ni)2O3  -{-  2H2O  is  calculated. 

As206    CuO    Co2O3    CoO      NiO     CaO    CO2     HaO 

1.  10-83    13-89    10-86          33'10*          5'62    10'90    14-80  =  100      [=  100-49 

2.  G.  =3-72  20-50    15'01       —       23'80    12-98    9'27      —       12-12  Bi2O3 1'70,  O  14-11 
2a.  —       46-2      25-2        —        —       20*6    O  8'0  =  100 

•  Co  :  Ni  =  11  :  1. 

B.B.  infusible,  coloring  the  flame  green.  With  the  fluxes  gives  reaction  for  cobalt.  Effer- 
vesces with  hydrochloric  acid,  and  the  solution  thus  obtained  upon  heating  evolves  chlorine. 

Found  at  Oria  near  Almeria  in  the  Sierra  Alhamilla,  Spain,  occurring  with  galapectite,  also 
with  erythrite  and  malachite.  Formed  (Breith.)  by  the  gradual  decomposition  of  erythrite. 
Named  after  Dr.  Clemens  Winkler. 


VI.  Oxygen-salts. 
1.    CARBONATES. 


A.  Anhydrous  Carbonates. 

B.  Acid,  Basic  and  Hydrous  Carbonates. 


A.  Anhydrous  Carbonates. 
1.  Calcite  Group.     RC08.     Ehombohedral. 


270.  Calcite 

271.  Dolomite 

Normal  Dolomite 
271A.  Ankerite 

272.  Magnesite 

Breunnerite 
272A.  Mesitite 

Pistomesite 

273.  Siderite 

274.  Bhodochrosite 

Manganosiderite 
Manganocalcite  pt. 

275.  Smithsonite 

Monheimite 

276.  Sphserocobaltite 


CaC03 

(Ca,Mg)C03 

CaC03.MgCOs 

CaC03.(Mg,Fe)COs 

MgCOs 

(Mg,Fe)COs 

2MgC03.FeCOs 

MgC03.FeCO, 

FeC03 

(Fe,Mn)C09 

MnC03 

(Mn,Fe)CO, 

(Mn,Ca)C03 

ZnCO, 

(Zn,Fe)CO, 

CoC08 


Tetartohedral 


rr'  (J 

74°  55'  0-8543 

73°  45'  0-8322 

73°  48'  0-8332 

72°  36'  0-8112 

72°  46'  0-8141 

72°  42'  0-8129 

73°    0'  0-8184 

73°    0'  0-8184 


72°  20'    0-8063 


2.  Aragonite  Group.     RCO,.     Orthorhombic. 


a  :  I  :  6 

277.    Aragonite 

CaC03 

0-6224  :  1  :  0-7206 

278.     Bromlite 

(Ca,Ba)C08 

279.     Witherite 

BaCO, 

0-6032  :  1  :  0-7302 

280.     Strontianite 

SrCO, 

0-6090  :  1  :  0-7239 

281.     Cerussite 

PbCO, 

0-6100  :  1  :  0-7230 

261 


262 


282.    Barytocalcite 


CARBONATES. 
3.  Barytocalcite  Group.     Monoclinic. 


CaC03.BaC03 


d:b:6  /3 

0-7717  :  1  :  0-6255    73°  52' 


283,     Bismutosphaerite 


Bi2C06 


284.  Farisite 

Kischtimite 

285.  Bastnsesite  [(Ce,La,Di)F]C03 

Weibyeite 


4.  Parisite  Group.     Fluocarbonates. 
(CaF)(CeF)Ce(C03)3?    Hexagonal 


6  =  3-2891 


5.  Phosgenite  Group.     Chlorocarbonate. 
286.    Phosgenite  (PbCl)3G03  Tetragonal 


6  =  1-0876 


1.  Calcite  Group.    KC03.     Rhombohedral. 

270.  CALCITE.  Marmor  (Marble)  pt.  Plin.  Lapis  calcarius.  Saxum  calcis  (Calx  in 
Latin  meaning  burnt  lime),  Kalchstein  Agric.,  De  Nat.  Foss.,  820,  Interpr.,  468, 1546.  Kalksten 
Wall.,  Min.,  1747.  Spatig  Kalksten,  Kalkspat,  Cronst.,  Min.,  13,  1758.  Kalk,  Kalkspath, 
Kalkstein,  Germ.  Calx  aerata  Bergm.,  1774,  and  Opusc.,  1,  24,  1780.  Calc  Spar;  Calcareous 
Spar;  Limestone;  Carbonate  of  Lime;  Calcium  carbonate.  Chaux  carbonatee  Fr.  Calcit  Haid., 
Handb.,  498,  1845.  Caliza,  Espato  caliza,  Span. 


Rhombohedral. 
Wollaston1. 


Axis   6  =   0-85430;    0001  A   1011    =    44°  36'  34"  Mai  us, 


Forms,  pt.2:     .  v 

(130-13- 

1,  13) 

V' 

(0331, 

-3) 

5 

(4371, 

I7) 

W  (7-4-11  -15,  4 

c   (0001, 

0) 

P 

(16-0-16- 

1,  16) 

Jt 

(0772, 

-1) 

/* 

(5491, 

I9) 

^(4265,  f3) 

m  (1010, 

/) 

GO 

(28-0-28-: 

I,  28) 

Tf 

(0441, 

-  4) 

a 

,(6-5-11  1,  I11) 

^(4261.  23) 

a  (1120, 

i-2) 

e 

(0112,  - 

i) 

S 

(0551, 

-  5) 

W  (13-11 

•24-2,  I12) 

Q  (8-16-24-5,  |3 

C  (3140, 

*'-!) 

D 

(0335,  - 

f) 

d 

(0881, 

-8) 

x 

(7-6  13-1,  I13) 

F  (3584,  —  A4) 

n  (1123, 

a  (4483, 

1-2) 
1-2) 

Z 

I 

(0223,  - 
(0445,  - 

1) 

1) 

$  (0-14'14-l',  - 

"So 

Zone 
(6178, 

re 
I1) 

A  (2352^  -  |») 
2   (1235,  -  p) 

€    (2241,  4-2) 
5  (3361,  6-2) 
Y  (8-8-16-3,  -^-2 
u  (1014,  £) 
?•   (1011,  /ft 

e 
L 
)  i 

0 

A 

(0111,  - 

(0887,  - 
(0665,  - 
(0554,  - 
(0443,  - 

1) 
f) 

f) 

f) 

V 

(T 

A 

Zone 
(6175, 

(5164, 
(3142, 

ra 

I2) 

V 
E 
w 
V 

(5167, 

(4156, 
(3145, 

(6281, 

\} 

f) 

4'2) 

;p  (4-8-12-5,  - 
&  (1231,  -  I3) 
ft  (2461,  -  2;!) 
a  (1341,  -  20 

k  (5052, 

—  -/ 

t) 

n 

(0775,  - 

1) 

n 

(4153, 

A 

o 

(5279, 

|lj 

B  (2  -8  To  -3,  - 

5 

Jf(4041, 

4) 

h 

(0332,  - 

I) 

V 

(2131, 

i3) 

t 

(2134, 

P) 

K  (1453,  -  I3) 

r  (7071, 

7) 

f 

(0221,  - 

2) 

T  (5382, 

i4) 

N  (4-16-20-3,  - 

e  (10-0-10-1,  10) 

9 

(0552,  - 

I) 

y 

(3251, 

i»j 

H  (3;&}4,  £°; 

R  (2573,  -  I5) 

I3) 


2:<) 


CALCriE  GROUP— CALCITE. 
3.  5. 


8. 


10. 


11. 


12. 


13. 


14. 


15. 


16. 


17. 


264 


CARBONATES. 


cu 

— 

13° 

5' 

AT 

— 

44° 

364' 

ck 

•  — 

67° 

56 

cM 

— 

75° 

47' 

cr 

— 

81° 

45i/ 

cv 

=: 

85° 

324/ 

cp 

— 

86° 

224,' 

CGO 

= 

87° 

55V 

ce 

— 

26° 

15' 

cD 

= 

30° 

37' 

cZ 

— 

33° 

20' 

cl 

— 

38° 

17' 

ci 

— 

49° 

48|' 

C(f> 

— 

50° 

57f 

ch 

— 

55° 

57' 

tf 

— 

63° 

7' 

c* 

— 

71° 

20' 

<>X 

— 

73° 

51' 

C8 

— 

78° 

32' 

cd 

— 

82° 

47' 

c2 

— 

84° 

44' 

c$ 

= 

85° 

51f 

en 
ca. 


cd      = 


rr 

kk' 

MM 

XT' 
vv' 
PP  t 

GOGO 

ee' 

DD' 

ZZ 

IV 
u 

<t><t>' 
hh' 

ff 


XX      = 


29°  40' 
66°  18' 
73°  41' 

78°  58' 

23°  56' 
*74°  55' 
106°  45' 
114°  10' 
117°  59' 
119°  24' 


=  119°  52' 

=     45°     3' 
=     52°  21' 

=     56°  50' 
=     64°  534/ 
=     82°  50' 
=     84°  324/ 
=     91°  42' 
=  101°    9' 
=  110°  16' 
112°  344. 


88' 

dd' 

=  116° 
=  118° 
=  119° 

9 

27' 
10' 

FF 
FF* 

U' 

$$' 

=  119° 

29' 

tf 

vv* 
AA' 

= 

12° 

77° 
24° 

0' 
49' 
10' 

HH- 
YY 
FF' 

nri 

— 

78° 

5' 

(EX 

nn* 

— 

18° 

7' 

XX* 

nnvi 

= 

96' 

8' 

an 

vv' 

— 

75° 

22'  (X) 

as 

wo* 

ss 

35° 

36'  (Y) 

ay 

vv*1 

ss 

47° 

If  (Z) 

av 

2~2"i 

— 

41° 

46 

an 

yy' 

— 

70° 

59' 

aa 

yyv 

r= 

45° 

32' 

av 

yy* 

•5 

29° 

16' 

aG* 

55' 

= 

68° 

21' 

aE* 

55V 

= 

49° 

50' 

aw* 

BE* 

= 

13° 

M 

at" 

91°    3' 

27°  31' 
41°  55' 
20°  364' 
33°  5(X 

27°  21' 
37°  30' 
26°  44' 
87°  51' 


=    49°  23' 
=    16°    0' 


an* 
mv 


A  full  table  of  angles  is  given  in  Irby's  memoir  (1.  c.)  and  copied  inZs.  Kr.,  3,  610-623, 18791 


24. 


24,  Derbyshire.     25,  Rossie.    26,  Canary  Is.,  Hbg.  (fl  =  \).    27,  Port  Henry,  N.  Y.,  Kemp 
— showing  oscillatory  combination  of  r  with  several  scalenohedrons.   28,  Basal  projection  of  f.  24. 

Habit  of  crystals  very  varied :  from  obtuse  to  acute  rhombohedral  (f.  1-9,  14) ; 
from  thin  tabular  to  long  prismatic  (f.  10-13);  and  scalenohedral  of  many  types  (f. 
15-20) ;  sometimes  of  wonderful  complexity  (cf.  f.  26).  The  basal  plane  c  often  rough 
and  sometimes  exhibiting  a  pearly  luster;  the  rhombohedron  r  not  very  common 


CALCITE  GROUP— CALCITE. 


265 


except  in  Iceland  Spar;  e  (0112),  /  (0221),  M  (4041),  all  common;  0  (0554)  is  the 
cuboid  of  Haiiy  (f.  4);  the  scalenohedron  v  (2131)  very  common  both  alone  and  in 
combination,  also  y  (3151).  Faces  in  the  zone  rr'  over  e  (f.  28)  often  striated  || 
edge  r/r't  also  e  when  alone  rounded  over  in  this  direction ;  striations  in  other  zones 
common.  Crystals  grouped  in  parallel  position,  large  scalenohedral  crystals  thus 
built  up  of  minute  rhombohedrons ;  also  in  rosettes  and  other  forms. 

29.  30.  31.  32. 


29,  30,  Rossie,  Pfd.     33-35,  Guanajuato,  Pirsson— the  forms  (also  f.  36,  37)  distorted  by  the 
extension  of  certain  of  the  scalenohedral  faces.     36,  37,  England,  Haid.     38,  Sbk. 

Twins3:  (1)  tw.  pi.  c,  common,  the  crystals  having  the  same  vertical  axis  (f.  29 
-31).  (2)  tw.  pi.  e  (0112),  very  common,  the  vertical  axes  inclined  127°  29^'  and 
52°  30  J'  (f.  32-35);  often  producing  twinning  lamellae  as  in  Iceland  Spar,  which 
are,  in  many  cases,  of  secondary  origin  as  in  granular  limestones. 

These  twins  can  be  readily  formed  artificially  by  the  pressure  of  a  dull-edged  knife  on  the 
obtuse  cleavage  edge  as  at  a  (f.  39),  the  result  being  to  cause  the  reversal 
of  a  portion,  this  taking  place  without  loss  of  transparency  and  giving  a 
re-entrant  angle  between  ced  and  ceg;  the  corresponding  twinning  lamellae 
can  also  be  produced  artificially.  These  twinning  lamellae  are  often  con- 
nected with  minute  hollow  channels  (hohle  Canale  of  Rose)  within,  which 
produce  a  kind  of  asterism  when  a  candle-flame  is  viewed  through  a 
cleavage  mass. 

(3)  Tw.  pi.  r,  not  common;   the  crystals  have  their  vertical 
axes  inclined  90°  46'  and  89°  14',  and  have  one  cleavage  face  in 


39. 


266  CARBONATES. 

common  (f.  36,37).     (4)  tw.  pl./(0221),  rare  (138);  the  axes  intersect  at  angles 
of  53°  46'  and  126°  14'. 

Also  fibrous/ both  coarse  and  fine;  sometimes  lamellar;  often  granular;  from 
coarse  to  impalpable,  and  compact  to  earthy.  Also  stalactitic,  tuberose,  nodular, 
and  other  imitative  forms. 

Cleavage:  r  highly  perfect.  Parting!  e  (0112)  due  to  twinning,  also  ||  a  less 
common,  Mgg.  Fracture  conchoidal,  obtained  with  difficulty.  H.  =  3,  but  vary- 
ing with  the  direction  on  the  cleavage  face;  earthy  kinds  softer.  G.  —  2*713  Gdt., 
2'714  Malus,  2'723  Beud.,  in  pure  .crystals,  but  varying  somewhat  widely  in  impure 
forms,  as  in  those  containing  iron,  manganese,  etc.  (cf.  p.  269  et  seq.).  Luster 
vitreous  to  subvitreous  to  earthy.  Color  white  or  colorless;  also  various  pale  shades 
of  gray,  red,  green,  blue,  violet,  yellow;  also  brown  and  black  when  impure.  Streak 
white  or  grayish.  Transparent  to  opaque. 

Optically  — .  Double  refraction  strong;  hence  the  wide  separation  of  the  two 
rays  into  which  the  incident  ray  is  divided,  thus  giving  a  double  image  of  a  spot  or 
line  seen  though  a  cleavage  fragment.  Refractive  indices  for  the  Fraunhofer 
Eir*es,  Ditscheiner  (Schrauf) : 

B  C  D  E  F  G  H 

•<»     =     165305        1-65454        1  "65849        1-66362        l'6i'«812        1*67642        1-68338 

e      =     1-48378        1-48446        1 '48625        1 '48856        1-49066        1 '49458        1  "49770 

Also  &r    =  1-65382  Li  er    =  1  '48418  Li  Thalen 

cogr  =  1-66285  Tl  egr  =  1 '48834  Tl 

ForD2  GO     =1-658389  e     =  1  '486452  Hastings 

Comp — Calcium  carbonate,  CaC03  =  Carbon  dioxide  44*0,  lime  56'0  =  100. 
Small  quantities  of  magnesium,  iron,  manganese,  zinc,  and  lead  may  be  present  re- 
placing the  calcium. 

Var. — The  varieties  are  very  numerous,  and  diverse  in  appearance.  They  depend  mainly 
on  the  following  points:  differences  in  crystallization  and  structural  condition,  presence  of  im- 
purities, etc.,  the  extremes  being  perfect  crystals  and  earthy  massive  forms;  also  on  composition 
as  affected  by  isomorphous  replacement. 

A.  Varieties  based  chiefly  upon  crystallization  and   accidental  impurities. 

1.  Ordinary.     In  crysta'is  and  cleavable  masses,  the  crystals  varying  very  widely  in  habit  as 
already  noted.     Dog-tooth  Spar  is  an  acute  scalenohedral  form;  Nail-Jiead  Spar,  a  composite 
variety  having  the  form  suggested  by  the  name.     The  transparent  variety  from  Iceland,  used 
for  polarizing  prisms,  etc.,  is  called  Iceland  Spar  or  Doubly-refracting  Spar  (Doppelspath,  Germ.}. 
The  names  Kanonenspath  and  Papierspath  (Germ.)  are  given  to  crystallized  varieties,  the  first  to 
long  prisms,  the  second  to  very  thin  tables. 

Brunnerite  Esmark,  from  amygdaloid  in  FarOe,  is  calcite  in  cuboid  crystals  and  massive, 
smalt-blue  to  violet  in  color,  brownish-yellow  by  transmitted  light,  subtransparent  to  translucent, 
and  chalcedonic  in  aspect. 

R&ich'te  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  24,  311,  is  a  pure  calcite  from  Alston  Moor  in  Cumberland, 
white  in  color,  with  rr'  =  74°  40',  according  to  Breithaupt's  measurements,  and  G.  — 2'666 
-2-677;  this  needs  confirmation. 

As  regards  color  calcite  varies  from  the  kinds  which  are  perfectly  clear  and  colorless  through 
yellow,  pink,  purple,  blue,  to  brown  and  black.  The  color  is  usually  pale  except  as  caused  by 
impurities.  These  impurities  may  be  pyrite,  native  copper,  malachite,  sand,  etc. ;  they  are  some- 
times arranged  in  symmetrical  form,  as  depending  upon  the  growth  of  the  crystals  and  hence 
produce  many  varieties. 

Fontainebleau  limestone,  Lassonne,  Mem.  Ac.  Paris,  1775,  Chaux  carbonatee  quartzifere  H., 
1801.  Crystals  from  Fontaiiiebleau  and  Nemours,  France,  which  contain  a  large  amount  of  sand, 
some  50  to  63  p.  c.  according  to  Delesse,  with  G.  =  2 '53-2  84,  the  latter  from  one  containing  57 
p.  c.  of  sand.  Similar  forms  occur  at  other  localities,  the  rhombohedron/  (0221,  —  2)  being  the 
one  commonly  observed.  A  kind  from  Gersthof  near  Vienna  consists  of  calcite  and  quartz 
grains  in  the  ratio  of  2  :  3  (Berwerth,  Ann.  Mus.  Wien,  1,  31  not.,  1886).  The  well-known 
crystals  from  Heidelberg  have  lost  their  calcite  and  are  pseudomorphs  of  red  sandstone  after 
scalenohedral  calcite:  similar  forms  occur  in  the  Vosges. 

Hislopiie  Haughton,  Phil.  Mag.,  17,  16,  1859.  A  grass- green  cleavable  calcite  from  Central 
India,  containing  about  17  p.  c.  of  a  siliceous  material  like  glaucouite,  to  which  the  color  is 
owing. 

2.  Fibrous  and  lamellar  kinds. 

Satin  Spar  (Faserkalk,  Atlasspath  Germ.}.  Fine  fibrous,  with  a  silky  luster.  Resembles 
fibrous  gypsum,  which  is  also  called  satin  spar,  but  is  much  harder  than  gypsum  and  effervesces 
witli  acids. 


CALCITE  GROUP-CALCITE.  267 

Argentine  Kirwan,  Min.,  1,  104,  1794;  Schieferspath  Hofmann,  Bergm.,  J.,  188,  1789;  S'jate 
Spar.  A  pearly  lamellar  calcite,  the  lamellae  more  or  less  undulating;  color  white,  grayish, 
yellowish,  or  reddish.  • 

Aphrite,  in  its  harder  and  more  sparry  variety  (Schaumspath  Freieslebeu),  is  a  foliated  white 
pearly  calcite,  near  argentine;  in  its  softer  kinds  (Schaumerde  W.,  Silvery  Chalk  Kirwau,  Ecume 
de  Torre  H.)  it  approaches  chalk,  though  lighter,  pearly  in  luster,  silvery  white  or  yellowish  in 
color,  soft  and  greasy  to  the  touch,  and  more  or  less  scaly  in  structure. 

3.  Granular  massive  to  cryptocrystalline  kinds:  Limestone,  Marble,  Chalk. 

Granular  limestone  or  Saccharotdal  limestone,  so  named  because  like  loaf  sugar  in  fracture. 
The  texture  varies  from  quite  coarse  to  very  tine  granular,  and  the  latter  passes  by  imperceptible 
shades  into  compact  limestone.  The  colors  are  various,  as  white,  yellow,  reddish,  green,  and 
usually  they  are  clouded  and  give  a  handsome  effect  when  the  material  is  polished.  When  such 
limestones  are  tit  for  polishing,  or  for  architectural  or  ornamental  use,  they  are  called  marbles, 
(a)  Statuary  marble  is  pure  white,  tine  grained,  and  firm  in  texture.  The  Parian  marble  from 
the  island  of  Paros  (the  Lychnites  of  the  ancients).  Pentelican  from  the  quarries  near  Athens, 
Lani  marbles  of  the  coast  of  Tuscany,  and  the  Carrara  of  Modeua,  Italy,  are  among  the  best  of 
statuary  marbles.  Architectural  marble  includes  both  white  and  colored,  (b)  The  Cipolin  of 
Italy  is  white,  with  pale  greenish  shadings  from  green  talc;  it  does  not  stand  the  weather  well. 
(c)  Giallo  antico  of  Italy  is  ocher-yellow  to  cream  yellow,  with  some  whitish  spots,  (d)  The 
Siena,  or  Brocatello  de  Siena,  is  yellow,  veined  or  clouded  with  bluish  red,  having  sometimes  a 
tinge  of  purple,  (e)  The  Mandelato  is  a  light  red  with  yellowish  white  spots.  A  red  kind  from 
Tiree  (or  Tyree),  one  of  the  inner  Hebrides,  Scotland,  has  different  shades  of  red,  as  carnelian, 
rose  red,  flesh-red,  reddish  white:  one  from  Tennessee  is  clouded  with  brownish  and  purplish 
red.  (/)  The  Bardiglio  is  gray  with  crowded  dark  well  defined  cloudings,  consisting  partly  of 
serpentine,  from  Corsica,  (g)  Turquois-blue  marble,  from  the  quarries  of  Seravezza  near 
Carrara,  has  a  fine  grayish  blue  color,  veined  with  white.  (K)  Verd-Anlique  is  clouded  green, 
the  color,  owing  to  the  presence  of  serpentine,  yellowish  green  to  bluish  green  (see  also  serpen- 
tine). 

Hard  compact  limestone.  Varies  from  nearly  pure  white,  through  grayish,  drab,  buff, 
yellowish,  and  reddish  shades,  to  bluish  gray,  dark  brownish  gray,  and  black,  and  sometimes 
variously  veined.  The  colors  dull,  excepting  ocher-yellow  and  ocher-red  varieties.  Many  kinds 
make  beautiful  marble  when  polished. 

(a)  Black,  (b)  yellow,  (c)  red  and  (d)  fetid  kinds  are  common.  Red  oxide  of  iron  produces 
different  shades  of  red,  from  flesh-red  or  paler  to  opaque  blood-red  and  brownish  red,  according 
to  the  proportions  present;  the  latter  Hausmanu  names  H&matoconite  (from  atjua,  blood,  and 
Kovit,,  powder,  Handb.,  1304,  1847),  as  in  the  marble  Rosso  antico  of  Italy.  The  hydrated  oxide 
causes  yellowish  to  opaque  ocher-yello^  and  yellowish  brown;  the  deeper.  Sideroconite  of 
Hausmann  (ib. ,  1306).  Shades  of  green  are  due  to  iron  protoxide,  chromium  oxide,  iron  silicate. 
The  black  marbles  colored  by  carbonaceous  matter  are  named  Anthraconite  (from  avBpa^,  coal), 
by  v.  Moll,  Lucullan  by  John,  and  Lucullite  by  Jameson;  they  include  the  Marmor  Luculleum 
of  Pliny.  The  Nero  Antico  of  the  Italians  belongs  here.  The  bituminous  or  fetid  limestones 
are  also  called  anthraconite  when  black;  and  also,  from  the  odor,  Swinestone  (syn.  Slinkstone; 
Stinkstine,  Saustein,  Stinkkalk,  Germ.),  some  being  light  gray  in  color. 

The  Portor  (d),  called  sometimes  Egyptian  marble,  is  of  black  color,  handsomely  veined 
with  yellow  dolomite,  and  comes  from  Porto-Venere,  near  Spezia;  the  rock  is  of  the  lower  Lias. 
(e)  Panno-di-Morte  (Death's  Robe)  of  Italy  is  black  with  some  white  fossil  shells.  (/)  Marble  of 
Languedoc  is  fine  deep  red  or  brownish  red,  with  some  white  and  gray  due  to  fossils,  and  is  from 
St.  Beaume  in  France,  (g)  Griotle,  from  the  Dept.  of  Herault,  France,  has  a  reddish  brown 
base,  with  somewhat  regularly  arranged  spots  of  clear  red,  and  some  whitish  round  spots  due 
to  goniatit.es.  (h)  Sarencolin  marble,  from  the  Pyrenees,  is  deep  red  mixed  with  gray  and 
yellow.  (*)  Bird's-eye  marble  is  gray,  with  whitish  crystalline  points,  and  is  from  central 
New  York. 

(k)  Shell-marble  includes  kinds  consisting  largely  of  fossil  shells;  (I)  Madreporic  marble, 
those  containing  corals;  (m)  Encrinal,  those  containing  encrinal  (crinoidal)  remains,  (n)  Luma 
chelle  or  fire-marble  is  a  dark  brown  shell-marble,  with  brilliant  fire -like  or  chatoyant  internal  re- 
flections'proceeding  from  the  shells,  from  Bleiberg  in  Carinthia;  and  another  kind,  with  the 
shells  yellow,  comes  from  Astrachan. 

(0)  Euin-marble  is  a  kind  of  a  yellow  to  brown  color,  showing,  when  polished,  figures  bear- 
ing some  resemblance  to  fortifications,  temples,  etc.,  in  ruins,  due  to  infiltration  of  iron  oxide: 
from  Florence,  Italy. 

(p)  Lithographic  stone  is  a  very  even-grained  compact  limestone,  usually  of  buff  or  drab  color; 
as  that  of  Solenhofen. 

(q)  Breccia  marble  is  made  of  fragments  of  limestone  cemented  together,  and  is  often  very 
beautiful  when  the  fragments  are  of  different  colors,  or  are  embedded  in  a  base  that  contrasts 
well.  The  colors  are  very  various. 

(r)  Pudding  stone  marble  consists  of  pebbles  or  rounded  stones  cemented.  It  is  often  called 
improperly  breccia  marble. 

(s)  Hydraulic  limestone  is  an  impure  limestone  which  after  ignition  sets,  i.e.,  takes  a  solid 
form  under  water,  due  to  the  formation  of  a  silicate.  The  French  varieties  contain  2  or  3  p.  c. 
of  magnesia,  and  10  to  20  of  silica  and  alumina  (or  clay).  The  varieties  in  the  United  States 
contain  20  to  40  p.  c.  of  magnesia,  and  12  to  30  p.  c.  of  silica  and  alumina.  A  variety  worked 


268  CARBONATES. 

extensively  at  Rondout,  N.  Y.,  afforded  Professor  Beck  (Min.  N.  Y.,  78):  CO2  84'20,  CaO  25'50, 
MgO  12-35,  SiO2 15-37,  A12O3  9'13,  Fe2O3  2'25.  Iron  is  rather  prejudicial  to  it  than  otherwise. 
Vicat  observes  that  in  the  best  French  there  are  20  to  30  p.  c.  of  clay,  and  in  that  only  moderately 
good  10  to  12  p.  c.  An  impure  limestone  of  France,  which  needs  no  sand  for  making  the  cement, 
it  containing  calcite  54  p.  c.,  clay  31,  iron  oxide  15  —  100,  is  called  plaster -cement  (Dufr. 
Min.). 

Soft  compact  limestone,  (a)  Chalk  is  white,  grayish  white,  or  yellowish,  and  soft  enough  to 
leave  a  trace  on  a  board.  The  consolidation  into  a  rock  of  such  softness  may  be  owing  to  the 
fact  that  the  material  is  largely  the  hollow  shells  of  rhizopods. 

The  creta  of  the  Romans  (usually  translated  chalk}  was  mostly  a  white  clay,  true  chalk  being 
little  known  to  the  ancients.  The  kind  described  by  Pliny  as  the  most  inferior  kind  of  creta- 
ceous earth,  and  as  used  for  marking  the  feet  of  slaves,  was  probably  true  chalk. 

(b)  Calcareous  marl  (Mergelkalk  Germ.)  is  a  soft  earthy  deposit,  often  hardly  at  all  consoli- 
dated, with  or  without  distinct  fragments  of  shells;  it  generally  contains  much  clay,  and 
graduates  into  a  calcareous  clay. 

Concretionary  massive,  (a)  Oolite  (Rogenstein  Germ.)  is  a  granular  limestone,  but  its  grains 
are  minute  rounded  concretions,  looking  somewhat  like  the  roe  of  fish,  the  name  coming  from 
*<»OK,  egg.  It  occurs  among  all  the  geological  formations,  from  the  Lower  Silurian  to  the  most 
recent,  and  it  is  now  forming  about  the  coral  reefs  of  Florida.  A  more  or  less  completely 
silicitied  oolite  occurs  near  College  Center,  Penn.  (Barbour  and  Torrey,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  246, 
1890).  (b)  Pisolite  (Erbsenstein  TF.)  consists  of  concretions  as  large  often  as  a  small  pea,  or  even 
larger,  the  concretions  having  usually  a  distinct  concentric  structure.  It  is  formed  in  large 
masses  in  the  vicinity  of  the  "Hot  Springs  at  Carlsbad  in  Bohemia. 

Minute  concretionary  forms  having  a  spherical  concentric  structure  within  and  externally 
the  form  of  a  regular  pentagonal  dodecahedron  (not  pyritohedron)  have  been  obtained  from  a 
calcareous  spring  near  Eagle  Rock,  Idaho;  their  form  has  not  been  explained. 

Deposited  from  calcareous  springs,  streams,  or  in  caverns,  etc. 

(a)  Stalactites  (Tropf stein  Germ.)  are  the  calcareous  cylinders  or  cones  that  hang  from  the 
roofs  of  limestone  caverns,  and  which  are  formed  from  the  waters  that  drip  through  the  roof; 
these  waters  hold  some  calcium  bicarbonate  in  solution,  and  leave  calcium  carbonate  to  form 
the  stalactite  when  evaporation  takes  place.     Stalactites  vary  from  transparent  to  nearly  opaque; 
from  a  crystalline  structure  with  single  cleavage  directions  to  coarse  or  fine  granular  cleavable 
and  to  radiating  fibrous;  from  a  white  color  and  colorless  to  yellowish  gray  and  brown. 

(b)  Stalagmite  is  the  same  material  covering  the  floors  of  caverns,  it  being  made  from  the 
waters  that  drop  from  the  roofs,  or  from  sources  over  the  bottom  or  sides;  cones  of  it  sometimes 
rise  from  the  floor  to  meet  the  stalactites  above.     It  consists  of  layers;   but  these  are  very 
irregularly  curved,  or  bent,  owing  to  the  knobs  and  conelets  that  are  made  over  the  floor; 
and  polished  specimens  generally  owe  much  of  their  beauty  to  the  agate-like  or  onyx-like 
bandings. 

Stalagmite,  or  a  solid  kind  of  travertine  (see  below)  when  on  a  large  scale,  is  the  Alabastrites 
or  alabaster-stone,  in  part  (if  not  wholly)  of  Theophrastus,  Pliny,  and  other  ancient  writers;  that 
is,  the  stone  of  which  ointment  vases,  of  a  certain  form  called '  alabasters,  were  made.  (See 
GYPSUM,  p.  936.)  A  locality  near  Thebes,  now  well  known,  was  largely  explored  by  the  ancients, 
and  the  material  has  often  been  hence  called  Egyptian  alabaster.  It  was  also  formerly  called 
onyx  and  onychites  because  of  its  beautiful  banded  structure;  Horace,  in  the  3d  book  of  his  Odes, 
speaks  of  an  ointment  vase  of  onyx.  Pliny  mentions  columns  of  "onyx,"  or  "  alabastrites, "  that 
were  32  ft.  in  height,  and  mentions  Damascus  as  affording  a  kind  whiter  than  that  of  Thebes. 
In  the  arts  it  is  often  now  called  Oriental  Alabaster  or  onyx  marble;  and  sometimes  also  Gibraltar- 
stone,  from  the  occurrence  of  the  material  in  a  cavern  at  Gibraltar.  Very  beautiful  marble  of 
this  kind  is  obtained  in  Algeria.  Mexican  onyx  is  a  similar  material  obtained  from  Tecali, 
Puebla,  Mexico;  also  in  a  beautiful  brecciated  form  from  the  extinct  crater  of  Zempoaltepec  in 
southern  Mexico.  Similar  kinds  occur  in  Missouri,  Arizona,  San  Luis  Obispo  Co.,  California. 

(c)  Gale-sinter,  Travertine,  Gale  Tufa.     Travertine  (Confetto  di  Tivoli)  is  of  essentially  the 
same  origin  with  stalagmite,  but  is  distinctively  a  deposit  from  springs  or  rivers,  especially  where 
in  large  deposits,  as  along  the  river  Anio,  at  Tivoli,  near  Rome,  where  the  deposit  is  scores  of 
feet  in  thickness.     It  has  a  very  cavernous  and  irregularly  banded  structure,  owing  to  its  mode 
of  formation.     It  is  ihe  Lapis  Tiburtinus  of  Vitruvius  and  Pliny;  the  word  travertine  being  a 
corruption  of  tiburtine.     It  includes  also,  especially  under  the  name  of  calc  tufa,  cellular  deposi- 
tions from  the  waters  of  small  springs  or  sources  which  often  contain  fossil  leaves,  twigs,  moss, 
nuts,  or  seed,  etc.     The  Osteocollus  (Beinwelle,  Beinbruch)  Gesner  fp.  31,  1565),  "  qui  ossa  fracta 
intra  corpus  sumptus,"  as  was  thought  at  the  time  (osteocolla  of  later  authors),  is,  as  long  since 
shown,  a  cellular  calc  tufa,  consisting  of  incrustings  of  fragments  of  reeds  or  other  marsh  plants. 
It  means  bone-glue.     Inolite,  Gallitzin,  is  also  calc-sinter. 

(d)  Agaric  mineral;  Rock-milk  (Bergmich,  Montmilch,  Germ.)  is  a  very  soft  white  material, 
breaking  easily  in  the  fingers,  deposited  sometimes  in  caverns,  or  about  sources  holding  lime  in 
solution. 

(e)  Rock-meal  (Bergmehl  Germ.,  Farina  Fossilis  Bruckm.,  etc.)  is  white  and  light,  like  cotton, 
becoming  a  powder  on  the  slightest  pressure.     It  is  an  efflorescence,  and  is  common  near  Paris, 
Especially  at  the  quarries  of  Nanterre. 


CALCITE  GROUP— CALCITE.  269 

B.  Varieties  based  upon  composition. 

1.  Dolomitic  calcite.     Contains  magnesium  carbonate,  thus  graduating  toward  true  dolomite. 

~&.  Baricalcite.  Neotyp  Breith.,  Handb.,  2,  313,  1841.  Grayish  white,  and  occurring  in 
rhombohedrons/(0221,  —  2),  rr'  =  74°  57',  Breith.  G.  =  2-819-2-840.  Contains  some  barium 
carbonate.  From  Cumberland,  England.  A  "  barytocalcite  "  from  Langban,  Sweden,  has  been 
analyzed  by  Limdstrom  (G.  Foi.  Forh.,  3,  291,  1877):  COQ  29'32,  BaO  50'89,  CaO  17'64, 
FeO  0-42,  MnO  0'24,  MgO  0'40,  PbO  0'37,  insol.  0'70  =  99*98.  It  occurs  in  white  granular 
masses  with  G.  =  3 '46;  associated  with  hedyphane,  hausmannite,  etc.  According  to  Des 
Cloizeaux  this  mineral  is  rhombohedral  with  a  cleavage  angle  of  about  75°.  Bourgeois  notes 
that  attempts  to  reproduce  barytocalcite  have  uniformly  led  to  the  formation  of  a  rhombo- 
hedral carbonate  of  calcium  and  barium,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  12,  464,  1889. 

3.  Strontianocalcite  Genth,  Proc.  Ac.  Sc.  Philad.,  6,  114,  1852.     In  opaque  white  crystals, 
occurring  in  globules  which  have  a  surface  consisting  of  the  terminations  of  acute  rhombohedrons; 
H.  =  35.     Contains  some  strontium  carbonate,  and  hence  gives  a  decided  red  flame  before  the 
blowpipe. 

4.  Ferrocalcite.     Contains  ferrous  carbonate,  and  turns  brown  on  exposure;  one  variety  of 
unknown  source  gave  Hunt  4'64,  FeCO3,  Dana  Min.,  438,  1854.     G.  =  2  715. 

5.  Manganocalcite,  pt.     Spartaite  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  17,  53,  1858.     Calcimangite  Shepard. 
Contains  manganese  carbonate  and  becomes  black  on  exposure.     Spartaite  occurs  with  f  rauklinite 
and  zincite  at  Franklin  Furnace  and  Sterling  Hill,  N.  J.     rr'  =  75°  2V  Breith.     G.  =  2'808- 
2-818.     Jenzsch  found  in  it:    11'09  MnCO3,  0'58  ZnCO3,  and  G.  —  2'788,  Pogg.,  96,  147,  1855. 
A  similar  variety  from  Langban  gave:  11'06  MnCO3,  2'06  BaCO3,  Sjogren,  G.  FOr.-Forh.,  4,  111, 
1878;  another  2'80  MnCO3,  1'09  ZnCO3,  Lindgren,  ib.,  5,  557,  1885.     In  one  from  Wester  Silf- 
berg,  Weibull  found  6'98  MnO  with  G.  =  2'804,  rr'  =  75°  29',  Min.  Mitth.,  7,  110,  1?85;  other 
varieties  contained  much  more.     A  specimen  from  Negaunee,  Lake  Superior,  gave  C.  Percy 
Wilcox  (priv.   contr.):  f  CO2  42'37,    CaO  39'22,  MnO  18'56  =  100'15,  G.  =  2'84;  here  Ca  :  Mn 
=  3:1  approx.     See  further  under  rhodochrosite. 

6.  Zincocalcile.     Contains  some  zinc  carbonate;  one  specimen  from  Olkucz,  Poland,  gave 
Gibbs  4-07  ZnO,  another  from  Altenberg  1 '06-1 '65  ZnO,  Monheim  (Rg.).     Cf.  manganocalcite 
above. 

7.  PlumbocaUite  Johnston,  Ed.  Phil.  J.,  6,  79,  1829.     White  to  yellowish  and  reddish  brown; 
from  Wanlockhead  and  Leadhills,  Scotland.     Contains  variable  amounts  of  lead  carbonate. 
1-2-5-2  p.  c.  and  G.  =  2 -7-2 -8,  Collie,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  55,  95,  1889;  2  7-9'5  p.  c.  with  G.  =  2'72- 
2-74,  Lex.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  8,  36,  1885.     Cf.  Traube,  Jb.  Miu.,  2,  278,  1887.     Schoffel  found  in 
rhombohedral  crystals  from  Bleiberg:  23'75  PbCO3;  in  a  coating  with  silky  luster  14  p.  c.  PbCOs 
and  G.  =  2'92;  also  in  the  underlying  limestone  2  to  9  p.  c.  PbCO3  and  G.  =  2'88;  Hofer,  Min. 
Karat.,  1870. 

Pyx.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  sometimes  decrepitates,  and,  if  containing  metallic  oxides, 
may  change  in  color.  B.B.  infusible,  but  becomes  caustic,  glows,  and  colors  the  flame  reddish 
yellow;  after  ignition  the  assay  reacts  alkaline;  moistened  with  hydrochloric  acid  imparts  the 
characteristic  lime  color  to  the  flame.  In  borax  dissolves  with  effervescence,  and  if  saturated 
yields  on  cooling  an  opaque,  milk-white,  crystalline  bead.  Varieties  containing  metallic  oxides 
color  the  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  beads  accordingly.  With  soda  on  platinum  foil  fuses  to 
a  clear  mass;  on  charcoal  at  first  fuses,  but  later  the  soda  is  absorbed  by  the  coal,  leaving  an 
infusible  and  strongly  luminous  residue  of  lime.  In  the  solid  mass  effervesces  when  moistened 
with  hydrochloric  acid,  and  fragments  dissolve  with  brisk  effervescence  even  in  cold  acid. 

Obs. — Calcite,  in  its  various  forms,  is  one  of  the  most  widely  distributed  of  minerals.  Beds 
of  sedimentary  limestone,  formed  from  organic  remains,  shells,  crinoids,  corals,  etc.,  yield  on 
metamorphism  crystalline  limestone  or  marble,  and  in  connection  with  these  crystallized  calcite 
and  also  deposits  in  caves  of  stalactites  and  stalagmites  often  occur.  Common  with  the  zeolites 
in  cavities  and  veins  of  igneous  rocks  as  a  result  of  alteration,  and  similarly  though  less  common 
with  granite,  syenite,  etc.  A  frequent  mineral  in  metalliferous  deposits,  with  lead,  copper, 
silver,  etc.  Deposited  from  lime-bearing  waters  as  calc  sinter,  travertine,  etc.,  especially  in  con- 
nection with  hot  springs  as  at  the  Mammoth  Hot  Springs  in  the  Yellowstone  region. 

Some  of  the  best  known  localities  for  crystallized  calcite  are  the  following:  Andreasberg  in 
the  Harz;  the  mines  of  Freiberg,  Anuaberg,  Schneeberg,  Braunsdorf,  in  Saxony;  Auerbach  on 
the  Bergstrasse;  Oberstein  on  the  Nahe;  Altenberg  near  Aachen;  Kapnik  in  Hungary;  Aussig  in 
Bohemia;  Bleiberg  in  Carinthia;  Traversella  in  Piedmont;  Elba.  In  England  at  Alston  Moor 
and  Egremont  in  Cumberland  (Min.  Mag.,  8,  149,  1889);  Matlock,  Derbyshire;  Beer  Alston  in 
Devonshire;  at  numerous  points  in  Cornwall;  Weardale  in  Durham;  Stank  mine,  Lancashire: 
in  Northumberland.  In  twin  crystals  of  great  variety  and  beauty  at  Guanajuato,  Mexico. 

The  Iceland  spar  has  been  obtained  from  Iceland  near  Helgustadir  on  the  Esken'ord.  It 
occurs  in  a  large  cavity  in  basalt.  The  crystals,  usually  showing  the  fundamental  rhombo- 
hedron,  are  often  coated  with  tufts  of  stilbite.  It  also  occurs  in  the  north-western  part  of  the 
island  near  Djupidalr  on  the  Breitifiord.  The  quantity  is  limited  and  is  likely  to  be  exhausted. 
The  locality  was  early  described  by  Dx.,  Bull.  Soc.  G.,  4,  769,  1847  (Min.,  2,  114,  1874);  later 
see  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  40,  191,  -1888;  Zs.  Instrumentenkunde,  8.  63,  1888.  Also  Thoroddsen,  G.  For. 
Forh.,  12,  247,  1890,  who  gives  sectional  figures  of  the  deposit. 

In  the  U.  States,  crystallized  calcite  occurs  in  N.  York,  in  St.  Lawrence  and  Jefferson  Cos., 


270  CARBONATES. 

especially  at  the  Rossie  lead  mine;  crystals  highly  modified,  anc,  often  transparer.  even  when 
large;  one  nearly  transparent,  in  the  cabinet  of  Yale  University,  weighs  165  p,uuds;  often 
covered  in  part  by  crystals  of  galena;  at  the  Natural  Dam,  2  in.  from  Gouverueur,  »n  the  same 
vicinity,  good  crystals;  also  at  the  Wilson  vein  in  Gouverueur,  aud  ihe  Jepson  vein  in  Rossie;  at 
the  Parish  ore  bed  in  Gouverneur,  fine  geodes,  in  specular  iron;  in  Jefferson  Co.,  near  Oxbow, 
on  the  land  of  Mr.  Bentou,  from  a  decomposing  limestone,  large  crystals  sometimes  as  clear  as 
Iceland  spar;  rose  and  purple  varieties  very  beautiful;  some  large  crystals  weighing  100  Ibs.  and 
upward;  4  m.  S.  of  Oxbow,  in  Antwerp,  a  vein  of  calcite  and  lead,  which  affords  beautiful 
cleavage  masses  of  white,  purple,  and  brownish  shades;  also  interesting  crystals;  in  Essex  Co., 
town  of  Moriah,  on  Mill  Brook,  near  Port  Henry,  crystals  of  calcite  in  white  limestone;  dog- 
tooth spar,  in  Niagara  Co.,  nearLockport,  with  pearl  spar,  celestite,  selenite,  and  anhydrite;  in 
Onondaga  Co.,  near  Camillus,  along  the  railroad;  good  crystals  in  Herkimer  Co.,  1  m.  S.  of 
Little  Falls,  in  the  bed  of  a  small  stream;  in  Lewis  Co.,  at  Leyden  and  Lowville,  and  at  the 
Martiusburg  lead  mine;  on  the  western  bank  of  Dry  Sugar  River,  near  Boouville,  Oneida  Co.; 
at  Anthony's  Nose  on  the  Hudson,  formerly  groups  of  large  tabular  crystals;  at  Watertown, 
agaric  mineral,  covering  the  sides  of  a  cave;  at  Schoharie,  fine  stalactites  in  many  caverns,  of 
which  Ball's  cave  is  the  most  famous;  at  Camillus  and  Schoharie  (near  the  barite  locality), 
fibrous,  in  considerable  abundance,  aud  at  De  Long's  Mill,  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  of  a  fine  satin 
luster.  In  Maine,  at  Thomaston,  lenticular  and  prismatic  crystals,  common.  In  N.  Hamp.,  at 
the  iron  mines,  Franconia,  argentine.  In  Mass.,  at  Williamsburg  and  Southampton,  argentine. 
In  Conn.,  at  the  lead  mine,  Middletown,  in  crystals.  In  N.  Jersey,  at  Bergen,  line  crystalliza- 
tions of  yellow  calcite,  with  datolite,  etc.;  at  Franklin  Furnace,  a  pink  variety  containing 
MnCO3,  and  good  cleavage  specimens.  In  Penn.,  in  York  Co.,  Iceland  spar.  In  Virginia,  at 
the  celebrated  Wier's  cave,  stalactites  of  great  beauty;  also  in  the  large  caves  of  Kentucky. 
At  the  Lake  Superior  copper  mines,  splendid  crystals  of  wonderful  variety  and  complexity  of 
form  often  containing  scales  of  native  copper.  At  Warsaw,  Illinois,  in  great  variety  of  form, 
lining  geodes  and  implanted  on  quartz  crystals;  at  Quiucy.  At  Hazelgreen,  Wisconsin . 

In  Missouri,  with  dolomite  near  St.  Louis;  also  with  sphalerite  at  Joplin  and  other  points 
in  the  zinc  region  io  the  south-western  part  of  the  state,  the  crystals  usually  scalenohedral  and 
of  a  wine-yellow  color.  Fine  transparent  cleavage  masses  at  the  gadoliuite  locality  in  Llano 
Co.,  Texas.  From  the  Bad  Lauds,  South  Dakota.  In  Arizona,  at  the  Copper  Queen  mine,  Bisbee, 
often  green  with  enclosed  malachite. 

In  Nova  Scotia,  at  Partridge  I.,  a  wine-colored  calcite,  and  other  interesting  varieties. 

On  the  various  localities  furnishing  marbles  in  the  U.  S.,  see  Merrill:  The  Collection  of 
Building  and  Ornamental  Stones  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  (Report  Smithsonian  Inst.,Pt. 
n,  pp.  277-648,  1885-86);  a  summary  is  also  given  of  foreign  marbles  and  their  localities. 

Artif.  — On  formation  by  fusion  in  alkaline  chlorides;  see  Bourgeois,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  5 
111,  1882. 

Alt.— Calcite  occurs  under  the  forms  of  dolomite,  calamine,  siderite,  malachite,  azurite, 
gypsum,  smithsonite,  barite,  fluorite,  limonite,  gothite,  hematite,  minium,  meerschaum, 
chlorite,  quartz,  chalcedony,  garnet,  feldspar,  mica,  pyrolusite,  hausmannite,  manganite,  niar- 
casite,  galena,  sphalerite,  native  copper.  Cf.  Bischof,  Chem.  Geol.;  Blum,  Pseud.,  1843,  and 
Nachtrage;  Roth,  Chem.  Geol.,  1,  1879.  Sandstone  in  the  form  of  calcite,  see  Fontaiuebleau 
limestone,  p.  266. 

Ref. — ]  Result  obtained  by  Mains,  Theorie  de  la  double  Reflexion,  etc.,  p.  98,  1810,  Paris; 
by  Wollaston,  Phil.  Trans.,  p  159,  1812;  also  by  Biot,  Mohs,  and  usually  accepted:  recently 
confirmed  by  Hastings,  who  gives  rr'  —  74°  54' '93  for  20°  C..  Am.  J.  Sc.,  35,  68,  1888.  For 
other  determinations,  cf.  Kupffer,  rr'  =  74°  55' '5,  Preisschrift,  65,  1825;  Breithaupt,  74°  54V- 
74°  55',  Handb..  209.  1841,  Schw.  J.,  24,  49,  1828;  Rath,  rr'  =  74°  55  "2;  Koksharov,  rr'  =  74° 
56',  Min.  jRussl.,  7,  59,  1875. 

Variation  in  composition  brings  a  considerable  change  in  angle  (cf.  Breith.).  The  cleavage 
angle  also  changes  remarkably  with  variation  in  temperature;  an  elevation  of  100°  increases  the 
normal  angle  rr'  by  8'  34$".  Mitsch.,  Pogg.,  10,  137,  1827,  Abh.  Ak.  Berlin,  201,  1825. 

'2  This  list  gives  the  common  forms,  and  some  which  are  rarer;  the  complete  list  includes 
between  150  aud  200  forms,  with  many  more  that  are  doubtful.  An  early  and  exhaustive 
monograph  on  the  species  was  given  by  Zippe,  Uebersicht  der  Krystallgestalten  des  rhomb. 
Kalkhaloides,  Denkschr.  Ak.  Wien,  3.  109,  1852.  Sella  in  1856  gave  a  list  of  forms  (Quadro). 
For  later  full  and  in  part  annotated  lists  of  forms,  seeDx.,  Min.,  2,  97,  1874;  Irby,  Inaug.  Diss., 
Bonn,  1878  (Zs.  Kr.,  3,  612);  Gdt,,  Index,  1,  371,  1886;  Sansoni  (for  Andreasberg),  Mem.  Ace. 
Line.,  19,  1884.  Zs.  Kr  ,  10,  545,  1885. 

Of  the  man}'-  important  memoirs  devoted  to  the  subject,  in  addition  to  these  named,  the 
following  may  be  mentioned  (see  further  the  literature  given  by  Irby,  Sansoni,  Gdt.,  as  well  as 
the  Mineralogy  of  Hauy,  of  Levy,  Breithaupt.  Hausmnnn,  et  al.):  Count  de  Bournon,  Traite  de 
la  rhaux  carbonatee,  etc.,  London.  1808;  Sella,  Min.  Sarda,  1856;  Hochstetter,  Denksch.  Ak. 
Wien.  6,  89.  1854;  Hbg.,  many  original  observations.  Min.  Not  ,  3-12;  Rath,  many  valuable 
papers.  1867-1882,  Pogg.  Ann.,  132,  135,  Erg.,  5.  152,  155,  158,  also  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  604,  6,  540, 
etal.  Recent  memoirs  include:  Morton,  Arendal,  etc.,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  41,  No.  8,  65,  1884; 
Thttrling,  Andreasberg,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.,  4,  327,  1886;  Sansoni,  Belgium,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  352,  1886- 
Id.,  Monte  Catini,  Att.  Ace.  Torino,  23,  1888;  Id.,  Sweden  and  Norway,  Giorn.  Min  ,  1,  129, 
1890;  Cesaro,  Rhisnes,  Ann.  Soc.  G.  Belg.  Mem.,  16,  1889.  Some  new  forms  are  noted  on 
twins  by  Pirsson,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  41,  61,  1891. 


CALCITE  GROUP— DOLOMITE.  271 

3  On  twins,  see  Sella,  Mm.  Sarda,  1856;  Kath,  Pogg.,  132,  534,  1867,  et  al.  E.  S.  D.,  Mia 
Mitth.,  180,  1874,  Groth,  Min.-Samml.,  120,  1878,  but  cf.  Mgg.,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  84,  1883.  On  tb« 
structural  phenomena  connected  with  twinning,  cf.  Brewster,  Optics;  Pfaff,  Pogg.,  107,336, 
1859;  Rose,  "Die  hohlen  Canale."  Abb.  Ak.  Berlin,.1868;  Reuscb,  "GleitfJachen,"  Pogg.,  132, 
441,  1867;  Bauinb.,  Zs.  Kr.,  3,  588,  1879.  Also  Miigge,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  32,  81,  1883.  wbo  givea 
full  literature,  and  ib.,  1,  247,  1889. 

On  elasticity,  Baumgarten,  Pogg.,  152,  369,  1874;  Vater,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  577,  1886;  Voigt, 
Wied  39  412,  432,  1890.  Hardness,  Exner,  Harte  Kryst.,  45,  1873.  On  etching  and  tbe 
asterism  so  produced,  Kbl.,  Ber.  Ak.  Mttnchen,  1862;  Baumh.,  Pogg.,  138,  563, 1869,  139,  349, 
140.  271,  1870.  On  etching  in  general,  Meyer,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  74,  1883;  Ebner,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien, 
89  (2),  368,  1884,  and  91  (2),  760,  1885.  Velocity  of  attack  by  acids  in  planes  JL  and  ||  c  nearly  in 
ratio  of  GO  :  e,  Spring,  Zs.  Phys.  Ch.,  2,  13,  1888;  cf.  also  Cesaro,  Ann.  Soc.  G.  Belg.  Mem.,  15, 
219  253,  1888.  8p.  gravity,  Beudaut,  Aun.  Cb.  Pbys.,  38.  398,  1828.  Refractive  indices,  Rud- 
bere,  Posg.,  1828;  also  Mascart,  1864;  Van  de  Willigen,  Arch.  Mus.  Teyler,  2,  153,  1869,  3,  34, 
1874;  in  the  ultra  violet,  Sarasin,  Bibl.  Univ.,  8,  392,  1882.  Double  refraction,  Schrauf,  Zs.  Kr., 
11,  5,  1885;  Hastings,  1.  c.  Fluorescence,  Lommel,  Wied.  Ann.,  21.  422,  1884. 

611  optical  anomalies  (biaxial,  etc.),  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  73,  1882.     Thermo-electricity,  Hankel, 


157    156,1876.     Magnetic  rotatory  "power,  Chauvin,  C.R.,  102,  972,   1886,  J.   Pbys.,  9,   5,  1890; 
also  Wied.,  31,  273,  1887.     In  magnetic  field,  Stenger,  Wied.,  20,  304,  1883. 

THINOLITE  King,  Rep.  Geol.  40th  Parallel,  1,  508,  1878.  A  tufa  deposit  of  calcium  car- 
bonate occurring  on  an  enormous  scale  in  north-western  Nevada,  covering  an  area  of  several 
miles  and  20  to  60  feet  thick;  named  from 

&is,    shore,  as  being  a  shore  deposit  of  the  1-  2< 

Quaternary  lake,  L.  .Lahontan.  It  also  occurs 
about  Mono  Lake,  California.  It  forms  layers 
of  interlaced  crystals  of  a  pale  yellow  or  light 
brown  color  and  often  skeleton  structure  except 
when  covered  by  subsequent  .deposit  of  cal- 
cium carbonate. 

Tbe  crystals  are  prismatic  or  acute  pyram- 
idal in  form  (f.  1),  sometimes  solid,  again  open 
skeleton  forms  with  layers  converging  in  one 
direction,  and  affording  a  rectangular  rib-work 
on  the  cross-section  (f.  2,  section  at  a  a,  f .  1). 
The  original  mineral  is  shown  to  have  had  an 
acute  pyramidal  form  approximating  at  least 
to  tbe  tetragonal  type.  Occasional  forms 
resembling  tbe  Saugerhausen  barley-corn 
pseudomorphs  (after  celestite,  see  p.  907)  occur. 

The  original  mineral  from  which  the  tbinolite  has  resulted  is  in  doubt;  gay-lussite  has  been 
suggested,  but  does  not  agree  with  the  observed  form.  A  possible  derivation  from  a  calcium 
chlorocarbonate  (CaCO3.CaCl2  or  CaCO3.2NaCl)  has  suggested  itself  on  the  ground  of  a  similarity 
in  form  of  the  thinolite  to  tbe  pseudomorphs  of  cerussite  after  pbosgenite  (f.  3,  p.  292).  See 
further  King.  1.  c.;  E.  S.  D.,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Bull.  12,  1884;  Russell,  3d  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  G. 
Surv.,  1883,  Monograph.  11,  1885. 

PREDAZZITE  Petzholdt  pt.,  Beitr.  Geogn.  Tyrol,  194,  1843.  PENCATITE  Roth.  Zs.  G.  Ges., 
3, 140,  143,  1851.  Massive  granular  rocks  from  tbe  neighborhood  of  Predazzo  in  southern  Tyrol, 
described  at  first  as  mineral  species  (See  5th  Ed.,  p.  708),  but  later  shown  to  be  mixtures  essen 
tially  of  culcite  and  brucite.  See  Damour.  Bull.  Soc.  G.  France,  4,  1050,  1847;  Haueuschild, 
Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  6O,  795,  1869;  Lernberg,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  24,  229,  1872;  cf.  also  Roth,  Cb.  Geol.,  1, 
234,  1879. 

Pencatite  was  named  after  Count  Marzari  Pencati. 

271.  DOLOMITE.  Pierres  calcaires  tres-peu  effervescentes  avec  les  acides  D.  Dolom-ieu. 
J.  de  Pbys.,  39,  1,  1791.  Dolomie  Saussure,  Voy.  Alpes,  §  1929,  1796.  Dolomite  Kirwan,  Min., 
1,  111,  1794.  Bitterspatb,  Rbomboidalspatb,  KohlensauerterKalkerde,  Bittersalzerde  (with  anal.), 
Klapr.,  Schrift.  Nat.  Fr.  Berl.,  5,  51, 1784,  Beitr.,  1,  300,  1795;  also  Beitr.,  3,  297,  4,  204,  236,  5, 
103,  6,  323.  Spatb  magnesien Delameth,  Sciagr.,  1,  207.  1792.  Miemit  Klapr..  Beitr.,  3,  292, 1802 
(discoy.  at  Miemo  by  D.  Thomson  in  1791,  and  sent  by  him  to  Kl.  labelled  Magnesian  spar). 
Rautenspatb  pt.  Wern.,  1800,  Ludwig's  Werner,  1,  51.  154,  1803.  Ghaux  carbonatee,  raag- 
nesifere  pt.,  C.  c.  alumiuifere  (fr.  Saussure's  anal.),  H.,  Tr.,  1801.  Bitterkalk  pt.  Hausm., 
Haudb.,  960,  1813;  Perlspath  pt.,  Rauhkalk,  Kalktalkspath,  Germ.  Pearl  Spar  pt.,  Brown 
Spar  pt.,  Rhomb  Spar  pt.,  Magnesian  Limestone.  Spatb  perle  Fr. 

Conites,  Flintkalk,  Retzius,  Min.,  1795.  Conite  Schumacher,  Verzeichniss,  etc.,  20,  1801. 
Kouit  Germ.  Gurbofian  Karst.,  Mag.  Nat.  Fr.  Berl.,  1.  4.  257,  1807,  and  Tabell.,  50,  180a 
Tbarandit  Freiesleben,  Geogn.  Arbeit,  5,  212,  1820.  Brossit  Hirzel,  Zs.  Pharm.,  24,  1850. 

Rhombohedral;  tetartohedral.     Axis  6  =  0'83224;  0001  A  1011  =43°  51'  37" 
Wollaston1. 


272 


CARBONATES. 


Forms'  :           6  (4047,  f  )5 

-4(0-1  -1-10,  -  T^ 

5)5  a  (4483,  f-2)12 

^(5143,  1*  1) 

c   (0001,  0)         z    (3034,  f)11 

e  (0112,  -  i) 

a,  (8443,  f-2  I)13 

10  (12-4  -8-1,  43  1)18 

m  (1010,  7)12        P  (404~5>  I)11 
a  (1120,  t-2)        ft  (14-0-14-17,  tf 

J  (0335,  -  |)7 
)8  i   (0445,^-  |)5.« 

d  (16  -8  -8  -3,  -y^-2  I)8 
t»  (6331,  6-2  I)8-12 

0  (4592,  -  *•  1) 

0  (2130,  *-f  r)*   r    (lOll,  1) 
6>,  (3120,  a-f  1)*  *  (3031,  3)< 
w  (1014   'V         ^(4041,4) 
94MMP       <2(16'0-16-1,16) 

h  (0332,  -  |)4 
f  (0221,  -  2) 
d  (0881,  -  8)5 
12  ZT(4489,  f-2  r)9 

E  (4265,  f  3  r)10 
«  (2131,  13  r) 
k  (8-4-12-1,  43  r)13 
0  (6151,  4f  I)10 

*  (5-8-  13  -3,  -l^3!)?1' 
(f>  (8-12-20-5,  -  f  5  1)1' 
q  (2461,  -  23  I)?13 
t  (8-16-24-1,  -  83  1)1 
r(12-16-4-ls  -  82r) 

Of  doubtful  position  £1  (9'1 

•10-2,  4^,  y  (3251, 

I5)3,  z  (5382,  I4)4. 

1. 

3. 

^ 

4. 

Figs.  1,  Hoboken.     2,  Saddle-shaped  crystal,  Tschermak.     3,  Rezbanya,  Becke.    4,  Bex,  Kk, 


eu  =13°  30 f 
c#  =  28°  46' 
cz  =  35°  47' 
cp  =  37°  33' 
cO  =  70°  52' 
cM  =  75°  25' 


ce  =  25°  40' 
cZ  =  37°  33' 
ch  =  55°  15' 
cf  =  62°  31' 
cd  =  82°  35' 
cZ?  =  36°  29V 


uu'  =  23°  20V 
GG'  =  49°  16' 
=  60°  51' 
=  63°  43' 
=  *73°  45' 
=  109°  49' 


MM'-  113°  53' 


zz 

PP1 
rr' 


ee 
II' 
hh' 
ff' 


=    44°    3i' 
=    63°  43' 
=    90°  43f 
=  100°  24' 


dd'    =  118°  22' 


Twins14:  tw.  pi.  (1)  c,  the  vertical  axes  in  common;  (2)  m,  which  is  also  a 
plane  of  symmetry  for  the  twin ;  (3)  a,  complementary  twins,  with  rhombohedral 
symmetry;  also  double  twins  by  the  combination  of  two  of  these  laws;  (4)  r, 
analogous  to  calcite. 

Habit  rhombohedral,  usually  r  or  M;  the  presence  of  tetartohedral  forms, 
rhombohedrons  of  the  second  or  third  series,  very  characteristic.  The  r  faces  often 
striated  horizontally,  also  commonly  curved  (cf.  f.  2,  p.  276)  or  made  up  of  sub- 
individuals,  and  thus  passing  into  saddle-shaped  forms  (f.  2).  Also  in  imitative 
shapes;  amorphous,  granular,  coarse  or  fine,  and  grains  often  slightly  coherent. 

Cleavage :  r  perfect.  Fracture  subconchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  3'5-4.  G.  =2*8 
—2*9;  2*883  Dfnr. ;  2'83  A.  Sella.  Luster  vitreous,  inclining  to  pearly  in  some 
varieties.  Color  white,  reddish,  or  greenish  white;  also  rose-red,  green,  brown, 
gray,  and  black.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Etching  figures14  correspond  in 
shape  to  the  tetartohedral  form.  Optically  — .  Eefractive  indices: 

coy  =  1-68174  Na  ey  =  1-50256  Na,  Fizeau  (Dx.) 

Comp. — Carbonate  of  calcium  and  magnesium  (Ca,Mg)C03;  for  normal  dolomite 
CaMgC206  or  CaC03.MgCOs  =  Carbon  dioxide  47-8,  lime  30-4,  magnesia  21-7  = 
100,  or  Calcium  carbonate  54-35,  magnesium  carbonate  45 '65  =  100.  Varieties 
occur  in  which  the  r-atio  of  the  two  carbonates  varies  from  1  :  1.  The  carbonates 
of  iron  and  manganese  also  sometimes  enter;  rarely  cobalt  and  zinc  carbonates. 
Var. — 1.  Structural,  including: 

(a)  Crystallized.     Pearl  spar  includes  rhombohedral  crystallizations  with  curved  faces  having 
&  pearly  luster. 

(b)  Columnar ;  also  fibrous  or  pisolitic. 


CALCITE  GROUP— DOLOMITE.  273 

Miernite,  from  Miemo,  Tuscany,  is  either  in  crystals,  columnar,  or  granular,  and  pale 
asparagus-green  in  color. 

(c)  Granular,  or  saccharoidal,  constitutes  many  of  the  kinds  of  white  statuary  marble,  and 
white  and  colored  architectural  marbles,  names  of  some  of  which  have  been  mentioned  under 
calcite. 

(d)  Compact  massive,  like  ordinary  limestone.     Many  of  the  limestone  strata  of  the  globe  are 
here  included,  and  much  hydraulic  limestone,  noticed  under  calcite. 

(e)  Compact  porcellanous,  Q urhofian  or  gurhofite;  snow-white  and  subtranslucent,  with  a  con- 
choidal  fracture,  sometimes  a  little  opal-like;  from  Gurhof,  in  lower  Austria. 

Also  depending  on  Composition. 

2.  Normal  dolomite  is  Ca  :  Mg  =  1:1;   most  common  especially  in  crystals.     Cf.  anals.  1- 
20,  5th  Ed.,  p.  683,  also   Haushofer,  Ber.    Ak.   Munchen,  220,   1881.     The  dolomite  from  the 
Gebroulaz  glacier  gave  A.  Sella  (1.  c.):  CO2  47 '67,  CaO  31'37,  MgO  21 '23  =  100'27;  G.  =  2'83. 

The  ratio  may  also  be  3  :  2,  2  :  1  (includes  gurhofian),  3  :  1,  etc.,  but  in  some  cases  the 
variation  is  due  to  mechanical  admixture, and  much  so-called  dolomite  is  merely  a  magnesian  cal- 
cite; this  is  especially  true  of  the  massive  forms.  Cf.  5th  Ed.,  p.  683.  In  conite  the  ratio  is  1 :  3. 

3.  Ferriferous;  Brown  spar,  in  part.     Contains  ferrous  carbonate,  and   as   the  proportion 
increases  it  graduates  into  ankerite  (q.v.).     The  color  is  white  to  brown,  and  becomes  brownish 
on  exposure  through  the  oxidation  of  the  iron.     A  columnar  kind,  from  Traversella,  containing 
10  p.  c.  of  FeCO3,  has  been  called  Brossite;  G.  =  2'915.     Tharandite,  from  Tharand,  near 
Dresden,  is  crystallized,  and  contains  4  p.  c.  of  FeCO3. 

4.  Manganiferous.     Colorless  to  flesh-red.     A  variety  from  Freiberg,  with  5*2  p.  c.  MuCO3, 
had  rr'  =  73°  37',  G.  =  2*83  Ettling,  Lieb.  Ann.,  99,  204,  1856.     One   from  Kapnik  with  5'4 
p.  c.  MnCOg  had  rr'  =  73°  44',  G.  =  2'89  Ott,  Haid.  Ber.,  2,  403,  1847. 

6.  Cobaltiferous.  Colored  reddish.  A  kind  from  Pfibram  gave  7*4  p.  c.  CoCO3,  G.  =2  921 
Gibbs,  Pogg.,  71,  564,  1847. 

6.  Zinciferous.  Altenberg,  with  1-4  ZnCO3,  Monheim.  Also  Bleiberg,  with  2'4  ZnCO3, 
G.  =  2-87,  rr'  =  73°  32',  Gintl,  Zeph.,  Lotos,  1877. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B  B.  acts  like  calcite,  but  does  not  give  a  clear  mass  when  fused  with  soda  on 
platinum  foil.  Fragments  thrown  into  cold  acid,  unlike  calcite,  are  only  very  slowly  acted  upon, 
if  at  all,  while  in  powder  in  warm  acid  the  mineral  is  readily  dissolved  with  effervescence.  The 
ferriferous  dolomites  become  brown  on  exposure. 

Obs. — Massive  dolomite  constitutes  extensive  strata,  called  limestone1  strata,  in  various 
regions,  as  in  the  dolomite  region  of  the  southern  Tyrol.  Crystalline  and  compact  varieties  are 
often  associated  with  serpentine  and  other  magnesian  rocks,  and  with  ordinary  limestones. 
Some  of  the  prominent  localities  are:  Leogang  in  Salzburg;  Schemnitz  and  Kapnik  in 
Hungary;  Freiberg  in  Saxony.  In  Switzerland,  at  Bex,  in  crystals;  also  in  the  Binnenthal  mas- 
sive and  in  colorless  crystals;  Traversella  in  Piedmont  ;  Campolongo  ;  Gebroulaz  glacier  in  Savoy 
with  sellaite  (see  p.  164);  the  lead  mines  at  Alston  in  Cumberland,  etc.  Guanajuato,  Mexico. 

In  the  U.  States,  in  Vermont,  at  Roxbury,  large,  yellow,  transparent  crystals  of  the  rhomb- 
spar  variety,  in  talc.  In  Rhode  Island,  at  Smithfield,  a  coarse  cleavable  variety,  occasionally 
presenting  perfect  crystals,  with  white  talc  in  calcite.  In  N.  Jersey,  at  Hoboken,  white  hexagonal 
crystals,  and  in  rhombohedrous.  In  N.  York,  at  Lockport,  Niagara  Falls,  and  Rochester,  with 
calcite.  celestite,  and  gypsum;  also  at  Glenn's  Falls;  in  Richmond  Co.,  at  the  quarantine,  crys- 
tallized dolomite,  in  rhombohedrons,  and  at  the  Parish  ore  bed,  St.  Lawrence  Co.;  on  Hustis's 
farm  in  Phillipstown,  a  variety  resembling  gurhofite,  with  a  semi-opaline  appearance  and  a  frac- 
ture nearly  like  porcelain;  at  the  Tilly  Foster  iron  mine,  Brewster,  Putnam  Co.,  with  magnetite, 
chondrodite.  In  saddle-shaped  crystals  with  the  sphalerite  of  Jopliu,  Missouri.  In  N.  Car.,  at 
Stony  Point,  Alexander  Co.,  in  tine  rhotnbohedral  crystals  (r  with  c)  having  nearly  plane  faces. 

Named  after  Dolomieu  (1750-1801),  who  announced  some  of  the  marked  characteristics  of 
the  rock  in  1791 — its  not  effervescing  with  acids,  while  burning  like  limestone,  and  solubility 
after  heating  in  acids.  He  observes  in  his  paper  that,  as  early  as  1786,  he  had  found  the  white 
marble  of  many  of  the  ancient  statues  and  monuments  of  Italy  to  consist  of  this  peculiar  rock; 
and  eighteen  months  before  the  date  of  his  paper  he  discovered  ' '  immense  quantities  of  similar 
limestones  "  in  the  Tyrol. 

Alt. — Dolomite  occurs  altered  to  siderite,  calamine,  steatite,  limonite,  hematite,  gothite, 
pyrolusite,  and  quartz. 

Ref.— '  Wollaston,  Mohs,  Fizeau,  Biot,  Dx. ;  this  angle  is  somewhat,  variable.  The  tetarto- 
hedral  character  was  first  established  by  Tscherinak,  Min.  Mitth.,  4,  102,  1881.  2  Mir.,  Min., 
581,  1852.  Cf.  also  Dx.,  Min.,  2,  127,  1874;  Kk.,  Min.  Russl.,  7,  5,  1875;  Gdt.,  Index.  1,  513, 
1886;  Becke.  who  identifies  the  ±  r,  ±  1  forms,  Min.  Mitth.,  10,  142,  1888,  11,  224,  1890. 
The  list  here  given  is  essentially  that  of  Becke  (1890);  he  discusses  several  other  doubtful  forms 
(Dx.,  etc.),  but  overlooks  A.  Sejla,  Kk.  calculates  angles  for  several  forms  but  not  as  observed 
planes,  viz.:  5051,  6061,  and  7071,  etc.,  breunnerite,  ib.,  p.  181:  these  are  included  by  Gdt. 

3  J.  D.  D.,  Hoboken,  Min.,  441,  1854.  4  Q.  Sella,  Traversella,  Mm.  Sarda,  13  et  seq.,  1856. 
6  Hbg.,  Binnenthal,  Min.  Not.,  3,  13,  1860;  also  ib.,  7,  41,  where  }%  (=  |,  cf.  Hintzeu).is  mis- 
printed Y«  and  thence  taken  by  Kk.  6  Rath,  Binnenthal,  Pogg.,  122,  399,  1864.  '  Kenng., 
Binnenthal,  Min.  Schweiz,  301,  1866.  8  Dx.,  1.  c.  9  Groth,  Min.-Samml.  Strassb.,  127,1878. 
10  Tsch.,  1.  c.  n  Hintze,  Binnenthal,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  438,  1883.  12  A.  Sella,  Gebroulaz,  Mem.  Ace. 
Line.,  4,  Nov.  13,  1887.  13  Becke,  1.  c.  14  Cf.  Tsch.,  Becke,  1.  c.  Experiments  on  Elasticity, 
Voigt,  Wied.  Ann.,  40,  642,  1890. 


274  CARBONATES. 

271  A.  Ankerite.  Dolomite  pt.  Brown  Spar  and  Pearl  Spar  pt.  Paralomes  Kalk-Haloid 
Mohs,  Grundr.,  1,  536,  1822.,  2,  116,  1824.  llobwand,  Wandstein,  Styrian  Miners.  Ankerit 
Said.,  Min.  Mobs,  1, 100,  1825.  Tautoklin  Breith.,  Char.,  70,  1832,  Uib  20  1830  Parankerit 
Boricky,  Miu.  Mittb.,  47,  1876. 

Rhombohedral;  rr'  =  73°  48'  Styria,  Mohs.  In  rhombohedral  crystals;  also 
crystalline  massive,  coarse  or  fine  granular,  and  compact. 

Cleavage:  r  perfect.  H.  =  3;5~4.  G.  =  2-95-3-1.  Luster  vitreous  to  pearly. 
Color  white,  gray,  reddish.  Translucent  to  subtranslucent. 

Comp. — A  sub-species  intermediate  between  calcite,  magnesite,  and  siderite; 
that  is,  containing  the  carbonates  of  calcium,  magnesium,  iron,  r,nd  in  small 
quantities  manganese.  Formula  CaC03.(Mg,Fe,Mn)C03. 

Normal  ankerite  is  2CaCO3.MgCO3.FeCO3  =  Calcium  carbonate  50-0,  magnesium  carbon- 
ate 21*0,  iron  carbonate  29'0  =  100. 

Boricky  writes  the  formula  CaFeC2O6  -f  fl(CaMgC2O6)  with  n  varying  from  |  to  10;  those 
varieties  with  n  =  2  or  more,  he  calls  parankerite.  Normal  ankerite  would  then  be  CaFeC2O8  4- 
CaMgCaO.,  and  normal  parankerite  CaFeCjO,  -f  2CaMgC2O6  (or  3CaCO3.2MgCO3.FeCO3). 

For  analyses  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  685,  also  Rg.,  Min.  Cb.,  229,  1875.     Boricky,  1.  c 

The  ankerite  from  Antwerp,  Jefferson  Co.,  N.  Y.,  gave  D.  N.  Harper,  priv.  contr.: 

CaCO3  55-98        MgCO3  28'57        FeCO3  14'66        MnCO3  1-66  =  100-87 
Others  from  Nova  Scotia  gave  Louis,  Proc.  N.  S.  Inst,,  5,  47,  1878-79: 

G.  =  2  998        CaCO3  53'75    MgCO3  22'75    FeCO3  22  70    MnCO3  0'80  =  100 

7123  9-34  16-41  2'65  insol.  0'53  =  100-16 

Tauiodin  Breith.  is  a  grayish  white  variety,  containing  about  15  p.  c.  FeCO3,  and  having 
rr'  =  73°  44';  also  G.  =  2  9til,  Ettling;  from  Bescbertgluck,  near  Freiberg  in  Saxony. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  like  dolomite,  but  darkens  in  color,  and  on  charcoal  becomes  black  and 
magnetic;  with  the  fluxes  reacts  for  iron  and  manganese.  Soluble  with  effervescence  in  the 
acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  siderite  at  the  Styrian  mines;  also  at  Lobeustein,  Freiberg,  Schneeberg, 
Siegen,  etc.  With  the  hematite  of  northern  New  York  (sometimes  called  siderite).  In  Nova 
Scotia  near  Londonderry,  Colchester  Co. 

Named  after  Prof.  Anker  of  Styria. 


Ma 


272.  MAGNESITE.  Kohlensaurer  Talkerde  Mitchell  &  Lampadius  (first  anal.),  Samml. 
Ch.  Abb.,  3,  241.  Reine  Talkerde,  Talcum  carbonatum,  Wern.,  Ludwig,  2,  154,  1803. 
agnesite  pt.  Brongn.,  Min.,  1,  489,  1807.  Magnesit  Karst.,  Tabell.,  48,  92,  1808.  Carbonate 
of  Magnesia.  Magnesie  carbouatee  FT.  Kohlensaure  Talkerde, Talkspath,  Germ.  Baudisserite 
DelametJi,  Min.,  2, 1812.  Giobertite  Beud.,Tr.,  410, 1824.  Breunnerite  Haid.,  Min.  Mohs,  1,  411, 
1825.  Breunerite.  Walmstedtite  Leonh.,  Handb.,  297,  1826.  Brown  Spar  pt. 

Rhombohedral;  tetartohedra!4(?).  Axis:  6  =  0-81123;  0001  A  1011  =  43° 
7f ',  rr'  =  *72°  36i'  Koksharov1. 

Forms2 :  c  (0001.  G},  m  (1010,  7),  a  (1120,  i-2),  r  (1011,  R),  f  (0221,  -  2)3,  v  (2131,  I3)3; 
also  an  undetermined  negative  scalenohedron4. 

Crystals  rare,  usually  rhombohedral,.  also  prismatic.  Commonly  massive; 
granular  cleavable  to  very  compact;  earthy. 

Cleavage:  r  perfect.  Fracture  flat  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  3*5-4*5. 
G.  =  3-0-3-12,  cryst;  3*083,  Scaleglia,  Becke;  3-3*2,  ferriferous.  Luster  vitreous ; 
fibrous  varieties  sometimes  silky.  Color  white,  yellowish,  or  grayish  white,  brown. 
Transparent  to  opaque.  Optically  — .  Double  refraction  strong. 

Comp. — Magnesium  carbonate,  MgC03  =  Carbon  dioxide  52*4,  magnesia  47-6 
=  100.  Iron  carbonate  is  often  present. 

Var. — \.0rdinary.  (a)  Crystallized,  r  are,  (b)  Lamellar,  cleavable.  (c)  Compact,  fine  gran- 
ular, (d)  Compact,  and  like  unglazed  porcelain  in  fracture,  (e)  Earthy;  being  mixed  with 
hvdrated  silicate  of  magnesia  or  sepiolite  (meerschaum);  including  the  Baudisserite,  from  Bau- 
dissero,  near  Turin,  which  has  some  resemblance  to  chalk,  and  adheres  to  the  tongue.  Even  the 
purer  varieties  of  compact  magnesite  usually  contain  more  or  less  of  the  silicate. 

Pisolite  Rumpf  (Min.  Mitth.,  265,  1873)  is  a  rock  consisting  largely  of  milk-white  maguesite 
crystals  with  clay  slate  filling  the  spaces  between  them,  from  Wald  in  Styria,  from  the  Sem- 
mering,  etc. 

2.*" Ferriferous,  Breunnerite;  containing  several  p.  c.  of  FeO;  G.  =  3-3'2;  white,  yellow- 
ish, brownish,  rarely  black  and  bituminous;  often  becoming  brown  on  exposure,  and  hence 
called  Brown  Spar. 


CALCITE  GROUP— MAGNESITE.  275 

The  name  Breunnerite  was  originally  given  by  Haidinger  (after  M.  Breunner)  to  the  variety 
analyzed  by  Stronieyer  containing  5  to  10  p.  c.  iron  protoxide  (or  8  to  17  p.  c.  of  carbonate);  and 
Walmstedite  to  an  included  kind  from  the  Harz,  differing  only  in  containing  a  little  more  manga- 
nese protoxide  than  usual  (2  p.  c.).  The  breunuerite  from  Hall,  Tyrol,  gave  Foullou:  MgCO3 
79-13,  FeCO3  19'14,  MnCO3  2'04  =  100'31,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  38,  2,  1888. 

For  analyses  see  5th  Ed.,  pp.  686,  687. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  resembles  calcite  and  dolomite,  and  like  the  latter  is  but  slightly  acted 
upon  by  cold  acids;  in  powder  is  readily  dissolved  with  effervescence  in  warm  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs.— Found  in  talcose  schist,  serpentine  and  other  magnesian  rocks,  also  gypsum;  as  veins 
in  serpentine,  or  mixed  with  it  so  as  to  form  a  variety  of  verd-antique  marble  (magnesitic  ophiolite 
of  Hunt);  also,  in  Canada,  as  a  rock,  more  or  less  pure,  associated  with  steatite,  serpentine,  and 
dolomite.  The  breunnerite  variety  has  been  found  in  a  meteorite  from  Orgueil,  Dx. 

Occurs  at  Hrubschutz  in  Moravia,  where  it  was  first  discovered  by  Mitchell;  at  Kraubat 
and  Tragossthal,  Styria;  Maria-Zell  in  Styria;  Flachau  in  Salzburg;  Greiner  in  the  Zillerthal, 
Tyrol;  Gross-Reifling  in  the  Ennsthal  in  prismatic  crystals  in  gypsum;  at  Frankenstein  in 
Silesia;  Snarum,  Norway;  Baudissero  and  Castellamonte  in  Piedmont;  at  other  localities  men- 
tioned above. 

In  America,  at  Bolton,  Mass.,  in  indistinctly  fibrous  masses,  traversing  white  limestone;  at 
Lyunfield,  Cavendish,  and  Roxbury,  Mass.,  mixed  with  or  veining  serpentine;  at  Barehills, 
near  Baltimore,  Md.;  in  Penn.,  in  crystals  at  West  Goshen,  Chester  Co.;  near  Texas,  Lancaster 
Co. ;  in  Tulare,  Alaraeda,Mariposa,  and  Tuolumne  Cos. , Calif oruia.  A  white  saccharoidal  magne- 
site  resembling  statuary  marble  has  been  found  as  loose  blocks  on  an  island  in  the  St.  Lawrence 
River,  near  the  Thousand  Island  Park.  Also  occurs  with  serpentine,  dolomite,  steatite,  in  Brome 
Co.,  Quebec. 

In  Canton  Upata.  Venezuela,  near  Mission  Pastora>  looking  like  porcelain  in  the  fracture,  as 
observed  by  N.  S.  Manross. 

Delainetherie,  in  his  Theorie  de  la  Terre,  2,  93,  1795,  uses  the  name  magnesite  for  the 
carbonate  of  magnesia,  sulphate,  nitrate,  and  muriate,  and  the  carbonate  is  placed  first  in  the 
series.  Brongniart,  in  his  Mineralogy,  3,  489,  1807,  applies  the  name  to  a  group,  including  (1) 
the  carbonate  called  MitcheWs  magnesite,  (2)  meerschaum,  (3)  the  Piedmont  magnesite,  and  (4) 
other  siliceous  varieties.  As  both  Brongniart  and  Delametherie  gave  the  first  place  to  the 
carbonate,  the  name  magnesite  would  rightly  fall  to  it  in  ca*e  of  the  division  of  the  group. 
Karsten,  in  his  Tabellen,  1808,  recognized  this  division  of  the  species,  and  formally  gave  to  the 
carbonate  the  name  magnesite.  The  German  mineralogists  have  followed  Karsten,  as  should 
have  been  done  by  all.  But  in  France,  Beudant,  in  1824,  gave  the  name  giobertite  to  the  car- 
bonate, leaving  magnesite  for  the  silicate,  and  most  of  the  French  mineralogists  have  followed 
Beudant.  Giobert  analyzed  only  the  siliceous  variety  from  Baudissero,  the  true  composition  of 
the  mineral  having  been  ascertained  by  Lampadius,  somewhat  earlier,  from  specimens  brought 
by  Mitchell  from  Moravia. 

The  name  Breunnerite  is  spelled  also  Breunerite.     Haidinger  gives  the  former. 

Ref.— i  Tyrol,  G.  =  3'118,  Min.  Russl.,  7,  181,  1875.  This  angle  varies  for  different  locali- 
ties, e.g.,  Pfitsch,  72°  37|'  Mitsch.;  Snarum  72°  32'  Breith.;  Greiner,  Tyrol,  72°  37V,  G  =  3'17, 
Zeph.;  Maria-Zell,  72°  81'  Rumpf;  Gross-Reifling,  Ennsthal,  72°  441'  Foullon,  Vh.  G.  Reichs., 
334,  1884;  Scaleglia,  72°  33'6'  Becke.  Min.  Mitth.,  11,  250,  1890.  2  Rumpf,  Maria-Zell,  Min. 
Mitth. ,  263,  1873.  *  A.  Sella.  Gebroulaz,  the  crystals,  hexagonal  prisms  (a)  in  anhydrite,  were 
identified  as  magnesite  by  angles  (cr  —  43°  16'),  not  analyzed,  Mem.  Ace.  Line.,  4,  Nov.  13, 
1887.  4  Becke,  Scaleglia,  1.  c. 


272A.  Mesitite.  Mesitinspath  pt.  Breith.,  Pogg.,  11,  170,  1827.  Mesitin  Breith.,  Pogg., 
70,  148,  1847. 

PISTOMESITE.  Mesitin  pt.  Breith.,  Pogg.,  11,  170,  1827.  Pistomesit  Breith.,  Pogg.,  70,  146, 
1847. 

Rhombohedral;  rr'  —  72°  42'  to  72°  46'  Breith.  In  rhombohedral  crystals; 
also  coarse  granular. 

Cleavage:  r  perfect.  H.  =  3'5-4.  G.  =  3-33-3*42.  Luster  vitreous,  inclin- 
ing to  pearly.  Color  yellowish  white,  yellowish  gray,  yellowish  brown.  Streak 
nearly  white  or  colorless.  Transparent  to  subtranslucent. 

Comp.,  Yar.  —  A  sub-species  intermediate  between  the  ferruginous  variety 
of  magnesite,  breunnerite,  and  siderite. 

1.  MESITITE  2MgCO3.FeCO3  =  Magnesium  carbonate  59'2,   iron  carbonate  40'8  =  100. 

uall 


rr'  =  72°  46'.     G.  =  3'35-3'36  Br.     Usually  in  flat  rhombohedrons  (e,0112)  with  rounded  faces. 

2.  PISTOMESITE  MgCO3.FeCO3  =  Magnesium  carbonate  42'0,  iron  ca 
rr'  =  72°  42'.  G.  =  3  "42  Br. 

Anal.—  1,  AV.  Gibbs,  Pogg.,  71,  566,  1847.  2,  Fritsche,  ib.,  70,  147,  184 
Ber.,  2,  296,  1847.  4,  Fritsche,  1.  c.  5,  Ettling,  Lieb.  Ann.,  99,  203,  1853. 


276 


CARBONATES. 


MESITITE.  G.  COa  FeO  MgO  CaO 

1.  Traversella  46'05  26'61  27-12  0'22  =  100 

2.  "  3-35  45-76  24'18  28'12  1'30  =    99'36 

3.  Werfen        rr'  =  72°  40'  3'33  45"84  27-37  26'76  —    =    99'97 

PlSTOMESITE. 

4.  Thurnberg  3'42  43'62        33'92        21-72          —    =    99-26 

5.  3-437  §  44-57        33'15        22'29          —    =  lOO'Ol 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  blackens  and  becomes  magnetic.  But  slightly  acted  upon  in  mass  by  acids; 
readily  dissolved  with  effervescence  when  in  powder  by  hot  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — Mesitite  is  from  Traversella,  Piedmont;  Werfen,  with  lazulite. 

Pistomesite  is  from  Thurnberg,  near  Flachau,  in  Salzburg;  also  at  Traversella  in  Piedmont. 

Mesitite  is  named  from  neairrfS,  a  go-between,  it  being  intermediate  between  magnesite  and 
siderite;  pistomesite  is  from  jr/orJ?  and  jueo-irr/s,  named  by  Breithaupt  after  he  had  already 
used  mesitine,  and  because  pistomesite  is  nearer  the  middle  between  siderite  and  magnesite. 


273.  SIDERITE.  ?Vena  ferri  jecoris  colore  optima,  Germ.  Stahelreich  Eisen,  Oesner, 
Foss.,  90,  1565.  Spatformig  Jernmalm,  Minera  ferri  alba  spathiformis,  Wall.,  256,  1747.  Jarn 
med  Kalkjord  forenadt,  Germ.  Stahlsteiu,  Cronst.,  29,  1758.  Ferrum  cum  magnesio  et  terra 
calcarea  acido  aereo  miueralisatum  Bergm.,  Opusc.,  2,  184,  1780.  Spathiger  Eisen,  Spatheisen- 
stein,  Germ.  Fer  spatique  de  Lisle,  3,  281,  1783.  Calcareous  or  Sparry  Iron  Ore  Kirwan. 
Spathic  Iron,  Spathose  Iron.  Brown  Spar  pt.  Steel  Ore.  Carbonate  of  Iron.  Fer  carbonate, 
Mine  d'acier,  Fr.  Kohlensaures  Eisen,  Eisenkalk,  Germ.  Eisenspath  Ifausm.,  Haudb.,  951, 
952,  1813.  Spherosiderit  Hausm.,  ib.,  1070,  1813.  1847,  1353.  Siderose  Beud.,  2,  346,  1832. 
Junckerite  Dufr.,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  56,  198,  1834;  Breith.,  Pogg.,  58,  278,  1843.  Siderit  Haid., 
Handb.,  499.  1845.  Chalybit  Glock.,  Syn.,  241,  1847. 

Oligonspath  Breith.,  Handb.,  2,  235, 1841  =  Oligouit  Hausm.,  Handb.,  1362,  1847.     Thomait 
Meyer,  Jb.  Min.,  200,  1845.      Siderodot  Breith.,  Haid.  Ber.,  1,  6,  1847.      Sideroplesit  Breith., 
B.  H.  Ztg.,   17,   54,   1858.     Pelosiderit   N.-Z.,  Min.,  457,  1885.     Thoneisenstein  =  Clay  Iron 
Ore  pt. 

Rhombohedral.     Axis  6  =  0-81841;  0001  A  1011  =  43°  22'  51"  Wollaston1. 


Forms* : 

c   (0001,  0) 
m  (1010,  /) 


a  (1120,  i-2) 
r  (1011,  R) 
M  (4041,  4) 


e  (0112,  -  i) 
/  (0221,  -  2) 
GO  (0773,  -  |)3 


s  (0551,  -  5) 
d  (0881,  -  8)3 
$  (4486,  f-2) 


a  (4483,  |-2)? 
v  (2131,  i3) 
fi  (2461,  -  23)4 


cM  =  75°  11' 

co    ~  25°  17| 

cf    =  62°  7' 

CGO  =  65°  36' 

cd    =  82°  28' 

cs    =  78°  3' 


c$  =  47°  30' 
ca  =  65°  23' 
rr'  =  *73°  0' 
MM'  =  113°  42' 
ee'  =  43°  26' 
ff'  =  99°  54' 


GOOD 

dd' 


aa'    = 


104°    8' 

118°  18V 

115°  50' 

43°  16' 

54°    4' 


tw'  =  74°  52' 
vvv  =  35°  23' 
™>vi  _  48°  30' 

fi/31  =  37°  26f 

ftp  =  79°  52|' 


2. 


Fig.  1,  Curved  form,  Haid.    2,  3,  Cornwall. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  e\  often  with  inclosed  twinning  lamellae.  Crystals  commonly 
rhombohedral  r  or  e,  the  faces  often  curved  and  built  up  of  sub-individuals,  (jl'ten 
cleavable  massive  to  coarse  or  fine  granular.  Also  in  botryoidal  and  globular  forms, 
subfibrous  within,  occasionally  silky  fibrous;  compact  and  earthy. 


CALCITB  GROUP— SIDERITE.  277 

Cleavage :  r  perfect.  Fracture  uneven  or  subconchoidal.  Brittle  H.  =  3-5 
-4.  G.  =  3-83-3-88  Dmr.  Luster  vitreous,  inclining  to  pearly.  Color  ash-gray, 
yellowish  gray,  greenish  gray,  also  brown  and  brownish  red,  rarely  green;  and 
sometimes  white.  Straak  white.  Translucent  to  subtranslucent.  Optically  — . 
Double  refraction  strong.  Etching-figures  in  part  symmetric,  in  part  asymmetric, 
Tschermak. 

Comp. — Iron  protocarbonate,  FeC03  =  Carbon  dioxide  37'9,  iron  protoxide 
62-1  =  100  (Fe  =  48'2p.c.).  Manganese  maybe  present,  also  magnesium  and  calcium. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary,  (a)  Crystallized,  (b)  Concretionary  •=  Spherosiderite;  in  globular  con- 
cretions, either  solid  or  concentric  scaly,  with  usually  a  fibrous  structure,  (c)  Granular  to  com- 
pact massive,  (d)  Oolitic,  like  oolitic  limestone  in  structure,  (e)  Earthy,  or  stony,  impure  from 
mixture  with  clay  or  sand,  constituting  a  large  part  of  the  clay  iron-stone  of  the  Coal  formation 
and  ether  stratified  deposits;  H.  =  3-7,  the  last  from  the  silica  present;  G.  =  3'0-3'8,  or  mostly 
3-15-3-65. 

The  varieties  based  on  composition  include,  besides  the  nearly  pure  iron  carbonate,  also 

2.  Manganiferous.     Containing  several  per  cent  of  manganese  carbonate.     The  oligonspar 
of  Breithaupt,  or  oligonite,  has  25  p.  c.  MnO,  rr'  =  72°  56';  G.  —  3'714-3'745;  color  yellowish 
to  between  flesh-  and  iron-red;    streak    yellowish  white;    remarkably  phosphorescent  when 
heated. 

3.  Magnesian.      Containing    magnesium    carbonate,    and    but    little    manganese.       The 
sideroplesite,  Breith.,  from  Pohl,  has  12  p.  c.  MgCO3,  with  rr'  =  72°  54'  Breith.;  G.  =  3'616- 
3'660.     Here  belong  some  varieties  from  Londonderry,  Nova  Scotia,  analyzed  by  Louis,  Trans. 
N.  S.  Inst.,  5,  50,  1878-79.     Zepharovich  obtained  from  a  cleavage  rhombohedron  from  Salz- 
burg 10-5  p.  c.  MgO,  rr  =  72°  54f,  and  G.  =  3*699. 

4.  Calciferous.     Containing  20  p.  c.  of  calcium  carbonate  and  looking  like  some  calamine, 
the  color  green;  from  Altenberg.     The  siderodot  of  Breithaupt  is  a  calciferous  siderite  from 
Radstadt  in  Salzburg,  having  G.  =  3'41. 

For  analyses,  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  690. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  gives  off  CO2,  blackens  and  becomes  magnetic- 
B.B.  blackens  and  fuses  at  4'5.  With  the  fluxes  reacts  for  iron,  and  with  soda  and  niter  on 
platinum  foil  generally  gives  a  manganese  reaction.  Only  slowly  acted  upon  by  cold  acid,  but 
dissolves  with  brisk  effervescence  in  hot  hydrochloric  acid.  Exposure  to  the  atmosphere  dark- 
ens its  color,  rendering  it  often  of  a  blackish  brown  or  brownish  red  color. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  many  of  the  rock  strata,  in  gneiss,  mica  slate,  clay  slate,  and  as  clay  iron- 
stone in  connection  with  the  Coal  formation  and  many  other  stratified  deposits.  It  is  often 
associated  with  metallic  ores.  At  Freiberg  it  occurs  in  silver  mines.  In  Cornwall  it  accompanies 
tin.  It  is  also  found  accompanying  copper  and  iron  pyrites,  galena,  chalcocite,  tetrahedrite. 
Occasionally  it  is  to  be  met  with  in  trap  rocks  as  spherosiderite. 

In  the  region  in  and  about  Styria  and  Carinthia  this  ore  forms  extensive  tracts  in  gneiss, 
which  extend  along  the  chain  of  the  Alps,  on  one  side  into  Austria,  and  on  the  other  into  Salz- 
burg. At  Harzgerode  in  the  Harz,  it  occurs  in  fine  crystals  in  gray-wacke;  also  in  Cornwall  of 
varied  habit  at  many  localities;  at  Alston-Moor,  and  Tavistock,  Devonshire.  Fine  cleavage  masses 
occur  with  cryolite  in  Greenland. 

The  Spherosiderite  occurs  in  dolerite  at  Steinheim  near  Hanau  and  Dransfeld  near  Gottingen 
and  Dransberg,  and  many  other  places.  Clay  iron-stone,  which  is  a  siliceous  or  argillaceous 
carbonate  of  iron,  occurs  in  coal  beds  near  Glasgow;  also  at  Mouillar,  Magescote,  etc.,  in 
France,  etc. 

In  the  United  States,  in  Vermont,  at  Plymouth.  In  Mass.,  at  Sterling.  In  Conn.,  at  Rpx- 
bury,  an  extensive  vein  in  quartz,  traversing  gneiss;  at  Monroe,  Lane's  mine,  in  small  quantities. 
In  J\T.  York,  a  series  of  important  basins  occur  in  Columbia  Co.,  near  Burden,  they  belong  to  the 
Hudson  River  Epoch  of  the  Lower  Silurian;  at  the  Rossie  iron  mines,  St.  Lawrence  Co.  In 
2f.  Carolina,  at  Fentress  and  Harlem  mines.  The  argillaceous  carbonate,  in  nodules  and  beds 
(clay  iron-stone),  is  abundant  in  the  coal  regions  of  Penn. ,  Ohio,  and  many  parts  of  the  country. 
In  a  clay-bed  under  the  Tertiary  along  the  west  side  of  Chesapeake  Bay  for  50  m.  A  magnesian 
variety  (like  sideroplesite)  occurs  at  Londonderry,  Colchester  Co.,  Nova  Scotia. 

Named  Spherosiderite  by  Hausmann  in  1813,  from  the  concretionary  variety,  and  retained 
by  him  for  the  whole.  Haidinger  reduced  the  name  to  Siderite,  the  prefix  sphero  being  appli- 
cable only  to  an  unimportant  variety.  Beudant's  name  Siderose  has  an  unallowable  termination. 
Chalybite,  Glocker,  should  yield  to  Haidinger's  earlier  name  siderite,  as  recognized  by  v.  Kobell 
and  Kenngott. 

Alt.— Siderite  becomes  brown  or  brownish  black  on  exposure,  owing  to  the  oxidation  of  the 
iron  and  its  passing  to  limonite;  and  by  a  subsequent  loss  of  water,  it  may  pass  to  hematite  or  to 
magnetite,  the  last  at  times  a  result  of  deoxidation  of  the  FeaO3  by  organic  substances.  It  also 
changes  by  substitution,  or  through  the  action  of  alkaline  silicates,  to  quartz. 

Ref.— J  Phil.  Trans  ,  159,  1812.  *  See  Levy,  Heuland,  3,  162,  1837:  Breith.,  Lobenstein, 
Pogg.,  58,  279,  1843;  Mir.,  Min.,  586,  1852.  Kenng.  describes  crystals  from  Tavistock  with  a 
negative  scalenohedron  (—  4'2)  but  gives  no  measurements,  Pogg.,  97,  99,  1856.  Gdt.,  Index, 
1,  539,  1886.  3  Dx.,  Min.,  2,  142,  1872.  4  Klein,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  256,  1884. 


278  CARBONATES. 

THOMAITE  Mayer,  Jb.  Min.,  200,  1845.  An  iron  carbonate,  occurring  in  pyramidal  crys- 
tallizations which  are  said  to  be  orthorhombic ;  also  massive.  G.  =  3'10.  Luster  pearly.  From 
the  Bleis-Bach,  in  the  Siebengebirge.  Named  after  Prof.  Thoma  of  Wiesbaden. 

Junckerite  of  Dufrenoy  (1.  c.)  was  described  as  having  the  same  characters,  but  proved  to  be 
only  common  siderite;  and  the  same  fate  may  befall  thomaite.  Named  after  M.  Juncker, 
director  of  mines  at  Poullaouen. 

274.  RHODOCHROSITE.  Magnesium  acido  aereo  mineralisatum  Bergm.,  Sciagr.,  1782 
(without  descr.  or  loc.). .  Rother  Braunsteiuerz  [=  Ked  Manganese  Ore],  Rothspath,  Magnesium 
ochraceum  rubrum,  Oxide  de  manganese  couleur  de  rose,  pt.,  of  later  part  of  18th  cent,  (it  being 
confounded  with  the  silicate  analyzed  by  Ruprecht  in  1782,  and  Bergmanu's  announcement 
being  doubted).  Luftsaures  Braunsteinerz  (or  Carbonate,  after  Bergm.)  pt.  Lenz,  Min.,  2,  1794 
I  with  mention  of  druses  of  small  crystals  in  "Rhomben,"  others  in  "  Pyramiden,"  but  with  cit. 
df  Ruprecht's  anal.).  Manganese  oxyde  carbonate  (after  Bergm.)  H.,  Tabl.  comp.,  Ill,  1809. 
IMchter  Rothstein  pt.  Hausm.,  Handb.,  302,  1813.  Rhodochrosit,  ?Kohlensaures  Magnesium 
txydul  (fr.  Lampadius's  anal,  of  a  Kapnik  sp'n,  in  his  Pr.  Ch.  Abb..,  3,  239.  1800),  Hausm.,  ib., 
1081,  1813.  Carbonate  of  Manganese.  Manganspath  Wern.  Dialogite  Jasche,  Germar,  Schw. 
JT.,  26,  119  =  Blattrige  Rothmanganerz  Jasche,  Kl.  Min.  Schrift.,  4,  1817.  Diallogite  (wrong 
orthogr.).  Rosenspath,  Himbeerspath,  Breith.,  Handb.,  228,  229,  1841  (Char.,  67,  68,  1832). 
Manganosiderit  Bayer,  Vh.  Ver.  Brunn,  12,  May  10,  1873.  Manganocalcit  JBreith.,  Pogg., 
69,  429,  1846.  Rodocrosite  Ital. 

Rhombohedral.     Axis  6  =  0-81840;  0001  A  1011  =  43°  22'  50"  Sansoni1. 

Forms2:  a (1120,  £2)  e  (0112,  -  |)  x  (0772,  -  |)4?  v  (2131,  I3)8 

c  <0001,  0)  r  (1011,  It)  /(0221,  -  2)3  t  (2134,  £3)s?  y  (3251,  1s)* 

cr  =  43°  23'  rr'  =  73°    0'  vri    =  *74°  52'  yy'     -  70°  47f 

ce  =  25°  17V  &*'  =  43°  26'  wv    =     35°  23'  yy"    =  45°  26' 

cf  =  62°    7'  ff'  =  99°  54'  wvi  =    48°  30'  yy*  =  30°  15' 

Distinct  crystals  not  common;  usually  the  rhombohedron  r ;  also  e,  with  rounded 
fcfriated  faces.  Cleavable,  massive  to  granular  massive  and  compact.  Also 
globular  and  botryoidal,  with  columnar  structure,  sometimes  indistinct;  incrusting. 

Cleavage :  r  perfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  3  -5-4-5.  Gr.  =  3'45- 
if*60  and  higher.  Luster  vitreous  inclining  to  pearly.  Color  shades  of  rose-red; 
yellowish  gray,  fawn-colored,  dark  red,  brown.  Streak  white.  Translucent  to 
iiubtranslucent.  Optically  — .  Double  refraction  strong. 

Comp. — Manganese  protocarbonate,  MnC03  =  Carbon  dioxide  38-3,  manganese 
protoxide  61'7  —  100.  Iron  carbonate  is  usually  present,  and  sometimes  the  car- 
bonates of  calcium,  magnesium,  zinc  and  rarely  cobalt. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary.  Pure  MnCO3  or  nearly  so,  in  crystals,  but  more  commonly  cleavable 
massive  to  indistinctly  crystalline.  Cf.  remarks  below,  Ref.  l. 

2.  Ferriferous.     Containing  several  per  cent  up  to  nearly  40  p.  c.  of  FeCO3.     A  cleavable 
variety  from  Branchville,  Ct.,  gave  Penfield  16'8  p.  c.  FeCO3,  rr  =  73°  11',  G.  =  3'76,  Am.  J. 
Sc.,  18,  50,  1879.      Manganosiderite  is  a  Hungarian  variety,  resembling  sphserosiderite,  with 
38-8  FeCO,. 

3.  Calciferous.  Manganocalcite.    Contains  calcium  carbonate.     The  original  from  Schem- 
nitz  was  flesh-red  columnar.     G.  =  3'037Br.;  an  early  analysis  gave:  -MnCO3  67-48,  FeCO3  3'22, 
DaCO3  18-81,  MgCO3  9*97  =  99'48,   Rg.,  Pogg.,  68,  511,  1846;    a  later  examination,   however, 
showed  it  to  be  a  mixture  of  a  carbonate  and  silicate,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.  Erg.,  157,  1886;  and  this  is 
confirmed  by  Dx.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  7,  72,  1884.      It  was  supposed  to  be  isomorphous  with 
aragonite,  but  Krenner  proves  it  to  be  rhoinbohedral,  cf.  Nat.  Ber.  aus  Ungarn,  1,  201,  2,  355, 
1884,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  242,   1883,  9,  288,  1884.      A  variety  from  Wester  Silfberg  belongs  here, 
G.  =  3-09;  analysis:  CO2  40'59,  MnO  24-60,  FeO  6'95,  CaO  26'71,  insol.  1'15  =  100,  Weibull, 
Min.  Mitth.,  7,  110,  1885.     See  also  p.  269. 

A  cleavable  kind  from  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J.,  gave  Roepper  MnCO3  43 '54,  FeCO3  0'76, 
CaCO3  50-40,  MgCO3  5*69  =  100-39.  G.  =  3'052.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  50,  37,  1870;  it  was  called 
roepperite  by  Kenngott,  Jb.  Min.,  188,  1872. 

4.  Zinciferous.     Contains  zinc  carbonate.     A  specimen  from  the  Trotter  mine,  Mine  Hill, 
Franklin   Furnace,   N.    J.,    gave  P.  E.   Browning :    MnCO3  73'78,   ZnCO3  2'28,  CaCO3  20'37, 
MgCO3  3-74,  FeCO3  0'35,  Fe2O3  0'16  =  100'68.     G.  =  3'47,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  375,  1890. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  changes  to  gray,  brown,  and  black,  and  decrepitates  strongly,  but  is 
infusible.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  and  borax  in  O.F.  gives  an  amethystine-colored  bead,  in 
R.F.  becomes  colorless.  With  soda  on  platinum  foil  a  bluish  green  manganate.  Dissolves  with 
effervescence  in  warm  hydrochloric  acid.  On  exposure  to  the  air  changes  to  brown,  and  some 
bright  rose-red  varieties  become  paler. 


CALCITE  GROUP— SMITHSONITE.  279 

Obs. — Occurs  commonly  iu  veins  along  with  ores  of  silver,  lead,  and  copper,  and  with 
other  ores  of  manganese. 

Found  at  Schemuitz  and  Kapnik  in  Hungary;  Nagyag  in  Transylvania;  near  Elbingerode 
in  the  Harz;  at  Freiberg  in  Saxony;  at  Diez  near  Oberueisen  in  Nassau;  at  Daaden,  Rhein- 
provinz;  at  Moet-Fontaine  in  the  Ardennes,  Belgium;  at  Glendree  in  the  County  of  Clare, 
Ireland,  where  it  forms  a  layer  2  inches  thick  below  a  bog,  and  has  a  yellowish  gray  color; 
botryoidal  at  Hartshill  in  Warwickshire. 

It  has  been  observed  in  a  pulverulent  form,  coating  triplite,  at  Washington,  Conn.,  on 
the  land  of  Joel  Camp;  at  Branchville  with  nianganesian  phosphates  in  a  vein  of  albitic 
granite;  in  New  Jersey,  with  frauklinite  at  Mine  Hill,  Franklin  Furnace.  In  Colorado,  at 
the  John  Reed  mine,  Alicante,  Lake  Co.,  in  beautiful  clear  rhombohedrons  (r)  up  to  -£  inch 
across;  also  at  the  Oulay  mine,  near  Lake  City,  in  flat  rhombohedrons  (e).  In  Montana,  at 
Butte  City,  in  rhombohedrons.  Abundant  at  the  silver  mines  of  Austin,  Nevada.  At 
Placentia  Bay,  Newfoundland,  in  slates,  fawn-colored  and  brown. 

Named  rJiodochrosite  from  podov,  a  rose,  and  ^/a&JcrzS,  color;  and  dialogite,  from  diaXoyrj 
doubt.     The  latter  name  is  attributed  to  Jasche  by  Germar  (1.  c.). 

Alt. — Quartz  pseudomorphs  occur  near  Klein- Voigtsberg. 

Ref. — '  Horhausen,  nearly  pure  MnCO3,  with  1*14  FeO;  another  variety  gave  72°  44',  Zs.  Kr., 
5,  250,1880.  The  Lake  Co.,  Colorado,  variety  in  transparent  rose-red  rhombohedrons  with  fault- 
less surface  gave  rr'  =  73°  4'  30",  E.  S.  D.;  Mackintosh  found  in  it  3'62  p.  c.  FeO,  G.  =  3'69. 
cf.  Kunz,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  34,  477,  1887.  2  See  Mir.,  Min.,  588,  1852.  3  Peters,  Kapnik,  Jb.  Min., 
458,  1861,  no  angles.  4  Sandb.,  Oberneisen,  Pogg.,  88,  491,  1853.  5  Weiss,  Daaden,  Zs.  G. 
Ges.,  31,  801,  1879,  also  Sansoni,  1.  c. 

275.  SMITHSONITE.  Calamine  pt.  Galmei  pt.  Zincum  acido  ae"ro  mineralisatum 
Bergm.,  Sciagr.,  144,  1782,  Opusc.,  2,  209,  1780  (from  his  own  anal.).  Zinkspath,  Kohlen- 
galmei,  Germ.  Carbonate  of  Zinc.  Smithsonite  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  354,  1832.  Zinkspath,  Kapnit 
(or  Capnit),  Breith.,  Handb.,  241,  236,  1841.  Dry-bone  Miners.  Smitsonite  Ital. 

Bhombohedral.     Axis  6  =  0-80633;  0001  A  1011  =  42°  57'  20"  Wollaston1. 

Forms2:  a  (1120,  i-2)  M (4041,  4)  /(0221,  -  2)  s  (0551,  -  5) 

c  (0001,  0)  r  (1011,   R)  e    (0112,  -  £)  x  (0772,  -  £)  v  (2131,  I3) 

cM  -  74°  58'  cs       -    77°  52-fc  ff'    =    99°  27'  ae     =  68°  34' 

ce     =  24°  58'  rr'      =  *72°  20'  xx'  =  111°  46'  m>'    =  74°  41' 

cf    -  61°  46'  MM'  =  113°  31V  **'     =  115°  42£'  w   =  35°  19' 

cjc    =  72°  56i'  ee       =    42°  53'  ar    =     53°  50'  w*1  =  49°    If 

Rarely  well  crystallized;  faces  r  generally  curved  and  rough.  Also  reniform, 
botryoidal,  or  stalactitic,  and  in  crystalline  incrustations;  also  granular,  and  some- 
times impalpable,  occasionally  earthy  and  friable. 

Cleavable:  r  perfect.  Fracture  uneven  to  imperfectly  conchoidal.  Brittle. 
H.  =  5.  G.  =  4-30-4-45;  4-45  Levy;  4-42  Haid.  Luster  vitreous,  inclining  to 
pearly.  Streak  white.  Color  white,  often  grayish,  greenish,  brownish  white, 
sometimes  green,  blue  and  brown.  Subtransparent  to  translucent.  Optically  — . 

Comp. — Zinc  carbonate,  ZnC03  =  Carbon  dioxide  35-2,  zinc  protoxide  64'8 
=  100.  •  Iron  and  manganese  carbonates  are  often  present,  also  calcium  and 
magnesium  carbonates  in  traces;  rarely  cadmium. 

Indium  has  also  been  detected  (Tennessee),  by  Tanner,  Ch.  News.,  30,  141,  1874.  For 
analyses  see  5th  Ed.,  pp.  692,  693. 

A  bright  yellow  variety  from  Marion  Co.,  Arkansas,  gave  H.  N.  Stokes  (priv.  contr.): 

C02  34-68    ZnO  64-12    £dO  0'63    FeO  014    CaO  0'38    Cu  tr     Cdg  0'25    SiO3  <M)6  =  100'26, 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary,  (a)  Crystallized;  (b)  botryoidal  and  stalactitic,  common,  closely  resem- 
bling similar  forms  of  the  silicate,  calamine;  (c)  granular  to  compact  massive;  (d)  earthy,  impure, 
in  nodular  and  cavernous  masses,  varying  from  grayish  white  to  dark  gray,  brown,  brownish 
red,  brownish  black,  and  often  with  drusy  surfaces  in  the  cavities;  "dry-bone"  of  American 
miners,  which  also  includes  some  calamine. 

2.  Ferriferous.    Monheimite,  Zinkeisenspath,  Eisenzinkspath,  Germ.    Contains  over  20  p.  c. 
of  iron  carbonate;   Capnite  Breith.,  Having  rr'  =  72°  53  ,  G.  =  4'17  Breith. 

3.  Manganiferous.     Contains  over  5  p.  c.  of  manganese  carbonate;  G.  =  3i95—4'2. 

4.  Cupriferous,  Rerrerite  of  Del  Rio.      Apple-green,  with  rhombohedral  cleavage;  it  was 
shown  by  Genth  to  belong  here,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  7,  232. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  loses  carbon  dioxide,  and.  if  pure,  is  yellow  while  hot  and 
white  on  cooling.  B.B.  infusible,  moistened  with  cobalt  solution  and  heated  in  O.F.  gives  a 


280  CARBONATES. 

green  color  on  cooling.  With  soda  on  charcoal  gives  zinc  vapors,  and  coats  the  coal  with  the 
oxide,  which  is  yellow  while  hot  and  white  on  cooling;  this  coating,  moistened  with  cobalt 
solution,  gives  a  green  color  after  heating  in  O.F.  Cadmiferous  varieties,  when  treated  with 
soda,  give  at  first  a  deep  yellow  or  brown  coating  before  the  zinc  coating  appears.  With  the 
fluxes  some  varieties  react  for  iron,  copper,  and  manganese.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  with 
effervescence. 

Obs. — Found  both  in  veins  and  beds,  especially  in  company  with  galena  and  sphalerite; 
also  with  copper  and  iron  ores.  It  usually  occurs  in  calcareous  rocks,  and  is  generally  assx> 
ciated  with  calamine,  and  sometimes  with  limonite.  It  is  often  produced  by  the  action  upO* 
zinc  sulphide  of  carbonated  waters. 

Found  at  Nerchinsk  in  Siberia,  one-variety  of  a  dark  brown  color,  containing  cadmium, 
another  of  a  beautiful  bright  green;  at  Doguaczka  in  Hungary;  Bleiberg  and  liaibel  in 
Oarinthia;  Wiesloch  in  Baden,  in  Triassic  limestone;  Moresnet  in  Belgium;  Alteuberg,  near 
Aix  la  Chapelle  (Aachen),  in  concentric  botryoidal  groups.  In  the  province  of  Santander,  Spain, 
between  the  Bay  of  Biscay  and  the  continuation  of  the  Pyrenees  range,  at  Puente  Viesgo,  the 
mountains  being  only  four  leagues  from  the  coast;  the  smithsonite  here  occurs  in  Mountain 
limestone;  in  other  places  it  is  found  in  dolomite,  probably  Muschelkalk;  it  is  in  vertical  lodes, 
found  frequently  in  scaleuohedrous  as  a  pseudomorph  after  calcite.  At  Ciguenza,  5  miles  E.  of 
Santander,  the  lode  varies  in  width  from  1  to  2  meters  to  1  inch;  the  mineral  is  drusy,  caverQ- 
ous;  sphalerite  is  abundant,  and  changes  into  pure  white  smithsonite;  the  latter  also  occurs 
like  chalcedony,  in  reuiform  and  botryoidal  masses;  it  sometimes  contains  galena  and  ccmssite. 
In  England,  at  Roughten  Gill,  Alston  Moor,  near  Matlock,  in  the  Mendip  Hills,  and  elsewhere; 
in  Scotland,  at  Leadhills;  in  Ireland,  at  Donegal.  At  Laurion,  Greece,  in  great  variety. 

In  the  U.  States,  in  Conn.,  at  Brookfield  in  very  small  quantities.  In  N.  Jersey,  at  Mine 
Hill,  near  the  Franklin  Furnace,  only  pulverulent  from  decomposition  of  zincite.  In  Penn.,  at 
Lancaster  abundant,  and  often  in  fine  druses  of  crystals,  also  sometimes  pseudomorphous  after 
dolomite;  at  the  Perkiomen  lead  mine;  at  the  Ueberroth  mine,  near  Bethlehem,  in  scaleno- 
hedrons,  also  an  earthy  variety  abundant  as  an  ore.  In  Wisconsin,  at  Mineral  Point,  Shulls- 
burg,  etc.,  constituting  pseudomorphs  after  sphalerite  and  calcite.  In  Minnesota,  at  Ewiug'a 
diggings,  N.W.  o*  Dubuque,  etc.  In  south-western  Missouri  associated  with  sphalerite  and 
calamine  in  St.  Fran9ois,  Jefferson,  Newton,  Jasper  counties;  also  with  the  lead  ores  in  the 
central  part  of  the  state.  In  Arkansas,  at  Calamine,  Lawrence  Co.;  in  Marion  Co.,  sometimes 
colored  bright  orange-yellow  by  greenockite  (CdS)  and  then  locally  known  as  "turkey-fat  ore." 

Named  after  James  Smithson  (1754-1829),  who  founded  the  Smithsonian  Institution  in 
Washington.  The  name  calamine  is  frequently  used  in  England,  cf.  calamine,  p.  549. 

Alt. — Smithsonite  changes  through  the  action  of  alkaline  silicates  to  the  silicate  calamine, 
or  becomes  incrusted  with  silica  and  forms  quartz  pseudomorphs.  It  is  also  sometimes  replaced 
by  limonite  or  gothite.  The  concretionary  variety  from  Spain  has  a  nucleus  of  calamiue. 

Ref.— !  Cf.  Breith.,  72°  214',  Handb.,  1,  241,  1841;  Levy  also  gives  72°  20',  Ann.  Mines,  4, 
507,  1843.  2  See  Levy  and  Breith.;  also  Dx.,  Min.,  2,  150,  1874. 

ORTHORHOMBIC  ZINC  CARBONATE(?)  Griffiths  &  Dreyfus,  Ch.  News,  54,  67,  Aug.  6,  1886. 
From  southwestern  Siberia,  associated  with  galena  and  barite  in  limestone.  Described  as  oc- 
curring in  right  rhombic  prisms,  often  showing  twinning.  H.  =  5-6.  G.  =  4'629.  Analysis 
of  crystals: 

CO2  35-21    ZnO  50'03    FeO  2*77    CdO  0'92    MnO  0'12    SiO2  5'62    HaO  5*33  =  100 

It  is  called  by  the  author  isodimorphous  with  calcite  and  aragonite,  but  needs  confirmation. 
(Pseudomorphous  ?) 

276.  SFHJEROCOBALTITE.     Weisbach,  Jb.  Berg.-Htitt.,  1877.     Kobaltspath  Germ. 
Rhombohedral.     In  small  spherical  masses,  with  crystalline  surface  and  con- 
centric and  radiated  structure. 

H.  =  4.     G.  =  4-02-4-13.     Luster  vitreous.     Color  rose-red,  altering  super- 
ficially to  velvet-black.     Streak  peachblossom-red. 

Comp. — Cobalt  protocarbonate,  CoC03  =  Carbon  dioxide  37*1,  cobalt  protox- 
ide 62-9  =  100. 

Anal.— Winkler,  1.  c. 

CO,  34-65        CoO  58-86        CaO  1'80       Fe2O3  3'41        H2O  1-22  =  99'94 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  in  closed  tube  becomes  black.  Attacked  slowly  by  cold  acid;  rapidly  with 
effervescence  when  warmed.  Reacts  for  cobalt  with  the  fluxes. 

Obs. — Occurs  sparingly  with  roselite  at  Schueeberg,  Saxony. 

Artif.— An  artificial  rhombohedral  cobalt  carbonate  is  mentioned  by  Seuarmont,  Ann.  Ch, 
Phys.,  30,  137,  1850. 


ARAGONITE  GROUP— ARAGONITE. 


281 


2.  Aragoiiite  Group. 


KC03. 


Orthorhombic. 


277.  ARAGONITE.  Spath  calcaire  crist.  en  prismes  hexagones  dont  les  deux  bouts  sont 
stries  du  centre  a  la  circonference,  id.  dont  les  deux  bouts  sort  lisses  (fr.  Spain),  Damla,  Cat. 
Cab.,  2,  50,  52,  1767.  Arragonischer  Apatit  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  1,  95, 1788;  Klapr.,  ib.,  1,  299, 
Crell's  Ann.,  1,  387,  1788  (making  it  carbonate  of  lime).  Arragonischer  Kalkspath  Wern., 
Bergm.  J.,  2,  74,  1790  (after  Klapr.  anal.).  Arragon  Spar  (var.  of  Calc  Spar)  Kirwan,  Miu.,  1, 
87,  1794.  Arragouit  Wern.,  Estner's  Min.,  2,  1039,  1796.  Exceutrischer  Kalkstein  Karsten, 
Tabell.,  34,  74,  1800.  Arragonite  (first  made  distinct  from  Calc  Spar  through  cryst.)  Hauy,  Tr., 
2,  1801,  and  Broch.  Min.,  1,  576,  1800.  Iglit  (fr.  Iglo,  Transylvania)  Esmark,  Bergm.  J.,  3,  99, 
1798;  Igloit.  Nadel stein  Lenz.  Erbsenstein  pt.,  Faserkalk  pt.,  Schallenkalkpt.,  Sprudelstein, 
Germ.  Chimborazite  E.  D.  Clarke,  Ann.  Phil.,  2,  57,  147,  1821.  Taruovizit  Breith.,  Handb., 
252,  1841;  Taruovicit  Raid.,  Handb.,  1845.  Mossottite  Luca,  N.  Cimento,  7,  453,  1858.  Oserskit 
Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  17,  54,  1858. 

Stalactites  Flos  Ferri,  Marmoreus ramulosus,  Linn.,  Syst.,  183,  1768.  Stalagmites  coralloides 
Wall.,  2,  388,  1778.  Coralloidal  Aragonite.  Chaux  carbonate  coralloides  H.,  Tr.,  2,  1801. 
Eisenbliithe  pt.  Wern. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  b  :  b  =  0*622444  :  1  :  0-720560  Koksharov1. 

100  A  HO  =  31°  54',  001  A  101  =  49°  10'  42",  001  A  Oil  =  35°  46'  30". 


Forms2  : 

&  (Oil,  14) 

e  (0-13-1,  134) 

o-  (991,  9) 

A  (12-17-5,  - 

a  (100,  i'l) 

x-  (043,  f  i) 

#  (0-14-1,  144) 

6    (10-10-1,  10) 

I    (126,  f2) 

b   (010,  i-l) 

I   (032,  f  4) 

V  (0-16-1,  164) 

d  (14-14-1,  14) 

^  (125,  f-2) 

c    (001,  0} 

i  (021,  24) 

p  (O-20'l,  204) 

^(20-20-1,  20)8 

r   (124,  i-2) 

w(110,  7) 

0  (031,  34) 

77  (0-24-1,  244) 

it  (24-24-1,  24) 

r    (123,  f-2) 

d  (102,  |-4) 
£  (304,  f-'l) 
w  (101,  14) 
/  (201,  2-1) 

e  (051,  54) 
q  (061,  64) 
/?  (0-13-2,  A£4) 
*  (071,  7-0 
T/  (081,  84) 

o  (112,  £) 
P  (HI,  1) 
C   (441,  4) 
*    (661,  6) 
GO  (13'13'2,  18) 

y  (215,  f-2) 
<p  (425,  |-2) 

to  (25-27-24,  |-i|) 
2    (25-27-2,  -V-g) 

n  (122,  1-2) 
<    (243,  f-2) 
*    (121,  2-2) 
2  (362,  3-2) 
E  (132,  |-3) 

a  (013,  f  S) 

A  (091,  94) 

t£  (771   7) 

$  (561,  6-f)4 

T  (158,  |-5) 

a;  (012,  £4) 

j  (0-12-1,  124) 

«r    V  •  •  •*•»    •/ 

r  (881,  8) 

0  (9-12-2,  6-|) 

A  (151,  5-5) 

1. 


2. 


Fig.  1,  Kamsdorf,  Schmidt-Schrauf.      2,  3.  Hiittenberg,  Zeph.      4,  Molina,  Schran..      5,  Her- 
rengrund,  Id.     6,  Horschenz,  Id.     7,  Oberstein,  Lasp. 


282 


CARBONATES. 


mm'"  =  *63°  48' 
dd' 


bk     =  *54 


uu      = 


U' 
kk' 


60°  7i 
81°  56' 
98°  21' 

133°  17' 

27°   r 

39°  38' 
94°  27' 
71°  33' 


PP    = 


13|' 
110°  29' 
130°  21' 

148°  58f 
153°  57' 
160°  19' 
166°  48' 
170°  5' 
172°  4' 


co  =  34°  17' 

cp  =  53°  45' 

c£  =  79°  37' 

cy  -  84°  46' 

cQ  =  85°  48' 

cd  =  87°    0' 

en  =  42°  45' 

cs  =61°  35' 


00 

PP' 

nn 

ss' 

oo'" 

pp'" 

nn'" 


9.  ' 


=  57°  8f 

=  86°  24*' 

=  50°  19' 

=  66°  51' 

=  34°  38' 

=  50°  27' 
=  63°  54' 
=  86°  35' 


12. 


Twins5:  tw.pl.  m,  commonly  contact-twins,  also  penetration-twins,,  and  as  thin 
twinning  lamellae  producing  fine  striations;  twinning 
commonly  repeated,  thus  producing  pseudohexagonal 
forms,  often  of  complex  structure  as  revealed  by  etching 
or  optical  examination  (cf.  f.  8-12);  a  six-fold  feather-like 
striation  on  c  (resembling  the  markings  on  f.  6,  p.  284) 
common  with  twins  from  Sicily.  Crystals  of  ten  acicular, 
and  characterized  by  the  presence  of  acute  domes  or  pyra- 
mids. Also  globular,  reniform,  and  coralloidal  shapes; 
sometimes  columnar,  composed  of  straight  or  divergent 
fibers;  also  stalactitic;  incrusting. 

Cleavage :    b  distinct;    also  m;    k  (Oil)    imperfect. 
Fracture   subconchoidal.      Brittle.     H.  =  3-5-4.     G.  = 
2-93-2-95;  2'99  tarnowitzite.     Luster  vitreous,  inclining 
to  resinous  on  surfaces  of  fracture.     Color  white;   also 
yellow,  green,  and  violet;  streak  uncolored.     Transparent   to   translucent. 
Ax.  pi.  ||  a.     Bx  J_  c.     Dispersion  p  <  y  small.      Eefractive  indices 


gray, 

Optically  -.' 

(Rudberg6)  and  axial  angles  (Kirchhoff7)  for  the  Fraunhofer  lines: 


Line  B 

•  C 
D 

'  E 
«  F 
'  G 
'  H 


a 
1-52749 


•52820 
•53013 
•53264 
•53479 
•53882 
•54226 


ft 

•67631 
•67779 
•68157 
•68634 
•69053 
•69836 
•70509 


Y 

1-68061 
1-68203 
1-68589 
1-69084 
1-69515 
1-70318 
1-71011 


2E 

30°  38' 
30°  42£' 
30°  54' 
31°  94' 
31°  23' 
31°  49' 
32°  14' 


2V 

18°  5' 

18°  7' 
18°  11' 
18°  17' 
18°  22' 
18°  32' 
18°  42' 


Comp. — Calcium  carbonate,   CaC03  ==  Carbon  dioxide  44*0,  lime  56*0  —  100. 
Some  varieties  contain  a  little  strontium,  others  lead,  and  rarely  zinc. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary,  (a)  Crystallized  in  simple  or  compound  crystals,  the  latter  much  the 
most  common;  often  in  radiating  groups  of  acicular  crystals.  G.  =  2'927  Biot;  2*931  Haid.; 
2-932  Kamsdorf,  Schmid;  2 -945-2 '947  small  crystals,  Beud.  (b)  Columnar;  also  fine  fibrous  with 
silky  luster,  (c)  Massive. 

2.  Scaly  massive.    Snow- white  (Schaumkalk);  G.  =2'984;  from  Wiederstadt,  apseudomorph 
after  gypsum. 

3.  Stalactitic  or  stalagmitic.    Either  compact  or  fibrous  in  structure,  as  withcalcite;  Sprudel- 
stein  is  stalactitic  from  Carlsbad. 

4.  Coralloidal.    In  groupings  of  delicate  interlacing  and  coalescing  stems,  of  a  snow-white 
color,  and  looking  a  little  like  coral;  often  called  Flos-ferri  (Eisenblilthe  Germ.}. 

5.  Tarnoioitzite.   A  kind  containing  lead  carbonate,  from  Tarnowitz  in  Silesia;  with  G.  =2'99. 
B5ttger  found  3'89  p.  c.  PbCO3,  Pogg.,  47,  497,  1839,  and  Herde  8'56,  Zs.  Kr.,  9,  199,   1884. 
Traube  found  in  an  aragonite  from  Tarnowitz  0'80,  0'46  p.  c.  PbCO3  and  1'38,  1'06  ZnCO3;  the 
true  tarnowitzite,  however,  gave  him  6'64  PbCO3  and  only  a  trace  of  zinc,  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  410, 
1889. 


ARAGONITE  GROUP— BROM  LITE.  283 

A  variety  from  Wythe  Co..  Va.?  gave  Dunnington,  7 "29  PbCO3,  Proc.  Am.  Ch.  Soc.,  2,  14, 
1878.  Collie  found  in  a  "  plumbo-aragouite"  from  Leadhills,  G'8-1'3  p.  c.  PbCO3,  G.  =  2'9, 
J.  Ch.  Soc.,  55,  95,  1889. 

Moasottite  is  a  light  green,  columnar,  radiated  variety,  from  the  Lias  of  Gerfalco,  in  Tuscany, 
containing  nearly  7  p.  c.  of  strontium  carbonate  and  a  trace  of  copper;  G.  =  2'884.  Oserskite  is 
columnar  aragouite  from  Nerchinsk,  Siberia;  G.  =  2'854-2'855. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  whitens  and  falls  to  pieces,  and  sometimes,  when  containing  strontia,  im- 
parts a  more  intensely  red  color  to  the  flame  than  lime;  otherwise  reacts  like  calcite. 

Obs. — The  most  common  repositories  of  aragonite  are  beds  of  gypsum,  beds  of  iron  ore 
(where  it  occurs  in  coralloidal  forms,  and  is  denominated  flos-ferri,  "flower  of  iron"),  basalt,  and 
trap  rock;  occasionally  it  occurs  in  lavas.  It  is  often  associated  with  copper  and  iron  pyrites, 
galena,  and  malachite.  It  is  forming  at  an  old  mine  in  Monte  Vasa,  Italy,  at  a  temperature 
below  the  boiling  point  of  water;  also  at  a  temperature  of  30°  C.  in  the  Eureka  mine,  Nevada, 
the  formation  going  on  rapidly,  a  rate  of  T6B-  inch  in  three  weeks  being  noted  (J.  S.  Curtis,  U.  S. 
G.  Surv..  MOD.,  7,  57,  1884).  It  constitutes  the  pearly  layer  of  shells.  Minute  pointed  crystals 
occur  in  drusy  cavities  in  the  sinter  of  the  thermal  springs  of  Baden. 

First  discovered  in  Aragou,  Spain,  at  Molina  and  Valencia,  near  Migranilla,  in  six-sided 
prisms,  with  gypsum,  embedded  in  a  ferruginous  clay.  Since  found  at  Biliu  in  Bohemia,  in  a 
vein  traversing  basalt  in  fine  prisms;  at  Sasbach,  Kaiserstuhl,  Baden;  at  Baumgarten and  Taruo- 
witz  in  Silesia;  at  Leogang  in  Salzburg,  Austria;  in  Waltsch,  Bohemia;  Herrengrund,  Hungary; 
Dogiuiczka;  with  sulphur  in  Sicily  in  fine  prisms.  Theflos-ferri  variety  is  found  in  great  perfection 
in  the  Styrian  mines,  coating  cavities  and  even  caves  of  considerable  extent,  and  associated  with 
siderite.  At  Dufton,  a  silky,  fibrous  variety,  called  satin  spar,  occurs  traversing  shale  in 
thin  veins,  generally  associated  with  pyrite.  In  Buckinghamshire,  Devonshire,  etc.,  it  occurs 
in  stalactitic  forms  in  caverns,  and  of  snowy  whiteness  at  Leadhills  in  Lanarkshire.  At  Alston 
Moor,  tine  tapering  crystals.  A  banded  and  fibrous  form  ("alabaster")  of  a  delicate  blue  at 
Caterno,  Chili. 

Aragouite  in  fibrous  crusts  and  other  forms  occurs  in  serpentine  at  Hoboken,  N.  J.  (it  has 
been  called  magnesite).  Coralloidal  aragouite  occurs  sparingly  at  Lockport,  N.  Y.,  coating 
gypsum  in  geodes;  at  Edenville,  N.  Y.,  lining  cavities  of  arseuopyrite  and  pharmacosiderite;  at 
the  Parish  ore  bed,  Rossie,  N.  Y.;  at  Haddam,  Conn.,  in  thin  seams  between  layers  of  gneiss; 
at  New  Garden,  in  Chester  Co.,  Penn.;  at  Wood's  Mine,  Lancaster  Co.,  Penn.;  at  Warsaw,  111., 
lining  geodes;  Mine-la-Motte,  Mo.,  in  crystals;  on  the  north  boundary  of  the  Creek  nation,  16 
m.  from  the  crossing  of  the  Arkansas,  in  hexagonal  crystals  nearly  £  in.  through.  Flos-ferri  in 
the  Organ  Mts.,  New  Mexico. 

Alt. — Aragouite- may  undergo  similar  changes  with  calcite.  Pseudomorphs  of  copper  after 
aragonite  occur  at  Corocoro,  Bolivia  (see  p.  22). 

A  change  by  paramorphism  to  calcite  is  not  uncommon;  the  reverse  change,  yielding 
pseudomorphs  of  aragonite  after  calcite,  is  rare  (cf.  Bauer,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  12,  189U).  The  change 
into  calcite  can  be  caused  by  elevation  of  temperature,  as  shown  by  the  loss  in  specific  gravity 
(Rose),  and  in  the  change  to  uuiaxial  character  (Klein);  cf.  also  Mgg.  Jb.,  1,  62,  1886. 

Ref. — !  Biliu,  Miu.  Russl.,  6,  261,  1875.  The  prismatic  angle  mm'"  increases  with  rise  .of 
temperature,  2'  46"  for  100°  and  kk'  diminishes  5'  29",  Mitsch..  Pogg.,  1O.  144,  1827.  Becken- 
kamp  makes  the  crystals  hemimorphic  both  in  the  direction  of  the  b  and  c  axes,  and  hence  ap- 
parent simple  crystals  would  become  twins  with  b  or  c  as  twinning  planes,  Zs.  Kr.,  14,  375, 
1888 

2  See  Mir.,  Min.,  567,  1852;  Schrauf,  Atlas  xxi-xxm,  1872,  also  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  62  (2),  734, 
1870,  65  (1),  250,  1872;  Dx.,  Min.,  2,  86,  1874;  Zeph.,  Ber.  Ak.  Wieu,  71  (1),  253,  1875,  new 
planes,  list,  authorities,  etc.,  he  adds  several  vicinal  prismatic  planes;  Gdt.,  Index,  1,  239,  1886. 
On  the  tapering  forms  with  high  indices,  see  Websky,  tarnowitzite,  Zs.  G  Ges.,  9,  737,  1857; 
Schmid,  Pogg.,  126,  147, 1865;  Zeph.,  Lauger,  Zs.  Kr.,  9,  196,  1885.  3  Langer,  1.  c.  4  Traube, 
Tarnowitz,  1.  c. 

5  Cf.  Schrauf,  1.  c.,  also  Sen.,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  41,  60,  1854;  Leydolt,  Ber.  Ak.  Wieu,  19,  10, 
1856.  b  Rudberg,  Pogg.,  17,  7,  1829;  cf.  also  Wilde,  ib.,  80,  225,  1850;  Heusser,  ib.,  89,  532, 
1853;  Mtlttrich.  ib.,  121,  398,  1864;  Lang,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  83  (2),  671,  1881.  7  Kirchhoff,  ib., 
1O8,  567,  1859;  also  Dx.,  N.  R.,  34,  1867,  Min.,  2,  90,  1874.  On  pyro-electricity  cf.  Hankel, 
Abh.  Sachs.  Ges.,  10,  1874;  Beckenkamp,  Zs.  Kr.,  14,  375,  18&8.  On  etching,  Becken- 
kanip,  I.e. 

278.  BROMLITE.  Barytocalcite  J.  F.  W.  Johnston,  Phil.  Mag.,  6,  1,  1835,  10,  373, 1837. 
Bicnlcareo-carbonate  of  Barytes  (from  a  wrong  anal.)  Thomson.  Rec.  Gen.  Sc.,  1,  373,  1835. 
Bromlite  Thomson,  Phil.  Mag.,  11,  45,  48,  1837.  Alstonite  Breith.,  Handb.,  2,  255,  1841. 

Orthorhombic;  form  near  witherite.  The  crystals  are  dihexahedrai  pyramids 
formed  by  complex  twinning1;  the  faces  are  horizontally  striated,  and  also  divided 
vertically  by  a  medial  twinning  line  (1  1,  2).  Pyramidal  angles  57°  30'  adjacent, 
38°  basal,  Dx. 

Cleavage:  m  imperfect.  Fracture  uneven.  H.  =  4-4*5.  G.  =  3'718,  Th.; 
3'70G,  J.  Luster  vitreous.  Colorless,  snow-white,  grayish,  pale  cream-color,  pink. 


284 


CARBONATES. 


Translucent.     Optically  — , 
angles1 : 


Des  Cloizeaux. 


Ax.  pi.  ||  a.    Bx  J_  c.    Dispersion  nearly  zero.     Axial 


2Er  =  9°  50'  at  17°  C., 

=  11°  10'  at  141-5°  C.,  Dx. 

Comp. — An  isomorphous  com- 
pound of  the  carbonates  of  barium 
and  calcium,  (Ba,Ca)COs;  ratio 
of  Ba  :  Ca  =  1  :  1  (anal.  1,  2), 
also  3  :  4  (anal.  3),  1  :  2  (anal.  4). 
BaC03.CaC03  =  Barium  carbonate 
66*3,  calcium  carbonate  37*7,  or 
Carbon  dioxide  29-6,  baryta  51'5, 
lime  18-9  =  100.  Strontium 
carbonate  is  given  in  some  analy- 
ses. 

Anal.— 1-4,  Becker,  Zs.  Kr.,  12,  222, 
1886.     Cf.  also  5th  Ed.,  p.  698. 


1.  Alston  Moor 

2. 

3. 

4. 


CO2 
29-65 
29-52 
31-71 
32-21 


BaO  CaO 

50-97  19-83  insol.0'25  =  100'70 

51-45  19-89  MnO  0'20  =  101  06 

44-69  23-40  MnO  0'29  =  100'09 

37-41  29-06  MnO  0'30  =    98'98 


Pyr.,  etc.— Same  as  for  barytocalcite,  p.  289. 

Obs.— Found  at  the  lead  mine  of  Fallowfield,  near  Hexham  in  Northumberland,  with 
witherite,  and  at  Bromley  Hill  near  Alston  in  Cumberland,  in  veins  with  galena,  whence  the 
name  Bromlite,  given  by  Thomson.  Most  English  mineralogical  authors  have  set  aside  Thom- 
son's name,  although  the  earliest  and  of  British  origin,  for  Breithaupt's.  There  appears  to  -be 
no  sufficient  reason  for  this. 

Ref.— '  Min.,  2,  79,  1874. 


279.  WITHERITE.  Terra  ponderosa  aerata  Withering,  Trl.  Bergm.  Sciagr.,  29,  1783, 
Phil.  Trans.,  293,  1784.  Witherit  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  2,  225,  1790.  Aerated  Barytes  Watt,  Mem. 
Manchester  Soc.,  3,  599,  1790.  Barolite  Kirwan,  Min.,  1,  134,  1794.  Kohleusaurer  Baryt 
Germ.  Baryte  carbonatee  Fr. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  c  =  0'6032  :  1  :  0-7302  Des  Cloizeaux. 
100  A  HO  =  31°  6',  001  A  101  =  50°  26f,  001  A  Oil  =  36°  8±'. 


Forms : 
b  (010,  i-l) 


c  (001,  0} 
m  (110,  /) 


bm  =  *58°  54' 
mm'"  =  62°  12' 
gg'  =  57°  51' 


9  (130,  t'-§) 

«  (014,  f  I) 

zz'  =  20°  41 
xx'  -  40°  7' 
kk  =  72 


Crystals  always  repeated  twins, 
with  tw.  pi.  tti,  closely  simulat- 
ing hexagonal  pyramids,  (f.  1-5); 
structure  often  highly  complex 
(f.  6).  Faces  usually  rough 
and  horizontally  striated.  Also 
in  globular,  tuberose,  and  bot- 
ryoidal  forms;  structure  colum- 
nar or  granular;  amorphous. 

Cleavage :  b  distinct;  m,  x  im- 
perfect. Fracture  uneven. 
Brittle.  H.  =  3-3-75.  G.  = 
4-29-4-35;  4;277  Dmr.  Luster 
vitreous,  inclining  to  resinous  on 


(012,  i-l) 
(Oil,  14) 

ii'  —  111°  12' 
U  =  *34°  24' 


£(021,  2-i) 
I  (031,  34) 


n  (041,  44) 


U'    =  130°  56' 
nn'  =  142°  12' 


Section  ||  c, 


ABA  G  ONITE  GRO  UP—STRONTIANITE. 


285 


surfaces  of  fracture.      Color  white,  often  yellowish,   or   grayish.      Streak  white. 
Subtransparent  to  translucent.     Optically  — .     Ax.  pi.  ||  b.     Bx  _[_  c. 

2Er  =  26°  30'  at  17°  C.,     =  26°  24'  at  121°  C.,  Dx. 

Comp. — Barium  carbonate,  BaC03  =  Carbon  dioxide  22-3,  baryta  77*7  =  100. 

Thomson's  Sulphato-carbonate  of  Baryta  is  witherite  incrusted  by  barite,  as  shown  by 
Heddle. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  at  2  to  a  bead,  coloring  the  flame  yellowish  green;  after  fusion  reacts 
alkaline.  B.B.  on  charcoal  with  soda  fuses  easily,  and  is  absorbed  by  the  coal.  Soluble  in 
dilute  hydrochloric  acid;  this  solution,  even  when  very  much  diluted,  gives  with  sulphuric  acid 
a  white  precipitate  which  is  insoluble  in  acids. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Alston  Moor  in  Cumberland,  associated  with  galena,  in  veins  traversing  the 
coal  formation ;  at  Fallowrield  near  Hexham  in  Northumberland,  in  large  quantities,  also  in 
splendid  crystals,  sometimes  transparent,  and  occasionally  6  in.  long;  at  Anglezarke  in  Lan- 
cashire, a  fibrous  variety;  at  Arkendale  in  Yorkshire;  near  St.  Asaph  in  Flintshire;  Tarnowitz 
in  Silesia;  Szlana,  Hungary;  Leogang  in  Salzburg;  Peggau  in  Styria;  Zmeov  in  the  Altai; 
some  places  in  Sicily;  the  mine  of  Arqueros,  near  Coquimbo,  Chili;  L.  Etaug  Island.  Near 
Lexington,  Kentucky,  with  barite.  In  a  silver-bearing  vein  near  Rabbit  Mt.,  Thunder  Bay, 
L.  Superior. 

Alt.— Witherite  is  altered  to  barite  through  the  action  of  calcium  sulphate  in  solution  at  the 
ordinary  temperature,  or  by  the  action  of  other  sulphates  in  solution,  or  of  water  containing 
sulphuric  acid. 

Artif. — Formed  from  fusion  of  alkaline  chlorides  by  Bourgeois,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  5,  111,  1882. 

280.  STRONTIANITE.  Strontianit  Sulzer,  Lichtenberg's  Mag.,  7,  3,  68,  Bergm.  J.,  1,  5, 
433,  1791.  Stroutian  Wern.  Strontiauit,  Kohlensaure  Strontiauerde,  Klapr.,  Crell's  Ann.,  2, 
189,  1793;  1,  99,  1794;  Beitr.,  1,  268.  Mineral  from  Stroutian,  Strontian  Spar  (not  Strontites  — 
Strontia),  Hope,  Edinb.  Trans.,  4,  3,  1798  (read  Nov.,  1793).  Strontiane  carbonatee  Fr. 

Emmonite,  Calcareo- carbonate  of  Strontiau  Thomson,  Rec.  Gen.  Sc.,  3,  415,  1836. 
Calciostrontianit  Cathrein,  Zs.  Kr.,  14,  366,  1888.  Barystrontianite,  Strornuite,  8.  Traill,  Ed. 
Phil.  J.,  1,  380,  1819. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  d  :  b  :  6  =  0-60901  :  1  :  0-72388  Naumann1. 
100  A  110  =  31°  20J',  001  A  101  =  49°  55  J',  001  A  Oil  =  35°  54'. 


Forms'2 : 

b    (010,  £4) 
c    (001,  0) 


e  (012, 
d  (028, 


D4 


k  (Oil,  14) 


• 

t    (102,  -H 


(031, 


z  (041,  44) 
q  (061,  64) 
£  (081,  84) 
X  (0-12-1,  124) 
j/  (0-24-1,  244)J 

n  (115,  i)5 


€    (113,  *)« 

o  (112,  |) 

P  (445,  |) 

P  (HI,  1) 

B  (332,  4) 

h  (221,  2) 


0(331,  3) 
A  (441,  4) 
d  (661,  6)5 
?  (881,  8) 
GO  (12-12-1,  12)4 
#  (40-40-1,  40)* 


Fig.  1,  Hamm   Westphalia,  Lasp.         2,  Brixlegg,  Calciostrontianite,  Cathrein. 

3,  Clausthal,  Hbg. 


mm 
it' 

ee' 
dS' 
kk' 
II 


*62°  41' 

61°  27' 

39°  48' 
51°  31' 

*71°  48' 
94°  43' 

110°  44 


zz'  =  141°  54' 

qq'  =  154°    4' 

K'  =  160°  24' 

XX1  =  166°  52' 

7777'  =  173°  25' 

ce  =  24°  53' 

co  =  34°  50' 


cp 
cB 
ch 


=  54°  18' 
=  64°  24' 


=  70°  14' 

C0  =  76°  32' 

cA    =  79°  49' 

eg    =  84°  52' 

ceo  =  86°  34' 

cifr   =  88°  58' 


oo'  =  58"  24' 
=  87°  50' 
=  106°  59' 


oo 


'  =    34°  34' 
'  =    49°  58' 

'  =     58°  37' 


286  CARBONATES. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  m  very  common,  usually  contact-,  rarely  penetration-twins, 
also  repeated,  trillings,  fourlings,  and  again  polysynthetic  giving  inclosed  tw. 
lamellae.  Crystals  often  acicular  or  acute  spear-shaped,  like  aragonite,  from  the 
presence  of  acute  pyramids  and  brachydomes;  forms  hid  and  O'Zh'l  often  present 
together  (f.  2)  giving  a  pseudohexagonal  aspect.  Also  in  columnar  globular  forms; 
fibrous  and  granular. 

Cleavage:  m  nearly  perfect;  b  in  traces.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle. 
H.  =  3-5-4.  Gr.  =  3-680-3:714  Dmr.  Luster  vitreous;  inclining  to  resinous  oil 
uneven  faces  of  fracture.  Color  .pale  asparagus-green,  apple-green;  also  white, 
gray,  yellow,  and  yellowish  brown.  Streak  white.  Transparent  to  translucent. 
Optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bx  J_  c.  Dispersion  p  < •  v  small. 

2Er  =  12°  17'  2EW  =  12°  24'. 

Comp — Strontium  carbonate,  SrC03  =  Carbon  dioxide  29-9,  strontia  70'1 
—  100.  A  little  calcium  is  sometimes  present. 

Cf.  analyses,  5th  Ed.,  p.  699,  Macadam  obtained  for  selected  strontianite  .from  Strontian: 
SrCO3  94-50,  BaCO3  0'21,  CaCO3  4'82  =  99'53.  The  white  massive  form  gave,  with  56'60  SrCO, 
and  6-81  CaCO3,  etc.,  also  21'25  SrSO4,  lO'Ol  BaSO*  and  3'64  CaSO4.  Miu.  Mag.,  6,  173,  1885. 

Heddle  describes  a  variety  from  Sutherland  with  8'53  CaO,  G.  =  3'447,  Min.  Mag.,  5,  175, 
1883.  Vrba  (1.  c.)  gives  (anal,  by  Kovaf)  6'37  CaCO3  and  G.  =  3'69,  for  the  strontianite  from 
Altahlen. 

Thomson  obtained  in  his  emmonite  "from  Massachusetts":  SrCO3  82'69,  CaCO3  12'50, 
Fe2O8  I'OO,  zeolite  3  79  =  99'98.  G.  =  2  946.  Named  for  Prof.  Emuious.  Cathrein  gives  for 
a  similar  mineral  (calciostrontianite)  from  Brixlegg,  Tyrol:  SrCO3  86*89,  CaCO3  1314  =  100'03. 
It  occurs  in  highly  modified  crystals,  f.  2,  Zs.  Kr.,  14,  366,  1888. 

Traill's  stromnite  is  pronounced  a  mixture  by  Greg  and  Lettsorn.  It  is  from  near  Strom- 
ness,  on  Pomona,  one  of  the  Orkneys. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  swells  up,  throws  out  minute  sprouts,  fuses  only  on  the  thin  edges,  and. 
colors  the  flame  strontia-red;  the  assay  reacts  alkaline  after  ignition.  Moistened  with 
hydrochloric  acid  and  treated  either  B.B.  or  in  the  naked  lamp  gives  an  intense  red  color.  With 
soda  on  charcoal  the  pure  mineral  fuses  to  a  clear  glass,  and  is  entirely  absorbed  by  the*coal; 
if  lime  or  iron  be  present  they  are  separated  and  remain  on  the  surface  of  the  coal.  Soluble  in 
hydrochloric  acid;  the  dilute  solution  when  treated  with  sulphuric  acid  gives  a  white 
precipitate. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Strontian  in  Argyllshire,  in  veins  traversing  gneiss,  along  with  galena 
and  barite,  in  acicular  diverging  and  fibrous  groups,  rarely  in  perfect  crystals;  in  Yorkshire, 
England;  Giant's  Causeway,  Ireland;  Clausthal  in  the  Harz;  Brilunsdorf,  near  Freiberg,  Saxony. 
Leogang  in  Salzburg;  on  the  Grosskogel,  near  Brixlegg,  Tyrol  (calciostrontianite);  massive  and 
in  tine  crystals  in  the  neighborhood  of  Hamm,  Westphalia;  at  the  Wilhelmine  mine  near 
Altahlen,  Miinster,  Westphalia,  in  large  crystals  up  to  20  mm.  in  height  and  16  mm.  in  breadth. 

In  the  U.  States  it  occurs  at  Schoharie,  N.  Y.,  in  granular  and  columnar  masses,  and  also 
in  crystals,  forming  nests  or  geodes,  often  large,  in  the  hydraulic  limestone,  associated  with 
barite,  pyrite,  and  calcite.  At  Clinton,  Oneida  Co.  At  Muscalonge  Lake  a  massive  and  fibrous 
variety,  of  a  white  or  greenish  white  color,  is  sometimes  the  matrix  of  tiuorite.  Chaumont 
Bay  and  Theresa,  in  Jetferson  Co.,  N.  Y.,  Mifflin  Co.,  Penn.,  are  other  localities.  Sparingly  on 
St.  Helen's  Is.,  near  Montreal. 

Alt.— Strontianite  is  altered  to  celestite  in  the  same  way  as  witherite  to  barite. 

Artif. — Formed  by  fusion  in  alkaline  chlorides  in  elongated  prismatic  crystals,  optically 
negative,  Bourgeois  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  5,  111,  1882. 

Ref.— >  Credited  by  Zippe  and  by  Hausmann.  Stroutianite  is  hemimorphic  according  to 
Beckeukamp,  cf.  aragonite.  8  Cf.  Mir.,  Min.,  569,  1852.  3  Hbg.,  Clausthal,  Min.  Not.,  9,  41, 
1870.  4Lasp.,  Hamm,  Westphalia,  Vh.  Ver.  Rheinl.,  23,  308,  1876.  5  Cathrein,  Brixlegg, 
calciostrontianUe,  1.  c.  6  Vrba,  Altahlen,  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  449,  1889. 

281.  CERUSSITE.  Wipvftiov  TJieophr.,  etc.,  Cerussa  Plin.,  etc.,  Agrie.,  but  only  the 
artificial.  Cerussa  nativa  ex  agro  Viceutino  Gesner,  Foss.,  85,  1565.  Blyspath  (—  Bleispath 
Germ.),  Minera  Plumbi  spathacea,  Wall.,  Min.,  295,  1747.  Plomb  spathique  Fr.  Trl.  Wall. 
Min.,  1,  536,  1753.  Bly-Spat,  Spatum  Plumbi  (the  hard);  Bly-Ochra.  Cerussa  nativa  (the 
pulverulent),  Cronst.,  Min.,  1758.  Plumbum  acido  aereo  mineralisatum  Bergm.,  Opusc.,  2,  426, 
1780,  Weissbleierz  Wern.;  Plombe  blanched.;  White  Lead  Ore.  Kohlensaures  Blei  Germ. 
Carbonate  of  Lead.  Plomb  carbonate  Fr.  Ceruse  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  363,  1832.  Cerussit  Haid., 
Handb.,  503,  1845.  Iglesiasite  (Zinc-Bleispath  Kersten)  Huot,  Min.,  618,  1841.  Cerusite. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  b  :  c  =  0-609968  :  1  :  0*723002  Koksharov1. 

100  A  HO  =  31°  22'  55",  001  A  101  =  49°  50'  49",  001  A  Oil  =  35°  52'  1". 


ARAOONITE  GROUP— CERUSSITE. 


287 


Forms9  : 

* 

(102, 

|4)            R  (052, 

|4)« 

j9 

(HI, 

D 

a  (100, 

i-l) 

0 

(101, 

14) 

V 

(031, 

34) 

T 

(221, 

2) 

b    (010, 

i-l) 

n 

(302, 

H) 

z 

(041, 

4-1) 

€ 

(331, 

3) 

c    (001, 

0) 

I 

(201, 

24) 

n 

(051, 

54) 

b 

(14-14-1,  14)4 

f  (530, 

i-l) 

*   , 

(016, 

t 

(061, 

64) 

e 

(313, 

1-3) 

m  (110, 

I) 

r  (013.  14) 

(071, 

74) 

^  (311, 

3-3) 

7  (350, 

fc-f) 

# 

(012, 

M) 

C 

(081, 

8-?) 

IX, 

1  (211, 

2-2) 

*  (120, 

i-2)3 

(? 

(023, 

|4) 

n 

(091, 

94)4 

V 

(324, 

H) 

r  (130, 

fl) 

A; 

(Oil, 

3      / 

14) 

I 

(0-10 

•1,  104)4 

tl 

(323, 

1-1) 

r  (iso, 

«-8)5 

e 

(087, 

H)4 

D 

(0-14 

1,  144)4 

V 

(322, 

a  (105, 

£4)4 

t 

(076, 

H)4 

^ 

(114, 

i) 

H 

3-1,  1 

3-j 

#  (104, 

i-*)8 

iS 

(032, 

H)8 

p 

(113, 

i) 

d 

(562, 

3-f) 

d  (103, 

H) 

i 

(021, 

24) 

0 

(112, 

i) 

P 

(342, 

2-f) 

rj  (352,  l-f ) 
K  (351,  5-|)8 
a  (122,  1-2) 
*  (121,  2-2) 
A  (377,  1-|) 
^  (134/f-3) 
ft  (133,  1-3) 
6  (394,  f-3) 
0  (131,  3-3) 
a?  (154,  f-5> 


or  (173, 


3. 


\ 


Figs.  1,  2,  Phenixville.    3,  Rezbanya,  Schrauf.     4,  PelsOcz-Ardo,  Schmidt.     5.  8,  Berezov  Kk 
6,  Central  City,  Col.,  Brown.     7,  Schrauf.     9,  10,  Transbaikal,  Kk.' 


288  CARBONATES. 

ff'"  -    40°  12'  u'     =  110°  40'  cr  =  70°  !!£'  /3ft'  =     35°  30 

mm'"  -  *62°  45'  50'         wo'    =-130°  30'  ce  =  76°  30'  00'  =     52°  47' 

rr'  =    57°  19'  zz'    =  141°  51'  CM  =68°    2'               ,„              0-  i«' 

^  ,00    7,  nri  =  149°    4*'  cor  =  43°    4'  gL              gd  Jj« 

<*f,  «'    =154°    2'  c*  -61°  52'  ",„  2J  ! 

2?  -    99°  42'  uu>  =  157°  39'  ^  =  39°  29'  Z/"  =     fr  IS 

c«  —    y»    4-4  P..,               0       /  fit              °        '  ^^  —     »*  23 


_  —  _ 

II'        =  134°  15'                                                                ~  aa"  =  63°  46' 

°    81'  oo     =  58°  16'  pp"'  =  67°  50' 

*  50'  #?'   =  87°  43/  «*'"  =  85°  59' 

°,  46'  88'     =  67°  58|'  00"'  =  108°  53' 


=    71°  44' 


cp    =    54° 


Twins6:  tw.  pi.  m,  very  common,  contact-  and  penetration-twins,  often  repeated 
yielding  six-rayed  stellate  groups;  also  less  common  tw.  pi.  r  (130).  Simple  crystals 
often  tabular  ||  b,  prismatic  ||  d',  also  pyramidal.  Bracliydome  faces  and  b  usually 
horizontally  striated,  also  jt?  often  striated  ||  edge  m/p  or  i/p.  Crystals  grouped  in 
clusters,  and  aggregates.  Earely  fibrous,  often  granular  massive  and  compact; 
earthy.  Sometimes  stalactitic. 

Cleavage  :  m  and  i  (021)  distinct;  b  and  x  (012)  in  traces.  Fracture  conchoidal. 
Very  brittle.  H.  =  3-3-5.  G-.  =  6-46-6-574  Dmr.  Luster  adamantine,  inclin- 
ing to  vitreous,  resinous,  or  pearly;  sometimes  submetallic,  if  the  colors  are  dark, 
from  a  superficial  change.  Color  white,  gray,  grayish  black,  sometimes  tinged  blue 
or  green  by  some  of  the  salts  of  "copper;  streak  uncolored.  Transparent  to  sub- 
translucent.  Optically  —  .  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bx  J_  c.  Dispersion  p  >  v  large.  In- 
dices and  axial  angles,  Schrauf  9  : 

a                   ft                  y  2V  2E 

Line  B             1-79148  2*05954  2-06131  .-.  8°  22'  17°  16^' 

"     D             1-80368  2-07628  2-07803  .'.  8°  14'  17°    8' 

"     E             1-81641  2-09194  2-09344  .-.  7°  35'  15°  55' 

Also    2Er  =  18°  22'  at  12°  C.,  20°  20'  at  71/5°  C.,  22°  2'  at  95'5°  C.,  Dx9. 

Comp.—  Lead  carbonate,  PbC03  =  Carbon  dioxide  16-5,  lead  oxide  83-5  =  100. 

Kersten  obtained  for  the  iglesiasite  (Schw.  J.,  65,  365,  1832):  PbCO3  92'10,  ZnCO3  7'02  = 
99-12.  G.  =  59. 

Pyr.,  etc.  =  In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  loses  carbon  dioxide,  turns  first  yellow,  and  at  a 
higher  temperature  dark  red,  but  becomes  again  yellow  on  cooling.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  very 
easily,  and  in  R.F.  yields  metallic  lead.  Soluble  in  dilute  nitric  acid  with  effervescence. 

Obs.—  Occurs  in  connection  with  other  lead  minerals,  and  is  formed  from  galena,  which,  as 
it  passes  to  a  sulphate,  may  be  changed  to  carbonate  by  means  of  solutions  of  calcium  bicarbon- 
ate. It  is  found  at  Johanngeorgenstadt  in  beautiful  crystals;  at  Berezov  in  Siberia;  in  the 
Altai  ;  at  Nerchinsk  an  din  fine  crystals  in  the  Transbaikal  at  the  Kadainsk,  Taininsk,  and  other 
mines;  Monte  Poni,  Sardinia;  Pajsberg,  Sweden;  near  Bonn  on  the  Rhine;  Friedrichssegen 
near  Braubach,  Nassau;  Baden  weiler,  Baden;  at  Clausthal  in  the  Harz,  and  at  Andreasberg 
(Bleiglimmer);  at  Bleiberg  in  Cariuthia;  at  Mies  and  Pfibram  in  Bohemia;  at  Rezbanya  and 
Telekes,  Hungary;  Laurion,  Greece;  in  England,  in  Cornwall,  in  the  mine  of  St.  Miuvers; 
delicate  crystals  10  in.  long  were  formerly  found  near  St.  Austell  and  elsewhere;  at  E.  Tamar 
mine,  Devonshire;  near  Matlock  and  Wirksworth,  Derbyshire;  in  Cardiganshire,  Wales;  at 
Leadhills  and  Wanlockhead,  Scotland,  formerly  in  fine  crystals;  in  Wicklow,  Ireland,  magnifi- 
cent, sometimes  in  heart-shaped  twins.  In  pseudomorphs  after  anglesite  and  leadhillite,  at 
Leadhills. 

Found  in  Mass.,  sparingly  at  the  Southampton  lead  mine.  In  Penn.,  at  Phenixville,  in  fine 
crystals,  often  large;  also  at  Perkiomen.  In  N.  York,  at  the  Rossie  lead  mine,  rare.  In 
Frederick  Co.,  Maryland,  with  anglesite  at  a  lead  mine,  2|  miles  S.  W.  of  Union  Bridge. 
In  Virginia,  good  crystals  at  Austin's  mines,  Wythe  Co.  In  N.  Carolina,  in  King's  mine, 
Davidson  Co.  At  Valle's  diggings,  Mo.,  but  seldom  crystallized  ;  in  good  crystals  at 
Franklin  Furnace,  Washington  Co.  ;  in  Wisconsin  and  other  lead  mines  of  the  northwestern 
States,  rarely  in  crystals;  at  Hazelgreen,  crystals  coating  galena;  near  the  Blue  Mounds,  Wis., 
at  Brigham's  diggings,  in  stalactites.  In  Colorado,  at  Leadville,  and  elsewhere.  In  Utah,  at  the 
Flagstaff  mine  in  very  thin  delicate  tables.  In  Arizona,  at  the  Flux  mine,  Pima  Co.,  in  large 
crystalline  masses  up  to  60  Ibs.  in  weight;  in  crystals  at  the  Red  Cloud  mine,  Yuma  Co. 

Bleierde  occurs  in  opaque  earthy  nodules  at  Tarnowitz,  Kail  in  the  Eifel,  and  elsewhere. 
Bleischwdrze.  a  black  carbonaceous  lead  carbonate,  occars  at  Tarnowitz,  Mies.  Baden  weiler,  etc. 


BARTTOCALCITE  ORO UP—BARTTOCALCITE. 


289 


Alt. — Cerussite  occurs  altered  to  pyromorphite,  galena,  minium. 

Pseudomorphs  after  galena,  phosgenite,  auglesite,  leadhillite,  linarite,  etc.,  have  been  noted. 

Artif.— Of.  Riban,  C.  R.,  93,  1026,  1881. 

Observed  as  a  recent  formation  at  Pompeii;  also  similarly  at  Laurium,  Greece. 

Ref.— i  Min.  Russl.,  6,  100,  1870.  8  For  lists  of  planes,  authorities,  etc.,  cf.  Mir.,  Min.,  565, 
1852-  Lang,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  9, 152, 1874;  Dx.,  Min.,  2,  153,1874;  Schrauf,  Atlas,  XLI-XLII,  1877; 
Schmidt,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  546,  1881;  Gdt.,  Index,  1,  401,  1886.  Cf.  also  Zeph.,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  62  (1), 
439,  1870,  Lotos,  1874,  1878;  Kk.,  1.  c.;  Schrauf,  Min.  Mitth.,  203,  1873;  Slg.,  Vh.  Ver. 
Rheinl.,  33,  244,  1876,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  137,  1880;  Miers,  La  Croix,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  598,  1882;  Artini, 
Sardinia,  Mem.  Ace.  Line.,  5,  read  Dec.  2,  1888.  Dannenberg  gives  a  pyramid  (4'86'45),  Zs. 
Kr.,  18,  64,  1890. 

3  Schmidt,  1.  c.  4  Milgge,  Spain,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  39,  1882.  5  Liweh,  Badenweiler,  Zs.  Kr.,  9, 
512,  1884.  6  Cf.  Kk.  and  Schrauf,  Slg.,  1.  c.  '  Negri,  Auronza,  Riv.  Min.  Ital.,  4,  41,  1889. 
•  Artini,  Sardinia,  1.  c.  9  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  42,  120,  1860.  N.  R.,  49,  1867. 


3.  Barytocalcite  Group.     Monoclinic. 


282.  BARYTOOALCITE.    Brooke,  Ann.  Phil.,  8,  114,  1824. 

Monoclinic.       Axes    a  :  I  :  6  =  0-77171  :  1  :  0-62545;     ft  =   73°    52'   = 
001  A  100  Brooke1. 

100  A  HO  =  36°  33',  001  A  101  =  *32°  26',  001  A  Oil  =  30°  59f '. 

Forms1 :  c  (001.  0)  g  (120,  i-2}  x  (121,  2-2)  p  (161,  6-6) 

a  (100,  i-i)  m  (110,  /)  o  (101,  =  1-i)  y  (151,  5-5) 


mm'"  =  *73°  6' 
99'  =  68°  0' 
ao  =  41°  26' 


a'x  =  70°  54' 
ex  =  61°  35' 


cm  =  *77°  6' 
xx'  =    95°  8 


yy'  =  139°  50' 
pp  =  146°    7' 


Crystals  prismatic  by  extension  of  x,  y.     Faces  a  vertically  striated ;  also  x,  y,  p 
\  each  other.     Also  massive. 

Cleavage :  m  perfect ;  c  less  so.  Fracture  uneven  to  sub- 
conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =4.  G.  =  3'64-3'66.  Luster 
vitreous,  inclining  to  resinous.  Color  white,  grayish,  green- 
ish, or  yellowish.  Streak  white.  Transparent  to  translucent. 
Optically  -.  Ax.  pi.  and  Bx0  J_  b.  Bxa  A  6  =  +  64°  22'. 
Dispersion  p  >  v.  small;  horizontal  nearly  zero.  Axial 
angles  for  two  sections  Dx. : 


also 


2E,  =  23°  15',         3Ebl  =  22°  47'; 
2Er  =  24°  53'  at  17°  and  25°  38'  at  170'8°  C. 


Comp. — Carbonate  of  barium  and  calcium,  BaC03.CaC03 
=  Barium  carbonate  66 '3,  calcium  carbonate  33*7  =  100,  or  Carbon  dioxide  29 '6, 
baryta  51'5,  lime  18-9  =  100.     Cf.  bromlite,  p.  283. 

Anal.— 1-3  Becker,  Zs.  Kr.,  12,  222,  1886.     Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  702. 


C03 
|  29-52 
4-  29-44 
£  29-39 


BaO  CaO  MnO 

50-09  19-77  0-35  =  99'73 

50-36  19-22  0-25  insol.  0'30  =  a9'57 

51-59  18-61  0-35  insol.  0'28  =  100-22 


Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  colors  the  flame  yellowish  green,  and  at  a  high  temperature  fuses  on  the 
thin  edges  and  assumes  a  pale  green  color  (barium  manganate,  Plattner);  the  assay  reacts 
alkaline  after  ignition.  With  the  fluxes  reacts  for  manganese.  With  soda  on  charcoal  the  lime 
is  separated  as  an  infusible  mass,  while  the  remainder  is  absorbed  by  the  coal.  Soluble  in  dilute 
hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Alston-Moor  in  Cumberland,  in  attached  crystals  and  massive,  In  the  Sub- 
carboniferous  or  Mountain  limestone  with  barite  and  fluorite.  Crystals  2  in.  long  have  been 
obtained. 

Ref.—1  L.  c.  Cf.  also  Haid.,  Pogg.,  5,  160,  1825.  Dx.,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  13  425,  1845: 
also  Min..  2,  80, 1874.  With  Mir.  (Min.,  574,  1852),  x  =  110,  m  =  111  (*).  o  =  001. 


290 


CARBONATES. 


283.  BISMUTOSPHARITE.    Arsenikwismuth  Werner,  Min.  Syst,  56,  1817.     Luftsaures 
Wismuth  Beyer,  1805.     Bisinutospharit  Weisbach,  Jb.  Berg.-Hiitt.,  1877. 

In  spherical  forms  with  concentric  and  fine  fibrous,  radiated  structure;  also 
pseudomorphous  after  stibnite. 

H.  =  3-3-5.  G.  =  7-30  Weisb.;  7'42  Wells.  Color  bright  yellow  to  dark 
gray  or  blackish  brown. 

Comp  —  Bi2COB  or  Bi2(C03)3.2Bi203  =  Carbon  dioxide  8-7,  bismuth  trioxide 
91'3  =  100. 

Anal.—  1,  Winkler  (quoted  by  Weisb.)  1.  c.     2,  Id.,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  254,  1882  (cf.  Frenzel,  ib., 
801.  1873).    3,  H.  L.  Wells,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  34,  271,  1887.    4,  5,  E.  S.  Sperry,  ibid.    6,  Wells,  1.  c. 


1.  Schneeberg    G.  =  7'30 

2.  Guanajuato    G.  =  7'64 

3.  Willimautic  G.  =  7'42 

4.  " 

5.  " 

6.  Portland 


C02  Bi208 

8'97  88'58  quartz  0  28,  loss  2'17  =  100 

8'29  91-68  SiO2,Fe2O3  tr.  =  99'97 

8'03  91-64  H2O  0'47,  SO3  0-34,  insol.  0'08,  Fe2O3  tr.  =  100'56 

8-01  92-07  H2O  0  90  =  100-98 

7-92  92-05  H2O  0'54  =  100*51 

7'54  89'03  H2O  0'94,  Fe2O3,  CuO,  insol.  2'79  =  100-30 


Pyr.  —  Gives  no  water,  or  only  a  minute  amount,  in  the  closed  tube,  fusing  easily.  Bismuth 
coating  on  charcoal.  Dissolves  entirely  with  effervescence  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs.  —  At  Schneeberg,  Saxony  (Werner's  arsenikwismuih,  Weisb.)  with  quartz  on  brown 
spar,  which  last  carries  native  bismuth  and  smaltite.  At  Guanajuato,  Mexico,  pseudomorphous. 
Also  sparingly  at  Willimantic  and  Portland,  Conn.,  as  a  result  of  the  alteration  of  bismuthinite 
in  a  feldspar  vein  in  gneiss.  It  retains  the  structure  of  the  original  mineral,  but  in  cavities  minute 
crystals  in  scales  are  noted  which  are  probably  the  same  mineral. 


4.  Parisite  Group.    Hexagonal. 

284.  PARISITE.    Musite  Medici-Spada,  1835.     Parisit  Medici-Spada,  Bunsen,  Lieb.  Ann., 
53,  147,  1845. 

Hexagonal.     Axis  6  =  3-2891;  0001  A  1011  =  75°  15'  Des  Cloizeaux1. 


Forms1  : 
c  (0001,  0) 
m  (1010,  /) 


g  (1012,  1) 
r  (2023,  |) 
P  (1011,  1) 


o  (2021,  2) 
d  (1128,  f  2) 
e  (1126,  |-2) 


/  (1124,  i-2) 
9  (H23,  |-2) 
h  (1122,  1-2) 


k  (2243,  |-2) 
s  (1121,  2-2) 
x  (6395,  H) 


cq  =     62°  14' 

cr  =  68°  27' 
co  =  *82°  30' 
cd  =  39°  26' 
ce  =  47°  38' 
cf  =  58°  42' 


eg  =  65°  29' 
eh  =  73°  5' 
ek  =  77°  9' 
cs  =  81°  21' 
qq'  =  52°  81' 
rr'  —  55°  25f 


pp'  =  57°  50' 
oo'  =  59°  26' 
dd'  =  37°  2' 
ff'  =  50°  35' 

M'  =  57C    9i 


kk'  =  58°  21' 

as'  =  59°  15' 

xx'  =  21°  29' 

aw*1  =  37°  41' 

ex  =  80°  35' 


Crystals  usually  acute  double  hexagonal  pyramids  terminated  by  c;  m  rare. 
Faces  c  slightly  uneven;  planes  in  zone  cs  horizontally  striated,  of 
zone  cp  horizontally  channeled. 

Cleavage:  c  very  perfect.  Fracture  small  conchoidal.  Brittle. 
H.  =  4-5.  G.  =  4-358  Dmr.;  4 -364  Vrba.  Luster  vitreous;  on  c 
pearly  or  resinous.  Color  brownish  yellow;  streak  yellowish  white. 
Translucent;  transparent  in  thin  sections.  Optically  -f.  Double 
refraction  strong.  Indices:  GO  =  1-569,  e  —  1-670,  Sen." 

Comp. — A  fluocarbonate  of  the  cerium  metals,  composition  per 
haps  (CaF)(CeF)Ce(C03)3  Groth,  with  the  cerium   replaced  in   pai/* 
by  didymium  and  lanthanum. 

Anal.— Dam  our  &  Deville,  C.  R.,  59,  270,  1864  (as  given  by  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.f 
251,  1875).  Also  Bunseu,  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  703. 


Muso,  Vrba1. 


G.  =  4-358 


CO, 

2348 


Ce 
37-75 


La 
6-86 


Di 

8-21 


Ca 

7-22 


F 
555 


O 

[10-93] 


PARISiTE  GROUP— BASTNASITE.  291 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  no  water,  but  gives  off  carbon  dioxide  and  becomes 
lighter  in  color.  B.B.  glows  and  is  infusible.  With  fused  salt  of  phosphorus  in  the  open  tube 
gives  B.B.  the  reaction  for  fluorine.  With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  in  the  platinum  loop 
gives  a  glass,  yellow  while  hot  and  colorless  on  cooling.  Dissolves  slowly  in  hydrochloric  acid 
•with  effervescence. 

Obs.— From  the  emerald  mines  of  the  Muso  valley,  U.  S.  Colombia,  where  it  was  discovered 
by  J.  J.  Paris,  the  proprietor  of  the  mine,  after  whom  it  was  named,  and  from  which  place  it 
was  sent  in  1835  to  Medici-Spada,  of  Rome,  by  Col.  Acosta.  The  earlier  name  Musite  (some- 
times written  Hussite,  the  name  of  the  valley  being  written  both  Muso  and  Musso,  as  well  as 
Muzo)  is  objectionable,  because  of  the  use-  of  the  name  Mussite  for  a  variety  of  pyroxene. 

A  mineral  is  probably  to  be  referred  here  (Brogger,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  650,  1890),  which  occurs 
very  sparingly  in  hexagonal  tabular  crystals,  sometimes  in  rosettes,  with  weibyelte  at  the 
eudidymite  locality  on  6ber-Aro,  Langesundflord,  Norway. 

Ref.— '  Min.,  2,  162,  1874.  Vrba  gives,  ch  =  73°  26'  50"  and  c  =  3'3646,  Ber.  Rohm.  Ges., 
647,  1886,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  210,  1888.  *  Quoted  by  Dx. 

KISCHTIMITE.  Kischtim-Parisit  T.  Karavayev,  Bull.  Ac.  St.  Pet.,  4,  401,  1861,  J.  pr.  Ch.,85, 
442.  1862.  Kk.,  Min.  Russl.,  4,  40,  1862.  Kischthnite  G.  J.  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  35,  427,  1863. 
Kyshtyrno-parisite.  ' 

Massive.  H.  =  4'5.  G.  =  4'784.  Luster  between  greasy  and  vitreous.  Color  dark 
brownish  yellow.  Streak  much  lighter  than  color.  In  small  pieces  translucent. 

A  fluocarbonate  of  the  cerium  metals  near  parisite.     Analysis:  Karavayev: 

CO2  La  Ce  F  O  H2O 

f    17-19  36-56  27-81  6  "35  [989]  2 -20    =     100 

From  the  gold  washings  of  the  Barsovka  river,  in  the  district  of  Kyshtymsk,  Ural. 

285.  BASTNASITE.  Basiskfluorcerium  Hisinger,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  189,  1838.  Bast- 
nftsite  ffuot,  Min.,  1,  296,  1841.  Hamartite  A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  25,  399, 
1868. 

Basisk  flussspatssyradt  Cerium  Berz.,  Afh.,  6,  64,  1818.  Basisches  Fluorcerium.  Basic 
fluocerine.  Basicerine  Beud.  Fluocerine  Hausm.,  1847.  Hydrofluocerite. 

Massive,  and  in  hexagonal  prisms1,  pseudomorphous  after  tysonite. 
H.  =  4-4/5.     G.  =  4'93  Nd. ;  5-19  Allen.     Luster  vitreous  to  greasy.     Color 
wax-yellow  to  reddish  brown.     Streak  light  yellowish  gray. 

Comp.— A  fluocarbonate  of  the  cerium  metals  (RF)C03  or  (Ce,La,Di)2C309.(Ce, 
La,Di)F,. 

Anal. — 1,  Nd.,  1.  c.;  he  also  lecalculates  Hisinger's  results  and  shows  that  they  correspond 
to  his,  allowing  for  the  CO»,  which  was  overlooked.  2,  Allen  and  Comstock,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19, 
390,  1880. 

CO2  Ce2O3  (La,Di)2O3  F 

1.      G.  =  4  93  19-50  28-49  45'77  [5-231  H2O  I'Ol  =  100 

(2a.    G.  =  5-19  |  20-15  41 -04  34'76 

CO2     (Ce,La,Di)2O3      (Ce,La,Di) 

[26*.  20-15  50-13       .          21-82  [7'90]  =  100 

*  Calculated  from  2a;  joint  atomic  weight  140 '2 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  infusible.  Slightly  attacked  by  hydrochloric  acid.  Dissolves  in  strong 
sulphuric  acid  with  effervescence  (CO2)  and  evolution  of  hydrofluoric  acid. 

Obs.— Found  in  small  masses  embedded  between  allanite  crystals  at  the  Bastna's  mine, 
Riddarhyttan,  Sweden.  Also  as  an  alteration  product  of  tysonite  (p.  166)  in  the  granite  of  the 
Pike's  Peak  region  in  Colorado.  The  basic  fluocerine  was  from  Finbo,  Sweden. 

Hamartite  is  from  d/uapreir,  to  go  astray,  but  bastnasite,  from  the  locality,  has  the  priority. 

Ref.— J  The  hamartite  of  Nordenskiold  is  described  as  occurring  in  hexagonal  prisms 
(cf.  also  Dx. ,  Min.,  2,  163,  1874),  but  it  seems  very  probable  that,  like  the  mineral  from 
Colorado,  they  are  only  pseudomorphs  after  an  original  fluoride  like  tysonite. 

WEIBYEITE  W.  C.  Brogger,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  650,  1890.  In  minute  pyramidal  orthorhombic 
crystals  with  p  (1 11),  also  subordinate  ra  (110),  a  prism  (IO'9'O)  or  (540),  and  a  dome  (201)  or (021). 
Angles  pp"  =  95°  59 ,  pp'"  =  56°  44'  or  near  zircon.  Optically  biaxial,  negative.  Bx  J_  100 
or  010.  2E  =  110°  approx.  Colorless  within  but  covered  with  a  thin  yellow  ocher-like  crust, 
and  penetrated  to  some  extent  by  the  same  substance. 

Analysis,  G.  Forsberg: 

COa  Ce2O3         La2O3,Di2O,         CaO  SrO  F 

19  16  35-38  31-58*  3-42  0*97  5-04    Xb  0'23  =  95'78 

•  Di2O3  —  9  p.  c.  approx.;  at.  weight  =  139-140.     b  X  =  O  in  excess. 


292 


CARBONATES. 


Deducting  O  (=  F)  2' 12  the  sum  is  93*66,  leaving  H2O  (and  loss)  6 '34. 

The  mineral  analyzed  was  mixed  with  the  ocher-like  substance  mentioned,  also  with 
parisite  or  an  allied  mineral,  and  the  interpretation  of  the  analysis  is  otherwise  doubtful,  but  a 
composition  analogous  to  that  of  bastnasite  is  suggested. 

Found  as  a  later  formation  on  eudidyinite,  also  with  analcite  and  natrolite,  on  the  island 
called  Ovre-Aro,  in  the  Langesundtiord,  Norway.  Named  for  the  Norwegian  mineralogist, 
P.  C.  Weibye. 


5.  Phosgenite  Group.    Chlorocarbonate.     Tetragonal. 

286.  PHOSGENITE.  Hornblei  Karat.,  Tab.,  78,  1800.  Salzsaures  Bleierze  Klapr., 
Beitr.,  3,  141,  1802.  Corneous  Lead  Jameson.  Bleihornerz,  Chlorbleispath,  Germ.  Plomb 
carbonate  muriatifere,  Plomb  chloro-carbonate,  Plomb  corne,  Fr.  Phosgen-spath  Breith., 
Char.,  61,  1832.  Kerasine  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  502,  1832.  Phosgenit  Breith.,  Haudb.,  2,  183,  1841. 
Galenoceratite,  Bleikerat,  Olocker,  Syn.,  248,  1847.  Cromfordite  Greg  &  Lettsom,  Min.,  421, 
1858. 

Tetragonal.     Axis  6  =  1-08758;  001  A  101  =  47°  24'  6"  Koksharov1. 
Forms2:  m  (110,  1)  h  (210,  t-2)  o  (201,  2-*)  t>  (311,  3-3)a 

c    (001,  0)  I  (310,  *-3)3  p  (203,  f-&)3  x  (111,  1)  «  (211,  2-2) 

a    (100,  i-i) 

On  pseudomorphs,  also  uncertain  acute  pyramids  (f.  3),  an  octagonal  prism4,  etc. 

co  =  65°  19'  cs    =  67°  39'  xx'  =  72°  43'  ss™  =  48°  52' 

ex  =  56°  58'  oo'  =  79°  57'  **'   =  34°    1'  xs     =  19°  27' 


Figs.  1,  2,  Monte  Poni,  Kk.     3,  Silesia  (pseudomorph),  Kr.  v.  Nidda4. 

Crystals  prismatic;  sometimes  tabular  ||  c. 

Cleavage:  m,  a  distinct;  also  c.  Rather  sectile.  H.  =  2'75-3.  G.  =  6*0-6'09, 
Lovisato;  6*305  Rg.  Luster  adamantine.  Color  white,  gray,  and  yellow.  Streak 
white.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Optically-}-.  Indices:  G?  =  2*114,  e  =  2'140 
orange  rays,  Sella  (Dx.). 

Comp — Chlorocarbonate  of  lead,  (PbCl)2C03  or  PbC03.PbCla  =  Carbon 
dioxide  8'1,  chlorine  13 -0,  lead  oxide  81'9  =  103  ;  or  Lead  carbonate  49*0,  lead 
chloride  5 1-0  =  100. 

Analyses,  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  703. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  melts  readily  to  a  yellow  globule,  which  on  cooling  becomes  white  and 
crystalline.  On  charcoal  in  R.F.  gives  metallic  lead,  with  a  white  coating  of  lead  chloride. 
With  a  salt  of  phosphorus  bead  previously  saturated  with  copper  oxide  gives  the  chlorine 
reaction.  Dissolves  with  effervescence  iii  dilute  nitric  acid. 

Obs. — At  Cromford  near  Matlock  in  Derbyshire,  in  crystals  sometimes  2  or  3  inches 
long;  very  rare  in  Cornwall;  in  minute  crystals  at  a  lead  mine  near  Elgin  in  Scotland; 
in  large  crystals  at  Gibbas,  Monte  Poni  and  Montevecchio  in  Sardinia;  near  Bobrek  in  Upper 
Silesia. 

A  recent  formation  at  Bourbonne-les-Bains;  also  at  Laurion,  Greece,  where  it  is  the  result 
of  the  action  of  the  sea-water  upon  ancient  lead  slags,  in  the  cavities  of  which  it  occurs  with 
laurionite  (wh.  see,  p.  171). 


CARBONATES. 


293 


Alt. — Occurs  at  the  Elisabeth  zinc  mine,  Upper  Silesia,  altered  to  lead  carbonate,  the  crys- 
tals are  acute  tetragonal  pyramids  (f.  3),  sometimes  with  a  zirconoid  or  an  octagonal  prism; 
they  are  embedded  in  clay.  Cf.  thinolite,  p.  271. 

Artif.— Of.  Friedel  &  Sarasin,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  4,  175,  1881. 

Ref.— 1  Mte.  Poni,  Min.  Russl.,  8,  118,  1881;  cf.  Hansel,  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  291,  1878.  *  Cf.  Mir. 
Min,,  622,  1852.  3  Rath,  Laurium,  Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  102,  1887.  4  Krug  v.  Nidda,  Zs.  G.  Ges.. 
2,  126,  1850. 


B.  Acid,  Basic,  and  Hydrous  Carbonates 
287.  Teschemacherite    HNH4C08  Orthorhombic 


288.  Malachite  Cu2(OH)2C03  Monoclinic    0-8809  :  1  :  0-4012  61°  50' 

289.  Azurite  Cu3(OH)2(C03),  "  0-8501  :  1  : 0-8805  87°  30' 

290.  Aurichalcite  (Zn,Cu)5(OH)8(C03)a 

291.  Hydrozincite  Zns(OH)4C08? 

292.  Hydrocerussite  Pb3(OH)2(C03)2?      Hexagonal 

293.  Dawsonite  Na(Al(OH)JC03     Monoclinic? 


294.  Thermonatrite    Na,C03+H,0 

295.  Nesquehonite      MgC03+3H20 


Orthorhombic  0-8268  :  1  :  0'8089 
0-6445:1:0-4568 


296.  Natron 


NaC03+10H90 


Monoclinic      1-4828:  1  :  1-4001  58°  52' 


297.  Gay-Lussite         Na2C03.CaC03+5H20  Monoclinic       1-4897 : 1 : 1-4442  78°  27' 

a:t>:6 

298.  Lanthanite          La2(C03)3+9H20          Orthorhombic       0-9528:1:0-9023 


ft 


299.  Trona 


HNaC03.Na2C03+2H20  Monoclinic  2-8460:1:2-9697  77°  23' 

a:i:6         ft 

300.  HydromagnesiteMg4(OH)2(C03)3-|-3H20    Monoclinic  ?  1-0379:1:  0-4652  90° 

301.  Hydrogiobertite  Mg2(OH)2C03+2H20 

302.  Lansfordite          Mg4(OH)2(C03)3+21H30     Triclinic       0-5493 : 1 : 0-5655 

or=95°  22',  £=100°  15',  y=92°  28' 

303.  Zaratite  Ni3(OH)4C03+4H20 


294  CARBONATES. 

304.  Remingtonite      Hydrous  cobalt  carbonate 

305.  Tengerite  Hydrous  yttrium  carbonate 

306.  Bismutite  Hydrous  bismuth  carbonate 

307.  Uranothallite      Ca2U(C03)4+10HijO 

308.  Liebigite  Hydrous  carbonate  of  uranium  and  calcium 

309.  Voglite  Hydrous  carbonate  of  uranium,  calcium,  and  copper 

287.  TESCHEMACHERITE.    Bicarbonate  of  Ammonia  E.  F.  Teschemacher,  Phil  Mag 
28,  548,  1846.     Teschemacherite  Dana,  Min.,  705,  1868. 

Orthorhombic.      In    crystals   with    prismatic  cleavages   at   68°.     H.  =  1*5. 
G.  =  1-45.     Yellowish  to  white. 

Comp — Acid    ammonium     carbonate,     HNH4CO,    or    (NH4)2C03.H2COS  = 
Carbon  dioxide  55'7,  ammonia  32*9,  water  11*4  =  100. 
Analysis.— Phipson,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  16,  74,  1863. 

C02    (NH4)aO    H2O      CaO 

Chincha  Islands  51-53      29'76      ll'OO      6'02  P2O6  0'60,  MgO,  SO3,  Cl  tr.,  alk.  and  uric 

[acid  1-09  =  100 

The  material  analyzed  by  Phipson  was  white,  compact,  crystalline,  and  fragile,  and  had  a 
strong  odor  of  ammonia,  from  which  he  infers  the  presence  either  of  free  ammonia  or  of  sesqui- 
carbonate. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  for  the  most  part  volatilized,  giving  the  odor  of  ammonia,  a 
white  sublimate  of  ammonium  carbonate,  while  an  abundance  of  water  condenses  on  the  tube. 
Soluble  in  water,  and  heated  with  a  fixed  alkali  gives  a  strong  odor  of  ammonia.  Effervesces 
with  acids.  Reacts  alkaline  to  test  paper. 

Obs. — From  guano  deposits  on  the  coast  of  Africa  and  Patagonia,  and  the  Chincha  Islands. 
Forms  a  bed  several  inches  thick  in  the  lowest  parts  of  the  guano  deposits  of  Patagonia,  as  an- 
nounced by  Teschemacher;  similarly  at  the  Chincha  Islands,  according  to  Phipson. 

On  the  form,  etc.,  of  the  artificial  ammonium  carbonate,  see  Rose,  Pogg.,  46,  400,  1839; 
also  Rg.,  Kr.  Ch.,  1,  545.  1881. 

KALICINE  Pisani,  C.  R.,  60,  918,  1865.  Potassium  bicarbonate.  Announced  as  found 
under  a  dead  tree  at  Chypis  in  Valais,  as  a  result  of  recent  decomposition.  Pisani  obtained  for 
its  composition:  CO2  42'20,  K2O  42*60,  H2O  7'76,  CaCO3  2'50,  MgCO8 1'34,  sand,  etc.  3'60  =  100. 


288.  MALACHITE!.  XpycroKoXXa  pt.  TheopTir.,  Dioscor.,  etc.  Wev  #77$ 
[False  Emerald  of  Copper  Mines]  pt.,  Theophr.  Chrysocolla,  Molochites,  pt.,.  Plin.,  Agric. 
Berggrun.  Germ.1  Molochit,  Agric.,  Interpr.,  1546.  ^Erugo  nativa,  Viride  montanum  pt., 
Koppargron,  Barggront  pt..  Malachit,  Wall..  Min.,  278,  279,  1747.  Cuivre  carbonate  vert  L'Abbe 
Fontana,  J.  dePhys..  2,  509,  1778,  proving  the  existence  of  a  green  carbonate.  Green  Carbonate 
of  Copper;  Green  Malachite;  Mountain  Green  pt  Berggrun  pt.  Germ.  Atlaserz  [fib.  var.] 
Germ.  Rame  carbonato  verde,  Verde  di  moute  Ital.  Malaquita  Span. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0*88093  :  1  :  0-40118;  (3  =  *61°  50'  =  001  A  100 
Hbg.-Lang.1 

100  A  HO  =  37°  50',  001  A  101  =  27°  5£',  001  A  Oil  =  19°  28f. 

Forms  :  m  (110,  /)  w  (403,  f  -i)  e  (623,  2-3)  /3  (534,  f  -|) 

a  (100,  i-l)  r§M   8  -  y  (302,  f  -«)  a  (524,  f-{)  d  (323,  1-1) 

b  (010,  «)  ioi  '  J  {  e  (Joi,  24)?  Y  (423,  |-2)  C  (321,  3-f) 

c  (°01'  °>  ,   (5-04,  M 


mm'"  =  *75°  40'  a'w  =  *81°  17'  crj  =  42°  49'  ft  ft'  =  33°  18' 

ax      =  91°    5'  cy    —    41°  88'  rjrj'  =  22°    4|'  yy'  =  29°  37' 

cv       -  34°  28'  cz     =    54°  37V  aa'  =  22°  33'  dd'    =  29°  56' 

cw       —  36°  53'  cm   =    68°    7' 


MALACHITE—  AZURITE.  295 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  a  very  common;  often  as  penetration-twins.  Crystals, usually 
slender,  acicular  prisms,  grouped  in  tufts  and  rosettes.  Form  seldom 
distinct;  faces  uneven;  a,  m,  b  vertically  striated;  v,  a,  ft  striated 
|| -edge  v/ex.  Commonly  massive  or  incrusting,  with  surface  tuberose, 
botryoidal,  or  stalactitic,  and  structure  divergent;  often  delicately 
compact  fibrous,  and  banded  in  color;  frequently  granular  or  earthy. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect;  b  less  so.  Fracture  subconchoidal,  uneven. 
Brittle.  H.  =  3'5-4.  G.  =  3'9-4'03.  Luster  of  crystals  adaman- 
tine, inclining  to  vitreous;  of  fibrous  varieties  more  or  less  silky; 
often  dull  and  earthy.  Color  bright  green.  Streak  paler  green. 
Translucent  to  subtranslucent  to  opaque. 

Optically  -.     Ax.    pi.  |  b.     Bxa  A  6  =  23°    29'   red,    23°    31'     N 
yellow.     Dispersion  p  <  v  in  the  air,  p  >  v  within,   rather   large; 
inclined  feeble.     Axial  angles,  Dx. : 

2Er  =  89°  14',  2Ey  =  89°  18';  fir  =  1-87,  ft?  =  T88  .-.  2Vr  =  44°  7',  2Vy=  43°  54' 

Comp.  =  Basic  cupric  carbonate,  CuC03.Cu(OH)2  or  2CuO.C02.H20  =  Carbon 
dioxide  19'9,  cupric  oxide  71-9,  water  8-2  —  100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  blackens  and  yields  water.  B.B.  fuses  at  2,  coloring  the  flame 
emerald-green;  on  charcoal  is  reduced  to  metallic  copper;  with  the  fluxes  reacts  like  cuprite, 
p.  206.  Soluble  in  acids  with  effervescence. 

Obs. — Common  with  other  ores  of  copper  and  as  a  product  of  their  alteration ;  thus  as  a 
pseudomorph  after  cuprite  and  azurite.  Occurs  abundantly  in  the  Ural;  at  Chessy  in  France; 
massive  at  Schwatz  in  Tyrol;  in  Cornwall  and  in  Cumberland,  England;  Sandlodge  copper 
mine,  Shetland,  Scotland;  Limerick,  Waterford,  and  elsewhere,  Ireland;  at  Saalfeld;  Rheinbreit- 
bach;  Dillenburg,  Nassau;  Betzdorf  near  Siegen.  At  the  copper  mines  of  Nizhni  Tagilsk  a  bed 
of  malachite  was  opened  which  yielded  many  tons  of  malachite;  one  mass  measured  at  top  9  by 
18ft.;  and  the  portion  uncovered  contained  at  least  half  a  million  pounds  of  pure  malachite. 
Also  in  handsome  masses  at  Bembe,  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa;  with  the  copper  ores  of  Cuba; 
Chili;  at  the  Cobar  mines  and  elsewhere  in  New  South  Wales;  South  Australia. 

Occurs  in  Conn.,  sparingly  at  Cheshire.  In  JV.  Jersey,  at  Schuyler's  mines,  and  still  better 
at  New  Brunswick.  In  Pennsylvania,  in  the  Blue  Ridge,  near  Nicholson's  Gap:  near  Morgan- 
town,  Berks  County;  at  Cornwall,  Lebanon  Co.,  in  good  specimens;  at  the  Perkiomen  and 
Phenixville  lead-mines.  In  Maryland,  between  Taneytown  and  Newmarket,  E.  of  the  Monocacy ; 
in  the  Catoctin  Mts.  In  Wisconsin,  at  the  copper  mines  of  Mineral  Point,  and  elsewhere.  In 
California,  at  Hughes's  mine,  in  Calaveras  Co.  Abundantly  in  fine  masses  and  acicular  crystals, 
with  calcite  at  the  Copper  Queen  mine,  Bisbee,  Cochise  Co.,  Arizona;  also  in  Graham  Co., 
especially  at  the  Humming  Bird  mine,  Morenci  (6  m.  from  Clifton),  where  beautiful  stalactitic 
forms  of  malachite  and  azurite  in  concentric  bands  are  obtained.  At  the  Santa  Rita  mines, 
Grant  Co.,  and  elsewhere  in  New  Mexico.  Tintlc  district,  Utah. 

Named  from  uaXax?},  mallows,  in  allusion  to  the  green  color. 

Artif.— Obtained  by  de  Schulten  in  acicular  crystals,  C.  R.,  110,  202,  1890. 

Ref.— *  The  fundamental  angles  taken  by  Dx.  (Miu.,  2,  p.  185)  are  accepted  here,  viz.:  ac, 
mm'"  Hbg.,  Rheinbreitbach  (Mm.  Not.,  6,  9,  7.  32),  a'w  Lang,  Nizhni  Tagilsk;  with  Lang 
x  =  001,  'Phil.  Mag.,  25,  432,  1863,  28,  502,  1864.  See  also  Zeph.,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  51  (1),  112, 
1865.' 

LIME-MALACHITE.  Kalk-malachit  Zincken.  B.  H.  Ztg.,  1,  1842.  Calco-malachite.  Massive, 
reniform,  botryoidal;  structure  fibrous  and  foliated.  H.  2 "5.  Luster  silky.  Color  verdigris- 
green.  From  Zincken's  trials  it  is  a  hydrous  carbonate  of  copper,  with  some  carbonate  and 
sulphate  of  calcium  and  iron.  The  original  from  Lauterberg  in  the  Harz;  a  similar  substance 
elsewhere,  as  in  Arizona.  Probably  simply  malachite  impure  with  gypsum  or  calcite..  ci  in  some 
cases  both. 

MYSORIN  Thomson,  Min.,  1,  601,  1836.  An  impure  malachite  according  to  F.  R.  Mallet, 
Rec.  Geol.  Survey  India,  12,  166,  1879,  and  Min.  India,  156,  1887.  From  Mysore,  India. 


289.  AZURITE.  Caeruleum,  Lapis  armenius  pt.,  Plin.,  33,  57.  Caeruleum,  Germ.  Lasur, 
Berglasur  pt.,  Agric.,  217,  etc.  Koppar-Lazur,  Cuprum  lazureurn,  Caeruleum  montanum,  Wall., 
Min.,  280,  1747.  Bleu  de  rnontagne,  Cuivre  azure,  FT.  Trl.,  Wall.,  1,  506,  1753.  Kupferlasur 
Wern.  Bergblau  Germ.  Abbe  Fontana,  J.  de  Phys.,  2,  1778  (with  anal,  making  it  a  carbonate). 
Blue  Carbonate  of  Copper,  Blue  malachite.  Chessy  Copper.  Azure  Copper  Ore.  Cuivre  car- 
bonate bleu  Fr.  Azurite  Beud.,  Tr.,  417,  1824.  Lasur  Haid.,  Handb.,  508,  1845.  Chessylite 
B.  &  M.,  Min.,  594,  1852.  Lasurit  v.  Kobell,  Tafeln,  32,  1853.  Azzurrite,  Rame  carbonate 
azzurro,  Bleu  di  Monte  Ital.  Azurita,  Cobre  azul  Span. 


296 


CARBONATES. 


Monoclinic.  Axes:  a  :  I  :  6  =  0'85012  :  1  :  0-88054;  ft  —  87°  36'=  001  A  100 
Schrauf1. 

100  A  HO  =  40°  20'  37",  001  A  101  =  44°  45'  56",  001  A  Oil  =  41° 
20'  25". 


Forms* : 
a  (100,  i-i) 
b   (010,  »*-i) 
c   (001,  0) 


AT (104,  -i-i) 
C    (102, -ft) 


r  (108,  i-i) 
M  (105,  H) 
Z>  (104,  J-i) 
^  (207,  f «) 


®  (201,  2-i) 
^  (301,  3-i) 

S(014,  fi)3 


00'"     ±=  46°    1' 

u'"      =  59°    24' 

mm'"  =  80°  41' 

ww      =  60    58 

cC        =  26°  514' 
=  42°  50f 

=  62°  18' 


ao- 

C(f> 

en 
cQ 

crj 

CIO 


??F 


=  27C 
=  47°  15r 
=  58°  564' 
=  66°  Hi' 


f 
pp' 

cs 

ch 

cm 

coo 

ex 

ck 

cd 


q  (025,  |-i) 

x  (111,1) 

I  (023,  f-i) 

k  (221,  2) 

/  (Oil,  1-1) 

it  (441,  4) 

p  (021,  2-i) 

4  (321,  -  3-D 

Q  (223,  -  |)2'4 

z  (411,  4-4) 

*  (111,  -1) 

y  (211,2-2) 

h  (221,  -  2) 

£  (321,  3-D4 

t  (225,  f  ) 

K  (12-10-5,  V-: 

T  (112,  4.) 

<5  (243,  -  |-2) 

JV(447,  |)4 

y  (121,  -  2-2) 

*  (223,  |) 

<»  (241,  -  4-2) 

IT  (4-10-7,  --V 

38°  46*'     co 

=  77°  23f 

60°  47' 
82°  41' 

=  51°  Of 

^Q"  PiQ' 

120°  47'      ™ 

=  0»   Da 

=  33°  16' 

52°  28'      a'x 

=  53°  15' 

68°  12'      a'  a 

=  63°  50' 

88°  10'      a'& 

=  44°  55' 

75°  6'      a'o 

=  60°  59' 

54°  51'      M 

=  91°  20' 

71°  25' 

54°  29'      8X 

=  75  44 

M' 

£><* 

«*' 


J  (132,  - 14) 

r   (683,  |-|) 

2(233,H) 
"  (353,  f-f ) 
6  (245,  f  2) 
^  (243,  |-2) 
a  (121,  2-2) 
/?  (362,  32) 
o  (241,  4-2) 
P  (134,  f-3) 
^/  (2-10-3,  Y-S; 
A  (2-18-3,  6-9) 


=  61°  49' 
=  73°  56' 
=  112°  48|' 
=  63°  57' 
=  102°  37' 
=  42°  30' 
=  75°  45' 
=  114°  32' 


Figs.  1,  2,  Chessy.    3,  Nizhni  Tagilsk.    4,  Chessy.    5,  Banat.    1-6,  after  Schrauf  (Rose,  Zippe). 

Twins:  tw.  pi.    (1)   v  (201)   Dx.;  2,  0  (101)  Groth6;   not   common.     Crystals 
varied  in  habit  and  highly  modified;  often  tabular  ||  c,  or  <r  (101)  or  8  (101),  also 

prismatic  ||  6,  m  prominent,  and  again  elongated  ||  axis^;  sometimes  rhombohedral 
in  aspect.  Faces  usually  slightly  undulating;  c  striated  ||  edge  p/f,  and  a  ||  edge 
a/c.  Also  massive,  and  presenting  imitative  shapes,  having  a  columnar  composi- 
tion; also  dull  and  oarthy. 


AZURITE. 


297 


Cleavage:  p  (021)  perfect  but  interrupted;  a  less  perfect;  m  in  traces.  Fracture 
conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  3'5-4.  G.  =  3'77-3'83.  Luster  vitreous,  almost 
adamantine.  Color  various  shades  of  azure-blue,  passing  into  berlin-blue.  Streak 
blue,  lighter  than  the  color.  Transparent  to  subtranslucent. 

Optically  -f .  Ax.  pi.  J_  b.  Bxa  A  6  —  —12°  36'.  Dispersion  p  >  v  consid- 
erable; horizontal  distinct.  Axial  angles  for  rays  between  green  and  blue: 


7. 


2H  =  82°  5'  and  2E  =  151°,  Dx. 
9.  10. 


11. 


12. 


13 


14. 


7-14,  Arizona,  Farrington. 

Comp.— Basic  cupric  carbonate,  2CuC03.Cu(OH)2  or  3Cu0.2C02H20  =  Carbon 
dioxide  25'6,  cupric  oxide  69 '2,  water  5'2  =  100. 

For  analyses,  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  716;  they  agree  closely  with  the  requirements  of  the  formula. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Same  as  in  malachite. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  splendid  crystallizations  at  Chessy,  near  Lyons,  whence  it  derived  the 
name  Chessy  Copper  or  chessylite.  Also  in  fine  crystals  in  Siberia;  at  Moldawa  in  the  Banat;  at 
Wheal  Buller,  near  Redruth  in  Cornwall;  also  in  Devonshire  and  Derbyshire,  England;  in 
small' quantities  at  Alston-Moor  and  Wanlockhead,  etc.;  at  Puerto  Cabello,  S.  A.;  Cobar  mines 
and  elsewhere  in  New  South  Wales;  South  Australia. 

Occurs  in  Penn.,  at  the  Perkiornen  lead  mine,  in  indifferent  specimens,  associated  with 
galena,  sphalerite,  and  cerussite;  at  Phenixville,  in  crystals;  at  Cornwall,  iu  crystals  on  red 
shale;  near  Nicholson's  Gap,  in  the  Blue  Ridge.  In  N.  York,  near  Sing  Sing.  In  N.  Jersey, 
near  New  Brunswick.  In  Wisconsin,  at  the  old  copper  diggings  near  Mineral  Point,  in  good 
crystals;  also  at  the  Bracken  mine,  in  small  but  fine  crystals.  In  Arizona,  at  the  Longfellow 
mine,  also  other  mines  in  Graham  Co. ;  also  with  malachite  in  beautiful  crystals  at  the  Copper 
Queen  mine,  Bisbee;  at  the  Clifton  mines,  Graham  Co.  In  Grant  Co.,  New  Mexico.  At  the 
Mammoth  mine  in  the  Tintic  district,  Utah,  with  various  copper  arsenates.  In  California, 
Calaveras  Co. ,  at  Hughes's  mine,  in  crystals. 

Alt. — Azurite  is  often  altered  to  malachite  through  the  loss  of  carbon  dioxide  and  addition 
of  water;  also  to  native  copper,  as  at  Grant  Co.,  New  Mexico,  Yeates,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  38,  405, 
1889. 

Artif.— Formed  artificially  by  Debray,  Becquerel,  Michel;  cf.  Bull.   Soc.  Min.,   13,  139, 

Ref.— '  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  64  (1),  123,  1871  and  Atlas,  xxvi-xxix,  1872.  This  is  the  position 
of  Haidinger  (Min.  Mohs,  2,  167,  1825);  Zippe.  Pogg.,  22,  393,  1831;  Miller  (Min.,  p.  594, 1852); 
with  Rose  (Reis.  Ural,  1,  315,  541,  1837),  Levy  (Heuland,  3,  64,  1837).  With  Schrauf  (1.  c.)  the 
vertical  axis  has  double  the  length,  i.e.  h  =  111,  etc.  Schrauf  points  to  a  similarity  of  form 
between  azurite  and  epidote. 


298  CARBONATES. 

2  See  Schrauf  for  review  and  correction  of  earlier  authorities,  also  Dx.,  Min.,  2,  190,  1874. 
A  note  in  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  582,  credits  Kreuner  and  Franzenau  with  having  observed  on  crystals 
from  Utah  also  (507),  and  (223),  no  angles  given.  Of.  also  Gdt.,  Index,  2,  2(59,  1888,  who  gives 
some  planes  not  included  here.  3  H.  S.  Washington,  Arizona,  priv.  coutr.  4  Farrington, 
Arizona,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  41,  300,  1891.  5  Min.-Samml.,  Strassb.,  139,  1878. 

ATLASITE  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg  ,  24,  310,  1865.  A  carbonate  of  copper  containing  chlorine 
from  Chanarcillo,  Chili.  It  resembles  atacamite,  and  may  be  a  mixture  of  this  species  and 
aztirite.  See  further  5th  Ed.,  p.  716. 

ZINKAZURITE  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  XI,  101,  1852.  A  blue  mineral  in  small  crystals,  having 
G.  =  3'49,  from  the  Sierra  Almagrera  in  Spain.  Heated,  it  affords  a  little  water,  with  the 
reactions  of  copper  and  zinc.  According  to  Plattner,  it  consists  of  zinc  sulphate,  copper 
carbonate,  and  some  water. 

290.  AURICHALCITE.  Calamine  verdalre  (containing  "une  bonne  quantite  de  cuivre"), 
Mine  de  Laiton  [=  Brass-ore],  Patrin,  Aper9u  d.  Mines  en  Siberie,  in  J.  de  Phys.,  33,  81.  1788. 
Mine  de  Laiton  de  Pise  en  Toscane.  Aurichalchum  of  the  ancients?,  Sage,  J.  de  Phys.,  38,  155, 
1791.  Messingbiilthe  Germ.  Kupferzinkbliithe.  Aurichalcit  Bottger,  Fogg.,  48,  495,  1839. 
Buratite  Delesse,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  18,  478,  1846.  Orichalcit  Glocker,  Syn.,  230,  1847.  Messing, 
bluthe  Risse,  Ver.  Rheinl.,  Corr.-Bl.,  22,  95,  1865.  Risseite,  Messingite  Adam.,  Tabl.  Min.,  26, 
1869. 

Monoclinic1?.  In  acicular  crystals  forming  drusy  incrustations;  also  columnar, 
divergent;  plumose;  granular;  also  laminated. 

H.  —  2.  G.  =  3-54  —  3  -64.  Luster  pearly.  Color  pale  green,  verdigris-green ; 
sometimes  sky-blue.  Streak  pale  greenish  or  bluish.  Translucent. 

Comp. — A  basic  carbonate  of  zinc  and  copper,  2(Zn,Cu)C03.3(Zn,Cu)(OH)2, 
Penfield.  If  Zn  :  Cu  =  5  :  2,  this  requires:  Carbon  dioxide  16*1,  zinc  oxide  53'2, 
cupric  oxide  20*8,  water  9*9  =  100. 

Buratite  gave  8*62  p.  c.  CaO  but  probably  from  admixed  calcite,  it  has  G.  =  3'32  Delesse; 
Tschermak  found  no  lime  in  the  Banat  mineral,  and  this  is  confirmed  by  Belar. 

Anal.— 1,  Pisani,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  8,  43,  1885.  2-5,  A.  Belar,  Zs.  Kr.,  17,  113,  1889. 
6,  7,  Penfield,  after  deducting  1'53,  0'64  p.  c.,  CaCO3,  Am.  J.  Sc,,  41,  106,  1891. 

COa         H2O         ZuO         CuO 

1.  Laurium  1545        14-75        50'45        18-07    insol.  0'50  =  99'22 

2.  Morawitza  11 '38        13-53        54'70        20'39     =  100 

3.  "  2678  53-57        21'43    =  101-78 

4.  CampiglJa  26-50  55'51        20'20     =  102-21 

5.  Sardinia  22*97  58'72        15'58    Fe2O3  2'17  =  100'44 
G.Utah        G.  =  3-54  16-07        10-06        5299        21 -21     =10033 

7.      "  G.  =  3-64  16-04          9'99        54-36        20'00     =  100'39 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  blackens,  and  yields  water.  B.B.  infusible;  colors  the  flame 
deep  green.  With  soda  on  charcoal  gives  a  coating  of  zinc  oxide;  the  fused  mass  removed  from 
the  coal  and  triturated  in  a  mortar  affords  minute  globules  of  copper.  With  the  fluxes  reacts 
for  copper.  Soluble  in  acids  with  effervescence. 

Obs. — Aurichalcite  occurs  at  Loktevski,  at  a  copper  mine  in  the  Altai,  where  it  is  asso- 
ciated with  calcite  and  limonite,  sometimes  forming  a  drusy  covering  upon  these  minerals;  at 
Morawitza  in  the  Banat;  Chessy,  near  Lyons;  Rezbanya,  in  Hungary;  Campiglia  in  Tuscany; 
at  Matlock  in  Derbyshire,  of  a  pale  green  color,  laminated  structure,  and  pearly  luster;  at 
Roughten-Gill,  in  Cumberland;  Leadhills,  Scotland;  zinc  mines  of  the  province  of  Santander, 
Spain;  at  the  zinc  mines  of  Laurium,  Greece. 

In  the  U.  S.,  at  Lancaster,  Pa.;  from  the  Santa  Caterina  Mts.,  Arizona,  in  fine  specimens, 
reported  also  from  the  Copper  Queen  mine,  Bisbee.  At  the  Kesler  mine,  Big  Cotton  wood,  and 
the  Cave  mine  in  Beaver  Co.,  Utah. 

The  mineral  aurichalcite  was  first  described  as  a  greenish  variety  of  calamine  by  Patrin,  in 
1788  (1.  c.),  and  called  Brass  ore  (Mine  de  Laiton),  "because,"  as  he  says,  "  the  compound  of 
copper  and  zinc  is  here  made  by  nature."  Among  the  brass  or  copper  ores  of  the  ancients, 
aurichalcum  was  reputed  the  best  (Pliny,  33,  2);  and  Sage  was  thence  led  to  suggest  (1.  c. ,  1791) 
that  the  cupriferous  calamine  (which  afforded,  as  he  showed  by  experiment,  the  best  of  brass, 
without  the  addition  of  either  copper  or  zinc)  might  be  the  ancient  aurichalcum.  As  the  ore  is 
a  scarce  one,  this  is  not  at  all  probable.  But  the  idea  explains  the  use  of  the  word  for  the 
species.  In  addition,  it  is  to  be  said  that  brass  (or  an  alloy  related  to  it)  was  called  aurichalcum 
by  Virgil  and  Horace,  and  also  in  the  middle  ages. 

The  Latin  word  aurichalcum  is  regarded  by  some  good  authorities  as  derived  from 
' opeixaknoS  (=  mountain  brass);  and,  in  fact,  the  Latin  poets  just  mentioned  wrote  it 
orichalcum.  But  others  regard  it  as  a  hybrid  word  (from  the  Latin  aurum,  gold,  and 
S,  bi'asg  or  bronze),  and  the  o  of  the  poets  as  an  example  of  the  admissible  change  in 


HYDROZINCITE—HYDROCER  VSSITE—DA  WSONITE.  299 

Latin  of  au  to  o.  Glocker,  in  view  of  the  first  of  these  derivations,  changes  aurichalcite  to 
orichalcite;  but,  whatever  the  derivation,  as  the  use  of  aurichalcum  dates  from  before  Pliny's 
time,  we  moderns  may  as  well  let  it  stand  without  correction. 

Buratite  is  named  from  M.  Burat,  who  is  stated  to  have  discovered  the  mineral  in  Italy. 

Artif. — Of.  Delesse,  1.  c. ;  also  Belar,  who  throws  doubt  upon  the  observations  of  Delesse. 

Ref. — !  For  observations  on  the  form  see  Belar,  1.  c. 

291.  HYDROZINCITE.     Calamine  Smithson,  Phil.  Trans  ,  12,  1803.     Zinkbl tithe  Karst., 
Tabell.,  70,  99,  1808.     Hydro-carbonate  of  Zinc.     Earthy  calamine.     Zinconise  Beud.,  Tr.,  2, 
357,1832.     Zinc  Bloom.      Hydrozinkit  Kenng.,   Min.,    1853.      Marionite  Elderhorst,    G.   Rep. 
Arkansas,  153,  1858.     Cegamit  Weisbach,  Synops.  Min.,  36,  1875. 

Massive,  fibrous,  earthy  or  compact.  As  incrustations,  the  crusts  sometimes 
concentric  and  agate-like.  At  times  reniform,  pisolitic,  stalactitic. 

H.  =  2-2-5.  G.  =  3-58-3-8.  Luster  dull.  Color  pure  white,  grayish  or 
yellowish.  Streak  shining.  Usually  earthy  or  chalk-like. 

Comp.^A  basic  zinc  carbonate,  exact  composition  uncertain,  perhaps 
ZnCO,.2Zn(OH)2  or  3ZnO.C02.2H20  =  Carbon  dioxide  13-6,  zinc  oxide  75 -3, 
water  11*1  =  100. 

Analyses  vary  somewhat  widely  probably,  in  consequence  of  want  of  homogeneity  in  the 
material  examined:  1,  Cossa,  Att.  Soc.  Tor.,  6,  189,-  1870.  2,  V.  v.  Zotta,  Zs.  Kr.,  13,  143, 
1887.  Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  711. 

C02          ZnO         H2O 

1.  Auronzo  14 "55        7321        11 '83    =  99'59 

2.  Bleiberg  17'05        70'76        10'30    PbO  1'26,  Fe2O3  0'42,  SiO2  0'36  =  100-15 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  yields  water;  in  other  respects  resembles  smithsonite. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  most  mines  of  zinc,  and  is  a  result  of  the  alteration  of  the  other  ores  of 
this  metal. 

Found  in  great  quantities  at  the  Dolores  mine,  Udias  valley,  province  of  Santander,  in 
Spain,  along  with  calamiue,  smithsouite,  and  sphalerite,  covering  the  floor  of  an  extensive 
cavern  to  a  depth  of  a  yard  and  a  half,  and  hanging  in  dazzling  white  branching  stalactites 
from  the  roof;  part  is  concretionary,  pisolitic,  nodular;  it  is  intimately  mixed  with  zinc  silicate, 
and  is  pseudomorphous  after  it;  and  opal-like  masses  of  silicate  and  hydrous  carbonate  are 
common,  formed  by  the  falling  of  drops  of  water  holding  the  silicate  in  solution. 

Also  occurs  in  the  neighboring  province  of  Guipuzcoa,  Spain,  near  La  Nestosa,  at  the 
mines  of  Las  Nieves  and  La  Augustina;  at  Bleiberg  and  Raibel  in  Cariuthia;  near  Reims- 
beck,  in  Westphalia;  in  Hollenthal,  on  the  Zugspitze  in  Bavaria;  at  Taft  in  the  province  of 
Jesd  in  Persia. 

In  the  U.  S.,  at  Friedensville,  Pa.;  at  Linden,  in  Wisconsin,  as  a  concretionary  fibrous 
white  crust  on  smithsonite;  in  Marion  Co.,  Arkansas  (marioniie),  in  concentric  and  contorted 
laminae  and  botryoidal  crusts;  with  sphalerite,  etc.,  at  Joplin,  Mo. 

Beudant's  name  zinconise,  from  zinc  and  KOVI^,  'powder,  has  priority,  but  is  too  badly 
formed  to  be  retained. 

Artif. — Deposited  when  hot  solutions  of  zinc  salts  in  water  are  decomposed  by  carbonates 
of  the  alkalies.  The  white  substance  formed  on  zinc,  when  moistened  and  exposed  to  the 
air,  is  a  related  compound.  Belar  (Zs.  Kr  ,  17,  123,  1889)  describes  an  artificial  hydrous  zinc 
carbonate,  ZnCO3  -j-  H2O,  in  crystals  resembling  hydromagnesite  in  habit. 

292.  HYDROCERUSSITE.     A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  G.  F5r.  F6rh.,  3,  381,  1877.     Hydro- 
cerusite.     Plumbonacrite  Heddle,  Min.  Mag.,  8,  201,  1889. 

In  thin  hexagonal  planes,  optically  uniaxial,  negative  Lex.1 
Soft.     G.  =  6'14,  artif.  cryst.     Colorless.     Luster  pearly. 
Comp.— A  basic  lead  carbonate,  probably  2PbC03.Pb(OH)2  or  3Pb0.2C02.H20 
=  Carbon  dioxide  11-4,  lead  oxide  86-3.  water.  2 -3  =  100. 

Fyr.,  etc.— Yields  lead  on  charcoal.     Soluble  in  acid  with  evolution  of  carbon  dioxide. 
Obs.— Occurs  sparingly  as   a  coating   on  native   lead,  at  Langban,  Wermland,    Sweden. 
Also  in  cavities  in  galena  at  Wanlockhead,  Scotland. 

Artif. — An   artificial   basic   lead   carbonate  with  the   above  composition  is  described  by 
Bourgeois,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  11,  221,  1888. 
Ref.—1  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  8,  35,  1885. 

293.  DAWSONITE.    B.  J.  Harrington,  Can.  Nat.,  7,  305,  1874. 
Monoclinic  ?.     In  thin  incrustations  of  radiating  bladed  crystals. 


300  CARBONATES. 

Cleavage:  longitudinal  easy.  H.  =  3.  G.  =  2-40.  Luster  vitreous.  Color 
white.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Double  refraction  strong.  Ax.  pi.  transverse 
to  needles  and  nearly  J_  to  the  cleavage;  axial  angle  large,  Dx.1 

Comp. — A  basic"carbonate  of  aluminium  and  sodium,  Na3Al(C03)3.2Al(OH)3 
or  Na2O.Al203.2C02.2H20  =  Carbon  dioxide  30'6,  alumina  35-4,  soda  21-5,  water 
12-5  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Harrington,  1.  c.  3,  Id.,  ibid.,  10,  84,  1881  after  deducting  calcite.  4,  Friedel, 
Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  4,  28,  1881. 

CO2        A12O3       Na2O         H2O 

1.  Montreal  29'88        32'84        20'58*        11-91    MgO  tr.,  CaO  5'95  =  101  "16 

2.  "  30-72        32-68        20'17        [10'33]  MgO  0'45,  CaO  5'65  =  100 

3.  "  27-78        36-12        22'86         13'24    =  100 

4.  Tuscany  29'09        35'89        19'13      ,   12-00    MgO  1-39,  CaO  0'42  =  97'92 

•  Incl.  K2O  0-38. 

Pyr. — B.B.  swells  up,  colors  the  flame  deep  yellow,  and  after  ignition  yields  an  alkaline 
reaction;  gives  a  fine  blue  with  cobalt  nitrate;  in  the  closed  tube  yields  water  and  carbon  dioxide. 
Soluble  in  acids  with  effervescence. 

Obs. — Found  as  a  crystalline  coating,  resembling  tremolite,  on  the  jointed  surfaces  of  a 
feldspathic  dike  cutting  the  Trenton  limestone  near  McGill  College,  Montreal;  it  is  associated 
with  calcite,  dolomite,  pyrite,  etc.  Also  from  the  province  of  Siena,  Pian  Castagnaio,  Tuscany, 
in  a  quartzose  rock,  impregnated  with  dolomite,  in  part  argillaceous;  associated  with  calcite, 
dolomite,  pyrite,  fluorite,  and  cinnabar. 

Ref.— »  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  1,  8,  1878. 

HOVITE.  Native  Carbonate  of  Alumina  and  Lime,  J.  H.  &  G.  Gladstone,  Phil.  Mag.,  23, 
461,  1862. 

A  soft  white  earthy  substance  from  fissures  in  flint  at  an  old  quarry  in  the  Upper  Chalk, 
at  Hove  near  Brighton."  Analyses  show  silica,  carbon  dioxide,  alumina,  lime  and  water;  it  may 
be  a  carbonate  of  alumina  and  lime,  but  very  impure  and  of  doubtful  nature.  See  5th  Ed., 
p.  709. 


294.  THERMONATRITE.      Nirpov  and   Nitrum   pt.  Vet.      Natron,  Alkali  orientals 
impurum  terrestre,  Jordblandadt  Alkaliskt-salt,  Wall.,  Min.,  174,  1747.     Natilrliches  mineral- 
isches  Alkali  Wern.     Prismatisches  Natronsalz  Mohs.     Thermonatrit  Haid.,  Handb.   487,  1845. 
Therinonitrit  Hausm.,  Handb.,  1411,  1847.     Soude  carbonatee  prismatique  Dufr. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  b  :  6  —  0-8268  :  1  :  0*8089  Marignac1. 

100  A  110  =  39°  35',  001  A  101  =  44°  22£',  001  A  Oil  =  38°  58-j-'. 

Forms  (artif.  cryst.):  b  (010,  i-i)  m  (110,  /)  u  (101,  1-i)  p  (122,  1-2) 

a  (100,  i-i)  c  (001,  0)  g  (102,  -B)  e  (021,  2-1) 

mm'"  =  *79°  10'  go'  =  52°    8'  ee'  =  116°  33V  pp"    =  86°  47' 

ag        =  *63°  56'  uu1  =  88°  45'  pp'  =     41°  39'  pp'"  =  72°    Of 

Often    in    flattened    crystals  ||  c  or  a,    also  prismatic  c.       Usually  as   an 
efflorescence. 

Cleavage :  I  difficult.     Somewhat  sectile.   H.  =  1-1-5.    Gr.  =  1-5-1-6.    Luster 
vitreous.     White,  grayish,  yellowish.     Taste  alkaline. 

Comp.— Hydrous  "sodium  carbonate,   Na2C03  +  H20  =  Carbon  dioxide  35-5, 
soda  50-0,  water  14-5  =  100. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  various  lakes,  and  as  an  efflorescence  over  the  soil  in  many  dry  regions  of 
the  globe;  also  about  some  mines  and  volca-noes.    It  results  from  the  efflorescence  of  natron. 

Ref.—1  Ann.  Mines,  12,  55,  1857;  cf.  the  somewhat  different  results  of  Haid.,  Ed.  J.-Sc., 
2,  327,  1825  or  Pogg.,  5,  369,  1825. 

295.  NESQUEHONITB.    F.  A.  GentTi  and  8.  L.  Penjkld,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  39,  121,  1890. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  1 :  6  =  0-64446  :  1  :  0-45678  Penfield. 

100  A  HO  =  32°  48',  001  A  101  =  35°  19f ',  001  A  Oil  =  24°  33'. 

Forms :  b  (010,  i-i),  c  (001,  0),  m  (110,  /),  d  (Oil,  l-i).     Angles  (approx.):  mm'"  =  *65°  36', 
dd'  =  *49°  6'. 


NATRON— GA  T-L  USSITE. 


301 


In  prismatic  crystals,  usually  united  in  radiating  groups;  prismatic  faces 
deeply  striated  vertically. 

Cleavage:  m  perfect;  c  less  so.  Fracture  splintery  j|  m.  H.=2-5.  G.  =  1'83- 
1*85.  Luster  vitreous  or  slightly  greasy.  Colorless  to  white.  Transparent  to 
translucent.  Optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  ||  c.  Bx  J_  100.  Dispersion  small,  p  <  v. 
Axial  angles,  Pfd.: 

2Er  =  83°  55'  Li        2Ey  =  84°  15'  E 
Also  (artif.  cryst.)  /?y  =  1-501    y7  =  1-526 

Comp. — Hydrous  magnesium  carbonate,  MgC03  -f-  3H,0  =  Carbon  dioxide 
31-4,  magnesia  29'0,  water  39-1  =  100. 

Anal. — 1,  2,  Genth,  I.e. :  1,  original  crystals;  2,  material  pseudomorphous 
after  lansfordite. 


2Egr  =  84°  22'  Tl 
2Vy  =  53°  5'  and  a  =  1-495. 


1. 


C02 
30-22 

28-85 


MgO 
29-22 
28-23 


H2O 

40-32     =      99-76 

42-92     =     100 


m 


Oba. — From  an  anthracite  coal  mine  at  Nesquehoning,  4  miles  from 
Lansford,  Schuylkill  Co.,  Penn.;  when  found  it  formed  the  base  of  stalac- 
tites and  incrustations,  the  remainder  of  which  consisted  of  lansfordite, 
out  of  which  it  had  been  formed;  later  the  entire  stalactites  became  altered 
into  a  white  chalky  substance  with  fibrous  structure  which  was  also  nesque- 
honite  (cf.  lansfordite,  p.  305). 

Artif.— Deposited  in  crystals  from  a  solution  of  MgCO3  in  water  containing  carbon  dioxide; 
they  are  identical  with  the  natural  crystals.  Cf.  Pfd.,  1.  c.,  also  Mitsch.,  Mem.  Soc.  Geneve,  14, 
252,  1855. 


77? 


296.  NATRON.  Nirpor,  Nitrum,  of  ihe  Ancients.  Hemiprismatisches  Natronsalz  MoTia. 
Natrit  Weisbach,  Synops.  Min.,  p.  7,  1875.  Soda.  Carbonate  of  Soda.  Sodium  Carbonate. 
Soude  carbonatee. 

Monoclinic.    Axes:  a  :  I  :  6  =  1-4828  :  1  :  1-4001;  ft  =  *58°  52'  =  001  A  100 
Haidinger1. 

100  A  HO  =  51°  46',  001  A  101  =  57°  39£',  001  A  Oil  =  50°  9£' 
Forms  (artif.  cryst.)1:  a  (100,  t'-i),  b  (010,  a),  c  (001,  0);  m  (110,  /);  *  (101,  14);  e  (Oil,  1-1), 
P  (112,  i). 

Angles:  mm'"  =  *103°  32',  as  =  63°  29',  ee'  =  *100°  19',  cm  =  71°  20',  cp  =  43°  43', 
pp'  =  69°  55'. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  c.     Crystals  tabular  ||  b. 

Cleavage:  c  distinct;  b  imperfect;  m  in  traces.  Fracture  conchoidal. 
Brittle.  H.  =  1-1-5.  G.  =  1-42-1-46.  Vitreous  to  earthy.  White, 
sometimes  gray  or  yellow,  owing  to  impurities.  Taste  alkaline.  Opti- 
cally—. Ax.  pi.  and  Bxa  _]_  b.  Bx0  A  t  =  +  41°  8'.  Dispersion  p  >  v 
small.  Axial  angles : 

2Er  =  112°  48'         2Ey  =  112°  42'  Dx. 

Comp Hydrous     sodium     carbonate,     Na2C03  +  10H20  =  Carbon 

dioxide  =  15-4,  soda  21'7,  water  62'9  =  100. 

Obs.— -Occurs  in  nature  only  in  solution,  as  in  the  soda  lakes  of  Egypt  and  else- 
where, or  mixed  with  the  other  sodium  carbonates.    See  Trona  and  Thermonatrite. 
Ref.— »  Ed  j'.  Sc.,  2,  326,  1825,  or  Pogg.,  5,  369,  1825.     Cf.  also  Dx.,  Min.,  2,  168,  1874; 
Rg.,  Kr.  Ch.,  549,  1881. 


297.  GAY-LUSSITE  Boussingault,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  31,  270,  1826.     Gaylussite. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  1-4897  :  1  :  1-4442;  ft  =  78°  26  J'  =  001  A  100 
Phillips1. 

100  A  HO  =  55°  35',  001  A  101  =  49°  41 J',  001  A  Oil  =  54°  45'. 


SOB 


CARBONATES. 


Forms1 :  a  (100,  i-l\  b  (010,  £i),  c  (001,  0);  w  (110,  7);  s  (101,  1-i);  e  (Oil,  14);  r  (112, 


mm     =  *iir 
a's       =      51' 


10' 
52' 


ee'  =  *109°  30' 
cr  =      43°  20' 


cm  ^  *83°  30' 
?T'  =    69°  29' 


me  =  42°  21 
«r   =  27°  44' 

3. 


1,  South  America.     2,  3,  Ragtown,  Nevada. 

Crystals  often  elongated  ||  a\  also  flattened  wedge-shaped:  surfaces  usually  un- 
even, e  striated  ||  edge  e/r. 

Cleavage:  m  perfect;  c  rather  difficult.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Very  brittle. 
H.  =2-3.  G.  =  1*93— 1*95.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  white,  yellowish  white.  Streak 
uncolored  to  grayish.  Translucent.  Optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  and  Bxa  J_  b.  Bx0  A  t 
=  —14°  48'  red,  —13°  8'  blue.  Dispersion  p  <  v,  and  crossed  large.  Axial  angles: 


At  17°  C.        2Er  =  51°  38'        2Ebl  =  52°  53' 


At  71-5°        2Er  =  53°  32'  Dx. 


Comp. — Hydrous  carbonate  of  calcium  and  sodium,  CaC03.Na2C03  -}-  5H20  = 
Calcium  carbonate  33*8,  sodium  carbonate  35 '8,  water  30*4  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Heated  in  a  closed  tube  decrepitates  and  becomes  opaque.  B.B.  fuses  easily  to 
a  white  enamel,  and  colors  the  flame  intensely  yellow.  Dissolves  in  acids  with  a  brisk  effer- 
vescence; partly  soluble  in  water,  and  reddens  turmeric  paper. 

Obs.— Abundant  at  Lagunilla,  near  Merida,  in  Venezuela,  where  its  crystals  are  disseminated 
at  the  bottom  of  a  small  lake,  in  a  bed  of  clay,  covering  urao;  the  natives  call  them  claws  or 
nails,  in  allusion  to  their  crystalline  form. 

Also  abundant  in  Little  Salt  Lake,  or  Soda  Lake,  in  the  Carson  desert  near  Ragtown, 
Nevada.  The  lake  is  in  a  crater-shaped  basin,  and  its  waters  are  dense  and  strongly  saline; 
the  gay-lussite  is  deposited  upon  the  evaporation  of  the  water;  it  also  occurs  in  another  smaller 
Soda  lake  in  the  same  neighborhood. 

Named  after  Gay  Lussac,  the  French  chemist  (1778-1850). 

Artif. — Obtained  by  various  methods,  also  in  connection  with  soda  manufacture.  Cf. 
Arzruni,  1.  c.,  and  authors  quoted  by  him;  also  Rg.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  35,  106,  1887. 

Alt. — On  the  supposed  pseudomorphs  (natrocalcite)  after  gay-lussite  from  Sangerhausen 
("Gerstenkorner  ")  and  elsewhere,  see  p.  907  and  p.  271. 

Ref.-1  Accepted  by  Dx.,  Miu.,  2,  171,  1874;  earlier,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  7,  489,  1843.  Cf.  also 
Cordier,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  31,  276,  1826;  Ph.,  Phil.  Mag..  1,  263,  1827;  Mir.,  597,  1852. 

On  Nevada  crystals,  Blake,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  221,  1866.  On  the  form  and  optical  properties 
of  artificial  crystals,  cf.  Arzruni,  Zs.  K.r.,  6,  24,  1882,  who  gives  general  literature. 


298.  LANTHANITE.  Kohlensaures  Cereroxydul  Berz.,  Zs.  f.  Min.,  2,  209,  1825;  Kohl. 
Ceroxydul  Hisinger,  Afh.  Min.  Geog.  Schwed.,  144,  1826.  Carbonate  of  Cerium.  Carbocerine 
Bead..  Tr.,  2,  354,  1832.  Lanthanit  Haid.,  Haudb.,  500,  1845.  Hydrolanthanit  Glocker, 
Synops.,  248,  1847. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes:   a  :  b  :  6  =  0-9528  :  1  :  0-9023  Lang1. 
100  A  110-=  *43°  37',  001  A  101  =  43°  26J',  001  A  Oil  =  42°  3J'. 
Forms:  a  (100,  i-l),  c  (001,  0);  m  (110,  J);  o  (111,  1). 

Angles:  mm'"  =  87°  14',  oo'  =  70°  13',  oo"  105°  12',  oo'"  =  66°  28',  od"  =  *74°  48'. 
In  thin  four-sided  plates  or  minute  tables  ||  c,  with  beveled  edges.     Also  fine 
granular  or  earthy. 

Cleavage:     micaceous  ||  c.      H.  =  2'5-3.      G.  =  2'605 
Genth;  2'666    (?)    Blake.     Luster   pearly  or  dull.     Color 
grayish  white,  delicate  pink,  or  yellowish.     Optically  — . 
Ax.  pi.  ||  a.     Bx  J_  c.     Dispersion  p  <  v  small.     Axial  angles: 


TRONA. 


303 


2Er  =  108°  1'          2Ebl  =  108°  39'  Dx.a 

Comp.  —  Hydrous  lanthanum  carbonate,  La2(C03)3  -j-  9HaO  =  Carbon  dioxide 
21*4,  lanthanum  trioxide  52'4,  water  26'2  =  100. 

Analyses,  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  710.     Didymium  is  present  with  the  lanthanum. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  yields  water.  B.B.  infusible;  but  whitens  and  becomes 
opaque,  silvery,  and  brownish;  with  borax,  a  glass,  slightly  bluish,  reddish,  or  amethystine,  on 
cooling;  with  salt  of  phosphorus  a  glass,  bluish  amethystine  while  hot,  red  when  cold,  the  bead 
becoming  opaque  when  but  slightly  heated,  and  retaining  a  pink  color.  Effervesces  in  acids. 

Obs.—  Found  coating  cerite  at  Bastnas,  Sweden;  also  in  Silurian  limestone  with  the  zinc  ores 
of  the  Saucon  valley,  Lehigh  Co.,  Pa.,  in  masses  consisting  of  aggregated  minute  tables,  very 
rare;  at  the  Sandford  iron-ore  bed,  Moriah,  Essex  Co.,  N.  Y.,  in  delicate  scales,  and  a  thin 
scaly  crust,  in  fissures  in  the  ore,  and  on  crystals  of  allanite. 

Ref.—  '  Phil.  Mag.,  25,  43,  1863;  cf.  also  Blake,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  228,  1853.  »  Min.,  2,  177, 
1874. 

HYDROCONITE.  Hydroconit  Hausm.,  Handb.,  2,  1405,  1847.  A  hydrous  calcium  carbonate, 
CaCO3  4-  5H2O.  It  was  formed  artificially  by  Pelouze  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  48,  301,  1831),  and 
noted  as  a  recent  formation  in  a  water  pipe  by  Salm-Horstmar  (Pogg.,  35,  515,  1835),  and  as  a 
deposit  from  a  brook  near  Christiania,  Norway,  by  Scheerer  (ib.,  68,  381,  1846)  It  is  described 
as  occurring  in  acute  colorless  rhombohedrons  with  G.  =  1*75;  prismatic  crystals  obtained  by 
Becquerel  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  47,  5,  1831)  are  also  mentioned,  and  dimorphism  suggested. 


299.  TRONA.     Trona  Bagge,    Ak.    H.    Stockh.,  35,  140,    1773.     Katrum  von    Tripole, 

Stralige  Natrum,  Klaprolh,  Beitr.,  3,  83,  1802.     Urao  Boussingault,  Ann.  Mines,  12,  278,  1826. 

Monoclinic.     Axes:  a  :  I  :  6  =  2'8460  :  1  :  2-9697;  /3  =  *77°  23'  =  001  A  100 
Zepharovich. 

100  A  HO  =  70°  llf,  001  A  101  =  39°  40',  001  A  Oil  =  70°  57J'. 

Forms1  :  p  (304,  -  f-I)  /3  (1'0'18,  TV*)  *  (302,  f  4)  r  (211,  -  2-2)2 

a  (100,  i-l)  e  (101,  -  14)2  y  (2-0-13,  T\4)  P  (HI,  -  I)2  o  (111,  1) 

c  (001,  0) 


3. 


Figs.  1,  2,  Zepharovich.     3,  Ayres. 


cp  =  33°  7' 
ce  =  39°  40' 
ca  =  IT  23' 
cs  =  66°  41' 


cp  =    68°  12*' 

co  =    75°  53|' 

cr  =    67°  39' 

pp'  =  122°  20' 


rr'    =    98°  21' 
oo'    =  132°  24f 
=  *47°  35|' 


oo 


ar  =    52°  59' 
ap  =    67°  34i' 
a'o  =  *74°  54' 


Crystals  elongated  \\  axis  I,  also  flattened  \\  c.  Faces  in  the  or- 
thodome  zone  striated  horizontally.  Often  fibrous  or  columnar 
massive. 

Cleavage:  a  perfect;  o,  c  in  traces.  Fracture  uneven  to 
subconchoidal.  H.  —  2*5-3.  G.  —  2*ll-2-14.  Luster  vitreous, 
glistening.  Color  gray  or  yellowish  white.  Translucent.  Taste 
alkaline.  Not  altered  by  exposure  to  a  dry  atmosphere.  Opti- 
cally — .  Ax.  pi.  and  Bxa  _L  b',  Bx0  A  t  =  83°  6'  Zeph.  Disper- 
sion p  <  v  small.  Axial  angles: 


2Ha.r   =  78°  43' 
2Ha.bi  =  79°    1' 


2H0.r   =  107° 
2H0.bi  =  106°  50' 


2Er    =  136°  46' 
2Ebl  =  140°  12' 


2IIa.y  =  73°  25'        2H0.y  =  99°  17f 


2Ey  =  137' 


2Vy  =  76C 


/?r  =  1-oOODx.1 
fin=  1-514  Dx. 
16'  /5_  =  1-50 


304 


CARBONATES. 


Comp.— Na2C03.HNaC03  +  2H20   or    3Na20.  4C02.5II2Q  =   Carbon   dioxide 
38-9,  soda  41-2,  water  19-9  =  100,  Chatard. 

Anal.— 1,  Boussingault,  1.  c.  2,  Reinitzer,  Zs.  Kr.,  13,  138,  1887.  3,  T.  M.  Chaiard,  Am. 
J.  Sc.,  38,  59, 1889,  also  other  anals.  on  salts  obtained  by  the  evaporation  of  the  water  of  Owen's 
Lake,  and  on  artif .  compounds. 


1.  Urao 

2.  Trona 

3.  Owen's  Lake  G.  =  2-147 


CO,  Na2O  H2O 

39-00-  41-22  18-80  =  99'02 

38-93  40-77  19'96  NaaSO4  0'20  -  99'86 

38-13  41-00  20-07  Cl  0'19,  SO3  0  70,  insol.  0  02  =  100-11. 


Chatard  establishes  the  above  composition  for  urao,  and  shows  that  trona,  sometimes  called 
"sesquicarbonate  of  soda,"  is  an  impure  form  of  the  same  compound;  he  also  shows  the 
variation  which  may  come  from  the  admixture  of  other  carbonates  (cf .  1.  c. ,  and  Natural  Soda, 
its  occurrence  and  utilization,  Bull.  60,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  1887-88). 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water  and  carbon  dioxide.  B.B.  imparts  an  intensely 
yellow  color  to  the  flame.  Soluble  in  water,  and  effervesces  with  acids.  Reacts  alkaline  with 
moistened  test  paper. 

Obs. — Found  in  the  province  of  Fezzan,  Africa,  forming  thin  superficial  crusts  at  numerous 
points  especially  in  connection  with  certain  salt  lakes.  Urao  is  found  at  the  bottom  of  a  lake  at 
Lagunilla,  Venezuela,  S.  A.,  a  day's  journey  from  Merida.  Also  near  soda  lakes  at  other 
localities. 

Efflorescences  of  trona  occur  near  the  Sweetwater  river,  Rocky  Mountains,  mixed  with 
sodium  sulphate  and  common  salt.  An  extensive  bed  in  Churchill  Co.,  Nevada.  In  fine  crys- 
tals at  Borax  lake,  San  Bernardino  Co.,  California,  with  hanksite,  glauberite,  thenardite,  etc.; 
also  formed  by  the  spontaneous  evaporation  of  the  saline  waters  of  Owen's  Lake,  Inyo  Co.,  Cal. 
(Cf.  Chatard,  1.  c.). 

Ref.— '  On  artif.  cryst.,  Zs.  Kr.,  13,  135,  1887;  for  earlier  measurements  cf.  Haid.,  Ed.  J. 
Sc.,  2,  325,  1825,  or  Pogg.,  5,  367,  1825.  Dx.,  who  makes  o  =  m  (110),  etc.,  adds  two  domes 
perhaps  407,  209  (Z.),  N.  R.,  182,  1867,  Min.,  2,  169,  1874.  2  E.  F.  Ayres,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  38,  65, 
1889. 


300.  HYDROMAGNESITE.  T.  Wachtmeister,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  18,  1827.  Hydromag- 
nesit  1).  Kobell,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  4,  80, 1835.  Hydrocarbonate  of  Magnesia.  Lancasterite  pt.  Silliman, 
Jr.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  9,  216,  1850.  Magnesia  alba'PAarra. 

Monoclinic  ?.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  1-0379  :  1  :  0-4652;  ft  =  90°  Dana1. 
100  A  HO  =  46°  4',  001  A  101  =  24°  8fc',  001  A  Oil  =  24°  56f. 
Forms:    a  (100,  i-l),  m  (110,  /),  y  (121,  2-2).      Angles:  mm'"  =  *92°  8',  yy'  -  *36°  20', 
=  91°  51'  yy"'  =  80°  40',  ay  =  *71°  50'. 

Crystals  small,  usually  acicular  or  bladed,  and  tufted.  Also 
amorphous;  as  chalky  or  mealy  crusts. 

Brittle.  H.  =  3-5  cryst.  G.  =  2-145-2-18  S.  &  B.  Luster 
vitreous  to  silky  or  subpearly;  also  earthy.  Color  and  streak 
white. 


Comp. — Basic  magnesium  carbonate,  3MgC03.Mg(OH)2  -f 
4Mg0.3C02.4H20  =  Carbon  dioxide  36-3,  magnesia  43-9, 


3H90 

water 


or 

19-8  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Wachtmeister,  1.  c.  2,  v.  Kobell,  1.  c.  3,  4,  Smith  &  Brush,  of 
crystalline  varieties,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  15,  214,  1853.  5,  Tschermak,  Min.  Mitth., 
113,  1871. 


1.  Hoboken 

2.  Negroponte 

3.  Texas,  Pa. 
4. 

5.  Kraubat 


G.  =  2-16 


CO2  MgO  H2O 

36-82  42-41  18-53  SiO2  0'57,   Fe2O3  0-27,    earthy  matter 

36-00  43-96  19'68  SiO2  0'36  =  100  [1'39  =  99'99 

36-69  43-20  19-83  Fe  and  Mn  tr.  =  99'72 


36-74 
35-71 


42-30 
44-02 


20-10  Fe  and  Mn  tr.  =  99 '14 
19-74  insol.  0'99  =  100'46 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  water  and  carbon  dioxide.  B.B.  infusible,  but 
whitens,  and  the  assay  reacts  alkaline  to  turmeric  paper.  Soluble  in  acids;  the  crystalline 
compact  varieties  are  but  slowly  acted  upon  by  cold  acid,  but  dissolve  with  effervescence  in 
hot  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Hrubschitz,  in  Moravia,  in  serpentine;  also  in  acicular  crystals  in  serpen-. 
tine  at  Kraubat,  Styria;  in  Negroponte,  near  Kumi;  at  Kaiserstuhl,  in  Baden,  impure.  In  the 


HYDROGIOBER  TITE—LANSFORDITE. 


305 


(J.  S.,  crystallized,  with  serpentine  and  brucite,  near  Texas,  Lancaster  Co.,  Penn.,  at  Wood's 
And  Low's  mines;  also  in  a  similar  way  at  Hoboken,  N.  J.,  in  acicular  crystals,  and  in  earthy 
crusts.  The  brucite  of  Hoboken  sometimes  changes  on  exposure  to  an  earthy  hydromagnesite. 

The  lancasterite  of  Siiliman  (1.  c.)  is  shown  by  Smith  and  Brush  to  be  a  mixture  of  brucite 
and  hydromagnesite. 

Pseudomorphs  after  brucite  occur  at  Wood's  mine. 

Ref.— J  Made  monoclinic  by  J.  D.  D.  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  17,  84,  1854),  but  the  author's  measure- 
ments make  the  variation  from  the  orthorhoinbic  type  at  least  very  small;  this  confirms 
Tschermak's  optical  results  (1.  c.). 

301.  HYDROGIOBERTITE.  Idrogiobertite  E.  Scacchi,  Rend.  Accad.  Sc.,  Napoli, 
Dec.  12,  1885. 

In  spherical  forms,  2  to  15  mm.  in  diameter;  compact.     G.  =  2'149-2'174. 
Color  light  gray. 

Comp.— MgC03.Mg(OH)2  -f  2H20   or  2MgO.C02.3H20     =     Carbon    dioxide 
24-7,  magnesia  44-9,  H20  30'4  =  100. 

AnaL — 1,  2,  E.  Scacchi,  both  calculated  to  100  after  deducting  impurities. 


1. 


C02 
25-16 
2529 


MgO 
44-91 

44-28 


H2O 

29-93    =     100 

30-43     =     100 


Obs. — Found  in  an  augitophyre  from  the  neighborhood  of  Pollena,  Italy;  magnetite  is  often 
embedded  in  the  mineral. 

302.  LANSFORDITE.    1.  A.   Genth,  Zs.  Kr.,   14,  255,  1888.     F.  A.  Genth  and  8.  L. 
Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  39,  121,  1890. 

Triclinic.     Axes    a  :  b  :  6  =  0-5493  :  1  :  0'5655 ;  a  =  95°  21f ';  ft  =  100°  15', 
y  =  92°  27£'  Penfield. 

100  A  010  =  86°  31',  100  A  001  =  79°  27  f,  010  A  001  =  *84°  6'. 


Forms  : 

5    (010,  i-i) 
c    (001,  0) 
m  (110,  /') 
h    (150,  *-§') 
A    (310,  'i-3) 

Jf  (110,  '/) 
Z    (170,  '»-7) 
/  (201,  ,2-i,) 
d  (021,  2-*') 
e    (021,  '2-1) 

P  (111,  1') 

y  (in,  ,i) 

2   (312,  ,f-3) 
x  (132,  ,|-8) 
to  (5-15-1,  ,15-3) 

o  (112,  ^) 
w  (ill,  1,) 
p  (131,  3-3  ) 

p  (111,'  '!)  ' 

j  (312,  'f-3) 
T  (10-12-11,  ' 
r  (132,  '!-a) 
«  (172,  '1-7) 

Angles:  cm  =  78°  12',    cM'  =  *96°  35',  mM'  =  *56°  57',  bM'  =  *64e  13',  bd  =  *39°  16'. 
cd  =  44°  50',    cp  =  44°  59',    ap  =  42°  40*'.     For  other  angles,  see  Pfd. 

In  stalactitic  forms,  bounded  at  the  free  extremity  with  crystalline  faces. 


Cleavage:  distinct,  probably  ||  c.  H.  =  2  5.  G.  =  1*54  Staclrhonse ;  1*692 
Keeley.  Luster  on  original  crystalline  faces  vitreous.  White  and  translucent, 
resembling  paraffin,  when  unaltered,  but  speedily  becoming  dull  white  and  opaque. 


306  CARBONATES. 

Comp.— 3MgC03.Mg(OH)2  +  21H20  —  Carbon  dioxide  19'2,  magnesia  2.3  2, 
water  57 '6  =  100. 

Anal.— F.  J.  Keeley,  Zs.  Kr.,  14,  255,  1888. 

COa  18-90  MgO  23-18  H2O  57'79  =  99'87 

Of  the  water  26'33  p.  c.  are  lost  over  H2SO4,  12'31  p.  c.  at  110°  C.,  9'76  at  185°  C.,  9'39  at  a 
red  heat.  Stackhouse  (ib.)  obtained:  CO2  +  H2O  [76  40],  MgO  23'60  =  100. 

Obs. — When  first  found,  formed  sinall  stalactites  (up  to  20  mm.  in  length)  attached  to  the 
carbonaceous  shale  forming  the  roof  of  a  gallery  in  the  anthracite  mine  at  Nesquehouing  near 
Lansford,  Schuylkill  Co.,  Penn.  These  were  in  part  changed  to  nesquehonite  (p.  300),  and  later 
when  exposed  to  the  exterior  air  the  change  became  complete  and  they  were  converted  into  a 
white  chalky  mass  showing  dull  crystalline  planes  at  the  extremity. 

HYDRODOLOMITE.  Hydromagnesit  V.  Kobett,.3.  pr.  Ch.,  36,  304,  1845.  Kalkmagnesit 
Hausm.,  Haudb.,  1404,  1847.  Hydromangauocalcit  Hartmann,  Nachr.,  299.  Hydromagno 
calcit  pt.  Hydrodolomit  Rg.  Hydronickelmagnesite  Shep.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  6,  250,  1848.  Peunitt 
Herm.,  J.  pr.  Oh.,  47,  13,  1849. 

This  includes  the  hydrodolomite  of  Vesuvius,  which  is  stalactitic  and  in  globular  forms; 
G.  =  2 "495;  white  or  yellowish  white.  Also  pennite  of  Hermann,  from  Texas,  Pa.,  which  occurs 
in  apple-green  to  whitish  crusts,  having  a  surface  of  minute  spherules,  on  serpentine  and 
chromite;  the  color  is  due  to  nickel;  a  substance  called  penuite  also  occurs  at  Swinaness  and 
Haroldswick,  Unst,  Shetland. 

Analyses  (see  5th  Ed.,  p.  708)  show  hydrodolomite  to  be  a  hydrated  carbonate  of  calcium 
and  magnesium,  but  probably  a  mixture  of  hydromagnesite  and  calcite.  Geuth  states  that  peunite 
is  dolomite  in  minute  hexagonal  prisms,  generally  coated  with  deweylite,  etc.,  so  that  the  crys- 
tals can  rarely  be  recognized. 

HIBBERTITE  Heddle,  Min.  Mag.,  2,  24,  1878.  A  pulverulent,  lemon-yellow  substance 
occurring  with  chromite  on  the  island  of  Unst.  It  is  a  hydrous  carbonate  of  magnesium  and 
calcium,  probably  a  mixture  like  the  above.  See  5th  Ed.,  App.  HI,  p.  58.  Named  after  the 
discoverer  of  chromite  on  Unst. 

303.  ZARATITE.    Hydrate  of  Nickel  (fr.  Texas,  Pa.)  Silliman,  Jr.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  3,  407, 
1847;  Emerald  Nickel  Id.,  ib.,  6,  248,  1848.     Nickel  Suiaragd  Germ.     Texasit  Kenng.,M.m., 
1853.     Carbouato  hidratado  de  Niquel  (fr.  Spain)  A.  Casares,  A.  M.  Alcibar  in  Min.  Revista  of 
Madrid,  304,  1850;  Zaratita  Casares,  ib.,  176,  March,  1851.     Zamtit  wrong  orthogr. 

Incrusting;  often  small  stalactitic  or  minute  nmmmillary;  sometimes  appear- 
ing prismatic  with  rounded  summits.  Also  massive,  compact. 

Brittle.  H.  =  3-3 -25.  G.  =.2 *57-2 -69.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  emerald- 
green.  Streak  paler.  Transparent  to  translucent. 

Comp. — A  hydrated  basic  nickel  carbonate,  NiC03.2]Sii(OH)2  -j-  4H20  or 
3NiO.COa.6H,0  =  Carbon  dioxide  11-7,  nickel  protoxide  59-6,  water  28-7  =  100. 

Analyses,  5th  Ed.,  p.  711. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water  and  carbon  dioxide,  and  leaves  a  grayish  black 
magnetic  residue.  B.B.  infusible.  With  borax  reacts  for  nickel.  Dissolves  easily  with 
effervescence  in  heated  dilute  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  on  chromite  at  Texas,  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.,  associated  with  serpentine;  also  at 
Swinaness,  Unst,  Shetland. 

Also  in  Spain,  near  Cape  Hortegal  in  Galicia,  where  it  occurs  as  an  incrustation  on  a 
magnetite  in  which  there  is  some  nickel  sulphide;  it  is  in  clear  emerald-green,  vitreous  crusts, 
sometimes  transparent,  and  also  in  stalactites.  From  the  mines  of  Rapi,  San  Miguel,  Peru.  In 
a  chromite  mine  with  millerite  in  peridotyte  from  the  Sommergraben  near  Kraubat,  Styria. 

Named  after  Sen.  Zarate  of  Spain.     Casares's  name  antedates  that  of  Kenngott. 

304.  REMINGTONITE.    J.  C.  Booth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  48,  1852. 

A  rose-colored  incrustation,  soft  and  earthy;  opaque.  Streak  pale  rose- 
colored. 

Comp. — A  hydrous  cobalt  carbonate,  but  precise  composition  not  ascertained. 
Pyr.,  etc. — Dissolves  in  hydrochloric  acid  with  a  slight  effervescence,   making  a  green 
solution,  the  color  due  to  iron.     Cobalt  reaction  with  b©rax. 

Obs. — Occurs  as  a  coating  on  thin  veins  of  serpentine,  which  traverse  hornblende  and 
epidote,  at  a  copper  mine  near  Finksburg,  Carroll  Co.,  Maryland.  Named  for  Edward  Kem- 
ington,  superintendent  of  the  mine  at  which  it  was  found. 

305.  TENGERITE.     Kolsyrad  Ytterjord  A.  F.  Svanberg  and  C.  Tenger,  Arsb.,  16,  206, 
1838.     Teneerite  Dana.     Carbonvttriue  Adam,  Tabl.  Min.,  24,  1869. 


BISHUTITE—  URANOTHALLITE.  307 

Pulverulent.  In  thin  coatings.  Sometimes  an  appearance  of  radiated 
crystallization. 

Luster  dull,  or  like  that  of  chalk.     Color  white. 

Comp. — Stated  to  be  an  yttrium  carbonate,  but  no  analysis  has  been  published. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  yields  a  considerable  amount  of  water  (Brush).  Effervesces 
with  acids. 

Obs.— Occurs  as  a  thin  coating  on  gadolinite  at  Ytterby,  and  is  evidently  a  result  of  its 
alteration.  A  similar  mineral,  sometimes  in  crystals,  is  associated  with  the  gadolinite  of  Llano 
Co.,  Texas,  but  it  has  not  been  positively  identified. 

306.  BISMUTITE.    Bismutit  Breith.,  Pogg.,  53,  627,  1841.     Kohlensaures  Wismuthoxyd, 
Wismuthspath,  Germ.     Bismuthite.     Carbonate  of  Bismuth. 

Incrusting,  or  earthy  and  pulverulent;  amorphous. 

H.  =  4-4-5.  G.  =  6-86-6-9  Breith.;  7-67  Eg.  Luster  vitreous  when  pure; 
sometimes  dull.  Color  white,  mountain-green,,  and  dirty  siskin-green;  occasionally 
straw-yellow  and  yellowish  gray.  Streak  greenish  gray  to  colorless.  Subtranslucent 
to  opaque. 

Comp. — A  basic  bismuth  carbonate,  exact  composition  doubtful,  perhaps 
Bi203.C02.H20  (Louis,  anal.  4).  Of.  bismutospharite,  p.  290. 

Anal.— 1,  Rg.,  Pogg.,  76,  564,  1849.  2,  3,  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  23,  426,  1857.  4,  Louis, 
Min.  Mag.,  7,  139,  1887. 

CO3  Bi203  H20 

1.  Chesterfield  Distr.     G.  =  7'67  6'56  90'00  3'44  =  100 

2.  "  "  7-04  89-05  3-91  =  100 

3.  "  "  7-30  87-67  5'03  =  100 

4.  Transvaal  8'04  88'95  3'00  =  100 

The  material  in  most  cases  is  very  impure;  from  the  above  analyses  iron  oxide,  silica,  etc., 
have  been  deducted,  e.g.,  in  1,  7  p.  c.;  in  4,  10'5  p.  c.,  G.  =  6*86  of  the  impure  material. 

Carnot  obtained  in  bismuth  carbonates  from  Meymac,  Correze,  France,  with  G.  =  6'9-7'6: 
86-9-89-7  p.  c.  Bi,03,  3-14-6-43  CO2,  1-94-4-86  H2O,  C.K.,  79,  304,  1874.  Cf.  also  analyses  by 
Frenzel,  Liversidge,  Winkler,  5th  Ed.,  App.  in,  p.  16. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates  and  gives  off  water.  B.B.  fuses  readily,  and 
on  charcoal  is  reduced  to  bismuth,  and  coats  the  coal  with  yellow  bismuth  oxide.  Dissolves 
in  nitric  acid,  with  slight  effervescence.  Dissolves  in  hydrochloric  acid,  affording  a  deep 
yellow  solution. 

Obs. — Bismutite  occurs  at  Schneeberg  and  Johanngeorgenstadt,  with  native  bismuth,  and 
near  Hirschberg  in  Russian  Voigtland,  with  brown  iron  ore,  native  bismuth,  and  bismuthinite; 
at  Joachimsthal;  Neustadtel,  Saxony;  near  Baden.  At  Meymac,  Correze,  France;  with 
auriferous  quartz  in  the  Lydenburg  district  of  the  Transvaal.  In  New  South  Wales,  at  Pond's 
Creek  with  stream  tin. 

In  the  IT.  S.,  in  So.  Carolina,  at  Brewer's  mine,  in  porous  yellowish  masses,  sometimes 
reddish  from  iron  oxide;  surface  of  fracture  white  and  vitreous,  resembling  somewhat  calamine; 
in  Gaston  Co.,  N.  C.,  in  yellowish  white  concretions.  In  California,  in  gold  placers  on  Big 
Pine  Creek,  Inyo  Co. ;  also  from  Phoenix,  Arizona. 

WALTHERITE  Adam,  Tabl.  Min. ,  27, 1869.  A  bismuth  carbonate  occurring  with  the  bismutite 
of  Joachimsthal  in  thin  longish  crystals,  vitreous,  siskin-green  to  clove-brown,  translucent.  It 
contains,  according  to  Lindacker  (Yogi's  Min.  Joach.,  168),  bismuth  oxide,  carbon  dioxide, 
water,  silica;  effervesces  with  acids,  and  B.B.  gives  bismuth  reactions.  Cf.  Btd.,  Bull.  Soc. 
Min.,  4  58.  1881. 

AGNESITE.  Carbonate  of  Bismuth  W.  Macgregor,  Sowerby's  English  Min.,  Beud.,  Tr.,  2, 
375,  1832;  Agnesite  B.  &  M,  Min.,  591,  1852.  Gregorite  Adam,  Tabl.  Min.,  27,  1869.  An 
earthy  steatite-like  mineral  from  St.  Agnes  in  Cornwall,  made  by  Macgregor  a  bismuth 
carbonate,  but  his  results  have  been  shown  to  be  totally  erroneous.  See  further  5th  Ed., 
p.  793. 

307.  URANOTHALLITE.     Kalk-Uran-carbonat    Vogl,   Jb.    G.  Reichs.,    4,    221,   1853. 
Flutherite  Weisbach,  Synops.  Min.,  48,  1875.     Uranothallit  Schrauf,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  410, 1882. 


Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-601  :  1  :  0-358  (approx.)  Schrauf1. 

Forms :  b  (010, 
Measured  angl< 


Forms:  b  (010,  i-i),  m  (110,  /),  n  (130,  e-3),  u  (201.  2-1),  o  (221,  2),  0  (263,  2-3). 
red  angles:  mm!"  =  60°-63°,  urn  =  47°-49°,  m<p  =  56°  40',   <po  =  25°-26°. 


308  CARBONATES. 

Crystals  minute  and  indistinct,  united  in  scaly  or  granular  aggregates,  often 
incrusting. 

Cleavage:  a  (100)  easy  but  imperfect.  H.  =  2*5-3 -0.  Luster  vitreous,  on 
cleavage-face  pearly.  Color  siskin-green.  Streak  same  but  paler.  Subtrans- 
parent  to  translucent. 

Comp.— 2CaC03.U(C03)2.10H20  or  2CaO.U02.4C03.10H20  =  Carbon  dioxide 
23-8,  uranium  dioxide  36*8,  lime  15 '1,  water  24-3  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Lindacker,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  4,  221,  1853.  2,  Schrauf,  1.  c.  3,  Foullon,  Vh,  G. 
Heichs.,  269,  1883. 

COa  UO2  CaO  H2O 

1.  f  24-18  37-03  15-55  23'24  =  100 

2.  22-95  36-29  16'42  23'72  =  99'38 

3.  23-13  35-45  16  28  22'44  FeO  2'48  =  99'78 

Fyr. — B.B.  on  charcoal  infusible;  with  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  the  reaction  for 
uranium.  Dissolves  with  effervescence  in  sulphuric  acid,  a  white  deposit  being  thrown  down; 
solution  in  sulphuric  and  hydrochloric  acids  green,  in  nitric  acid  yellow. 

Obs.— Occurs  as  an  incrustation  on  uraninite  at  Joachimsthal,  Bohemia. 

Ref.— *  L.  c.,  cf.  Brz.,  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  269,  1883. 

308.  LIEBIGITE.    J.  L.  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  5,  336,  1848,  and  11,  259,  1851.     Uran-Kalk- 
Carbonat  Vogl,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  4,  221,  1853. 

In  mammillary  concretions,  or  thin  coatings;  cleavage  apparent  in  one 
direction. 

H.  =  2-2-5.  Luster  of  fracture  vitreous.  Color  beautiful  apple-green. 
Transparent. 

Comp. — A  hydrous  carbonate  of  uranium  and  calcium,  formula  perhaps  CaC03.- 
(U02)C03.20H20  (Rg.)  =  Carbon  dioxide  11-1,  uranium  trioxide  36-4,  lime  7-1, 
water  45 '5  =  100. 
Anal. — J.  L.  Smith: 

CO2  10-2  UO3  38-0  CaO  8-0  HaO  45'2  =  101-4 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  a  matrass  yields  much  water  and  becomes  yellowish  gray.  At  redness  it 
blackens,  without  fusing,  and  on  cooling  returns  to  an  orange-red  color.  At  a  higher  heat  it 
blackens,  and  remains  so  on  cooling.  With  borax  or  salt  of  phosphorus  reacts  for  uranium. 
Dissolves  readily  in  dilute  acids  with  effervescence. 

Obs.— Occurs  with  medjidite  on  uraninite  near  Adrianople,  Turkey;  also  at  Johann- 
georgenstadt  and  Joachimsthal.  Dr.  Smith  states  that  both  the  lime  and  uranium  of  this  salt 
are  derived  from  the  uraninite.  Named  for  Baron  Justus  Liebig  (1803-1873),  the  German 
chemist. 

309.  VOGLITE.    Uran-Kalk-Kupfer-Carbonat  Yogi,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  4,  222,  1853.    Voglit 
Raid.,  ib.f  223. 

In  aggregations  of  crystalline  scales.  Scales  rhomboidal  somewhat  like 
gypsum,  with  angles  of  100°  and  80°,  Haid. 

Luster  pearly.     Color  emerald-green  to  bright  grass-green.     Dichroic. 
Comp. — A  hydrous  carbonate  of  uranium,  calcium  and  copper. 
Anal. — Lindacker,  ibid. 

CO2  26-41         UO  37-00         CaO  14-09         CuO  8*40         H2O  13'90  =  99-80 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  blackens  and  yields  water.  B.B.  in  the  platinum  forceps 
infusible,  colors  the  flame  deep  green;  if  moistened  with  hydrochloric  acid  the  flame  is 
momentarily  blue.  With  soda  on  charcoal  yields  metallic  copper.  With  borax  in  O.F.  the 
bead  is  yellow  while  hot  and  reddish  brown  on  cooling;  in  R.F.  green  while  hot  and  clouded 
when  cold.  Soluble  in  acids  with  effervescence. 

Obs.— From  the  Elias  mine,  near  Joachimsthal,  implanted  on  uraninite. 

SCHROCKINGERITE  Schrauf,  Min.  Mitth.,  137,  1873. 

Occurs  at  Joachimsthal  on  uraninite,  in  small,  six-sided  tabular  crystals  referred  to  the 
orthoihombic  system;  bm  =  58^°.  A  bisectrix  is  normal  to  b.  Color  greenish  to  yellow.  It  is 
stated  to  be  hydrous  oxycarbonate  of  uranium,  containing  only  traces  of  SO3.  Loss  by  ignition 
(H,O  and  CO2)  =  36*7.  Contains  also  a  little  lime.  Named  after  Baron  SchrSckinger. 


CARBONATES.  309 

RANDITE  Koenig,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  408,  1878.  A  canary-yellow  incrustation  on  granite, 
at  Fraukford,  near  Philadelphia,  Penn.  A  hydrous  carbonate  of  calcium  and  uranium.  An 
analysis  (on  0'047  gr.)  of  impure  material:  [CO2  29'34],  U2O3  31'63,  CaO  32'50,  H2O  6'53  =  100. 
T.  D.  Rand  (ib.,  274,  1880)  shows  that  the  coating  consists  largely  of  calcite,  and  after  this  has 
been  removed  by  acetic  acid,  there  remain  the  unattacked  tufts  of  acicular  crystals  of 
raudite;  these,  dissolved  in  hydrochloric  acid,  yielded  largely  of  calcium  and  uranium,  with  a 
trace  of  phosphoric  acid,  alumina,  etc. 

SELBITE.  Luftsaures  Silber  (from  anal,  by  Selb)  Widenmann,  Min.,  689,  1794,  Lem,  Min., 
95.  1794;  Grausilber;  Carbonate  of  Silver,  Selb,  Tasch.  Min.,  9,  394,  1817;  Selbit.Ha^Handb., 
506, 1845.  A  grayish  ore,  made  a  carbonate  by  Selb,  who  discovered  it,  in  1788,  at  the  mine 
Wenzel  near  Wolfach,  Baden.  According  to  Walchner  (Mag.  f.  Pharm.,  25,  1)  it  is  only  a 
mixture;  and,  according  to  Sandberger  (Jb.  Min.,  221,  1864),  one  of  Selb's  original  specimens, 
under  the  lens,  proved  to  contain  within  earthy  argentite,  dolomite  and  silver,  and  all  parts 
afforded  a  sulphur  reaction. 

Del  Rio  described  a  silver  carbonate  from  Real  Catorce,  Mexico,  wher^  it  is  called  Plata 
Azul  (Gilb.  Ann.,  71,  11,  1822),  which  also  is  regarded  as  a  mixture.  Plata  wwl,  however,  is  a 
term  somewhat  loosely  used  for  a  number  of  silver  ores.  Cf.  Domeyko,  Mia.  Chili-  420, 1879. 


Oxygen  Salts. 
2.   SILICATES. 

A.  Anhydrous  Silicates. 

B.  Hydrous  Silicates. 

This  chapter  closes  with  a  section  including  the  Titanates,  Silico-titanates, 
Titano-niobates,  etc.,  which  connect  the  Silicates  proper  with  the  Niobates  and 
Tantalates. 

The  line  between  the  strictly  anhydrous  and  hydrous  silicates  cannot  be  sharply  drawn, 
since  with  many  species  which  yield  water  upon  ignition,  the  part  played  by  the  elements 
forming  the  water  is  as  yet  uncertain.  Furthermore,  in  the  cases  of  several  groups  the  strict 
arrangement  is  deviated  from,  since  the  relation  of  the  species  is  best  exhibited  by  introducing 
the  related  hydrous  species  immediately  after  the  others. 


A.  Anhydrous  Silicates. 

Some  species  strictly  belonging  here  are  placed  among  the  Hydrous  Silicates;  see  p.  563. 

I.  Disilicates,  Polysilicates. 
II.  Metasilicates. 

III.  Orthosilicates. 

IV.  Subsilicates. 

The  DISILICATES,  RSi20B,  are  salts  of  disilicic  acid,  H2Si205,  and  have  an 
oxygen  ratio  of  silicon  to  bases  of  4  :  1,  as  seen  when  the  formula  is  written  after 
the  dualistic  method,  R0.2Si02. 

The  POLYSILICATES,  R2Si308,  are  salts  of  polysilicic  acid,  H4Si308,  and  have  an 
oxygen  ratio  of  3  :  1,  as  seen  in  2R0.3Si02.  They  have  been  called  trisilicates. 

The  METASILICATES,  RSi03,  are  salts  of  metasilicic  acid,  H2Si03,  and  have  an 
oxygen  ratio  of  2  :  1.  They  have  hence  been  called  bisilicates. 

The  ORTHOSILICATES,  R2Si04,  are  salts  of  orthosilicic  acid,  H4Si04,  and  have  an 
oxygen  ratio  of  1  :  1.  They  have  hence  been  called  unisilicates.  The  majority 
of  the  silicates  fall  into  one  of  the  last  two  groups. 

Furthermore,  there  are  a  number  of  species  characterized  by  an  oxygen  ratio  of. 
less  than  1  :  1,  e.g.,  3:4,  2:3,  etc.  These  basic  species  are  grouped  as  SUBSILI- 
CATES. Their  true  position  is  often  in  doubt;  in  some  cases  they  are  to  be  regarded 
as  basic  salts  belonging  to  one  of  the  other  groups. 

The  above  classification  cannot,  however,  be  carried  through  strictly,  since 
there  are  many  species  which  do  not  exactly  conform  to  any  one  of  the  groups 
named,  and  often  the  true  interpretation  of  the  composition  is  doubtful.  Further- 
more, within  the  limits  of  a  single  group  of  species,  connected  closely  in  all  essen- 

310 


PETALITE  GROUP—  PETALITE.  311 

tial  characters,  there  may  be  a  wide  variation  in  the  proportion  of  the  acidic  element. 
Thus  the  triclinic  feldspars,  placed  among  the  polysilicates,  range  from  the  true 
polysilicate,  NaAlSi308,  to  the  orthosilicate,  CaAl2Si208,  with  many  intermediate 
compounds,  regarded  as  isomorphous  compounds  of  these  extremes.  Similarly  of 
the  scapolite  group,  which,  however,  is  included  among  the  orthosilicates,  since  the 
majority  of  the  compounds  observed  approximate  to  that  type.  The  micas  form 
another  example.  For  a  further  discussion  of  the  matter  see  the  special  groups  in 
the  pages  which  follow. 

It  is  possible  to  reduce  the  number  of  acids  assumed,  as  suggested  by  Groth,  by  regarding 
polysilicic  acid  as  compounded  of  disilicic  and  metasilicic  acids,  H4Si3O8  =  H2SUO5  +  H2SiO3. 
Or,  as  suggested  by  Becker,  metasilicic  acid  may  be  regarded  as  formed  from  polysilicic  acid 
and  orthosilicic  acid,  4H2SiO3  =  H4Si3O8  +  H4SiO4;  while  disilicic  acid  may  be  considered  as 
a  polysilicic  acid  from  which  orthosilicic  acid  has  been  isolated,  4H2Si2O5=  3H4Si3O8  -  H4SiO4. 
Rammelsberg  prefers  to  regard  most  of  the  more  complex  silicates,  not  conforming  to  the  simple 
types,  as  compounds  in  varying  proportions  of  metasilicates  and  orthosilicates,  with  sometimes 
disilicates,  etc. 

An  excellent  recent  discussion  of  the  composition  of  the  Silicates  as  a  whole  is  given  by 
Groth  in  the  last  edition  (1889)  of  his  Tabellarische  Uebersicht  der  Mineralien,  pp.  87-102.  Brief 
but  suggestive  remarks  are  made  by  Tschermak  in  his  Lekrbuch  der  Mineralogie  (1883).  Im- 
portant recent  contributions  to  the  subject  have  been  made  by  F.  W.  Clarke,  who  has  dis- 
cussed the  matter  from  a  more  or  less  theoretical  standpoint  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  29,  382,  1885,  31,  270, 
1886,  38,  384,  1889,  el  al.)  and1  also  attacked  the  problem  by  analytical  methods  (ib.,  40,  303, 
405,  452,  1890)  with  important  results.  Cf.  also  Id.,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Bull.,  60,  13,  1890,  78,  11, 
1891. 


I.  Disilicates,  RSi20B.    Polysilicates,  R2Si308. 

Petalite  Group. 

d:b:6  ft 

310.  Petalite          LiAl(Si20&)2  Monoclinic        1-1534 :  1  :  0-7436     67°  34' 

311.  Milarite         HKCaaAl2(Si206)6      Hexagonal  6  =  0-6620 


a:b:6  ft 

312.     Eudidymite       HNaBeS^O,,        Monoclinic        1-7107  :  1  :  1-1071     86° 


310.  PETALITE.    Petalit  d'Andrada,  Scherer's  J.,  4,  36,  1800.     Castor  (fr. 
Lieb.  Ann.,  69,  436,  1849,     Berzeliite  Clarke,  Ann.  Phil.,  11,  196,  1818. 

Monoclinic.  Axes:  a  :  1 :  6  =  1-1534  :  1  :  0-7436;  ft  =  *67°  34'  ±=  001  A  100 
Des  Cloizeaux1. 

100  A  HO  =  46°  50',   001  A  101  ==  25°    33|',   001  A  Oil  =  34°  3QJ'. 

Forms1 :  c   (001,  0)  y  (101,  -  \-i)  z  (905,  f4)?  cleavage  e  (021,  2-1) 

a  (100,  i-l)  m  (110,  /)  GO  (403,  -  |-i)  a  (401,  4-1)  x  (241,  4-2) 

6  (010,  i-l)  g  (120,  i-2)  o  (201,  -  2-1) 

mm'"  -    93°  40'  CK>  =    30°  53|'  ca  =  89°  37'  ex   -    80°  23' 

bm      =  *43°  10'  co   =  *38°  37'  ce    =  53°  58'  xx'  =  129°  32' 

gg'       =    50°  15'  cz    ==    62°  33'  cm  =  74°  52'  mo  =    53°  14' 

The  form  of  petalite  approximates  to  that  of  the  monoclinie  pyroxenes,  especially  to 
spodumene;  in  composition  also  these  two  species  are  related,  but  in  specific  gravity  they  diverge 
widely. 

Crystals  rare,  commonly  tabular  |  £  or  elongated  ||  a;  the  faces  c,  a,  o  smooth, 
the  others  often  striated  or  rough.  Usually  massive,  foliated  cleavable. 

Cleavage:  o  perfect;  o  (201)  easy,  z  (905)  difficult  and  imperfect.  Fracture 
imperfectly  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =6-6-5.  G.  =  2-39-2-46.  Luster  vitreous, 


312  SILICATES. 

on  c  pearly.     Colorless,  white,  gray,  occasionally  reddish  or  greenish  white.   Streak 
uncolored.     Transparent  to  translucent. 

Optically  +.  Double  refraction  strong.  Ax.  pi.  and  Bxa  J_  6;  the  ax.  pi.  in- 
clined -  87°  30'  to  c  for  red,  hence  Bx0.r  A  t  =  -  75°  4' ;  also  Bx0.hl  A  6  =  -  74°  30'. 
Dispersion  p  <  v  small;  crossed,  weak.  Axial  angles,  castorite,  Dx.2 

2Ha.r  =  86°  27i'    2Ha.y  =  86°  30f    2Ha.bi  =  86°  42'    /Jr  =  1-5078    /Jy  =  1-5096    /Jbl  =  1-5180 

.-.      2Vr  =  83°  30'  2Vy  =  83°  34'  2Vbl  =  83°  52' 

Also,  petalite: 

2Ha.r  -  86°  24'  2Ha.y  =  86°  28'  2Ha.bi  =  86°  43' 

<xy  =  1-504  /Jy  =  1-510  ry  =  1-516  M.  Levy-Lex.3 

Var. — 1.  Castorite,  in  distinct  transparent  crystals,  affording  the  above  angles,  Dx 
G.  =  2-38,  Breith.;  2-397-2-405,  Damour. 

2.   Ordinary  petalite,  cleavable  massive;  G.  =  2'412,  2'420,  2*465  Ut5,  Dmr. 

Comp.— LiAl(Si205)2  or  Li2O.Al303.8Si02  =  Silica  78-4,  alumina  16-7,  lithia 
4-9  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Sonden,  G.  F6r.  Forh.,  6,  39,  1882,  after  deducting  0'5  p.  c.  apatite.  2,  Smith 
and  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  373,  1853.  3,  Rg.,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  13,  1878.  4,  F.  W.  Clarke, 
priv.  contr. 

Si02    A1203   Li2O    Na2O  K2O 

1.  Uto  f  77-97    17-08    4'22    0'73      —    =  100  [0'24  =  99'75 

2.  Bolton  |  77-92    16-24    3  63    0'51      tr.   ign.   0'65,   Fe2O3  0'56,   Mg 

3.  Elba,  Castorite    G.  =  2'386  77'87    17-55    2'77    1-04    0'43  H2O  0'34  =  100          [100-28 

4.  Peru,  Maine  77'29    16-95    2'62    2'39      tr.  ign.,  1-03,  Fe2O3,MnO  tr.  = 

The  chemical  composition  and  relation  to  spodumene  are  discussed  by  Doelter,  Min.  Mitth., 
1,  529,  1878. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Gently  heated  emits  a  blue  phosphorescent  light.  B.B.  on  charcoal  becomes 
glassy,  subtransparent,  and  white,  and  melts  only  on  the  edges;  gives  the  reaction  for  lithia. 
With  borax  it  forms  a  clear,  colorless  glass.  Not  acted  on  by  acids. 

Obs. — Petalite  occurs  at  the  iron  mine  of  Uto,  Sweden,  accompanying  lepidolite,  tourmaline, 
spodumene,  and  quartz;  on  Elba  (castorite)  in  attached  crystals. 

In  the  U.  S..  at  Bolton.  Mass.,  with  scapolite;  at  Peru,  Maine,  with  spodumene  in  albite. 
According  to  Bigsby,  in  a  boulder  containing  tremolite,  at  York,  near  Toronto,  Canada. 

Lithia  was  first  discovered  in  this  mineral  by  Arfvedson.  The  name  petalite  is  from  Ttera.- 
Xov,  a  leaf,  alluding  to  the  cleavage. 

Ref.— »  Ann.  Ch.  Phys  ,  3,  264,  1864,  and  Pogg.,  122,  648,  1864.  Cf.  Svr.,  Zs.  G.  Ges., 
22,  668,  1870.  2  L.  c.,  also  Min.,  2,  xxxvi,  1874.  z  C.  R.,  106,  777,  1888. 

HYDROCASTORITE.  Idrocastorite  G.  Grattarola,  Boll.  Com.  Geol.,  323,  1876.  A  decom 
position  product  of  Elba  castorite.  Occurs  as  a  white  mealy  aggregate  of  fine  crystalline  needles, 
surrounding  a  nucleus  of  the  original  mineral.  H.  =2.  G.  —  2 '16.  Anal. — 1,  Grattarola,  on 
material  not  entirely  pure.  2,  Sansoni,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  4,  320,  1879. 

SiO2  A12O3          CaO          MgO  H2O 

1.  59-59  21-35  4*38  —  14'66     =     99-98 

2.  5813  •        19-70  4-17  050  15'96    =    98'46 

311.  MILARITE.    Kenngott,  Jb.  Min.,  81,  1870.     Giufite  Kuschel-Kohler,  ib.,  926,  1877. 
Hexagonal.     Axis  6  —  0-6620;  0001  A  1011  =  *37°  23f '  Rinne1.     In  hexagonal 
prisms  with  c  (0001),  m  (lOl'O),  a  (1120),  p  (lOll).     Pyramidal  angles  :  pp'  =  35° 
21',  ;^vi  =  105°  13'. 

Cleavage  not  observed.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  5-5-6.  G.=2'55 
-2 '59.  Luster  vitreous.  Colorless  to  pale  green,  glassy. 

Basal  sections  show,  in  polarized  light,  a  division  into  six  radial  sectors  (biaxial),  often 
with  a  central  core  diagonally  placed  and  also  divided  into  six  sectors.  The  central  portion  is 
sometimes  uniaxial.  Hence  regarded  as  pseudohexagonal  (analogous  to  witherite)  by  Tschermak'2, 
Des  Cloizeaux3,  Mallard4.  Riune1,  however,  shows  that  the  original  position  of  equilibrium  was 
hexagonal  and  the  anomalous  characters  are  secondary;  this  is  confirmed  by  Ramsay5,  who  finds 
that  increase  of  temperature  makes  the  biaxial  portions  become  uniaxial. 

Comp — HKCa1Al,(SiaO,)e  or  H2O.K20.4Ca0.2Al.203.24SiOa  =  Silica  72'7, 
alumina  10-3,  lime  11-3,  potash  4'8,  water  0'9  =  100. 


EUDIDYMITE, 


313 


Anal.— 1,  Frenzel,  Jb.  Min.,  797,  1873. 
347, 1877. 


2,  Finkener,  ib.,  62, 1874.     3,  Ludwig,  Min.  Mitth., 


G.  =  2-59 
G.  =  25 

G.  =  2-553 


Si02 
71-12 
7004 
71-81 


AU03 

8-45 
1162 
10-67 


CaO  MgO 

11-27  — 

10-05  0-20 

11-65  tr. 


Na2O    Ka2O  H3O 
[7-61]       —     1-55  =  100 


0-65 
tr. 


5-74 

4-86 


1  69  =     99-99 
1-36  =  100-35 


Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  in  the  closed  tube  becomes  white  and  gives  off  water,  but  only  at  a  high 
temperature.  In  the  forceps  fuses  with  intumescence  to  a  white  blebby  glass.  In  salt  of 
phosphorus  slowly  soluble  to  a  colorless  glass  leaving  a  skeleton  of  silica.  Insoluble  in  hy- 
drochloric acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  Val  Giuf,  Grisons,  Switzerland,  in  a  granitic  rock  with  smoky  quartz, 
orthoclase,  apatite,  titanite,  chabazite;  the  crystals  are  often  coated  or  penetrated  by  scales  of 
chlorite.  Also  reported  from  the  Strim  glacier  in  the  Tavetschthal.  It  was  first  incorrectly 
announced  as  having  been  found  in  Val  Milar,  hence  the  name  first  given. 

Ref.— J  Jb.  Min.,  2,  1,  1885;  cf.  Kenng.,  pp'  =  35°  14';  also  Tschermak2,  who  shows  the 
variation  from  strict  hexagonal  symmetry.  *  Min.  Mitth.,  350,  1877.  3  Jb.  Min.,  41,  371,  1878. 
4  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  5,  241,  1882.  »  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  42,  No.  9,  29,  1885. 


312.  EUDIDYMITE.     W.  G.  Brogger,  Nyt  Mag.,  31,  196,  1887. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  1-71075  :  1  :  1-10712;  ft  =  86°  14£'  =  001  A  100 
Brogger1. 

100  A  HO  =  59°  38J',  001  A  101  =  31°  46f ',  001  A  Oil  =  47°  51'. 

Forms1 :  I  (310,  £3)  x  (lO'O'l,  -  104)        e  (C'10'3,  -1/-!)        o  (111,  -  1)       «  (334,  f) 

6(010,  *4)        rf  (502,  -f-i)  Q  (501,  54)  u  (335,  -  f)  *  (552,  -  f )       t  (551,  5) 

c  (001,  0) 

Also  doubtful  112,  332. 


II"  =  59°  16' 
cl  =  *86°  44' 
cd  —  55°  35' 
cq  -  76°  17' 


ee'  =  149°  37' 
cu  =  36°  49' 
co  =  *50°  50' 
cs  =  70°  56' 


cv  =    44°  45' 

ct  =    82°  59' 

uu'  =    62°  19' 

oo'  =  *84°    2' 


88'  =  109°  21 

vv'  =    74°  51 
tt'   =  117°  56' 


Twins:  tw.  pi.  (1)  c9  producing  tw.  lamellae,  also  as  penetration-twins;  also  (2) 
a  plane  normal  to  c  in  l.  2. 

the  zone  co,  contact- 
twins  (1  2),  the  axes 
crossing  at  angles  of 
nearly  60°.  Crystals 
always  twins;  habit 
tabular  ||  c.  Faces  c, 
also  the  pyramids,  of  ten 
striated  ||  their  inter- 
section edges. 

Cleavage :  c  perfect ; 

t  (551)  less  perfect.  H.  =  6.  Gr.  =  2'553.  Luster  on  crystalline  faces  vitreous, 
on  c  pearly,  also  on  fracture  surfaces  in  zone  co  silky.  Color  white.  Transparent 
to  trmslucent. 

Optically  -f .     Ax.  pi.  ||  1.     Bx  A  c  =  —  58°  30'.     Eefractive  indices: 


ar  =  1-54444 
a>  =  1-54533 
agr  =  1-54763 


pr    —  1-54479 

P7    =  1-54568 

r  =  1-54799 


1*54971 
1-55085 
1-55336 


2Vr  =  30°  44' 
2V  =  29°  55' 
28°  52' 


Also  measured  axial  angles: 


2Ha.r     =  30C 

2Ha.y      =    29° 
2Ha.gr    =    28< 


48' 
43' 
54' 


2Hor  =  155°  45' 
2Hoy  =  157°  5' 
2Hogr  =  158°  40' 


2Vr  =  30°  234 
2Vy  =  29°  19f 
2Vgr=  28°  30' 


314 


SILICATES. 


Comp.— HNaBeSi308   or  H2O.Na20.2Be0.6Si02  =  Silica  73-4,   glucina  10-2. 
soda  12-7,  water  3'7  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  G.  Flink,  Nyt  Mag.,  1.  c.,  as  corrected  by  A.  E.  Nd.,  1.  c.     2,  A.  E    Norden- 
skiold,  G.  For.  Forh.,  9,  434,  1887. 


SiO2 
72-19 
73-11 


BeO  Na2O  H2O 

11-15  12-66  3-84  =  99'84 

10-62  12-24  3-79  MgO  tr.  =  99  76 


Pyr. — B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  colorless  glass.  Dissolves  with  difficulty  and  incompletely  in 
acids.  The  water  goes  off  completely  only  at  a  high  temperature. 

Obs.— Occurs  very  sparingly  in  zircon-syenite  on  the  island  Ovre-Aro,  in  the  Langesund- 
fiord,  with  segirite,  elaeolite,  brevicite,  apophyllite,  natrolite,  etc. ;  it  was  formed  at  the  same 
time  with  the  zeolites  with  which  it  is  associated. 

Named  from  ev,  well,  didvjuoS,  twin,  in  allusion  to  its  occurrence  in  twin  crystals. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  a  considerable  number  of  the  minerals  containing  beryllium  ag 
an  essential  constituent  (e.g.  beryl,  phenacite)  are  hexagonal,  like  the  element  itself  "(BrSgger 
&  Flink,  Zs.  Kr.,  9,  228,  1884),  or  approximate  to  this  in  angle  and  method  of  twinning  (e.g. 
eudidymite,  chrysoberyl,  beryllonite,  bertrandite,  etc.). 


313.  Orthoclase 

Soda-Orthoclase 

314.  Hyalophane 


Feldspar  Group. 
a.  Monoclinic  Section. 

a:  1:  6  ft' 

KAlSi,08                       0-6585:1:0-5554  116°     3' 
(K,Na)AlSi308 

(K2,Ba)Al2Si4012          0-6584  :  1  :  0*5512  115°  35' 


315.      Micro  cline 

Soda-microcline 
31 5 A.  Anorthoclase 


fi.  Triclinic  Section. 

KAlSi308 

(K,Na)AlSi308 

(Na,K)AlSi308 


Albite-anorthite  Series. 


316.     Albite 


NaAlSi.0. 


0-6335 
0-6321 


317.  Oligoclase     -\ 

010  lY  »NtfAlSLO.\A  «OKW 

318.  Andesme       MmOaAl2Si2oJ°'6357 

319.  LabradoriteJ  0-6377 

320.  Anorthite 


CaAl2Si208       0-6347 


1:6  ft      y 

1  :  0-5577  94°  3'  116°  29'  88° 
1  :  0-5524  93°  4'  116°  23'  90° 


9' 

5' 


1 :  0-5521     93°  23'     116°  29'     89°  59' 

1  :  0-5547     93°  31'     116°    3'     89°  54$' 
1  :  0-5501     93°  13'     115°  55'     91°  12' 


The  general  characters  of  the  species  belonging  in  the  FELDSPAR  GEOUP  are  as 
follows:  1,  Crystallization  in  the  monoclinic  or  triclinic  systems,  the  crystals  of  the 
different  species  resembling  each  other  closely  in  angle,  in  general  habit,  and  in 
methods  of  twinning.  2,  Cleavage  in  two  similar  directions  inclined  at  an  angle  of 
90°  or  nearly  90°.  3,  Hardness  between  6  and  6'5.  4,  Specific  Gravity  varying 
between  2*5  and  2*9,  and  mostly  between  2-55  and  2*75.  5,  Colors  white  or 
pale  shades  of  yellow,  red  or  green,  less  commonly  dark.  6,  In  composition  sili- 
cates of  aluminium  with  either  potassium,  sodium,  or  calcium,  and  rarely  barium, 


FELDSPAR  GROUP— ORTHOCLASE.  315 

while  magnesium  and  iron  are  always  absent.  Furthermore,  besides  the  several 
distinct  species  there  are  many  intermediate  compounds  having  a  certain  inde- 
pendence of  character  and  yet  connected  with  each  other  by  insensible  gradations; 
all  the  members  of  the  series  showing  a  close  relationship  not  only  in  composition 
but  also  in  crystalline  form  and  optical  characters. 

The  feldspars  furnish  a  striking  example  how  a  species,  or  group  of  species,  may  approx- 
imate in  angle  to  a  system  of  higher  symmetry,  while  diverging  widely  from  it  in  actual  form. 
Thus  of  the  commonly  occurring  planes  of  .orthoctose:  n  (021),  y  (201)  correspond  in  angle  to 
cubic  planes;  q  (203)  to  an  octahedral \lm,\,  c,  o  (111)  to  dodecahedral,  and  2(130).  x  (101)  to 
trapezohedral.  See  further  5th  Ed.,  p.  337,  where  this  subject  is  developed  and  a  relation  to  the 
isometric  species  leucite  is  shown. 

The  species  of  the  Feldspar  Group  are  classified,  first  as  regards  form,  and 
second  with  reference  to  composition.  The  monocHnic  species  include  (see  above) : 
ORTHOCLASE,  potassium  feldspar  and  SODA-ORTHOCLASE,  potassium-sodium  feld- 
spar; also  HYALOPHANE,  barium  feldspar. 

The  triclinic  species  include  :  MICROCLINE  and  AXORTHOCLASE,  potassium- 
sodium  feldspars;  ALBITE,  sodium  feldspar;  ANORTHITE,  calcium  feldspar. 

Also  intermediate  between  albite  and  anorthite  the  isomorphous  sub-species, 
sodium-calcium  or  calcium-sodium  feldspars :  OLIGOCLASE,  ANDESINE,  LABRADOR- 
ITE. 

a.  MonocHnic  Section. 

313.  ORTHOCLASE.  Silex  ex  eo  ictu  ferri  facile  ignis  elicitur— ex  cubis  aliisque  figuris 
iutersectis  constans,  Agric.,  Foss.,  314,  1546.  Felt-Spat,  Sputum  pyrimachum  (VAR.  album, 
cinereum,  rubrum),  Wall.,  Min.,  65,  1747.  Faltspat,  Spatum  scintillans,  Cronst.,  60,  1758. 
Feldspath  Germ.,  FT.  Feldspar  Engl.  Felspar  bad  orthogr.  dating  from  Kirwan.  Feldstein 
Hausin.,  Handb.,  528,  1813,  Orthose  H.,  Tr.,  4,  1801,  in  Index  alone,  p.  394,  4to  edition. 
Adular  Breith.,  Char.,  35,  1820.  [In  the  preceding,  the  whole  group  of  feldspars  is  included  in 
the  one  species.] 

Feldspath  (Albite  excluded)  Berz.,  1815,  N.  Syst.  Min.  1819.  Feldspath  (Albite,  Labrador- 
ite,  and  Auorthite  excl.)  G.  Rose,  Gilb.  Ann.,  73,  173,  1823.  Orthoklas  (id.  excl.)  Breith., 
Char.,  1823;  (id.  -f  Oligoklas  excl.)  Breith.,  Pogg.,  8,  79,  1826.  Potash- feldspar.  Kalifeld- 
spath  Germ. 

VAR.  introd.  as  sp.  Adulaire  Pini,  Mem.  Feldsp.,  Milan,  1783;  Adular  Germ.;  Adularia 
Engl.;  Feldspath  nacre  H. ;  Mondstein  var.  Feldspath,  Wern.,  Ueb.  Cronst.,  1780;  id.  =  Adu- 
laria Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  375,  1789;  Moonstone.  Sanidiu  Nose,  Noggerath  Min.  Stud.  Geb. 
Niederrhein,  1808;  Glasiger  Feldspath  Klapr.,  Beitr..  1,  15,  1795,  and  others.  Necronite 
Hayden,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  1,  306,  1819.  Pegmatolith  Breith..  Char.,  1823,  1832.  Murchisonite 
W.  Phillips,  Phil.  Mag.,  1,448,  1827.  Ryakolith  G.  Rose,  Pogg.,  15,  193,  1829,  28,  143,  1833; 
Khyacolite.  Valencianit,  Mikroklin  Breith.,  Schw.  J.,  60,  322,  324.  1830.  Erythrite,  Perthite, 
Thorn.,  Phil.  Mag.,  22,  188,  189,  1843.  Loxoklas  Breith. ,  Pogg.,  67,  419;  Loxoclase.  Chester- 
lite  Seal,  Dana  Min.,  678,  18oO.  Felsit  von  Marienberg  Breith.,  Pogg., -67,  421,  Handb.,  527, 
1847  =  Paradoxit  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  25,  35,  1866.  Felsit  von  Mulda  id.,  Handb.,  528  — 
Muldau  id.,  ib.,  39,  Cottait  id.,  ib.  Weissigit  Jenzsch,  Jahrb.  Min.,  396,  1853.  Lasur-Feldspath 
N.  Nd.,  Bull.  Soc.,  Moscow,  30,  225,  1857. 

Halleflinta,  Petrosilex,  Lapis  Corneus,  pt.,  Cronst.,  Min.,  57,  1758.  Felsite.  Leelite  (fr. 
Westmannlaud)  Clarke,  Ann.  Phil.,  1818. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-65851  :  1  :  0-55538;  (3  =  63°  56'  46"  = 
001  A  100  Koksharov.1 

100  A  110  =  30°  36'  30",  001  A  101  =  50°  16'  34",  001  A  Oil  =  260^31'  0". 

Forms2:  p  (190,  i-9?  I   (706,  H)  *    (061,  6-i)  77  (10  8'1,  10-£)5« » 

a    (100,  a,  k)  t  (201.  _  2-iY  M  (§04,  H)5  e   (111.  -  1)  B  (12-10-1,  12-f)» 

b    (010,  i-l,  M)  A  (501,  -  6-i)  f  (403,  |-i)  g  (Jl2  ^  d  (241    _  4_3) 

c    (001,  0,  P)  q  (203,  H)  V  (201,  2-1)  o  (ill>  1}  ,  ^  ^ 

C    (210,  «)w  (7(506.  |-i)«  oo  (017,  fl)»  u  (221,  2)  *   (131,  3-3) 

w(110, /,T)  x  (101,  l-l)  h  (028,  f  -1)  ^(101-9,  J^-IO)6  E :  (261,  6-3)7 

L  (120,  i-2)  e  (10-0-9,  -V^)s- 9       n  (021,  2-1)  /  (56-7'48,  f  8)  <r  (151,  5-5) 

z    (130,  £3)  w  (807,  f-i)9 

Many  plants  with  abnormal  indices  have  been  noted,  especially  on  adularia.  also  others 
of  danbtful  character.  Of  these  "  vicinal  planes"  Websky8  describes  a  large  number,  and 


316 


SILICATES. 


others  have  been  added  by  Becker4,  Koksharov  (1.  c.),  Des  Cloizeaux6,  Cathrein9- I0,  Hamberg19, 
Zepbarovicli13.  ' 


mm'"  =  *61°  13'  cy    =  80°  18'  co  =  55°  14^ 

LL  =     80°  24f  hli'  —  36°  48'  cu  =  81°  52' 

zz'  =     58°  48'  nri  =  89°  53'  cd  =  55°  13' 

a  =41°     2'  ft"     =  143°     3V  cv  =  84°  6' 

cq  =     33°  53'  ce     =  33°  30'  ee'  =  35°  21' 

cz  =     50°  16J'  cm  =  *67°  47'  20"      ##'  =  31°  2' 

cr  =    63°  23  co    =  296    6'  oo1  =  53°  43' 


bo  =  *63°  8'  19" 

uu'  —  65°  58' 

dd'  =  81°  42' 

w'  =  104°  47' 

era-'  =  115°  46' 

m'y  =  45°  42' 

m'x  =  69°  19' 


Striiver  has  deduced  for  sanidine,  in  part  from  his  own,  in  part  from  Rath's  angles,  the 
following  axial  ratios: 

a  :  b  :  c  ft 

Laach  0  64925  :  1  :  0*5517  63°      54' 

Latium  0'6562    :  1  :  0  5522  63°      57' 


Vesuvius 


0-6538 


1. 


3. 


\  "  V 


m 


64° 


m 


8. 


Figs.  1-5,  Simple  forms.     6,  Loxoclase.  Hammond,  N.  Y.     7,  8,  Adularia,  Brown. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  (1)  a,  or  tw.  axis  b,  the  common  Carlsbad  twins,  either  of 
irregular  penetration  (f.  11)  or  contact  type;  the  latter  usually  with  b  as  composi- 
tion-face, often  then  (f.  10)  with  c  and  x  nearly  in  a  plane,  but  to  be  distinguished 
by  luster,  etc. ;  also  rarely  united  by  a.  (2)  n  (021),  the  Baveno  twins  forming 
nearly  square  prisms  (f.  13,  14),  since  en  —  44°  56|'  and  hence  cc  =  89°  53';  often 
repeated  as  fourlings  (f.  15),  also  in  square  prisms,  elongated  ||  a.  (3)  c,  the  Mane- 
bach  twins  (f.  12),  usually  contact-twins  with  c  as  comp.-face.  Less  common  than 
these,  and  usually  of  the  penetration  and  cruciform  type,  often  of  Carlsbad  twins*. 
(4)m;  (5)*  (130);  (6)102?;  (7)  y  (201); ;  (8)  051;  (9)  o  (111);  (10)  454;  (11)  2-5-15. 
Some  of  these  apparent  twins  maybe  simply  accidental  groupings,  analogous  to 
those  common  with  quartz. 

Crystals  often  prismatic  ||  6',  sometimes  orthorhombic  in  aspect  (f.  2,  7)  since 
c  and  x  are  inclined  at  nearly  equal  angles  to  b\  also  elongatod  ||  a  (f.  9)  with  b  and 
c  nearly  equally  developed;  also  thin  tabular  ||  b',  rarely  tabular  ||  a,  a  face  not  often 


FELDSPAR  GROUP—  ORTHOCLASE. 


317 


observed.  Faces  c,  x  often  horizontally  striated  and  united  in  oscillatory  combina- 
tion, forming  flat  or  rounded  summits.  Faces  x  often  rough  and  thus  distin- 
guished from  c  in  twins  (f.  10).  Vicinal  forms  common,  especially  with  adularia. 

Often  massive,  coarsely  cleavable  to  granular;  sometimes  lamellar.  Also  com- 
pact crypto-crystalline,  and  flint-like  or  jasper-like. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect;  b  somewhat  less  so;  prismatic  m  imperfect,  but  usually 
more  distinct  parallel  to  one  prismatic  face  than  to  the  other.  Parting15  sometimes 
distinct  parallel  to  a  (100),  also  to  a  hemi-orthodome  A  (701,  or  801),  inclined  a  few 
degrees  to  the  orthopinacoid  (cA  =  73°  to  74°);  this  may  produce  a  satin-like  luster 
or  schiller,  the  latter  also  often  present  when  the  parting  is  not  distinct.  This 
parting  and  the  schiller  may  be  secondary  in  origin.  Fracture  conchoidal  to  un- 
even. Brittle.  H.  =  6-6*5.  G.  =  2*5-2 '62.  Luster  vitreous;  on  a  cleavage- 
surface  (c)  often  pearly.  Colorless,  white,  pale  yellow  and  flesh-red  common,  gray; 
rarely  green.  Streak  uncolored. 


9. 


10. 


11. 


12. 


10,  11,  Carlsbad  twins. 


12,  Manebach  twin,  Sbk.     13,  14,  Baveno  twins,  Brown. 
15,  Do.,  f  curling,  Hbg. 


Optically  negative  (Bxa  =  a)  in  all  cases.  Ax.  pi.  usually  _]_  b,  sometimes 
|  by  also  changing  from  the  former  to  the  latter  on  increase  of  temperature  (see 
below).  For  adularia  (Dx.)  Bxa.r  A  6  =  -  69°  11',  Bxa.bl  A  t  =  -  69°  37'.  Hence 
Bxa  and  the  extinction-direction  (cf.  f.  3,  p.  326)  inclined  a  few  degrees  only  to  a, 
or  the  edge  b/c;  thus  -f-  3°  to  -(-  7°  usually,  or  up  to  +  10°  or  +  12°  (in  varieties 
rich  in  Na20)  according  to  Eosenbusch.  Dispersion  p  >  v;  also  horizontal,  strongly 
marked,  or  inclined,  according  to  position  of  ax.  pi.  Axial  angles  variable.  Indices 
and  axial  angles  at  18°  C.,  Dx. : 

Adularia: 

No.  1        ay  =  1-5190      p7  =  1-5237      y?  =  1-5260       .-.      2Vy  =  69°  43'      2Ey  =  121*    6, 
Also  measured        2Er   =  120°  22',     2Ey  =  120°  12',    2EW  =  118°  37' 


No.  2        ac    =  1-5181 


=  1-5223 


=  1'5243 


2Vy  =  69'    1'      2Ey  =  1-19"  It 


Measured        2Err   =  120°  42',     2Ey  =  129°  46',     2Ebi  =  118°  18' 


318  SILICATES. 

Sanidine,  Wehr,  ax.  pi.  j_  b  for  red  rays: 

a  r=  1-5170      fir  =1-5239      yr   =  1-5240       .'.      2Vr   =  13°  34'      2Er  =    20°  4S 

Same,  ax.  pi.  ||  b  for  blue  rays: 

aw  =  1-5265      #,1  =  1-5355      y*\  =  1'5356       .-.      2Vbi  =  11°  51'      2Ebi  =    18°  14' 

Increase  of  temperature  diminishes  the  axial  angle  when  the  ax.  pi.  is  1  b,  but  increases  it 
when  |  b.  In  the  former  case  the  angles  for  the  different  colors  successively  become  0°  and 
the  ax.  pi.  changes  to  the  second  position.  If  the  temperature  is  maintained  as  high  as  600°  to 
1000°  the  change  becomes  permanent.  Cfv  PX.,  Weiss.16  Pressure  produces  a  like  change. 

Comp.,  Var. — A  silicate  of  aluminium  and  potassium.  KAlSis08  or 
K2O.Al203.6Si02  =  Silica  64-7,  alumina  18-4,  potash  16'9  —  100.  '  Sodium  is  often 
also  present,  replacing  part  of  the  potassium. 

The  prominent  varieties  depend  upon  crystalline  habit  and  method  of  occurrence  more  than 
upon  difference  of  composition. 

1.  Adularia.     The  pure  or  nearly  pure  potassium  silicate.    Usually  in  crystals,  like  f.  7,  8  in 
habit;  often  with  vicinal  planes,  especially  on  the  Baveno  twins,  which  are  very  common  with 
this  variety.     G.  =  2'565  Tsch.     Transparent  or  nearly  so.     Often  with  a  pearly  opalescent  re- 
flection or  schiller  ||  a  or  A\  sometimes  with  a  delicate  play  of  colors;  some  moonstone  (Hecatolite 
Delameth.,  T.  T.,  2,  201,  from  eKdr-y,  the  moon)  is  here  included,  but  the  remainder  belongs  to 
albite  or  other  of  the  triclinic  feldspars. 

The  original  adularia  (Adular^  is  from  the  St.  Gothard  region  in  Switzerland.  The  name  is 
derived  from  the  Adular  Mts.,  which  term  as  used  by  Strabo  embraced  the  Central  High  Alps, 
including  the  Gothard  region  and  the  Adular  Mts.,  etc.  In  the  latter,  in  the  present  restricted 
sense,  the  adularia  is  not  found  (Keuugott).  The  name  is  extended  also  to  similar  varieties 
from  other  points  in  the  Alps  and  elsewhere.  Valencianite,  from  the  silver  mine  of  Valencia, 
Mexico,  is  adularia. 

2.  Sanidine  or  glassy  feldspar.     Occurs  in  crystals,  often  transparent  and  glassy,  embedded 
in  lava,  trachyte,  phouolyte,  etc.     Habit  often  tabular  |  b  (hence  named  from  travtS,  a  tablet,  or 
board);   also  in  square  prisms  (b,  c);    Carlsbad  twins  very  common.      Most  varieties   contain 
sodium  as  a  prominent  constituent.     Cf.  anal.  5-10. 

Rhyacolile.  Eisspath  Werner.  Occurs  in  glassy  crystals  at  Monte  Somma;  named  from 
pvac,,  stream  (lava  stream),  and  Az'QoS,  stone;  anal.  11. 

3.  Ordinary.     In  crystals  (f.  1-6,  and  f.  10)  Carlsbad  and  other  twins  common;  also  massive 
or  cleavable,  varying  in  color  from  white  to  pale  yellow,  red,  or  green,  translucent;  sometimes 
aventurine.     Here  belongs  the  common  feldspar  of  granitoid  rocks  or  granite  veins.     Usually 
contains  a  greater  or  less  percentage  of  soda  (soda-orthoclase,  Natronorthoklas  Germ. ,  cf .  anal. 
22,  23).     Compact  crypto-crystalliue  orthoclase  makes  up  the  mass  of  much  felsite,   but  to  a 
greater  or  less  degree  admixed  with  quartz;  it  occurs  of  various  colors,  from  white  and  brown 
to  deep  red.     There  are  two  kinds:  (a)  the  jasper-like,  with  a  subvitreous  luster;  and  (b)  the 
ceratoid  or  wax-like,  with  a  waxy  luster.     Some  red  kinds  look  closely  like  red  jasper,  but  are 
easily  distinguished  by  the  fusibility.     Leelite,  named  after  J.  F.  Lee,  is  a  deep  flesh-red  variety, 
of  waxy  luster,  from  Grythyttau,  Sweden.     Other  felsites  contain  soda  and  approximate  to  albite 
or  oligoclase  in  composition. 

Much  of  what  has  been  called  orthoclase,  or  common  potash  feldspar,  has  proved  to  belong 
to  the  related  triclinic  species,  microcliue.  Cf.  p.  323  on  the  relations  of  the  two  species. 
Chesterlite  and  Amazonite  or  Amazon  stone,  are  microcline;  also  most  aventurine  orthoclase. 

The  following  names  belong  to  more  or  less  distinctly  characterized  varieties  of  common 
orthoclase: 

Loxoclase.  Contains  sodium  in  considerable  amount  (anal.  21).  In  grayish  white  or  yellow- 
ish crystals  (f.  6).  a  little  pearly  or  greasy  in  luster,  feebly  shining,  often  large,  lengthened 
usually  in  the  direction  of  the  cliuodiagonal.  From  Hammond,  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  N.  Y. 
Named  from  Ao£6s,  transverse,  and  /olacrzS,  fracture,  under  the  idea  that  the  crystals  are 
peculiar  in  having  cleavage  parallel  to  the  orthodiagonal  section. 

Paradoxite  Breith.  is  a  flesh-red  feldspar  from  the  tin  mines  near  Marienberg.  Cottaite 
Breith.  is  a  grayish  white  feldspar  in  twins  from  Carlsbad,  Bohemia.  Muldan  is  from  Mulda 
near  Freiberg.  Peginatolite  Breith.  is  common  feldspar. 

Wythrite  Thomson.     A  flesh-red  variety  from  near  Kilpatrick. 

Necronite.  A  cleavable  feldspar,  fetid  in  odor  when  struck.  The  original  was  found  by 
Hayden  near  the  York  and  Lancaster  road,  21  ra.  from  Baltimore,  in  granular  limestone,  and 
was  whitish  or  bluish  in  color.  Named  from  refCpoS,  a  corpse. 

Lazurfeldspar  (Lasurfeldspath  Germ.}.  A  feldspar  having  H.  =  6,  and  G.  =  2*597,  has 
the  cleavage  of  orthoclase,  found  near  Lake  Baikal  with  lapis  lazuli. 

Perthite.  A  flesh-red  aventurine  feldspar,  consisting  of  interlaminated  albite  and  orthoclase. 
From  Perth,  Quebec.  See  further  p.  321. 

MurcMsonite.  A  flesh-red  feldspar  similar  to  perthite,  with  gold-yellow  reflections  in  a  di- 
rection i  b  and  inclined  73°  13'  to  c  (Dx.),  hence  nearly  parallel  to  701  or  801  (see  cryptoperthite, 
p.  321).  Stated  to  have  also  an  unusual  cleavage  direction  besides  the  two  observed.  From 
Dawlish  and  Exeter,  England.  Named  after  its  discoverer,  Murchison  the  geologist. 


FELD8PAE  GROUP— ORTHOCLASE. 


319 


Weissigite  Jenzsch.  In  small  whitish  or  reddish  white  twin  crystals,  from  the  cavities  of 
amygdaloid  at  Weissig  near  Dresden;  G.  =  2'538-2-546.  I.  Lea  has  named  (Proc.  Ac.  Philad., 
May,  1866)  a  greenish  orthoclase  from  Lenui,  Delaware  Co.,  Pa.,  "  almost  without  cleavage," 
lennUite;  other  specimens  of  the  same  locality,  pearly  and  distinctly  cleavable,  delawarite;  and 
a  dull  bluish-green  subtransparent  kind,  of  an  aventurine  character,  from  Blue  Hill,  2  m.  N.  of 
Media,  Pa.,  cassinite  (see  p.  322). 

Anal.— 1,  Abich,  Pogg.,  51,  528,  1840.  2,  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  50(1),  577,  1865. 
3,  Abich,  1.  c.  4,  Plattner,  Pogg.,  46,  299,  1839.  5,  Lewinstein,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  68,  98,  1856. 
6,  Rg.;  Min.  Ch.,  1003,  1860.  7,  Lewinstein,  1.  c.  8,  9,  Rath,  Pogg.,  135,  561,  564,  1868.  10,  O. 
H.  Drake,  priv.  contr.  11.  Tschermak,  1.  c.  12,  Redner,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  18,  394, 1866.  13,  Kloos, 
Jb.  Min.,  2,  106,  1884,  after  deducting  apatite  0'26  p.  c.,  and  ignition.  14,  Id.,  ibid.,  p.  109. 
15,  Rath.  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  22,  652,  1870.  16-19,  Id.,  Pogg.,  144,  376-382,  1871.  20,  Genth,  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.,  23,  43,  1885.  21,  Ludwig,  quoted  by  Tschermak,  1.  c.  22,  23,  Foerstner,  Zs.  Kr., 
8,  128,  1883. 


1.  St.  Gothard,  Adularia 

2.  Pntsch, 

3.  Baveno 

4.  Mexico,  Valencianite 

5.  Perlenhardt,  Sanidine 


G. 

2-576 
2-573 
2-555 


6.  Drachenfels,       " 

2-60 

7.  Pappelsberg,       " 

2-616 

8.  Laach,  cryst.,      " 

2-467 

9.      "                      " 

2-575 

10.  Yellowstone                     2'57-2'59 

11.  Mt.  Somma,  Rhyacolite 

2-562 

12.  Carlsbad  twins 

2-573 

13.  Bodenmais 

2-588 

14. 

15.  San  Piero,  Elba 

16.  Pargas 

2-576 

17.  Laurvik 

2-619 

18.  Monzoni 

2-565 

19.  Boltou,  Mass. 

2-586 

20.  French  Creek,  Penn. 

2-528 

21.  Hammond,  N.  Y.,  Loxoclase 

2-616 

22.  Pantelleria,  Bagno  d'acqua 

2-59 

23. 


Cala  Porticello     2 '58 


SiOa 

A1203 

CaO 

K20 

Na20 

65-69 

17-97 

1-34 

13-99 

1-01 

Fe2O3  tr.  =  100 

64-5 

18-4 

0-3 

14-8 

1-3 

=  99-3 

65-72 

18-57 

0-34 

14-02 

1-25 

Fe2O3  tr.  =  99-90 

66-82 

17-58 

— 

14-80 

— 

Fe2O3  0'09 

=  99-29 

65-26 

17-62 

1-05 

11-79 

2-49 

Fe2O3  0-91, 

MgO  0-35 

=  99-47 

65-87 

18-53 

0-95 

10-82 

3-42  MgO  0-39, 

ign.  0-44 

QQ-QO 

66-03 

17-87 

0-47 

8-86 

6-08 

Fe2O3  0-52, 

&O    OH 

MgO  0-19 

=  100-02 

64-59 

18-78 

0-50 

11-70 

4-29 

BaO  0-41, 

ign.  O'll 

=  100-38 

66-92 

19-86 

— 

6-48 

6-94 

ign.  0-07  = 

100-27 

65-96 

19-68 

0-63 

8-31 

4-99 

ign.  0-20  =  99-77 

65-2 

19-1 

0-4 

14-0 

1-6 

=  100-3 

[=  100 

63-02 

18-28 



15-67 

2-41 

BaO  0-48, 

MffO  0-14 

64-59 

19-60 

0-82 

11-80 

2-90 

BaO  0-29  =  100 

64-17 

19-27 

0-66 

1204 

1-98 

BaO  0-10, 

ign.    0-44 

64-64 

19-40 



11-95 

3-40 

=  99-39 

[=  98-66 

64-96 

19-40 

0-49 

12-80 

2-32 

MffO  0-25  =^100-22 

62-81 

23-21 

2-60 

4-23 

7  54  MgO  0-07  =  100-46 

63-36 

21-18 

1-66 

[8-89] 

4-91 

=  100 

65-23 

19-26 

0-42 

11-80 

2-98 

=  99-69 

[=  100-62 

62-68 

20-90 

0-15 

15-99 

— 

Fe2O3  0-23, 

ign.  0-67 

66-28 

20-26 

0-99 

4-57 

7-56 

MgO  0-22  = 

=  99-88 

66-06 

19-24 

1-11 

5-45 

7-63 

FeO  0-54, 

MgO  0-11 

=  100-14 

66-03 

19-37 

0-73 

5-40 

7-57 

Fe2O3  1-53, 

MgO  0-02 

=  100-65 

Pyr-,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  at  5;  varieties  containing  much  soda  are  more  fusible.  Loxoclase 
fuses  at  4.  Not  acted  upon  by  acids.  • 

Obs. — Orthoclase  in  its  several  varieties  belongs  especially  to  the  crystalline  rocks,  occurring 
as  an  essential  constituent  of  granite,  gneiss,  syenite,  also  porphyry,  further  (var.,  sanidine) 
trachyte,  phonolyte,  etc.  In  the  massive  granitoid  rocks  it  is  seldom  in  distinct,  well  formed, 
separable  crystals,  except  in  veins  and  cavities;  such  crystals  are  more  common,  however, 
in  volcanic  rocks  like  trachyte. 

Adularia  occurs  in  the  crystalline  rocks  of  the  central  and  eastern  Alps,  associated  with 
smoky  quartz  and  albite,  also  titanite,  apatite,  etc. ;  the  crystals  are  often  coated  with  chlorite. 
Thus  in  the  St.  Gothard  region,  especially  on  Mt.  Fibia;  also  the  Maderanerthal  in  Uri, 
Kreuzlithal  and  Tavetschthal,  Lukmanier  in  Grisons,  Guttanen  in  the  Bernese  Oberland  (cf. 
JvetiDg.,  Min.  Schweiz,  pp.  45-75).  Further  in  the  Eastern  Alps,  as  at  Schwarzenstein  in  the 
Zillerthal.  Also  in  crevices  in  trachyte  at  FelsObanya.  On  Elba.  Fine  crystals  of  orthoclase, 
often  twins,  are  obtained  from  Baveno,  Lago  Maggiore;  the  Fleimsthal,  a  red  variety;  Val- 
lioriana;  Bodenmais,  Carlsbad  and  Elbogen  in  Bohemia;  Striegau,  Hirschberg,  and  Lomnitz 
in  Silesia.  Also  Ekaterinburg  in  the  Ural;  Albaschka  near  Mursinka;  Arendal  in  Norway, 
and  near  Shaitansk  in  the  Ural;  Land's  End  and  St.  Agnes  in  Cornwall;  at  Rubislaw  in  Aber- 
deenshire,  Scotland.  The  Mourne  Mts.,  Ireland,  with  beryl  and  topaz.  Tamagama  Yama, 
Japan,  with  topaz  and  smoky  quartz.  Moonstone  is  brought  from  Ceylon. 

Typical  sanidine  is  prominent  in  the  trachyte  of  the  Drachenfels  on  the  Rhine;  at  the 
Laacher  See.  Rhyacolite  occurs  in  blocks  on  Mt.  Somma  and  in  the  Albani  Mts. ;  in  Latium 
near  Rome;  in  the  lavas  of  Ischia;  near  Naples. 

In  the  U.  States,  orthoclase  in  crystals  occurs  in  Maine,  on  the  island  Mt.  Desert,  fine  green; 


320  SILICATES. 

at  the  tourmaline  locality,  Paris;  at  Buckfield.  In  N,  ffamp.,  at  the  Acworth  beryl  locality. 
In  Mass.,  at  South  Royalston  and  Barre,  often  large  crystals;  at  Three  Rivers,  in  Palmer.  In 
Conn.,  at  the  gneiss  quarries  of  Haddam  and  the  feldspar  quarries  of  Middletown,  crystals  a 
foot  long,  and  6  or  8  in.  thick;  near  Bradleysville,  in  the  western  part  of  Litchfield,  crystals  2-3 
in.  long,  abundant;  at  Willimantic.  In  N.  York,  in  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  at  Rossie,  2  m.  N.  of 
Oxbow,  the  crystals  are  white  or  bluish  white,  and  sometimes  an  inch  across;  also  8  m.  from 
Potsdam,  on  the  road  to  Pierrepont,  where  crystals  a  foot  through  are  said  to  have  been  found; 
and  near  DeLong's  mills  in  the  town  of  Hammond,  with  apatite  and  zircon,  where  the  loxoclase 
is  obtained;  in  Lewis  Co.,  orthoclase  occurs  both  crystallized  and  massive  in  white  limestone 
near  Natural  Bridge,  with  scapolite  and  titanite;  in  Orange  Co.,  crystals  near  West  Point;  more 
abundant  and  interesting  forms  are  found  at  Rocky  Hill,  in  Warwick,  with  tourmaline  and 
zircon;  and  at  Amity  and  Edenville;  in  Saratoga  Co.,  at  the  Greenfield  chrysoberyl  locality, 
white  translucent  crystals,  usually  coated  with  silvery  mica.  In  Penn.,  in  crystals  at  Leiper- 
ville,  Mineral  Hill,  Delaware  Co. ;  sunstone  in  Kennett  Township;  French  Creek,  a  peculiar 
variety  with  divergent  columnar  structure  of  a  reddish  color  (anal.  20).  In  N.  Car.,  at  Wash- 
ington Mine,  Davidson  Co.,  in  white  and  yellowish  crystals.  At  the  Superior  mine,  Ontonagon, 
Lake  Superior,  in  small  reddish  crystals,  as  a  secondary  product,  in  cavities  in  amygdaloid  with 
epidote.  In  Colorado,  at  the  summit  of  Mt.  Antero,  Chaff ee  Co.,  in  fine  crystals,  often  Carlsbad 
and  Baveno  twins,  with  beryl,  phenacite,  bertrandite.  etc.;  at  Gunnispn;  Black  Hawk;  Kokoma, 
Summit  Co.,  also  at  other  points.  Also  similarly  in  Nevada  and  California. 

Orthoclase  as  a  secondary  mineral  in  cavities  in  a  basaltic  rock,  with  calcite  and  phillipsite 
at  Eulenberg,  Bohemia,  was  described  by  Zepharovich,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  91  (1),  158,  1885. 
GrSnzer  has  further  studied  the  same  occurrence,  and  finds  the  mineral  to  deviate  somewhat 
(but  probably  not  essentially)  from  normal  orthoclase;  thus  the  composition  (H,K)AlSisO8  is 
assigned  to  it,  with  H  :  K  =  1  :  8,  Min.  Mitth.,  11,  277,  1890. 

Alt. — Feldspar  may  be  altered  through  infiltrating  waters  carrying  more  or  less  carbon 
dioxide  in  solution  (Forchhammer,  Fournet,  Bischof);  also  through  the  action  of  waters  rendered 
acid  by  the  decomposition  of  sulphides  (Mitscherlich);  also  by  ordinary  waters  holding  traces  of 
alkaline  and  other  ingredients  in  solution  (Bischof). 

The  presence  of  iron  sulphide,  or  a  mineral  containing  iron  protoxide,  as  some  mica,  garnet, 
etc.,  is  often  the  first  occasion  of  the  change.  The  decomposition  of  the  mineral  with  the 
attendant  oxidation  of  the  iron  distributes  ferruginous  waters  through  the  rock  (or  ferrous 
sulphate  from  the  altered  sulphide),  and  thus,  by  a  decomposing  action,  prepares  the  way  for 
other  agencies. 

When  the  infiltrating  waters  contain  traces  of  carbon  dioxide,  the  feldspar  acted  on  first 
loses  its  lime,  if  a  lime  feldspar,  by  a  combination  of  the  lime  with  this  acid;  next,  its  alkalies 
are  carried  off  as  carbonates,  if  the  supply  of  carbonic  acid  continues,  or  otherwise  as  silicates 
in  solution.  The  change  thus  going  on  ends  in  forming  kaolin  or  some  other  aluminous  silicate. 
The  carbonate  of  soda  or  potash,  or  the  silicate  of  these  bases,  set  free,  may  go  to  the  formation 
of  other  minerals — the  production  of  pseudomorphic  or  metarnorphic  changes — and  the  supplying 
fresh  and  marine  waters  with  their  saline  ingredients.  When  the  change  is  not  carried  on  to  the 
exclusion  of  the  protoxide  bases,  certain  zeolites  may  result,  especially,  as  Bischof  states,  when 
labradorite  is  the  feldspar  undergoing  alteration,  which  species  he  describes  as  giving  origin  to  the 
species  mesolite.  Massive  nephelite  or  elaBolite  is  a  still  more  common  source  of  zeolites.  When 
the  waters  contain  traces  of  a  magnesian  salt — a  bicarbonate  or  silicate — the  magnesia  may 
replace  the  lime  or  soda,  and  so  lead  to  a  steatitic  change,  or  to  a  talc  when  the  alumina  is 
excluded;  and  when  augite  or  hornblende  is  present,  it  may  give  origin  to  chlorite.  The  action 
of  sulphurous  acid  from  volcanic  fumaroles  produces  often  a  complete  destruction  of  the  feld- 
spar and  other  minerals  present,  giving  rise  to  deposits  or  incrustations  of  silica,  in  some  of  its 
various  forms,  and  also  halloysite,  kaolin,  etc. 

Steatite,  talc,  chlorite,  kaolin,  lithomarge,  mica,  laumontite,  occur  as  pseudomorphs  after 
orthoclase  or  albite;  and  cassiterite  and  calcite  often  replace  these  feldspars  by  some  process  of 
solution  and  substitution.  Labradorite  more  rarely  forms  kaolin.  The  triclinic  lime-soda 
feldspars  are  sometimes  altered  to  saussurite  (wh.  see);  also  to  scapolite,  cf.  Judd,  Min.  Mag.,  8, 
186,  1889. 

On  pseudomorphs  of  orthoclase  after  leucite,  see  E.  Scacchi,  Rend.  Ace.  Napoli,  Dec.  1884. 
Sauer,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  37,  456,  1885. 

Artif. — Artificial  feldspar  has  been  observed  in  crystals  in  furnace  scoria  at  Mansfeld,  San- 
gerhausen,  near  Laimbach  and  near  Stolberg. 

Obtained  by  Hautefeuille  in  distinct  crystals  with  tridymite  by  heating  at  a  temperature  of 
900°  to  1000°  a  mixture  of  tungstic  acid  with  an  alkaline  silico- aluminate  of  potash;  also  with 
quartz  at  a  lower  temperature  after  the  addition  of  an  alkaline  fluoride,  C.  R.,  85,  952,  1877, 
90,  830,  1880.  Again  by  Friedel  and  Sarasin  in  the  wet  way  by  the  reaction  of  the  silicates  of 
alumina  and  potash  and  water  under  pressure,  Bull.  Soc.  Min..  2,  158,  1879,  4,  171,  1881.  Cf. 
also  Fouque  and  Levy,  C.  R.,  87.  700,  830,  1878,  and  Synth.  Min.,  p.  132,  1882. 

Ref. — 'Min.  Russl.,  5,  115,  1866;  cf.  measurements  by  Rath  onsanidine  audadularia,  Pogg., 
135,  454,  1868,  and  later  Striiver  on  sanidine,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  243,  1877.  A  comparison  of  results  is 
given  by  Kk.,  Min.  Russl.,  5,  329,  also  9,  252,  1886. 

8  Cf.  Mir.,  Min.,  364.  1852;  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  328.  1862,  2,  xxxv,  1874;  Kk.,  1.  c.;  Gdt  ,  Index, 
2,11.1888.  See  also  the  following:  Weiss,  Abh.  Ak.  Berlin,  231,  1816-17,  145,  1820-21. 
Rose,  Gilb.  Ann.,  73,  181,  1823,  Pogg.,  15,  193,  1829.  Kupffer  (early  measurements),  Pogg., 


FELDSPAR  GROUP— HYALOPHANE.  321 

13,  209,  1828.     Hbg.,  Min.  Not.,  2,  6, 1858.    Rath,  Pogg.,  113,  425,  1861,  135,  454,  1868,  158, 
400,  1876. 

3  Websky,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  15,  677, 1863.  4  Becker,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Breslau,  1868.  5  Achiardi.  Elba, 
Nnovo  Cimeuto,  3,  Feb.,  1870.  6  Dx.,  also  ft  (29'27'1),  1.  c.,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  605,  1886. 
1  Cathrein,  Vulfloriana,  Zs.  Kr.,  9,  368,  1884.  8  Id.,  St.  Gothard,  Elba,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  113,  1885. 
9  Id.,  Schwarzenstein,  he  gives  also  e  (950),  ?£  (850),  A  (750),  j  (280*0-1).  a  (63'7-60),  Zs.  Kr., 
13, -332,  1887.  10  Id.,  Schwarzenstein,  also  K  (§90  38),  Min.  Mitth.,  10,  59,  1888.  I1  Solly, 
Elba,  Zs.  Kr.,  10,  524.  12  Hamberg,  adular,  new  forms  and  corrosion  phenomena,  v  (15'0'13), 
o-  (11-4-9),  r  (18-2-19),  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  Bihang,  13  (2),  No.  4,  1888.  13  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  98  (1), 
404,  1889. 

14  On  twins,  see  the  following: 

Weiss,  Carlsbad  twins,  Schweigg.  J.,  10,  223,  1814.  Naumann,  law  5,  Kryst.,  2,  343,  1830. 
Breith.,  law  9,  B.  &  H.  Ztg.,  17, 1858.  Blum,  who  names  the  Manebach  twins,  Jb.  Min.,  343,  1863. 
Lasp.,  laws  4,  8,  10,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  204,  1877.  Haushofer,  law  6,  Zs.  Kr.,  3,  601,  1879:  also  11 
ib.,  9,  93,  Ber.  Ak.  Miluchen,  641,  1882.  Klobkmann,  law  7,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  318,  493,  1882. 
Gonuard,  Four-la- Brouque  twins  (=  Manebach),  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  6,  265,  1883,  8,  307,  1885. 
Tschermak  describes  a  group,  which  if  not  accidental  has  the  normal  to  the  edge  c/m  as  tw. 
axis,  Min.  Mitth.,  8,  414,  1887. 

15  On  the  schiller,  or  pearly  opalescence  observed  in  many  varieties,  see  Reusch,  Pogg.,  116. 
392,  1862,  118,  256,  1863,  120,  95,  1863;  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  1862;  Rath,  Pogg.,  135,  480, 1868;  Cross, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  27,  94,  1884.     See  further  Iddings  under  anorthoclase  (p.  324)  and  Brogger  under 
cryptoperthite,  below. 

16  Refractive  indices  and  optical  phenomena:  Heusser,  Pogg.,  91,  514,  1854;  Dx.,  Min.,  1, 
332,  1862,  N.  R.,  152,  1867,  also  references  under  microcline;  Ch.  E.  Weiss,  Beitr.  z.  Kenntniss 
d.  Feldspathbildung,  Haarlem,  1866.     TJiermal  expansion,  Beckenkamp,  Zs.  Kr.,  5,  452,  1881. 
Pyroelectricity,  Hankel,  Wied.,  1,  280,  1877. 

PERTHITE  Thomson,  Phil.  Mag.,  22,  189,  1843.  A  flesh-red  aventurine  feldspar  from 
Perth,  Quebec,  Canada,  called  a  soda-orthoclase,  but  shown  by  Gerhard  (Zs.  G.  Ges.,  14,  151, 
1862)  to  consist  of  interlaminated  orthoclase  and  albite.  Many  similar  occurrences  have  since 
been  noted,  as  also  those  in  which  microcline  and  albite  are  similarly  interlaminated,  then 
called  microclijie-perthite,  or  microcliue-albite-perthite;  this  is  true  in  part  of  the  original 
perthite.  When  the  structure  is  discernible  only  with  the  help  of  the.  microscope  it  is  called 
microperthite.  See  Mann,  Jb.  Min.,  389,  1879;  also  Kloos,  ib.,  2,  89,  1884;  Woitschach,  Zs. 
Kr.,  7,  82,  1883. 

Brogger  has  investigated  not  only  the  microperthites  of  Norway  (Orthoklasmikroperthit, 
Mikroklinmikroperthit)  but  also  other  feldspars  characterized  by  a  marked  s_chiller;  he 
assumes  the  existence  of  an  extremely  tine  interlamination  of  albite  and  orthoclase  ||  801.  not  dis- 
cernible by  the  microscope  (cryptoperthite,  Kryptoperthit)  and  connected  with  secondary  planes 
of  parting  ||  100  or  ||  801,  which  is  probably  to  be  explained  as  due  to  incipient  alteration.  See 
further  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  524,  1890. 

KRABLITE  ForcJihammer ,  1842.  Baulite.  Kraflit  Flink,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh,  Bihang.,  12(2), 
No.  2,  64,  1886.  Described  as  a  kind  of  feldspar,  very  high  in  silica,  but  shown  by  Brogger 
and  Flink  to  be  a  liparyte,  containing  well  formed  crystals  of  orthocjase  enclosing  a  plagioclase 
kernel,  also  quartz,  etc.  Flink  calculates  for  the  orthoclase:  d  :  b  :  c  =  0'64374  ;  1  :  (X'55079; 
ft  =  63°  52'.  From  Krabla  (Krafla),  Iceland.  See  5th  Ed.,  pp.  359,  360. 

314.  HYALOPHANE.    8.  wn  Walter shausen,  Pogg.  Ann.,  94,  134, 1855;  100,  547, 1857. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  a  :  I  :  b  =  0-6584  :  1  :  0-5512  ;  /?  =  64°  25}'  =  001  A  100 
Obermayer1. 

100  A  HO  =  30°  42J',    001  A  101  =  49°  47',   001  A  Oil  = 
26°  26-J-'. 

Forms'2:  a  (100,  i-l}*,  b  (010,  i-l),  c  (001,  0);  m  (110,  7),  z  (130,  e-3)1; 
x  (101,  1-i),  GO  (302,  |4)4;  p  (111,  1)M;  ^  (141,  4-4)4. 

Also  probable,  Rinne4:  d  (103),  0  (102),  A  (605),  z  (113,  —  \\  p  (113,  |), 
a  (112),  e  (775,  |);  and  Kenng.3:  q  (203),  y  (201). 

mm'"  =  *61°  24V         coo   =      67°  59V         c^  —  73°  17V       ##'  =  !27°    7' 
zz'       =    58°  37'  cp    =      54°  46'  a'p  =  68°  31'         m'x  =  *69°  21V 

ex       =    49°  47'  cm'  =  *111°  47V         PP'  =  53°  23' 

Binnenthal, 

In  crystals,  like  adularia  in  habit.     Also  massive.  Obermayer. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect;  b  somewhat  less  so.      Fracture  conchoidal. 
Brittle.     H.  =  6-6*5.     G.  =  2*805.     Luster  vitreous.     Colorless    to  white;    also 
flesh-red.     Transpii  ent  to  translucent. 

Optically  •* .-.     Ax.  pi.  and  Bx0  J_  b.     Bxa  /\  6  =  —  69°  25',  i.e.  extinction  on 


322 


SILICATES. 


I  inclined   about  -f  5°  or  6°  to  edge  b/c.     Dispersion  horizontal,  distinct.     Axial 
angles,  Rinne: 


2Ha.r  =  83° 
2Ha.y  =  83° 
2Ha.gr  =  83C 


50' 
25' 

2' 


2H0.r 
2Ho.y 
2H0.gr 


=  107C 
=  107C 
=  107C 


17' 
30' 
52' 


2Vr    =  79° 
2Vy    =  79° 

2Vgr    =    78< 


21' 

3' 

42' 


/Jr    =  1*5388  Li 
fty    =  1-5392  Na 
/?„  =  1-5416  Tl 


Comp. — A  silicate  of  aluminium,  barium,  and  potassium,  (K2,Ba)AlaSi<019  or 
K2O.Ba0.2AlQ03.8Si02.  This  is  usually  written  BaAlaSia08.2KAlSi,08,  or  a  barium 
silicate  analogous  to  anorthite  with  orthoclase.  This  requires:  Silica  51*6,  alumina 
21-9,  baryta  16-4,  potash  lO'l  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Stockar-Escher,  Kenng.  Ueb.,  107,  1856-57;  also  Uhrlaub,  Pogg.,  100,  548,  1857. 
2,  Peterson,  Jb.  Min.,  102,  1867.  3,  Igelstrom,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  24,  15,  1867.  4,  Id.,  Bull. 
8oc.  JVliu.,  6,  139,  1883. 


1.  Binnentbal 

2. 

3.  Jakobsberg 


G.  =  2-801 


SiO2 
52-67 
51-84 
51-14 
5353 


A12O3 
21-12 
22-08 
22-86 
23-33 


BaO 

15-05 

14-82 

9-56 

7-30 


CaO  K2O    Na2O 

0-46  7-82    2-14 

0-65  [10-03] 

4-28  [9-06] 

—  11-71      — 


ign. 
0-58 
0-48 


MgO 

0-04  =  99-88 

0-10  =  100 

3-10  =  100 

3-23  =  99-10 


Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  with  difficulty  to  a  blebby  glass.     Unacted  upon  by  acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  a  granular  dolomite,  along  with  white  barite,  greenish  tourmaline,  mica, 
realgar,  dufrenoysite,  and  sphalerite,  near  Imfeld,  in  the  Biunenthal  in  the  Valais,  in  crystals  2 
or  3  lines  long,  and  rarely  larger;  also  at  the  manganese  mine  of  Jakobsberg  iti  Wermland, 
Sweden,  in  limestone  with  a  manganiferous  epidote,  in  part  looking  much  like  common  flesh-red 
orthoclase,  also  in  bluish  green  varieties.  A  massive  feldspar  accompanies  it,  containing  only 
3-50  p.  c.  BaO,  Igelstrom. 

Ref.-'Zs.  Kr.,  7,  64,  1882.  2  Cf.  Waltershausen,  1.  c.  s  Min.  Schweiz,  p.  86,  1866. 
4  Rinne,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  207,  1884. 

The  following  are  analyses  of  other  BARIUM  FELDSPARS,  more  or  less  fully  investigated: 
1,  Knop,  Jb.  Min.,  687,  1865;  a  mouocliuic  feldspar  in  the  nephelite-doleryte  of  Meiches  in  the 
Vogelsberg.  2,  Pisani,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  1,  84,  1878;  a  feldspar  of  unknown  source;  optically  it 
lies  between  oligoclase  and  albite,  cleavage  angle  be  —  86°  37',  Dx.  3,  Genth,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad., 
p.  110, 1866,  Rep.  Min.,  Penn.,  224,  1876.  4,  Speny,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  36,  326,  1888;  cassinite  of  Lea 
from  Blue  Hill,  Delaware  Co.,  Penn.;  shown  by  Penn'eld  to  be  a  monoclinic  feldspar  (extinc- 
tion on  b  =  -f  6°)  with  albite  running  through  it  rn  thin  tapering  plates  parallel  to  the  ortho- 
piuacoid.  The  analysis  corresponds  to  35  p.  c.  albite,  51  p.  c.  orthoclase,  and  13  p.  c.  of 
BaAl2Si4O12.  5,  6,.lgelstrom,  G.  For.  Forh.,  10,  416,  1888;  a  cleavable  feldspar  from  the  Sj5 
mine,  Grythyttan,  Orebro,  Sweden. 

Mitscherlich  also  mentions  finding  0'45  p.  c.  BaO  in  adularia,  and  small  amounts  (to  2'23)  in 
other  feldspars,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  81,  113,  1860;  cf.  anals.  8,  12,  13,  14,  under  orthoclase. 


1.  Vogelsberg 


G. 


2-835 
2692 


SiO2    A1203   BaO    CaO   K2O  Na2O 


3.   Cassinite 
4. 

5.  Sj6  mine,  red 

6.  "      "      white 


59-69 
55-10 

62-60 
62-95 
61-90 
54-15 


21-04 
23-20 

19-97 
19-82 
15-80 
29-60 


2-27 
7-30 

3'71 
3-95 
9-58 
1-26 


0-95 
1-83 

0-19 
0-25 
0-40 
1-00 


8-61 
0-83 

8-95 

8-57 


[6-02] 
[12-47] 


6-55  SrO  0-36,    FeO    2'27  =  101-74 
7-45  MgO   0-56,    Fe2O3  0'45,  ign.  3-72 
[=  100-44 

4-31  Fe2O3  0-12,  ign.  0"19  =  100-04 
4-01  Fe2O3  0-17,  igu.  0  11  =  99'83 

FeO.MnO  5'00,  MgO  1'30  =  100 

MgO  1-52  =  100 


/?.  Triclinic  Section. 

315.  MICROOLINE.    Mikroklin  Ereiih.     Schweigg.  J.,  60,  324,  1830.     Des  Cloizeaux, 
Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  9,  433,  1876. 

Triclinic.  Near  orthoclase  in  angles  and  habit,  but  the  angle  be  =  about 
89°  30'. 

Forms1:                        m  (110,  /',  1)                z  (130,  7-3)                     y  (201,  ;24,)  <r(443,  ,f) 

a  (100,  i-i,  k)                M  (110,  '1,  T)               x  (101,  ,1-S,)                    h  (301,  ,34,)  g  (221,  ,2) 

b  (010,  i-i,  M)              /  (130,  i-&)                  i/>  (10'0'9,  ,-VH)             p  (111,  yl)  o  (!ll,  1;) 
c  (001,  0,  P) 

For  amazonite,  Dx.  (1.  c.)  gives,  be  =  89°  44',  b'M  =  60°  58',  cM =  66°  22'.    For  the  white 
microcline  from  Leverett,  Mass.,  VM  =  60°  49',  cm  =  67°  43',  cM  =  68°  43',  -.»Jf  =  61°  29'. 


FELDSPAR  GROUP— M1CROCLINE. 


323 


Klockmann1   gives   be  =  89°  53',  ex  =  50°  45',  cy  =  80°  33'.      Also  Schuster  (N.-Z.   Min., 
690,  1885),  be  =  89°  25'  to  89°  30';  Sauer  aud  Ussing*,  be  =  89°  30',  cM  =  67°  32'3  VM=  61°. 

Twins:  like  orthoclase,  according  to  the  Carlsbad,  Baveno  and  Manebach  laws. 
Also  polysynthetic  twinning  according  to  the  albite  and  pericline  laws  (p.  326) 
rarely  absent;  fine  striations  due  to  the  former  often  observable  on  the  basal  face; 
the  two  methods  together  giving  a  double  series  of  fine  lamellae  nearly  at  right 
angles  to  each  other,  hence  the  peculiar  and  very  characteristic  grating-structure 
of  a  basal  section  viewed  in  polarized  light.  This  structure  may  be  in  part 
secondary3.  Crystals  usually  like  ordinary  orthoclase  in  habit.  Simple  crystals 
without  twinning  very  rare.  Also  massive  cleavable  to  granular  compact. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect;  b  somewhat  less  so;  M  sometimes  distinct;  m  also  some- 
times distinct,  but  less  easy.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  6-6*5.  G-.  =  2-54— 
2*57.  Luster  vitreous,  on  c  sometimes  pearly.  Color  white  to  pale  cream-yellow, 
also  red,  green.  Transparent  to  translucent. 

Optically  —  .  Ax.  pi.  nearly  perpendicular  (82°-83°)  to  b.  Bx0  inclined 
15°  26'*  to  a  normal  to  b.  Dispersion  p  <  v  about  Bx0.  Extinction-angle  on  c 
H-  15°  30',  on  b  +  5°  to  6°  (cf.  f.  3,  p.  326).  Axial  angles,  Dx.  : 


2H      =  88°  to  89 


2H      = 


to  104 


For  the  simple  crystals  from  the  peginatyte  of  Gasern,  Sauer  and  Ussing  give:  be  =  89°  30'; 

(Na)  on  c  -f- 
extinction-angle  with  the  basal  cleavage  lines  —  13°  48'. 


also  extinction  -angle  (Na)  on  c  -f-  15°  80 


2Ha.y  =  87°  30' 
.-.     2V    =  83 


2H 


41' 


on  b  -f-  5°  15';   also  for  a  section  j_   cleavages  c,  b, 
Axial  angles,  etc.: 

y  =  101°  7'  y-P  =  0'0032  fi-a  =  0'0040 

cr   =  1-5224  J   =  1-5264  =  1-5296 


Also  to  fix  the  position  of  the  planes  of  the  axes  of  elasticity: 


fie  A  001  =    83° 
6c  A  010  =  106° 


31'  at  A  001  =  12°    8' 

1'  ac  A  010  =  97°  34' 


afc  A  001  =  79°  48' 
afc  A  010  =  17°  48' 


The  essential  identity  of  orthoclase  and  microcline  has  been  urged  by  Mallard4  and  Michel- 
Levy4  on  the  ground  that  the  properties  of  the  former  would  belong  to  an  aggregate  of  sub- 
microscopic  twinning  lamellae  of  the  latter,  according  to  the  albite  aud  pericliue  laws. 

Comp.,  Yar.— Like  orthoclase,  KAlSi308    or    K2O.Al203.6Si02    —   Silica  64'7, 
alumina  18'4,  potash  16-9  =  100.     Sodium  is  usually  present  in  small  amount. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary.  In  crystals  and  cleavable  masses  chiefly  in  granitic  veins,  in  external 
aspect  not  often  to  be  distinguished  from  orthoclase.  Much  so-called  aventurine  feldspar  belongs 
here,  and  this  variety  often  encloses  lamellae  of  albite,  as  is  true  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  of 
most  forms. 

2.  Amnzonstone  or  amazonite.     Bright  verdigris-green.     Often  coated  with  albite  crystals 
in  parallel  position. 

3.  Ghesterlite.     In  white  crystals,   smooth,  but  feebly  lustrous,  implanted  on  dolomite  in 
Chester  Co.,  Penn.     It  contains  but  little  soda. 

Anal.— 1-4,  6,  7,  10-12,  Pisani,  quoted  by  Dx.  5,  Smith  and  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  42, 
1853.  8,9  Dmr.,  quoted  by  Dx.  13,  Scharizer,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  30,  593,  1880.  14,  Oebbeke, 
Zs.  Kr.,  11.  256,  1885.  15.  16,  Beutell,  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  363,  1883.  17,  Kloos,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  9,  1884. 
18,  Peufield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  20,  273,  1880.  19,  F.  J.  Wiik,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  76,  1882.  Also  Sauer  and 
Ussiug,  1.  c. ;  et  al. 

ign. 

035Fe2O3  074  =  101-17 
0-20  =  100 
0-20  =  99-66 
0-20  =  101-65 
0-65  Fe2O3  0-50,  CaO  0  61, 
[MgO  0-27  ==  100-36 
—    =  101-41 
0-81  MgO  0-32  =  101-55 
0-30  =  99-21 
9.  Sunganarsnk  2'584        65'43    19'58     12'45    2'31       —  Fe2O3  0'35  =  100'12 

10.  Areudal  2'543        65'40    18'63    11  -75     3'25      —   Fe2O3  1-09  =  100-12 

11.  Sedlovatoi  Is  2'58          64'70    19'50     12  90    3'40      —    =  100'50 

0-20  Fe203  0-28  =  101-20 
0-88  Fe2O3  0-97,     Ca  0'92 
[=  100-02 

2-57          65-12    19-56    1296    2'16    0'32  FeO  0'16.    CaO  0'26, 

[MgO  0-09  =  100-63 


1.  Magnet  Cove,  Ark. 

2.  Ural,  Amazonite 

3.  Ilinen  Mis.,  Amazonite 

4.  Ural 

5.  Chester,  Penu.,  Chesterlite\ 


Mu  r s  i  n  k  a ,  A  mazo  n  ite 
Leverett,  Mass. 
Brove,  i5aone-et-Loire 


12.  Mineral  Hill,  Penn. 

13.  Freistadt 

14.  Forst,  Tyrol 


G. 

SiO2 

A12O3 

K20 

Na2O 

2-54 

64-30 

1970 

15-60 

0-48 

2-55 

64-08 

20-70 

13-75 

1-27 

2-562 

64-80 

1960 

13-50 

1-56 

2-54 

65-75 

20-90 

13-20 

1  60 

— 

6497 

17-65 

14-02 

1-69 

2-576 

65-55 

20-30 

13-90 

1-66 

2-47 

64-97 

21-47 

12-20 

1-78 

2-548 

64-80 

19-90 

12-11 

2-10 

2-584 

65-43 

19-58 

12-45 

2-31 

2-543 

65-40 

18-63 

11-75 

3-25 

2-58 

64-70 

19-50 

1290 

3-40 

2-57 

64-90 

20-92 

10-95 

3-95 

2-549 

63-46 

18-12 

10-57 

5-10 

324 


SILICATES. 


G. 


15.  Striegau,  cryst. 


SiO2 
64-73 


A1203 
18-60 


K20 

14-00 


Na20 
1-92 


ign. 

0-20  Fe203  0-21, 


16. 

17.  L.  Baikal 

18.  Branchvillep  pseud. 

19.  Pargas,  "  Ersbyite, "  pseud. 


CaO  0-18 
\=  99-84 

|  65-28    18-71     10-82    3'82    0'25  Fe2O3  0'19.  CaO  0'30, 

[MgOO-64  =  100-01 
2-616        64-83    22-04      7'21    4'03    0'31  CaO  T38  =  99'80 

|  64-55    19-70    15-62    0'58    0'12  =  100  57 
2-57          66-18    19-52    13'03    0-91      —  CaO  0'36  =  100 
Obs. — Much  of  the  potash  feldspar  formerly  called  orthoclase  belongs  here;  in  general 
only  an  optical  examination  serves  to  establish  the  difference.     It  hence  occurs  under  the  same 
conditions  as  common  orthoclase.     Some  localities  are  mentioned  with  the  list  of  analyses;  that 
from  Magnet  Cove,  Arkansas,  is  nearly  pure  microcline.     The  beautiful  amazonstone  from  the 
Ural,  also  in  fine  groups  of  large  crystals  of  deep  color  in  the  granite  of  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado, 
is  microcliue.     CkesterUte  from   Poorhouse  quarry,  Chester  Co.,  Penn.,    and    the  aveniurine 
feldspar  of  Mineral  Hill,  Penn.,  belong  here. 

Microcline,  pseudomorph  after  spodumene  (anal.  18),  has  been  described  by  Brush  and  Dana 
from  Branchville,  where  the  species  also  occurs  in  very  large  cleavage  masses  and  crystallized 
in  a  pegmatyte  vein.  Simple  crystals  occur  in  pegmatyte  of  the  Gasernthal  near  Meissen, 
Saxony. 

The  name  mikroklin  was  given  by  Breithaupt  to  a  feldspar  occurring  chiefly  in  cleavable 
masses  in  the  zircon-syenite  of  Fredriksvarn,  also  Laurvik  and  Brevik,  Norway.  Breithaupt  made 
the  angle  between  the  two  cleavage  planes  90°  22'-90°  23',  instead  of  90°;  and  hence  derived  the 
name,  from  juzKpoS,  little,  and  KXiveiv,  to  incline.  Breithaupt  referred  to  microcline  the  feldspar 
of  Arendal,  which  afforded  him  the  same  angle,  also  feldspars  from  a  number  of  other  localities. 
The  species,  however,  was  first  established  by  Des  Cloizeaux.  He  shows  moreover  that  the 
FredriksvSrn  feldspar  is  true  orthoclase  (cf.  remarks  by  Bgr.,  cryptoperthite,  p.  321). 

Ref._ i  Cf.  Dx.,  1.  c.;  also  Klockmann,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  34,  410,  1882;  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  317,  1883; 
Beutell,  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  352,  1883;  Kloos,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  87,  1884.  2  Sauer  and  Ussing,  Zs.  Kr.,  18, 
192, 1890.  «  Rinne,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  66,  1890.  4  Mid.,  Ann.  Mines,  10, 10, 1876;  Michel-Levy,  Bull. 
Soc.  Min.,  2,  135,  1879. 

315  A.  Anorthoclase.  Anorthoklas  RoseribuscTi,  Mikr.  Phys.,  550,  1885.  Anorthose  FT. 
Natrouorthoklas  pt.  Natronmikroklin  F&r&tn&r.  Mikroklinalbit.  Mikroklas  F.  J.  Wiik. 

A  triclinic  feldspar  with  a  cleavage-angle,  ~bc,  varying  but  little  from  90°. 
Form  like  that  of  the  ordinary  feldspars.  Twinning  in  accordance  with  the  Carls- 
bad, Baveno,  and  Manebach  laws;  also  polysynthetic  according  to  the  albite  and 
pericline  laws;  but  in  many  cases  the  twinning  laminae  very  narrow  and  hence  not 
distinct.  Rhombic  section  inclined  on  b,  4°  to  6°  to  edge  b/c.  G.  =  2 -57-2 '60. 
Cleavage,  hardness,  luster,  and  color  as  with  other  members  of  the  group. 

Optically  -.  Extinction-angle  one,  +  5°  45'  to  +  2°;  on  b,  6°  to  9° -8. 
Bxa  nearly  _[_  y.  Dispersion  p  >  v\  horizontal  distinct.  Axial  angles  (Forstner). 

2Ey  =  71°  40'  Khagiar          88°  27'  Rakhall          ft7  =  1-5040  to  1-5810. 
Axial  angle  variable  with  temperature,  becoming  in  part  monoclinic  in  optical  symmetry 
between  86°  and  264°  C.,  but  again  triclinic  on  cooling;  this  is  true  of  those  containing  little 
calcium. 

Comp — Chiefly  a  soda-potash  feldspar,  NaAlSi80H  and  KAlSi308,  the  sodium 
silicate  usually  in  larger  proportion  (2  :  1,  3  :  1,  etc.),  calcium  (CaAl2Si208)  present 
in  relatively  very  small  amount. 

Anal.— 1-9,  Forstner,  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  193,  1883.  10,  J.  Vogt,  quoted  by  Bgr.,  1.  c.,  p.  261. 
11,  Jannasch,  quoted  by  Klein,  1.  c.  12,  Kjerulf,  Bgr,,  1.  c.,  p.  295.  13,  Fischer,  Mgg.,  1.  c., 
p.  119,  also  other  anals.  14,  F.  J.  Wiik,  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  203,  1883.  15,  Fletcher,  Min.  Mag.,  7,  131, 
1887.  16-.  Hyland,  Min.  Mitth.,  10,  256,  1888.  17,  Penfield,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  7  Ann.  Rep.,  p. 
269, 1885-86  (1888). 

G.  SiO2    A1203    CaO  K2O  Na2t 

7-99  Fe2O3  I'Ol,  MgO  0  51  =  99'83 
7-42  Fe2O3  3'27,  MgO  0  30  =  lOO'Ol 
6-93  Fe2O3  0'56,  MgO  013  =  99'74 
8  07  Fe2O3  0-96,  MgO  0-04  =  100-50 
713  Fe2O3  0-95,  MgO  0'09  =  99'48 
7-10  Fe2O3  0-31  =  99'86 
7-45  Fe203  1-03,  MgO  0-17=  99'61 
7-34  Fe2O3  0'91,  MgO  013  =  100-28 
7-31  Fe2030-72,  MgOO'30=  99'96 
6-59  MgO  0-04  =  99-98 
6-99  Fe2O3  0'45,  MgO  013  =  100-89 
2-97  Fe203  4-58,  MgO  0'71,  H2O  0'96 
[=  99-07 


G. 

Si02 

A1203 

CaO 

K20 

1. 

2. 

Montagna  Grande 
Mte.  Gibele 

2-595 
2-605 

68-23 
6341 

18-30 
20-32 

1-26 
2-76 

2-53 
2-53 

3. 

Khania 

2-592 

66-67 

19-74 

1-37 

4-34 

4. 

Khagiar 

2-574 

66-34 

19-05 

1-08 

4-96 

5. 

Zichidi 

2-584 

64-81 

20-65 

2-01 

3-84 

6. 

Sidori 

2-578 

66-74 

19-98 

1-25* 

4-48 

7. 

RakhalS 

2-566 

66-20 

19-86 

0-80 

410 

8. 

S.  Marco 

2-577 

66-79 

19-36 

0-80 

4-95 

9. 

Cuddia  Mida 

256 

66-63 

19-76 

0-38 

4-86 

10. 

Svenor 

61-35 

22-37 

4166 

4-97 

11. 

Hohe  Hagen 

64-33 

21-97 

2-07 

4-95 

12. 

Lille  Frogner 

58-18 

22-89 

4-61 

4-17 

FELDSPAR  GROUP— ALBITE-ANORTHITE  SERIES. 


325 


G. 


SiO2    A12O3    CaO  K2O    Na2O 


13.  Tyveholmen 

14.  St.  Gothard,  mik~ 

Toklas 

15.  Kilima-ujaro 
16. 

17.  Obsidian  Cliff 


Extinction  on  c 

"  b 


Extinction  on  c 

'«  b 


2-651        5951     22-69    5'05    2'50 


2-567 
263 


[66-40]  16-23 
60-78  23-00 
61-30  23-10 
67-53  17-99 


—  11-90 
2-84  4-50 
3-02  5-34 
0-09  5-08 


a  Incl.  some  BaO. 


6-38  Fe2O3  2"47,  MgO  0'42,  H2O1'34 
[=  100-36 

5-47  =  100 

6-65  H20  0-21,  Fe203  2'32  =  100'30 

7-11  H20  0-09  =  99-96 

8-36  Fe2O3   0'60,    ign.  0'30  =  99'95 


8 

3° -50 
9° -50 


1 

5° -75 
6° -04 

9 
2° -10 

9° -80 


2 

3 

4 

4°  59 
6°  -43 

4°  -63 
6°  -50 

4°  -37 

6°  -88 

11 

12 

3°  5 
6°  -40 

0°  to  3° 
-  5°  to  - 

0° 

8°  5}' 

5 

3° -60 

7° -37 


6  7 

3° -14        3° -80 

8°-75        8°-75 


13  14 

to  2°      l°30'to    5°  12' 
5}°  to  6*°    6°       to  10° 


Obs.  —  These  triclinic  soda-potash  feldspars  are  chiefly  known  from  the  andesytic  lavas 
of  Pantelleria.  Most  of  these  feldspars  come  from  a  rock,  called  by  Forstner  pantellerite, 
vhich  is  characterized  by  the  presence  of  cossyrite;  a  similar  feldspar  (anal.  11)  resembling  saui- 
dine  occurs  in  the  basalt  of  the  Hohe  Hagen  near  Gottingen.  Also  from  the  augite-syeuite  of 
southern  Norway  and  from  the  "  Rhomben-porphyr  "  near  Christiania.  The  feldspar  of 
Kilima-njuro  investigated  by  Hyland  belongs  here;  probably  also  other  feldspars  from  Teneriffe; 
Frejus  in  Esterel.  An  abnormal  feldspar  from  Quatro  Ribeiras  is  mentioned  under  albite.  A 
feldspar  in  crystals  of  unusual  habit,  tabular  |  c,  and  twinned  according  to  the  Manebach  and 
less  often  Baveno  laws  occurs  in  the  lithophyses  of  the  rhyolyte  of  Obsidian  Cliff,  Yellowstone 
Park.  It  shows  the  blue  opalescence  in  a  direction  parallel  with  a  steep  orthodome  (cf.  p.  317). 

Ref.—  Forstner,  Zs  Kr.,  8,  125,  1883,  and  on  the  effect  of  heat  upon  the  optical  character, 
Zs.  Kr.,  9,  333,  1884;  also  earlier  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  547,  1877,  in  which  the  feldspars  examined  were 
all  referred  to  orthoclase.  See  also  Klein,  Nachr.  Ges.  Gott,  No.  14,  1878,  Jb.  Min.,  518,  1879, 
who  proves  the  triclinic  character  of  the  Pantelleria  feldspar.  On  the  feldspars  from  the  "  Rhom- 
ben-porphyr "  of  the  Christiania  region,  as  of  Tyveholmen  (2'5  p.  c.  K2O)  and  elsewhere,  see 
Milgge,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  107,  1881,  Bgr.,  die  Silur.Etagen,  etc.,  im  Kristiania-Gebiete,  etc.,  pp.  252- 
307,  1882. 

Albite-  Anorthite  Series  * 

Between  the  isomorphous  species 

ALBITE  NaAlSi308  Ab 

ANOKTHITE  CaAl2Si208  An 

there  are  a  number  of  intermediate  subspecies,  regarded  as  isomorphous  mixtures 
of  these  molecules,  and  defined  according  to  the  ratio  in  which  they  enter;  their 
composition  is  expressed  in  general  by  the  formula  AbnAnm.  They  are: 


Al^An, 
Ab}An3 


to 
to 
to 
to 


Ab.An, 

Ab1An1 
At^An, 
Ab,An. 


OLIGOCLASE 
AKDESINE 
LABKADORITE 
and  Bytownite 

From  albite  through  the  successive  intermediate  compounds  to  anorthite  with 
the  progressive  change  in  composition  (and  specific  gravity),  there  is  also  a  corre- 
sponding change  in  crystallographic  form,  and  as  developed  by  Schuster  in  certain 
fundamental  optical  properties. 

The  relations  of  the  triclinic  feldspars,  albite,  anorthite,  and  the  intermediate  compounds  in 
which  both  sodium  and  calcium  enter,  have  been  discussed  by  many  writers,  and  various  authors, 
as  von  Waltershausen,  Rammelsberg,  Scheerer,and  later  Delesse  and  Hunt  have  made  important 
contributions  to  the  subject.  The  establishment  of  the  view  now  accepted,  however,  is  chiefly 
due  to  Tschermak1. 

Crystalline  form.  The  axial  ratios  and  angles  given  on  p.  314  show  that  these 
triclinic  feldspars  approach  orthoclase  closely  in  form,  the  most  obvious  difference 
being  in  the  cleavage-angle  be,  which  is  90°  in  orthoclase,  86°  24'  in  albite,  and  85° 

*  The  triclinic  feldspars  of  this  series,  in  which  the  two  cleavages  b  and  c  are  oblique  to  each 
other,  are  often  called  in  general  plagioclase  (from  ithdyioS,  oblique),  a  name  first  introduced  by 
Breithaupt,  Min.,  3,  492,  1847. 


326 


SILICATES. 


50'  in  anorthite.     The  transition  in  form  from  albite  to  anorthite  is  distinctly 
shown  in  tne  change  in  this  angle,,  be.     Thus 

be 

Albite  86°  24'     Rose 

Oligoclase  (sunstone)  86°    8'    Mgc. 

Andesine  86°  14'     Rath 

Labradorite  86°    4'     Tsch. 

Anorthite  85°  50'    Mgc. 

A  series  of  similar  measurements  is.given  by  Wiik,  Zs.  Er,,  11,  312,  1885. 
There  is  also  a  change  in  the  axial  angle  y,  which  is  88°  in  albite,  about  90°  in 
oligoclase  and  andesine,  and  91°  in  anorthite.     This  transition  appears  still  more 
strikingly  in  the  position  of  the  "rhombic  section,"  by  which  the  twins  according 
to  the  pericline  law  are  united  as  explained  below. 

Twinning.  The  plagioclase  feldspars  are  often  twinned  in  accordance  with 
the  Carlsbad,  Baveno,  and'  Manebach  laws  common  with  orthoclase  (p.  316). 
Twinning  is  also  almost  universal  according  to  the  albite  law — twinning  plane  the 
brachypinacoid;  this  is  usually  polysynthetic,  i.e.  repeated  in  the  form  of  thin 
lamellae,  giving  rise  to  fine  striations  on  the  basal  cleavage  surface.  Twinning  is 
also  ^common  according  to  the  pericline  law — twinning  axis  the  macrodiagoual 
axis  I',  when  polysynthefcic  this  gives  another  series  of  fine  striations  seen  on  the 
brachypinacoid. 

The  composition-face  in  this  pericline  twinning  is  a  plane  passing  through  the 
crystal  in  such  a  direction  that  its  intersections  with  the  prismatic  faces  and  the 
brachypinacoid  make  equal  plane  angles  with  each  other.  The  position  of  this 
rhombic  section  ("rhombische  Schnitt")  and  the  consequent  direction  of  the  stria- 
tions on  the  brachypinacoid  change  rapidly  with  a  small  change  in  the  angle  y.  In 
general  it  may  'be  said  to  be  approximately  parallel  to  the  base,  but  in  albite  it  is 
inclined  backward  (-)-,  f.  1,  cf.  also  f.  3)  and  in  anorthite  to  the  front  (— ,  f.  2); 
for  the  intermediate  species  its  position  varies  progressively  with  the  composition 
(Rath,  Wiik,  et  al.).  Thus  for  the  angle  between  the  trace  of  this  plane  on  the 
brachypinacoid  and  the  edge  b/c,  we  have 


Albite 
Oligoclase- Albite 

Oligoclase 
Andesine 

Labradorite 
Bytownite 

Anorthite 


Ab 


Ab6Anx 
Ab3An! 

Ab3An2 
Ab4Au3 


AbiAu3 
AbiAn6 
An 


4-  22°  to  4-  20° 
4-  20°  to  -f-  10° 

-f    9°  to  4-  3£° 

+    1° 
0° 

-  I3  to  -    2° 

-  9°  to  -  10° 

-  15°  to  -  17° 


For  special  observations  see  under  the  individual  species  beyond. 
1.  2. 


1,  Rhombic  section  in  albite.     2,  Same  in  anorthite;  1,  2,  after  Rath.     3,  Typical  form  showing 
directions  of  light-extinction  on  c  and  b. 


FELDSPAR  GROUP— ALBITE. 


327 


Optical  characters.  There  is  also  a  progressive  change  in  the  position  of  the 
axes  of  light-elasticity  and  the  optic  axial  plane  in  passing  from  albite  to  anorthite, 
as  has  been  shown  by  Schuster.  This  is  most  4. 

simply  exhibited  by  the  position  of  the  planes  of 
light-vibration,  as  observed  in  sections  parallel  to 
the  two  cleavages,  basal  c  and  clinopinacoidal  b,  in 
other  words  the  extinction-angle  formed  on  each 
face  with  the  edge  b/c  (cf.  f .  3). 

The  approximate  position  of  the  axes  of  elas- 
ticity for  the  different  feldspars  is  shown  in  figure  4 
(from  Schuster).  The  axis  of  least  elasticity  (c)  does 
not  vary  very  much  from  the  zone  be,  but  the  axis 
of  greatest  elasticity  (a)  varies  widely,  and  hence  the 
axial  plane  has  an  entirely  different  position  in  al- 
bite from  what  it  has  in  anorthite.  Furthermore 
albite  is  optically  positive,  that  is  c  =  Bx,  while 
anorthite  is  negative  or  a  =  Bx;  for  certain  an  de- 
sines  the  axial  angle  is  sensibly  90°. 

The  following  table  gives  the  percentage  composition  of  the  various  molecular 
compounds  of  albite  and  anorthite,  with  the  calculated  specific  gravity  (Tschermak), 
and  also  certain  of  the  optical  characters  connected  with  them  by  the  researches  of 
Schuster  and  Mallard.  These  latter  values  are  calculated  by  Schuster  from  an 
equation  deduced  by  Mallard,  in  which  certain  observed  values  are  assumed  as  fun- 
damental. Observed  angles  for  many  cases  are  given  in  the  pages  which  follow. 


Ratio  of  Albite 

to  Anorthite 

AbnAnw 

n 

m         G. 

Albite 

1 

0        2-624 

Oligoclase- 
albite          ' 

12 

8 
6 

1    '    2-635 
1        2-640 
1        2-645 

4 

1        2-652 

Oligoclasc 

o 

1        2-659 

2 

1        2-671 

3 

2        2-680 

Andesine 

4 

3        2-684 

•I 

\.          1 

1        2-694 

. 

[3 

4        2-703 

Labradorite   - 

2 
1 

3        2-708 
2        2-716 

1 

3        2-728 

| 

1 

4        2-735 

Bytownite     •« 

1 

6        2-742 
8        2-747 

Anorthite 

0 

1        2-758 

Percentage  Composition 


27-1 
28-3 
29-6 
30-1 
31-2 
32-6 
33-4 
34-4 
34-9 


Extinction-angle 
with  edge  c/b 

on  c  on  b 

19° 


4-4°  30' 

+  3°  38' 
to  2°  45' 


+  15°  35' 
to  11°  59' 


63-3 
62-0 
59-9 
58-1 
57-4 
55-6 
53-7 
53-0 
51-4 
49-3 
48-0 
46-6 
45-9 
43-2 


+  1°55'       +8°  17' 
to  -  0°  35'   to  -  2°  15' 

-    2°  12'      -  7°  58' 
to  —    5°  10'  to  —  16° 


-  7°  53'  -  20°  52' 
to  -  17°  40'  to  -  29°  28' 


-21°  5'   -31°  10' 
to  -  28°  4'  to  -  33°  40' 


-37C 


-  36° 


Careful  determinations  of  the  specific  gravity  of  these  feldspars  have  been  made  by  Gold- 
schmidt,  see  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.  Bd.,  1,  203,  1881. 

Ref._ i  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  50  (1),  566-613,  1865  (read  Dec.  15,  1864).  Cf.  also 
Rg.,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  18,  200,  1866;  Streng,  Jb.  Min.,  411,  1865,  598,  1871;  Rath,  Pogg.,  144,  219, 
1871. 

2 Schuster,  Min.  Mitth.,  3,  117,  1881,  5,  189,  1882.  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  1862,  N.  R.,  1867;  also 
Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  4,  1875,  9,  433,  1876;  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  6,  89,  1883,  etc.  Wiik,  Ofv.  Finsk.  Soc., 
19,  60,  1876-77,  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  203,  1883,  11,  312,  1885.  Mallard,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  4,  96,  1881. 
Michel-Levy,  Min.  Micr.,  1879,  Ann.  Mines,  12,  440,  1877.  Thoulet,  Ann.  Mines,  14,  115.  1878. 

3 Position  of  the  rhombic  section,  Rath,  Jb.  Min.,  689,  1876;  Wiik,  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  498,  1878: 
Schuster,  1.  c.,  p.  240;  Pfd.,  Am.  J  Sc.,  34,  390,  1887.  Gdt.,  Ueb.  Proj.,  64,  1887. 

316.  ALBITE.  Feltspat  hvit  pt.  Wall.,  65, 1747.  Feldspath  pt.,  Schorl  blanc  pt. ,  de Lisle, 
Crist.,  2,  409,  PI.  v.,  f.  15,  16, 1783.  Krummblatteriger  Feldspath  Hedenberg,  Afh.,  1,  118, 1806. 
Albit  Gahn  &  Berz.,  Afh.,  4,  180,  1815.  Tetartin  Breith.,  Char.,  1823.  Soda  Feldspar. 


328 


SILICATES. 


VAR.  introd.  as  species.  Cleavelandite  (fr.  Chesterfield)  Brooke,  Ann.  Phil.,  5,  381,  1823. 
Periklin  Breith.,  Char.,  1823;  Pericline.  Hyposklerit  (fr.  Arendal)  Breith.,  Schw.  J.,  3,  316, 
1830.  Peristerite  (fr.  Perth,  Can.)  Thorn.,  Phil.  Mag.,  22,  189,  1843.  Olafh  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg., 
25,  88  =  Oligoklas-Albit  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  89,  17.  Adiuole  (fr.  Sala)  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  126,  1832. 
i.,  Pogg.,  59,  441,  1846.  Tschermakit  Fr.  wnKobell,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  8,  411,  1873. 

Triclinic.     Axes   d:b:c=  0-63347  :  1  :  0-55771;  a  =  94°  3',  /3  =  116°  28f ', 

:  88°  8f  Dx.  and  Mgc.1 

100  A  010  =  90°  3|',  100  A  001  =  63°  34J',  010  A  001  =  86°  24'. 

<r  (443,  f ,) 
*  (?32,  f ,) 
u  (221,  2,) 
T  (132,  f  3,)4 
il>  (552,  'f)3 

Klockmann 6  adds  a  number  of  doubtful  planes:  ft  (430),  a  (270),   d  (530),    e  (430),   77  (120), 
£  (140),  £(150),  K  (1-20-0),  0(085),  A  (114),  ^  (IS'16'1),  p  (1  201),  a  (181),  r  (414). 


Forms2  : 

C    (150,  *-5')3 

b  (010,  *4,  M) 

M  (110,  'J,  T) 

c  (001,  0,  P) 

v   (450,  7*4)4? 

ra  (iio,  r,  i) 

2    (130,  Y-3) 

H  (450,  *-£')4? 

x    (101,  ,14,) 

/  (130,  £3') 

7-    (403,  ,f  4,) 

y  (201,  ,24,) 

//  (443,  ,f) 

<?  (021,  24') 

0  (221,  ,2) 

7i  (021,  '24) 

^  (112,  V) 

7  (112,  ,|) 
P  (111,  ,1) 

o  (111,  1,) 
*  (665,  f) 

Z>ra 

— 

60°  26' 

cy  = 

82° 

7' 

cA 

=  67° 

33' 

op 

— 

53°  15' 

¥ 

d's 
mM 

'  = 

30°  24' 
19°  23f 
60°  20i' 
30°  22' 
59°  14' 

ce    — 
en  = 

43° 
*46° 
*46° 
89° 

10' 
46' 
50' 
56' 

Cff 

c6 

CO 
CO" 

cu 

=  81° 
=  30° 
=  57° 
=  70° 
=  85° 

33' 
11' 
49' 
21' 
10' 

by 
b'S 

me 
mp 

= 

70°  41V 
78°  12i' 

51°  18' 
94°  59' 

fa' 
ex 

= 

119°  13£' 
52°  16' 

cm  — 
cM= 

65° 

*69° 

OQ° 

17' 
W 

ftp 

bx 

=  60° 

=  86° 

26i' 
20' 

5» 

Mo 

= 

45°  42V 
*51°  36' 
98°  33' 

cr 

= 

65°  28V 

°Cp  = 

&*J 

55° 

53' 

b'o 

=  66° 

18' 

M'y 

= 

*42°  27' 

1. 


6. 


7. 


Figs.  1,  2,  Schneeberg,  Passeir,  Rumpf.    3,  Pfitsch,  Schrauf.     4,  Zillerthal,  Id.     5,  Middletown. 
6,  Carlsbad  twiu;  7,  Albite  and  Carlsbad  twins  combined,  Schrauf. 

Twins':  similar  to  the  (1)  Carlsbad,  (2)  Baveno  and  (3)  Manebach  twins  of 
orthoclase  (p.  316);  (4)  tw.  pi.  b,  albite  law  (p.  326),  usually  contact-twins,  and 
polysynthetic,  consisting  of  thin  lamellae  and  with  consequent  fine  striations  on  c; 
this  twinning  is  rarely  absent  in  embedded  masses  and  may  be  sometimes  of 
secondary  origin.  (5)  tw.  axis  b,  pericline  law,  in  contact-twins  whose  composition- 


FELDSPA  R  GRO  UP—ALBITE. 


face  is  the  so-called  rhombic  section  (cf.  f.  1  p.  326);  also  often  polysynthetic 
and  then  showing  fine  striations  which  on  b  are  inclined  backward  +  22°  to  the 
edge  b/c.  (6)  Tw.  axis  a,  not  common.  (7)  Tw.  axis  a  line  in  010  normal  to  6. 

Crystals  often  tabular  ||  #;  also  elongated  ||  axis  b,  as  in  the  variety  pericline. 
Also  massive,  either  lamellar  or  granular;  the  laminae  often  curved,  sometimes 
divergent;  granular  varieties  occasionally  quite  fine  to  impalpable. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect;  b  somewhat  less  so;  m  imperfect.  Fracture  uneven  to 
conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  6-6-5.  G.  =  2  •62-2-65.  Luster  vitreous;  on  a 
cleavage  surface  often  pearly.  Color  white ;  also  occasionally  bluish,  gray,  reddish, 

treenish,  and  green ;  sometimes  having  a  bluish  opalescence  or  play  of  colors  on  c. 
treak  uncolored.     Transparent  to  subtranslucent. 


10. 


11. 


9. 


8,  9,  Pericline,  Schrauf.    10,  11,  Roc  Tourne,  Savoy,  Rose. 

Optically  +.  Plane  (S)  J_  to  Bxa  inclined  10*0°  to  102°  to  c  on  acute  edge  b/c. 
Extinction-angle  with  edge  b/c  =  +  4°  30'  to  2°  on  c,  and  =  +  20°  to  15  on  b. 
Dispersion  for  Bxa,  p  <  v,  also  incline^,  horizontal;  for  Bx0,  p>  t>;  inclined, 
crossed,  Dx.  Change  of  axial  angle  on  elevation  of  temperature  small,  2°  30'  from 
21°-5  C.  to  170°-8  Dx.  Axial  angles: 

2Ha.r  =  80°  to  84°  2H0.r  =  106°  to  109° 

The  following  table  gives  the  extinction-angles  on  b  and  c-  the  angle  formed  by  the  trace  of 
the  rhombic  section  on  b  with  the  edge  b/c;  also  so  far  as  possible  the  lime  percentage  and  spe- 
cific gravity.  The  authors  quoted  are  Schuster,  Rath,  Beutell,  Cathrein,  Krenner,  Wiik,  Pen- 
field;  for  references  see  p.  327  and  analyses  below. 


G.  CaO 

Kasbek  2-618 
Fusch,  Pinzgau 
Schmirn,  Pericline 

Schwarzbach  0'47 

Striegau  (V45 

Reichenbach  T05 

Brixlegg  2'630               0'72 

Andreasberg,  Zygadite  0*30 

Kragero  0'35 

Somero  2  -622 

Branchville  2'610               M8 

HitterS  2  "632                1'46 

Haddam  2*633               1'80 

Mineral  Hill  2-627                1-85 

Daubury  2  "628               195 


Extinction 


on  c 

on  b 

+  4°  12' 

+  18°  44' 

3°  47' 

17°  35' 

3° 

54'  to  3°  40' 

17°  54'  to  17°  35' 

4°    5' 

16°  30' 

4°  50' 

19°  30' 

3°  20' 

20°  40'? 

4° 

18° 

4°  36' 

17°  12' 

20° 
15° 
15° 
16° 
12° 
15° 


Rhombic 
section. 


22° 


20° 
12° 
14° 
13° 
12° 
10° 


The  following  table,  from  Des  Cloizeaux,  gives  the  extinction-angles,  also  the  acute  axial 
angle,  about  the  -{-  Bx  and  the  real  angle  between  the  plane  normal  to  Bx  (S)  and  the  plane  c; 


330 


SILICATES. 


further  the  specific  gravities  and  lime  percentage,  the  last  from  analyses  by  Pisani,  Damour. 
Dirvell  (cf.  Dx.): 


Extinction 

Axial 

Angle 

CaO 

on  c 

on  b 

2Ha 

cS 

Roc  Tourne 

+     3°  to  4° 

+18° 

34'  to  20°  46' 

80° 

to  82° 

101° 

to  102° 

Dauphiny 
Middletown 

3°  52'  to  5° 

2°  to  3°  50 

16° 

20° 
30'  to  20° 

90° 

84° 
20' 

to  87° 
to  91° 

12' 

101° 

105° 
to  102° 

Noeskiln 

0-19 

2°  to  3° 

18°  to  21° 

Ural 

0-50 

3°  58'     .', 

16° 

30'  to  21° 

83° 

10' 

to  83° 

54' 

102°  30 

' 

Bathurst,  Canada, 

Peristerite 

3°  30'  to  3°  50'- 

14°  to  15° 

89° 

to  91° 

95° 

to  98°  20' 

Burgess,  Canada, 

Peristerite 

1°  30'  to  3° 

15°  to  16° 

88° 

30' 

to  91° 

10' 

95° 

to  97°  25' 

Irigny,  Rhone 

0-88 

1°  30'  to  5° 

11° 

to  14°  10' 

90° 

36' 

to  91° 

36' 

96° 

to  97° 

Kararfvet 

1-32 

2°  to  2°  36' 

15°  to  18° 

87° 

26' 

to  93° 

97° 

to  100C 

'55' 

Bamle, 

Tschermakite 

1-40 

2°  to  3°  30' 

15° 

to  17°  30' 

86°  16'  to  87° 

42' 

100° 

to  101 

Snarum,  olafite 

1-56? 

4°  8'  to  4°  21' 

19° 

16'  to  21° 

81° 

54' 

to  83° 

26' 

101°  50 

' 

St.  Vincent,  Styria 

1-56 

1°  40'  to  2°  45' 

13° 

30'  to  14°  30' 

88C 

30'  to  91° 

95° 

to  94° 

25' 

Mineral  Hill,  Pa., 

Moonstone 

2-5 

2°  to  4° 

15°  to  17° 

88' 

3  4' 

to  91° 

29' 

93° 

to  94° 

16' 

An  abnormal  albite  from  Quatre  Ribeiras,  on  Terceira,  Azores  (anal.  24),  has  been  investi- 
gated by  Fouque.  Its  extinction-angles  on  c  and  b  are  1°  30'  and  9°  to  9°  30'  respectively;  it  is 
optically  —  with  Bxa  nearly  _L  y  and  Bx0  nearly  JL  b. 

Comp. — A  silicate  of  aluminium  and  sodium,  NaAlSi308  or  Na2O.Al203.6SiO,  = 
Silica  68*7,  alumina  19*5,  soda  11*8  =  100.  Calcium  is  usually  present  in  small 
amount,  as  anorthite  (CaAl2Si208),  and  as  this  increases  it  graduates  through  oligo- 
clase-albite to  oligoclase  (cf.  p.  332). 

Var. — Ordinary.  In  crystals  and  massive.  The  crystals  often  tabular  ||  b.  The  massive 
forms  are  usually  nearly  pure  white,  and  often  show  wavy  or  curved  laminae. 

Peristerite  is  a  whitish  adularia-like  albite,  slightly  iridescent,  having  G.  =  2'626;  named 
from  Trepiorepd,  pigeon,  the  colors  resembling  somewhat  those  of  the  neck  of  a  pigeon. 

Aventurine  and  moonstone  varieties  also  occur  as  under  oligoclase. 

Pericline  from  the  chloride  schists  of  the  Alps  is  in  rather  large  opaque  white  crystals,  with 
characteristic  elongation  in  the  direction  of  the  b  axis,  as  shown  in  figs.  8,  9,  and  commonly 
twinned  with  this  as  the  twinning  axis  (pericline  law,  see  above). 

Hyposclerite  is  blackish  green  from  Arendal;  H.  =  55;  G.  =  2 '63-2 -66;  it  contains,  accord- 
ing to  Rammelsberg,  5  p.  c.  of  pyroxene.  Nam,ed  from  VTTO,  under,  (rtftypoS,  hard,  with  refer- 
ence to  the  inferior  hardness. 

Cleavelandite  is  a  white  lamellar  kind  found  at  Chesterfield,  Mass.,  and  similarly  elsewhere, 
and  named  after  Dr.  P.  Cleaveland  (1780  1858),  the  mineralogist. 

Olafite,  called  also  oligoclase-albite  by  Scheerer,  is  an  albite  from  Snarum,  Norway. 

Zygadite  occurs  in  thin  tabular  twin  crystals.  Translucent  or  milky.  Color  yellowish 
white  to  reddish.  G.  =  2-511-2-512,  Breith.  Found  with  milky  quartz,  stilbite,  and  sphalerite, 
in  fissures  in  argillyte,  at  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz.  It  was  named  from  ^vyddrjv,  in  pairs,  or 
twinned.  The  identity  with  albite  was  made  probable  by  Des  Cloizeaux  (Min.,  1,  326),  and  further 
proved  by  Krennerand  Loczka,  cf.  anal.  13. 

Tschermakite,  Fr.  von  Kobell.  Described  as  a  magnesian  oligoclase,  but  on  the  basis  of 
an  analysis  of  impure  material;  later  shown  to  belong  with  oligoclase-albite.  Cf.  Hawes,  anal. 
14,  also  Pisani  and  Dx..  1.  c.  From  Kjorrestad  near  Bamle,  Norway,  where  it  occurs  with 
quartz  aud  wagnerite  (kjerulfine).  Named  for  Prof.  G.  Tschermak  of  Vienna. 

Anal.— 1,  Barwald,  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  48, 1883,  cf.  Schuster,  Min.  Mitth.,  7,  373, 1886.  2,  Rath,  Jb. 
Min.,  699,  1876.  3,  G.  Rose,  Gilb.  Ann.,  73,  173,  1823.  4,  Thaulow,  Pogg.,  42,  571,  183?. 

5,  C.  Hidegh,  Tsch.,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  50  (1),  587,  1865.     6,  Ludwig,  after  deducting  2 '24  Fe2O3 
from  pyrrhotite,  Min.  Mitth.,   100,   1874.     7,   Tschermak,  Ber.    Ak.   Wien,   50  (1),   578,  1865. 
8,  Beutell,  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  360,  1883.     9,  Id.,  ib.,  p.  369.     10,  Id.,  ib.,  p.  376.     11,  Cathrein,  Zs.  Kr., 
7,  239,  1882.     12,  Rath,  Pogg.,  Jbl.  Bd.,  547,   1874.     13,   Loczka,    Zs.    Kr.,    11,    260,   1885. 
14,  Hawes,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  7,  579,  1874.     15,  Musgrave,  Ch.  News,  46,  204,  1882.     16,  Leeds.  Am. 
J.  Sc.,  6,  25,  1873.     17,  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  390,  1849.     18,  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,   50 
(1),  587,  1865.     19-23,  F.  L.  Sperry,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  34,  392,  1877.     24,  Fouque,  Bull.  Soc.  Min., 

6,  197,  1883.     See  also  5th  Ed.,  p.  351. 


G. 

1.  Kasbek  2'618 

2.  KragerS  2 '600 

3.  Arendal  2'616 

4.  St.  Gollinrd,  pericline 

5.  Pfitsch,  Tyrol,     "        2'620 


SiO2 
68-75 
66-30 
6846 
69-00 
68'- 75 


A.12O3 
19-73 
20-90 
19-30 
19-43 
19-53 


CaO  Na2O  K2O  ign. 

—  12-29       —  —    -  100-77 

0-35  [12-10]      —  0-35  =  100 

0-68  11-27       —  —  Fe2O3  0-28  =  99-99 

020  11-47       —  —    =  100-10 

0-32  11-04       —  —  MgO  0  03  =  99  67 


FELDSPAR  GROUP— ALBITE. 


333 


SiO2 

A1.0, 

CaO    Na^O 

K 

20 

ign. 

66-93 

21 

•18 

0 

•65 

11-23 

— 

— 

100 

68-8 

19-3 

0 

•4 

11-1 

o- 

5 



Fe 

203  0-1  = 

100-2 

f  6725 

19 

•67 

0 

•47 

11-57 

0-51 

Fe 

2Oa  0-26  = 

99-73 

67-51 

1(J 

•97 

0 

45 

11-50 

0'12 

— 

99-55 

66-17 

20 

•72 

1 

•05 

10-56 

]_• 

15 

0-56 

— 

10021 

67-49 

20 

•35 

0 

•72 

11-27 

0' 

29 



— 

100-12 

66-65 

20 

•15 

0-74 

[12-46] 

— 

— 

100 

68-81 

19 

41 

0 

•30 

11-05 

0 

•41 

tr. 

— 

99-98 

6604    20-33    1'29     lO'Ol 
6844    19-35      —       11 '67 


0-21     0-95  Fe2O3  0'29,MgO I'll 
0-43      —   =  99-89       =  100-23 


67-70 
66-65 

19 
20 

•98 
•79 

1 

•47 
•05 

8-86 
9-36 

1- 

36 

0-08 

MgO  O'll  =  99-56 
MgO  0'52  =  99-37 

669 

208 

2-00 

10-2 

06        — 

— 

100-5 

66'58 

21 

26 

1 

•18 

10-26 

0 

76 

0-16 

Fe 

2O3  0-07  = 

100-27 

66-83 

20 

•88 

1 

46 

10-36 

0 

•70 

0-27 

Fe 

2O3  0-25  = 

100-75 

66-06 

21 

•57 

1 

•80 

9-57 

1 

01 

— 

Fe 

203  0-18  = 

100-19 

66-34 

20 

•72 

1 

•85 

9-44 

0 

•98 

038 

— 

9971 

6573 

21 

•33     1-95 

9-66 

0 

95 

019 

Fe 

2O3  0-12  = 

9992 

68-73 

19 

•76 

1 

•12 

9-45 

1 

•37 

— 

— 

100-43 

G. 

6.  Schneeberg,  Passeir  2*61 

7.  Wiudisch  Matrei  2'624 

8.  Schwarzbach 

9.  Striegau 

10.  Reichenbach 

11.  Brixlegg  2 '630 

12.  Langenberg  2 '573 

13.  Antfreasberg,  Zygadite 

14.  Bamle,    "  Tschermak 

tie"  2-67 

15.  Amelia  Co.,  Va.  2'605 

16.  Media,  Penn.,  moon- 

stone 2-59 

17.  Uuionville,  Penn. 

18  Laacher  See  2  636 

19  Branchville,  Ct.  2'610 

20.  Hittero  2 '632 

21.  Haddam,  Ct.  2'633 

22.  Mineral  Hill,  Penn.  2'627 

23.  Danbury,  Ct.  2  638 

24.  Quatre  Ribeiras  2*593 

Pyr.,  etc.— B  B.  fuses  at  4  to  a  colorless  or  white  glass,  imparting  an  intense  yellow  to  the 
flame.  Not  acted  upon  by  acids. 

Obs. — Albite  is  a  constituent  of  many  crystalline  rocks.  With  hornblende  it  constitutes 
dioryte.  It  occurs  with  orthoclase  (or  microcline)  in  much  granite,  and  in  such  cases  is  usually 
distinguishable  by  its  greater  whiteness.  In  perthite  (p.  321)  it  is  interlaminated  with  orthoclase 
or  microcline,  and  similar  aggregations,  often  on  a  microscopic  scale,  are  common  in  many  rocks. 
Albite  is  common  also  in  gneiss,  and  sometimes  in  the  crystalline  schists.  Veins  of  albitic 
granite  are  often  repositories  of  the  rarer  minerals  and  of  fine  crystallizations  of  gems,  including 
beryl,  tourmaline,  allanite,  columbite,  etc.  It  occurs  also  in  some  volcanic  rocks,  especially  in 
the  andesytes,  as  with  allanite  at  Langenberg,  near  Heisterbach  in  the  Siebengebirge;  similarly 
at  Felsobauya,  Hungary.  It  is  found  in  disseminated  crystals  in  granular  limestone;  thus  in  the 
limestone  (Jura  and  Trias)  of  the  Col  du  Bouhoinme,  near  Modane  in  Savoy;  also  in  microscopic 
crystals  with  quartz  and  orthoclase  in  limestone  at  Meylan  near  Grenoble;  in  minute  crystals  in 
fossil  Radiolarians  in  limestone  near  Roveguo.  Province  of  Pavia.  Italy,  also  in  the  limestone 
itself;  in  limestone  at  Bedous,  Basses  Pyrenees,  at  the  contact  with  diabase. 

Some  of  the  most  prominent  European  localities  are  in  cavities  and  veins  in  the  granite  or 
granitoid  rocks  of  the  Swiss  and  Austrian  Alps,  associated  with  adularia,  smoky  quartz,  chlo- 
rite, titauite,  apatite,  and  many  rarer  species;  it  is  often  implanted  in  parallel  position  upon  the 
orthoclase.  Thus  in  the  St.  Gothard  region;  Roc  Tourne  near  Modaue,  Savoy;  on  Mt.  Skopi 
(pericliue);  Tavetschthal;  Schmirn,  Tyrol;  also  Pfitsch,  Kauris,  the  Zillerthal,  Krirnl,  Schnee- 
berg in  Passeir  in  simple  crystals.  Also  in  Dauphine  in  similar  association;  on  Elba.  ^Also 
Hirschberg  in  Silesia;  Penig  in  Saxony;  with  topaz  at  Mursinka  in  the  Ural  and  nearMiaskin  the 
Ilmen  Mts.  At  the  foot  of  Kasbek  in  the  Caucasus  in  cavities  in  granite,  the  crystals  often  sim- 
ple. Cornwall,  England;  Mourne  Mts.  in  Ireland. 

In  the  United  States,  in  Maine,  at  Paris,  with  red  and  blue  tourmalines.  In  Mass.,  at 
Chesterfield,  with  the  same  minerals,  in  lamellar  masses  (cleavelandite),  slightly  bluish,  also  fine 
granular,  and  rarely  in  small  crystals;  at  Goshen.  In  New  Ramp.,  at  Acworth  and  Alstead;  at 
the  slide  on  Tripyramid  Mt.,  White  Mts.,  in  small  crystals  implanted  in  parallel  position  upon 
orthoclase.  In  Conn.,  at  Haddam,  with  chrysoberyl,  beryl,  columbite,  and  black  tourmaline; 
at  the  Middletown  feldspar  quarry,  in  fine  transparent  or  translucent  crystals  (fig.  5);  at 
Monroe,  a  fine  granular  variety  containing  beryl;  at  Branchville,  in  fine  crystals  and  massive 
with  microcline,  and  many  rare  species.  In  JV.  York,  at  Granville,  Washington  Co.,  white 
transparent  crystals;  at  Moriah,  Essex  Co.,  of  a  greenish  color,  with  smoky  quartz,  and  resem- 
bling green  diallage.  In  Penn.,  at  Unionville,  Chester  Co.,  a  granular  variety  is  the  matrix  of 
the  corundum,  having  the  hardness  of  quartz;  it  had  been  taken  for  indianite.  In  Virginia,  at 
the  mica  mines  near  Amelia  Court-House  in  splendid  crystallizations.  In  Colorado,  in  the  Pike's 
Peak  region  with  smoky  quartz  and  amazon  stone  coating  the  crystals,  also  in  composite' rosettes 
forming  their  base.  In  California',  Calaveras  Co.,  with  native  gold  and  auriferous  pyrites. 

In  Canada,  in  fine  crystals,  at  the  Suffield  silver  mine,  near  L.  Massawippi,  N.E.of  L.  Mem- 
phremagog;  at  the  Lakes  of  Three  Mountains,  Clyde,  Ottawa  Co.,  Quebec.  Peristerite 
occurs  in  the  township  of  Bathurst,  Lanark  Co.,  also  on  Stoney  Lake,  Burleigh,  Peterborough 
Co.,  Ontario. 

The  name  Albite  is  derived  from  albus,  white,  in  allusion  to  its  color,  and  was  given  the 
species  by  Gahn  and  Berzelius  in  1814. 

Alt. — Cf .  remarks  under  orthoclase,  p.  320. 

Occurs  as  a  pseudomorph  after  spodumene  at  Branchrille,  Ct.  (cf .  p.  368). 

Artif.— Obtained  by  Hautefeuille  and  also  by  Friedel  and  Sarasin  by  methods  similar  to  those 


332 


SILICATES. 


employed  with  orthoclase;  by  Fouque  and  M. -Levy  direct  from  the  fusion  of  the  constituents. 
Further,  the  last-mentioned  authors  have  obtained  a  series  of  feldspars  intermediate  between, 
albite  and  auorthite,  as  well  as  these  species  themselves;  also  further  certain  feldspar-like  com- 
pounds containing  barium,  strontium,  and  lead.  For  a  summary  of  their  results  and  those  of 
others,  see  Fouque-Levy,  Synth.  Min.,  pp.  128-150,  1882. 

Ref._i  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  317,  1862,  cf.  Rose,  Gilb.  Ann.,  73,  186,  1823,  Pogg.,  125,  457,  1865; 
Neumann,  Abb.  Ak.  Berlin,  189,  1830;  Rath,  Pogg.  Erg.,  5,  425,  1870;  Brz.,  Min.  Mitth.,  19, 
1873;  Barwald,  Kasbek,  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  48,  1883,  and  Schuster,  Min.  Mitth.,  7,  373,  1886.  2  Cf. 
Levy,  Min.  Heuland,  2,  189,  1837;  Mlr,,JVlin.,  370,  1852,  Dx.,  1.  c.;  Schrauf,  Atlas,  n-iv,  1864. 
3  Rumpf,  Mm.  Mitth.,  97,  1874.  4  Rath,  Mt.  Skopi,  Zs.  Kr.,  5,  27, 1880.  6  Klockmann,  Hirsch- 
berg,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  34,  416,  1882,  Zs.  Kr./8,  318,  1883. 

6  On  twins:  Neumann,  Abb.  Ak.  Berlin,  189,  1830;  Kayser,  Pogg.,  34,  109,  301,  1835;  Dx., 
1.  c.;  Rose,  1.  c.,  also  Pogg.,  125,  457,  1865;  Streng,  Jb.  Min.,  613,  1871;  Rath,  Jb.  Min.,  689, 
1876  (Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  147,  1876),  also  Pogg.,  Erg.  5,  425,  1870;  Sbk.,  Ang.  Kryst.,  145,  1876; 
van  Werweke,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  97,  1883.  On  pyro-electricity,  see  Hankel,  Wied.  Ann.,  1,  283, 1877. 


317.  Oligoclase.    Natron-spodumen  Berz.,  Arsb.,  160,  1824  =  Soda-spodumene.     Oligoklas 
Breith.,  Pogg.,  8,  79,  1826. 

Triclinic.     Axes:    &  :  1 :  6  =  0-63206  :  1  :  0'55239;    a  =  93°  4£',    ft  =  116° 

,  y  =  90°  4J'  Kath1. 

100  A  010  =  88°  23£',  100  A  001  =  63°  34f,  010  A  001  =  *86°  32'. 


Forms9 : 

a  (100,  i-l,  k) 
b  (010,  f-»,  M) 
c  (001,  0,  P) 

m  (110, 1') 


f   (130,  ^-3') 
C    (150,  »-§') 
M (110,  '/) 
z    (130,  '*-§) 
L  (150,  7-5) 


*  (101,  ,1-i,) 
r  (403,  £-1,) 
y  (201,  ,24,) 

e  (021,  24') 


n  (021,  '24) 

*l  (112,  i') 
m  (111,  1') 
P  (Hi,  ,1) 


9  (221,  ,2) 
o  (111,  ij 
u  (221,  2,) 
GO  (112,  'i) 


bm   =  59°  14' 

If     =  30°    2' 

mM=  59°     6' 

zz     -  119°    7' 

b'M  =  *61°  40' 

b'z    =  30°  51 


ex  =  51°  57' 

cy  =81°  52' 

ce  =  42°  59' 

be  =  43°  33' 

en  —  46°  25' 

an  =  72°  11' 


en  =  89°  25' 

cm  =  33°    7' 

cm  =  65°  404' 

cM  =  *68°  48' 

cp   =  55°  18$' 

ca    =  81°  17' 


c<?  =     57°  50' 

ctt  =  *84°  57' 

bp  =     61°  504' 

b'u  =  *58°  13' 

#<tt  =     32°  12' 

gu  =     64°  10' 

3. 


Figs.  1,  2,  Vesuvius,  Rath.     3,  Fine,  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  N.  Y.,  Pfd. 

Twins  observed  according  to  the  Carlsbad,  albite,  and  pericline  laws.  Crystals 
not  common.  Usually  massive,  cleavable  to  compact. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect;  b  somewhat  less  so.  Fracture  conchoidal  to  uneven. 
Brittle.  H.  =  6—7.  G.  =  2'65-2'67.  Luster  vitreous  to  somewhat  pearly  or 
waxy.  Color  usually  whitish,  with  a  faint  tinge  of  grayish  green,  grayish  white, 
reddish  white,  greenish,  reddish;  sometimes  aventurine.  Transparent,  subtrans- 
lucent.  Optical  characters,  see  pp.  326,  327,  and  336. 

Comp.,  Var. — Intermediate  between  albite  and  anorthite  and  corresponding  to 
Ab^nj  to  Ab2Anj,  but  chiefly  to  AbgAn^  p.  327. 

Analyses,  see  p.  337;  also  5th  Ed.,  pp.  347,  348. 

Var. — 1.   Ordinary.     In  crystals  or  more  commonly  massive,  cleavable.     Tbe  varieties  con- 
taining soda  up  to  10  p.  c.  are  called  oligoclase- albite. 

2.  Aventurine   oligoclase,  or  sunstone.    Heliolite  Delameth,  Pierre    de  Soleil  Fr.    Color 


FELDSPAR  GROUP— ANDESINE. 


333 


grayish  white  to  reddish  gray,  usually  the  latter,  \vith  internal  yellowish  or  reddish  fire-like 
reflections  proceeding  from  disseminated  crystals  of  probably  either  hematite  or  gothite. 

Much  oligoclase  has  a  faint  greenish  tinge  and  pearly  luster,  in  which  it  somewhat  re- 
sembles spodumene,  whence  the  name  soda-spodumene. 

Pyr.,etc. — B.B.  fuses  at  3-5  to  a  clear  or  enamel-like  glass.  Not  materially  acted  upon  by  acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  porphyry,  granite,  syenite,  serpentine,  and  also  in  different  eruptive 
rocks,  as  andesyte.  It  is  sometimes  associated  with  orthoelase  in  granite.or  other  granite-like  rock. 
Among  its  localities  are  Danviks-Zoll  near  Stockholm;  Kimito  in  Finland,  forming  with  quartz; 
and  mica  the  granite  containing  columbite;  Pargas  in  Finland;  Ariege  and  Areudal,  with  cal- 
cUe,  epidote,  etc.,  crystals  sometimes  2  or  3  in.  long;  Shaitansk,  Ural,  greenish,  in  a  gangue  of 
quartz  and  mica  and  yellowish  white  feldspar;  in  gneiss  of  the  Schwarzwald  of  Goggenau, 
north-east  of  Baden;  in  syenite  of  the  Vosges;  at  Albula  in  the  Grisons;  in  a  dark  green  porphyry 
at  Quenast  in  Belgium;  at  Boden  near  Marienberg;  in  the  amphiboly te  of  Marieubad,  Bohemia; 
in  a  green  porphyry  near  Elbingerode  in  the  Harz;  Chalanchesin  Allemont  and  Bourg  d'Oisans; 
as  sunstone  at  Tvedestrand  in  the  Christiania-fiord,  Norway;  at  Hittero;  Lake  Baikal;  in  Donegal, 
Ireland,  in  granite,  with  orthoclase,  etc.  In  lavas  and  trachyte  (oligocluse-trachyte)  at  Teneriffe, 
and  in  the  Euganean  Mts.  near  Padua;  in  the  domyte  (trachyte)  of  ruy-de-D6me;  in  the  Eifel; 
in  pumice  at  Arequipa  in  Peru;  in  obsidian,  with  sanidine,  at  Zimapan  in  Mexico. 

In  the  United  States,  at  Fine  and  Macomb,  St.  La-wrence  Co.,  N.  Y.,  in  good  crystals;  at 
Danbury,  Ct.,  with  orthoclase  and  dauburite;  Haddani,  Ct.,often  transparent,  with  iolite  and 
black  tourmaline;  at  Orange  Summit,  N.  Hamp.,  slightly  greenish  and  pearly;  at  the  emery 
mine,  Chester,  Mass.,  granular;  at  Unionville,  Pa.,  with  euphyllite  and  corundum;  Mineral  Hill, 
Delaware  Co. ;  at  Bakersville,  N.  C.,  in  clear  glassy 'masses,  showing  cleavage  but  no  twinning 
(see  p.  336 'and  anal.  13,  p  337) 

Named  in  1826  by  Breithaupt  from  o\.iyo$%  little,  and  KA.d(rtS,  fracture.  Berzelius  had 
previously  (in  1824)  recognized  it  as  a  new  mineral  from  specimens  from  Danviks-Zoll;  and  he 
afterward  named  it  Natron  spoduuieu  (soda-spodumeueL. 

Alt.,  Artif.— See  under  Orthoclase  and  Albite. 

Ref.— ]  Pogg.,  138,  464, 1869.  The  angles  belong  to  crystals  from  Vesuvius  whose  composi- 
tion is  given  in  anal.  5,  p.  337;  other  Vesuvian  crystals  (anal.  16)  are  referred  by  Rath  to  ande- 
sine,  cf.  Pogg.,  144,  225,  1871.  2  Cf.  Mir.,  Min.,  372,  1852.  See  also  Dx!,  Min.,  1,  312,  1862, 
who  gives  112  (/')  and  112  (dl)  on  sunstone,  omitted  by  Gdt.,  Index,  2,  31,  1888. 


318.  Andesine.    Andesin  Abich,  Jahresb.,  21, 167, 1841.    Pseudoalbit. 
J.  pr.  Ch.,  34,  494,  1845.    Andesite. 

Triclinic.     Axes:    a  :  b  :  6~  =  0'63556  :  1  :  0-55206;  a  =  93° 
28J',  y  =  89°  58f  Rathv. 

100  A  010  =  88°  20J-',  100  A  001  =  63°  28J',  010  A  001  =  *86°  14'. 

/  i 
M 

z 


Forms'^ : 

b  (010,  e'4,  M) 
c  (001,  0,  P) 

m  (110,  T,  1) 


bm  = 
VM  = 
mM  = 
ex  -  51°  42' 


59C 

*61C 

59C 


4' 
35' 
20' 


z-3') 
'/,  T) 
Y-3) 

M) 

cy  = 

ce   = 
en  = 
en  = 

81° 

42° 
46° 

89° 

44' 
48' 
31' 
19' 

y  (201,  .2-1,) 

e  (045,  |-i') 
e  (021,  2-i')                J 
rc  (021,  '2-^) 

cm  =    65°  27A' 
cJlf  =  *68°  54^ 
cp   =    54°  56' 
Jp   =    61°  34|' 

m  (111,  1') 
P  (ill,  ,D 
9  (221,  ,2) 


Saccharit  Glocker, 
ft  =  116° 


o  (ill,  1.) 

u  (221,  2,) 
«  (111,  1) 


bx  =  87°  89' 
co  =  *57*  44' 
b'o  =  *65°  20' 


Twins  observed  according  to  the  Carlsbad, 
albite,  and  pericline  laws.  Also2,  tw.  axis  a, 
comp.-face  c  (f.  1);  and  since  the  axial  angle 
is  nearly  90°,  these  twins  correspond  closely 
to  the  Manebach  twins  of  orthoclase.  Crys- 
tals rare.  Usually  massive  cleavable  or  gran- 
ular. 

Cleavage:    c  perfect;   b  less  so;    also  Mz 
sometimes  observed.     H.  =  5-6.     G.  =  2*68- 
2'69.     Color  white,  gray,  greenish,  yellowish, 
flesh-red.     Luster  subyitreous  to  pearly.    Op- 
tical characters,  see  pp.  326,  327,  and  336. 

Comp. — Intermediate  between  albite  and 
anorthite,  corresponding  to  Ab :  An  in  the 
ratio  of  3  :  2,  4  :  3  to  1  :  1,  see  p.  327. 

Analyses,  see  p.  337;  also  5th  Ed.,  pp.  344,  345. 


Figs.  1,  2,  Arcuentu,  Sardinia,  Rath. 


334  SILICATES. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Andesine  fuses  in  thin  splinters  before  the  blowpipe.  Imperfectly  soluble  in 
acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  the  Ande"s,  at  Marmato,  as  an  ingredient  of  the  rock  culled  andesyte;  in 
the  porphyry  of  1'Esterel,  Dept.  of  Var,  France;  in  the  syenite  of  Alsace  in  the  Vosges;  white 
at  Servance,  red  at  Coravillers;  in  the  porphyry  near  Chagey.  Haute  Saone;  at  yapnefiovd, 
Iceland,  in  honey  -yellow  transparent  crystals;  at  Baumgarteu  in  Silesia;  Bodeumais,  Bavaria; 
Mt.  Arcuentu  (or  Pollice  di  Oristauo),  'Sardinia,  in  a  pumice-tuft';  at  Sauford,  Me,,  with  vesu- 
vianite  in  distinct  crystals  (anal.  22). 

Saccharite  is  granular  massive,  occurring  in  veins  in  serpentine  at  the  chrysoprase  mines 
near  Frankenstein,  in  Silesia;  originally  referred  to  andesine,  but  shown  by  Lasaulx  to  be  a 
mixture,  Jb.  Min.,  623,  1878. 

Ref.— i  Mt.  Arcuentu,  Sardinia,  Festschrift  Ver.  Cassel,  1886;  the  identification  with  ande- 
sine rests  on  the  determination,  Si02  =  60'2  p.  c.,  and  the  position  of  the  axial  plane  oblique 
to  b,  extinction  ||  edge  b/c  (Dx.).  *  Rath,  1.  c. 

319.  Labradorite.  Labradorstein  (under  Feldspat)  Wern.,  Ueb.  Cronst.,  149,  1780,  Bergni. 
J.,  375,  1789.  Labradorsteiu,  Schillernder  Quarzspath  Pallas,  Nord.  Beitriige.  2,  233.  1781. 
Pierre  de  Labrador  Forst.,  Cat.,  82,  1780;  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  2,  497,  1783.  Labrador  Feldspar. 
Labrador  #.  Rose,  Gilb.  Ann.,  73,  173,  1823;  Brelth.,  Char.,  1823.  Lime  Feldspar.  Hnfne- 
f  jordite,  Kalkoligoklas  Forchhammer ,  Skand.  Nat.  Samml.  i  Stockholm,  July  1842,  J.  pr.  Cli 
30,  389,  1842. 

Mornite  Thorn.,  Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.,  13,  1832.  Silicite  Thorn. t  Phil.  Mag.,  22,  190,1843. 
Saussurite  pt.  Radauit  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  25,  87. 

Triclmic.  Form  near  that  of  andesine,  but  not  accurately  known.  Cleavage 
angle  be  =  86°  4'  Tsch.  Obermayer1  has  calculated:  a  :b  —  06377:1;  also 
CL  =  93°  31',  ft  =  116°  3',  y  =  89°  54J'. 

These  are  based  upon  the  measured  angles:  b'c  =  93°  52',  6/1  =  19°  2',  bL  —  19°  23, 
I'M  =  61°  22',  cba  =  63°  57'.  A  =  150,  L  =  150  are  cleavage  directions 

Forms  like  those  of  the  other  plagioclase  species,  and  twinning  common 
according  to  the  albite  law,  also  the  pericline,  Carlsbad,  Baveno, 
and  Manebach  laws;  also  twinning2  with  tw.  axis  a  normal  to  c 
in  the  plane  b.  Crystals  often  very  thin  tabular  ||  b,  and 
rhombic  in  outline  bounded  by  cy  or  ex.  Also  massive,  cleav- 
able  or  granular;  sometimes  cry ptocry stall ine  or  hornstone- 
like. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect;  b  less  so;  M  sometimes  distinct;  also 
I  and  L  sometimes  observed,  Obermayer;  (180),  (170)-  Schrauf, 
as  parting  surfaces,  II.  =  5-6.  G.  =  2-70-2-72.  Luster  on  c 
pearly,  passing  into  vitreous;  elsewhere  vitreous  or  subresinous. 
Color  gray,  brown,  or  greenish;  sometimes  colorless  and  glassy; 
rarely  porcelain-white;  usually  a  beautiful. change  of  colors  in  clcavable  varieties-, 
especially  ||  b.  Streak  uncolored.  Translucent  to  subtranslucent.  Optical 
characters,  see  pp.  326,  327,  and  336. 

*  Var.— 1.   Cleavable.     (a)  Well  crystallized,  to  (b)  massive. 

Play  of  colors  either  wanting,  as  in  some  colorless  crystals;  or  pale  or  deep.  Blue  and  green 
are  the  predominant  colors;  but  yellow,  fire-red,  and  pearl-gray  also  occur.  Vogelsang3  regards 
the  common  blue  color  of  labradorite  as  a  polarizatiori-phenomenon  due  to  its  lamellar  structure, 
while  the  golden  or  reddish  schiller,  with  the  other  colors,  is  due  to  the  presence  of  black 
acicular  microlites  and  yellowish  red  microscopic  lamellae,  or  to  the  combined  effect  of  these 
wivh  the  blue  reflections  Schrauf3  has  examined  the  inclusions,  their  position,  etc.,  and  given 
the  names  microplakite  and  mwrophyllite  to  two  groups  of  them, 

Hafnefjordite,  or  Hafuefiordite,  of.  Forchhammer  from  the  dolerite  of  Hafnefiord,  Iceland, 
is  only  labradorite  as  shown  by  Rath. 

2.  Compact  massive,  or  cryptocrystalline;  Labrador ite-Felsite.  The  color  sometimes  gray 
to  brownish  red;  but  sometimes  porcelain-white.  Some  of  the  so-called  saussurite  is  here 
included.  A  variety  from  the  gabbro  of  Baste  in  the  Radau  valley,  Harz,  is  called  Eadauite 
by  Breithaupt. 

Carnatite  is  a  feldspar,  described  by  Beudant,. occurring  at  the  localities  of  corundum  and 
indianite  in  the  Carnatic,  India;  it  is  pronounced  by  Breithaupt  and  von  Kobell  to  be 
labradorite. 

Cornp.,  Tar* — intermediate    between  albite   and  anorthite  and  corresponding 
chiefly  to  Ab  :  An  in  a  ratio  of  from  1  :  1  to  1  :  3,  p.  327. 
For  analyses  see  p,  337;  also  5th  Ed.,  p.  342. 


FELDSPAR  GROUP-LABRADORITE.  335 

The  feldspars  which  lie  between  labradorite  proper  and  anorthite  have  been  embraced  by 
Tschermak  under  the  name  bytownite.  The  original  bytowuite  of  Thomson  (Min.,  1,372, 
1836)  was  a  greenish-white  feldspathic  mineral  found  in  a  boulder  near  By  town,  inow  Ottawa) 
in  Ontario.  Canada.  It  was  analyzed,  1,  by  Thomson  (1.  c.)  and,  2,  by  Hunt  (Am.  J  Sc  ,  12, 
212,  1851).  Tschermak  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  50(1),  590,  1865)  has  recalculated  the  latter  analysis, 
rejecting  the  water;  his  results  are  given  in  3.  Zirkel  has  shown,  however,  that  the  mineral  is 
a  mixture;  see  Min.  Mitth.,  61,  1871. 

SiO,  AlaO3  CaO  MgO  Na20  H2O 

1  G=280          147-57  29'65  9'06  0'40  7'60  1'98  Fe2O3  3'57  =  99'83 

2  G  =2-73              47-40  30*45  14'24  087  2'82  200  FeO  O'BO,  K2O  0  38  =  98'96 
3.                                48-82  31-49  14*67  —  2'90        —  FeO  0'82,  K2O  0'39  =  99'09 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  at  3  to  a  colorless  glass.  Decomposed  with  difficulty  by  hydrochloric 
acid,  generally  leaving  a  portion  of  undecomposed  mineral. 

Obs. — Labradorite  is  an  essential  constituent  of  various  rocks,  especially  of  the  basic  kinds 
and  usually  associated  with  some  member  of  the  pyroxene  or  amphibole  groups.  '  Thus  with 
hypersthene  in  hyperyte  and  noryte,  with  diallage  in  gabbro,  with  some  form  of  pyroxene  in 
diabase,  basalt,  doleryte,  also  andesyte,  tephryte,  etc.  Labradorite  also  occurs  in  other  kinds  of 
lava,  and  is  sometimes  found  in  them  in  glassy  crystals,  as-  in  those  of  Etna,  Vesuvius,  the 
Sandwich  Islands  at  Kilauea. 

The  labradoritic  massive  rocks  are  most  common  among  the  formations  of  the  Archaean  era. 
Such  are  part  of  those  of  British  America,  northern  New  York.  Pennsylvania,  Arkansas; 
those  of  Greenland,  Norway,  Finland,  Sweden,  and  probably  of  the  Vosges.  Being  a  feldspar 
containing  comparatively  little  silica,  it  occurs  mainly  in  rocks  which  include  little  or  no  quartz 
(free  silica)  and  no  orthoclase. 

On  the  coast  of  Labrador,  labradorite  is  associated  with  hornblende,  hypefsthene,  and 
magnetite.  It  is  met  with  in  place. at  Mille  Isles,  Chateau  Richer,  Rawdon,  Morin,  Aber- 
crombie  and  elsewhere,  in  Quebec;  and  in  boulders  at  Drummond  and  elsewhere,  in  Ontario. 
It  occurs  abundantly  through  the  central  Adirondack  region  in  northern  New  York;  also 
occasionally  in  Orange,  Lewis,  Warren,  Scoharie,  and  Greene  Cos.;  in  the  Wichita  Mts., 
Arkansas. 

Silicite  and  mornite  are  from  Antrim  Ireland. 

Labradorite  was  first  brought  from  the  Isle  of  Paul,  on  the  coast  of  Labrador,  by  Mr.  Wolfe, 
a  Moravian  missionary,  about  the  year  1770,  and  was  called  by  the  early  mineralogists  Labrador 
stone  (Labrador stein),  and  also  chatoyant,  opaline,  or  Labrador  feldspar 

Alt.— See  remarks  under  orthoclase,  p.  320;  also  Tschermak,  Min.  Mitth.,  269,  1874.     The 
alteration  of  labradorite  is  the  common  source  of  the  zeolites  and  associated  secondary  minerals 
(calcite,  datolite,  etc.)  frequently  present  in  cavities  and  veins  in  basic  igneous  rocks. 
Artif.— See  p.  333. 

Ref.-1  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  66,  1882.     Groth  gives  the  axis  b  =  0'5547. 

2  Rath.  Pogg.,  144,  255.  1871.     3  Cf.  Reusch,  Pogg.,  120,  95,  1863  (earlier  Brewster,  etc.); 
Togelsang  Arch.  Neerland.,  3,  32.  1868;  Schrauf,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien.  60(1),  996,  1869. 
MASKELYNITE  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  €£  (1),  127,  1872. 

Isometric;  form  a  distorted  cube  (?).  In  grains,  transparent,  colorless,  with  milky  portions 
arising  from  alteration.  In  microscopic  sections  seen  to  have  a  rectangular  outline,  and 
shown  by  optical  properties  to  be  isotropic.  H.  =  about  6'5.  G.  =  2%65  corrected  for  im- 
purities. B.B.  fusible  with  difficulty  to  a  transparent  glass.  Analysis,  la,  also  16,  after  de- 
ducting a  little  magnetite  present: 

SiO2      A12O3      CaO     Ka2O    K2O 

la.    G.  =2-71          |  54-3        24'8        111        4'9        1-2    Fe2O3,FeO  4'7,  MgO  tr.  =  101 '0 
16.    G.  =2-65  56-3       25'7        11'6        5'1        1'3    =100 

Occurs  in  the  meteorite  from  Shergotty,  near  Behar,  India;  also  in  other  chondrites. 
Tschermak  suggests  that  this  apparently  isometric  mineral  may  be  in  fact  a  fused  feldspar, 
which  seems  not  improbable  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  88  (1),  355,  1883).  Groth,  on  the  other  hand 
.is  inclined  to  regard  it  as  an  independent  species  allied  to  leucite  (Tab.  Ueb.,  136, 1889). 

Optical  Relations  of  Otigoclase,  Andesine,  Labradorite. 

The  general  position  of  the  axes  of  elasticity  and  the  consequent  directions  of  the  light 
extinction  upon  the  base,  c,  and  the  brachypinacoid.  6,  of  these  feldspars  are  given  on 
pp.  326,  327.  The  following  are  special  observations. 

The  following  table  gives  for  a  series  of  plagioclase  feldspars,  oligoclase-albite  to  bytownite 
(p.  327)  the  observed  extinction-angles  on  b  and  c,  and  the  angle  made  by  the  trace  of  the  rhom- 
'bic  section  on  b  with  the  edge  b/c  (cf.  f.  1-3,  p.  326);  also  the  percentage  of  lime  (cf.  anals., 
p.  337)  and  the- specific  gravity.  The  observations  are  taken  from  Schuster,  1.  c. ;  Wiik,  Zs. 
Kr.,  2,  498,  1878;  Pfd.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  34,  890»  1887;  Schuster  and  Foullon,  1.  c.;  Bath.  Jb. 
Min.,  689.  1876. 


336 


SILICATES. 


Sobboth 

Wilmington 

Sillbole 

Pierrepout 

Tvedestrand 

Kimito 

Bodeumais 

St.  Raphael 

Vesuvius 

Stansvik 

Lojo 

Ojamo 

Labrador 

Kainenoi-Brod 

Narodal 

Vischegrad 


G. 


2-643 
2-622 

2-664 


2-670 
2-699 


CaO 

2-67  (anal.  2) 
2-84  (anal.  3) 

3-05  (anal.  4) 
4-78  (anal.  11) 

7-08  (anal.  18) 
8-21 


10-33 
2-684    10-60  (anal.  25) 

15-20  (anal.  33) 


Extinction 

Rhombic 

on  c 

on  b 

section 

2°  33' 

+  11°  36' 

2°  29'  to  2°  03' 

+  11°  44'  to  11°  1$ 

7°       to   9° 

15°  to  10° 

-f-   6' 

+  10° 

1°  10' 

+   3°  54' 

0° 

4"  4o  5° 

1°        to  2°  20' 

-   4°  30'  to   5°  15' 

1°        to  3°    6' 

-   4°  30'  to   8° 

+   l°to   H 

-10' 

0° 

-15° 

0° 

4°  30'  to  4°  43' 

-16°  40 

—  rto  2° 

-  5°  12'  to  5°  24'    -17°  tp!8°30 

-  19°' 

-  6*  42'  to  6°  54'     -  19°  to  21° 

-  14°  30'  to  20°        -  28°  to  32° 


±    0° 

-  8°  48 

-  10° 


The  following  are  observations  by  Des  Cloizeaux,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  6,  89,  1883,  7.  249,  1884, 
8,  6,  1885.  lie  distinguishes  four  classes  ranging  from  oligoclase-albite  to  andesiue.  The 
observation's  quoted  give  the  lime  percentage  (from  complete  analyses  by  Dainour,  Dirvell, 
etc.);  the  extinction-angles  on  c  and  b;  the  axial  angle  about  the  negative  bisectrix,  and  the 
angle.  made  by  the  base  with  the  plane,  S,  normal  to  "the  plane  of  the  optic  axes. 

1.  Abnormal  oligoclase.    Ax.  plane  inclined  83°r10'  tb  b.     Plane  ±  to  ax.  pi.  (S)  truncates 
the  acute  edge  b/c.    Extinction  (edge  b/c)  +  6°  or  7°  to  12°  on  b. 

2.  Abnormal  oligoclase.    Ax.  plane  ||  c  or  JL  b.     Extinction-angle  with  edge  b/c  =  -f-  6g 
to  9°. 

3.  Normal  oligoclase.    Plane  1  ax.  pi.  truncates  obtuse  edge  b/c  and  inclined  .98°  to  104° 
on  c.    Ax.  pi.  cuts  bt  84°  50'  to  79*  50'.    Extinction  -f-  1°  to  6°  with  b/c. 

4.  Andesine.    Plane  J_  ax.  pi.  truncates  obtuse  edge  b/c  and  inclined  110°  to  120°  to  base. 
Ax.  plane  on  b,  73°  50'  to  63°  50'.    Extinction  _  1°  to  10°  to  b/c. 


CaO 

Extinction 

Axial  angle  (-  Bx) 

percentage         on  c 

on  b 

2Hr 

cS 

Colton,  N.  Y. 

2-29 

+2°  40'  to  4° 

9°  to  11°  30' 

96°  30'  to  98°    2' 

91°  10'  to  03' 

Arendal 

2-50 

0°  to  4-  2° 

10°  to  12°  30' 

97°  30'  to  98°  10' 

94° 

« 

2-60 

0°  to  1°  30' 

9°  to  12° 

96°  22'  to  97°  54' 

93°  to  94' 

« 

2-81 

0°  to  2° 

10°  to  12° 

96°  12' 

94° 

Colton 

2-44 

0°  30'  to  3°  30' 

9°  to  10° 

95°  40'  to  97°  40' 

Ytterby 

2-81 

1°  30' 

7°  to  10° 

90°  48'  to  93°  54' 

Arendal 

3-39 

1°  30'  to  2° 

6°  to  8°  30' 

89°  56'  to  .90° 

Mineral  Hill,  Pa, 

356 

1°  45' 

6°  to  9° 

92°  to  92°  48' 

Ytterby 

4-81 

2° 

8°  30'  to  9°  10' 

95°  to  95°  30' 

Helle,  Norway 

5-60 

0°  30'  to  1°  30' 

7°  10'  to  11° 

96°  24'  to  97°  28' 

Bamle 

2-38 

1°  15'  to  1°  35' 

2°  12' 

89°  48'  to  91°  46' 

103°  to  104°  30' 

Norway 

4-39 

1°  to  2° 

2°  to  5° 

89°    2'  to  91°  30" 

101°  50'  to  102° 

Arendal 

4-20 

0°  30'  to  1° 

2°  to  4° 

87°  52'  to  90°  50' 

99°  to  100° 

Tvedestrand,  sunstone 

1°30' 

2°  to  4° 

89°  38' 

106° 

Fredriksviirn,  sumtone 

0°  30'  to  2° 

1°  30'  to  2° 

88°  40''to  89°  10* 

102°  to  103° 

Danviks-Zoll 

0°  30'  to  1° 

1°  to  3° 

99°  28'  to  101°  28' 

101°  to  102°  40' 

Moss,  Norway 

6-20 

-  2°  30' 

-  1°  to  -  2° 

Bodemnais 

6-48 

-  3°  16'  to  3°  20° 

5°  to  7°a 

88°14'to90°50'» 

112° 

Coromandel 

6-50 

-  1°  30'  to  2° 

2°  to  3° 

93°  52'  to  95°  18'' 

108° 

Francheville,  Rh6ne 

6-52 

-  3° 

10°  to  12° 

94°  23'  to  95°  30' 

110°  to  112°? 

Tilasinwuori 

5-63 

0"  to  -  3° 

-  3°  to  4°  30' 

94°  to  96° 

108°  to  109° 

Orijarvi 

8-09 

-  1°  57' 

4°  to-  7°,  9° 

91°  20'  to  91°  38'* 

111°  50' 

Esterel 

-  2°  16' 

-  2°  to  7° 

95°  40'  to  96° 

117° 

Rochesauve 

905 

-  2°  to  -  3° 

-  10* 

79°  22'  to  81°  50' 

118° 

•  Also  larger  values. 


The  glassy  oligoclase  from  Bakersville,  N.  C.,  (anal.  13,)  has  an  exceptionally  abnormal 
character:  extinction-angle  on  c  =  -f-  39°  to  -\-  40°,  sections  |  b  give  an  optic  axis  with  bar  nearly 
1  edge  b/c.  Cleavage  angle  be  =  88°  2',  twinning  entirely  absent.  Cf.  Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
36,  324,  1888. 


FELDSPAR  GROUP— ANORTHITE. 


337 


Anal.— Oligoclase  to  Bytownite.  1,  Rath,  Pogg.,  144,  256,  1871.  2,  A.  Smita,  Min.  Mitth. 
265.  1877.  3,  Teclu,  ib.,  55,  1871.  4,  F.  L.  Sperry,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  34,  392,  1887.  5,  Rath,  Pogg^.. 
138,466,1869.  6,  Ludwig,  Pogg.,  141,  151,  1870.  7,  Rath,  Pogg.,  147,  274,  1872.  8,  Id., 
ib.,  144,  240,  1871.  9,  Id.,  ib.,  p.  236.  10,  Id.,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  165,  1876.  11,  Scheerer, 
Pogg  ,  64, 155, 1845.  12,  Haushofer,  Zs.  Kr.,  3,  602, 1879.  13,  E.  S.  Sperry,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  36,  325, 
1888;  alsoR  W.  Clarke,  ib.,  p.  223.  14,  Rath,  Pogg..  144,  242.  1871.  15,  Id.,  Pogg.,  147, 
276,  1872.  16,  Id.,  Pogg.,  144,  226,  1871.  17,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  607,  1860.  18,  Schuster  and 
Foullou,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  37,  219,  1887.  19,  Rath,  Pogg.,  152,  39,  1874.  20,  Sipocz,  Min, 
Mitth.,  3, 176,  1880.  21,  Rath,  Pogg.,  144,  245,  1871,  also  earlier  Rg.  22,  W.  B.  Payne,  priv. 
contr.  23,  Tschermak,  1.  c.,  p.x586.  24,  Klement,  Min.  Mitth..  1,  366,  1878.  25,  Penneld,  Am. 
J.  Sc.,  34,  393,  1887.  26,  Rath,  Pogg.,  152,  39,  1874.  27,  Id.,  ib.,  144,  p.  246.  28,  Id.,  ib.,  144, 
p.  251.  29,  Schuster,  Miu.  Mitth.,  1,  367,  1878.  30,  Rath,  Pogg.,  144,  253,  1871.  31,  Kersten^ 
Pogg.,  63,  128,  1844.  32.  Dmr.,  Bull.  Soc.  G.  Fr..  7,  88,  1850.  33,  Ludwig,  quoted  by  Schus- 
ter, Miu.  Mitth.,  3,  203,  1880.  34,  Holland,  Min.  Mag.,  8,  154,  1889. 


Oligoclase- Albite  and  Oligoclase. 


G. 

2-632 
2-62 


1.  Hartenberg 

2.  Sobboth,  Styria 

3.  Wilmington,  Del. 

4.  Pierrepont,  N.  Y.  2'622 

5.  Vesuvius  2 '601    ( 

6.  Ytterby 

7.  ShaitansK  2  642    \ 

8.  Veltlin  2  632    I 

9.  Niedermendig  2'611    I 

10.  Bamle 

11.  Tvedestrand,  sunstone  2'656 

12.  Dilrrsmorsbach  2'663 

13.  Bakersville,  N.  C.  2'651 

Andesine. 

14.  Mte.  Mulatto 

15.  Uvelka,  Orenburg 

16.  Vesuvius 

17.  Marmato 

18.  Bodenmais 

19.  Moganda,  S.  A, 

20.  St.  Raphael 

21.  Frejus,  Esterel 

22.  Sanford,  Me. 


Labradorite. 
23.  Labrador 
24. 
25. 

26.  Pomasqui 

27.  Veltlin 

28.  Tannbergihal 

29.  Kamenoi-Brod 

30.  Hafnefiord 

31.  Egersund 


Bytownite. 

32.  Berufiord  2'709  52'17  29'22 

33.  Narodal  2'729  48'94  33'26 

34.  Mull  2-720  50 '80  31 '54 


Si02 

A120, 

CaO 

Na2O 

K2O 

63-58 

21-81 

2-32 

6-84 

3-65 

64-75 

22-25 

2-67 

10-17 

0-37 

6475 

23-56 

2-84 

9-04 

1-11 

63-76 

22-67 

3-05 

6-89 

3-60 

62-36 

23-38 

2-88 

7-42 

2-66 

64-81 

22-99 

3-15 

8-89 

0-82 

63-83 

22-58 

3-42 

8-86 

1-02 

64-58 

23-08 

3-49 

8-98 

0-62 

63-06 

23-27 

4-]  6 

8-93 

0-62 

61-91 

23-68 

4-45 

[9-64] 

— 

61-30 

23-77 

4-78 

8-50 

1-29 

59-30 

25-75 

4-79 

5-63 

2-78 

62-60 

23-52 

4-47 

8-62 

0-56 

2-663 

|  60-35 

2545 

5-14 

7-63 

1-21 

2-654 

|  60-34 

24-39 

5-56 

8-44 

0-73 

2-647 

f  58-53 

26-55 

6-43 

7-74 

0-89 

2-674 

60-26 

25-01 

6-87 

7-74 

0-84 

2-666 

59-22 

25-88 

7-08 

6-79 

0-54 

2-666 

60-48 

25-35 

7-25 

7-28 

0-08 

2-679 

58-48 

26-94 

8-21 

6-87 

0-50 

2-636 

|  58  03 

26-64 

8-07 

6-16 

0-97 

5665 

25-56 

8-25 

6-18 

134 

2-697 
2-698 
2-684 
2-644 
2-690 
2-711 
2-700 
2-729 
2-72 

56-0 
56-18 
54-75 
55-86 
I  55-15 
53-61 
54-55 
54-23 
52-45 

27-5 
27-33 
27-76 

28-10 
29-15 
29-68 
28-68 
29-64 
29-85 

10-1 

1033 
10-60 
1095 
9-90 
10-96 
11-23 
12-01 
11-70 

^•o 

5-17 
5-13 
[5-09] 
5-23 
4-36 
4-62 
4-41 
3-90 

0-4 
0-36 
0-53 

0-80 
1-15. 
0-42 
tr. 
0-60 

13-11  3-40  — 
15-20  3-30  — 
12-83  3-96  tr. 


ign. 

0-43  Fe2O3  0  66,  MgO  0'95 

—  =  100-21     [=  100-35 

—  =  101-30 

0-40  Fe2O3  0-41  =  100'78 
0-13  =  98-83 

—  =  100-66 

—  MgO  0-06  =  99-77 
0-53  =  101-28 

—  =  100-04 
0-32  =  100 

—  Fe20s  0-36  =  100 
1-29  =  99-54 
010Fe2O30-08  =  99'95 


0-26  MgO  0-03  =  100-07 

—  Fe20s  0-18  =  99-64 

—  =  100-14 

—  MgO  0-14  =  100-86 

—  MgOO'28  -  9979 

—  =  100-44 

0-49  MgO  0-11  =  101-60 

—  =  99-87 

1-58  Fe2O3  0-22  =  99'78 

[=  99-8 

—  Fe2O3  0-7,   MgO  O'l 

—  Fe20s  1-38  =  100-75 
0-56  Fe2O3  0-69  =  100  OS 

—  =  100 
0-67  =  100-90 
0-65  =  100-41 

—  Fe2O8  1-03  =  100-53 
0-07  MgO  0-11  =  100-47 

—  Fe208 1-00,  MgO  0-18 

[=  99  66 

—  Fe2O3  1-90  =  99-80 

—  =  100-60 
0-52  =  99  60 


320.  ANORTHITE.  Matrix  of  Corundum  (fr.  the  Carnatic,  India)  Bourn.,  Phil.  Trans., 
1802.  Indianite  Bourn.,  Cat.,  60. 1817;  Phillips,  Miu.,  44,  1823.  Anorthit  (fr.  Vestiv.)  G.  Rose, 
Gilb,  Ann.,  73,  197,  1823.  Cristianite  (Christianite),  Biotin'a  (fr.  Vesuv.).  Mont.  &  Cov.,  Min. 
Vesuv.,  1825.  Tankit  (fr.  Norway)  Breith..  Schweigg.  J  ,  55,  246,  1829.  Thiorsauit  (fr.  Ice- 
laud)  Genth,  Lieb.  Ann.,  66,  18.  1848,  Thiorsanit  bad  orthogr. 

Latrobite  (fr.  Labrador)  Brooke,  Ann  Phil..  5,  383.  1823;  Children,  ib.,  8,  38.  1824 
e=  Diploit  Breith.,  C.  G.  Gmelin's  Chem.  Unters.  Dipl.  Tubingen,  1825.  Arnphodelit  (fr.  Fin- 
land) N.  Nd.,  Pogg.,  26,  488,  1832;  =  Lepolit  v.  Jossa,  Breith.  Handb.,.  531,  1847.  Cyclopit  1>. 
Walt..  Vulk.  Gest.,  292,  1853.  Anorthott  Wiik,  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  205,  1883.  Lindsayit  or  Linseit  Nl 
Nd.,  Vh.  Mm.  Ges.,  J12,  1843 


338 


SILICATES. 


Triclinic.    Axes  a  :  1 
=  91°  llf  '  Marignac1. 


6  =  0-63473  :  1  :  0*55007;  a  =  93°  131',  fi  =5  115°55i't 


100  A  010  =  83*  54',  100  A  001  =  63°  57',  010  A  001  ==  85°  50'. 


Forms2 : 


(100,  i-l,  b) 
(010,  i-l,  M) 
(001,  0,  P) 

(110.  /') 
(120,  t-2')« 
(130,1-3') 


, 
(120, 


s    (130,  '*-§) 

I  (207,  'f-1') 
<?  (201,  '2-1') 
E  (203,  -I-l) 
#  (304,  il-lj3? 
a;  (101,  1-1,) 
y  (201,  ,2-1,) 

r  (013, 
<9  (023, 


1. 


d    (021,  2-1') 
r  (061,  64') 
.4  (081,  84')3 
B  (013,  'f I)3 
k  (023,  'f-1) 
n  (021,  '2-2)' 
O  (041,  '4-1) 
(7  (031,  '3-i)?? 
K  (061,  '64) 


m  (HI,- 10 
•ft  (241,  4-2') 


,4-2) 


(423, 
(421, 

(111, 
(221,  2) 
w  (241,  ,4-_2) 


,_ 

*"   (423,  4-2  ) 
a  (421,  4-2, 


(112,  i,) 

(111.  1,) 
(221, 

(241, 
(131, 

(111,   -,x 
(241,  '4-2) 

(131, '{ 


Figs.  1-4,  Rath;  1,  2,  4,  from  Vesuvius,  3,  Pesmeda  Alp.    5,  Lepolite,  Kk. 


If     =  29°  29f 
=  58°    4' 
=  62°  26  £' 
to      =  30°  58' 
mM  =  59°  29' 

4?g     =  34°  46' 

ex     =  51°  26' 

=  81°  14' 


cy  =  9°  14' 
c<9  =  17°  49' 
ca  =42°38i' 
cr  =  67°  41' 
ck  =  18°  38' 
<JTI  =  46°  46' 
CK  =  75°  10' 

cm  =  33°  17' 
cm  =  65°  58' 


cp  =  54°  17' 
c^  -80°  18' 
c5  =  30°  24r 
co  =  57°  52' 
cu  =84°  50' 
ea  =  34°  10' 
cM=  69°  20' 
5m  =  68°  51' 


bp  =  62°  13' 

to  =  88°  20' 
bo  =  64°  53' 
bw  =  38°  41 
^  =  58°  13' 
by  =  90°  32f 
b'u-  57°  26|' 
ft't>  =  38°  16' 
Va  =  76°  32' 


Twins5:  (1)  ^^t^  law,  tw.  pi.  and  comp.-face  J,  often  polysynthetic. 
(2)  Pericline  law,  tw.  axis  #,  composition-face  the  rhombic  section,  whose  trace  on 
I  makes  an  angle  of  -  14°  to  -  18°  with  the  edge  b/c  (12,  p.  326).  (3)  Carlsbad 
law,  tw.  axis  6,  the  individuals  also  usually  twinned  according  to  law  1.  (4)  tw* 
axis6  _L  6  in  b  (010). 

Crystals  usually  prismatic  |  6,  less  often  elongated  \  I,  like  pericline  (f.  3). 
Also  massive,  cleavable,  with  granular  or  coarse  lamellar  structure. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect;  b  somewhat  less  so.  Fracture  conchoidal  to  uneven. 
Brittle.  H.  =  6-6-5.  Q-.  =  2-74-2-76.  Color  white,  grayish,  reddish.  Streak 
uncolored.  Transparent  to  translucent. 

Optically  — .     Ax.  pi.  nearly  J_  e,  and  its  trace  inclined  60g  to  the.  edge  c/e 


FELDSPAR  GROUP- ANORTHITE. 


339 


from  left  above  behind  to  right  in  front  below  (Schuster).  Extinction-angles  on 
c,  -  34°  to  —  42°  with  edge  b/c;  on  b,  —  35°  to  —  43°.  Dispersion  P  <  v,  also 
inclined.  Axial  angles: 


2Ha.r  =  84°  50',    2Ha.gr  =  85°  24', 


=  85°  59'. 


The  following  table  gives  the  extinction-angles  and  the  position  of  the  rhombic  section,  with 
CaO  percentage  (see  anals.  below),  as  observed  by  Schuster,  1.  c.,  Lsx.,  1.  c.*  and  Kikuchi,  J. 
Coll.  Sc.  Japan,  2,  i,  31,  1888. 


G.  NaaO 

Vesuvius  2-763  0'47 

Pesineda  l'Otol'8 
Lojo,  Lepolite      2'7-2'8  1'50  K20 

Etna,  Cyclopite  2-682  2'32 

JVHkaje,  Japan  2 "761  0'23 


Extinction  angles  Rhombic 
on  c                         on  b  section 

-36°  37'  to  37°  22'      -38°  to  39°  44'  -  16°  2' 

-37°  30'     -  -38°  24'  -  17°  54' 

-35°  to  40°  -14°  to  15* 
-38°  to  40°             -35°  to  36° 

--38°  to  40°  -40cto41°  -15°  to  17* 


Comp.— A  silicate  of  aluminium  and  calcium,  CaAl2SiaOs  or  CaO.Al208.2Si02  = 
Silica  43-2,  alumina  36*7,  lime  20-1  =  100.  Soda  (as  NaAlSi30?)  is  usually 
present  in  small  amount,  and  as  it  increases  there  is  a  gradual  transition  through 
bytownite  to  labradorite. 

Var.— AnortMte  was  described  from  the  glassy  .crystals  of  Somma;  and  christianite  and 
Incline  are  the  same  mineral.  Thiorsauite  is  the  same  from  Iceland. 

Indianite  is  a  white,  grayish,  or  reddish  granular  auorthite  from  India,  where  it  occurs  as. 
the  gangue  of  corundum,  first  described  in  1802  by  Count  Bournon. 

Amphodelite  is  a  reddish  gray  or  dingy  peach -blossom-red  variety,  partly  in  rather -large 
crystals,  from  Lojo,  Finland,  and  Tunabcrg,  Sweden  Lepolite  of  Breithaupt  (or,  as  he  says,  of 
von  Jossa,who  sent  it  to  him)  comes  from  Lojo  and  Orijarvi  in  Finland,  and  is  the  same  variety; 
some  of  the  crystals  are  2  inches  lojug.  It  has  been  studied  cry  stall  ographically  by  Koksharov 
(Min.  Russl.,  4  234).  who  finds  the  Crystals  highly  complex  and  near  Vesuvian  auorthite  in 
angle.  Lindsayite  (Linseit,  Liudseii)  from  Orijarvi.  Finland,  is  a  somewhat  altered  variety  of 
lepolite,  cf.  Wiik,  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  205, 1883.  Latrobitc  from  Amitok  Island  on  the  coast  of  Labrador, 
is  pale  rose-red,  and  closely  resembles  amphoric)  He. 

Cyclopite  occurs  in  small,  transparent,  and  glassy  crystals,  tabular  \  b,  coating  cavities  in  the 
doleryte  of  the  Cyclopean  Islands  and  near  Trezza  on  Etna.  Its  identity  with  anorthite'was 
established  by  Lasaulx,  Zs.  Kr.,  5,  326,  1881. 

Anortho'ite  agrees  in  angles  with  auorthite  but  is  different  in  habit,  being  prismatic  ||  a  with 
n  and  e  prominent;  it  shows  extinction  ||  a  and  in  a  direction  normal  it  appears  optically  uniaxiaL 
G.  =  2-76.  A  partial  analysis  gave:  SiO2  37  to  38,  A12O3  32'2,  CaO  13.  The  suggestion  is'made 
that  it  may  be  an  anorthite  partly  altered  to  scapolite.  The  single  crystal  found  was  embedded 
in  red  limestone  at  the  SillbQle  iron  mine  in  Finland.  Cf.  F.  J.  Wiik,  Zs.  Kr,  8.  205,  1883. 

Tankite  occurs  in  cleavable  masses,  with  be  =  86°  20',  of  a  gray  or  slightly  pinkish  color. 
The  original  crystals,  examined  by  Dx.,  are  stated  to  have  been  brought  from  Arendal  in  1825 
by  Mr.  Tank  of  Friedrikshold  (Dx.).  It  is  (Dx.)  a  hydrated  anorlhite,  cf.  anal.  6. 

Anal.— i,  Damour,  Bull.  G.  Fr.,  7,  88,  1850.  2,  Deville,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  40,  286,  1854. 
3.  Pisani;  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  9,  492,  1876.  4,  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch..  46,  387,  1849  5,  Walters* 
hausen,  Vulk.  Gest.,  2D2, 1853.  6,  Pisaui,  Dx.,  N.  R,  199, 1867.  7,  8,  Gam  per,  Vh  G.  Reichs., 
134,  J877.  9,  Y.  Kitamura,  -J.  Coll.  Sc.  Japan,  2,  i,  43,  1888.  10,  Abich,  Pogg.,  51,  519,  1840. 
Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  339 

igu. 

—  Fe203    1-12,     gangue 

[0  69  =  100-1$ 

—  MgO  0-9  =  100-4 
1-62  MgO  0-73  =  100-81 

—      1-56  FeaO,  1-50,  MgO  2 '27 
[=  99-69- 

1-91  Fe3O3  2-20,  MgO  0'66 
r=  100-92 
4-80  Fe2O3  0-74,  MgO  0'80 

(=  101 -oa 

4  79  =  101-90 

4-13  =  99  66 

0-12  MgO  020=  100-67 

—  Fe2O3-0-63,  MgO,  0-45 

f-  100-19 


1.  Thiorsa,  Iceland 

2.  St.  Eustache 

3.  Hammerfest 

4.  Lojo,  Lepolite 

5.  Etna,  Cyclopite 

6.  Arendal,  Tankite 


G. 

2-75 


2-682 
2-897 


7.  Pesmeda  Alp,  red 

8.  "         "     white 

9.  Miyake,  Japan  2 '761 
10.  Mt.  Somma                2'763 


SiO2 
45-97 

33-28 

CaO 
17-21 

Na2O    K2O 
1-85       — 

45-8 
46-80 
42-80 

35-0 
35-20 
35-12 

17-7 
14-70 
14-94 

1-0 
1- 

1*50 

76 

41-45 

29-83 

20-83 

2-32 

1-72 

42-49 

84-70 

15-82 

1-60" 

0-63 

41-08 
42-79 
44-03 
43-96 

36-04 
34-78 
36-80 
35-30 

17-91 
15-98 
1929 
18-98 

1-03 
1-36 
0-23 
0-47 

1-05 
0-62 

0-40 

•  Inch  Li2O. 


340  SILICATES. 

Ryr.,  etc.—  B.B.  fuses  at  5  to  a  colorless  glass.  Anorthite  from  Mte.  Somma,  and  iudiauite 
from  the  Carnatic,  are  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  with  separation  of  gelatinous  silica. 

Obs.—  Occurs  in  some  diorytes;  occasionally  in  connection  with  gabbro  and  serpentine  rocks; 
in  some  cases  along  with  corundum;  in  many  volcanic  rocks,  andesytes.  basalts,  etc.  ;  as  a  coru 
stituent  of  some  meteorites  (Juvenas,  Stannern). 

Anorthite  (christianite  and  biotine)  occurs  at  Mount  Vesuvius  in  isolated  blocks  amorig^the 
old  lavas  in  the  ravines  of  Monte  Somma,  associated  with  sanidiue,  augite,  mica,  und  vesuviauite; 
in  the  Albaui  Mts.  ;  on  the  island  of  Procida  near  the  entrance  to  the  bay  of  Naples;  on  the 
Pesmeda  Alp.  Monzoni,  Tyrol,  as  a  contact  mineral;  Aranyer  Berg,  Transylvania/m  andesyte; 
in  the  Furoer;  on  Iceland,  on  the  plain  of  Thiors&,  Hekla,  and  elsewhere;  near  Bogoslovsk  in. 
the  Ural.  In  the  lava  of  the  island  of  Mlyake,  Japan,  and  also  scattered  on  the  lava  field  in  well- 
defined  separate  crystals  evidently  ejected  by  the  volcano;  further  in  the  anorthite:basalt  of 
Pusiyama  and  elsewhere  in  Japan. 

The  localities  of  the  special  varieties  of  anorthite  have  already  been  mentioned. 

Anorthite  was  named  in  1823  by  Rose  from  avopQoS,  oblique,  the  crystallization  being  tri- 
clinic.  Bournon's  name,  Indianite,  derived  from  the  locality  in  India,  was  first  published  in 
his  Catalogue  of  the  Royal  Mineralogical  Collection,  in  the  year  1817.  The  species  had  been 
described  by  him  as  early  as  1802  (I.e.),  and  his  description  is  remarkably  complete  for  the  time, 
at  including,  besides  physical  characters,  a  chemical  analysis  by  Cheuevix,  agreeing  nearly  in 
essential  points  with  the  later  by  Rose,  and  quite  as  well  as  his,  with  the  true  or  normal  composi- 
tion of  the  mineral.  Bournon  supposed  that  the  grains  might  be  rhombohedral  in  crystallization; 
but  Brooke,  in  Phillips'  Mineralogy  (3d  ed.),  published  in  1823,  the  year  of  Rose's  publication, 
announced  that  there  were  two  cleavages,  inclined  to  one  another  84°  45'  and  95°  15',  differing 
;not  widely  from  the  same  angle  as  ascertained  by  Rose.  Justice  seems  to  require  that  Bournon's 
name  should  be  restored  to  the  species.  Beudant,  in  the  first  edition  of  his  mineralogy,  pub- 
lished in  1824,  described  indiauite  in  full  and  called  it  lime-feldspar,  mentioning  anorthite  only 
in  his  index. 

Christianite  was  named  by  Monticelli  and  Covelli  after  the  prince  Christian  Frederick  of 
Denmark,  who  explored  Vesuvius  with  them;  Amphodelite  from  aucpi,  double,  and  6deh6?t 
spear,  the  crystals  being  often  twinned  parallel  to  010;  Latrobite,  after  C.  F.  Latrobe,  the  dis- 
coverer of  the  variety. 

Alt.  —  Lindsayite  already  mentioned  is  a  partially  altered  anorthite;  the  same  is  probably  true 
of  sundvikite  of  A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  Beskr.  Finl.  Min.,  113,  1855;  see  5th  Ed,  p.  340. 
Rosite  and  polyargite  of  Svauberg,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1840,  are  piuite-like  pseudomorphs;  rosite 
is  from  Aker  in  Sftdermanland,  and  polyargite  from  Tunaberg,  Sweden.  See  5th  Ed.,  p.  480. 

Crystals  of  anorthite  altered  to  a  saussurite-like  substance  from  Franklin  Furnace,  N".  J., 
have  been  described  by  Roepper  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  364,  1878). 

Artif.—  Sec  albite,  p.  331. 

Ref.-1  Kk.,  Min.  Russl.,  4.  200,  1832,     Of.  also  Rose,  Gilb.  Ann.,  73,197,  1823. 

9  Mir.,  Min.,  376  1852.  Hbg.,  Min.  Not.,  1,  6,  1856.  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  294,  1862.  Kk.,  1.  c. 
Bchrauf,  Atlas.  Tf.  xvi,  xvn,  1871  Gdt.,  Index,  2,  24,  1888.  Rath,  Pogg.,  147,22,1872; 
Pesmeda  Alp,  Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  July  2,  1877.  8  Dx.,  tankite,  N.  R.,  195,  1867.  4  Rath,  Aranyer 
Berg,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  23,  1881.  *  Twins,  Rath,  Pogg.,  138.  449,  1869,  147,  36,  1872;  Jb.  Min.,  689, 
1876. 

BARSOWITE  G.  Rose,  Pogg.,  48,  567,  1839.  Massive;  coarse  to  fine  granular.  Cleavage  in 
two  directions  at  90°,  extinction  parallel  to  the  cleavage.  Orthorhpinbic  (or  monoclinic). 
H.=  55-6.  G.  =  2'584  Bauer.  Luster  more  or  less  pearly.  Color  white.  Optically  biaxial. 

Composition  probably  like  anorthite,  CaAl88i2O8  or  CaO:  Al3O3.2SiO,».  Analyses:  1,  Varren- 
trapp,  Pogg.,  48,  568.  2,  Friederici,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  71,  1880,  after  deducting  the  corundum  pjresent, 

SiOa  A12O3  CaO          MgO          Alk. 

1.  |    48-74  23-90  15-29  1'54  —      =      99'44 

2.  |    41-54  36-59  1982  —  2'05     =     100 

B.B.  fuses  on  the  edges  to  a  vesicular  glass.  Gelatinizes  readily  with  hydrochloric  acid, 
especially  on  heating. 

Occurs  in  boulders  in  the  auriferous  sand  of  Barsovski  near  Kyshtymsk  south  of  Ekaterin- 
burg in  the  Ural  as  the  gangue  of  the  blue  corundum;  the  occurrence  is  similar  to  that  of  the 
indianite  which  is  the  gaugue  of  the  corundum  of  the  Carnatic.  It  is  often  intimately  mixed  with 
granular  calcite,  and  incloses  also  corundum,  spinel,  and  occasionally  scales  of  a  yellow  mica. 
Bauer  shows  that  it  is  chemically  identical  with  anorthite,  though  apparently  different  optically 
and  in  specific  gravity;  it  may  yet  prove  to  be  that  species,  perhaps  somewhat  altered. 

HURONITE  Thomson,  Min.,  1.  384.  1836.  An  impure  feldspar  approaching  anorthite. 
Occurs  in  spherical  masses  in  diabase  boulders  on  Drummond  Id.  in  Lake  Huron.  Structure 
partly  in  imperfect  folia,  and  partly  granulat-.  H.  =  3-3'5;  G.  —  3'86;  luster  waxy  to  pearly< 
color  light  yellowish  green;  subtranslucent.  Harrington  has  examined  this  mineral  and  con* 
firmed  its  relation  to  auorthHe.  He  gives;  H,  ;=  5'5;  G,  =  2'814;  fusibility  about  5.  An, 
Bnalysis  by  N.  N.  Evans  gave: 


PIO3  47*07    AUQa  32-49    Fe,O3  0^7    CaO  13'30    MgO  0-22    K8O  2'88    Ka30  2*03    ign   2'72 

[==  101'68 


LEUCITE  GROUP.  341 

A  mineral  similar  to  huronite  occurs  in  place  near  Sudbury,  Ontario;  see  Harrington,  Trans. 
R.  Soc.  Canada,  4  (3),  82.  1886. 

MIKROTIN  G.  Tscheimak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien>  50(1),  606,  1865.  A  name  proposed  for  glassy- 
kinds  of  the  plagioclase  feldspars,  corresponding  to  the  variety  sanidine  of  orthoclase;  it  is 
derived  from  ///K"/cor?/5,  littleness,  in  allusion  to  the  small  form  in  which  they  commonly  appear, 
as,  for  example,  embedded  in  volcanic  rocks. 

SIGTEKITE  C.  F.  Rammelsberg,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  71,  1890. 

Massive,  granular.  Cleavage  easy,  giving  a  surface  with  pearly  luster;  also  in  traces  in  a 
second  direeiion,  these  regarded  as  corresponding  in  position  to  c  (001)  and  m  (110)  of  orthoclase. 
G.  =  2*600-2 -622.  Luster  vitreous  to  pearly.  Color  gray.  Translucent. 

Sections  parallel  to  the  first  direction  of  cleavage  and  normal  to  the  second  show  polysynthetic 
twinning  lamellae.  For  the  former  the  angle  between  the  directions  of  extinction  is  7°-9°.  i.e..  the 
angle  with  the  edge  regarded  as  corresponding  to  c/b  is  ±  3£°  to  4|°.  Sections  parallel  to  the 
second  cleavage  show  no  twinning  structure  and  give  an  extinction-angle  for  the  edge  c/b 
of  -f-  16°.  The  axial  plane  is  nearly  normal  to  a  direction  corresponding  to  5  and  is  inclined  to 
c  in  the  positive  direction  (Tenne). 

Cornp.— (Na,K)2Al2Si3O10  or  (Na,K)2O.Al2O3.3SiOa.  With  Na  :  K  =  5  : 1,  this  requires: 
Silica  51-5,  alumina  29'2,  soda  14'8,  potash  4'5  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Raschig.  2,  Rg.  Also  3,  4,  the  same  as  1,  2,  after  deducting,  respectively,  3'84 
and  6'03  p.  c.  augite. 

SiO2      A12O3     Na2O     K2O 

1.  49-71      29-54      13'31      5'00  FeO  1'34,  CaO  0'66,  ign.  0'42  =  99'98 

2.  50-16      28-64      13-63      3 '96  FeO  1'97,  CaO  0  98,  MgO  016,  ign.  0'42  =  99  93 
8.  50-01      30  86      13-90      5'23  •=  100 

4.  50-54      30-64      14 '58      4'24  =  100 

• 

Occurs  intimately  associated  with  white  albite  and  eudialyte  at  Sigteso,  in  the  Langesund- 
fiord,  southern  Norway.* 


II,  Metasilicates.    ESi03. 

Salts  of  Metasilicic  Acid,  H2Si03  ;  characterized  by  an  oxygen  ratio  of  2  : 1 
for  silicon  to  bases. 

The  following  include  all  the  well-marked  groups  among  the  METASILICATES. 
The  Division  closes  with  a  number  of  species,  in  part  of  somewhat  doubtful  com- 
position, forming  a  transition  to  the  Orthosilicates. 

1.  Leucite  Group. 

2.  Pyroxene  Group. 

3.  Amphibole  Group. 

4.  Beryl  Group. 

&.  K ud i uly te  Group. 
6.  Melanocerite  Group. 


1.  lieucite  Group.    Isometric. 

In  several  respects  leucite  is  allied  to  the  species  of  the  feldspar  group,  which  immediately 
precede. 

321.  Leucite  KAl(Si03),  Isometric  at  500° 

Pseudo-isometric  at  ordinary  temperatures. 

322.  Pollucite  H2Cs2Al2(SiOs)6  Isometric 

*  A  later  optical  investigation  by  Tenne  (Jb.  Min.,  2,  206,  1891)  has  shown  that  the  above 
supposed  new  species  of  feldspar  is  merely  an  intimate  mixture  of  albite  and  elaeolite.  This 
conclusion  finds  confirmation  in  the  composition  obtained,  and  is  accepted  by  Rammelsberg. 
BrSgger  states  further  (priv.  contr.)  that  the  locality  is  SigtesO,  not  Sigter5. 


342 


SILICA  TES. 


321.  LEUCITE.  Weisse  Granaten,  Weisse  granat-formige  Schorl-Crystallen  (fr.  Vesuvius). 
J.  J.  Ferber,  Briefe  aus  Wa'lschland,  165,  176,  etc.,  1773.  Basakes  albus  polyedrus  granati- 
formis,  etc.,  v.  Born,  Lithoph.,  2,  73.  1775.  Schorl  blanc  Fr  Trl.  of  Ferber.  Grenats  blancs 
calcines  (fr.  Vesuvius,  where  called  Occhio  di  Pernice,  Rome,  etc.)  de  Saussure,  ,}.  Phys.,  7, 
21,  1776.  CEil  de  Perdrix,  Grenats  blancs,  alteres  par  une  vapeur  acide  qui  ayant  dissout  le  fer 
a  laisse  les  greuats  dans  un  etat  de  blancheur,  Sage,  Min.,  1,  317,  1777;  de  Lisle,  2,  830.  1783. 
Weisse  Granaten  Hoffm.,  Bergm.  J.,  454,  474,  1789.  White  Garnet  Leucit  Wern.,  Bergm.  J., 
1,  489,  1791,  Hopfner's  Mag.  N.  Helvet.,  4,  241.  Leucite  H.,  J.  Mines,  5,  260, 1799.  Amphigeue 
H.,  Tr.,'2,  1801, 

Isometric  at  500°  C.;  pseudo-isometric  under  ordinary  conditions  (see  below). 
Commonly  in  crystals  varying  in  angle  but  little  from  the  tetragonal  trisoctahedron 
n  (211,  2-2),  with  a  (100,  i-i),  and  d  (110,  i)  sometimes  present  as  subordinate 
forms.  Faces  often  showing  fine  striations  due  to  twinning.  Also  in  disseminated 
grains ;  rarely  massive  granular. 

Cleavage:  a  (110)  very  imperfect.  Fracture .conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  5*5-6. 
G.  =  2*45-2-50.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  white,  ash-gray  or  smoke-gray.  Streak 
uncolored.  Translucent  to  opaque.  Refractive  index:  JIT  =  1-507  Dx.  (1862). 
Usually  shows  very  feeble  double  refraction  :  &>  =  1*508,  e  =  1*509  Dx..(1874). 

The  anomalous  double  refraction1  of  leucite  was  early  noted  (Brewster.  Biot,  Dx.)  find 
variously  explained.  In  1873,  Rath,  on  the  basis  of  careful  measurements,  referred  the  seemingly 
isometric  crystals  to  the  tetragonal  system;  the  trapezohedral  face  112  being  taken  as  111,  and 
211,  121  as  421,  $41  respectively ;  also  101,  Oil  as  201,  .021.  Later  Weisbach  (1880),  on  the  same 
ground,  made  them  orthorhombic;  Mallard,  however,  referred  them  (1876),  chiefly  on  optical 
grounds,  to  the  monoclinic  system,  and  Fouque  and  Levy  (1879)  to  the  triclinic.  The  true  sym- 
metry; corresponding  to  the**nolecular  structure  which  they  possess  or  tend  to  possess  at  ordi- 
nary temperatures,  is  in  doubt,  but  it  has  been  shown  (Klein,  Pfd.)that  at  500°  to  600°  sections 
become  isotropic;  and  further  (Rosenbusch)  that  the  twinning  striations  disappear  on  heating,  to 
reappear  again  in  new  position  on  cooling.  Sections  ordinarily  show  twinning  lamellaB  |  d  (110); 
in  some  cases  a  bisectrix  (-}-)  is  normal  to  what  corresponds  to  a  cubic  face,  the  axial  angle  being 
very  small.  The  structure  corresponds  in  general  (Klein)  to  the  iuterpenetration  of  three  crys- 
tals, in  twinning  position  |  d,  which  may  be  equally  or  unequally  developed;  or  there  may  be 
one  fundamental  individual  with  inclosed  twinning  lamellae  (cf .  figs.  2-4). 

1.  2.  3.  4. 


i.  Common  form.with  twinning  striations.  Rath.  2-4,  Sections,  showing  twinning  lamellae,  as 
seen  in  polarized  light,  Klein:  2,  section  ||  001,  showing  fine  tw.  lamella?  ||  110,  also  others 
less  numerous  and  sharp,  parallel  to  two  other  dodecahedral  faces;  3,  section  |j  111,  with  tw. 
lamellae;  4,  |  cubic  face,  composite  crystal,  of  three  individuals,  cf.  f.  2. 

Comp.— A  metasilicate  of  aluminium  and  potassium,  KAl(Si03)2  or  KLO.Al2Oa.- 
4SiO,  =  Silica  55'0,  alumina  23 -5,  potash  21'5  =  100. 

Soda  is  present  only  in  small  quantities,  unless  as  introduced  by  alteration;  traces  of 
lithium,  also  of  rubidium  and  caesium,  have  been  detected.  . 

Anal.— 1,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  Erg.,  151, 1886.  2.  Rath,  Fogg.,  147,  272, 1872;. 3,  Id.,  ibid..  Erg., 
6,  209,  1873.  4.  Lemberg,  Zs.  G.  Ges..  28,  537,  1876.  5,  E.  Scacchi,  Rg.,  1.  c  ,  151,  1886,  6, 
Befwerth.  Min.  Mitth.,  66,  1876.  7,  Schulze,  Jb.  Min..  2,  114,  1880.  Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  334, 


1.  Vesuvius,  erupt.  1845 


2. 
3. 

4. 

5.  Rocca  Monfina 

6.  Acquacetosa 

7.  Albani  Mts 


G.  =  2-468, 
.~  2-479 


G.  =  2-479 


Si03 
55-28 
55-58 
55-21 
5604 
55-16 
J5-18 
54-91 


A1203 
94-08 
23-38 
23-70 
23-38 
22*15 
23-65 


K2O 

20-79 
19-58 
19-83 
1890 
21  08 
19-40 


32-85*  21-48 


Na2O  CaO 
0-60      —   =  100-75 

1-50  Q-26  =  100-25 

1-21  0-43  =  100-38 

1-41  0-20  H2O  0-32  =  100  25 
0-33      —   H2O  1-04  =  99-76 

0-32  0-83  FeO.MgO  tr.  =  99- 
0-41      —  =9965 


Fe3O3.  tr. 


LEUCITE  GROUP-LEUCITE-POLLUCITE.  343 

Potash,  regarded  long  as  an  alkali  exclusively  of  the  vegetable  kingdom,  was  first-  found 
$moug  minerals  in  this  species  by  Klaprotb,  whose  earliest  analysis  was  made  in  1796. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  infusible;  with  cobalt  solution  gives  a  blue  color  (aluminium).  Decom- 
posed by  hydrochloric  acid  without  gelatinization. 

Obs. — Leucite  belongs  peculiarly  to  the  more  recent  volcanic  rocks;  thus  it  occurs  in 
embedded  crystals,  grains  or  aggregates  of  grains,  with  nephelite  in  leucite  basalts  and  leucitytes 
(leucitophyr  or  amphigenyte);  with  nephelite  and  sauidine  in 
phouoly te,  and  with  plagioclase  in  leucite-tephry tes.  The  crystals 
usually  show  twinning  lamella?  in  polarized,  light,  and  further  are 
bften  characterized  by  the  symmetrical  arrangement  of  inclu- 
sions (f .  5)  of  glass,  or  of  microlites  of  augite,  magnetite,  etc.  Clear 
glassy  crystals  occur  in  ejected  volcanic  masses  or  in  crevices  in 
lava,  as  at  Mte.  Somma. 

The  prominent  localities  are,  first  of  all,  Vesuvius  and  Mte. 
Somma,  where  it  is  thickly  disseminated  through  the  lava  in  grains, 
and  in  large  perfect  crystals;  also  in  ejected  masses.  It  occurs 
also  near  Rome,  at  Borghetta  to  the  north,  and  Albauo  and  Fras- 
cati  to  the  south;  some  of  the  older  lavas  appear  to  be  almost 
entirely  composed  of  it.  Prominent  localities  are  Capo  di  Bove, 
Eocca  Monrina,  etc.  The  leucitic  lava  of  the  neighborhood  of 
Rome  has  been  used  for  the  last  two  thousand  years,  at  least,  in 
the  formation  of  mill-stones.  Mill-stones  or  this  rock  have  been  Section  with  symmetrical  in- 
discovered  in  the  excavations  at  Pompeii.  Further  in  leucite-  elusions,  Zirkel. 

tephryte  at  Proceno  near  Lake  Bolsena  in  central  Italy.  Outside  of  Italy,  it  is  found  about  the 
Laacher  See  and  at  several  points  in  the  Eifel,  as  at  Olbrilck  in  phpuolyte;  at  Rieden  near 
Anderuach;  at  Meiches  in  the  Vogelsgebirge;  in  the  Kaiserstuhlgebirge;  in  altered  form  at 
several  points  (see  below)^ 

Occurs  in  Brazil,  at  Pinhalzinho.  At  Byrock,  near  Bqurke,  and  at  El  Capitan,  near  Cobar, 
New  South  Wales.  In  basalt  on  the  island  Bawean  near  Java.  In  leucite-basanyte  on  the  south- 
east of  Alt.  Kibo,  Kilima-njaro,  Equatorial  Africa.  From  the  Cerro  de  las  Virgines,  Lower 
California.  In  the  United  States  it  forms  a  rock  in  the  Green  River  Basin  at  the  Leucite  Hills, 
Wyoming  (Zirkel):  also  in  the  Absaroka  range,  in  northwestern  Wyoming  (Hague,  Am.  J.Sc.» 
33,  43,  1689).  See  also  p.  1041. 

Named  by  Werner  ffom^Aevx-d?;  white,  in  allusion  to  its  color.  Hatty's  name,  Amphigene* 
is  of  later  date,  and  is  from  aju<pt,  doth,  and  yevo^,,  kind,  in  allusion  to  the  supposed  existence 
of  cleavage  in  two  directions,  and  to  his  fanciful  inference  therefrom  of  two  "primitive  forms;'1" 
it  has  therefore  the  best  of  claims  for  rejection. 

Alt.— Feldspar,  nephelite,  and  kaolin  occur  with,  the  form  of  leucite,  as  a  result  of  its  altera- 
tion. The  glassy  feldspar  pseudomorphs  were  first  announced  by  Scacchi,  and  since  by  Blum. 
Analcite  is  also  a  common  alteration -product  of  leucite.  For  analyses  of  altered  leucite  see 
Rg.,  Miu.  Ch.,  443,  1875,  also  5th  Ed.,  p.  335. 

E.  Scacchi  has  described  crystals  altered  to  prthoclase,  Rend.  Ace.  Napoli,  Dec.,  1884; 
Sauer.  others  altered  to  potash  feldspar  and  muscovite  from  the  Oberwiesenthal  in  the  Erzge- 
birge,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  37,  441,  1885,  Kunz  has  described  crystals  having  the  form  of  leucite 
from  Magnet  Cove,  Ark.,  and  approximating  to  a  potash  feldspar  in  composition,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
31,  74,  188(5;  these  are  shown  by  Williams  (cf.  p.  426)  to  consist  of  orthoclase  and  elaeolite.  The 
phonolyte  (tinguayte)  of  the  Serra  de  Tiugua,  Brazil,  also  contains  pseudo-crystals  of  leucite 
(Hussak,  Jb.  Miu.,  1,  166.  1890). 

Lemberg  has  shown  that  soda  can  be  readily  introduced  into  the  composition  of  leucite  by 
the  action  of  melting  sodium  chloride,  a  soda-leucite  (Natronleucit)  resulting;  while  it  is  possible 
to  change  the  latter  also  back  to  a  potash-leucite.  Further  he  has  shown  that  leucite  can  be 
resolveofinto  a  mixture  of  sauidine  and  auorthite  or  microsommite,  or  all  into  andesine._  See 
further  Zs.  G.  Ges..  28,  611-615,  1876. 

Artif.— Formed  by  Fouque  &  Levy,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  3.  118,  1880;  also  an  iron  leucite  by 
Hautefeuille,  C.  R.,  90,  313,  378,  1880.  Ch.  and  G.  Friedel  have  obtained  leucite  in  tetragonal 
forms,  optically  — ,  by  heating  for  two  days  at  about  500°  a  mixture  of  muscovite  with  about 
half  its  weight  of  calcined  silica  and  0*7  of  potash;  orthoclase  and  nephelite.  were  obtained  at 
the  same  time,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  13,  134,  182,  1890.  See  Fouque-Levy,  Synth.  Min.,  150-155, 
1882. 

Ref.-^1  Rath,  Pogg.  Erg.,  6,  198,  1873;  Jb.  Min.,  113,  1873,  281,  403,  1876.  Hirschwald, 
Min.  Mitth.,  227,  1875;  Jb.  Miu.,  519,  733,  1876;  Min.  Mitth.,  1,  85, 1878.  Mallard,  Ann.  Mines, 
10,  79,  1876.  Tschermak,  Min.  Mitth.,  66,  1876.  Baumhauer,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  257,  1877;  Min. 
Mitth.,  1,  287.  1878.  Fouque-Levy,  Min  Micr.,  1879.  Weisbacb,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  143,  1880.  Klein, 
Nachr.  Ges.  Gottingen,  421,  Nov.  26,  1884;  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.,  3.  522.  1885;  ibid.,  2,  49, 1884.  Pen- 
field,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  224;  1884.  Rath,  Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  115,  1883,  June  6,  1887.  Rosenbusch.  Jb. 
Min,,  2,  59,  234,  1885,  and  Mikr.  Phys.,  270,  1885. 

322.  POLLUCITB.    Pollux  Breith.,  Pogg.,  69.  439,  1846. 
Isometric.     Observed  forms1: 

a  (100,  i-i)\    d  (110.  »');    e'(2W,  £2)?;    n  (211,  2-2). 


344  SILICATES. 

Often  in  cubes  with  form  n,  also  d  striated  transversely;  rarely  other  forms 
more  or  less  rounded.  Also  massive. 

Cleavage  in  traces.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  ==  6'5.  Gr.  =  2  901 
Pisani.  Luster  vitreous  and  bright  on  surface  of  fracture,  but  sometimes  dull  and 
gum-like  externally.  Colorless.  Transparent.  Refractive  indices:  nr  =  1-515, 
nj  =  1*517,  MW  =  1-527  Dx2. 

Comp.— H30.(Cs,Na),O.AlaOa.5SiO,  =  Silica  47-0,  alumina  16-0,  caesium  oxide 
31-4,  soda  2-8,  water  2-8  =  100  Eg.-     Here  Cs  :  Na  =  5  :  2.     See  further,  p.  1044. 
Anal.— 1,  Pisani,  C.  R.,  58,  714,  1864,     2,  Rg.,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  9, 1878.     3,  4,  Id.,  ib.,  669, 
1880.     On  an  early  analysis  by  Plattner  and  its  interpretation.  5th  Ed.,  p.  249. 

SiO2  A12O3  Fe2O3  Cs2O  Na3O  Li2O  K2O  H2O 

1.  G.  =  2-901                 44-03  15-97    0'68    34'07  3'88    tr.      4,r.  2-40  CaO  0-68=101  •?£ 

2.  G.  =  2-868                 [48-15]  16-31      —      30'00  2'48     —     0'47  2'59  =  100 
a          G.  =  2-885-2-897       46'48  17-24      —     30-71  2-31     —    0  78  2-34  =  99'86 
4.                                              _  _        _     30-53  2-19     —    041      — 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  becomes  opaque  and  yields  water,  but  only  at  a  high  temper- 
ature.  In  the  forceps  whitens,  fuses  with  difficulty,  coloring  the  flame  yellow.  In  hydrochloric 
acid  slowly  decomposes,  with  separation  of  pulverulent  silica. 

Obs.— Occurs  very  sparingly  in  the  island  of  Elba,  with  petalite  (castorite)  in  cavities  in 
granite.  Named  from  Pollux  (the  genitive  of  wliich  is  Pollucis),  of  heathen  mythology. 

Ref.— '  Corsi,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  200,  1881.    »  N,  R.,  8,  1867. 

.     2.  Pyroxene  Group. 

Orthorhombic,  Monoclinic,  Triclinic. 

Composition  ESi03  with  K  =  Ca,Mg,Fe  chiefly,  also  Mn5Zn.     Further  KSi03 

with  R(Fe,Al)2Si06,  less  often  with  RAl(Si03)a.     Rarely  including  zirconium  and 
titanium,  also  fluorine. 

a.  Orthorhombic  Section. 

a  :  b  :  d  or  I :  a  :  6 

323.  Enstatite  MgSi03  0-9702  :  1  :  0-5710       1-0307- :  1  :  0-5885 

Bronzite  (Mg,Fe)SiO, 

324.  Hypersthene         (Fe,Mg)Si08  0-9713  :  1 :  0-5704        1-0319  :  1  :  0-5872 

The  second  set  of  axial  ratios,  with  a  =  1,  brings  out  distinctly  the  similarity  of-  the  form 
to  the  monoclinic  species.  This  resemblance  is  exhibited  still  more  clearly  if,  as  suggested  by 
Rath  and  Tschermak  and  later  adopted  by  Groth,  the  monoclinic  species  are  referred  to  axes 
having  ft  =  90°  nearly  (see  pyroxene) ;  on  the  other  hand  this  change  involves  a  sacrifice  in 
simplicity  of  symbols  and  for  other  more  fundamental  reasons  is  not  to  be  recommended. 

/?.  Monoclinic  Section. 

a:b:6  ft 

325.  Pyroxene  1-0921 : 1 :  0-589-3  74°  10' 

DIOPSIDE  \  »(SK>3), 

(  Ca(Mg,Fe)(Si03)3 

Malacolite,  Salite,  Diallage,  etc. 
HEDENBERGITE  CaFe(Si03)2 

Manganhedenbergite   Ca(Fe,Mn)  (Si03)9 
SCHEFFEBITE  (Ca,Mg)(Fe,Mn)(Si03)3 

Jeffersonite  (Ca,Mg)(Fe,Mn,Zn)(Si03)a 

AUGITE  i  Ca(Mff,Fe)(Si03)2 

1  with  fMg,Fe)(Al,Fe)2Si06 
Leucaugite,  Fassaite,  Augite.     Also  some  Diallage. 


PYROXENE  GROUP. 


345 


326.  Acmite  NaFe(Si03)a 

Aegirite 

327.  Spodumene  LiAl(Si03)a 

328.  Jadeite  NaAl(SiO,)8  Triclinic? 


a:l:6  /3 

1-0996  :  1  :  0-6012     73°  11' 

M238  :  1  :  0-6355     69°  40' 


329.  Wollastonite 

330.  Pectolite 

331.  Pvosenbuschite 


CaSiO, 

HNaCa2(Si03)3 

Na2Ca3((Si,Zr,Ti)03)4 


1-0531  ;  1  :  0-9676  84°  30" 
1-1140  :  1  :  0-9864  84°  40' 
11687  :  1  :  0-9572  78°  13' 


332.  Lavenite  (Na4,Ca2,Mn2,Zr)((Si,Zr)03)2  1'0964  :  1  :  0-7152  69°  42' 

333.  Wohlerite  12(Na2,Ca)(Si,Zr)03.RNb206  1-0549  :  1  :  0-7091  70°  45' 

In  lavenite  and  wohlerite  fluorine  also  enters,  and  lavenite  like  wohlerite  also  contains 
niobium  but  in  smaller  amount,  and  both  contain  titanium;  see  further  under  these  species. 

y.  Triclinic  Section. 

a  :  1 :  6  a  ft  y 

334.  Hiortdahlite  (Na2,Ca)Fe((Si,Zr)03)2  0-9984:1:0-3512  89°22£'  90°37'  90°6' 

a  :  b  :  6  a  ft  y 

or  (p.  377)  cf.  wohlerite  1-0583: 1 : 07048    90°29'  108049£'  90°8' 

Hiortdahlitevalso  contains  fluorine  and  titanium  in  small  amount. 

d  :  T>  :  6  a  ft  y 

335.  Rhodonite        MnSi03  1-0729:1:0-6213 103°18'  103°44'    81°39' 

Pajsbergite,  Bustamite      (Mn,Ca)Si03 

(Mn,Fe)Si03 
Fowlerite  (Mu,Zn,Fe,Ca)Si08 

d:b:6 

336.  Babingtonite  (Ca,Fe,Mn)Si03.Fe,(Si03)3     1-0691  : 0-6308 

a  =  104°  21i'     ft  =  108°  31'     y  =  83°  34' 

The  PYROXENE  GROUP  embraces  a  number  of  species  which,  while  falling  in 
different  systems — orthorhombic,  monoclinic,  and  triclinic — are  yet  closely  related 
in  form.  Thus  all  have  a  fundamental  prism  with  an  angle  of-93b  and  87°,  parallel 
to  which  there  is  more  or  less  distinct  cleavage.  Further,  the  angles  in  other  zones 
show  a  greater  or  less  degree  of  similarity  as  exhibited  in  the  descriptions  which 
follow.  In  composition  the  metasilicates  of  calcium,  magnesium,  and  ferrous  iron 

n  in  i 

are  most  prominent,  while  compounds  of  the  form  R(Al,Fe)2Si06,  RAl(Si08)8  are 
also  important  (Tschermak). 

The  species  of  the  pyroxene  group  are  closely  related  in  composition  to  the 
corresponding  species  of  the  amphibole  group,  which  also  embraces  members  in  the 
orthorhombic,  monoclinic,  and  triclinic  systems.  In  a  number  of  cases  the  same 
chemical  compound  appears  in  each  group;  -furthermore,  a  change  by  paramorphism 
of  pyroxene  to  amphibole  is  often  observed.  In  form  also  the  two  groups  are 
related.  Thus  we  have  respectively  for  the  typical  monoclinic  species? 

Pyroxene  a  :  1 :  6    =  1-0921  :  1 :  0-5893    ft  =  74°  10' 

Amphibole  a  :  \l :  d  =  1'1022  :  1  :  0-5875  ft  =  73°  58' 


346 


SILICATES. 


The  relation  is  further  shown  in  the  parallel  growth  of  crystals  of  monoclinic 
amphibole  upon  or  about  those  of  pyroxene.  This  and  other  related  points  are 
illustrated  in  the  pages  which  follow. 

The  relation  of  the  prominent  members  of  the  Pyroxene  Group  optically, 
especially  as  regards  the  connection  between  the  position  of  the  axes  of  light- 
elasticity  and  the  crystallographic  axes  is  exemplified  in  the  following  figures  (from. 


u. 


m. 


IV. 


V. 


VL 


I,  Enstatite,  etc.    II,  Spodumene.    Ill,  Diopside,  etc.    IV,  Hedenbergite,  Augite.    V,  Augite. 

VI,  ^Egiriie  (p.  866). 

Cross,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  39,  359,  1890).     A  corresponding  exhibition  of  the  prominent 
amphiboles  is  given  under  that  group. 

a.   Orthorhombic  Section. 

323.  ENSTATITE.  Diallage  metalloide  pt.  H.,  Tr.,  1801.  Bronzit  Karst.,  Klapr., 
Gehlen's  J.,  4,  151,  1807;  Karst.,  Tab.,  40,  91,  1808;  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  5,  34,  1810.  Blattriger 
Anthopbyllit  Wern.,  1808,  Hausm.  Entw.,  1809.  Bronzite.  Broncit.  Chladnite  Shep.,  Am. 
J.  Sc.,2,881.  1846;  Shepardite  Rose,  Beschr.  Meteor.,  29,  1864.  Enstatit  Kenng.,  Ber  Ak. 
Wien,  16,  162,  1855.  Protobastit  A.  Streng.,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  13,  71,  1861.  Victorite  Meunier,  Beiv 
Ak.  Wien,  61  (2),  26,  1870. 


Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-97020  :  1  :  0'57097  Lang1. 

100  A  HO  =  *44°  8',  001  A  101  =  30°  28f,  001  A  Oil  =  29°  43}'. 


Forms1 : 
a  (100,  i-V) 
b  (010,  i-i) 
c  (001,  0) 

fi  (810,  t-8) 
6  (520,  £f) 
e  (210,  t-2) 


m  (110,  I) 
d  (350,  *-f ) 
n  (120,  i-2) 
A  (250,  £f ) 
/  (140,  i-4) 

r  (201,  2-4) 
9  '(502,  |4) 


0  (016,  H)» 
h  (014,  H)» 
r  (027,  f  4)* 
A;  (012,  \-l) 
<?  (023,  H)* 
*    (Oil,  14) 
/?  (021,  2-1) 
GO  (031,  34) 


r  (223,  f )» 
<?  (Ill,  1) 
*  (221,  2) 

0  (412,  2-4) 
p  (623,  2-3) 
e  (212,  1-2) 

1  (211,  2-2) 


y  (421,  4-2) 
C  (321,  3-|) 
$  (432,  2-|) 

«=  (S43,  !-§)* 
«  (232,  |.|) 
*  (121,2-2) 


«'" 

— 

51° 

45' 

cu 

= 

55° 

31' 

mm'" 

— 

88° 

16' 

TT1 

rr: 

40° 

16^ 

nri 

•  — 

54° 

32' 

oo' 

— 

54° 

8 

rr' 

— 

99° 

18 

•xx' 
ee' 

,  

'75° 
59e 

35' 
1' 

<b(b 

— 

10° 

52' 

ii 

-- 

91* 

15' 

kk' 

— 

*31° 

52' 

uu' 

— 

48Q 

10' 

gq' 

•  — 

41° 

41' 

TT'" 

^; 

39° 

Ii 

mo 
mx 
ce 
ci 

= 

61° 
50° 
31° 
33° 
52° 

20' 
39'    ^ 

22i' 

ir 

36' 

00"' 

xx'" 
ee"' 
ii'" 
uu"' 

= 

52° 

72° 
27° 
20° 

72° 

24 
57' 
39 
35' 
52' 

Figs.  1,  2,  Bamle,  Rath. 

Twins  rare:  tw.  pi.*  h  (014),  forming  twinning  lamellae;  also  tw.  pi.  101  as 
stellate  twins  crossing  at  angles  of  nearly  60°,  sometimes  six-rayed  (Becke)  analo- 
gous to  the  pyroxene  twins  with  tw.  pi.  122.  Distinct  crystals  rare,  habit  prismatic. 
Usually  massive,  fibrous  or  lamellar. 


PYROXENE  GROUP— ENSTATITE. 


347 


Cleavage :  m  easy.  Parting  ||  b  ;  also  a.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  5-5. 
Cr.  =  3-1-3-3.  Luster  a  little  pearly  on  cleavage-surfaces  to  vitreous;  often  metal- 
loidal  in  the  bronzite  variety.  Color  grayish  white,  yellowish  white,  greenish  white, 
to  olive-green  and  brown.  Pleochroism  weak,  more  marked  in  varieties  relatively 
rich  in  iron.  Streak  uncolored,  grayish.  Translucent  to  nearly  opaque. 

Optically  -f.  Ax.-pL  ||  I.  Bx  J_c.  Dispersion  p  <  v  weak.  Axial  angle 
large  and  variable,  increasing  with  the  amount  of  iron,  usually  about  90°  for  FeO 
=  10  p.  c  Axial  angles  and  FeO  percentage8. 


Aloysthal 
2H0  133°  8 

Fe(Mn)O     2  '76 
Also,  Levy-Lex. 


Leiperville  Greenland  Balsfiord          Kraubat  Lauterbach 

123°  38'  114°  15'  112°  30'            106°  51'  101°  30' 

5-77  11  14                 8  42                 9 '80  10 "62 

a   =  1-665  ft   =  1-669        yy  =  1'674  Off  ret  2V  =  70° 


Comp.,  Tar.— MgSiO,  or  MgO.SiO,  =  Silica  60,  magnesia  40  =  100.  Also 
'(Mg,Fe)SiO,  with  Mg  :  Fe  —  8  :  1,  6  :  1,  3  :  1,  etc. 

Var.— 1.  With  little  or  no  iron;  Enstatite.  Color  white,  yellowish,  grayish,  or  greenish 
white;  luster  vitreous  to  pearly;  G.  —  3-10-313.  Ghladnite,  Shepardite  of  Rose,  which  makes 
up  90  p  c  of  the  Bishopville  meteorite,  belongs  here  and  is  the  purest  kind.  Victorite^occm-nug 
in  the  Deesa  meteoric  iron  in  rosettes  of  acicular  crystals,  is  similar 

2.  Ferriferous;  Bronzite.  Color  grayish  green  to  olive-green  and  brown.  Luster  of  cleavage- 
.•surface  often  adamantine-pearly  to  subraetallic  or  bronze-like;  this,  however,  is  usually  of 
secondary  origin  and  is  not  essential. 

With  the  increase  of  iron  (above  12  to  14  p.  c.)  bronzite  passes  to  hypersthene,  the  optic 
'axial  angle  changiu'g  so  that  in  the  latter  a  =  Bxa  and  Bxa  1  a. 

Anal.— 1.  Hauer,  Ber  Ak.  Wieu,  16,  165,  1855.  2.  Rath,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  23,  1877;  also 
Krafft.  3.  Koeuig,  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.,  198,  1877.  4,  Maskelyne  and  Flight,  Q.  J.  G. 
Soc.  30,  411.  1874.  5,  Lorenzen.  Medd-GrOnland,  7,  1884  ("Kupfferite "),  cf.  Ussing,  Zs. 
Kr.  15,  614,  1889  6.  Pisani,  Dx  Min.,  1,  537,  1862  (Genth  says  probably  from  Castle 
Rock.  Delaware  Co  .  Penn .).  7.  Knop,  Jb  Min.,  698,  1877.  8,  Farsky,  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  206, 
1876.  9,  9a,  Schrauf,  Zs.  Kr  ,  6,  327,  328,  1882.  10,  Rg.,  Pogg.,  141,  514,  1870  11.  Dmr  , 
Bull  Soc  G.  Fr,  19,  414,  1862.  12,  Breidenbaugh,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  6,  211,  1873.  J3,  Kobell; 
J  pr  Ch  .  36,  303,  1845.  14,  Streng,  Zs.  G  Ges.,  13,  73,  1861. 

15,  J  Lawrence  Smith.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  38,  225,  1864.  16-18,  Maskelyne,  Phil.  Trans.,  160, 
204,  1870  19,  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  61  (2),  469,  1870.  20,  Maskelyne,  Phil.  Trans., 
161,  360.  1871.  21,  Rath,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  33,  1872.  22,  23,  Rg.,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  314, 
1870,  Min  Ch.,  383,  1875. 

Emlatite,  etc. 


1.  Aloysfhal 

2.  Bamle 

3.  Georgia 

4.  Du  Toil's  Pan,  S.  A. 

5.  Fiskernas 

6.  Leipervilfe? 

7.  Lutzelberg 
$.  Kosakow 

9  Kfemze 
9«       ' 

10  Dreiser  Weiher 

11  Lhera 

12  Brewster,  N.  Y 

13  Greenland 
14.  Harzburg 

From  Meteorites. 


15.  Bishopville 

16.  Busti,  gray 

17.  ••       white 

18.  "      dark  gray 


G. 

3153 
3235 

3-205 

Si02 
5691 
58-00 
57-70 
55-91 
55-04 
57-08 

A12O3 
2-50 
1-35 
091 
2-64 
3-35 
0-28 

FeO 

2-76 
3-16 
496 
499 
571 
577 

MnO 

0-20 

MgO 
3544 
36-91 
3582 
3491 
33-98 
3559 

CaO 
—  H2O  1  92  =  99-53 
—  ign    0-80  =  100-22 
—  ign  0-78  =  100  37  [99  -45 
046Cr2O3054     JSiO  tr.'  = 
—   igu    1  -78  =  99  86 
—   H2O  0  90  =  99-62 

52-50 

229 

6-07 

— 

32-23 

4-35  insol.  2  00  =  99"44 

5623 

2-62 

6-67 

0-23 

3237 

096  Cr2O3034, 

H2O  0-95  = 

.[100-37 

3315 

54-87 

2-16 

6-97 

— 

35-65 

0  10  ign.O  56  = 

100-31 

3-315 

54-98 

tr. 

9-75 

— 

3283 

1-62  Ci2O307l, 

HaO  0  58  = 

3-308 

5233 

5-23 

7-17 

— 

3095 

3  25  -  98-93 

[100-47 

3  '27 

5476 

490 

935 

_ 

3022 

—  =  99-23 

[101-24 

3-29 

\  54-17 

330 

994 

0-24 

31-99 

0  99  alk    0  48, 

ign.   0  13  = 

58-00 

1-33 

10-14 

1-00 

29-66 

-    =  100  13 

[100  67 

3-29 

53-45 

3-71 

8-54 

0  16 

30-86 

2  19  CrjOs  0-89, 

H«00-87== 

SiO2  A12O3  Fe2O3  FeO     MgO    CaO 


59-97 

f  57-58 

58-44 

5760 


0-40. 
0-48 
1-18 
144 


39-34  —  Na20(K.,O  tr  )  0'74  = 
[100-45 

39-33  2-06  Na2O  0  67,  K2O  0'57, 
[Li2O  0-02  =  100-71 

38-94  1-68  Na2O  0  36,  K2O  0-33  = 
[100-92 

40-64  —  Na2O  0-91,  K2O  0'39  - 
[100-98 


348 


SILICATES. 


19.  Lodran 

20.  Breitenbach 

21.  Ibbenbiihren 

22.  Hainholz 

23.  Shalka 


G. 

3-313 
3-238 
3-426 


SiO2  A12O3  Fea03  FeO 


55-35 
5605 
54-51 
53-05 
55-70 


060  —    12-13 

—  —    13-44 
1-26  0-29  17-53 
3-19  —    15-63 

—  —    20-54 


MgO 

32-85 
3085 
26-43 
25-40 
2280 


CaO 

0-58  =  101-51 
—   =  100-34 
1-04  =  101-06 
2-73  =  100 
1-32  =  100-36 


Enstatite  Chondrnle 

from  the  Knyahinya 

Meteorite. 


Some  of  those  in  this  last  group  properly  belong  under  hypersthene. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  almost  infusible,  'being  .only  slightly  rounded  on  the  thin  edges;  P.  =  6. 
Insoluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs.— Enstatite  (incl.  bronzite)  is  a  common  constituent  of  peridotytes  and  the  serpentines 
o  derived  from  them;   it  also  occurs  in  crystalline  schists.      It   is  often 

associated  in  parallel  growth  with  a  monoclinic  pyroxene,  e.g.  diallage. 
A  common  mineral  in  meteoric  stones  often  occurring  in  chondrules 
with  eccentric  radiated  structure  (f.  3).  Also  obtained  in  somewhat 
similar  forms  from  deep-sea  dredgings  by  the  "  Challenger." 

Occurs  near  Aloysthal  in  Moravia,  in  serpentine;  at  the  W.  base  of 
Mt.  Bresouars  in  the  Vosges,  olive-green,  in  serpentine;  at  Kupferberg 
in  Bavaria;  at  Baste  in  the  Harz  (protobastite);  in  the  so-called  olivine 
bombs  of  the  Dreiser  Weiher  in  the  Eifel;  at  Grodlitzberg  near  Lieg- 
nitz,  Silesia;  Ultenthal,  Tyrol;  also  at  the  other  localities  mentioned. 
In  immense  crystals  at  the  apatite  deposits  of  Kjorrestad  near  Bamle., 
Norway,  in  part  altered  to  a  steatic  mineral.  In  the  peridotyte  asso- 
ciated with  the  diamond  deposits  of  South  Africa. 

In  the  U.  S.,  in  New  York  at  the  Tilly  Foster  magnetite  mine, 
Brewster,  Putnam  Co.,  with  chondrodite.    In  Peiin.,  at  Texas  and  Cas- 
tle Rdck  (?),  Delaware  Co.     At  Edwards,  N.  Y.,  extensively,  more  or 
less  completely  altered  to  talc,  forming  the  fibrous  mineral  which  has 
been  called  agalitefsee  talc). 

Named  from  evordrrfS,  an  opponent,  because  so  refractory.  The  name  bronzite  has  priority » 
but  a  bronze  luster  is  not  essential,  and  is  far  from  universal. 

Alt.—Bastite  or  Schiller  spar  (see  p.  351),  the  original  from  Baste  in  the  Harz,  is  an  altered 
bronzite.  G.  Rose  long  since  pronounced  it  a  result  of  the  alteration  of  some  mineral  of  the 
pyroxene  group.  Enstatite  occurs  altered  to  talc  as  at  Edwards,  N.  Y.,  the  Bamle  mineral 
approximates  to  this.  At  Brewster  it  occurs  altered  to  serpentine. 

Artif. — Artificial  crystals  have  been  obtained  by  Daubree  by  fusion,  also  by  Fouque-Levy, 
although  the  monoclinic  magnesium  silicate  (pyroxene)  seems  to  be  formed  more  readily.  Cf. 
Fouque-Levy,  Synth.  Min.,  110,  1882. 

Ref. — ^rom  the  meteorite  of  Breitenbach,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  59  (2),  848,  1869;  these  crystal? 
gave  all  the  planes  in  the  list  except  those  marked  2  and  3;  see  also  Weisbach,  on  bronzite  from 
the  Rittersgrun  meteorite,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  253,  1882.  It  is  obvious  that  no  sharp  line  can  be  drawn 
between  enstatite  and  hypersthene.  The  so-called  Breitenbach  enstatite  (or  bronzite)  is  mid- 
way between  the  two  species  and  perhaps  should  be  regarded  as  a  hypersthene,  since  it  contains 
13'6  p.  c.  of  FeO  (anal.  20)  and  is  optically  negative,  although  the  dispersion  is  p  <  v.  Dx. 
gives  2Ha.r  =  98°  32',  2Ha.y  =  98°  52',  2Ha,gr  =  99°  43',  Min.,  2,  xiv,  1874.  Accurate  measure- 
ments of  a  true  enstatite  are  thus  far  wanting;  Dx.  gives  for  while  artificial  crystals,  probably 
pure  magnesium  silicate  (probably  a  pyroxene?,  Fouque-Levy),  mm'"  =  87°  31';  also  for  the 
victorite  of  Meunier,  mm'"  =  88°  40'. 

2  Rath,  large  coarse  crystals,  in  part  distorted  and  monoclinic  in  symmetry,  from  Bamle, 
Norway,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  18,  1877.  3  Bkg.,  bronzite  from  the  Ultenthal,  Tyrol,  Zs.  Kr.  7,  502,  1883. 
4  Becke,  Min.  Mitth.,  7,  93,  107.  6  Cf.  Rosenbusch,  Mikr.  Phys,,  394,  1885. 


324.  HYPERSTHENE.  Labradorische  Hornblende  (fr.  I.  St.  Paul)'  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.. 
376,  391,  1789.  Diallage  metalloide  pt.  H.,  Tr.  1801.  Hypersthene  H.,  Ann.  Mus.,  2,  17,  1803. 
Labrador  Hornblende;  Metalloidal  Diallage  pt.  Paulit  Wern.,  1812,  Hoffm.  Miu.,  2,  143,  1815. 
Amblystegite  Rath,  Pogg.,«138,  531,. 1869.  Szaboite  Koch,  Min.  Mitth.,  1,  79,  1878;  Lasaulx> 
Zs.  Kr.,  3,  288,  1879;  Krenner,  ib.,  9,  255,  1884. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  1 :  6  =  0-97133  :  1  :  0-57037  Rath1. 

100  A  HO  =  *44°  10',  001  A  101  =  30°  25J_',  001  A  Oil  =  29°  42'. 


Forms1 : 
a  (100,  i-l) 
b  (010,  i-l) 
c  (001,  Q) 


z   (210,  i-2) 
m  (110,  2) 
n  (120,  i-2) 


h  (014,  f  *) 
Tc  (012,  -H) 
X  (045,  f -*) 
2  (Oil.  !-$)» 


d  (021,  2-i) 

o  (111,  1) 
£  (412.  2-4) 


e  (212,  1-2) 
*  (211,  2-2) 
y  (432,  2-f) 
u  (232,  f  f) 


PYROXENE  GROUP— HYPERSTHENE. 


349 


«'" 

=  51°  48V 

11'  =  59°  24' 

mm'" 
nri 

=  88°  20' 
=  54°  28V 

co  -  39°  18' 
ce   =  33°    8' 

hh1 

=  16°  14' 

c*   =  52°  3S' 

kk' 

=  31°  50' 

«*  =  46°    3V 

oo'  =  54°    3' 

ee'  =  58°  54V 

M'  ='91°  8V 

uu'  =  48°    5*' 


ee'" 
ii'" 
uu" 


=     52'  23' 

=     27°  38' 

=     40°  35' 

=     72°  50' 

=  *74°  18' 


1. 


Figs.  1,  Amblystegite,  Laach,  Rath.    2,  Malnas,  Schmidt.    3,  4,  Capucin,  Mt.  Dore,  Rath. 

Crystals  rare,  habit  prismatic,  often  tabular  ||  a,  less  often  ||  b.  Usually  foliated 
lAassive;  sometimes  in  embedded  spherical  forms.  Twins,  see  enstatite,  p.  346. 

Cleavage:  b  perfect;  m  and  a  distinct  but  interrupted.  Fracture  uneven. 
Brittle.  H.  =  5-6.  G.  =t  3'40-3'50.  Luster  somewhat  pearly  on  a  cleavage-sur- 
face, and  sometimes  metalloidal.  Color  dark  brownish  green,  grayish* .  black, 
greenish  black,  pinchbeck-brown.  Streak  grayish,  brownish  gray.  Translucent  to 
nearly  opaque.  Pleochroism  often  strong,  especially  in  the  kinds  with  high  iron 
percentage ;  thus  ||  a  or  a  brownish  red,  b  or  b  reddish  yellow,  c  or  6  green. 

Optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bx  J_  a.  Dispersion  p  >  v.  Axial  angle  rather 
large  and  variable,  diminishing  with  increase  of  iron,  cf.  enstatite,  p.  347,  and  the 
following  from  Dx.4 : 


Farsund         Finland 
98°  22'  92°  10' 

15-14 


2Ha.r 

Fe(Mn)O 

Further,  Dx.: 
Labrador  2Ha.r  =    85°  39' 

Mt.  Dore 


Labrador  Mt.  Dore 

87°  38'  85°  39'   77°  29'   69°  59'  59°  20' 

22-59  33-6 

=  1-69  .'.    2Vr  =    72°  16'  2Er  =  170°  27' 


2Er     =  101°  47'       2Ey  =  101*  7' 

Bodenmais,  Becke: 

2Ha.r  =  86°  36  2Ha.y  =  85°  48' 

Labrador,  Levy-Lex.: 

a  =  1-692  fi  -  1-702  y  =  1-705 


=  100°  58 

2Hft.gr  =  J34°  30' 
2V  =  50° 


r2Ha.y=    84°    9' 

' 


Hyperstheue  often  encloses  minute  tabular  scales,  usually  of  a  brown  color,  arranged  mostly 
parallel  to  the  basal  plane,  also  less  frequently  vertical  or  inclined  30°  to  c;  they  may  be  brookite 
(gothite,  hematite),  but  their  true  nature  Is  doubtful  (cf  .  Eosmann3).  They  are  the  cause  of  the 
peculiar  mefalloidal  luster  or  schiller,  and  are  often  »of  secondary  origin,  being  developed 
along  the  so-called  "  solution-planes  "  of  Judd. 

Comp.,  Yar.—  (Fe,Mg)Si03  with  Fe  :  Mg  =  1  :  3  (FeO  =  16-7  p.  c.),  1  :  2  (FeO 
=  21*7  p.  c.)  to  nearly  1  :  1  (FeO  =  31/0  p.  c.).  Alumina  is  sometimes  present 
(up  to  10  p.  c.)  and  the  composition  then  approximates  to  the  aluminous  pyroxenes. 

Of  the  orthorhombic  magnesium-iron  metasilicates  those  with  FeO  >  12  to  15  p.  c.  are 
usually  to  be  classed  with  hypersthene.  which  is  further  characterized  by  being  optically  negative 
and  having  dispersion  p  >  V. 

Var.  —  Ordinary.  —  In  lamellar  masses,  usually  exhibiting  the  characteristic  schiller  (see 
above);  less  often  in  distinct  crystals. 


350 


SILICATES. 


Amblystegite  from  the  Laacher  See,  first  described  as  an  independent  species,  was  shown  by 
Rath  to  be  identical  with  hypersthene  after  the  form  of  the  latter  had  been  determined  by  Lang. 
Judd  has  proposed  to  retain  the  name  for  those  kinds  which  lack  the  characters  of  the  original 
typical  hypersthene  (Geol.  Mag.,  2,  173,  1885). 

Szaboite  occurs  in  thin  tabular  crystals  (||  b);  it  was  first  described  as  triclinic  and  a  relation 
to  babingtonite  suggested,  but  its  identity  with  hypersthene  was  later  fixed  by  Lasaulx  (I.e.)  and 
Fr.  Koch,  Zs.  Kr.,  10,  100,  1884.  It  is  somewhat  altered  and  hence  the  relatively  large  amount 
of  FeaO,  in  some  analyses;  thus:  MgO  22 '82,  FeO  8 '46,  FeaO3  12 '69  Fr.  Koch,  but  of  fresh 
material  FeO  l'9'70. 

AnaL— 1,  Remele,  Ber.  Ch.  Ges.,  1,  30,  1868.  2,  Id.,  ib.,  p.  145.  3,  Pisani,  C.  R.,  86, 
1419,  1878.  4,  Id.,  Dx.,  N.  R.,  66,  1867. .  5,  Heddle,  Min.  Mag.,  5,  10,  1882.  6,  Becke,  Min. 
Mitth.,  3,  60,  1881.  7,  Farsky,  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  206.  1876.  8,  10,  Hiortdahl,  Nyt  Mag.,  24, 
138,  1879,  9,  Meinich,  ib.,  p.  133.  11,  Leeds,  Am.  Ch.,  March,  1877.  12,  Drnr.,  Ann.  Mines,  5, 
157,  1844.  13-15,  Merian,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.,  3,  296  et  seg.,  1885.  16,  Fouque,  Bull.  Soc.  Min., 
1,  47,  1878.  17,  Rath,  1.  c.  18,  Laurent,  Dx.,  Min.,  2,  xxxv,  1874.  19,  Hague  and  Iddings, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  26,  230,  1883. 

See  also  analyses  under  Enstatite,  pp.  347,  348;  further,  5th  Ed.,  pp.  209,  210. 


Hypersthene,  etc. 


1.  Farsund 

2.  St.  Paul  Is. 

3.  Arvieu 

4.  Farsund 

5.  Bauffshire 


G. 

Si09 

Al,0, 

Fea03 

FeO 

MnO 

MgO 

3-386 

47-81 

10-47 

3-94 

10-04 

tr. 

25-31 

3-402 

49-85 

6-47 

2-25 

14-11 

067 

24-27 

3-33 

51-00 

5-65 



13-60 



28-20 

3-351 

48-40 

911 

— 

15-14 



25-79 

3-32 

51-46 

— 

4-02 

12-67 

0-69 

24-23 

3-439 


6.  Bodenmais 

7.  Kosakow 

8.  Romsas  3'37 

9.  '«  3-145 

10.  " 

11.  Mt.  Marcy  3'459 

12.  Labrador  3'392 

13.  Campo  Maior  3'500 

14.  Singnlang,  Sumatra  3'487 

15.  Waldheinx  3'531 

16.  Santorin  3'485 

17.  Laach,  Ambtystegite  3 '454 

18.  Mt.  Do  re 

19.  Mt.  Shasta 


51-23 

2-02 

5-04 

13-02 

5-58 

22-08 

53-29 

2-77 

— 

1543 

— 

27-01 

53-14 

1-02 



17-84 

038 

24-85 

54-24 

3-32 

— 

17-40 

0-40 

23-15 

51-76 

2-99 

' 

19-73 



23  --24 

50-33 

336 

1-03 

19-40 

0-71 

21-40 

51-36 

0-37 

—  _ 

21-27 

1-32 

21-31 

52-37 

2-74 

2-34 

17-08 



22-15 

52-23 

1-08 

0-56 

•19-84 

— 

2237 

50-57 

2-97 

0-83 

26-93 

— 

1393 

49-8  2-3  0-8  25-0        —  11  2 

49-8  5-05  —  25-6       —  17'7 

[48-2]  —  —  28-4  5-2  16-7 

50-33  0-97  —  2200  064  23'29 


CaO 

2-12  =  99-69 

2-37  =  99'99 

—  HaO  0-20  =  98-65 
1-90  igul  0-60  =  10094 
5-30  Na2O    0-74,     K2O 

[0-25,  H2O  0-52=99 £8 
1  03  =  100 

1-19  H2O  0-35  =  100-04 
2-69  =  99-92 
0-82  ign.  0-36  =  99'69 
2-35  =  100-07 
2-77  TiO2007.H20 1-14 
3-09  =  98-72  [=  100-21 
4-04  TiO2  0-35=  101'07 
!-90TiOaO  37=  9835 
3-14  TiO2    0-38,    Na2O 

[0-62,  K2O  0-57=99-94 
10-8    Na2O  0-05  =  1(KH 
0-15  =  98-30 
1-5    =  100 
1-88  =  99-11 


Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  to  a  black  enamel,  and  on  charcoal  yields  a  magnetic  mass;  fuses 
more  easily  with  increasing  amount  of  iron.  Partially  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs.— Hypersthene,  associated  .with  a  triclinic  feldspar  (labradorite),  is  common  jn  certain 
granular  eruptive  rocks,  as  noryte,  hyperyte,  gabbro,  also  in  some  andesytes  (hypersthene* 
andesyte)  a  rock  recently  shown  to  occur  rather  extensively  in  widely  separated  regions. 

It  occurs  at  Isle  St.  Paul,  Labrador;  at  Chateau  Richer  and.  St.  Adele.  Mille  Isles,  Canada, 
grayish  black  and  brown,  with  the  laminae  curved;  at  the  Isle  of  Skye;  in  Greenland;  at  Far- 
sund and  elsewhere  in  Norway;  Elfdalen  in  Sweden;  at  Romsas  in  spherical  form  in  the 
"  Kugelgabbro;"  Penig  in  Saxony;  Ronsberg  in  Bohemia;  the  Tyrol;  Neurode  in  Silesia;  in 
Thuriugia;  the  Fichtelgebirge;  Voigtland;  Bodenmais,  Bavaria  (Becke).  In  the  trachyte  of 
Demavend,  Persia  (Blaas). 

Amblystegite  is  from  the  Laacher  See.  Szaboite  occurs  with  pseudobrookite  and  tridymite, 
in  cavities  in  the  andesyte  of  the  Aranyer  Berg,  Transylvania;  also  on  Mte.  Calvario  (Etna), 
near  Biancaville,  Sicily;  also  Riveau-Grand,  Monte  Dore,  Puy-de-D6me.  Named  after  Prof. 
J.  Szabo,  of  Budapest.  Ficinite  of  Kenngott  (not  the  original  ficinite)  is  hypersthene  from 
Bodenmais  (Becke). 

In  the  norytes  of  the  Cortlandt  region  on  the  Hudson  River,  N.  Y.  (G.  H.  Williams.  Am. 
J.  Sc.,  33,  137,  1887).  Also  common  with  labradorite  in  the  Adirondack  Archaean  region  of 
northern  New  York  and  northward  in  Canada.  In  the  hypersthene-andesytes  of  Mt.  Shasta, 
California  ;  Butt'alo  Peaks,  Colorado,  and  other  points. 

Germarite  Breithaupt  is  a  slightly  altered  hypersthene,  Dx.,  N.  R..  61,  1867. 

Hypersthene  is  named  from  v-Ttep  and  crOeVoS,  very  strong,  or  tough.  Amblystegite  is  named 
from  anfiXvS,  blunt,  arreyrj,  roof,  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the  crystals  (f.  1). 

Ref.— *  From  Laach,  amblystegite,  Pogg.,  138,  529.  1869,  152,  27,  1874.  Crystals  from  the 
Capucin  rocks,  Mont  Dore,  gave  similar  results,  Dx.,  Min..  2,  xv,  1874.  ';  Bec^e,  Bodenmais, 
Min.  Mitth.,  3,  60,  1880.  Cf.  also  Blaas,  Persia.  Min.  Mitth.,  3,  479, 1881;  Oebbeke.  Mt.  Dore. 


PYROXENE  GEOUP— PYROXENE.  351 

Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  8,  50,  1385;  Schmidt,  Malnas,  Zs.  Kr.,  10,  210, 1885,  and  Mt.  Pokhausz,  near 
Schemnitz,  Hungary,  ib.,  12,  97,  188(5;  Busz,  Mt.  Dore,  Zs.  Kr.,  17,  554,  1890.  Of.  also 
enstatite  (p.  346),  since  the  two  species  can  hardly  be  sharply  separated.  3  Kosmann,  Jb.  Min., 
532,  1869,  501,  1871.  4  Dx  ,  N.  R.,  63,  1867;  Min.,  2,  xv,  1874. 

The  following  are  alteration  products  of  enstatite- hypersthene. 

DIACLASITE.  Gelber  Schillerspath  Freiesleben.  Schill.  Foss.  Baste,  13,  i794.  Talkartiger 
Hornblende,  Hamrn..  Nordd.  Beitr.  B.  H.,  1,  15,  1806.  Diaklas  Breith.,  Char.,  58,  1823. 
Diaklasit  Hausm..  Handb  .  49$,  1847. 

A.  partially  altered  enstatite  (bronzite)  in  which  the  optic  axial  plane  has  become  fl  a  instead 
of  H  b;  it  contains  several  per  cent  of  water.  Form  and  cleavage  like  enstatite.  H.  =  3'5-4. 
G.  =  2'8;  3'054  Kohler.  Luster  pearly  and  metalloidal  on  a  cleavage-face.  Color  brass- 
yellow,  greenish  gray.  Streak  greenish  gray  or  nearly  uucolored.  Transparent  in  thin  laminae, 
translucent.  Feel  somewhat  greasy. 

Analyses.— 1,  Kohler,  Pogg.,  13,  101,  1828.  2,  A.  Strene,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  23,  54,  1864,  a. 
Sander,  Kg.,  Min.  Ch.,  385,  1875. 

SiO2  A1203  FeO  MnO  MgO  CaO  H20 

1.  Baste            G.  ==  3-034    53'74    1'34  11-51  0'23  25-09  4'73  3'76  =  100'40        [=101-73 

2.  Harzburg                           53'31     7'49  8-14  —  25'37  3-56  1'55  alk.   0'58,     Cr2O3  >29 

3.  Wurlitz                              52-81     1-54  12'63  —  27-41  1-07  4'44-99'90 

In  crystals  exfoliated  masses  embedded  in  serpentine ' rock  at  Baste  near  Harzburg.  also 
from  the  gneiss  mountains  of  Guadarrama,  Spain. 

BASTITE,  or  SCHILLER  SPAR.  Talkart  v.  Trebra,  -Erfahr.  Inn.  Gebirge,  97,  1785.  'Schil- 
lerspath (fr.  Baste)  Ileyer,  Crell's  Ann,,  1786,  1.  335,  2,  147.  Schillerstein  Wern.,  1800,  Ludw., 
50,  1803.  Diallage  pi,  H.,  Tr.,  1801.  Metalloidal  diallage  pt.  Bastit  Haid.,  Handb.,  523, 
1845. 

An  altered  enstatite  (or  bronzite)  having  approximately  the  composition  of  serpentine.  ,It 
occurs  in  foliated  form  in  certain  granular  eruptive  rocks  and  is  characterized  by  a  brorfze-like 
metalloidal  luster  or  schiller  on  the  chief  cleavage-face  (b),  which  "  schillerization  "  (Judd,  cf. 

0.  J  G.  Soa,  41  408.  1865,  and  Min.  Mag.,  7,81, 1886)  is  undoubtedly  of  secondary  origin. 
H.  =  3'5-4.    G.-"=  2'5-2'7.    Color  leek-green  to  olive-  and  pistachio-green,  and  pinchbeck-brown. 
Pleochroism  not  marked.    Optically—.     Double  refraction,  weak.     Ax.  pi.  |  a  (hence  normal 
to  that  of  enstatite).     Bx  JL  b.    Dispersion  p  >  v. 

The  original  bastite  was  from  Baste  near  Harzburg  in  the  Harz;  also  from  Todtmoos  in  the 
Schwarzwald. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Kohler,  Pogg..  11, 192,  1827,  3,  W.  Hetzer  C.  E.  Weiss,  Pogg.,  119,  446. 
1863. 

SiO2  A12O3    FeO     MnO   MgO    CaO    H2O 

1.  Baste,  crysC.        f  43  90    1'50    13-16*    0-55    26'00    2'70    12'43  =±  100'24 

2.  "     -massive         42'36    2-18    13'27b    0'85    28'90    0'63    12-07  =  100-26  [10040. 
S.  Todtmoos           |  43  77    6'10      7'14        -      30'92    117      8'51  1'67  CO2,  112  org.  subst  =s 

a  With  2-37  CraO3  b  With  some  .CraO8. 

In  the  closed  tube  affords  water.  B,B.  becomes  "brown  and  is  slightly  rounded  on  the  thiiot 
edges.  With  borax  reactions  of  iron.  Imperfectly  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  com- 
pletely so  by  sulphuric  acid.  A  mineral  resembling  schiller  spar  occurs  in  serpentine  in  Middle- 
town,  Delaware  Co.,  Pa.  Some  altered  monoclinic  pyroxene  may  be  included  in  what  is  called 
.schiller  spar.. 

PRISTINE.  Phastin  Breith.,  Char.,  29,  180,  1823, 115,  1832.  Resembles  somewhat  schiller 
*par,  and,  according  to  Breithaupt,  is  altered  bronzite.  It  is  foliated,  but  the  cleavage  is  not 
very  easy;  H.  =  1-1$;  G.  =  2'825;  luster  pearly;  color  yellowish  gray;  feel  greasy,  talc-like. 
It  is  from  Kupferberg  in  the  Fichtelgebirge,  .and  occurs  distributed  through  serpentine. 


PECKHAMITE  /.  L.  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19.  462,  20,  136,  1880. 

Occurs  in  rounded  nodules.  Cleavage  distinct.  G.  =  3'23.  Luster -greasy,  opalescent. 
Color  light  greenish  yellow.  Composition,  2(Mg,Fe)SiOs.(Mg,Fe)SiO4.  Anal.—  1,  on  01  gr, 
2,  on  0'35gr. 

SiOa  FeO  MgO 

1  49-50  15-88  33  01  =  98 '39 

2.  49-59  17-01  33-51  =  99-11 

From  the  meteonie  of  Estherville,  Emmet  Co.,  Iowa,  which  fell  May  10  1879.  Also  from 
the  Logrono  and.  Sierra  de  Chaco  meteorites  (Meunier).  Named  after  Prof.  S.  F.  Peckham.. 

Whether  pcckhamite  is  to  be  regarded  ns  an  in  dependent  .species,  or  the  result  of  a  mixture 
of  enstatite  and  chrysolite  as  has  been  urged,  i»  uncertain. 


352  SILICATES. 

/?.  Monoclinic  Section. 

325.  PYROXENE.  Corneus  pt.  Wall.,  138,  1847.  Basaltes.pt.  Cronst.,68,  1758.  Schort 
noirde  Lisle,  Crist.,  265,  1772;  Schorl  noir  en  prisme  a  buitpans  terminepar  urie  pyreuiide  dtedre, 
etc.  (fr.  vole.  Vivarais)  Faujas,  Vole.  Viv.,  89,  tig.  D,  1778.  Schorl  oct.  obliquangle  tronque 
[made  a  distinct  species]  Demeste,  Lett.,  1,  382,  1779.  Schorl  opaque  rhomboidal  pt.,  Schorl 
opaque  qui  paroissent  deriver  d'uu  octacdre  rhomboidal  (fr.  vole  Auvergne,  Vesuv.,  Viv.,  Etna), 
de  Lisle,  Crist.,  2,  396,  407,  415,  tigs.  12,  13,  14  (twin),  17,  18,  pi.  v,  1783.  Augit  (fr.  vole.) 
Wern.,  Freieslebeu  in  Bergm.  J.,  243,  1792.  Volcanite  Delameth.,  Sciagr.,  2,  401,  1792. 
Pyroxene  (fr  Etna,  Avendal,  etc.)  //.,  J  -Mines,  5,  269,  1799;  Tr.,  3,  1801.  Peutaklasit  Hausm., 
Handb.,  687,  1813.  Pirosseno,  Piroxena,  Ital. 

Diopside.  Malacolit  Abildgaard,  Ann.^Ch.,  32,  1800,  Delameth.,  J.  Phys.,  51.  249,  1800.. 
Alalite,  Mussite  Bonwisin,  ib  ,  409,  May,  f806.  Diopside  H.,  J.  Mines,  20,  65,  1806.  Traver- 
se! lit  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  93,  109,  1854. 

Lavrovite.  Lawrowit,  Vanadin-Augit,  Koksliarov,  Bull.  Ac.  St.  Pet.,  11.  78,  1866.  Eav- 
roffite. 

SALITE.  Sahlit  d'Andrada,  Scherer's  J  .  4,  31,  1800;  J.  Phys.,  51,  241,  1800.  Sablite. 
Bfficalit  Renovanz,  Crell's  Ann.,  2,  21,  1793;  Baikalit  Karst.,  Tab  34,  74,  1800.  Funkite,  Dufr., 
Min.,  3,  761,  1847.  Violau  Breithaupt,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  15,321,  1838.  Authocoite  L.  J.  Igelstrom, 
Jb.  Min.,  2,  36,  1889.  Coccolit  d'Andrada,  Scherer's  J.,  4,  1800.  Protheite  Ure.  Cauaanite^ 
Alger,  Min.,  89,  1844. 

DIALLAGE  H.,  Tr  ,  89,  1801.  Hudsonite  Beck,  Min.  N.  Y.,  405,1842.  Omphacite.  Om- 
phazit  Wern.,  Hoffm.  Min.,  2,  2,  302,  1812;  Breithaupt,  ib.,  4r  2,  125,  1817. 

Hedenbergite.  Hedenbergit  Berz.,  Nouv  Syst.  Min  ,  206,  269,  1819,  Hedenberg,  Afh.,  2, 
169.  Lotalite  Sewrgin,  before  1814.  Bolopherit  Breith.,  Handb.,  582,  1847.  Kalkeisenaugit 
Germ.  Mauganhedeubergite  Weibull,  G.  For.  Forb...  6,  505,  1883.  Asteroite  L.  J  Igelstrom,  B. 
H.  Ztg  .,  Min  ,  29,  8,  1870. 

Schefferite.  Schefterit  /.  A.  Michaelson.  J.  pr.  Ch.,  90,  107,  1863.  Eisenschefferit  Flink. 
Zs.  Kr.,  11,  495,  501,  1886. 

JEFFERSONITE  Keating  &  Vanuxem,  J.  Ac.  Philad.,  2,  194,  1822. 

Augite.  Leucaugite,  Dana,  216,  1868.  FASSAITE,  Fassait  Wern.,  Hoffm.,  Min.,  4,  2,  110, 
1817.  AUGITE.  Basaltische  Hornblende  pt.  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  1792,  Basaltine  Kirw.,  Min.,  1, 
219,  1794.  Maclureite  Nuttnll,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  5,  246,  1822  =  Amphibole  H.  Seybert,  J  Ac.  Philad., 
2.  139,  1821  Pyrgoin  Breith.,  Char,,  140,  1832. 

Monoclinic  and  hemihedral.  Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  1-09213  :  1  :  C'58932;  ft  —  14? 
10'  9"=  001  A  100  Rath1. 

100  A  110  =46°  24'  59",  001  A  101  =  24°  20'  53",  001  A  Oil  =  29°  33'  6". 


Forms'  : 

jjf  (401,  -  44)» 

•o  (221,  —  2) 

r  (311,  -  3-3) 

JV  (132,  -  |-3) 

a    (100,  i-l) 

^  (501,  -  54) 

r    (552,  -  f  ) 

E  (10*4-1,  -  10-f)3 

1    (241,  -  4-2) 

b    (010,  i-i) 

n  (102,  £4) 

to  (331,  -  3) 

S  (732,  -  |-|)5 

cf   (131,  -  3-3) 

c    (001,  0) 

P   (101,14) 

h   (441,  -4) 

4  (211,  -2-2)3 

0  (152,  -  |-5) 

X   (510,  £-5) 

H  (403,  f  -I)4 

0  (113,  |)2 

rj  '(421,  —  4-2) 

e   (347,  f  |)5 

W  (920,  t-|)» 

77  (302,  I-i)1 

r  (112,  £) 

A  (433,  -  |-f)5 

Df   (687,  f-|)& 

/    (310,  a-3) 

G  (201,  24)5 

€    (335,|) 

#  (414,  1-4)1 

&    (235,  |-|)6 

9    (210,  i-2) 

q    (301.  34) 

*    (223,  f)2 

©  (313,  1-3) 

a  (465,  H)s 

m  (110,  /) 

^X"  (015,  £4)4 

*    (111,  1) 

k  (312,|-3) 

C    (354,  f-|)5 

n,  (350,  £-f)6 
G)  (120,  £-2) 
*    (130,  e-3) 
/7  (150,  *-5)4 
L  (170,  £7)4 

y   (101,  -14) 

.F  (201,--  24)4 

e    (Oil,  14)* 
g    (021,  24)  / 
Tt  (041,  44) 
d  (061,  64) 

5  (119,  -^)* 
T  (117,  -  £)2 

P   (332.  f) 
ft  (885,  1) 
o   (221,2) 
A  (331,  3) 

/<•  (711,  -  7-7) 
D  (922,  -  |-I)3 
B  (411,  -  4-4)3 

A  (311,  3-3) 
z    (211,  2-2) 

a;  (461,  -  6-|) 
«    (351,  -5-|) 
2  (243,  -  i-2)* 
/u   (121,  -  2-2) 
Q  (136,  -  f  3)5 

S  (1-3  10,  f2)T 
TT(122,  1-2),  tw.pl» 
€  (121,  2-2) 
C    (483,1-2) 
J?  (132,  f-3)* 
O  (142,  2-4) 
27(152,  |-5)s 

J   (70S,  -  f  I)5 

w  (111',  -  1) 

a  (312,  -  f-3) 

P  (134,  -  1-3)5 

X  (      .    -  ) 

5    (301,  -  34) 

Also,  reported  by  GOtz8  from  Ala,  15i4'0,  15-0'4,  15  4'4. 


PYROXENE  GROUP— PYROXENE. 


353 


99 
mm' 

'UU' 

'.ii' 
cy 

C5 

ci!> 

en 

cp 

a'p 

cG 

eg 


23°44' 
38°  36' 
55°  26' 
92°  50' 
50°  54' 
35°  12f 

24°  21' 
47°  13' 
56°  13f 
15°  39' 
31°  20' 
*74°  30' 
55°  48' 
70°  16 


zz 

xx' 

88' 

ca 

cu 

cv 

cw 

cm 

cO 

CT 
CS 
CO 

cA 


59°    6' 

97°  11' 
132°  25' 
147°  14' 

19°  42' 
33°  49£ 
49°  54' 
57° 
79° 
15°  5' 
22°  32' 
42°  2' 
65°  21' 
76°  23' 


cd 
cW 
cA 
ck 

au 

av 

a's 

a'o 

o'A. 

ae 

az 

a'k 

a'A 


57°  lOV 

33°  57' 
71°  23' 
46°  46' 

53°  58' 
47°  43V 
76°  34' 
61°  32' 
55°  264' 
76°  16' 
79°  36' 
61°  51' 
39°  50' 


a'W=  90°  9" 

uu'  =  48°  29' 
mf  =  68°  42' 
77°  25' 
'29°  35£ 
59°  11' 
84°  11' 
91°  35' 
28°  52' 
37°  50' 
*79°  23' 
106°  58' 
59°  29' 


ww 
ps 

88' 

oo' 

XK 
kk 
AA1. 
m'v 


7. 


Fig$  1,  2,  Russell.  N.  Y.     3,  Pierrepont,  N.  Y.    4,  Gonverneur,  N.  Y.     5,  7.  Diopside, 
N.  Y,    6,  Rossie,  N.  Y.     1-7,  Pfd.    8,  Monroe,  N.  Y.     9,  Warwick,  N.  Y. 


5,  7.  Diopside,  De  Kalb* 


Twins10:  tw.pl.  (1)  a,  contact-twins,  common  (fig.  18), sometimes  polysynthetic* 

(2)  c,  as  twinning  lamellae  producing  striations  and  pseudo- 
cleavage  or  parting  ||  c;  very  common,  often  of  unquestioned 
secondary  origin;  also  capable  of  being  produced  artificially. 

(3)  y  (101)  cruciform-twins,  not  common,  f.  20.     (4)  W  (122) 
contact-twins  or  penetration-  and  cruciform-twins,  the  verti- 
cal axes  crossing  at  angles  of   nearly   60°  (b  W  =  59°  29', 
and  since  a'  W  =  90°  9',  the  faces  a  and  a_  fall  nearly  in  a 
plane;  sometimes  repeated  as  a  six-rayed  star  (f.  21), 

Crystals  usually  prismatic  in  habit,  often  short  and  "thick, 
and  either  a  square  prism  («,  b  prominent),  or  nearly  square 
(93°,  87°)  with  m  predominating;  sometimes  a  nearly  sym- 
metrical 8-sided  prism  with  a,  b,  m.  Often  coarsely  lamellar, 
|  c  or  «.  Also  granular,  coarse  or  fine;  rarely  fibrous  or 
columnar, 


354 


SILICATES 


Occasionally  heminedral,  only  the  planes  at  an  extremity  of  the  vertical  axis 
toeing  present,  and  the  habit  then  apparently  hemimorphic  as  in  f.  22  and  f.  19. 
the  latter  a  twin.  Of.  G-.  H.  Williams9 


11,   Ala,  after  Gotz.     12,     Nordmark.     13,  14,    Schefferite,    Langban,    Flihk.    15,  Fassatte, 
16-18.  Augite.     19,  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y.,  G.  H.  Williams.     20,  Schonhof,  Zeph.     31,  Sasbnch. 

Cleavage:  m  sometimes  rather  perfect,  but  interrupted,  often  only  observed  m 
thin  sections  J_  ^.  Parting  ||  .0,  due  to  twinning,  often  very 
prominent,  especially  in  large  crystals  and  lamellat  masses; 
also  |[  a  less  distinct  and  not  so  common.  Fracture  uneven 
to  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  5-6.  G.  =  3-2  -3'6,  varying  with 
the  composition.,  Luster  vitreous  inclining  to  resinous;  often 
dull;  sometimes  pearly  ||  /;  in  kinds  showing  parting.  Color 
usually  green  of  various  dull  ^shades,  varying  from  nearly  color- 
Jess,  white,  or  grayish  white  to  brown  and  black ;  rarely  bright 
green,  as  in  kinds  containing  chromium.  Streak  white  to  gray 
and  grayish  green.  Transparent  to  opaque.  PI eochroism  usually- 
weak,  oven  in  dark  colored  varieties;  sometimes  marked,  especially 
in  violet-brown  kinds  containing  titanium.  Pyro-electrically  -[- 
on  a  (cooling),  and  —  on  b  for  Ala  crystals,  but  —  on  a  and  -j- 
Canaftn,  Conn.  on  b  for  Tyrol ;  an  indistinct  opposite  polarity  between  the 
extremities  of  the  vertical  axis  was  noted  in  one  case,  Hankel. 


PYROXENE  GROUP— PYROXENE. 


355 


Optically  -f.  Double  refraction  strong.  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bxa  A  t  =  C  A  t  = 
J-  36°  to  -4-  52°,  or  ct  =  20°  to  36°,  the  angle  in  general  increasing  with  amount 
of  iron  (see  below).  Axial  angles  for  diopside  from  Ala,  Dx. : 


2Ey  =  111°  34' 
2Ebl  =  110°  51' 


ofy  =  1-6727     /?y  =  1-6798     yy  =  1-7026     .  • .  2Vy  =  58°  59' 
Measured,  2Er  =  111°  40'  2Ey  =  111°  20' 

Refractive  indices,  Heusser: 

0T  =.  1-67'810         /?y  =  1-68135 

See  also  beyond  under  diopside,  etc. 

The  connection  between  the  position  of  the  axes  of  elasticity  and  the  composition  (see 
further  analyses  beyond)  is  exhibited  in  the  following  tables,  chiefly  from  Doelter,  also  Wiik. 


=  1-68567        fa  =  1-69372 


Ala 

Zillerthal,  light 
dark 

L.  Baikal 
Achmatovsk 
Arendal 
Lojo 


Vesuvius,  green 

Greenwood  Furnace 

Aguas  Caldeiras 

P.  Molar 

S.  Vincent 

Vesuvius,  black 

Vesuvius,  yellow 

Bufaure 

Pesmeda 

Sarza 

Cuglieri 

Siderao 

Areiidal 

R.  d.  Patas 

Pico  da  Cruz 


FeO  Bxa  A  c                                                         FeO  Bxa  A  £ 

2-91  +  36°  5'  Tavastpy                            5'52  41° 

3-29  36°  15'  Taberg                               2 '94"     -      41°  24" 

3-09  36°  50'  Stansvik  10'38  42°  30' 

3-49  37°  10'  Nordmark  17'34  46°  45' 

3-81  37°  10'  Stansvik  20-44  46° 

4-5  39°  10:  Lojo,  blk.  27 '50  48° 

4-97  39°' 30'  Tunaberg,  Hedenb.  26 '29  47°  50' 

b  Also  Fe2O3  0  88. 


•  Also  Fe8U,  0-89, 

FeO 
3-16 
2-55 
481 
5-43 
5-20 
4-09 
6-78 
7-74 
2-09 
5-43 
505 
914 
1559 
5-95 
2  23 


FeO  +  FeaO8 

6-67 

7-6 

8-32 
11-61 
10-45 

8  56 

7-87 
11-51 

7-10 
10  38 
11-37 
18-43 
.  16-19 
13-44 
17-60 


FeO  4-  FeaO3  -f-  AlaO,       Bxft  A 


11-51 

12-69 

16-21 

17-28 

18-60 

18-31 

13-94 

16-60 

17  2 

20-04 

19-98 

31-51 

8336 

2808 

34  57 


42°  2(X 
43°  35' 
45°  45' 
46°  45' 
46°  45' 
46°  57' 
47° 

47°  10' 
47°  55' 
48° 
50° 

50°  85* 
51° 
52° 


Comp.,  Tar. — For  the  most  part  a  normal  metasilicate,  RSi03,  of  various  biva- 
lent or  less  frequently  univalent  metals,  chiefly  calcium  and  magnesium,  also  iron, 
less  often  manganese  and  zinc.  The  alkali  metals  potassium  and  sodium  present 
rarely,  except  in  very  small  amount.  Also  in  certain  varieties  containing  the? 
trivalent  metals  aluminium,  Jerric  iron,  and  manganese.  These  varieties  may 
be  most  simply  considered  as  molecular  compounds  of  Ca(Mg,Fe)Si2Oa  and 
(Mg,Fe)(Al,Fe)2Si06,  as  suggested  by  Tschermak.  Chromium  is  sometimes  present 
in  small  amount;  also  titanium  replacing  silicon. 

The  name  Pyroxene  is  from  nvp,fire,  and  £eVo£,  stranger,  and  records  Hatty's  idea  that  the 
mineral  was,  as  he  expresses  it,  "a  stranger  in  the  domain  of  tire,"  whereas,  in  fact,  it  is,  next 
to  the  feldspars,  the  most  universal  constituent  of  igneous  rocks.  This  error,  however,  was  more 
than  counterbalanced  by  Hatty's  discovery  of  the  true  crystallographic  distinction  of  the  species, 
which  led  him  to  bring  together,  under  this  one  name,  what  Werner  and  others  had  regarded  as 
distinct  species.  The  name,  therefore,  is  properly  the  name  of  the  species  as  a  whole,  while 
Augite  is  only  entitled  to  be  used  for  one  of  its  varieties. 

The  varieties  are  numerous  and  depend  upon  variations  in  composition  chiefly;  the  more 
prominent  of  the  varieties  properly  rank  as  sub-species. 

I.  Containing  little  or  no  Aluminium. 

DIOPSIDE.  Malacolite,  Alalite.  Calcium-magnesium  pyroxene.  Formulst 
CaMg(Si03),  =  Silica  55'6,  lime  25'9,  magnesia  18'5  =  100.  Color  white,  yellow* 


356  SILICATES. 

5sh,  grayish  white  to  pale  green,  and  finally  to  dark  green  and  nearly  black;  some- 
limes  transparent  and  colorless.  In  prismatic  crystals,  often  slender;  also  granular 
and  columnar  to  lamellar  massive.  (3.  =  3-2-3-38.  Bxa  /\  c  —  -\-  36°  and  up- 
wards. Iron  is  present  usually  in  small  amount  as  noted  below,  and  the  amount 
increases  as  it  graduates  toward  true  hedenbergite,  see  further  below. 

Flink  gives  for  the  five  varieties  of  diopside  from  Nordmark  the  following  optical  con- 
stants; see  analyses  10-15  beyond,  and  for  the  axial  ratios  see  Ref.1. 

Bxa  A  c              '2Vr  2Vy    '  2Vgr                0r                  /3y                /3gr 

4-38°     3f  59°     9'  58°  52'  58°  40  1'68978  1-69359  1-69869 

38°  45'  59°     9'  58°  57'  58°  46  1  "69133  1*69593  1-69781 

39°     1'  59°     6f  58°  56£'  58°  47  1-68889  1-69588  1-70029 

41*  41'  59°  18'  59°  11'  59°    '6  1 '70055  1  ,'70467  1-71062 

44°  38|  60°  44V  60°  36'  60°  29  1*71655  1-72428  1-72983 

The  following  belong  here : 

Chrome- diopside,  a  variety  containing  chromium  in  small  amount,  often  of  a  bright  green; 
from  the  localities  mentioned  under  analyses  33-40. 

Malacolite,  as  originally  used,  included  a  bluish  gray,  grayish  green,  and  whitish  translucent 
Variety  from  Sal  a,  Sweden. 

Alalite  occurs  in  broad  right-angled  prisms,  colorless  to  faint  greenish  or  clear  green,  usually 
fetriated  longitudinally,  and  came  originally  from  the  Mussa  Alp  in  the  Ala  valley,  Piedmont. 
Mussite  is  white,  grayish  white,  and  apple-green  (according  to  Bonvoisin's  original  description), 
and  occurs  in  prismatic  implanted  crystals,  and  also  in  masses  made  up  of  aggregated  crystals. 
Named  from  the  same  locality,  the  Mussa  Alp. 

Traversellite,  from  Traversella,  is  in  similar  long  glassy  crystals,  usually  rectangular  (a,  b), 
much  striated  longitudinally,  often  clear  green  at  one  end  and  colorless  at  the  other;  prismatic 
cleavage  perfect. 

Canaanite  is  a  grayish  white  or  bluish  white  pyroxene  rock  occurring  with  dolomite  at 
.Canaan.  Conn.;  it  has  been  referred  to  scapolite.  Pyroxene  in  large  white  crystals  is  common 
*jn  the  region  (f.  22);  their  composition,  according  to  an  analysis  by  M.  D.  Mumi  (priv.  contr.)  is: 
|  SiO2  55-05,  CaO  31'35,,  MgO  12-53.  Al203,Fe2O3  1'07  =  100;  G.  =  3  33.  Of  5th  Ed.,  p.  803. 

Lavromte  is  a  pyroxene,  colored  green  by  vanadium,  from  the  neighborhood  of  Lake  Baikal 
4n  eastern  Siberia.  In  coarse  granular  masses  with  quartz,  and  also  in  small  imperfect  crystals. 
Cleavage  affords  the  prism  87°  7';  and  there  is  the  usual  lamination  from  compound  structure 
parallel  to  c.  The  color  is  fine  emerald-green.  Cf.  anal.JSO,  and  Kk..  Min.  Rnssl.,  6,  206. 

Diopside  is  named  from  di$,  twice  or  double,  and  ctyzS,  appearance.  Malacolite. is  from 
"»,  soft,  because  softer  than  feldspar,  with  which  it  was  associated. 


HEDENBERGITE.  Calcium-iron  pyroxene.  Formula  CaFe(Si03)3  =  Silica 
48*4,  iron  protoxide  29'4,  lime  22'2  =  100.  Color  black.  In  crystals.,  and  also 
lamellar  massive.  G.  =  3'5-3'58.  Bxa  A  &  =  +  48°.  Manganese  is  present  in 
manganhedenbergite  to  6'5  p.  c.,  see  anal.  45,  below.  Color  grayish  green. 
G.  =  3*55.  Named  after  the  Swedish  chemist,  Ludwig  Hedenberg,  who  first 
analyzed  and  described  the  mineral. 

Between  the  two  extremes,  diopside  and  hedenbergite,  there  are  numerous 
transitions  conforming  to  the  formula  Ca(Mg,Fe)Si206.  As  the  amount  of  iron 
increases  the  color  changes  from  light  to  dark  green  to  nearly  black,  the  specific 
gravity  increases  from  3*2  to  3'6,  and  the  angle  Bxa  A  c  also  from  36°  to  48°. 

The  following  are  varieties,  coming  under  these  two  sub-species,  based  in  part 
upon  structure,  in  part  on  peculiarities  of  composition. 

SALITE.  Sahlite.  Color  grayish  green  to  deep  green  and  black;  sometimes  grayish  and 
yellowish  white.  In  crystals;  also  cleavable  and  granular  massive.  G.  =  3'25-3'4.  Named 
from  Sala  in  Sweden,  one  of  its  localities,  where  the  mineral  occurs  in  masses  of  a  grayish  green 
color,  having  a  perfect  parting  \\  c. 

Bnikalite  is  a  dark  dingy  green  variety,  in  crystals,  with  parting  like  the  preceding.  Named 
from  Lake  Baikal,  in  Siberia,  near  which  it  occurs. 

Protheite  is  somber-green,  in  crystals,  and  approaches  fassaite;  from  the  Zillerthal  in 
Tyrol. 

FunJcite  is  dark  olive-green  coccolite  from  Boksater  in  Gothland,  having  a  larger  percentage 
of  Fe  than  Mg. 

Lotalite  from  Lotala,  Finland,  in  black  lamellar  masses,  is  near  hedenbergite. 

VIOLAN  Breithaupt,  J.  pr.  Ch. ,  15. 321 , 1838.  Occasionally  in  prismatic  crystals,  affording  (Dx  , 
Min..  1,  66,  1862,  N.  K.,  183,  1867)  the  angles  and  the  planes  (in  the  prismatic  zone)  of  pyroxene, 
also  the  prismatic  cleavage.  Usually  lamellar  massive,  sometimes  fibrous.  H.  =  6.  G.  -  3'233. 


PYROXENE  GROUP— PYROXENE. 


357 


Luster  waxy.  Color  dark  violet-blue.  Translucent,  but  in  thin  plates  transparent.  Opticajly 
-f,  and  Bx0  inclined  to  a  as  in  diopside.  Anal.— 1.  Dainour,  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  66,  1862  (impure 
material?).  2,  Pisani,  Dx.,  N.  R.,  184,  1867.  3,  Schluttig,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Leipzig,  Groitzscb. 
37,  1884,  as  recalc.  by  Grunhut,  Zs.  Kr.,  13,  74,  1887. 


Si02   A1,O3  FeO  MnO 

G.  =  3-233  56  11    9'04  2'46  2'54 

G.  =  3-21  50-30    2-31  4"15  0'76 

G.  =  3-231        |  52-02    2-60  M9-  2'87 

•lucl.  (Ni,Co)O  0-39. 


CaO     MgO   Na2O 

13-62     10  40    5  63    =  99'80 

22-35    14-80    5-03   H2O  0'30  =  100 

22-94    15-18    5'69b  =  102*49 

b  Incl.  KSO  0-75. 


Occurs  in  small  seams  with  white  quartz,  white  fibrous  tremolite  spotted  violet  with 
manganese,  greeuovite  and  manganesiau  epidote,  in  the  braunite  of  St.  Marcel,  in  the  valley  of 
Aosta,  Piedmont.  Named  from  its  color, 

ANTHOCHROITE  L.  J.  Igelstrom,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  36,  1889.  Probably  identical  with  violaii. 
Occurs  in  grains  embedded  in  limestone  and  in  thin  veins.  H.  =  5-6.  Color  rose-red  to  pale 
violet.  Analysis  gave:  SiO2  51'6,  MnO  3 '4,  MgO  13'5,  CaO  23'3,  Al203,Fe2O3  1'4,  alk.  [6'8] 
•=.  1UO.  Occurs  associated  with  braunite,  manganesian  garnet,  epidote,  vesuviauite  at  Jakobs- 
berg,  Wermlciud.  Sweden.  Named  from  av&o$,  flower,  and  xpoa,  color. 

Asteroite  L.  J.  Igelstrom,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  29,  8, 1870,  is  a  stellate  radiated  pyroxene,  from  Nord- 
mark,  in  Sweden.  Color  ash-gray  to  white;  luster  silky;  opaque,  becoming  bronze  color  on 
exposure.  Anal.— SiO2  48'48,  FeO  22'24,  MnO  4'12,  CaO  17'00,  MgO  4'18,  ign.  2'83  =  98  85. 

COCCOLITE.  A  granular  variety,  sometimes  as  indistinct  crystals  embedded  in  calcite,  also 
forming  loosely  coherent  to  compact  granular  aggregates.  Color  varying  from  white  to  pale 
green  to  dark  green,  and  then  containing  considerable  iron;  the  latter  the  original  coccolite 
Named  from  KOKKOS,  a  grain. 

DIALLAGE.  Lamellar  or  thin-foliated  pyroxene,  characterized  by  a  fine  lamellar  structure 
and  parting  \  a,  with  also  parting  \  b,  and  less  often  \\  c.  Also  a  fibrous  structure  \\  c.  Twinning 
|  a,  often  polysynthelic;  interlamination  with  an  orthorhombic  pyroxene  common.  Color  gray- 
ish green  to  bright  grass-green,  and  deep  green;  also  brown.  Luster  of  surface  a  often  pearly, 
sometimes  metaHoidal  or  exhibiting  schiller  and  resembling  bronzite,  front  the  presence  of 
microscopic  inclusions  of  secondary  origin  (cf.  Judd,  ref.  gee  bastite.  p.  351).  Bxa  /\c  — 
-f-  39  to  40°  H  =4;  G.  =  3'2-3'35.  In  composition  near  diopside,  bul  often  containing  alumina 
and  sometimes  in  considerable  amount,  then  properly  to  be  classed  with  the  augites  (cf.  anal. 
51-65).  Often"  changed  to  ainphibole;  see  smaragdite,  p.  389,  and  uralite,  p.  390. 

Named  from  diaX\ayi'j,  difference,  in  allusion  to  the  dissimilar  cleavages  or  planes  of 
fracture.  This  is  the  characteristic  pyroxene  of  gabbro.  and  other  related  rocks. 

Hudsonite  is  a  lamellar  massive  kind,  color  black,  often  with  a  bronze  tarnish.  G.  =  3'5, 
Beck;  3 -43-3 '46,  Brewer.  Contains  lime  and  ferrous  iron,  with  but  little  magnesia.'  Named 
from  the  Hudson  river,  in  the  vicinity  of  which  it  occurs,  in  Cornwall,  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y. 

OMPHACITE.  Omplmzit  [fr.  Baireuth]  Wern..  Hoffm.  Min.,  2,  2,  302,  1812;  Bretih..'ib.,  4. 
2,  125,  1817,  Handb.,  612,  1841,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  24,  365,  397,  1865.  The  granular  to  foliated  pyrox- 
enic  constituent  of  the  garnet-rock  called  eclogyte.  often  interlaminated  with  amphibole 
(smaragdite);  cleavage  as  with  pyroxene.  H.  =  5-6.  G.  =  3  2-3 '3.  Luster  vitreous  to  silky. 
Color  grass  green.  Anal.— 1-5,  J.  Fikenscher,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  24,  397,  1865.  6,  Luedecke,  Zs.  G. 
Ges.,  28,  259,  1876. 


G. 


SiO2  A12O3   FeO     MgO     CaO   Na,0  K2O    ign. 


1. 

2. 
8. 
4. 
5. 
6. 

Ober-Pferdt 
Wustuben 
Silberbach 
Stumbach 
Pacher,  Styria 
Syra 

3-263 
3270 
3-243 
3-201 

52-57 
52-35 
52-77 
52-16 
50-29 
52-53 

9-12 
9-69 
9-19 
8-71 
6-67 
4-60 

5-32 

4-08 
4-81 
11-63 
3-26 
11-80 

13-75 
12-85 
13-60 
10-77 
1522 
16-10 

17 
18 
18 
14 
21 
12 

•41 
•05 
11 
•16 
•50 
•80 

1-11 
1-73 
1-22 
0-87 
0-88 

0-28 
032 

0-14 

0-88 

0-32  =  99  98 
0-62  =  99-69 
0-41  =100-11 
0-50  =  99-94 
0-45  Cr2O3  2-07  = 
1-69  =  99-52[100-64 


Occurs  near  Hof  in  Bavaria;  at  Pacher  in  Styria.  Also  a  similar  mineral  (diallage)  in  the 
glaucoplaue  schists  of  the  island  Syra  (Luedecke).  Schrauf  gives  the  name  to  the-'chrom- 
diopsitf  "  of  anal.  36,  beyond.  The  name  Omphacite  is  from  QUtpaS,  an  unripe  grape,  alluding 
to  the  color;  .it  is  among  the  names  of  green  stones  mentioned  by  Pliny. 

SCHEFFERITE.  A  manganese  pyroxene,  sometimes  also  -  containing  much 
iron  (iron-schefferite,  Eisenschefferit  PlinHs).  Flink  gives  the  composition  of  the 
Langban  mineral  (anal.  46)  as  corresponding  to  6CaMgSi206.MgFeSi206.Mn,Si2O6. 

In  crystals,  sometimes  tabulaij  c  (f.  13),  also  with  p  (101)  prominent,  more,  of  ten  elongated 
in  the  direction  of  the  zone  b  :  p  (101),  as  in  f.  14;  very  rarely  prismatic,  J  d.  Twins,  with  a  as 
tw.  pi.,  very  common.  Axial  ratio  as  given  beyond.  Kef .'  Also  crystalline,  massive.  Cleav- 


358  SILICATES. 

age  prismatic,  very  distinct.     Color  yellowish  brown  to  reddish  brown.    Optically  -4-.    Bxa  A  £ 
=  t  A  c  —  44°  25f.     2Vy  =  65°  3'.     Named  after  the  Swedish  chemist  (1710-1759). 

The  iron-schefferite  from  Pajsberg  (anal.  47)  is  black  in  color  and  has  the  axial  ratio  given, 
beyond,  c  A  c  —  -}-  49°  to  59°  for  different  zones  in  the  same  crystal.  '  The  brown  iron-schefferite 
from  Laugban  (anal.  48)  has  c  A  c  =  69°  3'.  It  resembles  garnet  in  appearance. 

JEFFERSONITE.     A  manganese-zinc  pyroxene  (see  anal.  49).     In  coarse  crystals  sometimes 
very  large;  they  are  like  ordinary  pyroxene  in  habit.     Edges  rounded  and  faces  uneven  and 
apparently  corroded.   G.  =  3'63.   Color  greenish  black,  on  the  exposed  surface  chocolate-brown 
Bx&  A  <>  =  53°  32'-.     2Ha.y  =  84°  32'  Dx.,  Min.,  2,  xix,  1874.     Named  after  Mr.  Jefferson. 

According  to  the  view  of  R.  Fritz  Gaertner  the  zinc  shown  in  the  analysis  is  to  be  explained 
as  due  to  enclosed  zincite  and  the  manganese  to  franklinite,  but  this  needs  confirmation; 
Pisani's  analysis  (49)  was  made  on  the  crystals  examined  optically  by  Dx. 

II.  Aluminous. 

AUGITE.      Aluminous    pyroxene.       Composition    chiefly    CaMgSi20,    with 
(Mg,Fe)(Al,Fe)2Si06,  and  occasionally  also  containing  alkalies.     Here  belong: 

a.  LEUCAUGITE.     Color  white  or  grayish.     Contains  alumina,  with  lime  and  magnesia,  and. 
little  or  no  iron.    Looks  like  diopside.     H.  =  6*5;  G.  =  3'19,  Hunt.    Named  from  A evKo<=>,  white. 

b.  FASSAITE,  or  Pyrgom.     Includes  the  pale  to  dark,  sometimes  deep-green  crystals,  or 
pistachio- green  and  then  resembling  epidote.     The  aluminous  kinds  of  diallage  also  belong 
here.    Named  from  the  locality  in  the  Fassathal,  Tyrol.    Pyrgom  is  from  nvpycojua,  a  tower. 

c.  AUGITE.     Includes  the  greenish  or  brownish  black  and  black  kinds,  occurring  mostly  in 
eruptive  rocks.     It  is  usually  in  short  prismatic  crystals,  thick  and  stout,  or  tabular  j  a;  often 
twins.     Ferric  iron  is  here  present,  in  relatively  large  amount,  and  the  angle  Bxa  A  c  becomes 
4-  50°  to  52°.     Named  from  dvyq,  luster. 

The  Augite  of  Werner  (and  volcanite  Delamqth.)  included  only  the  black  mineral  of  igneous 
rocks — the  volcanic  schorl  of  earlier  authors. 

Titaniferous  augite.    Containing  0*5  to  4'5  p.  c.  titanium  dioxide;  cf.  anals.  103  to  121. 

ALKALI-AUGITE.  Here  belong  varieties  of  augite  characterized  by  the  presence  of  alkalies, 
especially  soda;  cf.  anals.,  103  to  121;  they  hence  approximate  to  acmite  and  aegirite.  They  are 
known  chiefly  from  rocks  rich  in  alkalies,  as  elaBolite-syenite,  phonolyte,  leucityte,  etc.  A 
pyroxene  intermediate  between  diopside  and  aegirite  has  been  described  by  Brogger  from  the 
elaeolite-syenite  of  southern  Norway,  which  hast  A  c  =  4-52°,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  655,  1890.  Cf.  also 
Cross,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  39,  359,  1890 

Anal.— The  following  are  analyses,  chiefly  recent,  of  the  typical  varieties;  for  other  analyses 
see  5th  Ed.,  pp.  217  to  219;  also  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  pp.  386-392,  1875,  and  Erg.,  20-31,  1886, 
further  Heddle,  Trans.  R.  Soc.  Edinburgh,  28,  1878,  and  many  papers  on  pyroxene  in  rocks  iu 
Jb.  Min.,  and  elsewhere. 

1-7,  Doelter,  Min.  Mitth.,  288.  1877,  Min.  Mitth.,  1,  49,  1878.  8,  E.  S.  Sperry,  priv.  contr. 
9,  A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  G.  For.  Forh.,  12,  353,  1890.  10-13,  Flink,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  449,  1886. 
14,  Doelter,  1.  c.  15,  Sjogren,  G.  For.  Forh.,  4,  378,  1879.  16-21,  quoted  by  Wiik,  Finsk.  Vet,- 
Soc.  Forh.,  24,  1882;  16,  Moberg;  17,  Castren;  18,  Hjelmman;  19,  Hjelt;  *20,  21,  Castren. 
22,  Maskelyne,  Phil.  Trans.,  160,  202,  1870.  23,  Strong,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  238,  1885.  24,  Bam- 
berger,  Min.  Mitth.,  23,  1877.  25,  Nauckhoff,  G.  For.  Forh.,  1,  167,  1873.  26,  Haushofer,  J. 
pr.  Ch.,  102,  35, 1867.  27,  Freda  [Gazz.  Ch.  Ital.,  13,  498],  JB.  Ch.,  p.  1889,  1883.  28,  Suchs- 
dorff,  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  498,  1878.  20,  Renqvist,  ibid.  30,  Rath,  Pogg.,  144,  387,  1871.  31,  Lepez, 
quoted  by  Zepharovich,  Lotos,  1885.  32,  Hawes,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  397,  1878. 

33,  Pisani,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  5,  281,  1882.  34,  A.  Knop,  Jr.,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  97  ref.,  1890. 
35,  Scharizer,  Jb.  G..Reichs.,  707,  1884.  36,  Schrauf,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  329,  1882.  37,  Knop,  Jb. 
Min.,  698,  1877.  38,  Oebbeke.  ib.,  p.  845.  39,  Dmr.,  Bull.  G.  Soc.  Tr.,  19,  414, 1862.  40,  Rg., 
Pogg.,  141,  516,  1870. 

41.  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  65  (1),  123,  1872.  42,  Loczka,  Zs.  Kr.,  11.  262.  1885. 
43,  Hidegh,  ib.,  8,  534,  1883.  44.  Doelter,  Min.  Mitth.,  1,  62, 1878.  45,  Weibull,  G.  For.  F6rh.t 
6,  506,  1883.  46-48,  Flink,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  487  et  seq.,  1886.  49,  Pisani,  C.  R,  76,  237,  1873. 
50,  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  1,  444,  1870. 

51,  Rath,  Pogg.,  144,  250,  1871.  52,  Traube,  Diss.  Greifswald,  p.  6,  1884.  53.  Heddle, 
Min.  Mag.,  2,  31,  1876.  54.  Hilger.  Jb.  Min..  129,  1879.  55,  Petersen,  ib.,  1,264,  1881. 
56,  Cossa,  Trans.  Ace.  Line.,  4,  43,  1879.  57-59,  Cathrein,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  249,  1882.  60,  Luedecke, 
Zs.  G.  Ges.,  28,  260,  1876.  61.  Leeds,  Am.  Ch.,  March,  1877.  62,  Hummel,  G.  For.  Forh.,  7, 
812,  1885.  63,  H.  von  Post,  ibid.,  811.  64,  65,  Oberg,  ibid. 

66,  Leeds,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  6,  24, 1873.  68«,  Harrington,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  1874-75-  cf.  also  anal 
3,  4,  p.  390.  67,  Rath,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  538,  1875.  68,  Id.,  Pogij  Erg.,  6,  229,  1873.  69  Id  ' 
Zs.  G.  Ges.,  27,  362,  1875.  70,  Reyer,  Min.  Mitth.,  258,  1872."  71,  72,  Sommerlad,  Jb.  Min 
Beil.,  2,  177,  1883.  73,  Ricciardi  [Gazz.  Chim.  Ital.,  11,  143],  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  Erg  26  1886 
74,  Page,  Ch.  News,  42,  194,  1880.  75,  Kbrushchov,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  8,  89,  1885  76-83* 
Doelter,  Miu..Mitth.,  279,  1877.  84-86,  Id.,  ibid.,  p.  65.  87,  Id.,  Min.  Mitth.,  1,  63  1878 

88-100,  Doeller,  Vulk.  Gest.,  Cap.  Verd,  1882.  101,  102,  Kertscher,  ibid.  103-110,  Knop, 
Zs.  Kr.,  10,  58,  1884,  except  106,  by  Cathrein,  quoted  by  Kuop.  111-117,  Merian  Jb  Min  ' 
Beil.,  3,252,  1885.  118-121,  Mann.  Jb.  Min.,  2,  172,  1884. 


PYROXENE  GROUP -PYROXENE. 


359 


DlOPSIDB. 


1. 

2. 
3. 

4. 

5. 

Val  d'Ala,  colorless 
"          dark  green 
Achmatovsk,  light  green 
Zillerthal,  colorless 
"         dark  green 
L.  Baikal,  Baikalite 

3 

3 
3 

G 

169 

•192 
•242 

SiOa  A12O3  1 
54-28    0-51 
|  54-74      — 
54-45    0-99 
54-85    0-25 
54-23    1-22 
|  53-95    0  78 

^eaOs 
0-98 

0-55 
0-15 
0-89 
0!97 

FeO 
1-91 
2-91 
3-81 
3-29 
3-09 
3-49 

MnO 

MgO 
17-30 
17-02 
15-65 
16-02 
16-38 
16-40 

CaO 

25-04 
26-03 
24-89 
24-99 
24-69 
25-14 

=  100-02 
=  100-70 
=  100-34 
=    99-55 

=  100-50 
=  100-73 

6. 

Arendal 

3-242 

53-28 

1-37 

1-08 

4-50 



15-63 

24-29 

=  100-15 

7. 

New  York  State 

3 

•201 

52-79 

1-45 

0-62 

5-02 



16-09 

24-91 

=  100-88 

8. 

De  Kalb,  N.  Y. 

3 

•28? 

55-12 

0-40 

1-12 

— 

1815 

25-04 

NaaO    0-45, 

[K 

aO  0-02 

ign. 

0-17  =  100-47 

9. 

Taberg 

53-71 

0-40 

0-88 

2-94 

0-20 

15-67 

25-09 

ign.    0-30  = 

10. 

Nordmark,  white 

54-59 

_ 

0-11 

2-49 

0-14 

17-42 

25-70 

[99-19 
=  100-45 

11. 

yellow-green 

54-09 

0-28 

0-19 

3-36 

0-26 

17-12 

25-41 

=  100-71 

12. 

grass-green 

54-26 

0-33 

0-48 

3-51 

0-45 

16-04 

2482 

=    99-89 

13. 

dark  green 

53-03 

0-75 

0-32 

7-34 

1-13 

13-65 

22-98 

=    99-20 

14. 

black 

3 

50-91 

0-17 

0-76 

17-34 

0-21 

7-21 

2293 

=    9953 

15. 

black 

3-367 

51-05 

1-10 

095 

17-31 

0-60 

5-92 

2244 

=    9937. 

16. 

Karis  Lojo,  gray  -green 

52-49 

2-17 

— 

2-68 

0-63 

17-20 

24-34 

=    99-51 

17. 

Itnis,  green 

50-31 

6-46 

__ 

4-81 

— 

14-48 

24-87 

=  100-93 

18. 

Palkane,  green 

52-6 

4:8 

— 

4-0 

— 

14-2 

25-8 

=  101-4 

19. 

Hermala  Lojo,  green 

5303 

— 

— 

4-97 

0-22 

15-88 

25-48 

=    99-58 

20. 

Stansvik,  green 

52-76 

— 

— 

10-38 

1-34 

9-95 

2390 

ign.    0-27   = 

21. 

Ojama,  Lojo,  dark  green 

46-37 

415 

_ 

27-50 

014 

3-00 

20-58 

[98-60 
=  101-74 

22. 

Busti  Meteorite 

55-49 

— 

0-55 

— 

— 

23-33 

19-98 

Na2O  0-55  = 
roo-QQ 

23. 

Zermatt 

3 

•11 

54-22 





1-84 



1825 

24-80 

[yy  oo 
ign.  0-41    = 

[99-52 

24. 

Albrechtsberg 

3 

•167 

5560 

016 

— 

0-56 

— 

18-34 

26-77 

=  101-43 

25. 

Nordmarksberg 

53-20 

0-08 

— 

2-33 

020 

16-89 

24-06 

Na2O    0-34, 

[ign 

.  1-26  -  98-36 

26. 

Gefrees 

3-285 

54-00 

062 

— 

3-78 

0-27 

15-31 

25-46 

=    9944 

27. 

Mt.  Somma 

8 

•19 

42-73 

1-06 

— 

4-22 

0-94» 

17-80 

24-18 

=  100-93 

28. 

Wainpula,  Finl. 

51-88 

1-19 

— 

4'-32 

0-89 

17-09 

23-88 

=    99-25 

29. 

Tavastby,      «« 

3-045 

52-80 

6-10 

— 

5-52 

— 

18-31 

1908 

=  101-81 

30. 

Valpellina 

3 

•329 

5402 

0-20 

— 

8-07 

— 

13-52 

24-88 

=  100-69 

31. 

Kriml 

3 

•381 

52-08 

1  36 

2-56 

8-93 

0-49 

10-61 

21-59 

NaaO  2  06  = 

[99-68 

32. 

Edenville 

51-05 

2-03 

1-30 

12-28 

012 

10-02 

22-07 

ign.    0-84  = 

•CuO 

[9910 

Chrone-diopside. 
\.  Diamond  Fields,  S.  A., 


G. 


green  3'26 
34. 

(Jagerfontein) 

35.  JanMayen  3'313 

36.  Kfemze  3'259 

37.  Kaiserstuhl 

38.  Schw.  Stein,  Nassau        3-202 

39.  Lherz  3-28 

40.  Dreiser  Weiher  3'28 


SiO3  Al2O3CraO3  FeO 

52-4  0-6  2-8  6-5 

54-97  1-50  2-08  4-71 

51-86  1-56  0-73  3'46 

53-67  2-45  1-49  3'84 

51-89  4-76  1-09  4'40 

50-44  510  1-40  9-70 

53-63  4-07  1-30  8'52 

49-71  7-42  2-01  503 


MnO   MgO     CaO 

[99-8 

—  15-5      20-5    H20    1-5    = 

—  14-30    21-52  =  99-08 

tr.      17-40    22-15    Fe2O3    2'44, 

[ign.  0-12  =  99-72 

tr.      13-57    20-34  Fe2O3      3-07, 

[K2O  1-48,  Na20  1  29  =  100'20 

0-54    15-47    19  73  insol.  2'30  = 

[100-18 

—  17-42    14-63  =    98-69 

—  12-48    20-37  =  100-37 

—  17-84    17-39  =  100-0 


HEDENBERGITE,  also  above. 


G. 


SiO2   Al2O3Fe2O3  FeO    MnO   MgO    CaO 


41.  Shergotty  Meteorite 

42.  Dognacska 

43. 

44.  Tunaberg 

45.  Vester  Silfberg 


3-466 

52 

•34 

0-25 

— 

23-19 

— 

14-29 

10 

4.9 

=  100-56 

3-557 

48 

•38 

068 

3-23 

15-88 

7 

•94 

2-22 

22 

•10 

alk.  0-28  = 

[100-71 

3-588 

49 

•00 

0-91 

2-85 

17-24 

8 

•52 

1  34 

21 

•30 

=  101-16 

3-492 

47 

•62 

1-88 

o-io 

26-29 

2-76 

21 

53 

=  100-18 

3-55 

48 

•29 

— 

— 

24-01 

6 

•47 

2-83 

17 

69 

alk.  0-22  = 

199  51 

360 


SILICATES. 


SCHEFFERITE. 

46.  Langban 

47.  Pajsberg 

48.  Langbau, 

Msensckefferit,  brn. 


G.  SiOa  A1,O,  FeaO3  FeO  MnO  MgO 
52-28  —  —  3-83  8'32  15'17 
50-88  1-97  —  17-48  6'67  9'08 


62-19    0-88      —     14-98    6-2Q    10-93    14-57  =  99\7§ 


CaO 

19  62  =  99-22 

12-72  = 


Jeffersonite. 
49.  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J.  .8*63 

60.  'Lavromte  3'U4 


45-96    0-85 
53'65    2-25 


—  8-91  10-20 

—  —       3-48 


3-61    21-55   ZnO   10-15; 

[ign.  0-35  =  101-57 

16-00    23-05    VaO3    2-57 

[=  100 


DvMage* 

51.  Le  Prese,  Veltfin 

62.  Buchberg,  Silesia 

63.  Balta  Is.,  Scotland 

54.  Dun  Mt.,  N.  Zealand 

55.  Ehrsberg 

56.  Elba 

57:  WildschOnau 

58. 

69.  .Ehrsberg 

60.  Syra 

61.  Mt,  Marcy 

62.  Gaddbo 

63.  AkerQ 

64.  Kyrkjd 
65. 

AUGITE. 

66.  Amity,  Leucaugite 
6(ta.  Grenville,  Q. 

•67.  Vesuvius,  yellow 

68.  "         green 

69.  Monzoni 

70.  Vogelsgebirge 

71.  Kircheip 

72.  Naurod 

73.  Etna 

74.  Ainherst  Co.,  Va. 

75.  Rossberg 

76.  Vesuvius,  black 

77.  "        dark  green 

78.  ' «        yellow 

79.  Lipari 

80.  Cuglieri,  Sardinia 

81.  Greenwood  Furnace 

82.  Mt.  Bufaure,  Tyrol 

Fdssaite. 

83.  Fassathal,  Fassaite  2  979 

84.  Toal  dejla  Foja,  cryst. 

85.  "  gran.-cryst.      2'965 

86.  Mai 'Inferno,  cryst.  green 

S7.  Arendal  3  291 


G, 

SiOa 

A1203 

FeaO3  FeO 

MnO 

3-271 

51-46 

1-31 

— 

15-94 



51-23 

1-21 



1157 

1-26 

2-965 

50-23 

5-85 

— 

5-22 

52  23 

4-71 

__ 

3-48 

_ 

3-178 

51-27 

6-24 



5-60 



3-135 

49-60 

5-05 

— 

6-73 

— 

3-337 

50-41 

4-05 

0-11 

6;57 

__ 

[Cr203 

0-60,  > 

3-343 

49-25 

5-60 

0 

•45 

'    7-15 



[Cr203 

0-20,  £ 

3-178 

5134 

5-35 

0-48 

4-42 

— 

[Cr2O3  0-43, 

52-53 

4-60 

— 

11-80 



3-386 

46-28 

7-38 

2 

•21 

14-80 

— 

50-20 

6-53 

4 

•04 

4-35 

— 

47-10 

4-55 

— 

15-20 

0-17 

3-010 

44-12 

11-90 

6 

•45 

4-04 

0-26 

3-162 

43-22 

12-98 

5 

•21 

7-92 

0'36 

H2O 

—  =99-98 
1  31  =  99'76 
4-17  KaOl-20; 


MgO    CaO 
10-13    21-14 
16-11    17-07 
21-59    11-23 

[Na2OO'58  =  100:07 
16-85    20-15    2-53  =  99'95 
14-18    21-08    0-65  =  99'02 
16-49    20-34    1-49       Cr2O8 
[0-55  =  100-25 
15-33    2134    0'37Ti02088, 
a2O  1-55,  K2O  0-42  =  101-63 
14-41    21-31     0-30Ti020-70, 
a2O  1-86,  K2O  0-82  -  102/05 
14-08    21-12    0-70TiO2058, 
tfa2O  0-84,  K2O  0'15  =  99'49 
16-10    12-80    1  69  =  99-52 
8-91 


18-78 


—      11-75    19-04 
1865    11-33 


2034 


8-73 
9-70 


1-12  TiO2  0-59 
[=100-07 
1-26  alk., 
[1-05  =  98-22 
1-33  insol. 
[0-84  =  98-67 
4-72  = 


3  98  = 


100-56 
99-54 


CaO 

25-63  H2O  1-66=9954 

25-27/Vlk076ign;l'63 

[=100-49 

23-4    ign.0'2  =  99'9 
22-9    igu.O-26=100-36 
21-86  =    99-86 
21-43  =  100-62 
21-44=    99-51 
20-57  =  101-15 
19-08  ign.  0-17=99-35 
22-67  =  99-38 
20-30  Ka2O  l'B9,  K2O 
TiO2,MnO  tr.  =  100'89 

19  02  =  100-32 
20-80  =    99  90 
22-75  =  100-02 
20-30  =  100-29 
21'09  =  100-82 

20  62  =    99-32 
20-01  =  100-17 


44-76  10-10    5*01     2'09    13-65    24*90  =  100  51 

43-81     9-97    7-01    152    12-51    25'10  H2Q    051       = 

f  100 -43 
44-0610-43    5'91     1-67    13'10    25'20  H2O    015       = 

f  100-53 
41-971063    7-36    0-55    10-29"    26  60  H2O    2-70       =: 

rioo  10 

45-50    7-17    0'60  15'59      8'45    22  25  =  99  56 


G. 

SiO2 

A1203 

Fe.2O 

3  FeO 

MgO 

3-26 

50-05 

7-16 

0-56 

— 

14-48 

3-35 

51-27 

4-00 

o-io 

- 

17-46 

3233 

53-2 

1-5 

_ 

23 

19-3 

3-252 

48-4 

5-6 

— 

9-5 

137 

3-317 

49-60 

416 



982 

14-42 

50-12 

6-25 

4-95 

3-46 

14-41 

3-347 

48-07 

6-65 

8-60 

4-28 

10-47 

3-379 

48-49 

6-91 

920 

4-17 

11-81 

2935 

48-48 

7-02 

— 

1352 

11-08 

3-420 

42-50 

15-39 

11-32 

— 

7-50 

3434 

49-18 

2-15 

496 

904 

13-07 

[0-30, 

3-275 

46-95 

9-75 

4-47 

4-09 

16-04 

3203 

51-01 

4-84 

351 

3  16 

1658 

3-298 

50-41 

6-07 

1  09 

6-78 

12-92 

3-225 

48-45 

6-68 

3-57 

6-94 

14-35 

3-299 

45-65 

861 

6-32 

5-05 

13-60 

3295 

49-18 

5-09 

5-05 

2-55 

16-83 

3-299 

49-01 

5-09 

3-77 

7-74 

14-55 

PYROXENE  GROUP— PYROXENE. 


361 


89. 

90. 


Augite. 

Rib.  das  Patas 
Pico  da  Cruz 
Garza  valley 


91.  Aguas  das  Caldeira 

92;  St.  Vincent 

93.  Siderao 
94. 

95.  Praya,  large  cryst. 

96.  "       small  cryst. 

97.  Pico  da  Cruz 

98.  Picos  valley 

99.  St.  Vincent 

100.  " 

101.  Pedra  Molar 

102.  St.  Vincent 


SiO2 

A1203 

Fe303 

FeO 

MgO 

CaO 

40-81 

14-24 

7-89 

5-95 

14-35 

16-01 

36-79 

16-97 

15-37 

223 

8-99 

18-90 

4411 

9-66 

4-95 

5-43 

14-06 

21-92 

45-79 

789 

3-51 

4-81 

14-81 

21-60 

45-14 

8-15 

525 

5-20 

14-76 

19-57 

38-22 

13-08 

929 

9-14 

11-73 

1480 

41-76 

1781 

2-01 

7-47 

8-01 

19-47 

43-99 

14-01 

2-09 

8-84 

10-88 

1942 

38-15 

25-96 

11-08 

6-17 

1-99 

4-53 

37-20 

16-93 

15-07 

3-55 

6-89 

14-81 

42-15 

21-51 

3-79 

9-43 

7-55 

12-28 

41-08 

9-11 

17-18 

15-99 

2-29 

6-09 

47-99 

13-30 

11-32 

10-39 

6-16 

514 

46-94 

5-67 

6-18 

5-43 

14-18 

17-83 

45-14 

8-15 

5-25 

5-20 

14-76 

19-57 

Na20 
0-61  = 
0-60  TiO»  tr.  =  99'85 
tr.    =  100-13 
1-55  =    99-96 
1-46  =    99-53 
4-32  =  100-58 
3-72  =  100-25 
1-09  MnO  030  =  100 '62 
7-91  MnO  4-97  =  100'76 
5  06  =    99-51 
2-98  =    99-69 
8-70  =  100-44 
6-60  =  100-90 
1-83  =    98-06 
1-46  =    99-53 


SiO2   TiO2  A12O3  Fe2O3  FeO    MgO    CaO 


103. 
104. 
105. 
106. 
107. 
109. 

110. 

Sasbach                            44-15    4'57    6'90    6  02    3'49    12-28    22'79  =  100-20 
Burkheim                        45'83    3'57    7  47    4"90    4'11     10-92    22'83  =    99'63 
Horberig                          46'54    2'85    820    372    4'32     13'19    21'29  =  100'H 
Amoltern                          47'20    2'70    5'80    3'17    4'76    12*79    23'02  =    99'44        f=  99'24 
Oberschaffhausen           49'75    1-45    053  13  "23    9'66      4-55    16-72  MnO  1-09,    NaaO2'26 
Liitzelberg                       51  '37    0'94    2'43    4'14    4'46    1355    22'72  Na,O  0'44,     K2O  0-61 
[=  100-66 
Badloch                          52*09    095    1-18    1'59    1-57    18-10    38/06  tfa»O  0*48,    K2O  0"48 
[=100 

G.           SiO2    TiO2  A1^O3  Fe2O3  FeO    MgO  CaO    Na2O  K2O 

111. 

Laveline,  Vosges 

3-372 

50-63 

0-79 

0-87 

3-33 

8-39 

13-01  21-30 

1-02 

0-50 

=  99.84 

112. 

Laurvik 

3-401 

50-33 

0-66 

0-30 

12-37 

10-98  22-01 

2-14 

0-94 

=  99-73 

113. 

Serra  Monchique 

3-473 

42-27 

0-92 

8-67 

13-93 

6-24» 

10-95  12-32 

3-66 

2-12 

=101-08 

114. 

Rieden 

3-489 

45-80 

052 

2-80 

11-11 

7'68b 

6-63  20-06 

2-88 

1-00 

=  98-48 

115. 

Lobau 

3-425 

45-18 

0-79 

8-48 

6-21 

5-75a 

11-63  23-26 

1-20 

tr. 

=102-50 

116. 

Sasbach 

3-411 

44-65 

2-93 

6-62 

5-02 

3-87a 

14-76  20-32 

1-29 

0-49 

=  99-95 

117. 

Halleberg 

3-448 

50-25 

0-45 

1-25 

5-86 

47-40" 

15-72    8-73 

0-82 

0-47 

=100-95 

118. 

Hohentwiel 

3-359 

42-15 

tr. 

5-17 

16-86 

8-54 

3-56  10-39 

10-69 

2-64 

=100 

119. 

Elfdalen 

3-465 

f  49-32 

1  25 

4-88 

16-28 

5-65 

4-28    9-39 

8-68 

0-68 

=100-41 

120. 

Rieden 

3-456 

|  46-47 

0-73 

4-28 

5-95 

12-17 

7-24  19-23 

2-61 

0-74 

=  99-42 

121. 

Melfi 

3-416 

|  44-55 

1-36 

7-27 

6-06 

5-91 

10-44  22-83 

1-47 

052 

=100-41 

»  Incl. 

some  MnO. 

\ 

Incl.  0 

27  MnO. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Varying  widely,  owing  to  the  wide  variations  in  composition  in  the  different 
Tarieties,  and  often  by  insensible  gradations.  Fusibility,  3*75  in  diopside;  3'5  in  salite,  baikalite, 
and  omphacite;  3  in  jeffersonite  and  augite;  2*5  in  hedenbergite.  Varieties  rich  in  iron  afford  a 
magnetic  globule  when  fused  on  charcoal,  and  in  general  their  fusibility  varies  with  the  amount 
of  iron.  Jeffersonite  gives  with  soda  on  charcoal  a  reaction  for  zinc,  and  in  O.F.  on  platinum 
Tvire  for  manganese  ;  many  others  also  give  with  the  fluxes  reactions  for  manganese.  Most 
varieties  are  unacted  upon  by  acids. 

Obs. — Pyroxene  is  a  common  mineral  in  crystalline  limestone  and  dolomite,  in  serpentine 
and  in  volcanic  rocks;  and  occurs  also,  but  less  abundantly,  in  connection  with  granitic  rocks 
and  metamorphic  schists;  sometimes  forms  large  beds  or  veins,  especially  in  Archaean  rocks. 
It  occurs  also  in  meteorites.  The  pyroxene  of  limestone  is  mostly  white  and  light  green  or 
gray  in  color,  falling  under  diopside  (including  malacolite,  salite,  coccolite);  that  of  most  other 
'metamorphic  rocks  is  sometimes  white  or  colorless,  but  usually  green  of  different  shades,  from 
pale  green  to  greenish  black,  and  occasionally  black;  that  of  serpentine  is  sometimes  in  tino 
crystals,  but  often  of  the  foliated  green  kind  called  diallage;  that  of  eruptive  rocks  is  usually 
the  black  to  greenish  black  augite 

In  limestone  the  associations  are  often  amphibole,  scapolite,  vesuvianite,  garnet,  orthoclase, 
•titauite,  apatite,  phlogopite,  and  sometimes  brown  tourmaline,  chlorite,  talc,  zircon,  spinel, 
rutile,  etc.;  and  in  other  metamorphic  rocks  mostly  the  same.  In  eruptive  rocks  it  may  be  in 
distinct  embedded  crystals,  or  in  grains  without  external  crystalline  form;  it  often  occurs  with 
similarly  disseminated  chrysolite  (olivine).  crystals  of  orthoclase,  sanidine,  labradorite,  leucite, 
etc. ;  also  with  a  rhombic  pyroxene,  amphibole,  etc. 

Pyroxene,  as  an  essential  rock-making  mineral,  is  especially  common  in  basic  eruptive 
Tocks.  Thus,  as  augite,  with  a  triclinic  feldspar  (usually  labradorite),  magnetite,  often 
chrysolite,  in  basalt  and  basaltic  lavas,  diabase  ;  in  andesyte;  also  in  trachyte;  in  peridotyte  and 
Jpikryte;  with  nephelite  in  phonolyte.  Further  with  elaeolite,  orthoclase,  etc.,  in  elaeolite- 
Syenite  and  augite-syenite,  also  as  diallage  ir>  gabbro.  in  "many  peridotytes  and  the  serpentines 


362  SILICATES. 

formed  from  them;  as  diopside  (malacolite)  in  crystalline  schists.  In  limburgyte,  augityte,  and 
pyroxenyte,  pyroxene  is  present  as  the  most  .prominent  constituent,  while  feldspar  is  absent;  it 
may  also  form  rock  masses  alone  nearly  free  from  associated  minerals. 

Some  of  the  more  prominent  foreign  localities  of  pyroxene  in  its  various  forms  are  the 
following;  many  others  have  been  noted  in  connection  with  the  descriptions 'of  varieties  and 
analyses  already  given: 

Diopside  (alalite,  mussite)  occurs  in  fine  crystals  on  the  Mussa  alp  in  the  Ala  valley  in  Pied- 
mont, associated  with  garnets  (hessonite)  and  talc  in  veins  traversing  serpentine;  in  tine  crystals 
also  at  Truversella;  at  Zermatt  in  Switzerland;  Schwarzensteiu  in  the Zillerthal;  Ober-Sulzbach- 
thal  and  elsewhere  in  Tyrol  and  the  Salzburg  Alps;  Reichenstein;  Rezbanya,  Hungary;  Achma- 
tovsk  in  the  Ural  with  almandite,  clinochlore;  L.  Baikal  {baikalite}  iu  eastern  Sibenaj  Pargas, 
Or  jiirvi,  and  elsewhere  in  Finland.  At  Nordmark,  Sweden,  in  fine  crystals  of. varied  type  of 
fo>  ii  (cf.  Flink,  1.  c.),  but  often  with*  a,  b,  c,  p  prominent,  nnd  varying  in  composition  from  a 
d.opside  nearly  free  from  iron  to  one  containing  iron  in, large  amount,  approximating  to  heden- 
bergite. 

Hedenbergite  was  originally  described  from  Tuuaberg,  Sweden ;  also  f  rom  Arendal.  Mangan- 
hedenbergite  is  from  Vester  Silfberg.  Schefferite  is  from  Langban.  Wt-rmland,  Sweden,  where 
it  occurs  embedded  in  calcite,  also  enclosing  hematite  and  richterite;  rhodonite  and  hedyphane 
occur  in  the  neighborhood.  Also  from  the  Harstig  mine  at  Pajsberg,  with  crystallized  rhodonite 
(pajsbergite). 

Augite  (incl.  fassaite)  on  the  Pesmeda  alp.  Ml.  Monzoni.  and  elsewhere  in  the  Fassathal,  as 
a  contact  formation;  Traversella,  Piedmont;  the  Laacher  See  and  the  Eifel;  Sasbach  in  the 
Kaiserstruhl;  Vesuvius,  white  rare,  green,  brown,  yellow  to  black;  Frascati;  Etna;  the  Azores 
and  Cape  Verde  Islands;  the  Sandwich  Islands,  as  at  the  base  of  the  cruder  cones  at  the  summit 
of  Haleakala  on  Maui,  where  deposits  of  perfect  crystals  are  found  with  chrysolite  grains  and 
glassy  crystals  of  labradorite.  Also  in  Japan,  as  on  Bonin  island  (cf.  Y.  Kikuchi,  J.  Coll.  Sc., 
Japan,  3,  67,  1889,  for  an  account  of  some  forms). 

In  N.  America,  occurs  in  Maine,  at  Raymond  and  Rumford,  diopside,  salite,  etc. ;  at  Deer 
Isle,  diallage  in  serpentine.  In  Vermont,  at  Thetford,  black  augite.  with  chrysolite,  in  boulders 
of  basalt.  In  Mass.,  in  Berkshire,  white  crystals  abundant;  at  the  Bolton  quarries,  same,  good; 
Westfield  and  Blanford,  diallage  in  serpentine.  In  Conn.,  at- Canaan,  white  cryst.  2-3  in.  long 
by  1-2  in.  broad,  often  externally  changed  by  uralitization  to  tremolite,  in  dolomite;  also  the 
pyroxenic  rock,  called  canaanite;  in  Trumbull,  large  green  cryst.  in  limestone;  in  Reading,  on 
the  turnpike  near  the  line  of  Danbury,  small  transp.  cryst.,  and  granular;  at  Watertown.'near 
the  Naugatuck,  white  diopside.  In  N.  York,  in  N.  Y.  Co.,  white  cryst.  in  dolomite;  at  War- 
wick, fine  cryst.;  in  Westchester  Co.,  white,  at  the  Sing-Sing  quarries;  in  Orange  Co.,  in  Mon- 
roe, at  Two  Ponds,  cryst.,  often  large,  with  scapolite,  titanite,  etc.,  in  limestone;  3  in.  S.E.  of 
Greenwood  furnace,  salite  with  coccolite;  £  m.  E.  of  same,  in  cryst.  with  mica  in  limestone;  1 
m.  W.  of  Coffee's  Hotel  in  Monroe,  black  coccolite;  2-£  rn.  N.  of  Edenville,  gray  cryst.;  1  m. 
N.W.  of  Edenville,  black  cryst.  in  limestone;  in  Cornwall,  the  var.  hudsonite;  near  Amity  and 
Fort  Montgomery,  good;  in  Forest-of-Dean,  lamellar,  green,  and  bronze-colored,  with  black 
coccolite;  in  Putnam  Co.,  near  Patterson,  grayish  white  cryst.,  abundant;  at  Rogers'  Rock,  L. 
George,  massive  and  granular  (coccolite),  gray,  green,  brown;  near  Oxbow,  on  Vroornan  Lake; 
in  Lewis  Co.,  at  Diana,  white  and  black  cryst.;  in  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  at  Fine,  in  large  cryst.;  at 
De  Kalb,  fine  diopside;  also  at  Gouverneur,  Rossie.  Russell.  Pitcairn;  in  Essex  Co.,  near  Long 
Pond,  cryst.,  also  beautiful  green  coccolite;  at  Willsboro',  green  coccolite  with  titanite  and 
•wollastonite;  at  Moriah,  coccolite,  in  limestone  mostly  changed  to  serpentine  forming  a  useful 
marble. 

In  N.  Jersey,  Franklin  Furnace.  Sussex  Co.,  good  cryst.,  also  jeffersonite.  In  Penn.,  near 
Attleboro'.  cryst.  and  granular;  in  Pennsbury,  at  Burnett's  quarry,  diopside;  at  the  French 
Creek  mines.  Chester  Co.,  chiefly  altered  to  fibrous  amphibole;  at  Bailey's  quarry,  East  Marl- 
borough.  In  Maryland,  Harford  Co.,  at  Cooptowu,  diallage.  In  Delaware,  at  Wilmington,  a 
hypersthene-like  variety,  Kuttal's  Maclureite.  In  Tennessee,  at  the  Dticktown  mines. 

In  Canada,  at  Calumet  I.,  grayish  green  cryst.  in  limestone  with  phlogopite;  at  the  High 
Falls  of  the  Madawaska,  large  crystals,  having  cryst.  of  hornblende  attached;  in  Kildau  as  a 
rock;  in  Bathurst,  colorless  or  white  cryst. ;  near  Ottawa,  in  large  subtrp.  cryst.,  in  limestone; 
at  Grenville,  dark  green  cryst.,  and  granular;  at  Montreal,  Rougemont  and  Montarvelli  Mts., 
hlack  in  doleryte  ;  Burgess,  Lanark  Co. ;  Renfrew  Co.,  with  apatite,  titanite,  etc.,  Orford, 
Sherbrooke  Co.,  white  crystals,  also  of  a  chrome-green  color  with  chrome  garnet;  at  Hull  and 
Wakefield,  white  crystals  with  nearly  colorless  garnets,  honey-yellow  vesuvianite,  etc.  At 
many  other  points  in  the  Archaean  of  Quebec  and  Ontario,  especially  IE  connection  with  the 
apatite  deposits. 

Alt. — Pyroxene  undergoes  alteration  in  different  ways.  A  change  of  molecular  constitution 
without  essential  change  of  composition,  i.e.,  by  paramorphism  (using  the  word  rather  broadly), 
may  result  in  the  formation  of  some  variety  of  amphibole.  Thus,  the  white  pyroxene  crystals 
of  Canaan,  Conn.,  are  often  changed  on  the  exterior  to  tremolite;  similarly  with  other  varieties 
at  many  localities.  See  URALITE,  p.  390. 

Further  there  may  be  alteration  with  chemical  change  in  many  ways,  as  has  been  explained 
by  Bischof,  and  many  species  have  been  instituted  on  the  material  in  different  stages  of  change. 
In  the  simplest,  there  is  only  a  taking  up  of  water,  producing  a  "  hydrous  augite."  The  water 
often  found  in  analyses  may  be  from  this  source.  In  many  cases  a  loss  of  silica  appears  to 


PYROXENE  GROUP— PYROXENE, 


363 


attend  this  hyd  ration;  and  often,  also,  a  loss  of  one  or  more  of  the  bases  (of  'which  the  lime  and 
iron  are  the  first  to  go),  through  the  dissolving  agency  of  waters  holding  carbon  dioxide,  or 
carbonates,  in  solution.  A  complete  removal  of  the  lime  and  iron  produces  steatite  or  talc,  a 
common  material  of  pseudomorphs.  Rensselaerite  is  a  variety  of  steatite,  having  sometimes 
the  cleavage  of  pyroxene.  Pyrallolite  is  also  in  part  talc  or  steatite.  Saponite  and  serpentine 
are  other  results  of  the  same  kind  of  alteration,  the  latter,  especially,  very  common.  Hortonite 
is  a  steatitic  pseudomorph  of  pyroxene,  found  in  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y.,  with  ehondrodite.  See 
further  under  TALC,  SERPENTINE.  Epidote  is  another  mineral  resulting  from  the  change 
involving  oxidation  of  the  iron.  In  the  case  of  the  aluminous  pyroxene,  when  all  the  bases 
except  thi)  alumina  are  removed  and  water  taken  up,  there  may  result  cimolite,  a  whitish  clay- 
like  earth,  which  has  been  observed  constituting  ppeudoinorphs  of  augite  at  Bilin  in  Bohemia. 
Under  the  action  of  alkaline  waters,  alkalies  may  be  introduced.  ,  Thus  the  hydrous  mineral 
glauconite  or  green  earth  may  result  as  a  constituent  of  some  augite  pseudomorphs;  or  mica, 
which  has  been  observed  by  Kjerulf  as  a  pseudomorph  after  augite,  in  the  Eifel. 

Some  of  the  substances  formed  Jby  alteration  are  further  mentioned  below. 

Artif. — Diopside  has  been  observed  as  a  furnace  product  at  the  iron-works  of  Philipsburg, 
N.  Jersey  (G.  J.  Brush.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  39,  132.  1865);  and  dark-colored  pyroxene  at  Gaspenberg; 
in  an  old  furnace  near  Hackenburg;  a  copper  furnace  near  Dillenburg;  at  Falun  and  Oldbury; 
a  manganese  augite  at  Magdesprung.  Augite  in  small  yellow  crystals  has  been  found  in  old 
fumaroles  at  Eiterkopfe,  near  Andernach  (Rath). 

Formed  in  crystals,  as  diopside,  artificially  by  the  action  of  silicon  chloride  on  magnesia 
(Daubree);  also,  a  grayish-white  var.,  by  mixing  the  constituents  and  exposing  to  a  high  heat 
(Berthier);  also,  a  variety  of  compounds  (Lechartier)  by  fusing  the  constituents  at  a  bright  red 
lieat  with  an  excess  of  calcium  chloride  in  a  carbon  crucible  enveloped  in  one  of  earthenware. 
See  further,  Fouque  &  Levy,  Synth  Min.,  103-110,  1882.  Synthetic  experiments  have  been 
also  made  by  Doelter,  Jb.  Min..  2,  51,  1884;  also  on  the  results  of  fusion,  as  in  reforming  pyroxene 
from  the  fused  mass,  by  Becker.  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  37,  10,  1885.  See  also  Vogt,  Ak.  H.  Stockh., 
Bihang.  9,  No.  1.,  1884  ;  Arch.  Math.  Nat.,  Christ,,  30,  34,  et  seq.,  1889,  who  describes  various 
pyroxenic  minerals  formed  from  fusion  in  slags,  etc.,  including  augite,  a  monoclinic  (or  triclinic) 
MgSiO3,  a  similarly  crystallized  FeSiO3,  also  enstatite,  rhodonite,  an  "hexagonal  CaSiO8,etc. 

xier.— 1  Vesuvian  augite,  yellow  variety,  G.  =  3*277,  anal.  67,  1.  c.  It  is  noteworthy  that 
the  angles  vary  but  little  even  for  a  wide  variation  in  composition.  For  a  discussion  of  the 
change  in  form  with  varying  amount  of  FeO  and  (Al,Fe)2O3,  see  Rath,  Pogg.,  6,  345,  1873; 
Blink,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  486,  1886.  The  following  will  serve  for  comparison,  the  axes  being  accepted 
as  calculated  by  Kk.,  Rath,  La  Valle,  Flink.  etc.,  cf.  anals.  preceding  and  ref.  below: 


d       : 

b 

c 

ft 

Russian  and  other  pyroxenes,  mean  value  (Kk.) 

1-09312  : 

1 

0-58946 

74°  11V 

Diopside,  Val  d'Ala                             (cf.  anal.  1,  2) 

1-09126  : 

1 

0-58949 

74°    8f 

"         Nordmark                            ( 

10) 

1-09197  : 

1 

0-58694 

74°  12|.f 

tt                « 

11) 

1-09220  : 

1 

0-58689 

74°  13' 

ii                <t 

12) 

1-09186: 

1 

0-58659 

74°  16' 

*.*                " 

13) 

1-09175  : 

1 

0-58562 

74°  19f  ' 

«                « 

14,15) 

1-09123  : 

1 

0-58429 

74°  34' 

Schefferite 

46) 

1-1006    : 

1 

0-59264 

73°  53' 

Iron-schefferite                                     ( 

47) 

1-0990    : 

1 

0-59305 

73°  58f 

Augite  Vesuv.,  dark  green 

1-09547  : 

1 

0-59035 

74°  13f 

"       yellow                        (      "          67) 

1-09213: 

1 

0-58931 

74°  lOf 

Since  in  pyroxene  the  angle  ac  differs  but  little  from  the  angle  a'p,  it  is  possible  so  to  select 
the  axes  as  to  make  the  angle  of  obliquity,  ft,  nearly  90°.  This  method,  proposed  by  Rath  and 
later  by  Tschermak,  and  adopted  by  Groth  (Tab  Ueb.,  p.  130,  1889)  has  a  certain  advantage  in 
that  it  exhibits  clearly  the  morphological  similarity  between  the  orthorhombic  and  monoclinic 
pyroxenes.  It  is  not  to  be  recommended  otherwise,  however,  since  the  resulting  symbols  of 
the  commonly  occurring  planes  are  often  highly  complex;  moreover,  it  is  clear  that  the  basal 
plane  in  the  position  of  Naumann  here,  as  ordinarily,  adopted-  is  naturally  a  fundamental  plane 
since  it  is  parallel  to  it  that  the  common  twinning  lamellae  occur,  with  the  resulting  easy  parting 
so  often  observed.  Cf.  also  Flink,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  299,  1890,  who  notes  another  objection. 

*  Cf.  Kk.,  Min.  Russl.,  4,  258.  1862;  Mir.,  Min.,  p.  290.  1852;  Dx.  Min.,  1,  55.  1862;  Hbg., 
Min.  Not.,  1, 18, 1856,  5,  21, 1863;  Rath,  Pogg.,  Erg.,  6,  338,  1873,  Ber.  nied.  Ges.  (311),  July  7, 
1886.     A  list  of  planes  with  authorities  is  given  by<G5tz.  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  242,  1885;  another  by  La 
Valle,  Mem.  Ace.  Line.,  3,  226, 1886;  also  a  critical  summary  witn  literature  by  Gdt.,  Index,  2, 
523,  1890. 

*  Hi.  Sj.,  Nordmark,   G.  For  Forh.,  4,  364,  1879.     8  Gotz,  1.  c.     4  Flink,  Nordmark,  Zs. 
Kr.,  11,  449  et  seq.,  1886,  and  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  42,  No.  2,  29. 1885.     5  La  Valle,  Val  d'Ala,  1.  c., 
also  ib.    5.  389.  1888.     6  Zeph,  Ober-Sulzbachthal,  Lotos,  1889.     7  Cathrein,  Pinzgau,  Ann.  Mus. 
Wien,  4,  181,  1889.     8  Gotz,  Mitth.  Univ.  Greifswald,  1886. 

*  Hemihedrism:  Williams,  Am.  J.  Sc.    34,  275.  1887,  38,  115.  18^9;  cf.  also  observations 
by  Hbe.,  Dx.  (quoted  by  Williams),  and    further,  pyro-electrical  observations  by  Hankel,  1.  c. 
"Twins:    Rath.  Zs.  Kr.,  5,  495    1881;  Zeph.,  Jb.  Min.,  59,  1871;   Becke,  Min.  Mitth.,  7,  93, 


364  SILICATES. 

1885;  Mgg.,  secondary  and  artificial  twinning  |J  c,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  185.  1886,  1,  238,  1889,  La  Valle* 
polysynthetic  twins,  Va)  d'Ala,  Mem.  Accad.  Line.,  19,  June  1,  1884.  Association  with; 
amphibole,  with  analyses,  Rath,  Vesuvius,  Pogg  ,  Erg.,  6,  229,  337,  1873;  also,  Hawes.  Edeiw 
ville,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  397,  1878,  and  Rep.  Min.  New  Hampshire.  63.  1878;  see  also  p.  390. 

Refractive  indices,  etc.,  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  55  et  seq.,  1862;  Heusser,  Pogg.,  91,  498,  1854; 
Taberc,  A.  E.  Nd.,  1.  c.  ;  also  Flink  etal.,  as  already  quoted.  Etching-figures,  Baumh.,  Pogg., 
153,  75,  1874;  Greim,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  252.  1889.  Pyro-electricity,  Hankel,  Wied.,  1,  279,  1877. 
Piezo-electricity,  P.  Czermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  96  (2),  1217,  1887. 

Discussion  of  the  composition  of  the  group:  Tschermak,  Min.  Mitth.,  17,.  1871;  Doelter,  ib\, 
65,  1877,  1,  49,  1878,  2,  193,  1879.  -See  also  Doelter,  Knop,  Merian,  Mann,  etc.,  references 
quoted  under  the  analyses.  On  the  relation  between  composition  and  optical  characters, 
Doelter,  Jb.  Min.,  1,43,  1885;  Wiik,  Ofv.  Finsk.  Soc.,  24,  1882,  25,  1883,  26,  1884,  Zs.  Kr..  7, 
78,  1882,  11,  313.  1885:  Herwig  [Programin  Gymu.  Saarbrucken  1884],  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  67.  1885. 

The  following  are  more  or  less  well-defined  alteration  products  of  various  kinds  of  pyroxene; 
see  further  for  analyses,  etc.,  5th  Ed.,  pp.  220-223. 

HECTORITE  S.  Herbert  Cox,  Trans.  N.  Z.  Inst.,  15.  409,  1882.  A  hydrated  pyroxenic 
mineral  from  the  serpentine  rocks  ofHhe  Dun  Mts.,  New  Zealand.  Occurs  in  radiating  groups 
of  thin  flexible  laminae.  H.  =  2-25.  Color  whitish  green  to  dark  green.  Analysis  by 
W.  Skey: 

SiO25789    Al2O34-74    FeO  18'46    MgO  13*94    CaO  1-99    H2O  2'98    Fe2O3,MnO  tr.  -  100 

HYDROUS  DIALLAGE.     Various  forms  have  been  described,  5th  Ed.,  p.  221. 

MONRADITE  Erdmann,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  103.  1842.  Probably  a  slightly  altered  pyroxene. 
Described  as  occurring  granular  massive,  with  two  unequal  cleavages  mutually  inclined  about 
50°,  with  H.  =6,  G  =  3'267;  color  yellowish,  honey-yellow,  and  luster  vitreous.  From 
Bergen  in  Norway.  Named  after  Dr.  Monrad. 

PICROPHYLL  Svanberg,  Pogg.,  50,  662,  1839.  From  Sala,  where  it  occurs  both  massive, 
with  the  cleavage  of  pyroxene,  and  fibrous,  of  a  greenish  gray  color,  with  H.  =  25  and  G.  =  2'75. 
Named  from  niKpoS,  bitter,  and  <pvA.hor,  leaf,  in  allusion  to  the  odor  when  moistened. 

PITKARANTITE  Scheerei',  Pogg.,  93,  100,  1854.  Pikarandite.  Has  a  leek-  green  or  dark 
green  color,  and  looks  like  unaltered  pyroxene.  From  Pitkaranta  in  Finland.  Scheerer  refers 
here  part  of  pyrallolite. 

PYRALLOLITE  N.  Nordenskidld,  Schw.  J.,  31,  389,  1820  From  Finland,  where  it  occurs 
mostly  in  limestone,  with  pyroxene  and  scapolite.  A  pyrallolite  from  Sibbo  in  Finland  haa 
been  named  Vargasite,  after  Count  Vargas,  Huot  Min..  2,  676.  1841;  Wargasit  Germ.  The< 
crystalline  structure  is  that  of  pyroxene.  Named  from  nvp,  fire,  <*A/lo$,  other. 

STRAKONITZITE  ZepharovLh,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  4,  695,  1853.  Approaches  steatite.  It  occurs 
in  greenish  yellow  crystals,  soft  and  greasy  in  feel,  with  G.  =  1'91. 

URALITE  Rose,  Pogg  ,  22,  321,  329,  1831;  27,  97,  1833;  31,  609,  1831.  Pyroxene  altered 
to  amphibole.  See  further,  p.  390. 

326.  ACMITE.  Achmit  Strom,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  160.  1821,  and  Berz,,  ib.,  163.  Akmit 
Germ.  Acmite. 

AEGIRITE.     ^Egirin  Esmark,  Berzelius,  Jb.  Min.,  184,  1835. 

Monoclinic.  Axes:  a  :  1  :  6  =  1-09957  :  1  :  0-60120;  /3  =  73°  10f  =  001  A 
100  Brogger1. 

100  A  HO  =  *46°  28',-  001  A  101  =  31°  52£',  001  A  Oil  =  29 


Forms'  :  /  (310,  a-3)  #(302,  |4)  0  (661,  6)  S  (311,  3  3) 

a  (100,  i-l)  £(730,  i-\)  s   (111,1)  .ft  (881,  8)  #(161,6-6) 

b  (010,  i-i)  m  (110,  /)  A  (331,'  3)  P  (261,  -  6-3)  ff  (191,  9-9) 

A;  (510,  z5)  p  (101,  1-1) 

ff'"     =    38°  40'          a'H    =  60°  59V          a's    =    77°    1'  •«*'     =  "60°  17' 

mm"'  =  *92°  56'          m's     =  58°  45^'          a'S  =  *39°  35'  00'  =    95°  254' 

a'p      =    74°  57'          m'O    =  12°    6f          a'O  =?    50°    8i'  SS1  =  *38°  20' 

On  ^GIRITE:  Brogger  has  observed: 

a,  b,  c,  F(ll  -1-0,  z-11),  x,  f,  W  (16-15-0,  ^f),  m,  p,  u  (111,  -  1),  v  (221,  -  2),  s,  it  (551,  5), 
0,  fl,  A  (451,  -  5-|),  A  (592,  -  |-|),  Z(4'10'3,  J^-|),  k  (312,  f-3). 

The  angles  are  sensibly  the  same  as  those  of  acmite;  Brogger  measured: 

mm'"  -  92°  49',  dp  =  74°  56',  *&'  =  60°  15',  uuf  =  48°  41',  aJ  =  58°  42',  md  =  19°  52', 
also  A  A'  —  107°  Oi'  (calc.,  Bgr.),  A  is  a  characteristic  form. 


PYROXENE  GROUP— ACMITE. 


365 


1. 


Twins:  tw.  pi.  a,  very  common,  f.  1;  crystals  often  polysynthetic,  with 
enclosed  twinning  lamellae.  Crystals  long  prismatic, 
vertically  striated  or  channeled;  the  prisms  bent, 
twisted  or  broken.  Acute  terminations  very  character- 
istic; faces  often  rough  or  rounded  (a,  b,  p,  s).  In- 
clined hemihedrism,  like  pyroxene,  probable. 

The  above  applies  to  ordinary  acmite. 

For  cegirite.  the  crystals  are  prismatic  |  c  with  m  prominent, 
also  a,  b,  and  usually  terminated  by  s  (111),  or  p  (101),  or  with 
J  (592)  and  p  (101);  again,  prismatic  by  extension  of  (ill)  \vith 
m  small.  Twins  not  common.  Also  occurs  in  groups  or  tufts 
of  slender  acicular  to  capillary  crystals,  and  in  fibrous  forms. 

Cleavage:  in  distinct;  b  less  so.  Fracture  uneven. 
Brittle.  H.  =  6-6-5.  GL  =  3'50-3'55  Bgr.  Luster 
vitreous,  inclining  to  resinous.  Streak  pale  yellowish 
gray.  Color  brownish  or  reddish  brown,  green;  in  the 
fracture  blackish  green.  Subtransparent  to  opaque. 

Crystals  of  acmite  often  show  a  marked  zonal  structure, 
green  within  and  brown  on  the  exterior,  particularly  |  a,  b,  2?  (101), 

*  (111).  The  brown  portion  (acmite,  see  below)  is  feebly  pleochroic,  the  green  (aegirite)  strongly 
pleochroic.  Both  have  absorption  a>  fo>  C,  but  the  former  has  a  light  brown  with  tinge  of  green, 
'b  greenish  yellow  with  tinge  of  brown,  c  brownish  yellow;  the  latter  lias  a  deep  grass-green, 
tl  lighter  grass  green,  c  yellowish  brown  to  yellowish. 

Optically  — .    Ax.  pi.  ||  b.    Bxa  A  c  =  a  A  6  =  -f  2|°  to  6°;  for  acmite  -f  5J°  to 
6°,  for  segirite  +  2 J°  to  3 £°.     Axial  angles  large.     For  aegirite,  Bgr. : 

Na  2E  =  134°  27'       2Ha  =  63°  41'       2H0  =  1176  18'       .'.       2V.  =  63°  28'       /5  =  1'753 
Also.  Laven,  fiy  =  1-8084  Na/Sanger  (Rosenbusch). 


1,  Acmite;  2, 
Norway,  Brogger. 


Comp.,  Var.— Essentially  NaFe(Si03),  or  ]STa2O.Fe203.4SiOa  =  Silica  52*0,  iron 
sesquioxide  34-6,  soda  13*4  =  100.     Ferrous  iron  is  also  present. 

The  analysis  of  Doelter  as  interpreted  by  him  gives,  with  89  p.  c.  of  the  characteristic 

NaFe(SiO3)2,  also  6  p.  c.  of  FeFe2SiO6,  37  p.  c.  of  FeAlSiO6  and  l'3p.  c.  of  CaMn(SiO3)2. 
Brogger,  however,  is  inclined  to  assume  the  presence,  with  85  p.  c.  of  Na2Fe2(SiO3)4,  of  15 
p.  c.  of  FeFe2(SiO3)4. 

The  essential  identity  of  acmite  and  aegirite  was  shown  by  Tschermak,  Min.  Mitth.,  33, 
1871;  it  had  been  earlier  suggested  by  Rose.  Kryst.  Ch.,  76,  1852. 

Brogger  regards  the  interior  green,  highly  pleochroic,  portion  of  the  acmite  crystals  (noted 
above)  as  identical  with  the  characteristic  segirite,  while  to  the  acmite  proper  belongs  the  feebly 
pleochroic  brown  exterior  with  greater  angle  of  extinction  (to  "'  *^)).  Acmite  is  characterized 
oy  the  prevalence  of  twins,  the  acute  terminations,  the  commo.  .(occurrence  of  $(311),  etc. 
With  cegirite  simple  crystals  are  the  rule  and  twins  rare;  the  crystal's  are  more  often  bluntly 
terminated,  with  A  (592)  prominent;  also  of  quite  distinct  habit,  prismatic  |  111.  The  color 
and  higher  angle  of  extinction  of  the  acmite  indicates  greater  iron  percentage. 

Anal.— 1,  Rg.,  Pogg.,  103,  300,  1858.  2,  Doelter,  Min.  Mitth.,  1,  379,  1878.  3,  Id.,  ib.,  p. 
374.  4,  5,  Id.,  ib.,  Zs.  Kr.,  4,  34,  1879.  That  these  analyses  are  of  aegirite  and  not  arfvedsonite 
seems  to  be  sufficiently  shown  by  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  IL^.,  24>  1886,  cf.  Lorenzen.  6,  Lorenzen, 
Min.  Mag.,  5,  55,  1882.  7,  Forsberg,  quoted  by  Ramsay,  Fennia,  3,  No  7,  1890  (Geol.  Beolh 
Halbinsel  Kola.)  8,  J.  L.  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sg,,  10,  60,  1875. 


Acmite. 
I.  Run  demy  r 
2. 

3,  Brevik 

4.  Kaagerdluarsuk 
5. 

6. 

7.  Kola  Peninsula 


G.  SiO-r  A12O3  Fe2O3   FeO  MnO   CaO  MgO  Ka2O  K2O 

3-53         51%      —     28-28    5'23    0'69      —     —     12-46  0-43 1T02  Ml, 

[ign.  0-39  =  100-25 
^520        51-35    1-59    3211    2'59    0'37     tr.     —     1139    tr.   =    99-40 

3-501    |  51-74    0-47    26-17    3'48    0-46    5 -07  1 -79    11-020-34  =  100-54 


3-63 
3-51 


52-22 

f  49-91 

49-04 

51-82 


0-64 
1-24 
1-80 
0-60 


28-15  5-35 
22-83  13-95 
29-54  482 
21-02  8-14 


0-54 

0-42 

tr. 

1-00 


2-19  /1-45 
1-72/0-21 
2-70    tr. 
3-01  1-47 


8.  Hot  Springs,  Ark.  3-53         51-41    1'82    2330    9'45      —     203031 


10-11  0-34  =  100-99 
9-49  0-32  •=  100-09 
13-31    tr.    =  101-21 
11-87  0-85  ign.     0'50 

[=•100-28 
11-88   tr.  Ti02    0'13 

[.=  100-33 


366 


SILICATES. 


Brevik 
3. 


Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  at  2  to  a  lustrous  black  magnetic  globule,  coloring  the  flame  deep 
yellow;  with  the  fluxes  reacts  for  iron  and  sometimes  manganese.  Slightly  acted  upon  by  acids. 
Obs. — The  original  acmite  occurs  at  Run  demy r,  east  of  the  little  lake  called  Rokebergskjern, 
in  the  parish  of  Eker,  near  Kongsberg,  Norway,  in  a  pegmatyte  vein;  it  is  in  slender  crystals, 
sometimes  a  foot  long,  embedded  in  feldspar  and  quartz;  the  crystals  are  often  bent  or  fractured 
and  recemented,  and  are  quite  fragile. 

jEgirite  (and  acmite)  occurs  with  leucophanite,  cancrinite,  elaeolite,  etc.,  in  the  elaeolite- 
syenite  and  augite-syenite  of  southern  Norway,  especially  along  -the  Langesuud  fiord  in  the 
*«  RroTMb  "  region;  also  near  Laurvik,  Sanxle  fiord,  and  Fredriksvaru.     Also  at  Kangerdluarsuk, 
West  Greenland,  in  a  spdalite-syenite  with  eudialyte,  arfvedsonite,  etc.;  also 
at  Ditro,  Transylvania  (acmite  ?),  and  similarly  associated  elsewhere;  in  the 
acid  lavas  of  San  Miguel,  one  of  the  Azores. 

In  theU.  S.,  in  minute  crystals  in  a  dike  of  elgeolite-syenite  in  northwestern 
New  Jersey.  At  the  Hot  Springs,  Magnet  Cove,  Arkansas,  in  fine  prismatic 
crystals,  up  to  8  inches  or  more  in  length,  often  bent  and  twisted  arid  with 
tapering  terminations.  In  Canada,  at  Montreal  and  Belocil  in  claeolite-syenile. 

A  green  pyroxene  occurring  as  an  alteration  product  of  a  blue  umphibole 
allied  to  arfvedsonite  or  riebeckite  (see  p  400.  is  referred  to  aegirite  by  Cross; 
it  occurs  in  certain  rocks  forming  dikes  in  Archaean  gneisses  in  Custcr  Co  ,  Colo- 
rado Am.  J.  Sc.,  39,  359,  1890. 

BrSgger  (l-.c.,  p.  330)  is  inclined  to  regard  the  crocidolite  of  Stavern,  Norway, 
und  perhaps  also  that  of  S.  Africa  as  a  variety  of  aegiiite  (cegirin-asbest} ;  but 
see  crocidolite,  p.  400) 

Acmite  is  from  ax^r),  a  point,  in  allusion  to  the  pointed  extremities 
of  the  crystals.  JEgirite  is  from  ^Egir.  the  Icelandic  god  of  the  sea. 

Alt.— Occurs  altered  to  analcite  in  Norway  (Bgr  ).  Williams  suggests  that 
manganpectolite  at  Magnet  Cove  may  have  been  derived  from  the  aegirite. 

Ref.— .»  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  295,  1890;  he  describes  in  detail  the  ncmite  and  segirite 
of  the  islands  in  the  ]Langesund  fiord,  Norway,  gives  the  earlier  literature  for 
the  species,  etc.     For  early  observations,  see  Mitscherlich,  Ed.  Phil.  J.,  9,  55,  1823;  Ph.,  Min.t 
151,  1837;  Rath,  Pogg.,  Ill,  254,  I860;  Schrauf,  Atlas,  Tf.  n,  1864. 

Note  also  that  the  s  (111)  of  Brogger  is  s  (Oil,  T)  of  Rath,  p  =  c  (001),  8  (311)  =  (211,  m), 
0  (661)  =  o  (561),  P(261)  =  z  (361);  cf.  f.  3.  This  change  of  position,  which  better  exhibits  the 
relation  of  form  to  pyroxene,  is  probably  the  reason  why  most  authors  have  given  Bxa  A  c  =  —  3*, 
while  Br5gger  makes  the  same  angle  positive,  that  is  with  him  the  bisectrix  (a)  falls  in  fhe  front 
obtuse  axial  angle,  instead  of  in  the* acute  angle. 

327.  SPODUMENE.    D'Andrada,  Scherer's  J.,  4,  30,  1800;  J.   Phys.,  51,  240,  1800. 
Triphaue  Hauy,  Tr.,  4,  1801.     Hiddenite  /.  L.  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  21,  128,  1881. 

Monoclinic.    Axes:  a  :  b  :  6  =  1-1238  ;  1  :  0-6355;  ft  =  *69°  40'  =  001  A  100 
J.  D.  Dana1. 

100  A  HO  =  46°  30',  001  A  101  =  33°  25£',  001  A  Oil  =  30°  47^'. 


Schrauf. 


Forms':               k  (   -\-  6t                p  (hi,  1)                         £    (131,  -  3-S)*             y  (561,  6 
a  (100,  i-l)              u  (12o,  ^Y             ?(332,  f)3                        z   (261,  -  6-£)3             v  (341,  4 
b   (010,  i-if             n  OPO.T-3)               r  (221,  2)                         0  (g10   3_g)4                  x  (231,  3 
c   (001,  0)              £(150,  *-5)4              *(441,  4)3                       /  (21l',  2-2)                   w  (243,  | 
I    (320,  *-f)             F(Qn,  I-*)4              9  (681,  -  8-f)8                D  (42l!  4-2)* 
m  (110,  7)               d  (021,  2-i)               e  (241,  -  4-2)3                 w  (321,  3-|)4 

Also  in  etching-figures6,  Brazil,  v  (101,  -  1-i),  w  (201,  —  24). 

11"      =    70°  11' 

cd     =  *50°    0' 

mg  =  10°  18' 

a'f  =     54°  48i 

mm'"  =  *93°    0' 

m'p  =    59°    3' 

me  =  21°  46' 

pp'  =     63°  31' 

fin'      =    50°  46' 

m'q  -    44°  21' 

mp  =  759  34' 

rr'  =     88°  34' 

nri      =    35°    6i' 

m'r  =    84°  40' 

a'p  =  78°  54' 

88'   =     96°  23' 

FF'    =    61°  35' 

m'i^    17°  40f 

a'r  =  62°  40^ 

ee'    =  107°  24' 

dd'      =  100°    0' 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  a.  Crystals  prismatic,  often  flattened  ||  a;  the  vertical  planes 
striated  and  furrowed ;  crystals  sometimes  very  large.  Also  massive,  cleavable. 

Cleavage:  m  perfect.  A  lamellar  structure  ||  a  sometimes  very  prominent,  a 
crystal  then  separating  into  thin  plates.  Fracture  uneven  to  subconchoidal. 
Brittle.  EL  =  6-5-7.  G.  =  3  13-3-20.  Luster  vitreous,  on  cleavage  surfaces 
somewhat  pearly.  Color  greenish  white,  grayish  white,  yellowish  green,  emerald- 
green,  yellow,  amethystine  purple.  Streak  white.  Transparent  to  translucent. 


PYROXENE  GROUP— SPODUMENE. 


367 


Pleochroism  strong  in  deep  green  varieties.  Optically  -j~-  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bxa  A 
^  =  -f  26°  Dx.,  =  24^  to  25f*  Greim.  Dispersion  p  >  v.  horizontal.  Refractive 
indices  and  axial  angles: 


N.  Carolina, 
Brazil,  red, 


JSa 


Brazil 


a  =  1'651 
a  =  1-660 
2Ha.r  =  64°  47 


ft  =  1'669 
/3  =  1'666 
=  64° 


y  -  1'677  Brazil  ft,  =  l'< 

^  =  1'676  Levy  -Lex.1 

2Ha,t>i  =  65°  4*  Greim6. 


Dx.' 


Var.— 1  Ordinary.  Color  white  or  nearly  white,  yellowish,  rarely  amethystine;  commonly 
in  flattened  prismatic  crystals,  often  very  large,  up  to  4  feet  or  more  in  length  and  12  inches 
across. 

2.  Hiddemte.  Color  yellow-green  to  emerald-green,  the  latter  used  as  a  gem,  resembling 
the  emerald  but  showing  more  variety  of  color  because  of  its  pleochroism.  In  small  (|  in.  to  2 
inches  long)  slender  prismatic  crystals,  surfaces  often  etched  as  the  result  of  the  action  of  some 
natural  solvent. 

1.  2. 


Fig.  1,  Norwich,  Mass. 


2-4,  Hiddenite,  Alexander  Co.,  N.  C. 
crystals,  W.  E.  Hidden. 


3,  4,  Sketches  of  natural 


Comp,— LiAl(Si03),  or  Li3O.Al203.4SiOQ  =  Silica  64-5,  alumina  27-4,  lithia 
8*4  =  100.  Generally  contains  a  little  sodium;  the  variety  hiddenite  also  chro- 
mium, to  which  the  color  may  be  due. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Rg.,  Pogg.  Anp.,  85,  546,  1852.  3,  Thomson,  Min.,  1,  302.  1836.  4,  Pisani, 
tJ.  R.,  84,  1509,  1877.  5,  6,  Doelter,  Min.  Mi^th.,  1,  523,  526,  1878.  7,  Jannasch,  Jb.  Min.,  1, 
196,  1888  8,  9,  Julien,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Ac.  Sc.,  1,  322*  1879.  10,  Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  20,  259, 
1880.  11,  J.  L.  Smith,  ib.,  21,  128,  1881.  12,  Genth,  ib..  23.  68, 1882. 


G. 

SiOa 

A1203 

FeO 

CaO 

MgO 

Li2O  K2O 

Na2O  ign. 

1. 

UtO 

3-133 

65-02 

29-14 

tr. 

0-50 

0-15 

5-47 

014 

0-46 

-   =  100-88 

2. 

Tyrol 

3-137 

65-53 

29-04 

1-42 

0-97 

0-07 

4-49 

0-07 

0-07 

—   =  101-06 

3. 

Killiney 

63-81 

28-51 

0-83 

0-73 

5-60 

•36  =    99-84 

4. 

Brazil 

3-16 

63-80 

27-93 

1-17* 

0-46 



6-75' 



0-89 

—  =  101-00 

5. 

Huntington 

63-79 

27-03 

0-39 

0-73 

0-21 

7-04 

012 

MO 

-    =  101-41 

6. 

Brazil 

63-34 

27-66 

1-15 

0-69 



7-09 



0-98 

—    =  100-91 

7. 

•« 

3-174 

64-32 

27-79 

0-67 

0-17 

— 

7-45 

— 

0-55 

•H2  =  101-07 

8. 

Goshen 

3-19 

63-27 

23-73 

1-1  7b 

0-11 

2-02 

6-89 

1-45 

0-99 

0-36  MnOO-fi4 

[=  100  63 

9. 

Chesterfield 

3196 

61-86 

23-43 

2-73b 

0-79 

1-55 

6-99 

1-33 

050 

0'46MnOl-04 

[=  100-6$ 

10. 

Branchville 

3-193 

|  64-25 

27-20 

0-20" 



_  _ 

7-62 

tr. 

0-39 

0  24  =    99  90 

11. 

Alex.  Co.,  Hiddenite 

3-170 

64-35 

28-10 

0-25" 





7-05 



0-50 

0-15  =  100-40 

12 

"       "          •« 

3-166 

63-95 

26-58 

1-11 

_ 

_ 

6-82 

0-07 

1-54 

—  Cr2OsO  18 

[=  100  45 

-  Incl.  MnOO-12  *>  Fe2O3. 

The  formula,  as  given  above,  was  first  correctly  established  by  Doelter. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  becomes  white  and  opaque,  swells  up,  imparts  a  purple-red  color  (litnia)  <o 
the  flame,  and  fuses  at  3'5  to  a  clear  or  white  glass.  The  powdered  mineral,  fused  with  a 
mixture  of  potassium  bisulphate  and  fluorite  on  platinum  wire,  gives  a  more  intecsa  lithia 
reaction  Not  acted  upon  by  acids. 


368  SILICATES. 

Obs. — Occurs  on  the  island  of  Uto  in  Sodermanland,  Sweden,  with  magnetite,  quartz, 
tourmaline,  and  feldspar;  also  near  Sterzing  and  Lisens  in  Tyrol;  of  a  pale  green  or  yellow- 
ish color,  embedded  in  granite,  at  Killiney  Bay,  near  Dublin,  and  at  Peterhead  in  Scotland;  in 
small  transparent  crystals  of  a  pale  yellow  in  Brazil,  province  of  Minas  Gerae"s. 

In  the  U.  S.,  in  granite  at  Gosheu,  Mass.,  associated  at  one  locality  with  blue  tourmaline 
and  beryl;  also  at  Chesterfield,  Chester,  Huntington  (formerly  Norwich),  and  Sterling,  Mass.; 
at  Windham,  Maine,  with  garnet  and  staurolite;  at  Peru,  with  beryl,  triphylite,  petalite;  at 
Winchester,  N.  H.;  at  Brookfield,  Ct.,  a  few  rods  north  of  Tomlinson's  tavern,  in  small 
grayish  or  greenish  white  individuals  looking  like  feldspar;  at  Branchville,  Ct.,  in  a  vein  of 
pegmatyte,  with  lithiophilite.  urauinite*,  'several  mauganesian  phosphates,  etc.;  the  crystals  are 
often  of  immense  size  embedded  in  quartz;  near  Stony  Point,  Alexander  Co.,  N.  C.,  the  variety 
Mddenite  in  cavities  in  a  gneissoid  rock  with  beryl  (emerald),  rnonazite,  rutile,  allanite,  quartz, 
mica,  etc.;  near  Ballgroimd,  Cherokee  Co.,  Ga. ;  in  South  Dakota  at  the  Etta  tin  mine  in  Pen- 
nington  Co.,  in  immense  crystals.  At  Huntington,  Mass.,  it  is  associated  with  triphylite, 
mica,  beryl,  and  albite;  one  crystal  from  this  locality  was  16^  inches  long,  and  10  inches  in  girt. 

The  name  spodumene  is  from  <77ro<5zoS,  ash-colored.  Named  triphane  by  Hatty  from 
rpKparrfi,  appearing  threefold,  in  allusion  to  his  idea  that  the  crystals  are  divided  by  three 
planes  with  nearly  equal  ease.  Hiddenite  is  named  for  W.  E.  Hidden  of  New  York. 

Alt. — The  spodumene  at  Goshen  and  Chesterfield  is  extensively  altered;  pseudomorphs 
occur  of  cymatolite  (see  below),  killinite,  muscovite,  albite,  quartz,  and  of  "  vein  granite;" 
cf.  Juhen,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.,  1,  318,  1879.  Similar  alteration-products  at  Branchville  are 
described  by  Brush  and  Dana,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  20,  257,  1880;  the  following  is  a  summary  of  their 
results: 

ft  Spodumene.  The  first  product  of  the  alteration  (Branchville),  resulting  from  the  exchange 
of  Na  for  one-half  the  Li,  is  " /3  spodumene."  It  is  compact,  apparently  homogeneous,  with 
an  indistinct  fibrous  to  columnar  structure.  H.  =  5'5-6.  G.  —  2'644-2'649.  Color  white, 
milky,  or  greenish  white.  Translucent.  Fusibility  =  2*25.  Three  analyses  on  material  from 
different  crystals  gave  nearly  identical  results.  It  is  decomposed  by  HC1  into  two  portions, 
one  soluble  and  the  other  insoluble.  Analyses  by  Peufield:  1,  of  the  original  material;  2,  the 
soluble  portion  3210  p.  c.,  calculated  to  100;  3,  insoluble  portion,  67'56  p.  c.: 

SiO2  A12O3  Li2O  Na2O  K2O  ign. 

1.  ft  spodumene        f  61-51  26'56  3'50          8'14  0'15  0'29  =  100'15 

2.  Soluble                     48-13  40'50  10'90           —  0'47          —    =  100 

3.  Insoluble                  68'18  20'07  11 '75                        —    =  100 

The  insoluble  portion  is  albite,  the  soluble  is  eucryptite.  Examined  under  the  microscope 
in  sections  (1)  parallel  to  fibers,  the  irregular  interlacing  fibers  of  eucryptite  are  seen  embedded 
in  albite;  (2)  transverse  to  fibers,  the  eucryptite  is  in  bands  with  hexagonal  outline,  surrounded 
by  albite,  like  quartz  in  a  "  graphic  granite."  .  See  further  Eucryptite,  p.  426. 

Cymatolite.  A  second  stage  in  the  alteration  is  the  formation  of  cymatolite  (C.  U.  Shepard, 
Dana,  Min.,  p.  455,  1868).  It  has  a  fibrous  to  wavy  structure,  silky  luster,  white  or  slightly 
pinkish  color;  H.  =  l'5-2;  G.  =  2'69-2'70.  The  cymatolite  from  Goshen  was  earlier  (Eng. 
Mng.  J.,  22,  217)  called  aglaite  by  Julien.  Analyses.— 1,  2,  3,  Julien,  1.  c.  4,  Penfield,  1.  c. 

Si02  A1203  Fe2O3MnO  MgO  CaO  Li2O  Na2O  K2O  H2O 

1.  Goshen                58-51  21 '80  0'85    0'29  1'44    0'84  019    6'88  6'68  2'40a  =  99'88 

2.  Aglaite                58'11  24-38  1'66    0'18  0'75    0'48  0'09    2'57  8'38  3  Olb  =  99'61 

3.  Chesterfield    f  58'58  22'28  1-77    015  0'45    0'93  O'lO    9'08  4'48  2'08C  =  99-90 

4.  Branchville    f  60'55  26-38  —     0'07  —       —  0'17    8'12  3'34  1'65     =  100'28 

a  With  nitrogenous  organic  matter  0'44  b  Do.  0'43.  c  Do.  undet. 

This  corresponds  to:  (Na,K,H)AlSi2O0  or  (K,H)AlSiO4  -f  NaAlSi3O8.  The  microscopic 
examination  shows  that  cymatolite  is  not,  as  previously  assumed,  a  simple  mineral,  but, 
corresponding  to  the  formula,  a  very  uniform  mechanical  mixture  of  muscovite  and  albite. 
In  some  sections  the  transitions  from  ft  spodumene  to  cymatolite,  i.e.  from  eucryptite  to 
muscovite,  are  clearly  seen.  In  other  cases  the  muscovite  and  albite  have  each  segregated 
together,  so  that  they  are  distinct.  For  example,  in  figure  2,  s  =  unaltered  spodumene,  ft  — 
ft  spodumene,  c  =  cymatolite,  g  =  mica,  a  =  albite.  Furthermore  the  successive  stages  of  altera- 
tion may  be  seen  in  the  same  crystal,  thus  as  shown  in  fig.  1,  la,  Ib,  le,  three  sections  at 
intervals  of  3  to  6  inches  in  a  large  crystal  15  inches  in  length;  s,  ft,  c  having  the  same  meaning 
as  in  fig.  2. 

As  further  steps  in  the  alteration  there  result:  albite,  often  fibrous,  like  ft  spodumene; 
also  muscovite,  and  granular  microcline. 

Killinite.  Structure,  if  any,  that  of  the  original  spodumene.  Compact,  cry  pto-crystal  line, 
H.  =  3-5;  G.  =  2-623-2-652.  Luster  dull  and  greasy  to  vitreous.  Color  bluish  green,  greenish 
g^ay  to  olive-green,  oil-green,  and  greenish  black.  Analyses. — 1,  Julien.  2,  Penfield.  prismatic 
variety,  1.  c.  3,  Dewey,  compact,  ibid. 


PTEOXENE  GROUP— JAD KITE. 


1.  Chesterfield     46  80 


A12O3  Fe2O3 
32-52      — 


FeO  MnO 
2-33    0-04 


CaO 
0-77 


K20 
7-24 


2.  Branchville 
3. 


48-93 
53-47 


34-72 
32-36 


0-54 
0-79 


0-33 
0-42 


0-64 
0-72 


—      9-64 
0-17    7-68 


NaaO  Li2O   H20 
0-78    0-32    7-66  MgO    0'48,  CoO 
[0-04,  organic  1'14  =  10012 


0-35 
0-44 


—      5-04  =  100-19 
0-04    4-07  =  100-16 


The  original  killinite  (Thomson,  Min.,  1,  330,  1836)  was  from  Killiney  Bay,  Ireland,  where 
it  is  also  an  alteration -product  of  spodumene,  see  further  5th  Ed.,  p.  480. 

The  following  scheme  explains  the  above  changes  of  the  spodumeue,  supposing  an  exchange 
of  the  alkali  metal: 


Spodumene  2[LiAlSi2O6]  =  [LiAlSiO4 

Eucryptite 

=  [(K,H)AlSi04 
Muscovite 

=  (K,H)AlSiO4 

Muscovite 
(or  killinite) 


-{-  NaAlSi3O8]  ft  spodumene 

Albite 
-f-  NaAlSi3O8]  cymatolite 

Albite 
,     j  NaAlSi308  albite 

(  or  KAlSisOs  microcline 


Experiments  showing  the  effect  upon  spodumene  of  solutions  of  potassium  and  sodium 
carbonates,  see  Lemberg,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  39,  584,  1887. 

Ref.— i  Min.^  p.  693,  1850,  169,  1852;  Rath  obtained  for  Alexander  Co.,  No.  Carolina, 
spodumene,  d  :  b  :  c  —  11283  :  1  :  0*62345;  ft  =  69°  32f ;  the  crystals  were  measured  with 
the  help  of  attached  glass  plates,  Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  May  3,  1886.  The  surface  of  the  crystals  of 
hiddenite  are  often  extensively  etched,  and  some  of  the  planes  noted,  cf .  3  and  4  below,  may 
be  simply  corrosion  forms.  a  J.  D.  D.,  1.  c.  3  E.  S.  D.,  Alex.  Co.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  22,  179,  1881. 
4  Rath,  1.  c.  5Am.  J.  Sc.,  32,  204,  1886.  6  Greim,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  253,  1889.  'Min.  Roches, 
266,  1888. 

328.  JADEITE.  Nephrite  or  Jade  pt.  Jadeite  Damour,  C.  R.,  56,  861,  1863.  Chloro- 
melanite  Id.,  ibid.,  61,  313,  357,  1865. 

Monoclinic  (or  triclinic)1,  with  cleavage  and  optical  characters  like  pyroxene. 
Only  known  massive,  with  crystalline  structure,  sometimes  granular,  also  obscurely 
columnar,  fibrous  foliated  to  closely  compact. 

Cleavage:  prismatic,  at  angles  of  about  93°  and  87°;  also  orthodiagonal, 
difficult.  Fracture  splintery.  Extremely  tough.  H.  =  6-5-7.  GL  =  3'33-3'35. 
Luster  subvitreous,  pearly  on  surfaces  of  cleavage.  Color  apple-green  to  nearly 
emerald-green,  bluish  green,  leek-green,  greenish  white,  and  nearly  white;  some- 
times white  with  spots  of  bright  green.  Optically  biaxial,  negative.  Bxa  /\6  =  30° 
to  40°,  2Ha.y  =  82°  48'  Knr.  Streak  uncolored.  Translucent  to  subtranslucent. 

Comp. — Essentially  a  metasilicate  of  sodium  and  aluminium  corresponding  to 
spodumene,  NaAl(Si03)2  or  Na20.  Al20,.4Si03  —  Silica  59-4,  alumina  25  -2,  soda  15'4 
=  100 


370 


SILICATES. 


Cliloromelanite  is  a  dark  green  to  nearly  black  kind  of  jadeite,  containing  iron  sesquioxide 
and  not  conforming  exactly  to  the  above  formula.  Named  from  ^/loj/joS,  green,  and  yue'Aas, 
black. 

Anal.— 1,  Damour,  C.  R.,  56,  861,  1863.  2,  Id.,  ibid.,  61,  360,  1865.  3-7,  Bull.  Soc. 
Min.,  4,  157,  1881.  8,  Fellenberg,  Mitth.  Ges.  Bern,  112,  1865.  9,  10,  Id.,  Vh.  Schweiz. 
Ges.,  Solothurn,  53,  88,  1869.  11,  Eckstein,  quoted  by  Fischer,  p.  375.  12,  Frenzel,  Jb. 
Min.,  2,  6  ref.,  1885.  13,  Drnr.,  1.  c.,  1881.  14-17,  F.  W.  Clarke,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  11, 
115,  1888.  18,  Dmr.,  1.  c.,  1881.  19,  20,  Id.,  1.  c.,  1865.  21,  Id.,  1.  c.,  1881.  22,  23,  G.  W. 
Hawes,  unpubl.  coutr.,  1875.  24,  25,- Id.,  1.  c.,  1865.  26,  Id.,  1.  c.,  1881.  27,  Fellenberg, 
quoted  by  Fischer,  1.  c.,  p.  381.  28,  Cohen,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  71,  1884.  29-30,  Frenzel,  ib.,  2,  6  ref.. 
1885.  31-33,  36-40,  Dmr.,  1.  c.,  1881.  B4,  35,  Schoetensack,  Inaug.  Diss.,  6,  7,  Berlin,  1885. 


Worked  Jadeite. 

G. 

.    SiOa 

A12O3 

Fe2O3 

FeO 

MnO  CaO 

1.  China 

3-340 

59-17 

22-58 

— 

1-56 

—      2-68 

2,      " 

3-330 

59-66 

22-86 

0-14a 

0-42 

—      2-27 

3.  Asia,  white 

3-33 

59-27 

25-33 

0-71 

— 

—     0-62 

4.     "     green-gray 

3-27 

5912 

22-21 

2-72 

— 

—      1-03 

5.  China,  green  spots 

3-34 

58-28 

23-11 

0-64 

— 

—      1-62 

6.      "       green 

3-27 

57-14 

8-97 

5-49 

0-42* 

—    14-57 

7.      " 

3-32 

5534 

8-40 

5-60 

0-66 

—    14-80 

8.  Swiss  Lake-hab. 

3-32 

|  58-89 

22-40 

— 

1-66 

0-73b  3-12 

9.  China 


3-346       60-22    22'85      —     1'59    0'65    1'53 


10.  Mohrigen- Steinberg  3'298 

11.  Thibet  3 '25 

12.  L.  Neuenburg  3 '31 

13.  Mexico,  olive-green     3' 30 

14.  "         light  gr.  spots  3 '007 

15.  "        palegrn.        3'190 

16.  Sardinal,  pale  green    3'32 

17.  Culebra,  green  3 '27 

18.  Mexico,  emerald-grn.  3'26 

19.  Morbihan  3 '344 

20.  Senart,  grass-green     3*352 

21.  France,  green  3 16 

22.  Mexico 

23.  China 


Chloromelanite. 

G.  Si02 

24.  Dordogne             3'413  56'40 

25.  MorbiLan             3'410  56-12 

26.  Mexico.  Uk-grn.  3'36  57*90 

27.  Swiss  Lake-hab.  3  40  55'88 


58-28 
58-28 
57-84 

21-86 
23-00 

22-08 

___ 

2-42 
4-94 
319 

0-22 
tr. 
0-20 

2-53 
3-06 
2-51 

58-64 
58-88 

24-94 
25-93 

1-48 
0-12' 

0-24 

— 

1-34 
0-40 

58-18 

23-53 

— 

1-67 

— 

2-35 

59-18 

22-96 

1-87 

1-52 

58-33 

21-63 

1-71 

0-73 

— 

4-92 

58-20 

19-54 

1-97 

0-34a 

0-07 

5-60 

58-62 
58-92 
57-99 

21-77 
1898 
20-61 

2-84 

1-86 
0-98 

0-28 

3-85 
6-04 
4-89 

|  60-99 

22-20 

— 

0-65 

— 

1-28 

|  58-68 

2156 

— 

0-94 

— 

3-37 

aCraC 

)s. 

bZnO. 

MgO 

1-15  12-93  =  100-07 
2-41  12-87  =  10063 
0-48  13-82  =  100-23 
0-99  13-66  =  99-73 
0-91  13-94  =  98-50 
8-62  5-35  =  100-56 
8-41  6-38  =  99-59 
1-28  12-86  K2O  0-49 
[H2O  0-20  =  101-63 
1-15  12-60  H2O  0-11 

[=  100-70 

1-99  12-97  =  100-27 
1  04  9  23  =  99-55 
0-67  14-09  H2O  038 

[=  100-96 

0-89    13-00     =    100-29 

0-36    11-64    K2O   0-63 

[H2O  1-81  =10001 

1-72    11  81     K2O   0-77 

[H2O  0-53  =  100-56 

067    12-71    H2O    0-90 

[=  99-81 

3-09      8-13    K2O    0-22 

[H2OO-93  =99-69 

3-39    10-91    K2O    0-27 

[=  100-29 

2-23  11-64  r=  100-25 
4-33  11-05  =  100-30 
3-33  9-42  K2O  1'50 

[=  100  58 

0-96    13-04    K2O  0-21 

[H2O  0-74  =  100-07 

2-49    13-09    K2O  0'49 

[==  100-62 


A12O3  Fe2O3  FeO   MnO   CaO   MgO  Na20  K2O 


14-76 
14-96 

14-64 
13-64 


3-27 
3-34 


6-06 
6-54 


8-89      — 
—    10-59 


0-66 
0-47 

0-76 
0-99 


5-49 
517 

5-16 

4-28 


1-82    11-20 
2-79    10-99 


2-21 
3-19 


tr.  =  99-66 
tr.    Ti02    0-19 
[=  100-57 

10-77    tr.  -  100-33 

11-43    —  =.  100 


Unworked  jadeite  (Rohjadeit);  also  (36-40)  rocks  approaching  jadeite  in  composition. 


28.  Thibet 

29.  L.  Neuenburg 
30. 

31.  Burma 

32.  ' 
83.      •' 
34.  Burma 
85.  Thibet  (?) 


G. 

8-42 

SiO3 
59-17 
5242 

A12O3 

22-58 
26-00 

FeaO3 

FeO 
1-56 

2-02 

CaO 

2-68 
9-05 

MgO 
1-15 
3-56 

Na2O 
12-93 
7-44 

K2O 

H2O 

—  =100-07 
020=100-69 

3-36 

50-30 

25-68 

— 

2-79 

11-00 

4-45 

6 

•30 

0-40=100-92 

2-97 

58-24 

24-47 

1-01 

— 

0-69 

0-45 

14 

•70 

1- 

55 

—  =101-11 

3-06 

61-51 

22-53 





tr. 

4-25 

11 

•00 

1- 

29 

—  =10058 

3-07 

5395 

21-96 

0-76 



2-42 

7-17 

9 

•37 

8' 

70 

—  =  99-33 

3-138 

59-70 

22-77 

— 

0-61 

2-52 

1-87 

18 

•19 

0-54=101  20 

3-227 

5968 

2282 

— 

0-60 

1-41 

0-52 

14 

•64 

0-24=  99  09 

PYROXENE  GROUP—  WOLLASWXITE.  371 

G  SiO2  Al2O3Fe2O3  FeO    CaO   MgO  Na2O  K2O  H2O 

36.  M.  Viso,  Piedmont  3-35  58'51  21'98    110  —       5'05    1-70  11'84  tr.  —=10018 

37.  Oucby,  L.  Geneva   3'17  56'45  17  02    7'62  —       4'76    2'32  11'46  tr.  —  =  99'63 

38.  St.  Marcel                  3'22  55  "82  10'95    5'68  —     13'42    9'05  6  74  tr.  —  =101'66 

39.  Val  d'Aosta               3'32  56'74  10-02    4'69  0'03a  14'00    910  5'40  tr.  —  =  99'98 
40  Nantes                       3'31  54'53  14'25    3  29  —     12'40    7'50  6'21  tr.  —  =  9818 

a  Cr2O3.      ' 

Pyr.,  etc.—  B.B.  fuses  readily  to  a  transparent  blebby  glass.  Not  attacked  by  acids  after 
fusion,  and  thus  differing  from  saussurite. 

See  Lemberg  on  tbe  results  of  treatment  of  jadeite  with  alkaline  carbonates;  it  is  shown 
that,  after  fusion,  jadeite  behaves  like  fused  analcite.  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  39,  586  et  seq.,  1887. 

Obs.—  Occurs  chiefly  in  Eastern  Asia,  thus  in  the  Mogoung  distr.  in  Upper  Burma,  in  a 
valley  25  miles  southwest  of  Meiukhoom;  this  jadeite  is  found  in  rolled  musses  in  a  reddish 
clay,  and  specimens  gave  a  specific  gravity  of  3'34,  3'33,  3*24  ;  easily  fusible  (Mallet-).  Also  in 
Yuugcliang,  province  of  Yunnan,  southern  China  (Pumpelly3)  ;  in  Thibet.  Much  uncertainty 
prevails,  however,  ris  to  the  exact  localities,  since  jadeite  and  nephrite  have  usually  been  con- 
founded together.  May  occur  also  on  the  American  continent,  in  Mexico  and  South  America; 
perhaps  also  in  Europe. 

Analyses  29,  30  are  of  rolled  masses  of  jadeite  from  the  shores  of  L.  Neuenburg  in 
Switzerland,  which  may  have  come  from  a  local  source.  Anal.  36-40  are  of  various  soda-bearing 
,-ocks,  approaching  jadeite  more  or  less  closely  in  composition,  and  also  believed  to  have  been  of 
European  origin. 

Jadeite  has  long  been  highly  prized  in  the  East,  especially  in  China,  where  it  is  worked  into 
ornaments  and  utensils  of  great  variety  and  beauty.  It  is  also  found  with  the  relics  of  early 
man,  thus  in  the  remains  of  the  lake  dwellers  of  Switzerland,  at  various  points  in  France,  in 
Mexico,  Greece,  Egypt,  and  Asia  Minor.  Mr.  Pumpelly  remarks  that  the  feitsui(=  kingfisher 
plumes)  is  perhaps  the  most  prized  of  all  stones  among  the  Chinese.  He  also  observes  that  the 
chalchihuitl  of  the  ancient  Mexicans,  of  which  he  had  seen  many  specimens,  is  probably  the  same 
mineral;  but  W.  P.  Blake  refers  this  name  to  the  turquois  from  the  vicinity  of  Santa  Fe.  See 
turquois.  The  question  of  the  origin  and  distribution  of  jadeite  is  of  great  interest  and  has 
been  much  discussed.  Cf.  Fischer,  "Nephrit  und  Jadeit  nach  ihren  mineralogischen  Eigen- 
schaf  ten,  so  wie  nach  ihrer  urgeschichtlicheu  und  ethnographischen  Bedeutung,"  Stuttgart,  1875, 
1880.  Also  Arzruni,  Zs.  Ethnol.,  15,  163,  1883;  Meyer,  Mitth.  Anthropol.  Ges.,  Wien,  15,  1885; 
et  al.,  see  further  jade,  below. 

Ref.  —  l  On  the  microscopic  structure  of  jadeite,  cf.  Dx.,  1.  c.,  1881;  Cohen,  1.  c.  ;  Krenner, 
Jb.  Min.,  2,  173,  1883;  Arzruni,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  6  ref.,  1885;  Merrill,  Proc.  U.  S.  Mus.,  11,  123, 
1888.  2  Min.  India,  94,  1887. 

3  Pumpelly,  Geol.  China,  1866  (Smithson.  Contrib.,  15,  118). 

JADE.  A  general  term  used  to  include  various  mineral  substances  of  tough  compact  texture 
and  nearly  white  to  dark  green  color  used  by  early  man  for  utensils  and  ornaments,  and  still 
highly  valued  in  the  East,  especially  in  China,  where  it  is  called  Tu  orYu-skih  (yu-stone).  It  in- 
cludes properly  two  species  only:  nephrite,  a  variety  of  amphibole  (p.  389),  either  tremolite  or 
actinolite,  with  G  .=  295-3*0,  and  jadeite,  which  is  classed  with  the  pyroxene  group  and  in  com- 
position is  a  soda-spodumene,  with  G.  =  3'3-3'35;  easily  fusible. 

The  jade  of  China  belongs  to  both  species,  so  also  that  of  the  Swiss  lake-habitations  and  of 
Mexico.  Of  the  two,  however,  the  former,  nephrite,  is  the  more  common  and  makes  the  jade 
(ax-stone  or  Punamu  stone)  of  the  Maoris  of  New  Zealand;  also  found  in  Alaska. 

The  name  jade  is  also  sometimes  loosely  used  to  embrace  other  minerals  of  more  or  less  sim- 
ilar characters,  and  which  have  been  or  might  be  similarly  used—  thus  sillimamte,  pectolite,  ser- 
pentine; also  vesuvianite,  garnet.  Cf.  remarks  under  these  species.  Bowenite  is  a  jade-like 
variety  of  serpentine.  The  '  '  jade  tenace  "  of  de  Saussure  is  now  caller!  saussurite. 

329.  WOIiLASTONITE.  Tafelspath  State,  Neue  Einr.  Nat.  samml.  Wien,  144,  1793. 
Tabular  Spur.  Schaalsteiu  Wern.,  1803,  Ludwig's  Min.  Werii.,  2,  212.  1804,  Mohs,  Null  Kab., 
2,  1,  1804.  Wollastonite  H.t  Tr.,  1822.  Vilnite  (fr.  Vilna)  Horodeki,  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  554,  1862. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  1-05312  :  1  :  0-96761;  .ft  =  84°  30'  =  001  A  100 
Eath1. 

100  A  110  =  *46°  21',  001  A  101  =  45°  5',  001  A  Oil  =  43 


Forms2:  z    (320,  *-f)  x  (120,  *-2)  k  (103,  f  1)  I  (705,  ff)  /  (111,  1) 

*  (100,  i-i)  h  (540,  fr-f)              a()0        ,  n  a  (102,  H)  *  (201,  2-1)  n  (322,  |-f) 

/  (001,  0)  m  (110,  I)  v  V(10i'  _  *   '  /?  (305,  |-i)  r  (301,  3-1)  p  (122,  -1-2) 

d  (830,  f-|)  q   (340,  t'-f)  t  (101,  1-i)  g  (Oil,  1-i)  ft  (122,  1-2) 


372 


SILICATES. 


dd'" 

=  42° 

55' 

zz'" 

=  69° 

54' 

hk'" 

=  79° 

58' 

mm'" 

=  92° 

42' 

xx' 

=  51° 

0' 

cw 

=  23° 

39' 

cv 

=  40° 

3' 

ck 

=  17° 

26' 

1. 

«=:                        c                   —  ;> 

\ 

V 

/ 

|       1 

a 
—t  

\  * 

(X 

2. 

<c 

c 

:>i 

ca  =  25°  34' 
eft  =  30°  5' 
cl  =  55°  36' 
cs  =  65°  45' 
cr  =  74°  59' 
av  =  44°  27' 
a 't  =  50°  25' 

gg'  =  87°  51' 


cf    =     55°  32' 

cm'  =     93°  48' 
m'f=  *38°  16' 
en    =    62°  37^' 
cp    =    45°  36' 

W    =    48°     7' 

a'f  =  *59°  17' 


=  47°  12' 

=  75°  17 


pp'   = 


=  73°  26' 
=  61°  22' 
80°  24' 
84°  32' 


3. 


Figs.  1,  2,  Diana,  N.  Y.,  Pfd.    3,  Vesuvius,  Rath.    4,  Santorin,  Hbg. 

Twins:  tw.pl.  a.     Crystals  commonly  tabular  ||  a  or  c ;  also  short  prismatic. 

Usually  cleavable  massive  to  fibrous,  fibers  parallel  or 
reticulated ;  also  compact. 

Cleavage:  a  perfect;  alsoc;  t  (101)  less  so.  Frac- 
ture uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  4'5-5.  Gr.  =  2*8-2'9. 
Luster  vitreous,  on  cleavage  surfaces  pearly.  Color 
white,  inclining  to  gray,  yellow,  red,  or  brown. 
Streak  white.  Subtransparent  to  translucent.  Op- 
tically — .  Bxa  A  6  =  -f  37°  40'.  Dispersion  p  >  v 
weak;  inclined  strong.  Ax.  pi.  ||  b. 

2Er  =  70°  40'     2Egr  =  69°     2Ey  =  68°  24'  Dx. 

Comp — Calcium  metasilicate,  CaSi03or  CaO.SiOa  =  Silica  51'7,  lime  48'3  =  100. 
Anal.— 1,  Rath,  Pogg.,  144,  390,  1871.  2,  Lemberg,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  24,  251,  1872.  3,  Clemen- 
cin  (Piquet),  Ann.  Mines,  1,  415,  1872.  4,  Fouque,  C.  It...  80,  631,  1875  ;  other  analyses  of  less 
pure  material  show  from  7'2to  9'5  of  A12O3.  5,  Loczka,  Zs.  Kr.,  10,  89,  1884.  6,  Funaro,  Zs. 
Kr.,  9,  382,  1884.  7,  Nikolayev,  Min.  Russl.,  9,  29,  1884.  8,  E.  S.  Sperry,  priv.  coutr.  See 
5th  Ed.,  p.  210;  also,  Finland,  G.  For.  Forh.,  12,  24,  1890. 


Vesuvius,  Rath. 


1.  Mt.  Somma 

2.  Orawitza 

3.  Merida 

4.  Santorin 

5.  Rezbanya 

6.  S.  Vito,  Sardinia 

7.  Kirghese  Steppes 
S.  Bonaparte  L.,  N.  Y. 


G. 

2-853 

2-80 

2-910 

2-919 

2-889 


SiO2 
51-31 
53-53 
48-36 
46-2 
51-61 
49-78 
47-66 
50-66 

CaO 
45-66 
44-08 
46-41 
41-8 
46-29 
45-12 
45-61 
47-98 

MgO 
0-73 

1-30 
1*5 
1-08 
1-20 
tr. 
0-05 

H2O 

0-75  A12O3  1-37  =  99-82 
1-51  (Al,Fe)203  0-46  =  99'58 
111  A12O3  1-56,  CO2  1-00,  SO3  0-56  =  100'30 
—  A12O3  7-1,  Fe5O3  2-9  =  99'5    [=  100'74 
0-54  A12O3  tr.,  FeO  0'51,  MnO  0'47,  alk.  0'24 
0-60  FeO  2-20  =  98'90  [=  99'43 

l-24(Fe,Al)2O3  068,  MnO  0'14,  insol.  4'10 
0-72  (Fe,Mn)O  0'07,  !Na2O  0  46  =  99  94 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  matrass  no  change.  B.B.  fuses  easily  on  the  edges;  with  some  soda,  a 
Webby  glass;  with  more,  swells  up  and  is  infusible.  With  hydrochloric  acid  decomposed  with 
separation  of  silica;  most  varieties  effervesce  slightly  from  the  presence  of  calcite. 

Obs. — Wollastonite  is  found  especially  in  granular  limestone,  and  in  regions  of  granite  ;  as  a 
contact  formation  or  in  ejected  masses  in  connection  with  basalt  and  lavas.  It  is  often  associated 
with  a  lime  garnet,  pyroxene,  etc. 

Occurs  in  the  copper  mines  of  Cziklowa  in  the  Banat;  at  Orawitza;  at  Dognaczka  and  Nagyag; 
accompanying  garnet,  fluorite,  and  native  silver,  in  limestone,  at  Pargas  in  Finland,  and  Kongs- 
berg  in  Norway;  occurs  at  Perhoniemi  and  SkrabbOle,  Finland;  at  Gockumin  Sweden;  atVilna 
in  Lithuania  (vilnite);  at  Harzburg  in  the  Harz;  at  Auerbach,  in  granular  limestone;  in  the 
phonolyte  of  the  Kaiserstuhl;  at  Vesuvius,  rarely  in  fine  crystals;  of  a  greenish  white  color  in 
lava  at  Capo  di  Bove,  near  Rome;  S.  Vito,  Sarrabus,  Sardinia;  on  Elba;  Merida,  Portugal;  in 
recent  lava  on  Santorin;  in  Ireland,  at  Dunmore  Head,  Mourne  Mts. 

In  the  United  States,  in  N.  York,  at  Willsboro.ugh ,  forming  the  sides  of  a  large  vein  of 
garnet,  traversing  gneiss;  at  Lewis,  10  m.  south  of  Keeseville,  with  colophonite,  abundant;  i  m. 
«.  of  Lewis  Corners,  with  garnet  and  quartz;  at  Roger's  Rock,  near  the  line  between  Essex  and 


PYROXENE  GROUP— PECTOLITE. 


373 


Warren  Cos.,  with  garnet  and  feldspar;  Diana,  Lewis  Co.,  about  1  m.  from  the  Natural  Bridge, 
in  abundance,  in  large  white  crystals;  at  Booneville,  Oueida  Co.,  in  boulders,  with  garnet  and 
pyroxene;  Bonaparte  Lake,  Lewis  Co.,  in  massive  forms,  fibrous  to  compact.  In  Penn.,  Bucks 
Co.,  3  m.  W.  of  Attleboro',  associated  with  scapolite,  pyroxene,  and  titanite.  In  Mich.,  of  a 
red  color  at  the  Cliff  Mine,  Keweenaw  Point,  Lake  Superior,  and  on  Isle  Royale,  a  very  tough 
variety,  but  now  exhausted.  In  Canada,  at  Grenville,  with  titanite  and  green  coccolite;  at  St. 
Jerome  and  Morin,  Quebec,  with  apatite,  in  large  tabular  masses  of  a  fibrous  structure. 

Named  after  the  English  chemist,  W.  H.  Wollaston  (1766-1828);  also  called  tabular  spar 
from  its  lamellar  forms  and  structure. 

The  soda-tabular  spar  of  Thomson,  from  near  Kilsyth,  is  pectolite. 

Artif. — Reported  as  observed  occasionally  in  furnace  slags,  also  repeatedly  stated  to  have 
been  formed  artificially,  but  the  correctness  of  the  observations  is  doubtful,  since  in  most  cases  the 
calcium  silicate  (CaSiO3)  observed  does  not  agree  with  wollastonite  crystallographically,  but  with 
the  hexagonal  compound  noted  below.  For  a  review  of  the  subject  see  Bourgeois,  Reprod. 
Min.,  113,  1884;  Vogt,  Arch.  Math.  Nat.  Christiania,  30,  66,  1889. 

Ref.— >Mt.  Somuia,  Pogg.,  138,  484,  1869.  If  (as  in  5th  Ed.,  p.  210)  a  be  made  001,  then 
since  ca  =  69°  56',  the  resemblance  to  pyroxene  comes  out  more  clearly;  but  as  urged  by  Rath 
the  differences  in  cleavage,  etc.,  are  too  great  to  recommend  this.  With  Mir.  and  Dx.,  a,  c,  m,  e 
of  Rath-Daiia  correspond  to  001  (c),  201  (u),  Oll(e),  221(0);  cf.  Hbg.,  Min.  Not.,  9,  28,  1870. 
2  See  Mir.,  Min.,  288,  1852;  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  49,  1862;  also  Rath,  Hbg.,  1.  c. 

EDELFOBSITE.  Kalksilikat  fr.  ^delfors,  Kalktrisilikat,  Hisinger,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  191,  1838, 
1839.  Edelforsit  KbL,  Grundz.,  202,  1838.  ^delforsit  Erdmann.  Forchhammer  has  shown 
(Danske  Ak.  F5rh.,  Ap.  1864)  that  Hisiuger's  mineral  is  an  impure  wollastonite,  contain  ing  some 
quartz  and  feldspar,  with  often  carbonate  of  lime  and  garnet.  It  occurs  compact,  part  feathery 
fibrous,  and  part  without  any  distinct  crystalline  structure.  Color  white,  grayish  white,  or  with 
a  tinge  of  yellow.  From  ^Edelfors  in  Smaland,  Sweden. 

The  edelforsite  of  Gjellebak  (called  GillebacMt  by  N.  NordenskiOld,  Atom.  Ch.  Min.  Syst., 
96,  1848)  in  Norway  has  also  been  shown  by  For  _-h  hammer  to  be  essentially  wollastonite.  It  has 
the  aspect  of  tremolite.  Forchharamer  has  .ound  "okenite"  of  N.  Greenland  (Asbestartig 
Okenit  Dr.  Rink)  to  be  wollastouite. 

HEXAGONAL  CALCIUM  METASILICATE.  An  artificial  compound  having  the  composition 
CaSiO3,  like  wollastonite,  but  hexagonal  in  form  and  sometimes  in  tabular  crystals,  optically  -f-> 
has  been  repeatedly  obtained.  Cf.  Doelter,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  119,  1886;  Vogt,  Arch.  Math.  Nat., 
Krist.,  30,  57,  1889;  Hussak,  Vh.  Ver.  Rheinl.,  Corr.,  95,  1887. 


330.  PECTOLITE.  Pektolith  «.  Kobell,  Kastner's  Arch.,  13,  385,  1828,  14,  341.  Photo- 
lith  Breith.,  Char.,  131,  1832.  Wollastonite,  Stellite,  Thomson,  Min.,  1,  130,  313,  Ratholite 
some  collectors.  Osmelith  Breith.,  Pogg.,  9,  133,  1827.  Walkerite  Heddle,  Min.  Mag.,  4,  121, 
1880. 

Manganpektolith  J.  Francis  Williams,  Zs.  Kr.,  18,  386,  1890. 

Monoclinic.    Axes:  a  :  I  :  c  =  1-1140  :  1  :  0-9864;  /?  =  *84°  40'  =  001  A  100 
E   S   D 1 

100*  A  HO  =  47°  57$',  001  A  101  =  39°  10',  001  A  Oil  =  44°  29'. 

Forms2:  a  (100,  *•*),  c  (001,  0);  h  (540,  *-£),  q  (340,  a-f),  GO  (140,  £4);  v  (101,  -  14)1; 
<r  (102,  44)1,  t  (101,  14)1,  r  (301,  3-1);  n  (322,  f-f). 


ah  =  *41°  35' 
hh'"  =  83°  10' 
qq'  =  68°  8' 


GOGO'  =     25°  24' 
av     =  *45°  30' 

ca     =    24°  41' 


ct  =  43C  51' 
cr  =  74°  6' 
ch  =  86°  1' 


en  =61°  59' 
a' n  =  48°  33' 
nn  —  63°  31' 


2. 


Twins:    tw.   pi.   a.      Crystals  elongated  ||  5,   and  usually  terminated  at  one 
extremity  by  planes  h,  GO,  etc. ;  faces  a  striated.     Commonly  in  close  aggregations 
of     acicular     crystals.      Fibrous 
massive,  radiated  to  stellate. 

Cleavage:  a  perfect;  c  also- 
perfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle. 
H.  =  5.  G.  =  2-68-2-78.  Luster 
of  the  surface  of  fracture  silky 
or  subvitreous.  Color  whitish 
or  grayish.  Subtranslucent  to 
opaque.  1.  Ratho,  Greg.  2,  Bergen  Hill. 

Optically  +.     Ax.   pi.    and   Bxa  J_  £;    Bx0  nearly  J.  a;    2H0  =  143°-145< 
measured  in  cleavage  plates,  Dx. 


374 


SILICATES. 


Comp.,  Var.-.HNaCa2(Si03)3orH2O.Naa0.4Ca0.6Si03  =  Silica  54-2, lime  33-8, 
soda  9-3,  water  2'7  =  100. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary.  Almost  always  columnar  or  fibrous,  and  divergent,  the  fibers  often  2  or 
3  inches  long,  and  sometimes,  as  in  Ayrshire,  Scotland,  a  yard.  Osmelite,  from  Niederkirchen, 
near  Wolfstein,  Bavaria,  is  columnar  and  radiated;  G.  =  2  799-2-833,  Breith.;  color  grayish 
white,  yellowish,  gray.  Walkerite  varies  slightly  in  composition  from  ordinary  pectolite. 

2.  Compact.     Massive,  fine-grained  and  tough,  of  a  pale  green  color  and  resembling  some 
jade;  used  by  the  Alaska  Indians  for  implements,  hammers,  etc.     Anal.  7. 

3.  Manganpcctolite.     Contains  4  p.  c.  MnO.     From  Magnet  Cove,  Arkansas,  occurring  in 
elseolite-syenite  with  thomsonite  (ozarkite)',  etc.     In  crystals  with  a,  c,  t  (101).     Measured  angles: 
ac  =  84°  42',  ct  =  44°  26',  a't  =  50°  55'.     H.  =  5.     G.  =  2*845.     Cleavage:    c,  a  both  perfect. 
Axial  angle  =  15°  approx.     Dispersion  very  strong,  p  >  «,  analogous  to  titanite. 

Anal.— 1,  Whitney,  J.  Soc.  N.  H.  Bost.,  36,  1849.  2,  3,  Heddle,  Phil.  Mag.,  9,  248,  1855. 
4,  Lemberg,  Zs.  G.  Ges.s  24,  252,  1872.  5,  E.  B.  Knerr&  E.  F.  Smith,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  6,  411, 1884. 
6,  A.  H.  Chester,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  33,  287,  1887.  7,  F.  W.  Clarke,  ib.,  28,  20,  1884.  8,  Kbl.,  Ber. 
Ak.  Munchen,  1,  296,  1866.  9,  Heddle,  Min.  Mag.,  4,  121,  1880.  10,  J.  F.  Williams,  1.  c. 


G. 

1.  Bergen  Hill 

2.  Ratho,  fibrous  2 '881 

3.  "      cry st. 

4.  Fassathal 

5.  Lehigh  Co.,  Penn.  2'6 

6.  Disco  Island 

7.  Point  Barrow,  mass.       2 '873 

8.  Niederkirchen,  Osmelite 

9.  Costorphine  Hill, 

Walkerite  2'712 

10.  Magnet  Cove, 

Manganpectolite       2 '845 


Si02 
54-62 
52-53 
52-58 
54-21 
55-17 
52-86 
53-94 
52-63 

52-20 
53-03 

Al,0, 

0-88 
1-46 

0-71 

0-58 

CaO 
32-94 
32-79 
33-75 
32-54 
30-00 
34-33 
32-21 
34-47 

28-64 
30-28 

Ka2C 
8-96 
9-75 
9-26 
8-95 
9-02 
7-50 
8-57 
8-28 

6-50 
8-99 

K2O     H2O 

—  [2-37]  FeO  1-11  =  100 
9-75(withK2O)3-04  =  98'99 

—  2-80  =  98-85 

—  3  01  Fe2O3 1-68  =  100-39 
0-37      4-63  Fe2O3  0'80  =  99'99 
0-47      4-70  -  100-57  [=100*82 

—  4-09  FeO  tr.,  MgO  1*43 
tr.        2-94  FeO  0'37,  MnO  1'75 

[=  100-44 

0-85      5-28  FeO  1-33,  MgO  5-12 
[=  99-92 

—  2-43  MnO    4'25,    Fe2O3 

[0-10,  CO2  0-82  =  99-90 


Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  yields  water.  B.B.  fuses  at  2  to  a  white  enamel.  Decomposed 
partially  by  hydrochloric  acid,  gelatinizing.  Often  gives  out  light  when  broken  in  the  dark. 

Obs. — Occurs  mostly  in  basic  eruptive  rocks,  in  cavities  or  seams;  occasionally  in  metamor- 
phic  rocks.  Found  in  Scotland  at  Ratho  Quarry  and  Castle  Rock,  near  Edinburgh;  at  Kilsyth, 
•Corstorphine  Hill  (walkerite),  Loch  End,  Girvan,  and  Knockdolian  Hill,  in  Ayrshire;  and  at 
Talisker,  etc.,  I.  Skye.  Also  at  Mt.  Baldo  and  Mt.  Monzoni  in  the  Tyrol,  where  first  obtained; 
at  an  iron  mine  in  Wermlaud,  associated  with  chlorite  and  calcite.  Disco  Is.,  Greenland  (so- 
called  okenite). 

Occurs  also  at  Bergen  Hill,  N.  J.,  in  large  and  beautiful  radiations;  Lehigh  county,  Penn.; 
compact  at  Isle  Royale,  L.  Superior;  at  Magnet  Cove,  Ark.,  in  elaBolite-syenite  (manganpectolite)', 
compact,  massive  in  Alaska,  where  it  is  used,  like  jade,  for  implements. 

Ref.— '  Bergen  Hill,  angles  in  zone  ac  not  very  exact.  2  Cf.  Ph.,  Min.,  144,  1837;  Greg  & 
Lettsom,  Min.,  213,  1858.  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  129,  547,  1862. 


331.  ROSENBUSCHITE. 

1890.     Zirkon-pectolith. 


W.  C.  Brogger,  G.  F5r.  Forh.,  9,  254,  1887 ;  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  378, 


Monoclinic.     Axes    a  :  I  :  6  =  1-1687  :  1  :  0-9572;  ft=  *78°  13'=  001  A  100 
Brogger. 

100  A  HO  =  48°  50|',  001  A  101  =  34°  29',  001  A  Oil  =  43°  8J-'. 

Forms:  a  (100,  t-i),  c  (001,  0);  h  (540,  »-£),  «  (201,  2-1). 

Angles:  hh'"  =  84°  56',  ah  =  *42°  28',  cs  =  67°  28',  ch  =  81°  20',  sh'  =  *52°  28'. 

Ill  spheroidal  radiating  crystalline  groups,  rarely  showing  distinct   crystals; 
also  felt-like. 

Cleavage  :  c  perfect  ;  a,  s  rather  perfect.     Fracture 
uneven.     Brittle.     H.  =  5-6.     G-.  =  3-30  Bgr.;  3-315 
Cleve.     Luster   vitreous.     Color    light    orange-gray. 
Pleochroism  and  absorption  weak,  c  >  b  >  a. 
Ax.  pi.  and  Bxa  J_  b.     Bx0  A  6  =  r  A  t  =  -  12°  to  -  14°. 


Optically  •  _ 

Comp.—  6CaSi03.2Na2Zr02F2.(TiSi03.TiO,Bgr. 
—  Cleve,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  382,  383,  1890. 


LA  VEMITE. 


375 


SiO2     ZrO2    TiO2  Fe2O3  La2O3  MnO     CaO     Na2O 

31-58     18-69    7-59     1-15    2'38a    1'85    25  38    10'15  ign.  0'20  =  98'92 

31-36    20-10    6-85    I'OO    0'33?    1'39    24-87      9'93  F  5'83  =  101'66 

a  Including  a  little  Ce2O3  and  a  trace  of  Di2O3. 


Fyr-— Fuses  easily. 

Obs. — Occurs  very  sparingly  in  the  region  of  the  Langesund  fiord  in  southern  Norway,  exact 
locality  unknown  (Barkevik?).  It  is  associated  with  aegirite,  zircon,  white  feldspar,  elaeolite, 
sodalite,  tritomite,  leucophanite,  etc. 

Named  for  Prof.  H.  Rosenbusch  of  Heidelberg. 


332.  LAVENITE.     W.  C.  Brogger,  G.  For.  Forh.,  7,  598,  1885,  9,  252,  1887.     Id.,  Zs.  Kr., 
16,  339,  1890.     Laavenite.     Lovenite.* 

Monoclinic.      Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  1-09638  :  1  :  0-71517;  /?=69° 42^=001  AlOO 
Brogger. 

100  A  110  =  *45°  48',  001  A  101  =  26°  31',  001  A  Oil  =  33°  51f . 

Forms:  a  (100,  i-l\  b  (010,  i-i);  I  (310,  t-3),  n  (210,  a-2);  m  (110,  J);  j (101, -1-5),  r  (Oil,  1-1), 
e  (111,  -  1). 


II"      =  37°  50f 
nri"    =  54°  25' 
mm"'  =  91°  36' 


aq   =  43°  11' 
rr'  =  67°  42' 


ee'  =     52°  10' 
ae  =  *49°    5* 


me  =  *39°  29 

mq  =    59°  27' 


Twins :  tw.  pi.  a  common ;  also  with  enclosed  tw.  lamellae.     Crystals  prismatic 


with  m  prominent,  also  tabular  ||  a.  Also 
in  embedded  grains. 

Cleavage:  a  rather  perfect.  Brittle. 
H.  — 6.  G.  =  3-51-3-55.  Luster  vitreous. 
Color  light  yellow  to  nearly  colorless;  also 
dark  yellow  to  dark  brown.  Translucent. 
Pleochroism  rather  strong;  c  deep  red- 
brown,  b  yellowish  green,  a  wine-yellow. 
Absorption,  c  >  b  >  a. 

Optically  — ,  perhaps  in  some  kinds 
also  +.  Double  refraction  very  strong, 
y-a  —  0-03.  Ax.  pi.  1|  b.  Bxa  A  c  = 
—  19°  25'  to  —  20°  18'.  Axial  angles 
and  refractive  index: 

2Ha  =  90°  16'        2H0  =  116°  7'  (n  =  1-4118) 


1. 


Figs.  1-3,  Norway,  Bgr. 
2Va  =79°  46'        0  =  1-750 


Comp.,  Var.— Essentially  R(Si,Zr)03  with  Zr(Si03)2  and  ETa206;  R=Mn(Fe): 
Ca:  Naa  =7:6:9  approx.;  RZr(02F2)  replaces  in  part  RZr03. 

Var.— Occurs  in  Norway  in  two  varieties,  one  light  yellow  to  nearly  colorless;  the  other 
dark  reddish  brown  to  blackish  brown;  the  former  variety  contains  more  soda  and  lime  and  has 
Bxa  A  c  =  -  19°  25';  the  latter  has  Bxa  A  c  =  -  20°  18'. 

Anal.— 1,  Cleve,  G.  For.  Forh.,  7,  598,  1885.  2,  Id.,  ibid.,  9,  252,  1887.  3,  Id.,  Zs.  Kr., 
16,  344,  1890. 

SiOa  ZrO2  TiOa  Ta2O5  Fe2O3  FeO  MnO  CaO  Na2O      F      H2O 

1  G  =3'51        33-71  31-65  —       —      5'64?     —  5'06  ll'OO  11'32          1'03       =  99'41 

2  G.=3'547      29-63  28'79  2'35    5'20    4'73?     —  5'59  9'70  10'77  ign.  224       =9900 
3'                             29-17  28-90  2-00    4'13*  0'78    3'02  7'30  6'93  11-23    3'82    0'65Xb3'08 

[=  101-01 
a  Incl.  Nb2O6.  b  X  =  Zircon. 

Obs. — First  found  on  the  little  island  Laven  in  the  Langesund  fiord,  southern  Norway,  asso- 
ciated with  catapleiite,  eucolite,  also  mosandrite,  tritomite,  etc.;  also  on  the  island  Klein-Aro  with 


The  Swedish  a  is  equivalent  to  the  Danish  (Norwegian)  aa  and  has  the  sound  of  the  English  o 


376 


SILICATES. 


eucolite,  cappelenite,  etc.,  and  on  Aro;  it  belongs  among  the  rarer  minerals  of  the  dikes  of 
elseolite-  or  augite-syeuite.  Further  noted  in  the  elaeolite-syenite,  occurring  on  the  southwestern 
boundary  of  the  provinces  of  Minas  Geraes  and  Sao  Paulo,  also  in  the  Serra  de  Tingua,  Brazil; 
similarly  associated  on  one  of  the  Los  islands,  near  Sierra  Leone,  West  Africa;  in  the  sanidinyte 
of  Sao  Miguel,  Azores. 

Ref.— L.  c.,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  339,  1890.     The  crystals  were  first  described  as  mosandrite, 
Zs.  Kr.,  2,  275,  1878. 


333.  WOHLERITE.    Wohlerit  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  59,  327,  1843. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  1 :  6  =  1-0549  :  1  :  0*7091;    fi  =  *70°  45'  =  001  A  100 
Dx.-Dbr.1 

100  A  HO  =  *44°  53',  001  A  101  =  27°  27',  001  A  Oil  =  33°  48'. 


Forms2:  I    (720,  *-£)  A  (180,  t^) 

a  (100,  i-S)  TZ-  (210,  *-2)  ^  (101    _  j 

&  (oio,  a>  w  (iio,  /)  k  ,iol'  j  -v 

c  (001,  0)  ,   (120,  e-2)  ,   3^'  ^ 


*  (012,  £-1)  0   (111,  1)  TT  (211,  2-2) 

o  (Oil,  1-1)  j   (221,  2)?  *   (121,  -  2-2) 

/  (021,  2-1)        u  (311,  -  3-3)3  0  (121,  2-2) 

P  (HI,  -  1) 


nri" 

=  52°  56|' 

ad  =  *43°  18' 

cs    =  49°  50V 

pp'     =     51°  52' 

mm'" 

=  89°  46' 

xx'  =     37°     1' 

a     =  50°  30' 

88'      =     67°  22| 

ffff' 

=  53°  19' 

oo'  =     67°  36' 

c0  =  62°  17' 

w       =     88°  24| 

hh' 

ck 
cd 

=  37°     1' 

=  39°  11' 
=  66°  19' 

Jf    =  106°  29' 

cp    =     37°     3' 
cm  =     76°  29f 

ap  =  49°     7' 
a's  =  73°  31' 

00'  -  106°  15' 
&     =     36°  52' 
Ttit'    =     51°  34' 

Crystals  commonly  prismatic  and  tabular  \  a\  usually  twins,  tw.  pi.  a;  also 
with  enclosed  tw.  lamellae.  Also  granular. 

Cleavage:  b  distinct.  Fracture  conchoidal  to  splintery.  Brittle.  H.  =  5'5-6. 
G.  =  3-41-3-44.  Luster  vitreous,  inclining  to  resinous.  Color  light  yellow,  wine-, 
honey-,  resin-yellow,  brownish,  grayish.  Streak-powder  yellowish  white.  Trans- 
parent to  subtranslucent. 

Pleochroism  distinct,  but  not  strong;  c  wine-yellow,  b  clear  yellow,  a  nearly 
colorless.  Absorption  c  >  b  =  a.  Optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  nearly  ||  d  (101)  and  J_  b. 
Bxa  A  &  =  —  45  .  Bx0  J_  b.  Dispersion  small,  p  <  v.  Axial  angles  variable  even 
in  the  same  crystal,  Dx. 


1. 


2. 


3. 


2Ha.r  =   89°    34' 

2Ha.bi  =  90°  54' 

2Har  =  85°  41' 

2Ha.bl  =  86°  12' 

2Har  =  86°  24' 

2Ha.bi  =  87°  30' 


2H0.r    =  128°    6' 
2H0.bi    =  127°    6' 

2Vr    =  76°  10' 
2Vbi  =  77°     2' 

ftr  =  1-67 
/?w  =  1-69 

2Hor     =  139°    3' 
2H0.bi    =  138°  32' 

2Vr    =  71°  56' 

2Vw  =  72°  18' 

/?r  =  1-69 
/?w  =  1-71 

2Hor     =  144°  24' 
2H0.bi    =  144°    8' 

2Vr    =  71°  26' 
SVbi  =  72°    1' 

ft,  =  1'72 
fa  =  1'74 

Also,  BrOgger,  Bxa  A  c  =  -  43°  18',  and  axial  angles: 


For  Li 

"  Na 
"  Tl 


2Ha.r     =  90°  53' 
2Ha.y    =  91°  18' 

2Ha.gr    =    91°    57' 


2H0.r  =  122°  9' 
2H0.y  =  121°  42' 
2Ho.gr  =  121°  15' 


2Vr  =  78°  18' 
2Vy  =  78°  37' 
2Vgr  =  78°  49' 


Comp.— Essentially  12R(Si,Zr)03.RNb206;  where  B  =  Ca  :  Na,  =  4  :  1  nearly, 
also  including  Fe,Mn  in  small  amount  (Rg.).  Further  (Bgr.)  with  the  metazircon- 
ate,  RZr03,  in  part  replaced  by  RZr(02F2). 

AnaL— 1,  Scheerer,  1.  c.     2,  Hermann,  Bull.   Soc.  Moscow,  38,  467,  1865.     3,   Rammels- 
berg,  Pogg.,  150,  211,  1873.     4,  Cleve,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  360,  1890. 


HIORTDAHLITE. 


377 


Si02     ZrO2    TiO2  Nb2O6  Fe2O3  FeO   MnO    CaO    MgO  Na2O  H20      F 

1.  G.  =  3-41          30-62    15-17      —      14-47    2'12      —     1'55    2619    0'40    7'78    0'24      — 

[=  98-54 

2.  29-16    22-72      —    '11-58      —     1-28    1'5S    24'98    0'71     7'63    1-33      — 

[=  100-91 

3.  |  28-43    19-63      —      14-41      —  2'50         26*18      —     7'78      —       — 

[=  98-93 

4.  G.  =  3-442        30-12    16'11    0-42    12'85    0'48    1'26    I'OO    26'95    0'12    7'50    0'74    2'98 

X*  0-66  =  101-19 
a  X  =  Cerium  oxides. 

On  the  absorption  spectra,  see  Kruss  and  Nilson,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  44,  369,  1887. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  in  a  strong  heat  fuses  to  a  yellowish  glass.  With  the  fluxes  gives  the  reac- 
tions of  manganese,  iron,  and  silica.  Dissolves  easily  when  heated  in  strong  hydrochloric  acid, 
with  separation  of  the  silica  and  niobium  pentoxide. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  elseolite,  sodalite  (and  spreustein),  cancrinite,  barkevikite,  aegirite,  etc., 
in  zircon-syenite,  on  several  islands  of  the  Langesund  fiord,  near  Brevik,  in  Norway,  especially 
on  the  island  Skudesundskja"r,  near  Barkevik;  also  on  Lamoskjar  (=  Laveu)  and  Stoko;  further 
on  the  island  Riso  near  Fredriksvarn.  Some  crystals  are  nearly  an  inch  long.  Named  for 
Pi  of.  Friedrich  Wohler  (1800-1883). 

Ref.— '  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  13,  425,  1868;  and  earlier  ib.,  40,  76,  1854;  Ann.  Mines,  16,  229, 
1859;  Min.,  1,  162,  1862.  See  also  Dbr.,  Pogg.,  92,  242,  1854;  the  system  was  at  first  supposed 
to  be  orthorhombic.  Morton  (quoted  by  Bgr.,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  355,  1890)  gives:  d  :  b  :  c  = 
1-0536  :  1  :  0'70878;  ft  =  71°  3'.  2  Cf.  Dx.,  1.  c.,  and  Bgr.,  1.  c.  3  Bgr. 


y.  Tridinic  Section. 

W.  C.  Brogger,  Nyt  Mag.,  31, 


J,  1889  (Separate,  1888);  Zs 


334.  HIORTDAHLITE. 
Kr.,  16,  367,  1890. 

Triclinic.     Axes     &  :  I  :  6  =  0-99835  :  1  :  0-35123;   a  =  89°  22$',  ft  =  90( 
36f ,  Y  =  90°  5F  Brogger. 

100  A  010  =  *89°  54J',  100  A  001  =  89°  23±',  010  A  001  =  90°  37 jf. 


Forms  : 

1   (210,  i-2') 

A    (210,  ' 

i-2) 

1>  (101 

,  '!-»') 

e  (111,  1)             y  (3i 

a 

(100, 

i-i) 

m  (110,  /') 

M  (110,  ' 

II 

P  (111 

.1') 

x  (311,  3-i 

3')          I 

?  (3: 

b 

(010, 

i-i) 

g  (120,  »-S') 

k   (120,  72)          #(111 

»  1.) 

aM  = 

*44°  59V 

op  =     71° 

H' 

a'g 

=  72° 

11' 

Jlfe 

=  *62° 

53' 

mM  = 

89°  53j' 

ae  =  *71° 

12' 

bp 

=  72° 

14' 

JM 

=    36° 

33' 

av     = 

70°    4' 

ax  =    44° 

43' 

=  71° 

IS? 

d« 

=  *41° 

31' 

By  inverting  the  crystals  and  taking  v  (101)  as  the  base  (001),  Brogger  calculates  the  follow- 
ing axial  ratio  and  angles,  which  show  the  resemblance  in 
form  to  wohlerite: 

d  :  6  :  c  =  1-0583  :  1  :  0'7048 
a  =  90°  29'        0  =  108°  49£'        y  =  90°  8'. 

Crystals  tabular  ||  a,  and  vertically  elongated; 
polysynthetic  twins  with  twinning  lamellae  having 
6  as  tw.  ax.,  tw.  pi.  J_  6  and  comp.-face  ||  a. 

Cleavage  not  distinct.  Very  brittle.  H.  =  5-5'6. 
G.  =  3*267  Bgr.  Luster  vitreous  on  crystalline 
faces;  greasy  on  fracture  surfaces.  Color  light 
shades  of  straw-,  sulphur-  to  honey-yellow,  less  often 
yellowish  brown. 

Pleochroism  not  strongly  marked:  c  wine-yellow, 
b  bright  yellow,  a  nearly  colorless.  Absorption 
C  >  b  >  a.  Optically  +.  Bxa  situated  in  the 


Norway 


Ax. 

° 


upper  left-hand  front  octant,  oblique  to  a\  the  optic  normal  in  that  behind. 

pi.  approximately  ||  111.     Extinction-angles  with  6,  on  a  =  25°  and  65°,  on  b  =  154- 

and  74|°. 

Comp.—  Essentially  (Na2,Ca)(Si,Zr)03,  with  also  fluorine  present  (Bgr.)  asafluo- 
zirconate  KZr02F2;  nearly  corresponding  'to  4Ca(Si,Zr)03.Na2Zr02F,. 


378 


SILICATES. 


Anal.— Cleve,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  374,  1890. 

Si03     Zr03    TiOa  Fe2O3  FeO  MnO 
G.  =  3-235        31-60    21-48    1'50    0'34    0'94    0'96 


CaO    MgO  Na2O  H2O 
32-53    0-10    6-53    0'58 


F 
5-83  =  102-39 


Pyr.,  etc. — Fuses  easily  B.B.,  to  a  yellowish  wuite  enamel.     Gelatinizes  with  acids. 
Obs.— Occurs  sparingly  embedded  in  feldspar,  elaeolite,  or  fluorite  in  a  narrow  dike  on  the 
island,  Mittel-Ar5,  in  the  Langesund  fiord,  southern  Norway. 
Named  after  Prof.  Th.  Hiortdahl  of  .Christiania. 


335.  RHODONITE.  Rother  Braungtein  pt.  Min.  of  last  Cent.;  fr.  Kapnik,  Ruprecht, 
Phys.  Arb.  Wien,  1,  55,  1782;  Crell's  Ann.,  1,297,  1790.  Rothbraunsteinerz  pt.  Wern.  Dichtes 
Roth-Braunsteinerz  (Kapnikker  Feldspath)  Karst. ,  Tab. ,  54,  78, 1800  (favoring  its  being  a  distinct 
species,  while  others  (Hatty,  Reuss,  etc. )  supposed  it  the  carbonate  mixed  with  quartz).  Roth- 
stein  pt.,  Kieselmangan,  Mangankiesel,  Germ.  Manganese  Sparpt. ;  Red  Manganese;  Bisilicate 
of  Manganese.  Rhodonit  Jasche,  Germar,  in  Schw.  J.,  26,  112,  1819.  Hydropit  Germar, 
ib.,  115. 

Bustamite  (fr.  Mexico),  Bisilicate  de  Manganese  et  de  Chaux,  A.  Brongn.,  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.,  8f 
411,  1826.  Fowlerite  (fr.  Hamburg,  N.  J.)  Sheph.,  Min.,  186,  1832,  2,  25,  1835.  Kapnikite 
Huot,  1,  239,  1841.  Paisbergit  Igelstrom,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  143,  1851;  J.  pr.  Ch.,  54,  190,  1851. 
Mangan-Amphibol  Herm.,  J.  pr.  Oh.,  47,  7,  1849  =  Hermannit  Kenng.,  Min.,  71,  1853  =  Cum. 
mingtonit  Eg.,  Min.  Ch.,  473,  1860.  Jarnrhodonit,  Eisenrhodonit  Weibull,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  41, 
No.  9,  29,  1884,  Min.  Mitth.,  7,  117,  1885.  Keatingine  (=  Fowlerite)  C.  U.  Shepard,  Contrib. 
Min.  1876. 

Triclinic.     Axes    d  :  1)  :  6  =  1*07285  :  1  :  0-62127;  a  =  103°  18'  7";  ft  =108° 
44'  8";  y  —  81°  39'  16"  Flink1. 

100  A  010  =  *94°  26',  100  A  001  =  *72°  36'  30",  010  A  001  =  *78°  42'  30". 

Forms2 : 

a  (100,  i-l,  o  Dbr.) 
b   (010,  i-l,  s) 
c   (001,  0,  a) 

m  (110,  /',  b) 
/  (130,  *-3') 

g  (150,  i-5') 

Also  doubtful3:  445,  883,  661. 
1. 


t    (310,  '£§) 

^  (041,  4-i') 

k  (221,  ,2) 

7i  (221,  2;) 

d   (210,  Y-2) 
Jf  (110,  '/,  c) 
e    (130,  't-8) 

P  (HI,  1') 
9   (221,  2') 
e   (441,  4')3 

i    (441,  ,4) 
/2  (12-1-3,  ,4-12) 
<»  (323,  ,1-f) 

7T    (111,   I)4 

y   (522,  'H) 
x  (12-1-1,  12-12) 

//    (401,  '4-2') 

2    (16-2-3,  -V6-8') 

u  (223,  f,) 

w  (8-12-3,  '4-D 

/a    (201,  ,24,)3 

a   (4-1-12,  f4') 

r   (111,  Ij 

A  (7  28-16,  'f  4) 

0  (401,  /K)3 

m  (111,  ,1) 

I    (443,  i) 

Figs.  1-4,  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J.     2,  3,  Pirsson.     6-7,  Pajsberg,  Flink. 


RHODONITE.  379 

am   =  48°  33'  mM  =  92°  284'  cm  =  42°  2'  en  =  38°  59' 

aM  -  43°  55£'  c//  =  52°  17'  ck  =  62°  23'  ap  =  56°  19' 

£7/1    =  45°  53'  ep  -  58°  45'  ci  =  IT  3'  bm  =  49°     4V 

bf     =  18°    4|'  c^  =  29°  49'  Mk  =  *31°  134'  mr  =  61°  10' 

fy     =  10°  58'  eg  =  43°    84'  cr  =  45°  57'  b'r  =  69°  46' 

b't     =  66°  54'  cm  =  68°  45^  cl  =  57°  51'  /fcra  =  86C     5' 

5'd    =  58°  59'  cM  —  86°  23'  en  =  73°  52'  bq    =  53°     1' 

6'lf  =  *41°  38V 

The  similarity  in  form  between  pyroxene  and  the  triclinic  species,  rhodonite  and  babing- 
tonite,  is  shown  by  their  axial  ratios  and  axial  angles  (pp.  344,  345);  also  by  the  following: 

110  A  110                    100  A  001  221  A  221               221  A  221 

Pyroxene                        mm'"  =  92°  50'  ac  =  74°  10  oo    ~  84°  11'  vv'  —  68°  42 

Rhodonite                        mM    —  92°  28V  ac  =  72°  364'  kn  =  86°     5' 

Babingtonite         /        mM    =  92°  36'  ac  =  72°  29  hd  =  69°  21' 

Crystals  usually  large  and  rough  with  rounded  edges.  Commonly  tabular  ||  c\ 
often  elongated  in  direction  of  M,  less  often  of  m ;  also  spear-shaped  (f ,  6)  ;  some- 
times resembling  pyroxene  in  habit,  as  in  f.  5.  Commonly  massive,  cleavable  to 
compact;  also  in  embedded  grains. 

Cleavage:  m,  M  perfect;  c  less  perfect.  Fracture  conchoidal  to  uneven;  very 
tough  when  compact.  H.  =  5*5-6'5.  G.  =  3*4-3-68.  Luster  vitreous;  on 
cleavage  surfaces  somewhat  pearly.  Color  light  brownish  red,  flesh-red,  rose-pink  ; 
sometimes  greenish  or  yellowish,  when  impure;  often  black  outside  from  expos- 
ure. Streak  white.  Transparent  to  translucent. 

Optically  — .  Extinction-angles  on  a  (100),  inclined  32°  26'  and  44°  16'  to 
edges  a/m  and  a/c  respectively;  on  b,  inclined  10°  48'  and  97°  56'  to  edges  I  /a  and 
l/c\  on  c,  inclined  54°  26£'  and  39°  37'  to  edges  c/m  and  c/M.  Ax.  pi.  forms 
angles  of  63°  and  38^°  with  the  planes  M  and  c.  Plane  _L  Bxa  inclined  51°  47'  and 
51  40'  to  the  same  planes.  Dispersion  p  <  v.  Axial  angles,  Flink: 


2Har    =  79°  25'  2Hor    =  109°  56'  .'.        2Var    =  75°  57'        Li 

2Hay    =  79°    0'  2Hoy    =  108°  25'  .-.        2Vay    =  76°  12'        Na 

2Ha.gr  =  78°  38V  2H0.gr  =  107°  13V  .-.        2Vagr  =  76°  22'        Tl 


Comp.,  Tar. — Manganese  metasilicate,  MnSi03  or  MnO.Si02  =  Silica  45'9, 
manganese  protoxide  54*1  =  100.  Iron,  calcium,  and  occasionally  zinc  replace 
part  of  the  manganese. 

1.  Ordinary,     (a)  Crystallized.     Either  in  crystals  or  cleavable  masses.     The  mineral  in 
crystals  from  Pajsberg,  Sweden,  was  named  paisbergite  (or  pajsbergite)  under  the  idea  that  it  was 
a  distinct  species.     (6)  Granular  massive  to  compact. 

2.  Ferriferous.     Contains  sometimes  nearly  as  much  iron  as  manganese,  anal.  9. 

3.  Calciferous;  BUSTAMITE.     Contains  9  to  .20  p.  c.  of  lime.     Often  also  impure  from  the 
presence  of  calcium  carbonate,  which  suggests  that  part  of  the  lime  replacing  the  MnO  may  have 
come  from  partial  alteration.     Grayish  red.     Named  after  M.  Bustamente,  the  discoverer.      The 
original  was  from  Mexico. 

4.  Zinciferous;  FOWLERITE.     In  crystals  and  foliated,  the  latter  looking  much  like  cleavable 
red  feldspar;  the  crystals  sometimes  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  through.     This  mineral  is  mentioned 
by  Fowler  in  Am.  J.  Sc.;  9,  245,  1825,  as  siliceous  oxyd  of  manganese  from  Sterling,  N.  J.,  and 
as  often  containing  dysluite  (zinciferous  spinel).     It  occurs  under  the  same  name  in  Robinson's 
Cat.  Amer.  Min.,  298,  1825.     It  is  Thomson's  ferro&ilicate  of  manganese,  Ann.  Lye.,  N.  Y.,  3, 
28,  1828.     Named  after  Dr.  Samuel  Fowler. 

Anal.— 1,  Berzelius,  Schw.  J.,  21,  254,  1817.  2,  V.  Fino,  Att.  Ace.  Torino,  18,  39,  1883. 
3,  H.  v.  Foullon,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  38,  25,  1888.  4,  Schlieper,  Dana  Min.,  463.  1850.  5,  6,  Ebel 
mann,  C.  R.,  20,  1416,  1845.  7,  Igelstrom,  ].  c.  8,  Id.,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  40,  No.  7,  93,  1883. 
9,  Weibull,  after  deducting  2  76  p.  c.  magnetite  and  calcite,  ib.,  41,  9,  39,  1884,  and  Min.  Mitth., 
7,  117,  1885.  10,  Rg..  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  18,  34,  1866.  11,  Ebel  mann,  1.  c.,  deducting  (Rg.)  12  p.  c. 
CaCO3  12,  Lindstrom,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  37,  No.  6.  57,  1880.  13,  Sipocz,  Min.  Mitth.,  31, 
1878.  14,  Rg.,  Mm.  Ch.,  459,  1860.  15,  Pirsson,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  484,  1890.  Also  5th  Ed. 
p.  226. 


880 


G. 


SILICATES. 

Si02     MuO    FeO 
48-00    49-04      — 

ZnO    CaO 

—     3-12 

MgO 

022 

H20 

100-38 

|  44-27 

48-70 

1 

•51 

—     4-51 



1-24 

— 

100-23 

I  44 

•57 

46 

•09 

0 

•17 

—     4-22 

1-47 

1-00 

— 

99-52 

51 

•21 

42 

65 

4-34 

—      2-93 

tr. 



_ 

101-13 

45 

•49 

39 

•46 

6-42 

—      4'66 

2-60 

— 

98-63 

4637 

47 

•38 

— 

—      5-48 

— 

__ 

= 

99-23 

46-46 

41 

•88 

3 

•31 

—      813 

0-91 

— 

— 

100-69 

47 

•oo 

31 

•20 

10 

60 

—      570 

2'50 

0-80 

_ 

97-80 

45 

•12 

24 

•25 

22 

•44 

—      5'62 

1-20 

— 

Al 

O1  '*->Q 
3      J.   OO 

-g 

n  oo-oi 

47 

•35 

42 

•08 

— 

—      9-60 



0-72 

_ 

99-75 

50 

•67 

30 

•73 

1 

31 

—    16-45 

0-73 



— 

99-89 

47 

•66 

31 

65 

0 

•48 

—    18-16 

1-18 

—  BaOO-19,     alk. 

fO'27,  gangue  0 

52  =  100 

•11 

47-44 

23 

•13 

6 

•54 

—    21-02 

1-16 

— 

Al 

203   1-17 

— 

[100 

•46 

46 

•70 

31 

•20 

8 

•35 

5-10    6-30 

2-81 

0-18 

= 

100-74 

1  46 

•06 

34-28 

8 

•63 

7°33    7-04 

1-30 

— 

— 

99-64 

1.  Langban 

2.  Viu,  Turin  3'63 

3.  Roseuau,  Hungary 

4.  Cummington 

5.  Algiers 

6.  St.  Marcel 

7.  Pajsberg,  Paisbergite        3'63 

8.  Wermland 

9.  Vester  Silfberg  3'672 

10.  Mexico,  Bustamite 
11. 

12.  Langban  3'40 

13.  Rezbanya 

14.  Stirling  Hill,  Fowlerite 

15.  Franklin  Furn.,      "         3'674 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  blackens  and  fuses  with  slight  intumescence  at  2'5;  with  the  fluxes  gives 
reactions  for  manganese;  fowlerite  gives  with  soda  on  charcoal  a  reaction  for  zinc.  Slightly 
acted  upon  by  acids.  The  calciferous  varieties  often  effervesce  from  mechanical  admixture  with 
calcium  carbonate.  In  powder,  partly  dissolves  in  hydrochloric  acid,  and  the  insoluble  part 
becomes  of  a  white  color.  Darkens  on  exposure  to  the  air,  and  sometimes  becomes  nearly  black, 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Langban,  Wermland,  Sweden,  in  iron  ore  beds,  in  broad  cleavage  plates,  and 
also  granular  massive;  at  the  Pajsberg  iron  mines  near  Filipstad  ( paisbergite) sometimes  in  small 
brilliant  crystals;  also  at  Elbingerode,  in  the  Harz;  in  the  district  of  Ekaterinburg  in  the  Ural 
massive  like  marble,  whence  it  is  obtained  for  ornamental  purposes;  with  tetrahedrite  at  Kapnik 
and  Rezbanya,  Hungary;  in  Cornwall;  bt.  Marcel ,  also  near  Viu,  Piedmont;  Algiers;  Tetela  di 
Xonotla,  Mexico. 

Occurs  in  Cummington,  Mass.,  and  some  of  the  neighboring  towns,  in  boulders;  also  in 
Warwick,  Mass.;  in  an  extensive  bed  on  Osgood's  farm.  Blue  Hill  Bay,  Maine;  in  Irasburg  and 
Coventry,  Vt.;  near  Winchester  and  Hinsdale,  N.  H.;  at  Cumberland,  R.  I.;  fowlerite  at  Mine 
Hill,  Franklin  Furnace,  and  Stirling  Hill,  near  Ogdensburgh,  N.  J.,  the  two  localities  only  2  or  3 
miles  apart,  it  is  usually  embedded  in  calcite  and  is  sometimes  in  splendid  crystallizations. 

Named  from  podov,  a  rose,  in  allusion  to  the  color.  The  name  is  attributed  to  Jasche  by 
Germar  (1819),  but  is  not  in  the  Kleine  Min.,  Schriften  of  Jasche  (1817). 

Alt. — There  are  two  prominent  methods  of  alteration,  which  may  act  separately  or  together. 
(1)  Through  the  strong  tendency  of  manganese  protoxide  to  pass  to  a  higher  state  of  oxidation; 
in  which  process  the  red  color  changes  to  brown  or  black,  commencing  with  the  exterior,  which 
becomes  a  black  crust  to  the  mass.  Indefinite  mixtures  thus  result,  which  may  be  either  partly 
silicate,  or  wholly  one  or  more  oxides  of  manganese.  (2)  Through  the  tendency  of  the  manganese 
protoxide  and  other  protoxides  present  to  unite  with  carbonic  acid  afforded  by  alkaline  car- 
bonated waters,  this  causing  the  silicate  to  be  penetrated  with  manganese  carbonate,  and  often 
also  with  carbonate  of  lime  or  iron.  The  color  of  the  result  after  this  latter  method  is  usually 
grayish  red  to  grayish  white,  and  sometimes  brown. 

I.  By  Oxidation;  not  Hydrated  or  Carbonated. 

A.  MARCELINE  Berthier,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  51,  79,  1832.     Color  grayish  black  to  iron-black; 
luster  submetallic;  G.  =  3'8;  H.  =  5'5-6.     From  St.  Marcel  in  Piedmont.     Heteroclin  Breith. 
(JSvreinov,  Pogg.,  49,  204,  1840)  is  from  the  same  locality,  and  of  the  same  nature,  as  recognized 
by  Breithaupt. 

B.  DYSSNITE  v.  Kobell,  Grundz.,  328,  1838.     Thomson's  sesquisilicate  of  M.,  from  Franklin, 
H.  J.  (Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  1.  c.),  an  iron-black  ore,  with  G.  =  3'67;  it  is  altered  fowlerite 
Von  Kobell  cites  Thomson's  analysis,  and  gives  no  description  of  his  own. 

II.  By  Oxidation;  Hydrated. 

STRATOPEITE,  Wittingite,  Neotocite,  are  names  of  results  of  this  kind  of  alteration.  They 
are  found  along  with  rhodonite.  They  contain  about  35  p.  c.  of  silica.  See  NEOTOCITE  under 
HYDROUS  SILICATES.  Opsimose  of  Beudant  and  Klipsteinite  of  v.  Kobell  (see  beyond)  are 
names  of  a  similar  hydrous  silicate  containing  about  25  p.  c.  of  silica,  with  admixed  wad. 

III.  Carbonated. 

A.  ALL AGITE  Jasche,  Germar,  Schw.  J.,  26,112,1819;  Griinmanganerz  Jasche,  Kleine  Min. 
Schriften,  10,  1817.     From  Schebenholze,  near  Elbingerode  in  the  Harz,  is  either  dull  green  or 
reddish  brown,  and  affording  du  Menil  (Gilb.  Ann.,  61,  199,  1819)  7'5  p.  c.  CO2. 

B.  PHOTICITE  Germar,   Schw.  J.,  26,   116,   1819;   Photizit  Brandes,  ib.,  138.     Yellowish 
white,  Isabella-  and  wax-yellow,  greenish  gray,  pearl-gray,  to  rose-red;    G.  =  2'8-3,  from  the 
same  locality  with  the  allagite.     It  afforded  Brandes  (ib.,  136)  11  to  14  p.  c.  of  carbon  dioxide, 
with  some  water.     Corneous  manganese  (Horn-mangan  of  Jasche)  is  of  similar  nature,  it  con- 


BABINGTONITE.  381 

taming  5  to  10  p.  c.  of  carbon  dioxide;  color  brown  to  gray.  And  so  also  the  Cummington 
rhodonite,  which  afforded  Schlieper  10  p.  c.  or  more  of  carbonates,  and  which  Hermann  erron- 
eously made  a  manganesiau  amphibole. 

Anal.—  1,  Berthier,  1.  c.  2,  Damour,  Ann.  Mines,  1,  400,  1842.  3,  Thomson,  Lye.  Nat. 
Hist.,  N.  Y.,  3,  33.  4,  5,  du  Menil,  1.  c.  6-8,  Braudes,  1.  c. 

SiO2  Al203Mn203  Fe2O3  CaO  MgO  H2O  CO2 

1.  Marceline                          26'00    3'00    67'23      1'23  1-40  1'40  —  —  =  100-25 

2.  Heteroclin                          10'24      —      76'32    11'49  114  0'26  —  —  =    99'45 

3.  Dy  smite                            38  "39      —     51  '67      9  '44  —  —  —  —  =    99  '50 

4.  Allagite,  green                  16'00      —        —      73  71  —  —  —  7'50  =    97'21 

5.  ."        brown  IG'OO      —        —      79'00      tr.       —       —     7'50  =    98'50 

6.  Photicite,  yellowish  39-00    0'25    46'13      0'50      —       —     3  "00  11  '00  =    99'88 

7.  "         grayish  36'00    6  00    37'33      0'50      —       —      6  00  14'00  =    99  89 

8.  Horn-manganese  35'00    0'25    57'16      0'25      —       —     2'50    5'00  =    99'91 

The  ores,  as  alteration  continues,  graduate  into  true  oxides  of  manganese.  A  kind  from 
Pesillo  (called  Pesillite  by  Huot,  Min.,  1841)  has  lost  nearly  all  of  the  silica  in  the  change. 

A  series  of  alteration  products  of  rhodonite  from  North  Carolina  and  Rhode  Island  have 
been  analyzed  by  W.  N.  De  Regt,  cf.  Chester,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  187,  1888. 

Artif.  —  Formed  by  Bourgeois  in  crystals  by  fusing  equal  equivalents  of  silica  and  manganese 
dioxide,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  6,  64,  1883.  Also  by  Gorgeu,  ibid.,  10,  264,  1887;  described  by  Vogt 
from  the  iron  works  at  Westanfors,  Sweden,  in  Bessemer  slags  and  also  with  those  of  spiegeleisen. 
Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  Bihang,  9,  29,  1884;  Arch.  Math.  Nat.,  Christ.,  30,  80,  1889. 

Ref.—  '  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  42,  No.  6,  159,  1885,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  506,  1886.  The  position  is 
that  suggested  by  J.  D.  D.  (Min.  225,  1868),  which  shows  the  relation  to  pyroxene;  later  adopted 
by  Groth,  Tab.  Ueb.,  58,  102,  1874.  and  Flink. 

8  Cf.  Dbr.,  Pogg.,  94,  396,  1855;  Greg,  Phil.  Mag.,  4,  196.  1856;  Kk.,  4,  174;  Dx.,  Min.,  1, 
68,  1862;  Sjogren,  Pajsberg,  G.  For.  Forh.,  5,  259,  1880;  Flink.  1.  c.,  who  gives  many  new 
forms.  z  Pirsson,  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  484,  1890.  4  E.  S.  D.,  Franklin. 

HYDRORHODONITE.  Hydrorodonit  N.  Engstrom,  G.  For.  Forh.,  2,  468,  1875.  Massive; 
crystalline.  Cleavage  easy  in  one  direction.  H.  =  5-6.  G.  =  2  '70.  Luster  vitreous.  Color 
red-brown.  Streak  brownish  white.  Translucent,  in  thin  splinters  transparent.  Analysis, 
Engstrom: 

SiO2  44-07  MuO  30'83  FeO  1'04  CaO  3'60  MgO  6'98  Li2O  1'23  Na2O  0'39  H2O  11  -84  =  99'98 

A  second  analysis  gave  similar  results.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  with  the  separation  of 
silica.  From  Langban,  Wermland,  Sweden.  This  may  be  a  hydrated  rhodonite. 

KLIPSTEINITE.  Schwarz-Braunsteinerz  von  Klapperud  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  4,  137,  1807  = 
Opsimose  Beud.,  Tr.,  187,  1832.  Vattenhaltigt  Manganoxidsilikat  Bahr,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  7, 
242,  1850.  Klipsteinite  Ebl.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  97,  180,  1866. 

Amorphous.  Compact.  H.  =  5-55.  G.  =  3  -5.  Luster  dull  to  submetallic.  Color  dark 
liver-brown  to  black.  Streak  reddish  brown  or  yellowish  brown.  Opaque.  Analyses:  1,  Bahr, 
1.  c.  2,  v.  Kobell,  1.  c.: 

SiO2    A12O3  Fe2O3  Mn2O3  MnO  MgO   CaO    H2O 

1.  Klapperud,  Opsim.  28'69    0'61     914     56'21        —      0'39    0'50    9'51  =  100'OS 

2.  Dillenburg,  Klipst.  25  "00    1'7Q     4  "00     3217    25  '00    2  '00      —     9  '00  =    98  -87 

From  Klapperud  in  Dalecarlia  with  rhodonite;  also  from  the  Bornberg  mine  at  Herborn, 
Dillenburg.     Beudant's  name  is  from  the  Greek  otyinoS,  late;  Klipsteinite  is 


near  Dillenburg.     Beudant's  name  is  from  the  Greek  oinoS,  late    Klisteinite  is  named  after 
Prof.  v.  Klipstein  of  Giessen. 

Fischer  shows  the  impurity  of  this  supposed  mineral,  Zs.  Kr.,  4,  365,  1880. 

336.  BABINGTONITE.    Levy,  Ann.  Phil.,  7,  275,  1824. 

Triclinic.    Axes  a  :  b  :  6  =  1-06906  :  1  :  0-63084;  a  =  104°  21J',  /3  =  108°  30f  ', 
y  =  83°  34J'  Dauber1. 

100  A  010  =  92°  4J',  100  A  001  =  72°  28£',  010  A  001  =  76°  58J'. 

Forms1  :  b  (010,  i-l,  s)  m  (110,  J',  b)  h  (221,  2')  /  (443,  f  ,) 

a  (100,  i-i,  o  Dbr.)  c  (001,  0,  a)  M  (110,  '/,  c)  g  (ill,  1,)  d  (221,  '2) 

am   =  *47°  23'  b'M  =  42°  43'  cd    -     57°  36'  dh  =  69°  21' 

aM  =  45°  13'  eh    =  43°     6'  cM  =  *87°  28'  ah  =  50°  32^' 

mM  =  *92°  36'  cm    =  *67°  48'  bh    =    51°  13'  ad  =  41°  48V 

bm    =  44°  41'  eg     =  *47°  36'  b'd  =     59°  26'  a'g  =  75°  44' 

For  a  comparison  of  angles  with  pyroxene,  see  p.  379. 


SILICATES. 


Arendal,  after  Dx. 


Crystals  small,  somewhat  resembling  black  augite  or  hornblende.  Faces  in 
zone  c  km  striated  ||  their  intersection-edges;  also  c  d  similarly. 

Cleavage:  M  perfect;  also  m  less  so.  Fracture  subcon- 
choidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  5-5-6.  G.  =  3'35-3'37.  Luster 
vitreous,  splendent.  Color  dark  greenish  black.  Pleochroic. 
Faintly  translucent;  large  crystals  opaque,  or  faintly  subtrans- 
lucent.  Extinction-angles  with  6  on  a  (100)  44%  on  b  (010)  31°, 
Vogt. 

Comp.— (Ca,Fe,Mn)Si03  with  Fe2(Si03)3  in  the  ratio  of  9  :  1 
(anal.  1),  or  6  :  1  (anal.  2),  Rg. 

Anal.— 1,  Rg.,  Pogg.,  103,  287,  304,  1858.  2,  Jehn,  Pogg.,  144,  594, 
1871,  and  Inaug.  Diss.,  Jena.  1871.  3,  Forbes,  Phil.  Mag.,  37,  328,  1869. 
4,  H.  Klemm,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Jena,  1873. 

H2O 

0-44  =  100-92 
0-43  alk.  tr.  =  99 '94 
0-73  A12O3  1-60  =  99-89 
—   =  100-25 
*  Incl.  10-91  Mn2O3. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  at  2'7  to  a  black  magnetic  globule,  and  with  the  fluxes  gives  reactions 
for  iron  and  manganese.  Unacted  upon  by  acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  distinct  crystals  at  Arendal,  in  Norway,  associated  with  epidote  and 
massive  garnet;  in  the  syenite  of  Sutherland,  Scotland,  but  falsely  reported  from  the  Shetlands 
(Heddle);  at  Herboruseelbach,  Nassau,  implanted  upon  a  massive  ferruginous  quartz;  at  Baveno, 
Italy,  in  cavities  in  granite;  Devonshire,  England. 

In  the  United  States  it  is  said  to  coat  crystals  of  feldspar,  at  Gouverneur,  St.  Lawrence  Co., 
N.  Y.  Small  black  polished  crystals  coating  mica  slate,  or  micaceous  gneiss,  at  Athol,  Mass., 
referred  by  Shepard  to  babingtonite,  may  possibly  belong  here,  but  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  228. 

It  was  named  after  Dr.  Wm.  Babington  (1757-1833). 

Artif. — Observed  in  crystals  in  slag  at  the  Bessemer  steel  manufacture  at  Hoerde;  the  com- 
position (anal.  4)  varies  somewhat  widely  from  that  of  the  natural  mineral;  also  in  cavities  in  a 
roasted  iron  ore  from  Finspong,  Vogt,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  Bihang,  9,  No.  1,  37,  1884. 

Ref.— '  Arendal,  Pogg.,  94,  402,  1855;  cf.  rhodonite.  See  also  Levy,  1.  c.;  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  73, 
1862;  Rath,  Baveno,  Pogg.,  135,  583,  1868;  Id.,  Nassau,  Pogg.,  Erg.,  5,  420,  1871;  Schrauf, 
Atlas,  xxx,  1871. 


G. 

SiO2 

Fe203 

FeO 

MnO 

CaO 

MgO 

I. 

Arendal 

3 

•366 

51 

•22 

11-00 

10-26 

7-91 

19-32 

0-77 

2. 

Hornseelbach 

8 

•355 

50 

•44 

17-01 

7-49 

3-22. 

19-90 

1-45 

3. 

Devonshire 

3 

•434 

49 

•12 

9-78 

12-87 

1-25 

20-87 

3-67 

4. 

Artificial 

o 

24 

f  48 

•89 

16-25* 

29-48 

239 

1-81 

1-43 

3.  Amphibole  Group. 

Orthorhombic,  Monoclinic,  Triclinic. 

Composition  RSi03  with  R  =  Ca,Mg,Fe  chiefly,  also  Mn,Na2(K2),H2.   Further 
often  containing  aluminium  and  ferric  iron,  in  part  as  NaAl(Si03)2  or  N~aFe(Si03)2; 

perhaps  also  as  RR2Si06. 

a.    Orthorhombic  Section. 


337.  Anthophyllite 
337A.  GEDRITE 


338.  Amphibole 

Non-aluminous 
TBEMOLITE 
ACTINOLITE 


(Mg,Fe)Si03  0-5138 

(Mg,Fe)Si03  with  (Mg,Fe)AlaSi06 

fi.   Monoclinic  Section. 

0*5511  :  1  :  0-2938 


CaMg3(Si03)4 
Ca(Mg,Fe)3(Si03)4 


ft 

73°  58' 


__________  ,334 

Nephrite,  Asbestus,  Smaragdite,  etc. 


AMPHIBOLE  GROUP. 


CUMMENTGTO:NTITE       (Fe,Mg)Si03 

Amphibole-anthophyllite 
DANNEMORITE          (Fe,Mn,Mg)SiO, 

Silfbergite,  Hilliingsite 
GRUNERITE  FeSi03 

EICHTERITE  ( (K,Tsa)2Mg,Ca,Mn)SiO, 


Aluminous 
EDENITE 


339.  Glaucophane 

340.  Eiebeckite 

341.  Crocidolite 

342.  Arfyedsonite 

342  A.  Barkevikite. 


343.  JEnigmatite 

Cossyrite 


)  Chiefly  Ca(Mg,Fe)3Si4012  with 

f  ^Ta2Al3Si4012  and  (Mg,Fe)2(Al,Fe)4Sia0ls 

NaAl(Si03)2.(Fe,Mg)Si03 
2NaFe(Si03)2.FeSi03 
NaFe(Si03)2.FeSi03 
Na8(Ca,Mg)3(Fe,Mn)14(Al,Fe)2Si21046 

y.   Triclinic  Section. 

*:*'•* 

Na4Fe9AlFe(Si,Ti)12088  0'6778  :  1  :  0-3506 

a  =  90°  ft  =  72°  49'  y  =  90°  approx. 


The  AMPHIBOLE  GROUP  embraces  a  number  of  species  which,  while  falling  in 
different  systems,  are  yet  closely  related  in  form — as  shown  in  the  common  prismatic 
cleavage  of  54°  to  56° — also  in  optical  characters  and  chemical  composition.  As 
already  noted  (seep.  345),  the  species  of  this  group  form  chemically  a  series  parallel 
to  that  of  the  closely  allied  Pyroxene  Group,  and  between  them  there  is  a  close 
relationship  in  crystalline  form  and  other  characters.  The  amphibole  group, 
however,  is  less  fully  developed,  including  fewer  species,  and  those  known  show  less 
variety  in  form. 

The  chief  distinctions  between  pyroxene  and  amphibole  proper  are  the  following:  prismatic 
angle  with  pyroxene  87°  and  93°;  with  amphibole  56°  and  124°;  the  prismatic  cleavage  being 
much  more  distinct  in  the  latter.  With  pyroxene,  crystals  usually  short  prismatic  and  often 
complex,  structure  of  massive  kinds  mostly  lamellar  or  granular;  with  amphibole,  crystals  chiefly 
long  prismatic  and  simple,  columnar  and  fibrous  massive  kinds  the  rule.  The  specific  gravity 
of  most  of  the  pyroxene  varieties  is  higher  than  of  the  like  varieties  of  amphibole.  In  com- 
position of  corresponding  kinds,  magnesium  is  present  in  larger  amount  in  amphibole  (Ca  :  Mg  = 
1  :  1  in  diopside,  =  1  :  3  in  tremolite);  alkalies  more  frequently  play  a  prominent  part  in  amphi- 
bole. Of  also  pp.  388,  390. 

The  optical  relations  of  the  prominent  members  of  the  group,  as  regards  the 
position  of  the  axes  of  light-elasticity,  is  exhibited  by  the  following  figures  (after 
Cross);  compare  p.  346  for  a  similar  representation  for  the  corresponding  members 
of  the  pyroxene  group. 


II. 


ra. 


IV. 


v. 


VI. 


I.  Anthophyllite.    II.  Glaucophane.    III.  Tremolite,  etc.     IV.  Hornblende. 

V,  Arfvedsonite  (?).     VI.  Riebeckite  (?). 


384  SILICATES. 

a.   Orthorhombic  Section. 

337.  ANTHOPHYLLITE.  Anthophyllit  Schumacher,  Verzeiclin.,  96, 1801.  Antophyllit 
Karst.,  Tab.,  32,  1808.  Anthogrammit  Breith.,  Char.,  29,  1820.  Antholith  Breith.,  Uib.,  38, 
1830.  Kupfferit  R  Hermann,  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscou,  35,  243,  1862. 

337A.  GEDRITE  Dufrenoy,  Ann.  Mines,  10,  582,  1836. 

Orthorhombic.  Axial  ratio  a  :  b  =  0'51375  :  1,  Penfield1.  Prismatic  angle, 
mm'"  —  54°  23'.  Crystals  rare,  -habit  prismatic  but  prisms  not  terminated. 
Commonly  lamellar,  or  fibrous  massive;  fibers  often  very  slender.  Also  in  aggrega- 
tions of  prisms,  like  actinolite. 

Cleavage:  prismatic,  perfect;  b  less  so;  a  sometimes  distinct.  H.  =  5-5-6. 
G.  =  3*1— 3*2.  Luster  vitreous,  somewhat  pearly  on  the  cleavage-face.  Color 
brownish  gray,  yellowish  brown,  clove-brown,  brownish  green,  emerald-green, 
sometimes  metalloidal.  Streak  uucolored  or  grayish.  Transparent  to  sub- 
translucent. 

Anthophyllite  is  usually  optically  -f-  (Dx.,  anal.  2);  also  optically  +  for  red, 
—  for  yellow,  green  (Pfd.,  anal.  1).  Ax.  pi.  always  ||  b.  Bxa  usually  _L  c]  also  _L  c 
for  red,  J_  «  for  yellow,  green.  Axial  angles  and  indices: 

Kongsberg2  (anal.  2)     2H0.r  =  117°  26'     2H0.y  =  116°  26'    .-.    2V0.r  =  99°  58'    /Jr  =  l'636Dx. 
(other  sections)  2H0.r  =  110°  49',  117°  18',  2H0.y  =  112°  4',  2H0.bi  =  109°  5',  111°  5f 

Franklin,  N.  C.1  (anal.  1)  section  ||  a         2Hr  =  87°  81'          2Hy  =  85°  45'          2Hgr  =  83°  44' 

I  c          2Hr  =  87°  24'          2Hy  =  88°     5'          2Hgr  =  88°  28' 

.-.      2Vr  =  90°4'    2Vy  =  88°46'    27^  =  87°  28'  and  ft,  =  1-6276    fty  =  1'6353    /^  =  1'6495 
Also,  measured    >ffy  =  1-6301        yy  =  1*6404        .-.     a,  =  1-6288. 

Gedrite  from  Fiskernas  is  optically  — .     Axial  angles  and  indices,  Ussing8: 

2Ha.r  =  89°  24'  2Ha.y  =  89°  6'  2Ha.gr  =  88°  45' 

/Jr  =  1-6358  yr  =  1-6439  .'.     a,  =  1-623  2Vr  =  78|°. 

Comp.,  Tar. — (Mg,Fe)Si03,  corresponding  to  enstatite-bronzite-hypersthene 
in  the  pyroxene  group.  Aluminium  is  sometimes  present  in  considerable  amount. 
There  is  the  same  relation  in  optical  character  between  anthophyllite  (+)  and 
gedrite  (— )  as  between  enstatite  and  hypersthene. 

Var. — 1.  ANTHOPHYLLITE,  Mg  :  Fe  =  4  :  1,  3  :  1,  etc.  For  3:1,  the  percentage  com- 
position is:  Silica  55"6,  iron  protoxide  16'6,  magnesia  27'8  =  100.  In  anal.  2,  Mg  :  (Fe  -}-Mn  -f- 
Ca  -f-  H2)  —  3:1  nearly,  the  water  is  here  chemically  combined.  Anthophyllite  sometimes 
occurs  in  forms  resembling  asbestus. 

In  Kupfferite,  the  magnesia  predominates  largely;  it  thus  seems  to  correspond  more  nearly 
to  an  enstatite;  a  little  chromium  gives  it  a  deep  green  color. 

2.  Aluminous, GEDRITE.  Iron  is  present  in  larger  amount,and  also  aluminium;  it  hence  cor- 
responds nearly  to  a  hypersthene,  some  varieties  of  which  are  highly  aluminous  (cf.  anals.,  p.  350); 
the  aluminium  may  be  present  as  MgAl2SiO6.  The  gedrite  from  Bamle  has  mm'"  =  54°  40' 
(Dx.).that  of  Fiskernas,  mm"'  —  55°  12  '4  (Ussing). 

Thalackerite  Breith.  is  an  anthophyllite  from  Greenland,  having  a  metalloidal  luster  ||  b. 
Optically  +.  2H0.r  =  117°  35'  Dx.,  N.  R,  32,  1867. 

Hydrous  anthophyllites  have  been  repeatedly  described,  but  in  most  cases  they  have  been 
shown  to  be  hydrated  monoclinic  amphiboles.  That  of  Thomson,  from  New  York  Island,  has  been 
examined  by  Smith  and  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  49, 1853.  Another  from  Glen  Urquhart,  Scotland, 
described  by  Heddle  (Min.  Mag.,  4,  213,  1881),  is  actinolite,  as  shown  by  Lex.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  9, 
7,  1886. 

A  mineral  regarded  by  Pisani  as  the  snarumile  of  Breithaupt  (5th  Ed.,  p.  316)  is  probably  a 
somewhat  altered  anthophyllite,  cf.  anal  13,  and  Dx..  C.  R.,  84,  1510,  1877.  Another 
"  snarumite"  has  a  composition  near  spodumene,  cf.  Breith.,  Jb.  Min.,  820,  1872. 

Anal.— 1,  Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  394.  1890.  2,  Pisani,  Dx.  Min.,  1,  536,  1862.  3,  Bre- 
zina,  Min.  Mitth.,  247,  1874.  4,  Heddle,  Min.  Mag.,  3,  21,  1879.  5,  Hermann,  1.  c.  6,  Pisani, 
L'Institut,  190,  1861.  7,  Petersson,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  39,  No.  10,  7,  1882.  8,  Rosenius,  Zs.  Kr., 
2,  498,  1878.  9,  Stadius,  ibid.  10,  Lechartier,  Dx.,  N.  R.,  32,  1867.  11,  Ussing,  Ofv.  Ak. 
Stockh.,  46,  29,  1889,  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  609,  1889.  12,  13,  Pisani,  C.  R.,  84,  1510,  1877. 


AMPHIBOLE  GROUP-AMPHIBOLE. 


385 


AntJiophylUte. 

G. 
1.  Franklin,  N.  C.     3  '093 


2.  Kongsberg 

3.  Hermannschlag 

4.  Scotland 

5.  Ilmen  Mts., 

Kupfferite 


3  '068 
3'08 


Gedrite. 

6.  Heas,  Gedres 

7.  Hilsen 

8.  Stansvik  3  '022 

9.  "  3-045 

10.  "United  States  V  3-225 

11.  Fiskernas 

12.  Bamle  2'98 

13.  Snarum, 

Snarumite 

•  CraO3. 


Si02  A1203     FeO    MnO  MgO    CaO  Alk.    H2O 
57-98    0-63    10-39    0'31    28'69    0'20      —     1-67  ign  (100°)  012 

[=  99-99 

56-16    2-65    14-13    0'91     23-19    1'51      —     2'38  =  100  93 
57-39    2-04      653      —     29'08    0'69      —     2'56  Fe2O3  0'42  = 

[98-71 
56-86    4-49      813    0'87    25'87    1'09      —     3'36  =  100'67 

57-46    1-21*    6-05    0'65b  30'88    2'93     tr.     0'82  =  100 


4317  16'80 
43'92  11  -34 
51'74  8  "55 
52-05  9  '46 
46'74  13'70 
46-18  22'22C 
51  '80  12'40 

57*90  13'55 
b  NiO. 


18-56 

16-81 

20-35 

20-72 

28-09 

2-77 

3-67 


1-47 
0-41 
0-26 


15-73 
19-14 
16-45 
17-24 
8-76 
25-05 
2760 


1-32 
3-02 
1-79 
1-35 
0-77 


2-30d 
1-44 


4-21  = 

1-68  = 


1-90  = 
1-37  = 

3-00  = 


99-79 

97-38 
99-29 
101-08 
99-96 
99-89 
99-91 


1-90      —     1940    0-87 
c  Incl.  0-44  Fe2O3. 


4-50    2-86  =  100- 
d  Na20. 


A  "  kupfferite  "  analyzed  by  Lorenzen  from  Greenland  is  shown  by  Ussing  to  be  bronzite 
(anal.  5,  p.  347). 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  with  difficulty  to  a  black  magnetic  enamel;  with  the  fluxes  gives 
reactions  for  iron;  unacted  upon  by  acids. 

Obs.— Anthophyllite  occurs  in  mica  schist  with  hornblende  and  mica  in  thin  and  long  plates 
and  fibers  near  Kongsberg  in  Norway,  and  with  gray  cobalt  near  Modum;  in  the  spherical  mica 
aggregates  at  Hermannschlag,  Moravia;  probably  in  the  gabbro  of  the  Lizard,  Cornwall  (Teall). 
In  the  U.  S.,  at  the  Jenks  corundum  mine,  Franklin,  Macon  Co.,  N.  C. 

Named  from  anthophyllum,  clove,  in  allusion  to  the  clove-brown  color,  as  Schumacher 
states. 

Kupfferite  is  from  a  graphite  mine  in  the  Tunkinsk  Mts.,  near  L.  Baikal.  The  analysis  here 
given  is  from  a  mineral  of  similar  kind  from  near  Miask,  in  the  Ilmen  Mts.  The  former  has 
not  been  analyzed.  Koksharov  has  also  found  it  near  the  Sanarka  river,  Ural.  Named  after 
the  Russian  crystallographer  and  physicist  Adolf  Kupffer  (1799-1865). 

The  original  gedrite  is  from  the  valley  of  Heas,  near  GSdres,  France,  and  contains  micro- 
scopic black  spinels  (picotite).  Similar  aluminous  anthophyllites  have  been  observed  in  crys- 
talline schists  from  other  localities,  as  at  Hilsen  near  Snarum,  also  Kragero,  Bamle,  in  Norway; 
Stansvik  near  Helsingfors,  Finland  (Sjogren);  also  Fiskernas,  Greenland. 

Ref.— >  Franklin,  Macon  Co.,  N.  C.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  394,  1890.  2  N.  R,  31,  1867.  3  Zs. 
Kr.,  15,  609,  1889. 

PIDDINGTONITE  Haidinger,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  41,  251,  1860.  The  ash-gray  mass  of  the 
meteorite  of  Shalka,  in  Bancoorah,  consisting  in  part  of  grains  having  two  easy  cleavages 
inclined  to  one  another  70°,  with  H.  =  6*5;  G.  =  3'412  Haid.,  3'66  Piddington;  and  fracture 
resinous,  and  containing  small  embedded  grains  of  chromite.  Hauer  obtained:  SiO2  57'66, 
AlaOs  tr.,  FeO  20*65,  MgO  19-00,  CaO  1'53  =  98 '84,  which  is  nearly  the  composition  of  antho- 
phyllite.  The  meteorite  was  first  described  by  H.  Piddington  in  the  J.  Asiat.  Soc.  Bengal,  20, 
299,  1852. 

338.  AMPHIBOLE.  Skorl  (=  Schorl)  pt.  Wall.,  1747  (excluding  Amiantus,  Bergkork, 
etc.,  and  Asbestus).  Skorl  pt.,  Stralskorl  (=  Strahlstein)  Cronst.,  Min.,  1758  (excl.  Asbestus 
=  Amianthus)  and  Bergkork,  id.  Hornblende  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  1789  (excl.  Strahlstein  and 
Asbest).  Hornblende  Karst.,  Tab.,  1791  (excl.  Strahlstein,  Tremolit,  and  Asbest).  Id.  (excl. 
also  Smaragditpt.)  Karst.,  Tab.,  1800,  1808;  id.  Ullmann,  1814,  and  Jameson,  1817.  Amphibole 
(incl.  Actinote)  H.,  Tr.,  1801  (excl.  Grammatite  =  Tremolite  and  Asbeste).  Amphibole  (incl. 
Actinote  and  Grammatite)  H.,  Tabl.,  1809  (excl.  Asbeste).  Heterotyp  (incl.  Asbestus,  Bronzite, 
Hypersth.,  Anthoph.  .with  other  varieties)  Hausm.,  Handb.,  1813.  Hornblende  Jameson,  Syst., 
1820  (excl.  Actinolite,  Tremolite,  Asbestus,  Carinthine).  Amfibole,  Orniblenda,  Ital.  Anfibola, 
Hornblenda,  Span. 

Tremolite.  Tremolit  Pint,  de  Saussure,  Voy.  Alpes,  4,  §  1923,  1796.  Grammatite  H.,  Tr., 
3,  1801.  Kalamit  Wern.,  Tasch.  Min.,  10,  169,  1816.  Calamite.  Raphilite  Thorn.,  Min.,  1, 
153,  1836.  Sebesit  in  Breith.  Handb.,  539,  1847.  Nordenskioldit,  Kenng.,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  12, 
297,  1854.  Hexagonite  Goldsmith,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  160,  1876. 

Actinolite.  Stralskorl  pt.  Cronst.,  1.  c.  Strahlstein  Germ.  Actynolite  Kirw.,  Min.,  1,  167, 
1794.  Schorl  vert  du  Zillerthal,  Zillerthite,  Delameth.,  T.  T.,  2,  357,  1797.  Actinote  H.,  Tr., 
3,  1801. 


386 


SILICATES. 


NEPHRITE.     Pietra  di  hijada  [fr.   Mexico  or  Peru]  Span.      Lapis  nephriticus  A.   Clutius, 
Dissert.,  1627;  C.  Bartholinus,  Opusc.,  16:28;  de  Boot,  Gemm.,  1609.     Lapis ludicus  Aldrovatidus, 
Met.,  p.  706.     Talcum  uephriticum  Linn.,  1768.     Jade,  Pierre  nephretique,  d'Argenmlle,  Oryct. 
186,    1755;    Sage,   de   Lisle,   etc.      Nephrit    Wern.,   Ueb.    Cronst.,   185,    1780.      Kidney   Stone. 
Niereustein,  Beilsteiu,  Germ.     Cacholong  pt. 

ASBESTOS.  'AjuiarroS  A/GoS  Dioscor.,  5,  155.  [Not  dafiearoS  [=  Quicklime]  Dioscor. t 
5,  133.]  Asbestos,  Linum  vivum,  Amiantus,  Plin.,  19,  4,  36,  31.  Lapis  Carystius  (fr.  Carys- 
tum)  Pausanias.  Lana  montana.  Amiantus,  Asbestus,  Agric.,  Foss.,  253,  1546;  Wall.,  Min., 
140,  143,  1747  (Caro  montana  or  Bargkoit  =  Mountain  leather,  and  Suber  montauum  or  Barg- 
koark  =  Mountain  cork,  being  included)..  Asbestus,  Amianthus,  Carystine  (—  Mtn.  leather 
and  cork),  Rill,  Foss.,  166,  1771.  Kymatiu  Breith.,  Uib.  1830,  Char.,  113,  1832.  Byssolite  (fr. 
Bourg  d'Oisaus)  Saussure,  Voy.  Alpes,  §  1696;  Asbestoide  (ib.)  Vauq.  &  Macquart,  Bull.  Soc. 
Philom.,  No.  54,  1797;  Amiauthoide  (ib.)  Delameth.,  T.  T.,  2,  364,  1797. 

SMARAGDITE  Saussure,  Voy.  Alpes,  4,  §§  1313,  1362,  1796.  Diallage  verte  pt,  H.,  1801; 
Green  Diallage  pt.  Diullagon  Ullmann,  Tab.,  90,  1814. 

CUMMINGTONITE  Dewey,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  59,  1824.  Araphibole-Anthophyllite  Dx.,  N.  R., 
114,  1867.  Antholite  Dana,  Min.,  234,  1868. 

DANNEMORITE  (Jern-och-mauganoxidulrik  Hornblende  A.  Ei'dmann,  Daunemora  Jernm., 
52,  1851.  Dannemorit  Kenng.,  Ueb.  61,  1855,  1856).  Asbeferrite  Igelstrom,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  26,  23, 
1867.  Silfbergit  Weibull,  Of  v.  Ak.  Stockh.,  41,  No.  9,  24,  1884.  Hillaugsite  Igelstrom,  Bull. 
Soc.  Min.,  7,  232,  1884;  Hillangsite. 

GRUNERITE  (Pyroxene  ferrugineux  (fr.  Collobrieres)  Gruner,  C.  R.,  24,  794;  Griiuerit 
Kenng.,  Min.,  69,  1853). 

Richterite  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  24,  364,  1865.  Breislakite  Brocchi,  Cat.  di  una  raccolta  di 
Rocce,  28,  60,  '70,  192,  1817.  Cyclopelte  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  65,  1862. 

Hornblende — 

EDENITE.  Edenit  Breith.,  Handb.,  558,  1847.  Kokscharowit  N.  Nordenskiold,  Bull.  Soc. 
Nat.  Moscow,  30,  223,  1857. 

PARGASITE.  HORNBLENDE.  Corneus  fissilis  pt.,  Corneus  solidus  pt.,  C.  crystallisatus  pt., 
Hornbarg,  Skiorl  pt.,  Wall.,  Min.,  138,  139,  1747.  Skdrl  pt.,  Basaltes  pt.,  Bolus  particulis 
squarnosispt.,  Cronst.,  70,  82,  1758.  Schorl  opaque  rhomboidal  pt..  Schorl  argileux  pt.,  de 
Lisle,  Crist.,  2,  389  (pi.  iv.,  f.  97,  99),  424,  1783.  Basaltische  Hornblende  Wern.,  Bergiii.  J., 
1789  (incl.  also  augite).  Basaltische  H.  (augite  excl.)  Wern.,  1792,  and  later;  Karst.,  Tab.,  1800. 
Pargasit  Steinheil,  1814,  Tasch.,  Min.,  301,  1815.  Amphibolit  Breith.,  Char.,  1823,  Uib.,  34, 
1830.  Diastatit  (fr.  Wermland)  Breith.,  Char.,  134,  1832.  Syutagmatit  (f r.  Vesuvius),  Wallerian, 
Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  24,  428,  1865. 

Noralite  Dana,  Min.,  236,  1868.  Gamsigradite  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  20,  51,  1861.  Berga- 
maskite  Lucchetti,  Mein.  Ace.  Bologna,  2,  397,  1881.  Kaersutit  Lorenzen,  Medd.-  Gronland, 
7,  1884. 

Monoclinic.      Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-55108  :  1  :  0*29376;    ft  =  73°  58J'  =  001   A 
100  N.  Nordenskiold-Koksharov1. 

100  A  1JO  =  27°  54^,  001  A  101  =  24°  4',  001  A  Oil  =  15°  46'. 


Torms2 : 
a  (100,  i-l) 
b  (010,  i-l) 
c  (001,  0) 

n  (310,  £-3) 
q  (210,  i-2) 
d  (430,  *-f  ) 


m  (110,  I) 
e    (130,  i -3) 
x  (150,  *-5) 
T  (170,  i-iy 

t   (101, -1 
p  (101,  14) 


h  (503,  §4)3 
I  (201,  2-1) 
f  (301,  3-i)3 

r  (Oil,  14) 
*  (031,  8-1) 
p  (051,  54) 


a  (112,  -  i) 
d  (111,  1) 
ft  (332,  f) 
P  (221,  2)4 
n  (312,  f-3)3 
k  (211,  2-2) 


t>  (231,  3-f) 
z  (12!,  22) 
9  (251, 


54)3 


u  (131,  3-3)4 
s  (141,  4-4) 
y  (2-10-1,  10-5)4 


Figs.  1-3,  Russell,  N.  Y.     4,  Pierrepont,  N.  Y.     Penfield. 


AMPHIBOLE  GROUP—  AMPHIBOLE. 


387 


nri" 

— 

20°    IV 

qq" 

= 

29°  40' 

mm!" 

= 

*55°  49' 

ee' 

— 

64°  22' 

XX' 

= 

41*  22' 

TT 

= 

30°  11' 

at 

_ 

49°  54' 

cp 

— 

31°    0' 

cl 

= 

55°  27' 

rf 

— 

70°    2' 

ph 

— 

17°  32' 

Pf 

— 

39°    2' 

pt 

= 

55°    4' 

rr' 

— 

*31° 

32' 

ii' 

— 

80° 

32' 

PP' 

= 

109° 

22V 

cm 

— 

75° 

52^' 

cd 

= 

34° 

27^ 

cP 

— 

58° 

54' 

ck 

= 

56° 

25' 

CO 

— 

33° 

37' 

cv 

= 

62° 

3' 

ar 

_ 

74° 

35' 

ap 

— 

80° 

49' 

a'd 

— 

75° 

37' 

a'n  =  61°    41' 

a'k  =  51°  44' 

ao  =  54°    IV 

a'z  =  77°    1' 

a'g  —  65°  10f 

da'  =  31°  41' 

kk'  =  25°  34' 
PP'  =  48°  49|' 

oo  =  48°  24' 

w1  =  68°  30' 

22'  =  59°    9V 

gg'  =97°  13' 

w'  =  97°  15' 


m'k 

— 

49° 

24' 

mr 

= 

68° 

46V 

mo 

= 

44° 

41' 

pr 

_ 

*34° 

25' 

prc 

:  — 

15° 

26' 

pk 

= 

27° 

25' 

pm' 

— 

76° 

48V 

pr 

— 

*34° 

25' 

po 

;  — 

58° 

30V 

po 

== 

41° 

12' 

pi 

— 

49° 

9' 

pp 

— 

60° 

18' 

m 


13. 


Figs.  5-7.  11,  Russell,  N.  Y.  8,  9,  Pierrepont,  N.  Y.  10,  Rossie,  N.  Y.  12,  DeKalb,  N.  Y. 
Figs.  5-12,  Penfield.  13,  A  dark  green  amphibole  enclosing,  in  parallel  position,  a  pale 
green  pyroxene,  Russell,  N.  Y.,  G.  H.  Williams. 

Twins7:  (1)  tw.  pi.  a,  common  as  contact-twins;  rarely  polysynthetic1.   (2)  c,  as 
tw.  lamellae,  occasionally  producing  a  parting  analo-  14. 

8DUS  to   that  more   common  with  pyroxene  (f.  13).  f 

rystals  commonly  prismatic,  with  m  short  (f.  1,  2),  or 
elongated  (f.  5,  etc.) ;  usually  terminated  by  the  low 
clinodome,  r,  sometimes  by  r  and  p  equally  developed 
and  then  suggesting  rhombohedral  forms  (as  of  the 
low  terminal  rhombohedron  of  tourmaline),  since  the 
angles  rr'  and  pr  approximate  to  each  other;  the 
form  a  not  very  common.  Also  columnar  or  fibrous, 
coarse  or  fine,  fibers  often  like  flax;  rarely  lamellar; 
also  granular  massive,  coarse  or  fine,  and  usually 
strongly  coherent,  but  sometimes  friable. 

Cleav»age:  m  highly  perfect;   a,  b  sometimes  dis- 
tinct.     Parting,  due   to   twinning,  sometimes  observed  ||  c  and  ||  a.      Fracture 


388  SILICATES. 

Bubconchoidal,  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  —  5-6.  G.  =  2 -9-3 -4,  varying  with  the 
composition.  Luster  vitreous  to  pearly  on  cleavage-faces ;  fibrous  varieties 
often  silky.  Color  between  black  and  white,  through  various  shades  of  green, 
inclining  to  blackish  green;  also  dark  brown ;  rarely  yellow,  pink,  rose-red.  Streak 
uncolored,  or  paler  than  color.  Sometimes  nearly  transparent;  usually  subtrans- 
lucent  to  opaque. 

Pleochroism  strongly  marked  in  all  the  deeply  colored  varieties,  as  described 
beyond.  Absorption  usually  c  >.Jb  >  a.  Optically  — ,  rarely  -}-.  Ax.  pi.  |  b. 
Extinction-angle  on  b,  or  c  A  &  =  +  15°  to  18°  in  most  cases,  but  varying  from 
about  0°  up  to  37°;  hence  also  Bxa  A  c  =  —  75°  to  —  72°,  etc.  Dispersion  p  <  v. 
Axial  angles,  variable;  see  under  the  varieties  below, 

Coinp.,  Var. — In  part  a  normal  rnetasilicate  of  calcium  and  magnesium, 
usually  with  iron,  also  manganese,  and  thus  in  general  analogous  to  the  pyroxenes. 
The  alkali  metals,  sodium  and  potassium  (and  hydrogen),  also  present,  and  more 
commonly  so  than  with  pyroxene.  In  part  also  aluminous,  corresponding  to  the 
aluminous  pyroxenes.  Titanium  sometimes  is  present  and  also  rarely  fluorine  in 
small  amount. 

The  aluminium  is  in  part  present  as  NaAl(SiO3)2,  but  many  amphiboles  containing  aluminium 
or  ferric  iron  are  more  oasic  than  a  normal  metasilicate;  they  may  sometimes  be  explained  as 

containing  R(Al,Fe)2SiO6  (cf.  Tscbermak)8;  but  the  exact  nature  of  the  compound  is  often 
doubtful.  Tschermak  has  shown  reason  for  writing  the  amphibole  formulas  as  double  the 
corresponding  ones  for  pyroxene.  Thus,  for  most  tremolite  and  actinolite,  Ca :  Mg(Fe)  =  1:3, 
and  hence  tremolite  is  CaMg3Si4Oi2,  while  diopside  is  CaMgSi2O6,  etc. 

Rammelsberg  has  shown  that,  the  composition  of  most  aluminous  amphiboles  may  be 
expressed  in  the  general  form  wRSiO3  7iA.l2O3.  While  Scharizer,  modifying  this  view,  proposes 
to  regard  the  amphiboles  as  molecular  compounds  of  Ca(Mg,Fe)3Si4OJ2  (actinolite),  and  the 

I      ii     m 

orthosilicate  (R2,R)3R2Si3Oi2,  for  which  he  uses  Breithaupt's  name  syntagmatite  (syntagmit  Rg.)» 
originally  given  to  the  Vesuvian  hornblende.  The  Jan  May  en  amphibole,  anal.  117,  approxi- 
mates in  composition  to  syntagmatite  in  this  sense.  Cf.  Jb.  Min.,  2,  143,  1884,  also  Ra;.,  Min. 
Ch.,  Erg.,  p.  37  et  seq.,  1886. 

The  name  amphibole,  proposed  by  Haiiy,  has  the  precedence,  because  Hatiy  first  rightly 
appreciated  the  species,  as  he  had  done  for  pyroxene,  and  gave  it,  and  not  any  of  its  varieties, 
the  name.  In  his  Traite,  in  1801,  he  brought  together  Jiornblende  and  actinolite;  and  by  1809 
he  had  added  to  the  group  the  third  prominent  variety,  tremolite;  while  in  all  other  works  not 
taking  their  views  from  him,  these  three  minerals  still  stood  as  distinct  species.  Asbestus  was 
annexed  to  the  series  by  Hausmann  in  1813,  though  kept  separate  long  afterward  by  many 
other  authors. 

The  varieties  depend  chiefly  upon  composition;  in  part  also,  tyut  less  fundamentally,  upon 
structure;  the  prominent  kinds  are  properly  sub-species,  as  was  true  with  the  pyroxenes,  and  the 
subdivisions  are  to  a  considerable  extent  the  same  here  as  there. 

I.    Containing  little  or  no  Aluminium. 

TREMOLITE.  Grammatite,  nephrite  pt.  Calcium-magnesium  amphibole. 
Formula  CaMg3Si4012  =  Silica  57'7,  magnesia  28'9,  lime  13-4  =  100.  Ferrous 
iron,  replacing  the  magnesium,  is  present  only  sparingly,  up  to  3  p.  c.  Colors 
white  to  dark  gray.  In  distinct  crystals,  either  long-bladed  or  short  and  stout; 

often  in  thin  blades  flattened  ||  b  by  the  oscillatory  repetition  of  the  prism.  In 
aggregates  long  and  thin  columnar,  or  fibrous;  also  compact  granular  massive  (see 
nephrite,  below).  Gr.=2*9-3*l.  Sometimes  transparent  and  colorless.  Optically  — . 
Extinction-angle  on  b,  or  c  A  ^  =  +  16°  to  18°,  hence  Bxa  A  ^  =  —  74°  to  —  72°, 

Skutterud    c  A  c  =  16°        ory  =  1-6065        /?y  =  1-6233        yy  =  1-6340       2Vy  =  81°  22'  Pfd 
Also    c  A  c  =  15°        211,=  99°-100°        2Hy  =  100°-101'        ftt  ==  1'620        0   =  1-622 

.-.    2Vr  =  87°22'  2Vr  =  88°  16' Dx. 

Kordmark,  Flink: 

C  A  c  =  17°  18'  2Hy  =  94°  26'  /Jr  =  1'616  Li  '  /?y  =  1-618  Na  /5V  =  1-620  Tl    .-.  2Vy  =  84°  9' 

Tremolite  was  named  by  Pini  from  the  Tremola  valley  on  the  south  side  of  the  St. 
Gothard. 


AMPHIBOLE  GROUP—  AMPHIBOLE.  389 


Grammatite  (from  ypa/n^?^  a  line)  alludes  to  a  line  in  the  direction  of  the  longer  diagonal 
seen  by  Hauy  on  transverse  sections  of  some  crystals.  It  was  substituted  for  tremohte  by  Hauy, 
without  reason,  and  does  not  deserve  recognition. 

Nordenskioldite,  from  Ruscola,  near  Lake  Onega,  is  tremolite. 

Raphilite,  from  Lanark  in  Canada,  is  probably  also  tremolite. 

Hexagonite  from  Edwards,  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  N.  Y.,  is  a  pink  tremolite  containing  a  small 
amount  of  manganese  (anals.  12,  13);  it  was  described  as  hexagonal,  but  its  true  character  was 
shown  by  Koeuig. 

Some  nephrite  and  asbestus  (see  below)  belong  here. 

ACTINOLITE.  Strahlstein  Germ.  Calcium-magnesium-iron  amphibole.  Formula 
Ca(Mg,Fe)3Si40]2.  Color  bright  green  and  grayish  green.  In  crystals,  either  short- 
er long-bladed,  as  in  tremolite;  columnar  or  fibrous;  granular  massive.  G.  =  3-3*2. 
Sometimes  transparent.  The  variety  in  long  bright-green  crystals  is  called  glassy 
actinolite;  the  crystals  break  easily  across  the  prism.  The  fibrous  and  radiated 
kinds  are  often  called  asbestiform  actinolite  and  radiated  actinolite.  Actinolite 
owes  its  green  color  to  the  ferrous  iron  present. 

Pleochroism  distinct,  increasing  as  the  amount  of  iron  increases,  and  hence 
the  color  becomes  darker:  c  emerald-green,  b  yellow-green,  a  greenish  yellow. 
Absorption  c  >  b  >  a  Zillerthal,  Tschermak.  Optically  —  .  Extinction  -angle  on 
I  or  c  A  &  =  +  15°  and  Bxa  A  c  =  —  75°.  Axial  angles,  Dx.: 

St.  Gothard  2Ha.r  =  90°  to  91°  /3r  =  1-626  2Vr  =  79°  38' 

2Ha.y=91°  /Jy=  1-629  2Vy  =  80°    4' 

Zillerthal        ay  =  1-611        /3y  =  1-627       ye  =  1-636        y-a  =  0'025  Levy-Lex. 

Named  actinolite  from  dtcriv,  a  ray,  and  Az'6o£,  stone,  a  translation  of  the  German  Strahl- 
stein  or  radiated  stone.  Name  changed  to  actinote  by  Hauy,  without  reason. 

NEPHRITE.  Jade  pt.  Cacholong  pt,  A  tough,  compact,  fine-grained  tremolite  (or  actinolite), 
breaking  with  a  splintery  fracture  and  glistening  luster.  H.  =  6-6'5.  G.  =  2'96-3'l.  Named 
from  a  supposed  efficacy  in  diseases  of  the  kidney,  from  re0po5,  kidney.  It  varies  in  color 
from  white  (tremolite)  to  dark  green  (actinolite),  in  the  latter  iron  protoxide  being  present  up  to 
6  or  7  p.  c.  The  latter  kind  sometimes  encloses  distinct  prismatic  crystals  of  actinolite  (anal.  40). 
A  derivation  from  an  original  pyroxenic  mineral  has  been  suggested  in  some  cases  (Arzruni, 
Traube). 

Nephrite  or  jade  was  brought  in  the  form  of  carved  ornaments  from  Mexico  or  Peru  soon 
after  the  discovery  of  America.  Del  'Rio,  in  his  Mexican  Mineralogy  (1795),  mentions  no 
Mexican  locality.  A  similar  stone  comes  from  Eastern  Asia,  New  Zealand,  and  Alaska  as 
noted  beyond.  See  also  pp.  371,  397. 

ASBESTUS.  Asbestos.  Asbest  Germ.  Tremolite,  actinolite,  and  other  varieties  of  amphi- 
bole,  excepting  those  containing  much  alumina,  pass  into  fibrous  varieties,  the  fibers  of  which 
are  sometimes  very  long,  fine,  flexible,  and  easily  separable  by  the  fingers,  and  look  like 
flax.  These  kinds  are  called  asbestus  (fr.  the  Greek  for  incombustible).  Pliny  supposed  it  a 
vegetable  product,  although  good  for  making  incombustible  cloth,  as  he  states.  The  amianthus 
of  the  Greeks  and  Latins  was  the  same  thing;  the  word  meaning  undefiled,  and  alluding  to 
the  ease  of  cleaning  the  cloth  by  throwing  it  into  the  tire.  The  colors  vary  from  white  to 
green  and  wood-brown.  The  name  amianthus  is  now  applied  usually  to  the  finer  and  more 
silky  kinds.  Much  that  is  called  asbestus  is  chrysotile,  or  fibrous  serpentine  (Serpeutinasbest 
Germ.},  it  containing  12  to  14  p.  c.  of  water,  see  p.  670. 

Friederid  has  described  varieties  of  asbestus  in  which  alkalies  are  prominent  (anals.  84,  85); 
one  was  blue  in  color  and  resembled  crocidolite. 

An  asbestiform  mineral  from  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J.,  has  been  analyzed  by  Koenig; 
he  gives:  4*8  p.  c.  MnO,  4'6  ZnO  (also  1'70  MnO,  7*10  ZnO  in  another  sample),  Proc.  Ac. 
Philad.,  47,  1887.  Some  other  asbestiform  amphiboles  are  noted  below.  It  is  possible  that 
some  asbestus  may  properly  belong  to  the  pyroxene  group;  cf.  segirite,  p.  366,  and  crocidolite, 
p.  400. 

The  following  are  related  to  asbestus: 

Mountain  leather  is  in  thin  flexible  sheets,  made  of  interlaced  fibers;  and  mountain  cork 
(Bergkork)  the  same  in  thicker  pieces;  both  are  so  light  as  to  float  on  water,  and  they  are 
often  hydrous,  color  white  to  gray  or  yellowish.  Mountain  wood  (Bergholz,  Holzasbest,  Germ.") 
is  compact  fibrous,  and  gray  to  brown  in  color,  looking  a  little  like  dry  wood. 

Byssolite  (Amianthoid,  asbestoid)  fr.  Bourg  d'Oisans  in  Dauphiny,  is  of  an  olive-green  color, 
coarse  and  stiff  fibrous;  it  is  stated  to  contain  a  considerable  amount  of  manganese.  The 
name  is  often  given  to  similar  varieties  of  amphibole,  not  necessarily  rnanganesiau. 

SMAKAGDITE.  A  thin-foliated  variety  of  amphibole,  near  actinolite  in  composition  but 
carrying  some  alumina.  It  has  a  light  grass-green  color,  resembling  much  common  green 
jiallage.  As  early  urged  by  Rose  it  has  at  least  in  many  cases  been  derived  from  pyroxene 


390  SILICATES, 

(diallage)  by  uralitization,  see  uralite,  below.  It  retains  much  of  the  structure  of  the  diallage  and 
also  often  encloses  remnants  of  the  original  mineral.  It  forms,  along  with  whitish  or  greenish 
saussurite,  a  rock  called  saussurite-gabbro,  the  euphotide  of  the  Alps.  The  original  mineral  is 
from  Corsica,  and  the  rock  is  the  corsilyte  of  Pinkerton,  and  the  verde  di  Corsica  duro  of  the  arts. 

UKALITE  Rose,  Pogg.,  22,  321,  329,  1831;  27,  97,  1833;  31,  609,  1831.  Traversellite  pt. 
Pyroxene  altered  to  amphibole.  The  crystals,  when  distinct,  retain  the  form  of  the  original 
mineral,  but  have  the  cleavage  of  amphibole.  The  change  usually  commences  on  the  surface, 
transforming  the  outer  layer  into  an  aggregation  of  slender  amphibole  prisms,  parallel  in  posi- 
tion to  each  other  and  to  the  parent  p3'roxene.  When  the  change  is  complete  the  entire  crystal 
is  made  up  of  a  bundle  of  amphibole  needles  or  fibers.  The  color  varies  from  white  (treniolite), 
as  in  the  Canaan,  Conn.,  crystals,  to  pale  or  deep  green,  the  latter  the  more  common.  In  composi- 
tion uralite  appears  to  conform  nearly  to  actinolite,  as  also  in  optical  characters  (Dx.).  The  most 
prominent  change  in  composition  in  passing  from  the  original  pyroxene  (of.  auals.  below)  is  that 
corresponding  to  the  difference  existing  between  the  two  species  in  general,  that  is,  an  increase 
in  the  magnesium  and  decrease  in  calcium  The  change,  therefore,  is  not  strictly  a  case  of 
paramo rphism,  although  usually  so  designated. 

Uralite  was  originally  described  by  Rose  from  a  green  porphyritic  rock  at  Mostovaya,  near 
Ekaterinburg,  and  at  Kaminskaya,  near  Miask,  in  the  Ural.  It  has  since  been  observed  from 
many  localities.  The  microscopic  study  of  rocks  has  shown  the  process  of  "  uralitizatiou  "  to  be 
very  common,  and  some  authors  regard  many  hornbleudic  rocks  and  schists  to  represent  altered 
pyroxenic  rocks  on  a  large  scale.  The  following  (1,  2,  5,  7,  9)  are  analyses  of  uralite:  1,  Rath, 
Pogg.,  95,  558,  1855.  2.  Rg  ,  Min.  Ch.,  421,  1875;  also  Kudernatsch,  Pogg.,  37,  586,  1836. 
Analyses  3-5,  by  Harrington  (Geol.  Canada,  p.  21,  1879),  give  the  composition  of  the  glassy 
green  central  portion  of  a  pyroxene  crystal  (3);  of  the  dull  gray  zone  surrounding  this  (4);  and 
finally  of  the  amphibole  forming  the  exterior  (5).  6,  7  are  analyses  by  Richter  and  Scheerer 
(Pogg.,  84,  383,  1851)  of  the  diopside  (6)  from  Reichtenstein  and  of  a  fibrous  actiuolite  (7)  derived 
from  it.  8,  9,  by  Dahms  (Jb.  Min.,  Beil.,  7,  99,  1890),  show  the  change  of  composition  from  the 
original  diallage  (8)  to  the  resulting  amphibole  (9).  10,  11,  by  Rarninelsberg  (Ber.  Ak.  Berlin, 
243,  1862),  give  the  composition  of  diopside  (10)  and  tremolite  (11)  associated  together  in  granu- 
lar limestone  at  Gulsjo,  Wermlaud,  Sweden,  the  latter  apparently  derived  from  the  former. 

G.          SiO,   Al2O3Fe2O3  FeO    MnO   MgO     CaO   Na2O  K2O    ign. 
1.  Neurode      3*273    f  48*70    0'82      —     25-21      —      12'01     11-25          tr.  1*01=  99'00 

3.  L.  Baltym  3'143        50*75    5*65      —      16*48    0'79    12*28    11'59      —       —      1-80=  99*34 

3-5,  Templeton,  Quebec. 

8.  Pyroxene     3'181        50*87    4'57  0'97  1*96  015    1537  24-44  0'22  0'50  1-44=100'49 

*           "           3-205        50-90    4-82  1-74  1  36  015    15-27  24*39  0*08.  0*15  1'20=100-06 

4.  Uralite        3*003        52'82    3'21  2'07  2'71  0*28  '  19*04  15*39  0'90  0'69  2'40=  99'51 

6,  7,  Reichenstein. 

\   Diopside  54'50    MO      —       3 '00      —      18 "96    21-41      —       —      1- 19= 100-16 

I    Uralite  55*85    0*56      —       5*22    0*40»  23'99    11-66      —       —     215=  99*83 

8,  9,  Zwartkoppies,  Transvaal,  S.  Africa. 

8.  Diallage  f  53*53    312    5*09    13'54      —      18'77      619    0'57    0*20      —  =101 '01 

9.  Uralite        3  038    f  52'73    4'70    5'26    10'21      —      12*59    12'58    0'23    0'06    1'54=  99'90 

Gulsjo,  Wermland. 

10.  Diopside      3-249        5511      —       —       0'54      —      18  39    25  63      —       —       —  =  99*67 

11.  Tremolite     3*003        57*62      —       —       0'84      —      2612    14'90      —       —       —  =  99*48 

»CuO 

It  is  interesting  to  compare  in  this  connection  the  analyses  of  green  pyroxene  (anal.  68,  p. 
360)  and  amphibole  (anal.  112,  p.  396)  associated  in  parallel  position  at  Vesuvius  by  Rath;  also 
of  a. similar  occurrence  by  Hawes,  from  Edenville,  anal.  32,  p.  359,  and  anal.  108,  p.  396. 

CUMMINGTONITE.  Amphibole-Antliophyllite.  Iron -Magnesium- Amphibole.  Des  Cloizeaux 
has  used  the  name  amphibole-anthophyllite  for  certain  varieties  of  amphibole  resembling  antho- 
phyllite  and  essentially  identical  with  it  in  composition,  but  optically  proved  to  be  monoclinic. 
For  that  from  Kongsberg  (anal.  89)  he  finds  mm'"  —  54°  48',  and  c  A  c  =  15°  to  16°.  Also: 

2H0.r  =  120°  43f     2Hoy  =  120°2£'      2H0.W  =  118°  31f     #.  =  1-638        .'.     2Va  =   77°  52' 
For  that  from  Greenland  (anal.  90)  c  A  c  =  16°  to  17°: 

2H0.r  =  119°  43'    2H0.bi  =  118*  22'.     Also  2H0.r  =  119°  27'    2H0.bi  =  117°  24'. 

The  original  cummingtonite  is  nearly  the  same,  but  contains  more  iron  and  less  magnesium 
(anal.  92,  93).  It  is  gray  to  brown  in  color;  usually  fibrous  or  fibro-lamellar,  often  radiated. 
6.  =  3*1-3*32.  Named  from  the  locality,  Cummington,  Mass.  The  name  has  also  been  used 
for  a  partially  altered  rhodonite,  which  Hermann  erroneously  called  a  "Mangan-amphibol." 


AMPHIBOLE  GROUP— AMPHIBOLE.  391 

Aniholite.  This  name  (Kenng.,  Ueb.,  6,  1859,  1860;  Dana,  Min.,  5th  Ed.,  p.  234)  has  been 
used  for  certain  asbestii'orm  aiupniboles  coutaiuing  26  to  31  p.  c.  MgO  and  12'6  to  9  p.  c.  FeO 
without  lime  and  alumina.  Cf.  auals.  31-33,  5th  Ed.,  p.  237. 

DANNKMOKITE.  Iron-Manganese  Amphibole.  Color  yellowish  brown  to  greenish  gray. 
Columnar  or  fibrous,  like  tremolite  and  asbestus.  Contains  iron  and  manganese.  In  thin  pieces 
B.B.  fuses  to  a  dark  slag. 

Asbeferrite  of  Igelstrom  is  similar;  it  is  grayish  white  to  ash-gray,  and  like  a  gray  asbestus; 
in  acids  not  soluble  (anal.  95). 

Silfbergite.  Like  amphibo-le  in  form,  cleavage,  and  twinning  (||  a).  H.  =  5*5.  G.  =  3'446. 
Color  dark  yellow  to  brownish  gray.  Pleochroisrn  distinct.  Extinction-angle  on  b.  13°  45'. 
Shown  by  Bertrand  to  belong  here  with  also  the  following  mineral.  From  Vester  Silfberg, 
Wermland,  Sweden.  See  anal.  96. 

Hilldnysite.  Near  dauuemorite,  cf.  anal.  97.  Resembles  authophyilite.  Optically  — . 
Occurs  with  garnet,  magnetite,  and  igeistromite  at  the  iron  mine  of  Hillang,  parish  of  Ludvika, 
Dalarne,  Sweden. 

GRUNERITE.  Iron- Amphibole.  Asbestiform  or  lamellar-fibrous.  Luster  silky;  color  brown; 
G.  =  3*713.  Formula  FeSiO3.  Optical  properties  those  of  amphibole,  according  to  Des 
Cloizeaux  (Min.,  1,  59.  1862).  Levy-Lex,  give  the  extinction-angle  as  11°  to  15°.  Pleochroisni 
feeble.  Occurs  in  metamorphic  schists  in  the  Dept.  du  Yar,  Fiance.  Gainer's  analysis  gave: 
SiO2  43-9,  A12O3  1-9,  FeO  52'2,  MgO  11,  H2O  0'5  =  99'6.  This  amphibole  needs  further 
study. 

RICHTERITE.  Sodium- Magnesium-Manganese  AmpMbole.  In  elongated  crys- 
tals, seldom  terminated.  Observed  forms,  Langban: 

a,  b,  c,  n,  m,  e,  p,  r,  o,  z,  kt  (cf.  p.  386).  Measured  angles:  mm'"  —  56°  7',  rr'  =  31°  18', 
mr  =  68°  29  ,  mp  =  77°  28'.  See  Flink,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  Bihang,  13  (2),  No.  7,  82,  1888. 

G.  =  3'09.  Color  brown,  yellow,  rose-red.  Transparent  to  translucent. 
C  A  c  =  +  17°  Flink,  20°  and  /3y  —  T63  Levy-Lex. 

From  Pajsberg  and  Langban,  Sweden.  Characterized  by  the  presence  of  manganese  and 
alkalies  in  relatively  large  amount.  See  anals.  98.  99.  Michaelson  gave  for  a  Langban  amphi- 
bole, with  G.  =  3  09,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  20,  197,  1863: 

SiO2  54-15    A12O3  0-52    Fe2O3  i'77    FeO  2 "80    MnO  5'09    MgO  20'18    CaO  6"06    Na2O  2'77 

[K2O6-37    ign.  012  =  99  83 

The  above  is  the  richterite  of  Igelstrom  and  Flink.  The  character  of  the  original  mineral 
named  by  Breithaupt  is  doubtful.  Breithaupt  describes  it  as  occurring  in  acicular  crystals,  af- 
fording the  prismatic  angle  46°  22  ;  with  G.  =  2*826;  color  isabella-yellow,  rarely  pale  yellowish 
brown;  B.B.  very  fusible.  See  ASTOCHITE,  p.  1027. 

MARMAIROLITE  N.  0.  Hoist,  G.  For.  F5rh.,  2,  530,  1875.  In  very  fine  crystalline  needles. 
H.  =5.  G.  =  3'07.  Color  pale  yellow.  Powder  white.  Transparent.  Analysis  (mean  of 
several): 

SiO2  56-27    FeO  2'03    MnO  4'86    MgO  21 '36    CaO  6'33    K2O  1'89    Na2O  5  94    ign.  0'90=99'58 

Formula  approximately  RSiO3.  B  B.  fuses  with  some  difficulty  to  an  opaque  bead.  Not 
attacked  by  acids.  Occurs  with  schefferite  in  a  brownish  manganesian  limestone  (containing 
6-56  MnO  and  1*35  PbO)  at  Langban,  Wermland,  Sweden.  Named  from  jiapjuaipfir,  to  glisten. 
Groth  suggests  that  this  may  be  a  massive  form  of  richterite. 

Breisiakite.  Occurs  in  wool-like  forms  at  Vesuvius  and  Capo  di  Bove.  It  was  made  a 
variety  of  pyroxene  by  Chapman  (Phil.  Mag.,  37,  444,  1850),  but  Lasaulx  (Jb.  Min.,  380,  1878) 
shows  that  it  has  the  form  and  optical  characters  of  amphibole.  The  color  is  dark  brown  to 
black,  and  the  pleochroism  strongly  marked.  Blowpipe  tests  prove  the  presence  of  iron  and,  in 
less  amount,  of  manganese,  hence  it  is  inferred  that  it  may  belong  near  richterite.  Named  after 
S.  Breislak,  an  Italian  geologist  (1748-1826). 

II.  Aluminous. 

ALUMINOUS  AMPHIBOLES.  .Contain  alumina  or  ferric  iron,  and  usually  both, 
with  ferrous  iron  (sometimes  manganese),  magnesium,  calcium,  and  alkalies.  The 
kinds  here  included  range  from  the  light  colored  edenite,  containing  but  little  iron, 
through  the  light  to  dark  green  pargasite,  to  the  dark  colored  or  black  hornblende, 
the  color  growing  darker  with  increase  in  amount  of  iron.  Extinction-angle  vari- 
able, from  0°  to  37°,  see  below.  Pleochroism  strong.  Absorption  usually  c  <  b  <  a. 

EDENITE.  Aluminous  Magnesium- Calcium  Amphibole.  Color  white  to  grnyand  pale  green, 
and  also  colorless;  G.  —  3-0-3MJ59.  Resembles  anthophyllite  and  tremolile.  Named  from  the 
locality  at  Edenville.  N.  Y.  To  this  variety  belong  various  pale-colored  amphiboles,  having  less 
than  5  p.  c.  of  iron  oxides. 


392 


SILICATES. 


Koksharomte  is  a  variety  from  the  neighborhood  of  L.  Baikal  named  after  the  Russian 
mineralogist,  N.  von  Koksharov.  See  anal.  105. 

PARGASITE  and  COMMON  HORNBLENDE.  Colors  bright  or  dark  green,  and  bluish  green  to 
grayish  black  and  black.  G.  =  3'05-3'47.  Pargasite  is  usually  made  to  include  green  and 
bluish-green  kinds,  occurring  in  stout  lustrous  crystals,  or  granular;  and  common  hornblende  the 
greenish  black  and  black  kinds,  whether  in  stout  crystals  or  long-bladed,  columnar,  fibrous,  or 
massive  granular.  But  no  line  can  be  drawn  between  them.  The  extinction-angle  on  b,  or 
C  A  c  =  -f~  18°  to  20°  chiefly.  Pargasite  .occurs  at  Pargas,  Finland,  in  bluish  green  and  grayish 
black  crystals.  The  dark  brown  to  black  hornblendes  from  basaltic  and  other  igneous  rocks 
vary  somewhat  widety  in  optical  characters,  the  angle  c  A  k  =  0°  to  -J-  10°  chiefly.  They  carry 
both  aluminium  and  ferric  iron  and  also  alkalies. 

The  following  table  (Tschermak  et  al.)  shows  the  variation  in  optical  characters  for  the  am- 
phiboles  embraced  here;  cf.  observations  on  tremolite  and  actinolite  already  given,  pp.  388,  389. 


Axial  angles 
2Er=107°30'  /?=1'64    2V  =59° 
/Jr=l-642  2Vr=85°4' 


Optical  character 
and  extinction-angle  on  b 

C  A  C 
Pargasite  +  -f-18° 

Common  Hornblende. 
Volpersdorf  -f-  19°  53' 
Saualpe 

Karinthin  17° 

Franklin,  N.  J.  17°  15' 

Arendal,  blk.  IT  30' 

Nordmark  12°  34' 

Basaltic  Hornblende. 
Jan  Mayen  0° 

Czernosin  -        1°  40'  2Hr=  93°  24'  ft  =1-71    2Vr=79°  24' 


Pleochroism 

c  fo  a 

grn.-blue  emd.-grn.  grn.-yw. 

brown      yellow       yw.-grn. 

grn.-brn.  yw.-brn.  yw.-grn. 
blue  grn.  yw.-grn.  huy.-yw. 
blk.-brn.  brn.-yw.  blk.-brn. 


orange     orange 
blk.-brn.  brn.-red 


Aranyer  Berg 
Oamsigradite 


37° 
30° 


12'   2Ey=  67°  37'  2Hy=510'3 


black 
hny.-yw. 
grn.-brn.  yw.-brn.    olive  grn, 
grn.-yw.  yellowish  btl.-grn. 


Wiik  obtained  for  a  light  green  variety  (15  to  16  p.  c.  A12O3)  C  A  c  —  26°  30',  and  for  a 
from  Korpo  (20  p.  c.  A12O3)  c  A  c  —  27°  30';  a  black  vari< 


variety  from  Pargas  (12  p.  c. 
Black  hornblende  from  Sillbole,  Finland  (4 '98  AlaO8),  gave  him  c  A  b 


similar  one 
A12O3)  gave  24' 
=  18°  30'. 

Noralite  (5th  Ed.,  p.  236)  is  a  black  aluminous  iron-calcium  amphibole  in  which  magnesium 
is  nearly  absent.  Anal.  120.  From  Nora,  Westmanlaud,  Brevik,  Norway,  etc. 

Gamsigradite  contains  manganese  in  considerable  amount,  anal.  121.  Color  velvet-black. 
G.  =  3'12.  For  optical  characters  see  above,  and  Lex.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  10,  147,  1887.  Named 
from  the  locality,  Gamsigrad  in  Servia,  where  it  forms  with  white  feldspar  a  rock  called  timazyte. 
An  amphibole  from  Franklin  Furnace  examined  by  Kloos  (anal.  122)  belongs  near  here  in  com- 
position; it  contains  both  manganese  and  zinc.  G.  =  3*352.  Color  dark  leek-green.  Optical 
characters,  see  above. 

Mangan-amphibpl  of  Hermann  (Cummingtonite  Rammelsberg,  and  Hermannite  Kenngott)  is 
nothing  but  rhodonite  of  Cummington,  Mass.,  erroneously  analyzed.  The  error  is  perpetuated 
by  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  1875,  and  Groth,  Tab.  Ueb.,  1889. 

Diastatite  is  a  black  hornblende  from  Nordmark  in  "Wermland,  stated  by  Breithaupt  to  have 
mm'"  =  59°  40',  and  G.  =  3  08-3 -11. 

Syntagmatiteis  the  black  hornblende  of  Vesuvius,  analyzed  by  Rammelsberg  (anal.  110),  in 
which  he  found  mm'"  =  55°  52',  G.  —  3'272.  For  Scharizer's  use  of  this  name,  see  p.  388. 

Breithaupt  has  also  introduced  other  names  (as  Amphibolm  ferrosus,  A.  basalticus,  A.  saxosus, 
etc.).  His  A.  Wallerianus,  or  Wallerian,  is  a  black  hornblende  from  Nordmark,  supposed  to  be 
tricliuic.  The  amphibole  from  the  Saualpe,  Carinthia,  is  A.  Carinthimis  or  Carinthine 
(Kariuthin),  etc. 

Bergamaskite  is  an  iron-amphibole  containing  almost  no  magnesia.  It  occurs  in  a  quartzose 
hornblende- porphyry,  from  Monte  Altino,  Province  of  Bergamo,  Italy.  Forms  acicular  crystals, 
vertically  striated,  and  arranged  in  parallel  or  radiated  groups;  cleavage  prismatic,  56°.  G.  =3'075. 
See  anal.  123. 

Kaersutite  is  a  titaniferous  amphibole  from  Kaersut,  Umanaks  fiord,  North  Greenland,  oc- 
curring in  a  chrysolitic  rock.  Crystals  prismatic,  mm"  =  55°  29'.  G.  =  3'04.  Color  black, 
brownish  by  reflected  light,  streak  chocolate-brown.  Peculiar  in  containing  a  large  amount  of 
titanium,  anal.  124. 

The  following  analyses,  largely  recent,  exhibit  the  composition  of  the  various  kinds  of  am- 
phibole  from  the  important  localities.  Additional  (older)  analyses  are  given  in  5th  Ed.,  pp.  236 
to  239;  also  Rg  ,  Miu.  Ch.,  1860  and  1875.  Cf.  also  Heddle,  Trans.  R.  Soc.,  Edinburgh,  28, 
5Q2etseq..  1878. 

Anal.— 1,  Berwerth,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  85  (1),  158,  1882.  2-6,  Rg.,  Pogg.,  103,  294,  1858, 
Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  243,  1862,  Min.  Ch.,  395,  1875.  7,  W.  M.  Burton,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  39,  352,  1890 


AMPHIBOLE  GROUP— AMPHIBOLE. 


393 


8,  T.  M.  Cbatard,  ibid.  9,  Farsky,  Vb.  G.  Reichs.,  208,  1876.  10,  Heddle,  Min.  Mag.,  5,  103, 
1882.  11,  Hofinann,  Min.  Mitth.,  4,  537,  1882.  12,  Koenig,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  180, 1876.  13,  E. 
S.  Sperry,  priv.  contr.  14,  Hidegh,  quoted  by  Zeph.,  Lotos,  1879.  15,  Flink,  Ak.  H.  Stockh., 
Bihang,  13  (2),  No.  7,  77,  1888. 

16,  Breidenbaugh,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  6,211,1873.  17,  Egger,  Min. -Mitth..  243,1874.  18,  Ny- 
kopp,  quoted  by  Wiik,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  79,  1882.  19,  Hofmaiin,  ibid.  20,  Massie,  Oh.  News,  42, 
194,  1880.  21,  22,  Rg.,  Pogg.,  103,  296,  1858.  23,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  396,  1875.  24,  Hunt,  Phil. 
Mag.,  1,  326,  1851. 

25-28,  Fellenberg,  Vh.  Schweiz.  Ges.,  Solothurn,  53,  89  et  seq.,  1869.  29-32,  Id.,  Ber.  Ak. 
Miiuchen,  255  et  seq.,  1873.  33-36,  Id.,  Mitth.  Ges.  Bern,  112,  1865.  37-39,  Damour,  C.  R., 
61,  357,  1865.  40-42,  Berwerth,  Ber.  Ak.  Wieu,  80  (1),  102,  1879.  40  of  crystals  (actinolite) 
embedded  in  the  nephrite.  43,  Rath,  Zs.  Kr.,  3,  593,  1879.  44,  45,  C.  L.  Allen,  Ch.  News,  46, 
216,  1882.  46-50,  Shoetensack,  Inaug.  Diss. ,  Berlin,  1885.  51-61,  Beck  and  Mushketov  (58, 
59  by  Nikolayev),  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  18,  1  et  seq.,  1882.  62,  63,  Jannettaz  and  Michel,  Bull.  Soc. 
Min. .  4,  178,  1881.  64-66,  Frenzel,  quoted  by  Meyer,  Jb.  Min. ,  2,  324  ref.,  1884.  67,  68,  Traube, 
Jb.  Min.,  Beil.,  3,  412,  1885.  69,  Id.,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  277,  1887.  70-80,  F.  W.  Clarke.  Proc.  U. 

5.  Nat.  Mus.,  11,  115  et  seq.,  1888  ;    Am.  J.  Sc.,  28,  20,  1884.     Also  Bodewig,  Zs.  Kr.,  10,  86, 
1884;  Seubert  and  Linck,  Ber.  Ch.  Ges.,  15,  219,  1882. 

81,  Meitzendorf,  Pogg.,  52,  626,  1841.  82,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  475,  1860.  83,  Scheerer,  Pogg., 
84,  383,  1851.  84,  85,  Friederici,  quoted  by  Bauer,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  158,  1882. 

86,  T.  S.  Hunt.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  27,  348,  1859.  87,  Fikentscher,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  89,  456,  1863. 
88,  Maskelyne  and  Flight,  Q.  J.  G.  Stfc.,  30,  412,  1874. 

89,  90,  Lechartier,  quoted  by  Dx..  N.  R.,  117,  1867.  91,  C.  S.  Palmer,  quoted  by  Williams, 
Jb.  Min.,  2,  176,  1885.  92,  93,  Smith  and  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  48,  1853.  94,  Erdmann,  5th 
Ed.,  p.  237.  95,  Igelstrom,  1.  c.  96,  Weibull,  G.  For.  Forh.,  6,  504,  1883.  97,  Igelstrom, 
Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  7,  232,  1884. 

98,  Igelstrom,  6fv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  24,  12,  1867,  corrected  for  admixed  magnetite  and  calcite. 
99,  Engstrom,  G.  For.  Forh.,  2,  470,  1875. 

100-102,  Rg.,  Pogg.,  103,  441,  1858.  103,  Berwerth,  1.  c.  104,  Chatard,  quoted  by  Genth, 
Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  13,  373,  1873.  105,  Hermann,  Bull.  Soc.  Mosc.,  35  (2),  245.  1862.  106,  Loren- 
zen,  Medd.  Grouland,  7,  1884.  107,  Harrington,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  201,  1873-74.  108.  Hawes, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  397,  1878.  109,  110,  Rg..  1.  c.  Ill,  Berwerth,  1.  c.  112,  113.  Rath,  Pogg.,  Erg., 

6,  229,  1873.     114,  115,  Rg.,  1.  c.     116,  Schmidt,  Min.  Mitth.,  4,  23,  1881.     117,  Scharizer,  Jb. 
Min..  2,    143,    1884.      118,    Doelter,   Cap  Verd,   p.    32,    1882,    from    hornblende-phonolyte. 
119,    Tamm,   luaug.    Diss.,  p.   9,  Stockholm,    186£.     120,    Klaproth,    Beitrage,    5,    155,  1810. 
121,  Fuller,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  20,  53,  1861.     122,  Kloos,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  211,  1876.     123,  Luchetti,  1.  c. 
124,  Lorenzen,  1.  c. 

I.    Containing  little  or  no  Alumina. 


G. 


TREMOLITE. 


SiO2  A12O3  FeO  MnO   MgO    CaO     ign. 


1. 

St.  Gothard 

3-027 

58-40 

0-56 

0-26 

— 

24-82 

13-63 

1-85 

=    99-52 

2. 

GulsjO 

3-003 

57-62 



0-84 



26-12 

14-90 

— 

=    99-48 

3. 

Sweden 

2-930 

58-87 

1-77 

tr. 

— 

28-19 

11-00 

0-18 

=  100-01 

4. 

Gouverneur 

3-000 

57-40 

0-38 

1-36 

— 

25-69 

13-89 

0-40 

=    99-12 

5. 

Greenland 

3-004 

54-71 



2-41 

— 

2392 

15-06 

3-33 

=    99-43 

6. 

St.  Gothard  , 

2-930 

58-80 

0-31 

3-00 

— 

2412 

12-22 

1-20 

=    99-65 

7. 

Pierrepont,  brown 

56-44 

2-61* 

0-73 

Oil 

22-98 

11-83 

2-46 

Na202-13,K200-75, 

[TiO2  0-11 

=  100-15 

8. 

Russell,  green 

56-54 

l-79b 

2-36 

— 

24-42 

13-69 

— 

Na2O  1-15 

=  99-95 

9. 

Chejnon 

57-74 

1-85 

0-34 

— 

25-47 

12-71 

—   =  100-11  [=  100-02 

10. 

Sutherland 

2-964 

56-15 

1-48C 

0-72 

0-07 

24-14 

13-31 

2-50  Na2O  0-21, 

K2O  0-44 

11. 

Gumeck,  Styria 

2-950 

57-45 

0-82 

1-35 



24-03 

13-75 

2-32 

=  99-72 

12. 

Edwards,  Hexag. 

2-996 

58-20 

1-40 

— 

1-37 

24-14 

12-20 

— 

Na201-90 

=  99-21 

13. 

«               <i 

2-998 

58-54 

0-30 

0-44 

2-39 

25-16 

10-43 

0-63 

Na20  0-9S 

!,   F  0-41 

14. 

Nor  dm  ark 

55-77 

— 

2-95 

— 

24-73 

15-92 

— 

=  99-37 

[=  99-38 

15. 

Morawitza 

2-987 

5693 

0-64 

3-87 

0-37 

21-73 

15-12 

1-25 

=  99  91 

a 

Inch  0-84 

Fe203. 

b069 

Fe203. 

cl-62Fe2O3. 

ACTINOLITE. 

16.  Brewster,  N.  Y. 

17.  Felling,  Austria 

18.  Lojo,  Finland 

19.  Orijarvi 

20.  Amelia  Co. ,  Va. 

21.  Arendal 

22.  Greiner 

23.  Sulzbach,  fibrous    *J-848 

24.  Raphilite  2'845 


57-44    1-13    4-33    0'15    22'59    13'29    1'52  =  100'45 


2-99 

|  56-88 

1 

•84a 

3-26 

tr. 

26 

43 

12-35 

— 

.  — 

100-76 

55-45 

1 

•89 

4-87 



22 

98 

13-96 



= 

99-15 

56-92 

5 

•10 

1-01 



20' 

99 

16-68 

— 

— 

100-70 

3-041 

5696 

6 

•77b 

2-24 

__ 

22 

33 

11  44 

0-31 

— 

100-05 

3-026 

56-77 

0 

97 

5-88 



21 

•48 

13-56 

2-20 

— 

100-86 

3-067 

55-50 

— 

6-25 

— 

22 

•56 

1346 

1-29 

= 

99-06 

54-60      —    12  80    1-16    16-98     12'81     0'61  =    98'96 


55-30    0-40    630     tr.      22-50    IS- 


' 30  alk.  1-05  =  99-21 


a  0-48  Fe2Oa 


b  2-45  Fe203. 


394 


SILICATES. 


NEPHRITE. 

G. 

Si02 

A12O3 

FeO 

MnO 

MgO 

CaO 

ign. 

25. 

Schwemmsal 

3-025 

57-66 

1-80 

2-07 

1-02 

23-00 

13-44 

1-05 

=  100  04 

26. 

Agraffe 

3-008 

57-80 

l-43a 

4-29 

0-49b 

21  96 

13-10 

1-35 

=  100-21 

27. 

2-968 

59-32 

0-65 

0-76 

0-51 

24-50 

13-58 

1-05 

=  100  37 

28. 

New  Zealand 

3-023 

57-75 

0-90 

4-79 

0-68 

19-86 

14-89 

0-68 

=    99-93 

29. 

Turkestan 

2-972 

59-80 

053 

0*70 

0-55 

25-64 

10-47 

0-62 

K2O  1  02,  SiF4 

30. 

« 

2-957 

59-50 

0-75 

1-35 

0-79 

2424 

11-60 

0-85 

[1-28  =  100-11 
K,O     1-57    = 

[100-65 

31. 

« 

2-980 

58-421' 

0-70 

0-67 

0-46 

24-39 

13-85 

1-20 

K.00-10,  SiF4 

. 

[0  60  =  100-29 

32. 

M 

2-974 

5921 

0-84° 

0-97 

053 

23-55 

14-61 

0-78 

K2O     0-19    = 

[100-68 

33. 

Meilen 

57-10 

— 

6-30 

0-65 

20-60 

12-76 

3-25 

=  100  66 

34. 

«' 

3-02 

56-50 

— 

6-75 

0-42 

20-09 

13-87 

3-50 

=  100-63 

35. 

« 

2-98 

56-90 

_ 

7-06 

0-67 

2037 

12-94 

280 

=  100-74 

36. 

Concise 

2974 

56-14 

0-48 

4-66 

1-13 

22-68 

11-12 

3  72 

=    9993 

37. 

China 

2-970 

5760 

0-25 

0-66 

0-16 

2561 

12-68 

2-74 

=    99-70 

38. 

New  Zealand 

3-015 

51  70 

0'95d 

7-62 

tr. 

23-50 

13-09 

2-42 

=    99-28 

39. 

"  Oceanic  jade" 

3-18 

52'2o 

0-84e 

6-80 

— 

18-07 

1927 

150Na2OO-68=99-41 

40. 

New  Zealand,  cryst. 

3-090 

5655 

0-21 

621 

— 

19-78 

13-60 

2-81 

=    99-16 

41. 

<« 

|  57-35 

0-22 

5-94 

__ 

20-70 

13-47 

3-13 

=  100-81 

42. 

i« 

3-031 

57-38 

0-22 

3-50 

— 

22-32 

13-68 

2-78 

K2O      069    = 

[100-57 

43. 

S.  America 

2-949 

57-32 

1  36 

3-56 

— 

21-85 

13-39 

3-23 

=  100-71 

44. 

Karakash 

2-98 

57-35 

1-03 

1-22 

_ 

22-73 

13-40 

2-69  alk.  0-48=98-90 

45. 

New  Zealand       * 

3-026 

56-34 

1-60 

4-86 

— 

2023 

13-51 

3-57 

alk.       0-58     = 

[100-69 

46. 

Tienshan,  dark-grn. 

2980 

56-72 

0-47 

3-88 

0-29 

2195 

12-13 

431 

alk.       0-49     = 

[100-24 

47. 

Khotan,  violet-gray 

2-947 

57-06 

0-74 

0-31 

020 

24-16 

12-88 

4-33  alk.       0-50     = 

[100-18 

48. 

Irkutsk,  yw.-grn. 

2954 

56-92 

4-35 

1-88 

024 

21-92 

12-56 

•1-84 

alk.       0-44     = 

[100-15 

49. 

Kansu,  grn-gray 

2-943 

57-72 

385 

0-18 

— 

28-67 

9-42 

0-79 

=  100-63 

50. 

KhorkueChamil,wfo'te  2*973 

54-83 

4-77 

1-04 

—  • 

25-50 

8-13 

0-23 

Na,O    5-71     = 

[100-21 

51. 

R.  Belaya 

3-004 

56-20 

2-18f 

3-58 

0-24 

22-25 

13-23 

3-11 

=  100-79 

52. 

R.  Kitol 

3-035 

5473 

2-12 

3-12 

— 

23-25 

12-87 

2-99 

alk.       1-07     = 

[100-15 

53. 

<« 

55-00 

1-95* 

3-51 

0-21 

22-51 

13-05 

3-41 

alk.      0-75     = 

[100-39 

54. 

H 

3-020 

5561 

1-89 

4-01 

— 

22-10 

12-35 

3-51 

alk.       0-89     = 

[100-36 

55. 

R.  Bystraya 

3-035 

55-97 

1-98 

3-82 

— 

22-12 

12-99 

3-21 

=•  100-09 

56. 

Caucasus 

2-969 

56-48 

1-35 

2-90 

— 

2256 

12-73 

3-61 

=    9963 

57. 

Yarkand 

2-949 

'56-56 

1-04 

046 

— 

2524 

18-27 

3-23 

=3    99-80 

58. 

»« 

2-962 

57-07 

0-91 

0-31 

— 

25-43 

18-22 

3-14 

=  100-08 

59. 

Timur's  Tomb 

2-926 

56-88 

1-54 

3-46 

— 

23-39 

11-49 

3-14 

=    99-90 

60. 

Termes 

2-948 

56-71 

1-23 

0-92 

— 

24-62 

12-98 

3-74 

=  100-20 

61. 

Peking 

56-86 

1  41 

0-38 

— 

25-31 

18-01 

3-59 

=  100-56 

62. 

Mt.  Botogol,  light 

3-15 

.    56-60 

1-37 

2-88 

—  . 

23-04 

13-45 

3-03 

=    99-87 

63. 

"         "       green 

3-08 

55-13 

— 

8-50 

.  — 

19-67 

14-13 

3-10 

=  100  53 

64. 

Yunnan 

56-58 

0-92 

4-12 

tr. 

21-65 

1292 

325 

=    99-44 

65. 

Saunthal 

2-93 

55-14 



4-81 



22-92 

13-12 

2-88 

=    98-87 

66. 

Murthal 

3-00 

|  55-94 

0-56 

6-01 

tr. 

22-12 

12-63 

2-59 

=    99-87 

67. 

Jordansmtlhl 

2-982 

|  56-93 

1-01 

4-99 

0-71 

19-21 

14-54 

1-98 

=    99-82 

68. 

"          white 

3-043 

|  59-21 

1-16 

2-40 

0-80 

20-81 

14-08 

181 

=  100-27 

69. 

Reichenstein 

3-04 

56-59 

1-41 

5-85 

tr. 

21-86 

12-06 

1.-33 

=    99-10 

70. 

Alaska,  yw.-grn. 

2-989 

56-01 

1-98 

6-34 

tr. 

21-54 

12  54 

1-91 

=  100-32 

71. 

"        sisk.-grn. 

3-006 

56-12 

0-63 

7-45 

•tr. 

20-92 

12-72 

1-42 

=    99-26 

72. 

"        blk.  grn. 

3-010 

56-08 

1-01 

7-67 

tr. 

19-96 

13-35 

203 

=  100-10 

73. 

"        black 

2-922 

57-11 

2-57 

5-15 

tr. 

21-38 

11-54 

2-06 

=    99-81 

74. 

"        dark  green 

3-012 

57-01 

042 

6-95 

— 

21-86 

12-75 

1-41 

=    99-90 

75. 

New  Zealand,  drk.  grn 

56  73 

3"22 

5-96 

tr. 

19-42 

1324 

0-88 

=    99-40 

76. 

Swiss,  green 

'3-015 

56-87 

1-50 

6-33 

tr. 

21-06 

13-45 

0-63 

=    99-84 

a  Incl.  0-55  Cra03. 

bO-15NiO.        «034 

FeaO 

•.        d 

0  30  CraO3. 

•  0  26  CraO3. 

'  0-31  CrsO,. 

«  0-34  Fe2O3. 

AMPH1BOLE  GROUP— AMPHIBOLE. 


395 


77.  Jade  Mts.,  Alaska,  grn.  gray 
78. 

79.  "  white 

80.  "  brownish 


SiO2 

A12O3 

Fe.,03  FeO 

MnO 

MgO 

CaO 

ign. 

58-11 

0-24 

5-44 

0 

•38 

tr. 

21-97 

12-01 

1 

•78 

— 

99-93 

55-87 

2-07 

5-79 

0 

•38 

tr. 

21-62 

12-43 

1 

•38 

— 

99-54 

56-85 

0-88 

4-33 

1 

•45 

tr. 

21-56 

1309 

1 

•76 

— 

99-92 

57-38 

0-19 

4-43 

1 

•25 

tr. 

22-71 

12-14 

1 

•73 

— 

99-83 

ASBESTUS,    ETC. 

81.  Zillerthal,  Asbestus 

82.  Kuhusdorf,  Kymatin 

83.  Zillerthal.  Rock  Cork 

84.  Frankeusteiii 

85.  Mexico,  blue 


Si02 

55-87 
57-98 

A1203 
0-58 

FeO 
4-31 
6-32 

MnO 
1-12 

MgO 
20-33 

22-38 

CaO 
17-76 
12-95 

NaaO 

KaO  ign. 

99-39 
100-21 

57-20 

— 

4-37 

— 

22-85 

13-39      — 

—     2-43  = 

100-24 

57-69 

— 

2-46 

0-13 

23-68 

13 

•39 

3 

•14 

—     0 

17  = 

100-66 

55-48 

2-01 

— 

— 

1723 

10 

•35 

1 

•54 

—     1 

•47  --= 

100-40 

SMARAGDITE. 

86.  Alps 

87.  L.  Geneva 

88.  Du  Toils'  Pan,  S.  Africa 


Si03 
5430 
52-34 
52-97 


A1203 
5-15* 
4-32» 
1-94 


Incl.  0-61  O2O3. 


FeO 

3-87 
7-39 
4-52 


MgO 
19-01 
16-43 
17-49 


CaO 
1372 

14-88 
20-47 


Na20 
2-80 
2-2 
1-77 


K2O 


tr. 
b  Incl.  some  Cr2O3. 


ign. 

0-30  =  99-15 

1-16  =  98-73 

0-58  =  99-74 


CUMMINGTONITE,    AMPHIBOLE-ANTHOPHYLLITE. 


89.  Kongsberg 

90.  Greenland 

91.  Baltimore 

92.  Cummington 
93. 


G 

3-14 
3-15 
3-068 


SiO2  A12O3 
55-24    0-18 
55-82    0-47 

FeO    MnO 
17-63    2-00 

20-22 

MgO 
21-17 
20-61 

CaO 
1-85 
1-14 

Na20 

K20 

ign. 
2-41 
2-10 

= 

100-48 
100-06 

5726 

1-28* 

15 

•64 

— 

21-70 

tr. 

2-80 

tr. 



— 

99-88 

51-09 

0-95 

32 

•07 

1-50 

10-29 

tr. 

0-75 

tr. 

3-04 

= 

99-69 

50-74 

0-89 

33 

•14 

1-77 

10-31 

tr. 

0-54 

tr. 

3-04 

— 

100-43 

1-28  Fe203. 


DANNEMOBITB. 

94.  Dannemora  48'89  1'46  38'21    8'46      2'92  0'78      — 

95.  Brunsio.  Asbeferrite  46'25  —  40-40             10-88  — 

96.  Silfbergite    G.  =  3 '446  f  48 '83  —  30 -49    8 '34      8 -39  1'74      — 

97.  Hillangsite  48'25  —  28'17  12*08      5'86  3  22      — 


—  —   =100-67 

—  2-47  ~  100 

—  0-44=    98-23 

—  —  =    97-58 


RlCHTEKITE. 


Pajsberg 
Langban 


G 

3-09 


SiO2  A12O3    FeO    MnO  MgO  CaO  Na2O  K2O    ign. 

52-23      —     1-35    11-37  21-03  5'20          882       —  =100 

53-28    2-31    1-62      7 -54  19 '20  8  "43    6 "33    0'66a  0'71  =  100  "08 

»  Li2O. 


II.  Aluminous  Amphiboles. 


EDENITE. 

100.  Edenville 

101.  Monroe 

102.  Saualpe, 

Carinthin 

103.  Pargas 


G.  SiO2    A12O3  Fe2O3  FeO  MnO  MgO    CaO 

3-059    f  51-67      5-75    2-8.6      —       —      23'37    12 '42 

8-123    |  45-93    12'37      —     4'55    0'34    21-12    12'22 


8-102 
8-109 


49-33    12-72    1'72    4-68      —     17-44 
4297    1642      —     1*32      —     2014 


105,  L.  Baikal, 

Koksharomte        2 -97 
106    Fiskernas  3'07 


45-99    18-20      —     2-40      —     16'45 
46-79    15-86    0'69*  2°88      —     20-17 


Cr2O3. 


bNiO. 


9-91 
14-99 


104.  Cullakenee,  N.  C.  8'120       45-14    17-59    0'79»  8'45    0'21b  16-69    12'51 


12-78 
13-11 


Ka2O  KSO    ign. 

0-75    0-84    0-46 

[=  9812 

2-24    0-08    0-59 

[=  100-34 

[F  0-21  =  99-13 

2-25    0-63    0-29 

1-53    2-85    0-87 

[F  1  -66  =r.  102-75 

2-25    0-36    1-34 

f=  100  33 

"[=99-01 

1-53    1-06    0-60 

—       —     213 

[=  100-63 


396 


SILICATES. 


PARGASITE,  HORNBLENDE. 

G. 

SiO2 

A12O3 

Fe20 

s  FeO 

MnO 

MgO 

CaO 

Na20 

K2C  ign. 

107. 

Bathurst 

40-02 

15-55 

3-44 

8-60 

— 

14-37 

12-21 

2-40 

2-13    1-81  =  100-58 

108. 

Edenville 

42-97 

11  90 

3-08 

13-84 

0-481 

1-49 

11-63 

2-73 

0-88    0-38  =  99-38 

109. 

Pargas 

41-26 

11-92 

4-83 

9-92 

tr. 

13-49 

11-95 

1-44 

2-70    0  52    F   1-70 

[=  99-73 

110. 

Vesuvius 

3-282| 

39-92 

14-10 

6-00 

11-03 

0-30 

10-72 

12-62 

0-55 

3-37    0-37  =•-  98-98 

111. 

"    blk. 

3-298 

39-80 

14-28 

2-56 

19-02 

—  . 

9-10 

10-73 

1-79 

2-85    1-42  =  101-55 

112. 

"    bra. 

3-112 

41-7 

8-3 

14-7 

— 

— 

16-5 

14-5 

[43] 

—       —    =    100 

113. 

"    blk. 

3-235 

41-7 

9-5 

17-7 

— 

— 

13-4 

13-4 

[4-3] 

—       —    =    100 

114. 

Czernosin 

3-225 

4065 

14-31 

581 

7-18 

— 

14-06 

12-55 

1-64 

1-54    0-26       Ti02 

[0-80  --.-  98-80 

115. 

Stenzelberg  3*266 

f  39-62 

14-92 

10-28 

7-67 

0-24 

11-32 

1265 

1-12 

2-18    0-48       TiO2 

[0-19  =  99  67 

116. 

Bohemia 

3966 

14-83 

12-37 

1-97 

— 

1425 

12-74 

2-47 

1-25      —        Ti02 

[0-89  =  100-43 

117. 

Jan  Mayen 

3-33 

39-17 

14-37 

12-42 

5-86 

1-51 

10-52 

11-18 

2-48 

2-01    0-39  =  99-91 

118. 

Mayo 

39-96 

16-91 

3-42 

8-86 

— 

6-03 

15-94 

9-01 

—       —=100-13 

119. 

Pajsberg 

51-66 

0-57 

15-19 
f 

2-73 
lCr30 

6-17 

3. 

7-87 

1377 

[1-53] 

—     0-51    =    100 

120.  Nora,  Noralite 

121.  Gamsigrad, 


122. 


Franklin  Furnace, 
N.  J. 

123.  M.  Altino, 

Bergamaskite         3 -07 

124.  Ka,ei'sut,Kaersutite  3 -04 


G.        SiO2    A12O3  Fe2O3FeO     MnO   MgO    CaO    Na2O  K2O 

3-243    42-0012-00      —    30'00    0'25      2-25    1100      —      Zr.H2OO'75 

r__  Qg'25 

46-5813-63      —    12-29    6'00      8'44      883    3'17    1 '00  =  99-94 
[Cr2O3  0-13,  ZnO  0'53,  TiO2  1'76  =  101 -01 
39-59  11-20    5-97  11-31    3'07      8'42    12  85    3'31     1-95  1'02  = 

[99-74 
0-93      5-14    4-00    0-42 


536-77  15-13  14'46  22'89 


41-38  14-41 


11-28      —     13-51     12-97 


TiO2  6-75      Sn02 
[0-26  =  100-56 


Pyr. — Essentially  the  same  as  for  the  corresponding  varieties  of  pyroxene,  see  p.  361. 

Obs. — Amphibole  occurs  in  many  crystalline  limestones,  and  granitic  and  schistose  rocks, 
and  sparingly  in  serpentine,  and  volcanic  or  igneous  rocks.  Tremolite,  the  magnesia-lime 
variety,  is  especially  common  in  limestones,  particularly  magnesian  ordolomitic;  actinolite  (also 
nephrite),  the  magnesia-lime-iron  variety,  in  steatitic  rocks  and  with  serpentine;  and  dark  green 
and  black  hornblende,  in  chlorite  schist,  mica  schist,  gneiss,  and  in  various  other  rockc  of  which 
it  forms  a  constituent  part;  brown  to  black  hornblende  occurs  in  trachyte  and  other  eruptive 
rocks.  Asbestus  is  often  found  in  connection  with  serpentine. 

Hornblende-rock,  or  amphiboly te,  consists  of  massive  hornblende  of  a  dark  greenish  black  or 
black  color,  and  has  a  granular  texture.  Occasionally  the  green  hornblende,  or  actinolite,  occurs 
in  rock'-masses,  as  at  St.  Francis,  in  panada.  Hornblende- schist  has  the  same  composition  as 
amphibolyte,  but  is  schistose  or  slaty  in  structure.  It  often  contains  a  little  feldspar.  In  some 
varieties  of  it  the  hornblende  is  in  part  in  minute  needles.  Hornblendic  granite  contains  horn- 
blende in  addition  to  the  ordinary  constituents  of  granite,  or  replacing  the  mica.  Gneiss  and 
mica  schist  are  often  hornblendic  in  the  same  way.  The  hornblende  in  mica  schist  is  usually  in 
prisms,  either  stout  or  acicular,  which  sometimes  are  aggregated  in  sheaf-like  tufts.  The 
fasciculite  of  Hitchcock  is  merely  this  tufted  hornblende.  Syenite  is  a  granitoid  rock,  con- 
taining hornblende  along  with  orthoclase  feldspar.  Dioryte  is  a  similar  rock,  grayish  white  to 
nearly  black  in  color,  consisting  of  hornblende  and  a  triclinic  feldspar. 

Prominent  foreign  localities  of  amphibole  are  the  following;  many  others  have  been  men 
tioned  in  connection  with  the  descriptions  of  varieties  and  analyses.  Tremolite  (grammatite)  in 
dolomite  at  Campolongo  in  Canton  Tessin,  Switzerland;  also  at  Orawitza;  Rezbanya, Hungary; 
Gulsjo,  Wermland,  Sweden;  Tromso,  Norway,  etc.  Actinolite  in  the  crystalline  schists  of  the 
Central  and  Eastern  Alps,  especially  at  Greiner  in  the  Zillerthal;  Pfitsch;  Zermatt;  in  tine  fibrous 
form  at  the  Knappenwaud,  Sulzbachthal,  Tyrol,  with  epidote;  Zoblitz  in  Saxony;  Arendal,  Nor- 
way. Asbestus  at  Sterzing,  Zillerthal,  and  elsewhere  in  Tyrol;  in  Savoy;  also  in  the  island  of  Cor- 
sica, where  it  is  so  abundant  that  Dolomieu  is  said  to  have  employed  it  in  packing  his  minerals;  at 
Dretlitz,  Pyrenees.  Rock  cork  is  obtained  in  the  Zillerthal,  Saxony,  Portsoy,  and  Leadhills, 
where  also  mountain  leather  occurs.  Bourg  d'Oisans,  in  France,  affords  a  variety  of  amianthus, 
composed  of  fibers  having  some  degree  of  elasticity;  it  is  the  amianthoide  of  Hauy.  Pargasite  at 
Pargas,  Finland;  Saualpe  in  Carinthia.  Hornblende  at  Arendal  and  Kongsberg,  Norway;  in 
Sweden  and  Finland;  at  Vesuvius;  Aussig  and  Teplitz,  Bohemia;  in  basalt  at  Wolfsberg  near 
Czernosin;  Klotzberg,  Bohemia;  the  Rhongebirge;  Vogelsgebirge;  Kaiserstuhl. 

Nephrite,  which  in  the  form  of  "jade"  ornaments  and  utensils  is  widely  distributed 
among  the  relics  of  early  man  (see  jade.  p.  371),  is  obtained  at  various  points  in  central  Asia. 
The  most  important  source  is  that  in  the  Karakash  valley  in  the  Kuen  Lun  Mts.  on  the  southern 


AMPHIBOLE  GROUP— AMPHIBOLE.  397 

borders  of  Turkestan;  the  exact  locality  of  the  quarries,  which  have  been  extensively  worked  by 
the  Chinese,  is  7  miles  from  the  Kirghiz  encampment  of  Balakchi,  wnich  is  12  miles  S.E.  of 
Shahidulla  (Stoliczka,  Q.  J.  G.  Soc.,  30,  568,  1874).  Quarries  also  exist  in  the  Kuen-Luu  Mts., 
to  the  south  of  Khotan,  which  have  been  known  by  the  Chinese  for  2000  years;  probably  also  at 
other  points  in  the  same  range  (cf.  Schlagenweit,  Ber.  Ak.  Milnchen,  227,  1873*).  Another 
locality  has  been  described  in  the  same  region  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Pamir  on  the  liaskem- 
daria,  where  it  has  been  extensively  mined  by  the  Chinese;  from  this  source  the  material  for  the 
lombstonef  of  Timur  (anal.  59)  in  Samarkand  is  believed  to  have  been  obtained;  white  ' '  jadeite  " 
{like  that  of  Burma)  is  mentioned  as  occurring  with  it  (Nature,  1890).  It  has  also  been  found  at 
various  localities  in  the  government  of  Irkutsk,  eastern  Siberia,  near  L.  Baikal,  but  only  as  rolled 
masses  in  river  beds,  etc.  (cf.  Beck  and  Mushketov,  1.  c.)-  Also  reported  from  the  province  of 
Yunnan,  southern  China.  In  New  Zealand  it  has  been  much  used  by  the  Maoris  (called  by  them 
Pumamu,  Tangiwai,  Kawakawa,  etc.),  and  obtained  from  several  points  on  the  west  coast  of  the 
South  Island  (Hochstetter,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  49  (1),  466,  1864). 

Nephrite  has  been  found  in  Europe  as  a  rolled  mass  at  Schwemmsal  near  Leipzig;  in  Swiss 
Lake  habitations  and  similarly  elsewhere.  Also  an  extremely  fine-fibrous  amphibole  closely 
resembling  oriental  nephrite  (anals.  67-69)  occurs  in  place  at  Reichenstein  and  Jordansmiihl, 
Silesia  (Traube,  1.  c.),  where  it  occurs  with  serpentine  and  has  resulted  from  the  uralitization  of  a 
massive  pyroxenic  rock;  further,  rolled  masses  (anals.  65,  66)  have  been  found  in  the  Sauutbal 
and  Murthal,  Styria,  which  were  probably  derived  from  the  neighboring  mountains  (cf.  Berwerth, 
Ann.  Mus.  Wien,  3,  79,  1888). 

In  America,  besides  the  jade  ornaments  common  in  Mexico,  South  America  and  Alaska, 
nephrite  has  been  found  in  pebbles  in  gravel  bars  (Rep.  G.  Canada,  1887-88)  on  the  Lewis  river 
in  the  Yukon  district,  North-west  Territory.  A  mass  of  a  pale  green  color,  translucent  to  sub- 
transparent  and  weighing  If  Ibs.,  was  found  in  Miles  Canon;  another  at  the  Kwikpak  mouth 
of  the  Yukon.  Further,  nephrite  (auals.  77-80)  has  been  found  in  place  at  the  Jade  Mts.,  north 
of  the  Kovvak  river,  about  150  miles  above  its  mouth  (Storey,  Clarke).  Also  found  in  rolled 
pebbles  and  as  Indian  implements  near  Lytton  in  the  valley  of  the  Fraser  river,  Br.  Columbia. 

In  the  United  States,  in  Maine,  black  crystals  occur  at  Thomaston,  at  Moultenboro  in 
syenite;  pargasite  at  Phippsburg  and  Parsonsfield;  radiated  or  asbestiform  actinolite  at  Unity; 
tremolite  at  Thomaston  and  Raymond,  In  N.  Hamp.,  black  crystals  at  Franconia.  In 
Vermont,  glassy  and  radiated  actinolite  in  the  steatite  quarries  of  Windham,  Readsboro',  and 
New  Fane.  In  Mass.,  white  crystals  of  tremolite  at  Lee;  glassy  and  radiated  actinolite 
at  Miildlefield  and  Blaudford;  radiated  actinolite  at  Carlisle,  Pelham,  Windsor,  Lee,  and 
Great  Barringtou;  black  crystals  at  Chester;  asbestus  at  Brighton,  Sheffield,  Pelham,  Newbury, 
Dedham;  cummingtonite  at  Cummiugton  and  Plainfield.  In  Conn.,  in  large  flattened  white 
crystals  and  in  bladed  and  fibrous  forms  (tremolite)  in  dolomite,  at  Canaan,  between  the  Falls 
and  the  post-office,  and  also  at  other  places  in  Litchfield  Co.;  asbestus  at  West  Farms, 
Winchester,  and  Wilton,  and  with  mountain  leather  at  the  Milford  serpentine  quarries. 

In  If.  York,  in  good  black  crystals  at  Willsboro',  presenting  interesting  forms;  also  near 
the  bridge  at  Potsdam,  near  Greenwood  Furnace,  and  in  Warwick,  Orange  Co.;  dark 
green  crystals  near  Two  Ponds,  and  also  1  m.  N.,  2%  m.  N.,  and  1  m.  S.,  of  Edenville, 
together  with  gray  or  hair-brown  crystals  and  tremolite,  titanite,  and  chondrodite  in 
granular  limestone;  of  various  forms  and  colors,  and  often  in  large  and  perfect  crystals, 
near  Amity;  in  dark  green  crystals,  with  ilmenite,  at  the  Stirling  mines,  Orange  Co.;  in 
short  green  crystals  at  Gouverneur,  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  sometimes  2  or  3  in.  in  .diameter,  along 
with  apatite,  also  in  fine  long  prisms  of  tremolite  with  brown  tourmaline;  with  pyroxene  at 
Russell  in  tine  crystals;  a  black  variety  at  Pierrepont;  at  Macomb,  Pitcairn;  tremolite  at 
Fine;  in  Rossie,  2  m.  N.  of  Oxbow,  the  variety  pargasite  in  neat  bright  green  crystals; 
glassy  and  radiated  actinolite  near  a  hamlet  called  Peeksville,  in  Fishkill;  radiated  at  Brown's 
serpentine  quarry,  3  m.  N,W.  of  Carmel,  Putnam  Co.;  in  large  white  crystals  at  Diana, 
Lewis  Co.;  radiated  and  bladed  tremolite  at  Dover,  Kingsbridge,  the  Eastchester  quarries, 
Hastings,  and  near  Yonkers,  in  Westchester  Co.;  at  Knapp's  quarry,  Patterson,  in  Putnam 
Co.,  and  on  the  banks  of  Yellow  lake  and  elsewhere  in  St.  Lawrence  Co.;  asbestus,  near 
Greenwood  Furnace;  Rogers's  farm  in  Patterson;  Colton  rock  and  Hustis's  farm  in  Phillips- 
ftown,  Putnam  Co.;  near  the  Quarantine  in  Richmond  Co.,  in  long  fibers. 

In  JV.  Jersey,  tremolite  or  gray  amphibole  in  good  crystals  at  Bryam,  and  other  varieties 
of  the  species  at  Franklin  and  Newton,  radiated  actinolite,  also  a  zinc-manganese  variety  (anal. 
122)  at  Franklin  Furnace,  Sussex  Co.;  asbestus  and  mountain  leather  at  Brunswick.  In  Penn., 
actiuob'te  in  Providence,  at  Mineral  Hill,  in  Delaware  Co.;  at  Uuionville;  at  Kennett,  Chester 
Co.,  often  in  fine  crystals;  tremolite  with  asbestus  at  Chestnut  Hill  near  the  Wissahickon,  near 
Philadelphia;  at  London  Grove,  Chester  Co.  In  Maryland,  actinolite  and  asbestus  at  the  Bare 
Hills  in  serpentine;  asbestus  is  mined  at  Pylesville,  Harford  Co.;  amphibole-authophyllite  at 
Mt.  Washington,  6  miles  north  of  Baltimore.  In  Virginia,  actinolite  at  Willis's  Mt.,  in  Buck- 
ingham Co. ;  asbestus  at  Barnet's  Mills,  Fauquier  Co.  Nephrite  in  Alaska  as  already  noted. 

*  Also  later  Beck  &  Mushketov  (Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  18,  1,  1883),  who  give  a  map  of  the  known 
localities  in  the  Kuen-Lun  Mts.,  and  a  summary  of  the  occurrence  of  nephrite  in  different  parts 
of  the  world  ;  besides  describing  with  many  analyses  (quoted  on  p.  394)  the  Siberian  occurrences. 

f  The  size  of  this  stone  (in  centimeters)  is  as  follows:  length  192  (=  6'3  ft.),  breadth  36f 
above  and  34  below,  height,  30  (B.  &  M.). 


398  SILICATES. 

In  Canada,  tremolite  is  abundant  in  the  Laurentian  limestones,  at  Calumet  Falls,  Litchfield, 
Pontiac  Co.,  Quebec;  also  at  Blythfield,  Renfrew  Co.,  and  Dalbousie,  Lanark  Co.;  good  crys- 
tals in  limestone  at  Algona,  Renfrew  Co.  Black  bornblende  at  various  localities  in  Quebec  and 
Ontario  witb  pyroxene,  apatite,  titanite,  etc.,  as  in  Renfrew  Co.;  fine  crystals  of  pargasite,  also 
treinolite,  on  the  Madawaska,  Blythfield,  Renfrew  Co.,  Ontario.  Black  hornblende  with  the 
magnetite  of  Bathurst  and  South  Sherbrooke,  Lanark  Co.,  Ontario.  Asbestus  and  mountain 
cork  at  Buckingham,  Ottawa  Co.,  Quebec;  a  bed  of  actinolite  at  St.  Francis,  Beauce  Co..  Quebec; 
nephrite  has  been  found  in  British  Columbia  and  North-west  Territory,  as  already  noted. 

Alt. — The  alterations  of  amphibole  are  similar  to  those  of  pyroxene  (see  pp.  362,  363).  The 
fibrous  and  diallage-like  varieties  are  especially  liable  to  take  up  water,  owing  to  the  finely  or 
thinly  divided  state  of  the  mineral.  Talo,  steatite,  serpentine,  chlorite,  epidote,  biptite,  pinite, 
chabasite,  limonite,  magnetite,  iron  ocher,  are  among  the  reported  results  of  alteration. 

At  Ilmenau,  a  magnesia-mica,  a  chlorite,  and  also  (as  an  after-product  from  the  chlorite) 
iron-ocher,  occur  as  pseudomorphs  after  hornblende.  Groppite,  and  perhaps  rosite  (4th  Ed.,  p. 
287),  may  be  altered  pargasite.  Genth  describes  the  asbestiform  or  fibrous  serpentine  of  Texas 
and  Providence,  Pa.,  and  the  baltimorite  as  altered  asbestus,  and  a  chrysotile  of  Delaware  Co., 
Pa.,  as  altered  actinolite  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  33,  203,  1862).  The  hydrous  anthophylltte  of  New  York 
Island  occurs  in  place  near  the  corner  of  59th  street  and  10th  avenue,  and  also  in  many  places 
in  boulders.  The  variations  in  the  analyses,  as  well  as  in  the  aspect  of  the  material,  show  that 
it  is  a  result  of  the  alteration  of  an  asbestiform  tremolite.  Cf.  p.  384. 

Several  alteration-products  of  amphibole  are  given  below. 

Artif.— Obtained  artificially  by  Khrushchov,  see  p.  1026. 

Ref.— i  Finl.  Min.,  56,  1855,  Min.  Russl.,  8,  159,  1878;  cf.  Rath,  Poeg.,  Erg.,  6,  229,  1874, 
Arzruni,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  March  30,  1882,  Franzenau,  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  568,  1884. 

The  position  here  taken  is  that  adopted  by  Tschermak  (Min.,  442,  1884)  and  shown  conclu- 
sively by  G.  H.  Williams  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  39,  352,  1890)  to  be  the  true  one  as  exhibiting  the  relation 
to  pyroxene;  cf.  13,  p.  387,  where  the  crystals  of  the  two  species  are  in  parallel  position  and  the 
basal  planes  nearly  coincide.  It  was  early  shown  by  Rath  (1.  c.)  of  Vesuvian  amphibole  that 
crystals  occur  parallel  with  augite,  with  p  of  the  one  corresponding  to  s/s'  of  _the  other. 

To  transform  the  formerly  accepted  symbols,  Tiki  (where  p  —  001,  r  =  111,  etc.),  to  those 
here  taken  (pqr),  note  that  p  =  —  (h  ~j-  1),  q  =  k,  r  —  I. 

The  following  (Tschermak,  Franzenau)  show  the  variation  in  angle  in  some  of  the  kinds  of 
amphibole: 

Actinolite  Vesuvius  Brevik  Pargas  Aranyer  Berg 

mm"'     =      55°  32'  55°  31'  55°  41'  56°    0'  55°  43' 

rr'         =  31°  29'  31°  42'  31°  38' 

mr'       =  68°  46'  68°  58' -3 

2  Cf.  Mir.,  297,  1852;  Dx.,  1,  77,  1862;  Schrauf,  Atlas,  Tf.  vii,  vm,  1864;  Kk.,  1.  c.;  Gdt. 
Index,  1,  190,  1886.  3  Franzenau,  Aranyer  Berg,  1.  c.  4  Cathrein,  Fleimsthal,  Zs.  Kr.,  9,  357, 
1884,  13,9,  1887.  6  Williams,  Russell,  N.  Y.,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  175,  1885.  6  Flink,  Nordmark, 
anal.  14,  1.  c. 

1  On  twins  \  c.  Cross,  Min.  Mitth.,  3,  386,  1881;  G.  H.  Williams,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  39,  352,  1889; 
tw.  striations  and  parting,  Mugge,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  242,  1889. 

8  Composition  discussed,  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  84,  321  et  seq.,  1851;  Rg.,  Pogg.,  103,  273  et  seq., 
1858;  Tschermak,  Min.  Mitth.,  38,  1871  ;  Berwerth,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  85  (1),  153,  1882; 
Scharizer,  Jb  Min.,  2,  143,  1884.  Relation  between  composition  and  optical  characters,  Wiik, 
Zs.  Kr.,  7,  79,  1882. 

The  following  are  more  or  less  altered  amphiboles: 

KIRWANITE  Thomson,  Min.,  1,  378,  1836.  A  fibrous,  green,  chlorite-like  mineral  from  the 
basalt  of  the  N.  E.  coast  of  Ireland.  R.  D.  Thomson  found  in  it:  SiO2  40'50,  A12O3  1141, 
FeO  23'91,  CaO  19  78,  H2O4'35  —  99'95.  According  to  Lacroix  it  is  an  impure  altered  amphi- 
bole. Bull  Soc  Min.,  8,  429,  1885. 

LOGANITE  :T.  S.  Hunt,  Phil.  Mag.,  2.  65.  1851,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  491,  1863.  Amphibole 
from  Calumet  Fails,  Quebec,  retaining  its  form  and  cleavage,  but  near  penninite  in  composi- 
tion See  5th  Ed.,  p.  242,  p.  496. 

PALIGOBSKITE  T.  v.  Savchenkov,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  102,  1862,  Fibrous.  Soft,  but  tough. 
G.  -  2-217.  Color  white.  Analysis:  SiO2  52'18.  A12O3  18'32,  MgO  8'19,  CaO  0'59,  H2O  12'04, 
hygrosc.  water  8'46  —  99  84.  B.B.  infusible.  Not  acted  on  by  the  acids. 

From  the  Permian  mining  district  of  the  Ural.     Probably  an  altered  asbestus. 

PHAACTTNITE  Beriels,  Verb.  Wiirzb.  Ges.,  8,  in  JB.  Ch.,  1267.  1874,  An  alteration  product 
of  amphibole,  forming  radiated  masses,  doubly  refracting.  H.  —  2.  G.  —  2'997-3'057.  Color 
dirty  grayish  brown.  Analysis  after  deducting  a  little  magnetite:  SiO2  35  5,  A12O3  16'9,  Fe2O3 
25  4,  MuO  1  4,  MgO  53,  CaO  7*2,  H2O  8'1  —  99'8.  From  the  rock  called  by  the  same  author 
isenite,  occurring  in  Nassau,  Germany. 

WALDHEIMITE.  Amphibol-ahnliches  Min.  von  Waldheim  A.  Knop,  Lieb.  Ann.,  110,  363, 
18-")9:  Waldheimit  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  780,  1860.  An  amphibole-like  mineral  from  the  serpentine  of 
Waldheim,  Saxony,  which  contains  much  soda,  and  is  peculiar  also  in  its  excess  of  silica,  both 
suggesting  that  it  may  be  amphibole  altered  by  the  alkaline  process.  It  occurs  in  veins  an  inch 


AMPHIBOLE  GROUP—  GLAUCOPHANE. 


399 


thick,  and  resembles  actinolite.     H.  =  5;  G.  =  2'957;  color  leek-green;  translucent.     Analysis, 
Knop; 

SiO2  58-71    A12O3  1-52     FeO  5'65     MnO  0'25     MgO  10  01     CaO  11'53    Na2O  12'38  =  100-05 

339.  GLAUCOPHANB.    Glaukophan  Hausmann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  34.  238,  1845.     Gastaldite 
Struver,  Mem.  Ace.  Line.,  2,  333,  1875. 

Monoclinic;  near  amphibole  in  form.  In  thin  prismatic  crystals  with  a,  b,m, 
and  rarely  p  (101)  and  r  (Oil),  Measured  angles,  Bodewig: 

mm'"  =  58°  16',  cr  =  34°  12',  m'r  =  67°  17',  cf.  Amphibole,  p.  387. 

Crystals  prismatic  in  habit,  usually  indistinct;  commonly  massive,  fibrous,  or 
columnar  to  granular. 

Cleavage :  m  perfect.  Fracture  conchoidal  to  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  6-6*5. 
G,  —  3°103-3'113  Hausm.;  3*044  Svr.  Luster  vitreous  to  pearly.  Color  azure- 
blue,  lavender-blue,  bluish  black,  grayish.  Streak  grayish  blue.  Translucent. 

Pleochroism  strongly  marked:  c  sky-blue  to  ultramarine-blue,  b  reddish  or 
bluish  violet  a  yellowish  green  to  colorless.  Absorption  c  >  b  >  a.  Optically  +. 
A.X.  pi.  \\b.  c  A  &'=  4°  to  6°,  rarely  higher  values:  11°  to  12°  Koto.  Bodewig 
gives  for  the  extinction-angles  with  6  on  b:  4°  24'  Li,  4°  16'  Na,  4°  13'  Tl. 
Axial  angles: 

2Ea.r=84°42'    2Ea.y  =  85°35'    2Ea.gr=  86°  39'     2Ha.r  =  51°3'    2Ha.y=51°  11'     2Ha.gr  =  51°  24* 
Also    ft  =  1*6442  gastaldite,  Sauger  (Rosenbusch). 

Comp.— Essentially  NaAl(Si03)2.(Fe,Mg)Si03.  If  Mg  :  Fe  =  2  :  1,  the  for- 
mula requires:  Silica  57'6,  alumina  16'3,  iron  protoxide  7'7,  magnesia  8'5,  soda 
9-9  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Schnedermann,  J.   pr.   Ch.,  34,  240,  1845.     2,  Luedecke,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  28,  249, 
1876.     3,  Bodewig,   Pogg.,    158,  224,   1876.     4,  Berwerth,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  85  (1),  185,  1882. 

5,  Lasaulx  and  Bettendorff,  Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  263,   1883.     6,  Schluttig.  Inaug.  Diss..  Groitzsch, 

6,  1884,  recalc.  by  Grtiuhut,  Zs.  Kr.,  13,  73,  1886.     7,  Liversidge,  Proc.  Soc.  N.  S.  W.,  Sept.  1, 
1880.     8,  Yoshida,  quoted  by  Koto,  J.   Coll.  Sci.,  Japan,  1,  85,  1886.     9,  Cossa,  Mem.  Ace. 
Line..  2,  33,  1875.     10,  Barrois  &  Offret,  C.  R.,  103,  221,  1886. 


G. 

SiO2 

A1203 

Fe2O< 

,  FeO 

MnO 

MgO 

CaO 

Na20 

K20 

1.  Syra 

3-108 

I 

56-49 

12-23 

— 

10-91 

0-50 

7-80 

2-40 

9-34 

tr.   =    99-63 

2.     " 

3-101 

55-64 

15-11 

3-08 

6-85 

0-56 

7-80 

2-40 

9-34 

—  =  100-78 

3.  Zermatt 

3-091 

| 

57-81 

12-03 

2-17 

578 

— 

1307 

220 

7-33 

-    -  100-39 

4. 

3047 

1 

58-76 

12-99 

— 

5-84 

— 

14-01 

2-10 

6-45 

—  H20  2-54 

[=  102-69 

5.  Is.  Groix 

3-112 

57-13 

12-68 

8 

•01 

— 

11-12 

3-34 

7-39 

tr.    =    9967 

6. 

3-110 

I 

56-65 

12-31 

3-01 

4-58 

— 

12-29 

2-20 

7-93 

1-05  -  100-02 

7.  N.  Caledonia 

3-12 

5279 

14-44 

— 

9-82 

— 

11-02 

4-29 

5-26 

0-88  fl2O  1-38 

[=  99-88 

8.  Shikoku,  Japan 

2-991 

56-71 

15-14 

9-78 

4-31 

— 

433 

4-80 

4-83 

0-25  =  100-15 

9.  Ao^t&,  Gastaldite 

3-044 

1 

58-55 

21-40 

— 

9-04 

— 

3-92 

2-07 

4-77 

tr.    =    99-71 

10.  Andalusia 

47-42 

8'42 

— 

9-68 

— 

15-28 

12-95 

2-97 

—    ign.  4'16 

[=  100-88 

Obs. — Occurs  as  the  hornblendic  constituent  of  certain  crystalline  schists,  called  glaucophane- 
arJiists.  or  glaucophanyte;  also  more  or  less  prominent  in  mica  schists,  arnphibolytes,  gneiss, 
eclogytes,  etc.  It  is  often  associated  with  mica,  garnet,  diallage  and  omphacite,  epidote  and 
zoisite,  etc. 

First  described  from  the  island  of  Syra,  one  of  the  Cyclades;  since  shown  to  be  widely 
distributed  (cf.  Oebbeke,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  38,  634,  1886,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  12.  282,  1886).  Occurs  at 
Zermatt  in  Switzerland,  on  the  north  side  of  the  Matterhorn,  as  also  on  the  south  side  in  the  Val 
Tournanche;  in  the  valley  of  Aosta,  near  Camp  de  Praz  and  St.  Marcel,  also  at  Brosso,  near 
Ivrea,  and  in  the  Val  Locana,  Val  d'Ala,  Valle-Grande  di  Lanzo  (gastaldite);  at  other  points  in 
the  southern  slope  of  the  Alps,  as  well  as  in  Switzerland;  on  the  island  of  Corsica;  Is.  Groix, 
northwest  coast  of  France;  in  the  Fruska  gora  in  Croatia.  In  New  Caledonia  with  garnet  and 
mica  at  the  Balade  mine.  On  the  island  of  Shikokn,  Japan. 

In  the  U.  S.,  glaucophane  schists,  closely  resembling  those  of  Syra,  have  been  described 
from  the  Coast  Ranges  of  California,  as  at  Sulphur  Bank,  Lake  Co.,  and  at  other  points;  the 
glaucophane  is  associated  with  zoisite  and  mica  (Becker). 

Glaucophane  has  been  noted  as  a  secondary  product  due  to  the  alteration  of  diallage  by  a 
process  of  "glaucophanization;"  the  original  diallage  contained  2'23  p.  c.  Na2O,  Koto,  1.  c. 

Glaucophane  is  named  from  yXavxoS,  bluish  green,  and  (paireaftai,  to  appear.  Gastaldite 
is  named  alter  Prof.  Bartolomeo  Gastaldi. 


400  SILICATES. 

340.  RIEBECKITE  A.  Bauer,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  40,  138,  1888.  Bonney,  Phil.  Trans.,  174,  283: 
1883. 

Monoclinic.     In  embedded  prismatic  crystals,  longitudinally  striated. 

Cleavage:  prismatic  (56°)  perfect.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  black.  Pleochro- 
ism very  strongly  marked:  c  green,  b  (=  1)  deep  blue,  a  (nearly  ||  c)  dark  blue. 
Optically  — .  Extinction-angle  small,  a  A  c  =  4°-5°  (±?).  Axial  angle  large. 

Comp — Essentially  2NaFe(Si03)2.FeSi03  =  Silica  50'5,  iron  sesquioxide  26-9, 
iron  protoxide  12*1,  soda  10*5  =,.100.  It  corresponds  closely  to  acmite  (aegirite) 
among  the  pyroxenes. 

Anal.— 1,  Sauer,  after  deducting  7'12  p.  c.  zircon.  2,  Id.  3,  Koenig,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  430,  1877 
(also  with  slightly  different  numbers,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  10,  1877). 

SiO2    Fe2O3     FeO    MnO    CaO  MgO  Na2O  K2O 

1.  Socotra  50  01    28'30      9  87    0'63    1'32    0'34    8'79    0'72  =  99'98 

2.  "  49-30    3072      7'97      —      2'75      —       —       — 

3.  Colorado  G.  =  3'433        49'83    14-87    18-86    1-75      —      0'41    8'33a  1-44  TiO2    1'43,   ZrO3 

•  Incl.  Li20.  [0*75,  ign.  0"20  =  97  87 

Analysis  3  is  referred  here  by  Lex.  (see  below)  on  the  basis  of  an  optical  examination,  but  it 
differs  in  the  state  of  oxidation  of  the  iron,  and  approaches  more  nearly  to  crocidolite. 

Obs. — Originally  described  from  the  granite  and  syenite  of  the  island  of  Socotra  in  the 
Indian  Ocean,  120  miles  N.  E.  of  Cape  Guardaf  ui,  the  eastern  extremity  of  Africa.  It  occurs  in 
groups  of  prismatic  crystals,  often  radiating  and  closely  resembling  tourmaline. 

A  similar  amphibole  occurs  at  Mynydd  Mawr,  Carnarvonshire,  Wales  (Bonney,  Min.  Mag., 
8,  103,  1888,  ib.  p.  169,  1889).  Also  another  in  granulyte  in  Corsica.  Pleochroism:  c  yellowish 
green,  fc  blue,  a  indigo,  nearly  black.  Axis  a  inclined  a  few  degrees  to  c.  Cf.  Le  Yerrier, 
Lcx.,C.  R.,  109,  38,  39,  1889.  ' 

An  " arfvedsonite "  from  St.  Peter's  Dome,  Pike's  Peak  region,  El  Paso  Co.,  Colorado, 
occurring  with  astrophyllite  and  zircon  is  shown  by  Lacroix  (ibid.)  to  be  near  riebeckite.  Ex- 
tinction-angle on  b,  a  A  c  —  3°  to  4°. 

341.  CROCIDOLITE.  Blau-Eisenstein  (fr.  S.  -Africa)  Klapr.,  Mag.  Berl.  Ges.  N.  Fr., 
5,  72,  1811,  Beitr.,  6,  237,  1815.  Krokydolith  Hausm.,  Gel.  Anz.  Gott,,  1585,  1831.  Blue  As- 
bestus.  Abriachanite  Reddle,  Min.  Mag.,  3,  61,  193,  1879. 

Fibrous,  asbestus-like ;  fibers  long  but  delicate,  and  easily  separable.  Also 
massive  or  earthy. 

Cleavage:  prismatic,  56°.  H.  =  4.  G.  =  3-20-3-30.  Luster  silky;  dull. 
Color  and  streak  lavender-blue  or  leek-green.  Opaque.  Fibers  somewhat  elastic. 
Pleochroism:  c  green,  b  violet,  a  blue. 

Optically  f .  Extinction-angle  on  b,  inclined  18°  to  20°  with  6.  2E  =  95° 
approx.  Indices  y-a  =  0-025  Lcx.J 

Comp — Near    riebeckite    and    perhaps    only    a    fibrous    variety.      Formula 

m 

NaFe(Si08).2.FeSi03  nearly  =  Silica  49*6,  iron  sesquioxide  22'0,  iron  protoxide  19-8, 
soda  8-6  =  100. 

Magnesium  and  calcium  replace  part  of  the  ferrous  iron,  and  hydrogen  part  of  the  sodium. 
Chester's  analysis  gives:  2H2O.Na2O.3FeO.Fe2O3.9SiO2. 

Anal.— 1,  Doelter,  Zs.  Kr.,  4,  40.  1879.  2,  Renard  and  Element,  Bull.  Ac.  Belg.,  8,  530, 
1884.  Also  earlier  Stromeyer,  5th  Ed.,  p.  243.  3,  Delesse,  Ann.  Mines.  10,  317,  1836. 
4,  5,  Chester  and  Cairns,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  34,  108,  1887.  6,  7,  Heddle.  1.  c.,  6.  original  fragments, 
7,  material  obtained  by  washing  and  decantation;  also  Jolly  and  Cameron,  Q.  J.  G.  Soc.,  36, 
109,  1880. 

G.        SiO2    Fe2O3    FeO    MuO   MgO  CaO  Na2O  K2O    H2O 

1.  S,  Africa  52-11    20'62    16'75      —      1-77      —    [6:16]     -      1'58      A12O3 

[1-01  =  100 

51-89  19-22  17-53   —   2'43  040  7'71  0'15  2'36  =101 '69 
53-02   —   25-62  0'50  10  14  1  10  5'69  0-39  252   P2O5 

[0-17,  Cl  0-51  =  99  66 

4.  Rhode  Island  3'2          52-13    15  93    21-25      —      0-22      —     6'26      —      3'95  =  99'74 

5.  "  "  51-03    17-88    21-19      —      0  09      —      6'41       —      3-64=100-24 

6.  Dochfour,  Abriach.  3'326      5M5    1492      9'80    0'30   10-80    M2    6'52    0'63    4'77a=100'01 

7.  "  "  52-40      9-34    15-17    0'40  10-50    1'17    7'11    061    2'97S1'00  = 

•  Loss  0-95  p.  c.  at  100°.  [100-67 


AMPHIBOLE  GRO  UP-  A RF VED80NITE. 


401 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  on  strong  ignition  a  little  water.  B  B.  fuses  easily 
with  intumescence  to  a  black  magnetic  glass,  coloring  the  flame  yellow  (soda).  With  the  fluxes 
gives  reactions  for  iron.  Unacted  upon  by  acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  South  Africa,  in  Griqualand-West,  north  of  the  Orange  river,  in  a  range  of 
quarUose  schists  called  the  Asbestos  Mountains,  which  extends  in  a  northeasterly  direction  from 
Griquastad  toward  Transvaal,  700m.  north  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  In  a  micaceous  porphyry 
at  Wakembach,  near  Framont,  in  the  Vosges.  At  Golling  in  Salzburg,  in  gypsum  with  blue 
quartz;  at  Ruka,  near  Doiuaschow  in  Moravia,  with  a  ferruginous  dolomite;  in  Greenland,  both 
fibrous  and  earthy. 

In  the  U.  S.,  at  Beacon  Pole  Hill,  near  Cumberland,  R.  I.,  in  a  granite  ledge  disseminated 
in  fine  particles  in  feldspar,  also  in  as  large  as  a  butternut  masses  with  radiated  fibrous  structure. 
Emerald  Mine,  Buckingham  and  Perkin's  Mill,  Templeton,  Ottawa  Co.,  Ontario,  Canada  (Lex., 
Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  13,  10,  1880;. 

Abriachanite  is  an  earthy  amorphous  form  occurring  in  seams  and  cavities  of  the  gneiss 
and  granite  of  the  Abriachan  district,  near  Loch  Ness,  in  Inverness-shire,  Scotland. 

A  similar  mineral  from  the  zircon-syenite  of  Stavern,  Norway,  is  referred  here  by  Haus- 
rnann;  this  is  the  Faseriger  Siderit  Leonh.,  Gehl.  J.,  3,  101,  and  Fasriges  Eisenblau  Hausm., 
Handb.,  1076,  1813.  According  to  Brogger  the  Stavern  mineral  is  a  fibrous  variety  of  the 

E^roxene,  segirite;  he  suggests  further  a  like  relation  for  the  South  African  mineral;  but  cf. 
ex.,  1.  c.,and  C.  R.,  109.  39,  1889. 

Crocidolite  is  named  from  KpoKi1-,,  woof,  in  allusion  to  its  fibrous  structure. 

Alt. — The  South  African  mineral  is  largely  altered  by  both  oxidation  of  the  iron  and  infil- 
tration of  silica,  resulting  in  a  compact  siliceous  stone  of  delicate  fibrous  structure,  chatoyant 
luster,  and  bright  yellow  to  brown  color,  popularly  called  tiger-eye  (also  cat 's-eye  and  Faserquarz, 
Tigerauge,  Falkenauge  (bluish  var.)  Germ.).  Many  varieties  occur  forming  transitions  from  the 
original  blue  mineral  to  the  final  product;  also  varieties  depending  upon  the  extent  to  which  the 
original  mineral  has  penetrated  the  quartz.  Cf.  Renard  and  Klement,  1.  c.  The  softer  (H.  =4) 
alteration  product,  consisting  of  silica  with  iron  oxide,  is  made  a  ferric  silicate  by  Hepburn, 
Ch.  News,  55,  240,  1887,  and  called  griqualandite  (cf.  Brough.,  ib.,  56,  244,  1887). 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Renard  and  Klement,  1.  c.  3,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  Erg.,  194,  1886.  4,  5,  Wibel  and 
Neelsen,  Jb.  Min.,  367,  1873.  6,  Hepburn,  1.  c. 


1. 

2.  Bluish 

3. 

4    Blue 

5.  Brown 

6.  Griqualandite 


G. 


2-684 
2-69 
3-05 
3-136 


SiO2       Fe203       FeO      A12O3       CaO      MgO       H2O 


93-05  4-94  0-66 

93-43  2-41  1-43  0'23 

94-45  4-50          —  — 

9727  1-67  — 

57-46  37-56 

56-75  37-64  1'09 


0-44 
0-13 


0-26 
0-22 


0-15         — 


—          —         0-10 


0-76 
0-82 
0-80 
0-76 
5-15 
5-23 


100-11 

98-67 

99-75 

99-85 

100-17 

100-81 


Ref._ i  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  13,  10,  1890. 


342.  ARFVEDSONITE. 

blende. 


Brooke,  Ann.  Phil.,  5,  381,  1823.     Arfwedsonit.     Soda-horn- 
Axes: a  :  1  :  6  =  0-55687  :  1  :  0  -29781;  (3  =  73°  2£'  =  001  A  100 


Monoclinic. 
Brogger1. 

100  A  110  =  28°  2J',    001  A  101  =  23°  52f,   001  A  Oil  =  15°  54'. 

Forms:  a  (100,  i-i),  b  (010,  *-i),  m  (110,  /),  t  (101,  14),  p  (101,  14),  r  (Oil,  14),  *  (031,  3-i), 
k  (211,  2-2),  2(121,  2-2). 

Angles  (cf.  f.  14,  p.  387):  mm'"  =  *56°  5',  at  =  49°  10',  a'p  =  *75°  44f,  rr'  =  31°  48', 
br  =  *74°  6',  ii  =  81°  2',  zz'  =  60°  0',  pr  -  34°  40',  pm  =  77°  27'. 

Crystals  long  prisms,  often  tabular  ||  b,  but  seldom  distinctly  terminated:  also 
in  prismatic  aggregates.  Twins:  tw.  pi.  a. 

Cleavage:  prismatic,  perfect;  b,  less  perfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle. 
H.  =  6.  G.  =  3'44-3*45.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  pure  black;  in  thin  scales 
deep  green.  Streak  deep  bluish  gray.  Opaque  except  in  thin  splinters. 

Pleochroism  strongly  marked  :  c  deep  greenish  blue,  b  lavender,  a  pale  green- 
ish yellow.  Absorption  c  >  b  >  a;  sections  |  a  are  deep  greenish  blue,  ||  b  olive- 
green.  Optical  character  somewhat  uncertain,  probably  (Bgr.)  -f,  and  c  =Bxa 
(but  cf.  below  and  p.  383).  Extinction-angle  on  b,  with  r,  =  —14°. 

Comp.  —  A  slightly  basic  metasilicate  of  sodium,  calcium,  and  ferrous  iron 
chiefly;  Lorenzen's  analysis  gives  4Na,0.3Ca0.14FeO.(Al,Fe)a03.2lSiOa. 


402 


SILICATES. 


Anal.— 1,  Lorenzen,  Min.  Mag.,  5,  50,  1882.     2,  Berwerth,  Ber.  Ak.Wien,  85  (1),  168, 1882. 


G. 

1.  Kangerdluarsuk  3 -44 

2.  "  3454 


Si02  A1203  Fe2O3 
43-85  4-45    3*80 
|  47-08  1-44    1-70 


FeO  MnO  MgO  CaO 
33-43  0-45  0-81  4'65 
35-65  —  —  2-32 


Na20  K20   H20 
8-15    1-06    0-15=100-80 
7-14    2-88    2-08=100-29 


The  supposed  arfvedsouite  from  Greenland  analyzed  by  von  Kobell,  Rbg.,  etc.,  has  been 
shown  to  be  aegirite  (see  p.  365) ;  that  from  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado,  analyzed  by  Koenig  is  re- 
ferred to  riebeckite  by  Lacroix,  C.  R.,  JQ9,  39,  1889. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  at  2  with  intumescence  to  a  black  magnetic  globule;  colors  the  flame 
yellow  (soda);  with  the  fluxes  gives  reactions  for  iron  and  manganese.  Not  acted  upon  by  acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  black  hornblende-like  crystals  at  Kangerdluarsuk  in  Greenland,  with  soda- 
lite,  eudialyte,  and  feldspar;  also  from  Kumernit,  near  Tunugdliarfik,  Siorarsuit;  the  Greenland 
crystals  are  sometimes  9  inches  long;  also  very  sparingly  in  theaugite  and  elaeolite-syenite  of  the 
Langesund  fiord,  southern  Norway.  More  abundant  in  quartz-syenite  and  soda-granite  between 
Mjosen  and  the  Langesund  fiord,  near  Christiania  especially  at  the  lake  Sognsvand,  at  Guuilrud 
in'  the  parish  of  Eker,  and  Kongsberg;  at  Rokeberg,  Eker,  occurs  interlamiuated  with  aegirite 
in  parallel  position. 

A  blue  amphibole  occurring  as  a  pseudomorphic  replacement  and  also  as  a  secondary  growth 
fringing  crystals  and  grains  of  ordinary  brown  hornblende  and  others  of  pyroxene,  seems  to  belong 
here,  cf.  Cross,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  39.  359,  1890.  Optical  character  probably  negative.  Ax.  pi.  \\  b. 
Extinction-angle  on  b,  or  a  A  c  =  —  13°  to  —  15°.  Axial  angle  large.  Pleochroism:  c  pale 
yellow,  fe  purple  to  violet,  a  deep  blue.  Absorption  ar  >  b  >  C.  Occurs  in  a  dike-rock  cutting 
the  Archaean  gneisses  at  the  northern  base  of  the  Rosita  hills,  5  miles  east  of  the  mining  town 
Silver  Cliff,  Custer  Co.,  Colorado.  Riebeckite  and  a  secondary  pyroxene  near  aegirite  occur  in 
the  same  rock. 

1.  3.  4. 


Figs.  1,  2,  A  secondary  blue  amphibole  (arfvedsonite  ?)  fringing,  in  parallel  position,  brown 
hornblende;  3,  also  enclosing  pyroxene.  4,  Pyroxene  (twin,  |  a*  with  similar  secondary 
amphibole,  also  in  twinning  position.  Cross. 

Alt. — The  following  are  analyses  of  altered  arfvedsonite  by  Rordam,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  406,  1830' 


SiO2 

A12O3 

Fe203 

MnO 

MgO 

Na20 

K20 

H.O 

48-73 

2-18 

37-32 

— 

0-58 

10-24 

0-82 

0-72 

=   100-59 

52-12 

2-33 

32-33 

— 

0-62 

10-95 

0-88 

0-77 

r=    100 

49-90 

2-62 

32-99 

0-05 

0-57 

1288 

o-io 

1-07 

-   100-18 

49-50 

2-75 

32-86 

0-06 

0-60 

13-01 

— 

1-53 

~    100-31 

As  shown  by  Steenstrup  and  Br5gger,  the  change  is  one  leading  in  the  direction  of  the  for 
mation  of  an  acmite  (aegirite)  free  from  calcium — in  other  words,  a  process  the  reverse  of  uralit?- 
zation.  Ferric  hydrate  and,  again,  magnetite  occur  with  the  acmite.  Lepidomelane  also 


AMPHIBOLE  GROUP— ^XIGMATITE.  403 

occurs  with  the  acmite  as  a  result  of  the  change,  analogous  to  "  pterolite  "  noted  under  barkevi- 
kite  beyond. 

Ref.— l  Lille-Ar5,  Norway,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  398,  1890. 

342A.  BARKEVIKITE  W.  C.  Brogger ,  G.  For.  FOrh.,  9,  269,  1887;  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  412,  1890. 
Barkevicite. 

An  amphibole  near  arfvedsonite.  In  short  or  long  prismatic  crystals,  sometimes  very  large 
and  rough;  showing  the  forms:  b  (010),  r  (Oil),  p  (101),  A;  (211),  z  (121).  Cleavage:  prismatic, 
perfect,  yielding  an  angle  of  55°  44V;  b  also  rather  perfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle. 
G.  =  3-428  Rg.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  deep  velvet-black.  Pleochroism  marked:  deep  brown 
and  light  brown-yellow  for  the  axes  ||  b,  the  former  for  the  axis  inclined  -f-  12$°  to  c;  brownish 
red  for  the  axis  i),  normal  to  b.  Extinction-angle  with  c  on  b  —  -f-  12£°. 

Composition  near  arfvedsonite,  but  more  basic;  the  ratio  of  SiO2  :  (Al.Fe)2O3  : 
(Fe,Mn,Ca,Mg)O  :  (Na,K)2O  =  0'707  :  0'148  :  0'498  :  0'113  for  Flink's  analysis  (calc.,  Bgr.). 
Analyses  1,  2  are  referred  here  by  Brogger,  while  other  amphiboles  from  Fredriksvarn  analyzed 
by  Rg.  (1.  c.)  are  shown  to  be  intermediate  between  barkevikite  and  ordinary  hornblende. 

1,  Plantamour,  Bibl.  Univ.,  6,  337,  1841.  2,  Rg.,  Pogg.,  103,447, 1858.  3,  Flink,  Zs.  Kr., 
16,  412,  1890. 

G.         SiO2    TiO2  A1203  Fe2O3    FeO  MnO    CaO   MgO  Na2O  K2O    Ign. 

1.  Brevik  46'57    2'02    3  41      —      24'38    2  07    5'91     5'88    7'79    2'96      —  =100'99 

2.  "  3-428      42-27    I'Ol     6-31    6'62    21-72    M3    9'68    362    3'14    2'65    0'48=  98'63 

3.  Barkevik  42'46a    —    11 -45    6'18    19'93    0-7510'24    111    6 '08    1'44      —  =  99'64 

*  Inch  Ti02. 

B.B.  fuses  easily,  but  somewhat  less  so  than  arfvedsonite. 

Occurs  at  the  wohlerite  locality,  Skudesundsskjar  near  Barkevik  (or  Barkevig)  on  the 
Langesund  fiord;  also  as  an  essential  constituent  of  the  augite-syenite  of  southern  Norway,  in  the 
region  between  the  Christiania  and  Langesund  fiords.  Sometimes  occurs  in  parallel  intergrowth 
with  arfvedsonite,  and  again  with  a  green  hornblende. 

PTEROLITE  Breithaupt,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  24,  336,  1865.  Described  as  a  member  of  the  mica 
group,  from  the  Brevik  region,  Norway,  occurring  in  scales  of  an  olive-green  to  liver-brown  color 

frouped  in  fan-shaped  forms  (hence  named  from  nrepor,  feather).     Analyzed  by  Muller  (1.  c.). 
hown  by  Lacroix  to  be  a  heterogeneous  substance  (Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  10,  145,  1887),  and  later 
by  Brogger  (Zs.  Kr.,  16,  418,  1890)  to  be  an  alteration-product  of  the  amphibole,  barkevikite, 
the  soluble  portion  being  lepidomelane  and  the  insoluble  aegirite.      Anal.,  Muller: 

Si02    A1203  Fe203    FeO    CaO  Na2O  K2O    H2O 
Soluble  36-08      499    25'98    14'28    5'43    3'68    7'96    1-81 

Insoluble        50-14    1203      —      23'43    6'88      —     7'52     — 


y.  Triclinic  Section. 

343.  JENIGMATITE.    Ainigmatit  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  24,   398,   1865.     Kolbingit  Id., 
ibid.     Lorenzen,  Min.    Mag.,  5,  55,  1882.     Cossyrit  Forstner,  Zs.  Kr.,  5,  348,  1881. 

Triclinic.  In  crystals  approximating  closely  in  angle,  habit,  and  occurring 
forms  to  ordinary  amphibole,  but  having  a  prismatic  angle  of  66°.  Axes1  (approx.) 
a  :  b  :  6  =  0-6778  :  1  :  0'3506;  a  =  90°,  ft  =  72°  49',  y  =  90°. 

Forms,  ^nigmatiU:  e    (130,  »-§')  r  (Oil,  1-2')  E  (Oil,  '!-$)  z    (121,  >2) 

a  (100,  iri)  M  (110,  '/)  j  (031,  34')  i    (031,  '34)  0  (433,  f-f ,) 

b    (010,  «)  e    (130,  '*-§)  p  (051,  54')  |    (051, '54)  C    (121,2-2,) 

<m  (110,  /')  p    (101,  ,14,)? 

Measured  angles:  mM  =  66°  31'  Breith.;  also,  Bgr.,  mM  =  66°  4'  to  66°  11',  bm  =  56°  44' 
to  45',    bp  =  29°  38f,  Mz  =  62°  23£',  mp  =  53°  12',  Mp  =  68°  34'. 

Cossyrite:  M  (110,  7)  p  (05.1,  54')  u  (233,  14')  k   (211,  2-2,) 

a  (100,  *4)  e    (130..  '*-§)  i  (031,  '34)  /  (433,  ,ff)  £    (121,  2-2,) 

b   (010,  a)  p    (101,  ,14,)  d  (071,  '74)  «  (231,  ,3-|)  <r  (251,  5-f ,) 

m  (110,  /')  r    (Oil,  14')  at  (213,  f-2')  z  (121,  2-2)  g    (211,  '2-2) 
e   (130,  *-3') 


404  SILICATES. 

The  following  are  angles  for  cossyrite  (Forstner)  compared  with  the  corresponding  angles 
for  amphibole: 

Cossyrite  Amphibole  •                          Cossyrite  Amphibole 

mM    =     65°    51'            55°   49'  bp  =     29°  27'  35°  19' 

bm      =     56°   38'            62°     5£'  U  =     44°  50'  49°  44' 

ab       =     90°     6'            90°     9'  bk  =     74°     6'  77°  13' 

a'p      =     77°   47'            75° .   2'  mk  =     50°  36'  49°  24' 

br       =     71°  29'            74°  14'      .  pk  =    29°  23'  27°  25' 

Crystals  prismatic  in  habit.  Twins  common  with  tw.  pi.  b,  contact-twins; 
also  with  enclosed  tw.  lamellae,  giving  striations  on  the  terminal  planes  and  on  a. 

Cleavage:  prismatic,  distinct.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  G.  =  3-85  Breith., 
3-80  Lorenzen,  for  aenigmatite;  3'74-3*75  Forstner,  for  cossyrite.  Luster  vitreous. 
Color  black.  Streak  reddish  brown.  Translucent  to  opaque. 

Pleochroism  strongly  marked,  especially  for  sections  ||  b ;  for  those  ||  a  less  so. 
c  brown-black,  b  deep  chestnut-brown,  a  clear  red-brown.  Absorption  strong, 
c  >  b  >  a.  Optically  -(-.  Ax.  pi.  nearly  ||  b.  Extinction-angle  with  6  on  a  =  3° 
46',  on  b  =  44°  57'.  Bx  A  6  =  +  45°  approx.  Ax.  angle  rather  small,  2E  =  60° 
approx.  Bgr. 

Var.— 1.  ^Enigmatite  occurs  in  prismatic  crystals,  sometimes  several  inches  in  length. 
H.  =  5-55.  G.  =  3-833-3-863  Breith.,  3'80  Lorenzen.  Color  black.  Streak  reddish  brown. 
Optical  characters  as  given  above.  Breithaupt  regarded  the  senigmatite  as  pseudomorphous 
after  kolbingite,  which  latter  was  distinguished  by  a  pistachio-green  streak  and  low  specific 
gravity,  viz;  3'60-3-61.  The  form  of  the  two  he  made  the  same.  Lorenzen,  however,  shows 
that  the  aenigmatite  crystals  cannot  be  pseudomorphs,  while  Brogger  suggests  that  "  kolbingite" 
may  be  only  a  parallel  intergrowth  of  arfvedsonite  and  aenigmatite,  such  as  he  has  observed. 

2.  Cossyrite  occurs  in  minute  embedded  crystals.  G.  =  3 '74-3 '75.  Color  black.  Extinc- 
tion-angle with  c  on  a  =  3°,  on  b  =  39°  approx. 

Comp. — Essentially  a  titano-silicate  of  ferroustiron  and  sodium,  but  containing 
also  aluminium  and  ferric  iron,  and  slightly  more  basic  than  a  normal  metasilicate. 

Forsberg's  analysis  for  senigmatite  gives  nearly  2Na2O.9FeO.AlFeO3.12(Si,Ti)O2. 

F5rstner's  analysis  for  cossyrite  approximates  to  2Na2O.10Fep.Al2O3.Fe2O3.15SiQ2.  As  has 
been  suggested,  it  is  not  improbable  that  cossyrite,  like  aenigmatite,  contains  titanium,  replacing 
part  of  the  silicon. 

Anal.— 1,  Forsberg,  quoted  by  Bgr.     2,  Forstner,  1.  c. 

SiO2    TiOa  A12O3  Fe2O3   FeO    MnO  MgO  CaO  Na2O  K2O 

1.  ^nigmatite          37'92    7'57    3'23    581     35'88    I'OO    0'33    1-36    6'58    0'51  =  100'19 

2.  Cossyrite  43'55*     —     4'96    7'97    32'87    2'37*>  0'86    2'01     5'29    0'33  =  100'21 

a  Incl.  TiO2?.  b  Incl.  0'39  CuO. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  brownish  black  glass.     Partially  decomposed  by  acids. 

Obs. — ^Enigmatite  (and  kolbiugite)  occurs  in  sodalite-syeuite  at  Naujakasik  near  Tunug- 
dliarfik,  also  at  Kangerdluarsuk,  Greenland;  the  first  crystals  were  collected  by  Giesecke  about 
1810.  Probably  also  in  the  Langesund  fiord  region  of  southern  Norway,  but  not  positively 
identified;  Breithaupt  is  quoted  (Bgr. )  as  mentioning  the  occurrence  of  a  mineral  resembling 
kolbingite  with  a  prismatic  angle  of  66°  to  67°  from  "  Brevik."  Probably  in  the  elaeolite-syenite 
of  the  peninsula  Kola,  Russian  Lapland  (Ramsay).  ^Enigmatite  is  named  from  aiviy^a,  an 
enigma. 

Cossyrite  occurs  in  minute  crystals  embedded  in  the  Hparyte  lavas  of  the  island  Pantellaria 
(whose  ancient  name  was  Cossyra).  The  crystals  examined  were  weathered  out  of  the  ground- 
mass. 

Ref.— >  Calculated  from  Forstner's  angles:  110  A  110  =  65°  51';  br  =  71°  29',  ar  =  73°  44'. 
FOrstuer  calculates  the  following  axial  ratio  and  angles  (referred  to  the  usual  amphibole  position, 
where  r  =  111,  etc.,  see  p.  398): 

a  :  b  :  c  -  0'6627  : 1  :  0'3505;     a  =  90°  6',     /?  =  89'  54',     y  -  102°  13'. 

Inasmuch,  however,  as  the  fundamental  angles  are  the  means  of  measurements  varying 
widely,  in  one  case  more  than  2°,  the  results  can  only  be  regarded  as  approximations.  _The 
table  of  calculated  angles  contains  bewildering  errors,  e.  g.:  010  A  HO  =  56°  38',  110  /\  110  = 
65°  51',  110  A  010  —  57°  6',  which  together  equal  179°  35'  instead  of  180°;  again.  100  A  HO  = 
33°  3',  110  A  130  =  30°  21',  130  A  010  =  26°  17',  that  is  89°  41  ;  while  100  A  010  =  90°  6';  etc. 

The  triclinic  form  of  kolbingite  (and  senigmatite),  partly  made  out  by  Breithaupt,  was 
established  by  BrOgger,  who  also  shows  that  there  can  be  no  doubt  as  to  the  identity  of  aeiiig- 
matite  and  the  triclinic  cossyrite. 


BERYL  GROUP— BERYL. 


405 


844.    Beryl 


4.  Beryl  Group.     Hexagonal. 
Be3Al2(Si03),  Hexagonal 


6 

0-4989 


344.  BERYL,  ^udpaydos  pt.  [rest  Chiysocolla,  Malachite,  etc.,  and  other  green  stones] 
Theophr.  BrfpuA.A.oS  Or.  Smaragdus  pt.  [rest  as  above]  4-  Beryllus  (Chrysoberyllus,  Chryso- 
prasius,  incl.)  Plin..  37,  16-20.  Emerald;  Beryl;  Aquamarine.  Smaragdus  -f  Beryll  Wall., 
Miu.,  117,  122,  1747.  Smaragdus  +  Bloagron  Topas  (=  Beryll,  Aquamarin)  Cronst.,  Min.,  44, 
1758.  Eineraude  (incl.  Emerald  and  Beryl  or  "  Aigue-marine,"  and  Chrysolite  du  Bresil)  de 
Lisle,  Crist.,  135,  1772,  2,  245,  1783;  H.,  J.  d.  M.,  4,  72,  1798,  Tr.,  2, 1801.  Schmaragd  -f  Beril 
Wern.,  the  two  as  distinct  sp.  until  1811.  A  silicate  of  alumina  with  lime  Achard,  Edelst.,  47, 
1779;  Bergm.,  Opusc.,  2,  96,  1782;  and  others.  A  silicate  of  alumina  and  glucina  Vauq.,  J. 
d.  M.,  4,  1798,  7,  97, 1800;  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  3,  221, 1802.  Davidsonite  Thomson,  Min.,  1,  247,  1836. 
GosheniteShep.,  Min.,  1, 143, 1844.  Rosterite  Orattarola,  Riv.  Scientif.-industr.,  No.  19,  1880. 

Smaragd,  Beryll,  Germ.  Beryl,  Emeraude,  Aigue-marine,  FT.  Berillo,  Srneraldo,  Ital. 
Berilo,  Esmeralda,  Span. 

Hexagonal.     Axis  6  =  0-498855;  0001  A  lOll  =  29°  56'  35"  Koksharov1. 


Forms'^  : 
c    (0001,  0) 


_ 

a  (1120,  a-2) 
e  (5160,  £-f)8 
f  (2130,  i-f) 

p  (1-0  i'14,  ^) 

^  (i-q-i-12,  TV)7 

T  (2025,  f) 
it  (1012,  i) 
P  (1011,  1) 

1. 


u  (2021,  2) 
S  (3031,  3)5 
A  (7072,  |)10 
<    (4041,  4)5 
/i  (5051,  5) 

x  (15-0-15-2, -1/) 
7  (12-0-13-1,  12)5 
e  (39-0-39-2,  -V-) 

GJ  a-1'2-12,  i-2)6 
q  (3-3-6-10,  |-2)3 


(1123,  f-2)5 
(1122,  1-2) 
(5-5-10-7, 
(3364,  |-2) 
(1121,  2-2) 
(3361,  6-2)5 
(6-6-12-1,  12-2) 


Zone  ms 

h  (19-1  -20-1,  20-ff) 
y  (13-1-14-1,  14-i|) 
ft  (ll-l-12'l,  12-^f) 
w  (7181,  8-f) 


(H-2-13'2, 
(5161,  6-|)8 
(3141,  4-|) 
(2131,  3-|) 

(7184,  2-|) 
(5165,  ff)6 
(2133,  1-f) 
(4263,  2-|) 
(4261,  6-f) 
(16-8-24-1,  24-1) 
(36-24-60-5, 


m. 


Figs.  1,  2,  Middletown,  Conn.     3,  Haddam,  Conn.    4,  Alexander  Co.,  N.  C. 


mi  =  19°    6' 
ma  =  30°    0' 


=  12°  58V 
=  16°    4' 


=    2°  21' 
=     2°  45' 
cr    =  12° 

CTt 

cr     =  40°  50' 
cu    =  49°     2|' 
=  59°  56£ 
=  66°  32' 
cfl  =  70°  51' 
ex    -  76°  58' 
cT  =  81°  46' 
ce     =  84°  55' 


cp 


ct 


ct» 

= 

4° 

45' 

co- 

• — 

18° 

24' 

co 

= 

26° 

31' 

cd 

— 

36° 

48' 

cs 

•  — 

.  44° 

56' 

& 

= 

71° 
80° 

31V 
31' 

C7l 

_ 

64° 

17' 

CU 

= 

56° 

44' 

rr' 

_ 

12° 

53£' 

TTTT' 

— 

15° 

54|' 

JRP' 
rr 

= 

*28° 
38° 

54f 

uu' 

= 

44° 

22' 

K)  GO' 

=    4°  45' 

aa' 

=  18°    9i; 

oo' 

=  25°  48' 

dd' 

=  34°  52' 

ss' 

=  41°  21V 

mk 

=     5°  41' 

my 

=    8°  11' 

m/3 
mw 

=     9°  344' 
=  14°  30^ 

ml 

=  17°  55' 

mn 

=  29°     0' 

mv 

=  37°  49' 

ms 

=  52°  17' 

mg' 

=  70°    9V 

my)' 

=  75°  33' 

ap 

=  64°  23' 

nn' 
nn* 

=  28°  56V 
=  25°     0' 

zz 

=  15°  29' 

zz*1 

=  26°  59' 

w> 

=  18°  11' 

vv*1 

=  31°  46' 

kk' 

=  20°  41' 

kk* 

=  36°  14V 

rr>* 

=  34°    1' 

=     9°  41' 

A  A' 

=     9°  49' 

A  A™ 

=  17°     3' 

ww' 

=  45°  34' 

ww*1 

=  12°  50' 

406, 


SILICATES. 


Crystals  usually  long  prismatic,  often  striated  vertically,  rarely  transversely; 
distinct  terminations  exceptional.  Rarely  tabular  in  habit9.  Occasionally  in  large 
masses,  coarse  columnar  or  granular  to  compact. 

Cleavage:  6  imperfect  and  indistinct.  Fracture  conchoidal  to  uneven.  Brittle. 
H.  =  7-5-8.  G.  =  2-63-2-80;  usually  2'69-2'70.  Luster  vitreous,  sometimes  resin- 
ous. Color  emerald -green,  pale  green,  passing  into  light  blue,  yellow  and  white; 
also  pale  rose-red.  Streak  white.  Transparent  to  subtranslucent.  Dichroism  more 
or  less  distinct.  Optically  — .  Double  refraction  feeble.  Often  abnormally  bi- 
axial11. Refractive  indices,  for  green  rays,  Dx.13: 


5. 


6. 


7. 


5,  Alexander  Co.,  N.  C.,  Washington.    6,  Monroe,  Conn.    7,  Willimantic,  Conn.,  Pfd.1* 

8,  Mt.  Antero,  Col.,  Id. 


11. 


9-11,  Alexander  Co.,  N.  C.,  basal  projections;  9,  11,  Washington. 


Emerald,  Muso     GO  =  1-5841 
e   -  1-5780 


Also,  Dufet13: 


Gor  =  1-58620  Li 
er    =  1-57910  Li 


Elba    GO  =  1-5771 
"       e  -  1-5720 


GO?  =  1-58935  Na 
ey   =  1  58211  Na 


Aquamarine,  Siberia 


?gr  =  1-59210  Tl 

„    =  1-58485  Tl 


GO  =  1-5820 
e  =  1-5765 


Var. — 1.  Emerald.  Color  bright  emerald-green,  due  to  the  presence  of  a  little  chromium; 
it  is  highly  prized  as  a  gem  when  clear  and  free  from  flaws.  The  gem  emeralds  are  locally  known 
in  South  America  as  canutillos;  the  coarse,  ill-formed  or  nodular  emeralds  are  called  morallons, 
see  anal.  2  (Bouissingault). 

The  color  was  attributed  to  chromium  by  Vauquelin,  but  this  was  questioned  by  Lewy  (see 
below).  Wohler,  however,  found  in  a  Muso  emerald 0'186  p.  c.  Cr2O3;  it  lost  1  62  p.  c.  upon  igni- 
tion, but  retained  its  color,  Pogg.,  122,  492,  1864.  This  has  been  confirmed  by  later  observers, 
Hofmeister,  Rose.  Williams.  The  last  named  (Proc.  Roy.  Soc.,  21.409,  1873)  finds  carbon 


BERYL   GROUP— BERYL. 


407 


present  as  such,  but  the  color  is  not  lost  by  heating  though  the  specific  gravity  falls  by  fusion 
from  2'69  to  2'40  and  the  fused  mass  can  be  scratched  by  quartz. 

2.  Ordinary;  Beryl.  Generally  in  hexagonal  prisms,  often  coarse  and  large;  green  the  com- 
mou  color.  The  following  are  determinations  of  the  specific  gravity  given  by  Koksharov  for 
Uraliau  beryls:  colorless,  transparent  2'694,  2  695;  yellowish  2'681-2'694;  green  2'702,  2'710; 
rose-red  2'725.  Also  2'65,  2'66  for  an  Irish  beryl,  Williams,  but  after  fusion  2'41.  The  caesium 
beryl  from  Hebron,  Me.  (anal.  10),  has  G.  =  2'79-2-81 ;  it  is  perfectly  transparent  with  a  pale 
greenish  tinge. 


and  ancient  jewelry) ;  sometimes  a  clear  bright  yellow  as  in  the  golden  beryl;  (e)  pale  yellowish 
green  (probably  the  chrysopi'asius  Plin.,  and  perhaps  his  chrysolilhus  in  part,  as  also  in  more 
modern  times);  (/)  clear  sapphire-blue  (hyacinifwzontes  of  Plin.);  (g)  pale  sky-blue  (aeroides 
Plin.);  (h)  the  pale  violet  or  reddish  (amethiste  basaltine  Sage,  Min.,  231);  (i)  the  opaque  brownish 
yellow,  of  waxy  or  greasy  luster. 

The  oriental  emerald  of  jewelry  is  emerald-colored  sapphire.  Davidsonite  is  greenish  yellow 
beryl  from  near  Aberdeen;  it  was  supposed  to  contain  "donium,"  Rec.  Gen.  Sc.,  3,  426,  1836. 
Goshenite  is  a  colorless  or  white  variety  of  beryl  from  Goshen,  Mass. 

The  union  of  emerald  and  beryl  in  one  species,  which  Pliny  says  was  suggested  in  his  time, 
was  first  recognized  on  crystallographic  grounds  by  De  Lisle,  and  more  satisfactorily  through 
measurements  of  angles  by  Haily;  and  chemically  by  Vauquelin. 

Comp — Be3Al2Si6018  or  3BeO.Al303.6SiOa  =  Silica  67*0,  alumina  19-0,  glucina 
14-0  =  100. 

As  shown  by  Penfield  alkalies  (N"a2O,  Li2O,  Cs2O)  are  sometimes  present  replacing  the  beryl- 
lium, from  0'25  to  5  p.  c. ;  also  chemically  combined  water,  including  which  the  formula  becomes 
H2Be6Al4Si]  2O37.  The  Hebron  beryl  (anal.  10)  is  remarkable  as  containing  3'6  p.c.  of  caesium  oxide. 

Anal.— 1,  Lewy,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  53,  5,  1858.  2,  Boussingault,  C.  R.,  69,  1249,  1869. 
S,  Brax,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  80,  1882.  4,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  650,  1875.  5,  Spezia,  Att.  Ace.  Torino,  17, 
June  25,  1882.  6,  Klatzo,  JB.  Ch.,  1216,  1869.  7,  Dmr.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  9,  153,  1886. 
8,  Baker,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  7,  175,  1885.  9,  Penfield  and  Harper,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  32,  110,  1886;  the 
earlier  analyses  by  Pfd.,  ib. ,  28,  25,  1884,  are  rejected  by  him  as  regards  the  A12O3  and  BeO, 
but  the  determinations  of  alkalies  and  water  are  given  below.  10,  H.  L.  Wells,  priv.  contr. 
11,  Genth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  402,  1882.  Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  247,  1868. 

G. 

1.  Muso,      emerald  2-67      f 

2.  "  "      2-640 

3.  Paavo,Finl., "      2-614 

4.  Elba  2-618 

5.  Craveggia 

6.  Limoges  f 

7.  Madagascar,  rose  2 '72 

8.  AmeliaCo.,N.C.  2'702 

9.  Stoneham,  Me.     2'706 

10.  Hebron,  Me.         2  80 

11.  Alex.  Co.,  N.  C.  2-703 

a  Cr2O3.  b  MgO.  c  FeO,  MnO  0'21.  d  Incl. 


SiO2 
67-85 
67-2 
66-37 
66-08 
6512 
67-78 
66-56 
65-24 
65-54 
62-44 
66-28 

A12O3 
1795 
19-4 
19-26 
18-16 
19-65 
17-58 
18-66 
17-05 
17-75 
17-74 
18-60 

Fe2O3 
tr* 
tr.& 

0-67 
0-27 
0-30C 
2-20 
0-59* 
0-40 
0-22e 

BeO 
12-4 
12-7 
14-01 
14-69 
1149 
13-72 
12-47 
12-64 
13-73 
11-36 
13-61 

CaO  Na2O 
0-9b   0-7 
0'4b     — 

0'48b   - 

0-06     — 
0-57  0-68 
0-06  0-71 
—    1-18 

H2O 

1-07 
1-95 

2-30 

2-70 
2-01 

2-03; 

0^83 

=  99-8 

—  =99-7  (loss  on  ign.  1  -92) 

—  =  99-64 
•07  =  100 
•95  =  99-36 

—  =  99-35 
1-30  =  100-35 
1-70  =  101-08 

!-01  Li2O  tr.  =  100-39 
2-03  Li20  160,  Cs2O  3'60  = 
•54  [100-30 

0-38  FeO.  e  FeO. 


The  following  are  alkali  determinations  by  Penfield  and  Harper,  1.  c.: 


G. 

NaaO 
Li20 
Cs20 

Ign. 


Hebron     Norway,Me.  Branchville    Amelia  Co. 


1-82 
1-17 
2-92 
2-33 


2-744 
1-39 

0-84 
1-66 
2-44 


2-732 

145 

0-72 

2-69 


2-685 

0-46 

0-13 

2-19 


Royal  ston 
2-711 
0-51 
0-05 

2-04 


Stoneham 
2-708 
0-49 
tr. 

2-08 


Adun-Chalon 
2-676 
0-24 
tr. 

1-14 


Also  Habachthal,  Tyrol,  2'26  Na2O;  Bodenmais  1-20  Na2O;  Limoges  0 '73  Na2O;  further 
some  Li2O  in  all.  In  a  beryl  from  Elba,  with  G.  =  2'70-2'71,  Bechi  found  0'88  Cs2O,  Boll. 
Com.  Geol.,  1,  83,  1870. 

An  anomalous  composition  to  a  beryl  from  Glenculleu,  Ireland,  is  given  by  Hartley,  but  the 
analysis  calls  for  confirmation.  Proc.  R.  Dublin  Soc:,  5,  627.  1887. 

ROSTERITE  Grattarola,  1.  c.  A  slightly  altered  variety  of  beryl  from  Elba,  named  after  Dr. 
G.  Roster.  It  occurs  in  short  prismatic  to  tabular  doubly-terminated  crystals.  In  polarized  light 
a  basal  section  is  divided  into  six  sectors,  corresponding  to  the  prismatic  edges,  for  the  three 
alternate  of  which  the  extinction  is  the  same.  Optically  biaxial.  Color  pale  rose-red.  Anal.  1-4, 
Grattarola;  1,  2,  from  the  ends  of  a  crystal,  which  had  a  nucleus  of  normal  beryl  (anal.  3), 
4,  "typical  rosterite." 


408  SILICATES. 

G.  Si02        A12O3         BeO       MgO       CaO     Na2O,K2O  Li?O      H2O 

1.  2-77  61-97  21-93  8 '62  1-26  0'42         undeL  —  undet. 

2.  2-74  60-26  21'18  9'71  1'57  2'55  undet.  0'58  tr.  3'07  =    98'92 

3.  2-77  62-88  17'09(?)  15'97(?)  2'62  2'99         undet.  —  2'32  =  103'87 

4.  2-75  61-34  23'20  8'81  0'50  2-19          1 00  —  2'03  =    99'07 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  alone,  unchanged  or,  if  clear,  become  milky  white  and  clouded;  at  a  high 
temperature  the  edges  are  rounded,  and  ultimately  a  vesicular  scoria  is  formed.  Fusibility  =  5'5 
(Kobell),  but  somewhat  lower  for  beryls  rich  in  alkalies.  Glass  with  borax,  clear  and  colorless 
for  beryl,  a  tine  green  for  emerald.  A  yellowish  variety  from  Broddbo  and  Fiubo  yields  with 
soda  traces  of  tin.  Unacted  upon  by  acids. 

According  to  Lewy,  the  emerald  of  Muso  becomes  white  at  a  red  heat,  and  loses,  as  a 
mean  result,  1  '66  of  water  and  0'12  of  organic  matter,  the  latter  consisting  of  0'03  to  0'05  of 
hydrogen  and  0*09  to  0'06  of  carbon.  Wohler  and  Williams,  however,  as  noted  above,  confirm 
the  loss  upon  ignition  (cf.  Pfd.),  but  find  the  color  retained. 

Obs.— Beryl  is  a  common  accessory  mineral  in  granite  veins,  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  espe- 
cially in  those  of  a  peginatitic  character.  Emeralds  occur  in  clay  slate,  in  isolated  crystals  or  in 
nests,  near  Muso,  etc.,  75  m.  N.N.E.  of  Bogota,  United  States  of  Colombia;  the  rock  contains 
Cretaceous  fossils  in  its  limestone  concretions.  Emeralds  of  less  beauty,  but  much  larger,  occur 
in  Siberia,  on  the  river  Tokovoya,  N.  of  Ekaterinburg,  with  phenacite,  chrysoberyl,  apatite, 
rutile,  etc.,  embedded  in  mica  schist.  Also  at  Paavo,  near  Orijarvi,  Finland.  Mount  Zalora, 
in  Upper  Egypt,  affords  a  less  distinct  variety,  and  was  the  only  locality  which  was  known  to 
the  ancients.  Occurs  in  the  Heubachthal  in  Salzburg,  in  mica  schist. 

Emeralds  of  large  size,  though  not  of  uniform  color  or  free  from  flaws,  have  been  obtained 
in  Alexander  Co.,  N.  C.,  in  pockets  in  gneiss,  associated  with  hiddenite  (spodumene),  rutile, 
muscovite,  etc.  One  crystal  had  a  length  of  9  inches;  another  was  3  in.  long  by  If  across  and 
weighed  9  oz. 

Transparent  beryls  are  found  in  Siberia,  India,  and  Brazil.  In  Siberia  they  occur  at  the 
emerald  mine  mentioned,  at  Mursinkaand  Shaitanka,  near  Ekaterinburg;  near  Miask  with  topaz; 
in  the  mountains  of  Adun-Chalon  with  topaz,  in  E.  Siberia;  in  British  India  in  the  Coimbatore 
district  and  in  the  Punjab  Himalayas;  in  Brazil  on  Rio  San  Mateo.  Some  Siberian  transparent 
crystals  exceed  a  foot  iu  length.  The  most  splendid  aquamarine  of  which  we  have  any  account 
is  from  Brazil;  it  approaches  in  size,  and  also  in  form, the  head  of  a  calf,  and  exhibits  a  crystalline 
structure  only  on  one  side;  the  rest  is  water-worn;  and  it  weighs  225  oz.  troy,  or  more  than  18£ 
Ibs. ;  the  specimen  is  transparent  and  without  a  flaw.  Beautiful  crystals  also  occur  at  Elba;  at 
Louedo  in  north-eastern  Italy,  with  corundum,  zircon,  topaz,  spinel;  the  tin  mines  of  Ehreu- 
friedersdorf  in  Saxony,  and  of  Schlackenwald  in  Bohemia. 

Other  localities  are,  the  Mourne  Mts.,  Ireland,  Co.  of  Down;  also  Killiney  near  Dublin; 
yellowish  green  at  iiubislaw,  near  Aberdeen.  Scotland  (davidsonite),  and  elsewhere  in  Aberdeen- 
shire;  iu  small  bluish  crystals  at  St.  Michael's  Mount  iu  Cornwall;  Limoges  in  France;  Finbo 
and  Broddbo  in  Sweden;  Tamela  and  Somero  in  Finland;  Fossum  in  Norway;  Pfitsch-Joch, 
Tyrol;  Bodenmais  and  Rabenstein  in  Bavaria;  in  New  South  Wales  at  various  localities. 

In  the  United  States,  beryls  of  gigantic  dimensions  have  been  found  iu  N.  Hamp.,  at  Acworth 
and  Graf  ton,  and  in  Mass.,  at  Royalston;  but  they  are  mostly  poor  in  quality.  One  beryl  from 
Grafton  weighs  2,900  Ibs.;  it  is  32  in  through  in  one  direction  and  22  in  another  transverse,  and 
is  4  ft.  3  in.  Tong.  Another  crystal  from  this  locality,  according  to  Prof.  Hubbard,  measures  45 
in.  by  24  in  its  diameters,  and  a  single  foot  in  length  by  calculation  weighs  1,076  Ibs.,  making  it 
in  all  nearly  2|  tons.  At  Royalston,  one  crystal  exceeded  a  foot  in  length;  the  smaller  crystals 
are  often  limpid,  and  a  yellowish  variety  forms  a  gem  resembling  chrysolite;  the  colors  are 
mostly  aquamarine,  grass-green,  and  yellowish  green;  one  locality  is  in  the  south-east  part  of 
Royalston,  near  the  school-house,  on  the  land  of  Mr.  Clarke;  the  best  crystals  are  embedded  in 
quartz;  a  still  better  is  situated  4  m.  beyond  the  old  one  in  South  Royalston;  some  crystals  of  a 
sky-blue  color  in  white  quartz  are  beautiful. 

Other  localities  are  in  Maine,  at  Albany;  Norway;  Bethel;  at  Hebron,  a  caesium  beryl  (ana. 
10)  associated  with  poll ucite;  in  Paris,  with  black  tourmaline;  at  Bowdoinham  and  Topsham,  pale 
green  or  yellowish;  at  Georgetown,  Parker's  island,  mouth  of  Kennebec.  In  N.  Hamp.,  at  Wil- 
mot;  at  Compton.  as  good  as  at  Royalston.  In  Mass.,  at  Barre,  excellent  specimens;  at  Pearl 
Hill  in  Fitchburg;  at  Goshen  (goshenite),  and  at  Chesterfield.  In  Conn.,  at  Haddam,  in  a  feldspar 
vein  in  gueiss,  on  the  east  side  of  the  river,  the  crystals  having  the  terminations  for  a  twelfth  of 
an  inch  transparent;  also  at  the  chrysoberyl  locality;  at  the  Middletown  and  Portland  feldspar 
quarries;  in  Chatham,  in  granite;  at  Monroe,  in  a  granite  vein,  the  crystals  often  consisting  of 
displaced  pieces  separated  by  quartz;  at  Madison,  in  beautiful  crystals;  at  New  Milford,  of  a 
clear  golden  yellow  to  .dark  amber  color,  also  fine  green;  a  clear  glassy  kind  in  Willimantic, 
Conn.1'2;  in  large  columnar  masses  at  Branchville.  In  Penn.,  at  Leiperville  and  Chester,  crystals 
sometimes  10  to  12  in.  long  and  1£  in  diameter,  with  black  tourmaline;  at  Mineral  Hill.  In 
Virginia,  at  Amelia  Court  House,  sometimes  pure  white.  In  N.  Carolina,  in  Alexander  Co., 
near  Stony  Point,  fine  emeralds  (see  above),  also  clear  green  crystals,  sometimes  very  highly 
modified;  in  Mitchell  Co  ;  Morgantou,  Burke  Co.,  and  elsewhere.  In  Alabama,  Coosa  Co.,  of  a 
light  yellow  color.  In  Colorado,  near  the  summit  of  Mt.  Antero,  beautiful  aquamarines  with 


EUDIALTTE  GROUP— EUDIALTTE  409 

phenacite,  bertrandite,  etc.,  often  corroded  leaving  steep  pyramidal  forms  in  the  cavities  (f.  8), 
the  crystals  having  been  the  source  of  the  beryllium  in  the  associated  secondary  minerals, 
In  8.  JDakota,  in  the  Black  Hills  in  large  crystals. 

Alt. — Kaolin,  mica,  limonite,  and  quartz  occur  as  pseudomorphs  after  beryl,  the  last  two 
by  substitution,  the  others  by  alteration.  Analyses  of  altered  beryls;  1,  Miilier,  J.  pr.  Oh.,  58, 
182,  1853.  2,  Darnour,  Bull.  G.  Fr.,  7,  224,  1850.  Anal.  2  corresponds  nearly  to  kaolin. 

Si02        A12O3        Fe2O3        BeO        H2O 

1.  Tirscheureuth  58'8          24'7  2'6  10'2  2'5       =      98'8 

2.  Vilate,  Chanteloube  45'61        38'86          0'94  110       14'04     =    100'55 

PSEUDOSMARAGD  Atterberg,  G.  For.  Forh.,  2,  405,  1874.  Pseudo-emerald.  A  mineral  re- 
sultiug  from  the  alteration  of  beryl.  The  name  was  introduced  by  Berzelius  for  pseudornorphous 
crystals,  consisting,  as  he  regarded  it,  of  ordinary  beryl  and  mica.  Atterberg  retains  the  name 
for  the  hard  portion  of  similar  pseudomorphs,  which,  however,  he  finds  to  be  not  true  beryl.  Its 
characters  are:  Hardness  5'5;  G.  =  2*70;  luster  waxy;  color  dark  grayish  green;  fracture 
splintery.  Intimately  mixed  with  mica  scales.  Analyses:  1,  2;  the  latter  on  material  not  entirely 
free  from  mica: 

SiO2        A12O3        BeO         FeO      MgO       K2O       H2O 

1.  57  32        17-46        13  11        0'30        0'32        7'82        3'64    =      99'97 

2.  5623        19-05        12'55        018        0'50        7'45        4'83     =     100'79 

The  mineral  differs  from  ordinary  beryl  in  having  lost  part  of  its  silica  and  gained  potash 
and  water;  the  alumina  and  glucina  are  sensibly  unchanged.  From  Kararfvet,  near  Falun, 
Sweden. 

Ref.-1  Min.  Russl.,  1,  147,  1853.  2  See  Schrauf,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  65  (1),  255,  1872,  Atlas, 
Tf.  xxxiii;  also  Kk.,  1.  c.  and  ibid.,  2,  356;  4,  125;  6,  94;  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  7,  316,  1872  (adding 
some  complex  planes  not  included  above);  Hbg.,  Min.  Not.,  5,  28, 1863;  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  366,  1862; 
D'Achiardi,  Nuovo  Cimeuto,  1870,  he  adds  two  doubtful  planes;  Wiik,  Ofv.  Finsk.  Soc.,27, 1885, 
and  Zs.  Kr.,  12,  515. 

3 Becker- Websky,  Striegau,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  19,  736,  1867.  4Websky,  Eidsvold,  Min.  Mitth., 
117,  1876.  5  Vrba,  emerald,  Zs.  Kr.,  5,  430,  1881.  b  E.  S.  D.,  Alexander  Co.,  N.  C.,  Am.  J. 
Sc.,  32,  484,  1886.  7  Washington  and  Hidden.  Alex.  Co.,  ib.,  33,  505,  1887,  also  somewhat 
uncertain  (p  (8  7'15'6),  i/>  (9'7i6  8),  %  (8"7-l5-7j;  cf.  Rath,  Ber.  uied.  Ges.,  Feb.  6,  July  7,  1886, 
who  adds  5494  (?).  8  Busz,  8.  Piero,  Elba,  Zs.  Kr.,  17,  552,  1890.  9  N.  von  Koksharov,  Jr., 
Min.  Kussl.,  8,  233.  10  Panebiauco,  Lonedo,  Att.  1st.  Veneto,  5,  387,  1887. 

11  Mid.,  Ann.  Mines,  10,  148,  1876.  '*  Etching-figures  and  corrosion  forms,  Petersson,  Ak. 
H.  Stockh  ,  Bihaug.  15  (2),  No.  1,  1889;  Wiik,  1.  c.;  Pfd.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  36,  317,  1888,  40,  488, 
1890;  R.  C.  Hills,  Proc.  Colorado  Soc.,  3,  191,  1889.  13 Refractive  indices,  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  366, 
1862;  Heusser,  Pogg.,  87,  468,  1862;  Dufet,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  8,  261,  1885,  also  variations  with 
change  of  temperature.  Experiments  on  Elasticity,  Vater,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  582,  1886;  Voigt,  Jb. 
Min.,  Beil.,  5,  68,  1887.  Specific  heat  =  0  2066,  0'2127,  Joly,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.,  41,  250,  1887. 
Pyroelectricity,  Hankel,  Pogg.,  157,  161,  1876. 


5.  Eudialyte  Group. 

345.  Eudialyte  Na13(Ca,Fe)6Cl(Si,Zr)aoOH  6  =  2-1116 

Eucolite 

346.  Catapleiite  H4(Na1,Ca)ZrSi,011  6  =  T3629 


345.  EUDIALYTE.  Eudialyt  Stromeyer,  Gel.  Anz.  Gott.  1998,  1819.  Eudyalite  wrong 
orthography.  Eukolit  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  72,  561,  1847.  Eucolite.  Gronlandischer  Hyazinth 
Trommsdorff,  Crell's  Ann.,  1,  433,  1801. 

Rhombohedral.     Axis  6  =  2-1116;  0001  A  1011  =  31°  22'  Miller1. 

Forms2:  a  (1120,  i-2)         y  (5058,  f)         h  (0115,  -  $)        «  (0221,  -  2)  0  (3142,  1»)T 

c   (0001,  0)         2(1014,  i)  r  (1011,1)         e  (0112,  -  i)        n  (1123,  f  2)  M2131,  1«) 

m  (1010,  /) 

Also,  but  somewhat  uncertain,  1015,  1014,  0'3-3-H,  9  6  15 '4,  Magnet  Cove3. 


410 


SILICATES. 


cz  =  31°  22' 

en  =  54°  37' 

7th'  =  44°  37' 

as 

=  47°  58' 

cy  =  56°  44' 
cr  =  *67°  42' 

C(f>  =  77°  11' 
ct  =  81°  11' 

ee'  =  84°  4' 
**'  =  116°  4' 

=r  89°  16$' 

ch  —  26°  0' 
ce  =  50°  38' 
cs  =  78°  24' 

zz'  =  53°  35' 
yy'  =  92°  47' 
TV-'  =  106°  30' 

ar  =  36°  45' 
a*  =  23°  59' 

tt' 
W 

r  =r  27°   5 

=  80°  37' 
=  37°  45' 

1. 


Figs.  1,  Eudialyte,  2,  Eucolite,  Magnet  Cove,  Ark.,  J.  F.  Williams. 

5,  Id.,  Mir. 


3,  4,  Greenland;  4,  Lang. 


highly   modified 
Also  massive  in 


Crystals  often  tabular  ||  c,  or  rhombohedral  in  habit  and 
(eudialyte);  also  prismatic,  a,  with  r  large  or  small  (eucolite). 
embedded  grains;  sometimes  reniform. 

Cleavage:  in  eudialyte,  c  perfect;  a  and  z  (1014)  difficult,  Dx.;  in  eucolite, 
c  most  distinct;  also  a  and  m  imperfect,  Bgr.  Fracture  subconchoidal,  splintery. 
Brittle.  H.  =  5-5-5.  G.  =  2-91-2-93  eudialyte;  3-0-3-1  eucolite.  Luster  vitreous. 
Color  rose-red,  bluish  red,  brownish  red,  chestnut-brown.  Streak  uncolored. 
Translucent  to  subtranslucent. 

Eudialyte  is  optically  positive ;  eucolite  is  negative.  Double  refraction  strong. 
Indices : 

Eucolite        w  —  1-6205  e  =  1-6178     Brogger. 

Var. — Eudialyte  and  eucolite  differ  in  optical  character,  the  former  -J-,  the  latter  —  as 
stated  above.  Ramsay  notes  that  both  -f  and  —  zones,  as  also  others  which  are  isotropic,  occur 
in  the  same  crystal  of  the  Kola  eudialyte.  The  crystals  of  eudialyte  are  ordinarily  more  com- 
plex, and  its  specific  gravity  is  sensibly  lower.  In  composition  a  distinction  can  hardly  be  made. 

Williams  gives  for  Magnet  Cove  eudialyte,  G.  =  2'804-2'833;  for  eucolite  2 -624-2-663.  The 
eucolite  is  softer  and  probably  somewhat  altered;  a  derivation  from  eudialyte  is  suggested. 

Comp. — Formula  uncertain  because  the  zirconium  may  be  taken  with  either 
base  or  acid ;  the  part  played  by  the  chlorine  is  also  doubtful.  Most  simply  regarded 

in  i 

(Bgr.)  as  essentially  a  metasilicate,  R4R3Zr(Si03)7,  with  E  =  Na  chiefly,  also  K,  H; 

n 

R  =  Ca  chiefly,  also  Fe,  Mn,  and  Ce(OH);  further  with  ZrOCl2  in  part  replacing 
the  Si02;  niobium  (tantalum)  may  be  present  in  small  amount. 

Rammelsberg,  who  has  contributed  most  to  our  knowledge  of  the  composition,  regards  the 
chlorine  present  as  NaCl,  and  the  zirconium  as  replacing  silicon.  For  anals.  5-9  and  15,  16,  he 

writes  2R6R3(Si,Zr)10O26  +  NaCl;  for  17-21,  R12R9(Si,Zr)Q6O65.     If  Zr  is  to  be  taken  as  base  he 
suggests  3(R8R5Zr2Sii3O39)  -f-  2NaCl.     Groth  regards  it  as  probably  a  salt  of  HaSi2O5. 


EUDIALITE  GROUP— EUDIALITE. 


411 


Anal.— 1,  Rg.,  Pogg.,  63,  142,  1844.  2,  Dmr.,  C.  R.(  43,  1197,  1856.  3,  Nylander  [Act. 
Univ.  Lund,  2],  Jb.  Min.,  488,  1870.  4,  Lorenzen,  Min.  Mag.,  5,  61,  1882.  5-9,  Rg.,  Ber.  Ak. 
Berlin,  441,  1886.  10,  Genth,  Ara.  J.  Sc.,  41,  397,  1891. 

11,  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  72,  565,  1847,  recalc.  by  Rg.  12,  Dmr.,  1.  c.  13,  Nylander,  1  c. 
14,  Cleve,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  504,  1890.  15-21,  Rg.,  1.  c.,  1886. 


Eudialyte. 

G. 
1.  Greenland 


2-906 


2-928 


0-35 


15-60      — 
14-67      — 


6-37 
6-54 


1-61 
1-46 


10.  MagnetCove  2  810 


ign. 

12-28    0-65    1-19    0-37 
[>  100-52 

9-23    13-10      —     1-48    1-25 
[=  99-37 

9-82    12-32      —      1-37    1-48 
[  =  99-47 

14-49'   2-27    5-54    0'42    10'57    1590      —      1-04    1'91 

[MgO  0-15  =  100-92 

15-09        6-58    1-12    10-83    1283    0-66    1'53    1'24 

[=  99-25 

49-84       —    '  14-01    2-35    596    0'64    10'77    13-32    0  75      —       — 
50-09       —       14-05    2-49    6'34    0'75     10-30     13'53    0'44      — 
49-86       —       14-28    2'60    5'12     1-14     11-02         13-76  —     1'24 

49-62       —       14-12    2-50     7'16    1'34      966          13'24          1'36      — 
51-83     0-39?    11-45      —     4'37    037    14'88b  13'29    O'i3    1'42    1'88 

[=  100-31 
Incl.  La2O3,DiaO3.  b  Incl.  O'll  MgO. 


SiOa    Ta206    ZrO2  Ce2O3»FeO   MnO    CaO    NaaO    K2O     Cl 
49-92       —       16-88      —     6'97    1'15    11-11 

50-38 
51-86 
48-63 
49-37 


Eucolite. 


11.  Norway 

12. 

13. 

14.  Barkevik 

15.  "Brevik' 

16. 

17.  SigtesS 

18.  " 

19.  Aro 

20.  " 

21.  " 


3-01          4785  — 

3-007        45-70  235 

50-47  — 

3-104        45-15  3-52 

2-908        48-88  — 

48-91  — 

3-081  4668  — 

46-98  — 

3-00  46-84  — 

—  62-59 

46-14  — 

a  Incl.  La2O3  I'll  p.  c. 


14-05 
14-22 

2-32 
360* 

7-42 
6-83 

1-94 
2-35 

12-06 
9-66 

12-31      — 
11-59      — 

—     0-94 
[=  98-89 
1-11     1-83 
[=  99-24 

14-26 

4-30 

5-42 

3-67 

9-58 

10 

•46 

— 

1-68    1-57 

12-51 

5-12b 

3-90 

3-60 

12-11 

11 

•17 

0 

•11 

[=  101-41 
0-55    2-11 

[=  99-85 

15-17 

4-07 

7-28 

0-52 

1063 

8-80 

i 

•24 

1-57    2-50 

[=  100-66 

16-10 

3-38 

6-54 

0-93 

10-57 

9 

•74 

—      2-65 

15-43 



7-32 

2-82 

11-76 

11 

•24 



1-70    0-90 

1452 

4-02 

6-42 

2-55 

10-70 

0 

•42 



—      0-75 

16-09 

5-19 

5-92 

1-50 

10-52 

10 

•70 

0 

•50 

144    1-77 

[=  100-47 

— 

— 

6-45 

2-95 

10-59 

10 

•29 

0 

•37 

__       — 

15-40 

— 

7-59 

2-63 

10-73 

— 

—       — 

b  Incl.  Y203  0-32  p.  c. 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  affords  water.  B.B.  fuses  at  2*5  to  a  light  green  opaque 
glass,  coloring  the  flame  yellow  (soda).  With  the  fluxes  gives  reactions  for  iron  and  man- 
ganese. With  hydrochloric  acid  gelatinizes,  and  the  dilute  acid  solution  imparts  a  deep 
orange  to  turmeric  paper  even  after  the  iron  in  solution  has  been  reduced  to  colorless 
protochloride  by  boiling  with  metallic  tin  (reaction  for  zirconia). 

Obs. — Eudialyte  is  found  at  Kangerdluarsuk,  West  Greenland,  where  it  was  discovered  by 
Giesecke  early  in  the  century.  It  is  associated  with  arfvedsouite  and  sodalite,  or  embedded 
fii  compact  white  feldspar;  the  crystals  are-  usually  small,  but  sometimes  an  inch  or  more  in 
length;  also  on  the  island  Sedlovaty  in  the  White  Sea  in  massive  form,  embedded  in  godalite; 
at  Lujavr  on  the  Kola  peninsula,  Russian  Lapland,  in  elseolite-syenite  (Ramsay). 

Eucolite  is  from  islands  of  the  Langesund  fiord  in  Norway;  it  is  common  on  the  Ar5  -slands. 
Eikaholmen;  also  in  dikes  in  the  ledges  off  Barkevik;  on  Laven  and  Stoko  rare.  It  is  associated 
with  segirite,  catapleiite,  astrophyllite,  sodalite,  leucopliauite,  also  wohlerite,  fluorite. 

Eudialyte  and  eucolite  also  occur  at  Magnet  Cove,  in  Arkansas,  of  a  rich  crimson  to  peach- 
blossom-red  color,  in  feldspar,  with  elseoliteand  segirite  (first  noted  by  Shepard);  probably  also  in 
the  elaeolite  syenite  of  Saline  Co.,  Ark.,  seven  miles  N.E.  of  Benton  (Williams). 

Eudialyte  is  named  from  et>,  easily,  and  diaA.vetr,  to  dissolve,  alluding  to  its  easy  solubility 
in  acids.  Eucolite  from  evKoXoS  has  much  the  same  meaning. 

Ref._ i  Mir.,  Phil.  Mag.,  16,  477,  1840;  Min.,  357,  1852.  Other  values  are,  for  eudialyte 
c  =  2-11159  Kk.,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  14,  205,  1879,  and  Min.  Russl.,  8,  29;  for  eucolite  £  =  2-0966 
Bgr.  (but  it  should  be  2'0895  from  ar  =  *36°  52');  eudialyte,  c  =  21174  Magnet  Cove,  Williams, 
Am.  J.  Sc. ,  40,  457,  1890. 


412  SILICATES. 

2  Cf.  Mir.,  1.  c.  Also  Lang.  Phil.  Mag..  25,  436,  1863;  Dx.,  1,  160,  1862;  ISTd.,  Ofv.  Ak. 
Stockh.,  27,  559,  1870;  Kk.,  1.  c.;  Gdt.,  Index,  1,  519,  1886.  3  Williams,  1.  c. 

A  mineral  probably  identical  with  eudialyte,  but  not  investigated  chemically,  is  described 
by  Ussing  (G.  For.  Forh.,  10,  190,  1888),  from  Kangerdluarsuk,  Greenland.  It  occurs  in  rhom- 
bohedral  crystals,  with_  c  prominent,  also  e.  Observed  forms:  c  (0001),  m  (1010),  a  (1120), 
a;(10l6),  2(1014),  r  (1011),  e  (0112),  s  (0221).  Measured  angles:  ex  =  22°  37',  cz  =  31°  37', 
cr  —  67°  56',  ce  =  51°  10'.  H.  =  5.  G.  —  2'970.  Color  yellow-brown.  Transparent. 
Optically  +. 

Brogger  also  notes  a  mineral  associated,  with  the  rosenbuschite  of  Norway  in  orange-colored 
crystals  showing  the  forms  a,  z,  r,  e,  also  t»  (4"l-5"25,  ^§),  but  in  part  developed  with  monoclinic 
symmetry.  He  refers  it  provisionally  to  eucolite. 

346.  CATAPLEIITE.  Katapleiit  Weibye  &  Sjogren,  Pogg.,  79,  300,  1850.  Katapleift. 
Kalknatronkatapleit.  Natronkatapleit  Brogger,  G.  For.  Forh.,  7,  427,  1884,  Zs.  Kr.,  16, 
434,  1890. 

Hexagonal  at  140°  C.;  pseudo-hexagonal  and  monoclinic  at  ordinary  temperatures 
Brogger1. 

If  hexagonal,  axis  6  =  1-3629;  0001  A  1011  =  *57°  34'  Hj.  Sjogren1. 

Common  forms  :  c  (0001,  0);  m  (1010,  /);  o  (1012,  |),  p  (1011,  1),  x  (2021,  2). 
Angles:  co  =  38°  12',  cp  =  57°  34',  ex  =  72°  22f,  oo'  =  36°  1',  pp'  =  49°  55f, 
xx1  =  56°  55'. 

Dauber1  gave  c  =  1*3593;  Brogger,  c  =  1-3605  for  natron-catapleiite. 

Referred  to  the  monoclinic  system,  Brogger's  data  give :  Axes  a  :  b :  c  = 
1-7356  :  1 :  T3636;  001  A  100  =  *89°  48J'. 

Angles :  100  A  HO  =  *60°  3',  001  A_  101  =  38°  5',  001  A  Oil  =  53°  44f '.  Also  110  A  110 
=  120°  6',  001  A  201  =  *57°  23£'  001  A  201  =  57°  40',  001  A  111  =  57°  30',  001  A  HO  =  89° 
54',  001  A  ill  =  57°  38',  111  A  111  =  49°  50*'. 

The  following  list  gives  the  observed  forms,  referred  first  to  the  hexagonal  system,  and 
second  with  the  proper  mouoclinic  symbols,  as  interpreted  by  Brogger. 

c    (0001)  =  001  y  (1013)  =  203  203        113        113 

7?i  (1010)  =  100  110  o  (1012)  =  101  101        112        112 

a  (1120)  =  310  010  p  (1011)  =  201  201        111        111 

it  (l-Oi-72)  =  1-0-36  1  0-36  1-1'72    1-1-72           x  (2021)  =  401  401        221        221 

z   (1-0-1-30)  =  1-0-15  1-0-15  1-1-30    H-30            p  (M-2'24)  =  3'1'24  0'M2 

£   (1-0-1-24)  =  1-0-12  1-0-12  1-1-24    H'24           ^(1124)  =  314  012 

r  (1-0-1-16)  =  108  108  1-1-16    l'M6           s  (1122)  =  312  Oil 

9  (1-01-12)  -  106  106  1-1-12    1-1-12           ®  (4481)  =  12-4-1  081 

Also,  less  certain,  r  (11'6  17'2)  =  831  and  H'165'30,  40'12'5  and  lH65'30,  40-12-5;  and 
$  (12-9-21-2)  =  6'12-1,  etc. 

Crystals  usually  thin  tabular  hexagonal  prisms  with  replaced  edges.  Twins 
common:  (1)  tw.  pi.  p  (1011),  with  cc  —  64°  52';  (2)  tw.  pi.  (3032)  with  cc  = 
45°  55';  (3)  tw.  pi.  (3362);  (4)  m\  (5)  c._ 

Cleavage:  m  perfect;  also  p  (lOll),  o  (10l2)  imperfect,  Dbr.  Fracture 
conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  6.  G.  =  2 '8.  Luster  nearly  dull,  weak  vitreous  on 
surface  of  fracture.  Color  light  yellow  to  yellowish  brown,  grayish  blue,  violet. 
Streak  pale  yellow.  Translucent  to  opaque.  Optically  -f. 

Brogger  regards  the  crystals  as  originally  rhombohedral  (tetartohedral),  but  under  a  change 
of  conditions  they  have  suffered  a  secondary  molecular  rearrangement  with  the  result  of  bring- 
ing them  into  the  monoclinic  system. 

Sections  |  c  in  polarized  light  show  the  crystals  to  be  commonly  trillings,  also  more  com- 
plex, with  the  prism  as  tw.  plane.  Axial  plane  normal,  or  nearly  so,  to  the  edge  c/m.  Axial 
angle  about  60°.  Heated  to  140°  sections  are  isotropic.  but  become  doubly  refracting  again  on 
cooling.  Optically  analogous  to  tridymite,  as  also  in  habit  of  crystals,  in  twinning,  etc. 


MELANOCERITE  GROUP— CAPPELENITE.  413 

Comp.— Empirical  formula,  H4(Na2,Ca)ZrSi3011  or  H2(Na2,Ca)(Zr(OH)a)  (Si03)3 
as  suggested  by  Brogger.  It  may  also  be  written  (Na2,Ca)Si03.H4Zr(Si04)2.  If  Na 
alone  is  present,  the  percentage  composition  is:  Silica  46'1,  zirconia  28*8,  soda  15*9, 
water  9 '2  =  100. 

Var.— 1.  Ordinary.  Contains  both  sodium  and  calcium.  Color  reddish,  flesh-red,  yellowish 
red  to  clear  yellow  and  reddish  white;  seldom  brownish  red  or  dark  brown. 

2.  Natron-catapleiite,  or  soda-catapleiite.  Contains  only  sodium.  Color  blue  to  gray  and 
white ;  on  heating  the  blue  color  disappears. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Sjogren,  1.  c.  3,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  677,  1875.  4,  Forsberg,  quoted  by  Bgr.,  1.  c. 
5,  6,  Weibull,  G.  For.  Forh.,  7,  272,  1884.  7,  Forsberg,  ibid.  8,  9,  Cleve,  quoted  by  Bgr. 

SiO2        ZrO2       A12O3      FeO       CaO       Na2O       H2O 
1.  Catapleiite. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 

7.  Matron- catapleiite 
8. 
9. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  yields  water.  B.B.  in  the  platinum  forceps  fuses  at  3  to  a 
white  enamel;  with  borax  a  clear  colorless  glass.  Easily  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  without 
gelatinizing;  the  dilute  acid  solution  colors  turmeric  paper  orange-yellow  (reaction  for 
zirconia). 

Obs. — From  the  island  Laven  (Larno)  in  the  Langesund  fiord,  Norway,  with  zircon, 
leucophanite,  mosandrite,  and  tritomite;  also  on  Stoko,  Eikaholmen,  the  Aro  islands. 
Natron-catapleiite  is  only  known  from  the  island  Lille-Aro,  where  it  occurs  with  feldspar, 
elaeolite,  sodalite,  aegirite,  layenite,  eucolite,  astrophyllite,  etc. 

Named  from  Kara  it'X.eiov  because  always  accompanied  by  a  number  of  rare  minerals. 

Alt.— Pseudomorphs  of  zircon  after  catapleiite  are  noted  by  Brogger. 

Ref.— i  Sjogren,  Norway,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  39,  No.  7,  59,  1882.  Dbr.,  Pogg.,  92,  239, 
1854.  Bgr.,  G.  For.  Forh.,  7,  427,  1884,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  434,  1890.  See  also  Gotz,  Mitth.  Univ. 
Greifswald,  1886,  and  Jb.  Min.,  2,  222  ref.,  1888. 


46-83 
46-52 

29-81 
29-33 

0-45        0-63 
1-40        0-49 

3-61 
4-66 

10-83 
10-06 

8-86  =  101-02 
9-05  =  101-51 

39-78 

40-12 

— 

3-45 

7-59 

9-24  =  100-18 

41-56 

32-53 

1-02 

5-21 

9-74 

9-35  =    99-41 

44-20 

31-82 

—         0-22 

5-31 

8-93 

9-26  =    99-74 

44-07 

32-18 

—         0-17 

5-82 

8-10 

9-26  =    99-60 

41-27 

32-60 

0-42        0-29 

0-93 

15-01 

9-31  =    99-83 

43-92 

30-80 

—      o-io 

0-81 

15-05 

9-24  =    99-92 

44-04 

30-94 

—      o-io 

0-87 

14-94 

9-24  =  100-13 

6.    Melanocerite  Group. 

Hexagonal  or  Khombohedral. 

347.  Cappelenite  Hexagonal  6  =  1/2903 

BSi03.YB03  or  3BaSi03.2Y2(Si03)3.5YBO, 

348.  Melanocerite  Bhombohedral  6  =  1-2554 

12(H2,Ca)Si03.3(Y,Ce)B03.2H2(Th,Ce)02E2.8(Ce,La,I)i)OF 

349.  Caryocerite  Bhombohedral  6  =  11845 

6(H27Ca)Si03.2(Ce,Di,Y)B03.3H2(Ce,Th)02F2.2LaOF 
Steenstrupine 

350.  Tritomite  Bhombohedral,  hemimorphic    J-  6  =  1-1138 

2(H2,Naa,Ca)Si03.(Ce,La,Di,Y)B03.H2(Ce,Th)OaF3 


347.  CAPPELENITE.    W.  C.  Brogger,  G.  For.  Forh.,  7,  599,  1885,  9,  252,  1887;  Zs.  Kr. 
16,  462,  1890. 

Hexagonal.     Axis  6  =  1-2903;  0001  A  1011  =  56°  7f  Brogger. 


414 


SILICATES. 


SiOa 

14-21 
14-11 


B203 


Forms :  c  (0001,  0),  m  (1010,  /),  p  (1013,  |),  o  (lOll,  1). 
Angles:  cp  —  26°  25',  co  =  56°  8',  #p'  =  *25°  42',  oo'  =  49°  3£'. 

In  thick  prismatic  crystals. 

Cleavage  none.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  6-6*5. 
G.  =  4'407  Cleve.  Luster  vitreous  to  greasy.  Color  greenish 
brown.  Semi-transparent  to  translucent.  Optically  — .  Double 
refraction  rather  strong. 

Comp. — A  boro-silicate  of  yttrium  and  barium,  probably 
(Cleve,  Bgr.)  RSiQ3.YB03  with  R  =  Ba  and  Y,(  =  3B)  chiefly, 
also  Ca,Na2,K2  in  small  amount,  further  Ce,Th(  =  2R). 

Anal.— 1,  P.  T.  Cleve,  quoted  by  Brogger,  1.  c. 
CeO3,ThO9,YaO8,La2O3    BaO        CaO       Na2O      K2O 


[17-16] 
[16-96] 


57-68 
57-52 


8-02 


067 
0-56 


0-25 
0-53 


0-20 

0-22 


ign. 

1-81  =  100 
1-81  =  100 


Further  the  rare  earths  are  present  as  follows:  Y2O3  91 '23,  CeO2  2'24,  La2O3  5'15,  ThOa 
1-38  =  100;  or  Y2O3  52'62,  La2O3  2'97,  CeO2  1'29,  ThO2  0'80  =  57'68. 

Pyr. — B.B.  swells  up  and  fuses  with  some  difficulty  to  a  white  enamel.  With  fluorite 
and  potassium  bisulphate  gives  the  green  flame  of  boron.  Easily  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  a  small  vein  in  the  augite-syenite  on  Lille  Aro  in  the  Langesund  fiord, 
southern  Norway;  it  is  associated  with  wohlerite,  rosenbuschite,  catapleiite,  orangite,  lavenite, 
elseolite,  sodalite,  etc. 

Named  after  D.  Cappelen  of  Holden,  Norway. 


348.  MELANOCERITB.    Melanocerit  Brogger  and  Cleve,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  468,  1890. 
Rhombohedral.     Axis  6  =  1-25537;  0001  A  lOll  =  *55°  24'  Brogger. 
Forms :    c  (0001,  0),     p  (1012,  |),     r  (1011,  R),     z  (4041,  4),     q  (0114,  -  £),     e  (0112,  -  |), 


d  (0221,  -  2). 


cp  -  35°  56' 
cr  =  *55°  24' 
cz  =  80°  13' 


cq  =  19°  55' 
ce  —  35°  56' 
cd  =  70°  58' 


PP 
rr' 


=    61°    54' 
=    90°  56' 
=  117°  10' 


ee'    =    61° 
dd'  =  109° 


Crystals  tabular  in  habit;  planes  sometimes  developed  with  monoclinic  sym- 
metry.    The  fundamental  rhombohedron  approximates 
closely  to  a  cube  in  angle. 

Cleavage  none.  Fracture  conchoidal.  '  Brittle. 
H.  =  5-6.  G.  =  4-129  Cleve.  Luster  greasy  to 
vitreous.  Color  deep  brown  to  black.  Streak  light 
brown.  Transparent  with  a  bright  wine-yellow  color 
in  splinters  and  thin  sections.  Optically  uniaxial,  negative.  In  part  also  isotropic 
and  amorphous  (by  alteration). 

Comp. — A  fluo-silicate  of  the  cerium  and  yttrium  metals  and  calcium  chiefly, 
with  boron,  tantalum,  and  other  elements.  Brogger  interprets  the  composition  by 
assuming  the  presence  of  the  following  compounds,  which  are  present  in  the  ratio 
given  : 

(H2,Ca)2Si3O6     (Y,Ce)2B2O6      H4(Ce,Th)aO4F4    (Ce,La,Di)404F4      CaTa2O6      Ca2C2O, 
0436  0-092  0-064  0-144  0'084  0'080 

The  composition,  following  in   the  same  line    (largely   hypothetical,  to  be  sure), 
approximates  closely  to: 

12(H2,Ca)Si03.3(Y,Ce)B03;2H2(Th,Ce)02F2.8(Ce,La,Di)OF 
Anal. — Cleve,  1.  c. 

SiO2        ZrOa     ThO2     Ta2O6   P2O5      C02       CeO2       B2O3       A12O3     Fe2O8    Mn2O8 
13-07        0-46        1-66        3'65      1'29        1-75        3'68        [319]        0'83        2'09        1'22 

Ce203      DisO,      La2O3      Y9O,      CaO       MgO      Na2O      H2O          F 
20-76        7-67        12-94        917a      8'62        0'14        1'45        3 '01        5'78  =  102-43 

a  Atomic  weight  =  104 -4. 


MELANOCERITE  GROUP— CARTOCERITE.  415 

Pyr.— B.B.  becomes  lighter  in  color  and  swells  up  without  fusing.  A  green  flame  (boron) 
with  fluorite  and  potassium  bisulphate;  with  soda,  a  manganese  reaction  and  with  salt  of  phos- 
phorus a  reaction  for  cerium.  Soluble  in  hot  hydrochloric  acid  with  separation  of  silica. 

Obs.— Occurs  very  sparingly  in  the  island  Kjeo  near  Barkevik  in  the  Langesund  fiord, 
southern  .Norway;  it  is  associated  with  aegirite,  barkevikite  (and  pterolite),  lepidomelane, 
wohlerite,  astrophyllite;  also  elaBolite,  leucophauite,  spreustein,  etc.  Probably  occurs  also  in  the 
veins  on  the  Aro-scheeren.  Cf.  Caryocerite. 

349.  CARYOCERITE.    Karyocerit  W,  C.  Brogger ,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  478,  1890. 
Ehombohedral.     Axis  6  =  1-1845;  0001  /.  1011  =  53°  49f  Brogger. 

Forms  :  c  (0001,  0),  e  (0112,  -  i),  q  (0114,  -  £).  Angles:  cq  =  18°  53',  ce  =  *34°  22', 
te'  =  58°  32'. 

In  tabular  rhombohedral  crystals.  Faces  brilliant  but  striated  and  not  yielding 
good  measurements.  The  occurring  rhombohedron  is  made  —  |  (0112)  in  order  to 
bring  it  into  correspondence  with  the  related  species  melanocerite. 

Cleavage  none.       Fracture  conchoidal.      Brittle.       H.  =  5-6.      G.  =  4*295 
Cleve.     Luster  vitreous  to  greasy.       Color  nut-brown. 
Translucent.     Optically  isotropic  (amorphous),  in  con- 
sequence of  alteration. 

Comp — Near  melanocerite,  differing  chiefly  in  con- 
taining much  more  thorium.  Brogger,  again,  assumes 
the  presence  of  the  following  compounds,  in  the  ratio  given : 

(Ha,Ca)SiaO6     (Ce,Di,Y)2B2O6     H4(Th,Ce)2O4F4     (La,  etc.)4O4F4     CaTa2O«      Ca2C2O. 
0-432  0-134  0180  0072  0'026  0'016 

The  composition  then  approximates  closely  to: 

6(H2,Ca)Si08.2(Ce,Di,Y)B03.3H2(Ce,Th)02F3.2LaOF 
Anal.— Cleve,  quoted  by  Brogger,  1.  c. 

Si02        ZrO2       ThO2      Ta2Os     P2OS       CO3       CeO2       B2O3       A12O8     Fe2O,    MnaOt 
12-97        0-47        13-64        3'11        0'86        0*35        5'89        [4'70]        0'87        1'36        0'66 

Ce2O,      La2O3     Di2O3      Y,O3      CaO       MgO      Na2O         F          H2O 

14-83        14-34        6-75        2'21a      7*37        0'17        1'42        5'63        4'77  =  102-37 

a  Atomic  weight  101-3. 
From  the  analysis  the  oxygen-equivalent  of  the  fluorine,  2'37,  is  to  be  deducted. 

Pyr. — See  melanocerite. 

Obs. — Occurs  very  sparingly  in  a  vein  in  the  augite-syenite  of  the  Langesund  fiord,  southern 
Norway,  with  aegirite,  catapleiite,  astrophyllite,  etc.;  stated  to  have  come  from  the  Aroscheeren, 
or  the  rock  ledges  off  the  west  shore  of  the  island  Store-Aro. 

Named  from  Kapvov,  a  nut,  and  cerium,  in  allusion  to  the  nut-brown  color. 

STEENSTRUPINE.  J.  Lorenzen,  Medd.  Gronl.,  1881,  Min.  Mag.,  5,  67,  1882.  A  mineral 
allied  to  melanocerite  and  caryocerite.  Rhombohedral.  In  indistinct  crystals  with  rounded  and 
roughened  faces,  somewhat  resembling  eudialyte.  Combinations  of  c  and  r,with  cr  =  52°  approx., 
were  noted,  with  also  a  second  positive,  and  perhaps  also  a  negative,  rhombohedron.  Also  mas- 
sive. H.  =4.  G.  =  3'38.  Luster  dull.  Color  brown.  Streak  brownish,  nearly  white. 

Analysis: 


SiO2         TiO2       Th02       Ce,O3    (La,Di)2O3  A12O3     Fe2O3      MnO       CaO       Na,O       HaO 
27-95      0-97      7-09      10'66      17-04      2'41      9'71      4-20      3'09      7  98      7'28  =  98'88 

The  separation  of  the  thoria  from  the  oxides  of  the  cerium  group  is  not  regarded  as  very 
exact  and  the  composition,  consequently,  is  somewhat  doubtful;  the  mineral,  however,  obviously 
approximates  closely  to  the  two  species  preceding,  to  which  it  is  related  also  in  form. 

Entirely  decomposed  by  acids ;  B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  dull  gray  bead. 

Occurs  with  lepidolite  and  segirite  in  the  sodalite-syenite  of  Kangerdluarsuk,  Green- 
land. 

Named  after  the  Danish  geologist,  K.  J.  V.  Steenstrup  of  Copenhagen. 


416  SILICATES. 

350.  TRITOMITE.    Tritomit  Weibye  &  Berlin,  Pogg.,  79,  299,  1850. 

Rhombohedral;  hemimorphic  (?)  Axis  c  =  4*4553.  In  crystals  of  acute 
triangular  pyramidal  form,  approximating  to  a  regular  tetrahedron.  They  are 
bounded  by  the  planes  c'  (0001,  0)  and  z  (4041,  4).  Angles:  c'zr=  *101°, 
zz'  =  116°  27'. 

Cleavage  indistinct.  H.  =  5'5.  Gr.  =  4*15-4-25  Bgr.  Luster  resinous.  Color 
dark  brown.  Streak  yellowish  .gray.  Subtranslucent.  Optically  isotropic 
(amorphous1  ?). 

Comp. — A  nuo-silicate  of  thorium,  the  cerium  and  yttrium  metals  and  calcium, 
with  boron.  Essentially,  2(H2,Na2,Ca)Si03.(Ce,La,Di,Y)B03.H2(Ce,Th,Zr)02F2,  as 
interpreted  by  Brogger. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Engstrom,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Upsala,  p.  32,  1877.  1,  "  Brevik, "  exact  locality 
unknown.  G.  =  4'178;  2,  Barkevig,  G.  =  4'045.  3,  In  typical  tetrahedral-like  crystals;  for 
earlier  analyses  by  Berlin,  Forbes,  Moller,  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  412. 

SiOa    Ta3O5    ZrO2    ThO2     CeO8   Ce,O3   La2O3    Di2O3    Y2OS    Fe2O3    B2OS    CaO    Na2O    H2O         F 

1.  13-54       1-15       1-09       9-51       11'69     10'65      16'31        5'57        2'97       3'52a       7'31      7'04       1'40      6'40        4'29 

[=  102-44 

2.  13-59       I'll       1-03       8-58       11-26       8'14      21'56       4'76       2'58       2-77"       8'37      6'97      0'71      6'48       3'15 

1 , '  [=  101-06 

3.  14-71       3-09  56-51  5'45°    undet.    6'59      0'91      7'69 

•  Incl.  Mn2O3  0'67,    A12O3  1'18.  b  Incl.  Mn2O3  0'34,    A12O3  0'88.  •  Also  incJ.  ZrO2. 

Deduct  from  1,  T81  p.  c.  O  =  F;  from  2,  T33p.  c. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water  and  gives  a  weak  fluorine  reaction;  with  borax  a  reddish  yellow 
glass,  which  is  colorless  on  cooling.  With  hydrochloric  acid  in  powder  yields  chlorine,  and 
gelatinizes. 

Obs. — From  the  island  Layen  (Lam5)  in  the  Langesund  fiord  near  Brevik,  Norway,  with 
leucophanite,  analcite,  mosandrite,  also  segirite,  catapleiite,  etc.,  in  a  coarse  elseolite-syenite ;  also 
on  Stokd,  Aro,  the  Aroscheeren  and  near  Barkevik. 

Named  from  rpz?,  three-fold,  and  rejureir,  to  cut,  alluding  to  the  trihedral  cavities  which 
the  crystals  leave  in  the  gangue. 

Ref. — J  Bgr.,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  487,  1890.  The  form  has  been  previously  assumed  to  be  that  of 
an  isometric  tetrahedron;  Brogger  shows  that  the  isotropic  character  probably  indicates  an 
amorphous  condition  resulting  from  alteration,  while  the  crystalline  form  is  either  that  of  a 
tetragonal  sphenoid,  or  more  probably  rhombohedral  and  hemimorphic.  The  latter  view 
brings  it  into  correspondence  with  melanocerite,  to  which  it  is  related  in  composition. 

2  Determinations  of  the  specific  gravity  vary  widely;  Brogger  regards  4'15-4'25  as  most 
probably  characteristic,  and  Engstrom,  as  noted,  gives  4'045,  4'178;  earlier  results  are  3'908 
Forbes,  4-16-4-60  Berlin,  4'26  Moller. 

ERDMANNITE.  A  complex  mineral  substance  from  the  Langesund  fiord,  Norway,  formerly 
referred  to  allanite  but,  according  to  Br5gger  (Zs.  Kr.,  16,  497,  1890),  in  part  a  mixture  of  a 
mineral  allied  to  melanocerite  with  homilite,  in  part  an  altered  mineral  near  homilite.  See 
further  under  the  Datolite  Group,  p.  507. 


Intermediate  Silicates. 

Silicates  intermediate  in  acidic  character  between  the  metasilicates  and  ortho- 
silicates;   oxygen  ratio  of  silicon  to  bases  between  2  :  1  and  1  :  1. 

A  number  of  other  species,  strictly  falling  here,  are  included  among  the  orthosilicates  in 
order  to  exhibit  their  true  group-relations;  for  example,  nephelite  obviously  belongs  with  the 

hexagonal  group,  having  the  general  composition  RAlSiO4,  etc. 

1.  Leucophanite  Group. 

351.  Leucophanite  Orthorhombic,     hemihedral 

NaCaBeFSia06  a  :  1 :  6  =  0*9939  :  1 :  0-6722 

352.  Meliphanite  Tetragonal,     hemihedral        6  =  0-6584 

NaCa2BeaFSi3010 

The  form  of  leucophanite  approximates  closely  to  that  of  the  tetragonal  meli- 
phanite> 


LEUGOPHANITE    GMOUP-LEUCOPHANITE.  417 

2.  lolite  Group. 

a:  1:6 

353.  lolite  H,(Mg,Fe)4Al8Si1003,  Orthorhombic          0-5871 :  1  :  0-5585 

3.  Barysilite  Group. 

Silicates  containing  lead. 

354.  Barysilite  Pb3Si207  Hexagonal 

355.  Ganomalite  Pb3(Ca,Mn)2Si3On  Tetragonal 

356.  Hyalotekite          K16B4Si24070F  or,  approx.,  Ca3Ba3Pb3B2(Si03)ls 


1.  Leucoplianite  Group. 

351.  LEUOOPHANITE.    Leukopbau    Esmark,  Erdmaun,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  191,    1840; 
Tamnau,  Pogg.,  48,  504,  1839.     Leucophane.     Leucofanite. 

Orthorhombic;  hemihedral.     Axes  a:b:6  =  0-99391  :  1  :  0*67217  Brogger1. 
100  A  HO  =  44°  494',  001  A  101  =  34°  4£',  001  A  Oil  =  33 


Forms1 :  g  (106,  fl)  ao  (401,  U)  X  (H7,  j)  «    (221,  2)  j>,  (111,  -  1) 

a  (100,  i-l)       f  (105,  fi)  r   (056   M)  *  <116>  t)  |     (119   _  i)          *<  <&l>  ~  3> 

6    (010,  «)        e  (104,  H)  ff   (054,'  f-i)  «  <W  t)  ^    ll^  -  J  <    (212,  1-2) 

c    (001,  0)         «f  (103,  ft)  I  (021   24)?  *   (223,  |)  J  ^       X  -  ,   Jgfc   _  ^ 

A  .  (310,  *-3)       y  (101'  14>  ,  nift    ,x  *  (445>  *>  0,  (116',  -  ft        p  (8-7-12,  H) 

•  (201, 2-,)        ,  |  p  an,  D  j-  ^  _  «   j  ;122>  ^ 


w  (110,  /) 


(118, 


Angles:    mw"f  =  *89°  39',    c<?  =  53°  31f ,    oo'"  =  *72°  57f ,    ca;  =  62°  20',    bx  =  51*  22', 

aa;  =  51°  5',  mx  =  27°  40',  ox  =  38°  38',  mo  =  55°  14'. 

In  crystals  usually  tabular  ||  c  and  commonly  showing  sphenoidal  hemihedrism 
in  the  distribution  of  the  pyramidal  planes;  with  this  the  form  of  the  etching-figures 
agrees  (Bgr.).  Often  twins  with  tw.  pi.  m  and  c;  usually  penetration-twins  by  which 
in  each  quadrant  a  right  and  left  individual  are  brought  together  in  twinning  posi- 
tion and  complementary  to  each  other,  with  c  as  comp.-face.  Also  in  prismatic 
crystals  (||  m)  which  are  penetration-fourlings,  analogous  to  harmotome,  with  tw. 
pL  b.  Massive  in  columnar  or  laminated  forms. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect;  «,  o  (201)  distinct;  also  b,  d  (021).  Fracture  conchoidal. 
Very  brittle.  H.  =  4.  G-.  =  2-959  Bgr.;  2'964  Eg.  Luster  vitreous.  Color 
whitish  green,  greenish  white,  deep  green  with  a  yellow  tinge,  wine-yellow;  thin 
fragments  transparent  and  colorless.  Strongly  phosphorescent  with  a  bluish  light, 
whether  heated  or  struck.  Pyroelectric. 

Optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  ||  a.  Bxa  J_  c.  Dispersion  p  >  v,  weak.  Axial  angles, 
Bgr.: 

2Er  =  74°  24f  Li  2Ey  =  74°  15'  Na  2Egr  =  74°  8' 

ar  =  1-5680  /3T  =  1*5909  yr  =  1-5948 

a7=  1-5709  /ffy=  1-5948  y^  =  1-5979  .      2Vy  =  39e  2' 

Comp.— Na(BeF)Ca(Si08)9  =  Silica  49-4,  glucina  10'3,  lime  23-0,  soda  12-8, 
fluorine  7'9  =  103-4,  deduct  3'4  (0  =  2F)  =  100. 

This  formula  is  that  given  by  BrOgger,  see  further  under  the  following  species,  meliphanite. 

Anal.— 1,  Erdmann,  1.  c.     2,  Rg.,  Posrg.,  98,  257,  1856.     3-5,  Id.,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  28,  59,  1876. 

6,  Id.  mean  of  3-5  as  given  in  Min.  Ch.,  Erg.,  152,  1886.     7,  BSckstr5m,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  286,  1890. 


418 


SILICATES. 


SiO2   A12O3   BeO     CaO    Na2O    K2O      F 


I.  Norway 

3. 

8.  Laven 

4. 

5. 

6.  " 

7.  St.-Ar6 


47-82 
47-03 

47-07 
49-70 

1-03 

undet. 

11-51 
10-70 
12-25 
11-25 
12-40 

25-00 
23-54* 
23-52 
22-92 
23-68 

10-20    0-31     6-17 
11-26    0-30    6-57 
10-27    0'30    6-53 
undet.        6-97 
6-91 

MnO  1  -01  = 
=  100-43 

:  102-02 

48-38 

— 

11-97 

23- 

37 

10- 

27 

0-30    6 

•77 

=  101-06 

48-50 

0-45 

1003 

23 

•21b 

12 

•42 

—     5 

•94 

H2O 

108  = 

101-63 

Incl.  0-17  MgO. 


MgO  0-27. 


Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  whitens  and  phosphoresces  with  a  bluish  light.  B.B.  in  the 
forceps  phosphoresces  and  fuses  with  intumescence  at  3  to  a  clear  colorless  glass,  which  become* 
opaque  white  on  flaming;  imparts  an  intense  yellow  color  to  the  flame.  Fused  with  salt  of  phos- 
phorus in  the  open  tube  gives  the  reaction  for  fluorine. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  pegmatyte  veins  in  augite-syenite  with  elaeolite,  aegirite,  mosandrite,  astro- 
phyllite,  etc.,  on  the  small  islet  Laven,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Langesund  fiord  in  Norway;  also 
from  Stoko  and  other  islands  in  the  neighborhood. 

Named  from  XevKoS,  white,  and  0azVecrOaz,  to  appear,  because  it  presents  a  whitish  reflec- 
tion in  certain  lights. 

Ref.— >  Bgr.,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  246,  1890.  See  also  Greg,  Phil.  Mag.,  9,  510,  1855;  Nd.,  5fv. 
Ak.  Stockh.,  27,  557,  1870;  Lang,  Min.  Mitth.,  82,  1871;  Bertrand,  Ann.  Mines,  3,  24,  1873, 
and  Phil.  Mag.,  3,  357,  1877;  Groth,  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  199,  1878.  The  form,  which  approximates 
closely  to  the  tetragonal  type,  has  been  regarded  as  monoclinic  (cf .  Btd. ,  Groth). 


352.  MBLIPHANITE.    Melinophan  Scheerer,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  55,  449,  1852.    Meliphane  Dana. 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  44,  405,  1867. 

Tetragonal  and  tetartohedral.  Axis  6  =  0-65843;  001  A  101  =  33°  2  If 
Bertrand  \ 

Forms :  c  (001,  0),  a  (100,  i-i\  k  (310,  £-3),  e  (101,  1-z),  o  (201,  2-*),  p  (111,  1),  «  (214,  f  2). 
Angles:  ee'  =  44°  14',  ee"  =  66°  43f ,  co  =  52°  47',  #p'  =  57°  37',  pp"  =  *85°  55'. 
Commonly  in  obtuse  octahedrons  with  p  (111)  prominent,  but  tetartohedral  in 
the  distribution  of  the  planes,  as  also  in  the  want  of  symmetry  of  the  etching- 
figures  (Bgr.).     Also  massive,  and  consisting  sometimes  of  plates  or  lamellae. 

Cleavage:  c  distinct.  Brittle.  H.  =  5-5-5.  G-.  =  3 '006  Bgr.;  3-018  Rg.  Lus- 
ter vitreous.  Color  sulphur-,  citron-,  or  honey-yellow;  also  flesh-red,  brick-red. 
Transparent  to  translucent.  Optically  — .  Pleochroism  distinct.  Double  re- 
fraction strong.  Indices,  Bgr.: 

wr  =  1-5912  red  glass  <»y  =  1-5934  Na  <*>„  =  1-5975  Tl 


er  =  1-6097 


<?y  =  1-6126  Na 


=  1-6161  Tl 


Comp. — A  fluo-silicate  of  beryllium,  calcium,  and  sodium  near  leucophanite. 
Formula  NaCa2Be2FSi&0]0  =  Silica  46'9,  glucina  1.3-1,  lime  29'1,  soda  8'1,  fluorine 
5-0  =  102-2,  deduct  2-2  (0  =  2F)  =  100.  Aluminium  may  also  be  present. 

The  above  formula  is  given  by  Brogger  (with  3Be  =  Ala  which  somewhat  reduces 
the  excess  of  silica),  who  further  writes  it  Ca4Be,(BeF)tlNa(8iO«)4.(8iO4)a  or  as  a  metasilicate, 
Na2(BeF)2(Ca2O)2Be2(SiO3)*;  that  for  leucophanite  being  written  for  sake  of  comparison 
Al2Na3(BeF)3Ca3(SiO3)8. 

Ramme'sberg  suggests  6RSiOs.R2SiO4  +  3NaF  for  leucophanite,  and  RSiO3.R2SiO4  -+• 
6NaF  for  meiiphanite. 

Anal.— 1,  Rg.,  Pogg.,  98,  257,  1856.  2-5,  Id.,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  28,  61,  1876.  6,  Backstrom. 
Zs.  Kr.,  16,  288  1890. 


1.  Fredriksvarn 

2.  Stoksund(?) 
8. 

4 
5. 
6.  ArO 


SiO2   A120S   BeO     CaO    NaaO  K2O      F 

43-66    1-57-  11-74    26'85b  8'55    1-40    5'73  H2O  0'30  =  99'80 


41-40  undet.  13-81  29*05  undet. 

44-32       "      13-84  29-93 

14-04  30-10  7-21    0-59 

42-50       "      13-62  30-56  undet. 

43-60    4-61c     9-80  29'56  7'98    0'23 


With  Fe2O3  (Mn2O3). 


b  MgO  0-11. 


5-43 
6-39 


5-43  MgO  0-16  =  101-37 
With  Fe2O8. 


Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  in  the  forceps  does  not  phosphoresce,  fuses  with  intumescence  to  a  white 
enamel;  in  other  respects  resembles  leucophane. 


IOLITE  GROUP— IOLITE. 


419 


Obs. — From  the  augite-syenite  of  southern  Norway,  near  Fredriksva"rn,  with  elaeolite,  mica, 
miorite;  also  from  several  of  the  islands  of  the  Laugesuud  tiord,  at  Stoksund  on  Stoko,  Lang- 
odden,  etc.  Often  associated  with  elaeolite,  homilite,  erdmannite,  fluorite,  zircon,  lollingite,  etc. 
It  does  not  accompany  leucophauite,  but  appears  to  take  its  place. 

Named  from  //e'Ai,  honey,  and  (/wzVecrOaz,  to  appear,  from  the  honey-yellow  color. 
[Scheerer  miswrote  the  word  melinophane,  which  would  come  from  jueA.ivo$,  ashen,  or  jnehivrj, 
millet.}  The  dropping  of  the  t  of  the  genitive,  as  done  above,  has  classical  authority. 

Ref.— i  C.  R.,  83,  711,  1876;  also  Nd.,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  27,  556,  1870,  who  describes 
tabular  crystals  with  two  pyramids,  cp  =  47°  51',  and  cq  =  21°  42',  not  readily  corresponding  to 
Bertrand's  form;  Bgr.,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  279,  1890. 


2.  lolite  Group. 

353.  IOLITE.  Spanischer  Lazulith  v.  Schlotheim,  Hoff,  Mag.  Min.,  1,  169,  1801.  lolith 
(fr.  Spain)  Wern.;  Karst.  (with  descr.),  Tab.,  46,  92,  1808.  loiithe  H.,  Tabl.,  61,  221,  1809. 
Dichroit  Cordier,  J.  Mines,  25,  129,  1809,  J.  Phys.,  68,  298,  1809.  Steinheilite  Gadolm,  Mem. 
Ac.  St.  Pet.,  6,  565.  Peliom  (fr.  Bodenmais)  Wern.,  Hoffm.  Min.,  4b,  117,  1817.  Cordierite 
Lucas,  Tabl.,  2,  219,  1813;  H.,  Tr.,  3,  5,  1822.  Hard  Fahlunit.  Luchssapphir,  Wassersapphir, 
in  Germ.,  Saphir  d'eau  in  Fr.,  of  Ceylon  Jewelry.  Jolith  Germ.  Cerasite  Y.  Kikuchi,  J.  Coll.  Sc., 
Japan,  3,  331,  1890. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  &  :  I  :  6  -  0-5871  :  1  :  0-5585  Miller1. 

100  A  110  =  30°  25',  001  A  101  =  43°  34|',  001  A  Oil  =  *29°  11'. 


Forms2 : 


i2  : 

c  (001,  0) 

i-l} 

m  (110,  7) 

i-i) 

d  (130,  a-3 

mm'" 

=  *60°  50' 

dd' 

=     59°  10' 

ff' 

=     50°  52^' 

ee' 

=    87°    8'    - 

U' 

=     31°  12' 

/(1 02,  i4) 
e  (101,  l-l) 

I  (012,  £4) 

nn'  =  58°  22' 

pp'  =  96°  20' 

qq'   =  131°  46' 

cs     =  28°  53' 


n  (Oil,  1-2) 
p  (021,  24) 
q  (041,  44) 


t  (114,  i) 
8  (112,  i) 
r  (HI,  1) 


h  (221, 2) 

u  (134,  f-3) 
o  (131,  3-3) 


cr  =  47°  48'  oo'  =  51°  59' 

ch  =  65°  37'  88'"  =  28°  18*' 

rr'  =  79°  25'  rr'"  =  44°  4' 

uu'  =  24°  45'  hh'"  =  54°  55' 


1. 


Twins:  (1)  tw.  pi.  m,  often  repeated  giving  pseudo-hexagonal  forms;  also  as 
enclosed  twinning  lamellae.  (2)  Tw. 
pi.  d  (130)3,  also  pseudo-hexagonal. 
Habit  short  prismatic;  faces  in  zone 
ab,  vertically  striated.  As  em- 
bedded grains;  also  massive,  com- 
pact. 

Cleavage:  1)  distinct;  a  and  c 
indistinct.  Crystals  often  show  a 
lamellar  structure  ||  c,  especially 
when  slightly  altered.  Fracture  sub- 
conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  7-7*5. 
G.  =  2-60-2-66.  Luster  vitreous. 
Color  various  shades  of  blue, 


Fig.  1,  Laach,  Rath.     2,  Miller. 


light  or  dark,  smoky  blue.     Transparent  to  translucent. 

4  Pleochroism  strongly  marked  except  in  thin  sections.     Axial  colors  variable,  as 
given  by  Haidinger: 


Bodenmais 

Arendal 

Orijftrvi 

Ceylon 

Haddain 


dark  Berlin-blue 
dark  blue 
dark  Berlin -blue 
light  Berlin-blue 
pale  blue 


light  Berlin-blue 
light  blue 

Slum-blue 
luish  white 
nearly  white 


yellowish  white 
yellowish  white 
reddish  clove-brown 
yellowish  white 
light  yellowish  white 


_  Also  for  the  planes :  a  bluish  white,  ~b  yellowish  white,  c  blue.     Absorption 
C  (b)  >  b  (a)  >  a  (^).     Pleochroic  halos  common,  often  bright  yellow;  best  seen 


420 


SILICATES. 


in  sections  ||  c.  Exhibits  idiophanous  figures5,  analogous  to  andalusite,  epidote, 
etc.  Optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  ||  a.  Bx  J_  c.  Dispersion  feeble,  p  <  v.  Refractive 
indices  (for  orange),  Dx. 6 : 

Ceylon  a=l'537  /3=l-542  ^=1-543  .'.  2V=70°  23'  2E=125°  16'.  Found  2Er= 124°  44' 
Bodenmais  a= 1-535  /J=l-541  ^=1'546  .'.  2V=84°  28'.  Found  2Hr=89°  25'  2Vr=  83°  57 
Orijarvi  a-=l'5337  /?=1'5375  ^=1'5400  .-.  2V=77°  57'  2E=150°  28'.  Found  2Hr=  82°  21', 

[2Er=149°  23' 
Haddam      a=l-5523  /?=1'5615  ^=1-5627  .-.  2V=39°  32'  2E=63°  45'.     Found  2Er=63°  to  64° 

Heat  increases  the  axial  angle  perceptibly,  e.g.,  from  2E  =  63°  56'  at  8° -8  C.  to  69°  8'  at 
95° -5,  and  71°  40'  at  150°-8,  for  red  rays,  Dx. 

Comp.— H2(Mg,Fe)4Al8Si10037  or  H20.4(Mg,FeO).4Al203.10Si02  Farrington.  If 
Mg  :  Fe  =  7  :  2,  the  percentage  composition  is  :  Silica  49*4,  alumina  33-6,  iron 
protoxide  5*3,  magnesia  10*2,  water  1*5  =  100.  Ferrous  iron  replaces  part  of  the 
magnesium.  There  has  been  some  doubt  expressed  (Eg.)  as  to  the  state  of  oxida- 
tion of  the  iron.  Calcium  is  also  present  in  small  amount. 

Anal.— 1-4,  Stromeyer,  Unters.,  1821,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.  5,  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  68,  319,  1846. 
6,  Igelstrom,  Jb.  Min.,  360,  1870.  7,  Hermann,  Min.  Russl.,  3,  257,  1858.  8,  T.  Shimidsu,  J. 
Coll.  Sc.,  Japan,  3,  325.  1890.  9,  Jackson,  Dana  Min.,  406,  1844.  10,  11,  Farrington,  priv. 
contr.  Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  300. 


G. 

1.  Bodeumais 

2.  Finland 
8.  Falun 

4.  Greenland       2'60 

5.  Kragero 

6.  Ramsberg 

7.  Mursinka         2 '60 

8.  Japan  2 '642 

9.  Unity,  Me. 

10.  Haddam,  Ct.  2-610 
1L.  Guilford,  Ct.  2 "607 


SiO2 
48-35 
48-54 
50-25 
49-17 
50-44 
48-66 
50-65 
48-43 
48-15 
49-14 
49-50 

A12O3 
31-70 
31-37 
32-42 
33-10 
3295 
30-35 
30-26 
32-36 
32-50 
32-84 
33-01 

FeO 

9-24* 
631" 
4-45a 
4-82* 
0-96 
8-42 
4-10 
8-55 
7-92 
5-04 
5-12 

MnO 
033 
0-70 
0-76 
0-04 
tr. 

0-60 
1-32 
0-28 
0-19 
0-29 

MgO 
1016 
11-30 
10-85 
11-45 
12-76 
9-32 
11-09 
7-81 
10-14 
10-40 
10-42 

CaO 
0-59 
1  69 

1-12 
0-55 

0-46 

H2O 

—  =  100-37 

—  =     99-91 
1-66  =  100-39 
1-20  =     99-78 
1-02  =     99-36 
2-35  =     99-65 

2-66  Li20  0-64  =  100 

1-55  •=  100-48 

0-50  =  100-37 

1-84  Fe203  0-63  =  100-08 

1-62  Fe203  0-38  =  100-34 


Fe2O3  as  given  by  Rg. 


Var. — 1.  Ordinary.  In  short  prismatic  crystals,  six-  or  twelve-sided,  often  with  rounded 
edges;  also  massive  or  in  embedded  grains. 

2.  Gerasite.  A  variety  characterized  by  the  constant  and  regular  presence  of  inclusions, 
analogous  to  chiastolite  as  a  variety  of  andalusite;  pleochroism  weak.  Produced  by  contact 
metaraorphism  of  granite  in  slate  in  the  Watarase-gawa  region,  Japan.  Named  from  KepacroS, 
cherry,  in  allusion  to  the  Japanese  name  Sakura-ishi,  or  cherry -stone,  given  to  the  rock  contain- 
ing the  altered  mineral,  which,  consisting  chiefly  of  mica,  shows  a  hexagonal  radiate  structure  in 
a  transverse  section  like  that  of  a  flower.  The  fresh  mineral  (anal.  8)  shows  the  same  structure. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  loses  transparency  and  fuses  at  5-5'5.  Only  partially  decomposed  by  acids. 
Decomposed  on  fusion  with  alkaline  carbonates. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  granite,  gneiss  (cordierite-gneiss),  hornblendic,  chloritic  and  talcose  schist, 
and  allied  rocks,  with  quartz,  orthoclase  oralbite,  tourmaline,  hornblende,  andalusite,  sillimanite, 
garnet,  and  sometimes  beryl.  Less  commonly  in  or  connected  with  igneous  rocks,  thus  formed 
directly  from  the  magma,  as  in  andesyte,  etc. ;  also  in  ejected  masses  (in  fragments  of  older  rocks) ; 
further  formed  as  a  contact-mineral  in  connection  with  eruptive  dikes,  as  in  slates  adjoining 

franite  (cf.  cerasite  above),  or  as  microscopic  crystals  in  vitrified  sandstone  near  basalt  (cf.  Zir- 
el,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  109,  1891). 

At  Bodenmais,  Bavaria,  it  is  met  with  in  granite,  in  crystals,  along  with  pyrrhotite,  spha- 
lerite, chalcopyrite;  the  variety  is  the  peliom  of  Werner,  named  from  TtehioS,  in  allusion  to  its 
smoky  blue  eolor.  It  occurs  in  the  andesytes  of  Hungary  (Szabo,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.,  1,  302,  1881). 
In  quartz  at  Ujprdlersoak  in  Greenland;  in  the  andesytes  of  Cabo  de  Gata,in  Spain;  at  Kragero, 
in  Norway;  Orijarvi,  in  Finland  (steinJieilite);  Tunaberg,  in  Sweden;  Finspaong,  in  Ostgothland; 
Brunhult,  in  Sodermanland ;  Falun  (hard  fahlunite);  in  ejected  masses  of  gneiss  at  the  Laacher 
See;  at  Campiglia  Maritima,  Tuscany,  in  a  trachytic  rock,  containing  also  mica,  quartz,  and 
sauidine.  In  colorless  crystals  (G.  =  2 -67)  from  Brazil.  Ceylon  affords  a  transparent  variety, 
in  small  rolled  masses  of  an  intense  blue  color,  the  saphir  d'eau  of  jewellers.  In  Japan  along 
the  Watarase-gawa  (cerasite),  on  the  borders  of  the  provinces  Kodsuke  and  Shimotsuke,  as  noted 
above  and  at  other  points;  also  altered  to  a  micaceous  mineral  in  a  dark  slate  near  Kameoka,  in 
the  province  of  Tamba;  further  in  ejected  masses  from  Asama-yarna. 

At  Haddam,  Conn.,  associated  with  tourmaline  in  a  granitic  vein  in  gneiss;  sparingly  at  the 
chrysoberyl  locality,  in  an  altered  or  fahlunite  condition;  abundant  in  quartz  with  garnet  and 
yellowish  green  feldspar,  near  the  Norwich  and  Worcester  Railway,  between  the  Shetucket  and 


BARYSILITE  GROUP—  BARTSILITE.  421 

Quinuebaug,  where  the  gneiss  has  been  quarried  for  the  road;  in  gneisi  near  Gnilford,  Conn. 
At  Brirutield.  Mass..  on  the  road  leading  to  Warren,  near  Sam  Patrick's  with  adulariu,  in  gneiss; 
also  good  at  Richmond,  N.  H.,  in  talcose  rock,  along  with  anthophyllite. 

Named  lolite  from  LOV,  violet,  and  A/Oo?,  stone;  Dichroite  (from  dixpooS.  two-colored),  from 
its  dichroism;  Cordierite,  after  Cordier,  the  French  geologist  (1777-1861),  who  first  studied  the 
crystals  of  the  species;  Steinheilite  by  Gadoliu  -after  Mr.  Steinheil. 

Alt.  —  The  alteration  of  iolite  takes  place  so  readily  by  ordinary  exposure,  that  the  minemlis 
most  commonly  found  in  an  altered  state,  or  enclosed  in  the  altered  iolite.  This  change  may  be  a 
simple  Lydnition;  or  a  removal  of  part  of  the  protoxide  bases  by  carbon  dioxide;  or  the  introduc- 
tion of  oxide  of  iron;  or  of  alkalies,  forming  pinite  and  mica.  The  first  step  in  the  change  con- 
sists in  a  division  of  the  prisms  of  iolite  into  plates  parallel  to  the  base,  and  a  pearly  foliation  of 
the  surfaces  of  these  plates;  with  a  change  of  color  to  grayish  green  and  greenish  gray,  and 
sometimes  brownish  gray.  As  the  alteration  proceeds,  the  foliation  becomes  more  complete; 
afterward  it  may  be  lost.  The  mineral  ino  this  altered  condition  has  many  names  :  as  hydrous 
iolite  (iucl.  bonidorffite  and  auralite)  from  Abo,  Finland,  anal.  2  ;  fahlunite  (and  weissitel)  from 
Falun,  Sweden,  anal.  1,  also  pyrargillite  from  Helsingfors;  esmarkite  and  praseolite  from  near 
Brevik,  Norway,  also  raumite  from  Raumo,  Finland,  and  peplolite  from.  Ramsberg,  Sweden; 
chloropltyllite  from  Unity,  Me.,  anal.  3;  aspasiolite,  anal.  4;  and  polychroilite  from  Kragero, 
further,  the  alkaline  kinds,  pinite,  cataspilite,  gigantolite,  iberite,  which  are  mentioned  more  par- 
ticularly, with  analyses,  under  the  Mica  Group,  wh.  see.  See  further  fahlunite,  etc.,  5th  Ed,, 
pp.  484^48(5,  also  a  review  of  the  subject  by  Wichmann,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  26,  675,  1874. 

The  following  are  analyses  of  some  of  the  above  mentioned  alteration  products  of  iolite  :  1, 
Trolle  Waohmeister,  Ak.  H.  Stockh..  213,  1827.  2,  Malmgren,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  152,  1862.  3,  Rg., 
Mia  Ch,.  833.  I860.  4,  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  68,  323,  1846. 


2. 
3. 

4. 

Fahlunite 
Auralite 
Chlorophyllite 
Aspasiolite    G 

44-95 
41-76 
46-31 
=  2-764  f  50-40 

A120S 
30-70 
31-25 
25-17 
32-38 

FeO 

8-35 
10'99a 
2-34 

a  Fe303 

MnO 
1-90 
0'30 
tr. 

MgO 
6-04 
4-73 
10-91 
8-01 

CaO 
0-95 
1-78 
0-58 

K,O 

1-38 
1-50 

H2O 

8-65  = 
10-44  = 
6-70  = 
6-73  = 

101 
100 
100 
99 

•79 

•11 
•60 

•86 

Artif.—  Bourgeois  obtained  by  fusion  of  the  constituents  a  mass  containing  microlites  of. 
pyroxene  and  a  mineral  having  the  characters  of  iolite.  Cf.  Reprod.  Min.,  226,  1884. 

Ref.—  l  Min.,  325.  1852.  ^  Mir.,  1.  c.  Earlier  Tamnau,  Pogg.,  12,  495,  1828;  Hausm  ,  Min., 
2,  553,  1847,  and  "  Ueber  die  Kry  stall  fdrmen  des  Cordierits  von  Bodenmais,"  Gotlingeu,  1859. 
Also  Dx.,  Miu.,  1,  354,  1862;  Rath,  Laach,  Pogg..  152,  40,  1874;  Gdt,,  Index,  1,  465.  1886. 
Gdt.  notes  as  doubtful  the  forms  of  Hausmann:  <?  (072),  n  (132),  p  (5'15-18).  3  Lsx.,  twins  from 
Laacher  See.  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  76.  1883.  "Absorption  phenomena  Raid.,  Ber.  Ak.Wieu,  13,  306,  1854, 
Lsx.,  1.  c.,  Hussak,  Ber.  Ak.Wieu,  87  (1),  333,  1883.  5  Idiophanous  figures,  Haid.,  1.  c.,  Berlin, 
Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  15,  396,  1878  (or  Zs.  Kr.,  3,  449,  1879),  et  al.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  2,  72-78.  1879. 
«Dx.,  1.  c.,  and  IT.  R.,  53,  1867. 


3.  Barysilite  Group. 

354.  BARYSILITE.  Barysil  A.  Sjdyren  and  C.  H.  Luridttrom,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  45,  7, 
1888. 

Hexagonal.     In  embedded  masses  with  curved  lamellar  structure. 
Cleavage:  basal,  distinct;  prismatic  less  so.     H.  =  3.     G.  =  6:11;  6'55.    Frac- 
ture uneven. ,  Brittle.     Luster  pearly  on  cleavage  surf  ace.     Color  white ;  tarnishing 
•on  exposure.      Translucent.     Optically  uniaxial,  negative. 

Comp.— Pb3Si207  or  3Pb0.2Si02  =  Silica  15-2,  lead  protoxide  84'8  =  100.     The 
lead  is  replaced  in  part  by  manganese,  calcium,  magnesium. 
Anal.— Sjogren  and  Luudstrom. 

SiO2  PbO  UnO  FeO  CaO  MgO  ?gn. 

1.             G.  =6-11            17-85  73-39f  4-14  0'44  1'2^  1-09  1"20  Cl  tr.  =  99'40 

^.             G.  =  6-55        f  16-98  77'84/  3-49  0 16  0'41  0'58  0'66  =  100'12 

3.                                       16-83  77-64  3'67  0'12  '0'23  0'57  0'54  Cl  tr.  =  99  60 

Pyr.— Decrepitates  and  fuses  very  easily  B.B.  to  a  clear  brown  glass;  reacts  for  lead  and 
manganese.  Dissolves  with  gelatinization  in  nitric  acid;  also  in  hydrochloric  acid  with  separa- 
tion of  lead  chloride. 

Obs.— Occurs  scattered  through  iron  ore  with  calcite,  yellow  garnet,  tephroite,  and  galena  at 
the  Harstig  mine,  Pajsberg,  Wermland,  Sweden. 


422  SILICATES. 

355.  GANOMALITE.    A.  E.  NordensJciold,  G.  For.  Forh.,  3,  121,  1876,  3,  382, 1877:  A. 
tyogren,  ib.,  6,  531,  1883. 

Tetragonal1.     In  prismatic  crystals  with  the  forms: 
c  (001,  0),  m  (110,  7),  h  (410,  e-4)?,  p  (111,  1),  cp  =  45°  approx.,  whence  b  =  0'707 

Also  massive,  granular. 

Cleavage:  m  and  c  distinct.  Fracture  uneven.  Very  brittle.  H.=3.  G.  =  5'74 
liindstrom;  4*98  Nd.  Luster  resinous  to  vitreous.  Colorless  to  gray.  Optically 
positive.  Double  refraction  strong. 

Comp.— Pb3Si.07.(Ca,Mn)2Si04  or  3Pb0.3(Ca,Mn)0.3SiOa.  If  Ca  :  Mn  =  5  :  1, 
this  requires:  Silica  18'7,  lead  protoxide  69*2,,  manganese  .protoxide  2*4,  lime  9'7 
=  100. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Wiborgh,  G.  For.  F8rh.,  6,  537,  1883.  3,  G.  Lindstr5m,  ib.,  p.  662;  three 
determinations  of  the  specific  gravity  gave:  5'722,  5'730,  5'762. 

SiO2         PbO        MnO       CaO 

1.  20-22        69-95          —  9'27  =    99'44 

2.  20-59        68-89          —         10-52  =  100 

8.  Jakobsberg    G.  =  5'74  18'33        68-80        2-29         9'34  ign.  0'57,  Xa  0'70  =  100-03 

•  X  =  AlaO,  0-07,  Fe2O8  0'12,  CuO  0-02,  MgO  (HI,  alk.  O'lO,  P2O6  0'04,  Cl  0'24. 

Pyr. — B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  clear  glass,  which  in  R.F.  is  colored  black  by  reduced  lead. 
On  charcoal  with  soda  a  lead  globule,  and  a  coating  of  lead  oxide.  Easily  soluble  in  nitric  acid, 
with  the  separation  of  gelatinous  silica. 

Obs.— Occurs  very  sparingly  with  tephroit.e  (which  it  closely  resembles),  native  lead,  calcite, 
and  jacobsite,  at  Langban,  Wermland,  Sweden.  Also  from  Jakobsberg,  Nordmark,  mixed  with 
a  brown  mica  (manganophyllite),  and  associated  with  calcite  and  jakobsite.  Named  from 
ydvGOfJLa,  luster. 

An  earlier  approximate  analysis  by  Lindstrom  of  the  Langban  mineral  (quoted  by  Nd.) 
gave:  SiOa  34'55,  PbO  34'89,  MnO  20'01,  CaO  4'89,  MgO  3'68,  alk.  and  loss  1'98  =  100.  Cf. 
ref.1.  It  does  not  seem  certain  that  the  two  minerals  are  identical. 

NordenskiOld  (ib.,  p.  384)  mentions  the  occurrence  at  Langban  of  a  second  lead  silicate, 
very  similar  in  appearance  and  blowpipe  reactions  to  the  above,  but  with  two  distinct  cleavages, 
at  an  angle  of  75°  27'.  The  material  available  was  too  scanty  for  full  examination,  but  he  sug- 
gests that  it  may  be  a  more  distinctly  crystallized  variety  of  ganomalite. 

Ref.—?  Nd.,  A.  Sj.,  1.  c.;  biaxial  with  small  angle,  Dx.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  1,  8,  1878. 

356.  HYALOTEKITE.    A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  G.  F5r.  Forh.,  3,  382,  1877. 
Massive.     Coarsely  crystalline. 

Cleavage  easy  in  two  directions,  at  an  angle  of  approximately  90°;  also  less 
easy  in  a  third  direction,  in  the  same  zone  (Dx.).  Brittle.  H.  =  5-5*5.  G.  =3-81. 
Luster  vitreous  to  greasy.  Color  white  to  pearly  gray.  Transparent  in  very  thin 
plates.  Optically  biaxial,  positive.  Ax.  pi.  ||  zone-axis  of  the  cleavages  2Hr=98° 
-99°,  Dx.1 

Comp. — Approximately  R9B2(Si03)12.     Lindstrom's  analysis  gives  16E0.2B203. 
24Si02.F.     Here  R=Pb  :  Ba  :  Ca  =  0*225  :  0'262  :  0*279;  also  small  quantities  of 
BeO,  K,0,  etc.     Groth  suggests  HR4B(Si03)6  with  F  replacing  most  of  the  (OH), 
Anal.— G.  LindstrSm,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  44,  589, 1887. 

SiOa        B2O8       PbO         BaO        CaO         F 

39-47       3-73        25-11        20'08        7'82       0'99  ign.  0'59,  Xa  2'58  =  100*37 

•  X  =  CuO  0-09,  MnO  0'29,  BeO  0'75,  MgO  0-09,  K3O  0'89,  Cl  0'06,  Na30  017,  A13O3  0-18,  Fe2Os  0'06. 

An  earlier  incomplete  analysis  (Nd.)  gave:  Si02  39'62,  PbO  25-30,  BaO  20'66,  CaO  7  00, 
ign.  0-82,  A12O3,  K2O,  etc.,  tr. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  to  a  clear  glass,  which  in  R.F.  becomes  blackened  with  reduced  lead. 
On  charcoal  with  soda  in  small  amount  fuses  to  a  clear  glass;  with  more  soda  in  R.F.  gives  a 
lead  globule  and  a  coating  of  lead  oxide.  In  salt  of  phosphorus  dissolves,  leaving  a  skeleton  of 
silica.  Insoluble  in  hydrochloric  or  sulphuric  acids. 

Obs.— Occurs  sparingly  in  a  grayish  white  feldspar,  with  hedyphane  and  sche^ferite,  at 
L&ngban,  Wermland,  Sweden.  Named  from  vaAoS,  glass,  and  TiJKfiv,  to  melt. 

Ref.-'  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  1,  9,1878. 


NEPHELITE  GROUP— NEPHELITE.  423 


in.  Orthosilicates.    K  Si04. 

Salts  of  Orthosilicic  Acid,  H4Si04;  characterized  by  an  oxygen  ratio  of  1  :  1  for 
silicon  to  bases. 

The  following  list  includes  the  prominent  groups  among  the  Orthosilicates. 
A  number  of  basic  orthosilicates  are  here  included,  which  yield  water  upon  ignition;  also 
others  which  are  more  or  less  basic  than  a  normal  orthosilicate,  but  which  are  of  necessity  in- 
troduced here  in  the  classification,  because  of  their  relationship  to  other  normal  salts.  The 
MICA  GROUP  is  so  closely  related  to  many  Hydrous  Silicates  that  (with  also  Talc,  Kaolinite, 
and  some  others)  it  is  included  under  the  latter  head. 

1.  Nephelite  Group.     Hexagonal. 

2.  Sodalite  Group.     Isometric. 

3.  Helvite  Group.     Isometric,  tetrahedral 

4.  Garnet  Group.     Isometric. 

5.  Chrysolite  Group.     Orthorhombic. 

6.  Phenacite  Group.     Rhombohedral. 

7.  Scapolite  Group.     Tetragonal. 

8.  Melilite  Group.     Tetragonal. 

9.  Vesuvianite  Group.     Tetragonal. 
1C.  Zircon  Group.     Tetragonal 

11.  Danburite  Group.     Orthorhombic. 

12.  Datolite  Group.     Monoclinic. 

13.  Epidote  Group.     Monoclinic. 

14.  Axinite  Group.     Triclinic. 


1.  Nephelite  Group.     Hexagonal. 
Typical  formula  RAlSi04. 

357.  Nephelite  K2Na6Al8Si9084  6  =  0-8389 

Soda-nephelite  (artif.)          NaAlSi04 

358.  Eueryptite  LiAlSi04 

359.  Kaliophilite  KAlSi04 


360.  Cancrmite  H6Ka6Ca(NaC03)3Al8(Si04)s  26  =  0-8448 

361.  Microsommite  (Na,K)10Ca4AliaSi12062SCl4  .  26  =  0-8367 


357.  NEPHELITE.  Sechsseitige  weisse  durchsichtige  Schftrlsauler  mit  oder  ohne  Pyra- 
midean  der  Spitze,  etc.  (fr.  Vesuvius  (Somma)),  J.  J.  Ferber,  Briefe  aus  Walschland,  166,  1773; 
=  Basaltes  crystallisatus  albus  cryslallis  prismaticis  v.  Born,  Lithoph.,  2,  73,  1775;  =  Sommite 
Delamelh.,  T.  T.,  2,  271,  1797;  =  Nepheline  H.,  Tr.,  3,  1801.  Pseudo-sommite,  Pseudo-nephe- 
line  (fr.  C.  di  Bove),  Ft.  Bellevue,  J.  Phys.,  51,  458,  1800 ;  id.,  var.  of  Sommite,  Delameth.,  1.  c. 
Nefelina,  Oavolinite,  Davina,  Mont.  &  Covelli,  Min  Vesuv.,  1825. 

Fettstein  Wern.,  1808,  Klapr.  Beitr.,  5,  176,  1810,  Steffen's  Orykt.,  1,  472,  1811.  Elseolith 
(fr.  Norway)  Klapr.,  Mag.  Ges.  Fr.  Berl.,  3,  43,  1809.  Beitr..  5,  176,  1810.  Pierre  grasse  JJ., 
Tabl.,  65,  228,  1809,  Phonite  (fr.  Norway)  Dx.  Min.,  1,  289,  1863. 

Hexagonal.     Axis  6  =  0-838.926;  0001  A  loll  =  44°  5'  22"  Koksharov1. 


424 


SILICATES. 


Forms* : 
c(0001,  0) 


m  (1010,  7) 
a  (1120,  i-2) 
n  (2130,  H) 


g  (2025,  f) 

q  (1012,  i) 
t  (2023,  |) 


P  (1011,  1) 
z  (2021,  2) 


x  (40§  1,  4) 
y  (6061,  6) 


(1122,  1-2) 
(1121,  2-2) 


2. 


<tf  =  21°  11' 

cq  =  25°  51' 

ct  =  32°  51' 

cp  =  44°    5' 

cz  =62°  42' 

ex  =  75°  32' 

cy  =  80°  14' 

c<?  =  40°    0' 

cs  =  59°  12' 

gg'  =  20°  49' 


QQ' 
It' 

PP' 

zz' 
xx' 

yy' 

ee' 

8S' 

ms 
ap 


25°  11' 
31°  29' 
*40°  43' 
52°  454 
57°  55' 
59°  3' 
37°  29' 
50°  52' 
41°  56' 
52°  57' 


1.  Nephelite,  Vesuvius,  Sec.      2.  ElceoWet  Is.  Laven,  Norway,  Klein. 

Usually  in  thick  six- .or  twelve-sided  prisms  with  plane  or  modified  summits. 
Also  massive  compact,  and  in  embedded  grains;  structure  sometimes  thin 
columnar. 

Cleavage  :  m  distinct ;  c  imperfect.  Fracture  subconchoidal.  Brittle. 
H.  =  5-5-6.  G.  =  2 -55-2 *65.  Luster  vitreous  to  greasy;  a  little  opalescent  in 
some  varieties.  Colorless,  white,  or  yellowish;  also  when  massive,  dark  green, 
greenish  or  bluish  gray,  brownish  red  and  brick-red.  Transparent  to  opaque. 
Optically  —  Indices: 


Mte  Sorama 


Arkansas 


a>7  =  1-539-  1-542 

o?7  =  1-5416 

<*>y  =  1-5427 

GO.  =  1-5469 


e7  =  1-534-  1-537  Dx. 
ey  =  1-5376  Wolff*. 
ey  =  1-5378  Wadsworth6. 
e    =  1-5422  Penfield5. 


Etching  experiments  seem  to  prove  the  existence  of  pyramidal  hemihedrism  with  hemi- 
morphism  in  the  direction  of  c;  also  of  twinning  with  a  and  c  as  tw.  -planes,  Baumh.3 

Var.  —  1  Nepheliter  Glassy.  Usually  in  small  glassy  crystals  or  grains,  transparent  with 
•vitreous  luster,  first  found  on  Mte.  Somma.  G.  =  2'56,  Vesuvius,  Scheerer;  2*637,  ib.,  Breith. 
Characteristic  particularly  of  younger  eruptive  rocks  and  lavas;  often  in  crystals  also  forming 
an  unindividualized  ground-mass  (nephelinitoid). 

2.  ElcBolite.  In  large  coarse  crystals,  or  more  commonly  massive,  with  a  greasy  luster,  and 
reddish,  greenish,  brownish  or  gray  in  color.  Usually  clouded  by  minute  inclusions. 
G.  =  2-597  Miask,  Breitb.,  2  617  Brevik,  Scheerer;  2-612  Laurvik,  Bgr.;  2'65  Arkansas,  Smith 
&  Brush  Characteristic  of  granular  crystalline  rocks,  syenite,  etc. 

Comp.—  R8Al8Si9034;  if  R  =  Na  :  K  =  3  •  1,  this  is  equivalent  to  3Na2O.K20. 
4ALO1.9SiO,  -  Silica  44-0,  alumina  33-2,  soda  15-1,  potash  7*7  =  100.  In  most 
analyses  Na  :  K  =  4  •  1  or  5  :  1. 

The  above  is  the  formula  of  'Sclieerer.  Cf  also  Rg.,  Ber.  Ak  Berlin,  695,  1876,  M  in  Ch  , 
Erg.,  170,  1886;  Rauff,  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  454,  1878;  Doelter,  ib  ,  9,  321,  1834. 

From  synthetic  experiments,  }rielding  crystals  like  nephelite,  with  the  composition  NaAlSiO4 
or  Na.^O.AlaOs^SiO.,,  Doelter  decides  that  "a  natural  soda-ncphelite  would  be  an  orthosilicate 
with  this  formula,  while  the  higher  silica  in  the  potash  varieties  may  be  explained  by  the 
presence,  in  molecular  combination,  of  KAlSi2O6  or  K2O  Al2O3.4SiO2  (='  leucite).  This  was 
also  suggested  by  Rammelsberg,  and  seems  very  probable,  although  not  agreeing  strictly  with 
Scheerer's  formula  above.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  otber  species  of  the  group  are  normal 
orthosilicates,  viz.,  eucryptite  LiAlSiO4,  and  kaliophilite  KAlSiO4/ 

Anal.—  1-3,  Scheerer.  Pogg.,  49,  359,  1840,  also  other  analyses.  4,  Kg  ,  Min  Ch..  446,  1875 
5,  Rg.,  1  c.,  1876.  6,  Rauff,  1  c.  7,  Jannettaz,  Bull.  Soc.  Min  ,  5,  322,  1882.  8,  9,  Scheerer, 
Pogg.,  46,  291,  1839.  10,  F  Koch,  Jb.  Min.,  Bell  ,  1,  143,  1880  (cf  also  Min.  Mitth.,  335,  1877). 


11,  12,  Lorenzen,  Min.  Mag.,  5,  59,  1882.     13,  Clarke,  Am   «]. 
berg,  Zs.  G  Gtes.,  28,  548-9,  1876      Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  328 


31,  262,  1886.     14,  15,  Lem- 


NEPHELITE  GROUP-NEPHELITE. 


425 


G. 

2-56 


2-608 


jfrephelite. 

1,  Vesuvius 

3. 

4. 
5. 
6. 

7.  Denise 

8.  Katzenbuckel 

ElceoUte. 


9.  Brevik  2'617 

10.  Ditro 

11.  Greenland,  cryst.  2'60 

12.  "          mass.  2 '63 

13.  Litchfield,  Me. 

14.  Fredriksvarn 

15.  Miask 


SiO9 
44-03 
4429 
4404 
43-56 
44-98 
44-08 
43-18 
43-70 

AlaO3 
33-28 
33-04 
34-06 
32-18 
34-49 
33-28 
33-50 
32-31 

NaaO 
15-44 
1493 
15-91 
16-25 
15-60 
16-00 
18-61 
15-83 

KaO 

494 
4-72 
4-52 
7-14 
4-65 
4-76 
0-90 
5-60 

CaO 
1-77 
1-82 
2-01 
0-45 
0-43 
1-85 
1-50 
0-84 

f  44'45 
45-25 
43-39 
41-87 
4374 
45-10 


31-92 
29-41 
32-28 
33-94 
34-48 
33-28 


15-71 
14-36 
16-52 
15-03 
16-62 
1(5-36 


5-17 
6-84 
5-62 
6-68 
4-55 
5-05 


0-28 
1-69 
0-70 
0-47 
tr. 


H20 

0  21  Fe2O3,MnaO8  0-65=100-32 
0-21  Fe2O3,MnaO3  0-39=  99'40 
0-21  MgO  tr.,  FeaO3  0'44  = 

—  =    99-58  [101-19 

—  =  100-15 
0-15  =  100-12 
0-80  -    98-49 

1-39  Fe30, 1-07  =  100'74 


2-07FeaO3  1-10  =  100-70 
2-11  =  99-66 

—  FeaO8  0-92,  Cl-Zr.  =  99 -43 
0-94  Fe203  0-70,  Cl  tr.  =  99-63 
0-86  MgO  tr.  =  100-25 
0-70  =  100-49 


43-42    33-46     16'44    5'43      —      1'21  =    9996 


Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  quietly  at  3'5  to  a  colorless  glass.     Gelatinizes  with  acids. 

Obs.— Nephelite  occurs  both  in  ancient  and  modern  volcanic  rocks,  and  also  in  crystalline 
locks  allied  to  granite  and  gneiss;  in  recent  volcanic  rocks  it  is  in  glassy  crystals  or  grains  often 
associated  with  glassy  feldspar  or  sanidine,  as  in  phonolyte,  or  with  a  triclinic  feldspar  in 
teschenyte,  etc.,  or  without  feldspar  in  nephelinyte  and  nephelinbasalt,  as  that  of  Katzen- 
buckel, near  Heidelberg.  In  the  older  igneous  rocks  the  variety  elaeolite  is  present,  often  with 
orthoclase,  as  in  elaeolite-syenite.  No  sharp  distinction  can  be  made,  however,  between  the 
plutonic  or  intrusive  granitoid  rocks  carrying  nephelite  (elseolite)  and  surface  or  effusive  rocks; 
thus  Derby  shows  that  in  Brazil  (Minas  Geraes,  Sao  Paulo,  etc.)  both  types  pass  into  each  other 
<Q.  J  G.  Soc.,  43,  457,  1887.  and  Dec.  19,  1890). 

A  granitoid  rock  found  near  JVliask,  in  which  elseolite  is  prominent,  has  been  named 
imiascyte,  from  its  locality.  A  rock  composed  of  orthoclase,  elseolite,  and  sodalite,  from  Ditro 
in  Transylvania,  is  the  ditroyte  of  Tschermak.  The  zircon-syenite  or  augite- syenite  of  Norway 
contains  much  elaeolite,  and  is  hence  often  called  also  elseolite-syenite. 

Nephelite  occurs  in  crystals  in  the  older  lavas  of  Mte.  Somma,  wilh  mica,  vesuvianite,  etc.; 
at  Capo  di  Bove,  near  Rome  (the  locality  of  the  pseudo-nepheline);  in  the  basalt  of  Katzenbuckel, 
near  Heidelberg;  at  Meiches  in  Hesse;  Aussig  in  Bohemia;  Lobau  in  Saxony;  in  granular 
masses  embedded  in  the  basalt  of  Deuise  near  Puy,  Haute  Loire  Phonolytes  carrying  nephelite 
occur  on  Fernando  de  Norouha  and  also,  with  the  granitoid  foyaytes,  extensively  in  Brazil  in  the 
provinces  of  Miuas  Geraes,  Sao  Paulo, ,  Rio  de  Janeiro  (cf.  Derby,  1.  c.,  etal.). 

Elaeolite  is  found  at  Stavern  and  Fredriksvarn,  Norway,  and  at  ninny  points  in  the  region 
of  the  Langesund  fiord,  where  the  elaeolite-syenite  is  characterized  by  the  number  and  variety  of 
rare  minerals  which  it  contains  (see  Brogger,  Zs.  .Kr.,  16,  1890);  in  the  Ilmen  Mts.,  Ural,  along 
"with  white  feldspar,  brown  hexagonal  mica,  zircon,  pj'rochlore  etc  ;  in  the  Tunkinsk  Mts., 
Siberia,  with  graphite,  cancrinite,  zircon.  In  the  sodalite-syenite  of  Tunugdliarfik  and  Kan- 
gerdluarsuk  in  south  Greenland.  In  the  elaeolite- syenite  or  foyayte  of  Sierra  de  Monchiquei 
southern  Portugal. 

Elaeolite  occurs  massive  and  crystallized  at  Lit ch field,.  Me.,  with  cancrinite;  in  the  Ozark 
Mts.,  near  Magnet  Cove,  Arkansas,  with  brookite,  schorlomite,  eudialyte,  and  many  rare 
species;  in  a  boulder,  with  sodalite,  at  Salem,  Mass.  Elseolite-syeirite  is  also  found  near 
Beemersville,  northern  N.  J.  A  nephelite  basalt  forms  the  mass  of  Pilot  Knob,  near  Austin, 
Tex  Other  nephelite  rocks  occur  in  the  Kawsoh  Mts.,  Nev.;  Elkhead  Mts.,  Col.;  and  the 
Peloncillo  Mts.,  Arizona.  A  granular  crystalline  rock  (theralite  Roseub.),  consisting  of 
nephelite  and  plagioclase,  forms  intrusive  masses  in  the  Crazy  Mts.,  Montana.  An  elseolite-syenite 
containing  sodalite  occurs  in  Brome  Mt.,  Brome  Co.;  also  near  Montreal  and  at  Belceil,  Rouville 
Co.,  Quebec,  Canada;  further  stated  (Hunt)  to  occur  in  boulders  on  Pic  island,  L.  Superior. 

Named  nepheline  by  Hauy  (1801),  from  vecpeXr/,  a  cloud,^  in  allusion  to  its  becoming  cloudy 
when  immersed  in  strong  acid;  elceolite  (by  Klaproth),  from  eAaiov,  oil,  in  allusion  to  its  greasy 
luster,  the  variety  having  been  made  a  distinct  species  earlier  by  Werner  (1808),  under  the 
German  name  of  Fettslein.  The  name  sommite,  derived  from  the  Vesuvijm  locality,  given  in 
1797  by  Delametherie,  has  the  priority,  but  Werner  early  adopted  Haiiy's  name,  and  later 
authors  have  all  taken  the  same  course.  Moreover  sommit.e  probably  included  some  of  the 
related  species  occurring  at  Vesuvius,  as  microsommite.  etc. 

The  gdbronite  (gabbronite)  of  Schumacher,  1801,  the  dichter  Wernerit  of  Hausmann,  1811, 
which  has  been  referred  to  the  scapolites  (see  5th  Ed.,  p.  324)  was  elaeolite  according  to 
Br5gger. 

A  mineral  from  Norway,  of  a  yellowish  brown  color,  called  phonite,  is  very  much  like 
elseolite  (Dx.). 

Alt. — Nephelite  or  elseolite  is  liable  to  ready  alteration,  and  usually  produces  a  zeolite,  as. 


426 


SILICATES. 


thomsonite  or  analcite.  The  ozarkite  of  Shepard,  according  to  Smith  and  Brush,  is  thomsonite 
(q.v.),  and  its  situation  in  cavities  in  elseolite  shows  that  it  is  a  product  of  alteration. 

Brogger  describes  the  change  of  the  elaeolite  of  the  augite  syenite  of  southern  Norway  into 
sodalite;  into  aualcite;  natrolite  and  hydronephelite  (or  ranite)  incl.  spreustein;  into  tbom- 
sonite;  also  into  potash  mica  (pinite)  and  kaolin.  See  further  under  these  species,  and  Zs.  Kr., 
16,  223-238,  1890.  To  the  alteration  into  analcite  is  referred  the  euthallite  of  Esmark  from  the 
island  SigtesO  (cf.  Dx.,  Min.,  2,  xxxix,  1874). 

Gieseckile  is  shown  by  Blum  to  be  a  pseudomorph  after  this  species.  I<  differs  mainly  in 
containing  several  per  cent  of  water:  It  occurs  in  Greenland  in  six-sided  greenish  gray 
prisms  of  greasy  luster,  with  basal  plane' and  pyramid  p,  having  cp  =  45°  nearly;  and  also  at 
Diana,  in  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y.,  with  the  same  angles,  for  the  most  part,  although  the  results  of 
measurement  vary  rather  widely  (41°  to  49°).  The  crystals. of  Diana  are  hexagonal  in  cleavage; 
yet  the  planes  of  cleavage  are  often  separated  by  layers  of  a  waxy  appearance,  without  luster 
or  "cleavage.  According  to  Des  Cloizeaux.  the  material  of  the  crystals  acts  on  polarized  light 
like  a  gum  or  colloid,  and  is  evidently  a  result  of  alteration.  Dysyntribite  Shepard  from  Diana 
is  similar  to  gieseckile.  Liebenerite,  from  the  valley  of  Fleims,  in  Tyrol,  is  a  similar  pseudo- 
morph. Gieseckite  was  named  for  Ch.  Giesecke  who  early  in  the  century  brought  it  from 
Greenland.  See  further  FINITE  under  the  MICA  GROUP. 

J.  Francis  Williams  has  proved  (priv.  contr.)  that  elseolite,  with  orthoclase,  may  be  formed 
by  the  alteration  of  leucite.  Crystals  of  altered  leucite  from  Magnet  Cove,  Arkansas  (mentioned 
on  p.  343),  gave  the  results  under  1,  while  the  soluble  and  insoluble  portions  (calculated  to 
100)  gave  2  and  3.  Of  these  2  is  elaeolite,  3  is  orthoclase. 

SiO2  Al2O3a  CaO  MgO  K,O  Na,O  H2O 

l.-Total            55-06  24-85    0'59  0'28  10-34  7'60  1-78  SrO,Li2O  tr.  =  100  40 

2.  Soluble         42-17  34-90    0'87  0'21  506  16'79  —    =,100 

3.  Iwol.           63-84  19-61    0'44  0'33  13'78  2'00  —    =100 

a  Incl.  some  FesO3. 

Artif. — Made  artificially  by  Fouque  and  Levy  by  fusion  of  a  mixture  of  the  elements  of  the 
mineral,  C.  R.,  87,  961,  1878;  *  also  by  Hautefeuille  by  fusing  a  mixture  of  silica  and  sodium 
aluminate  with  an  excess  of  sodium  vanadate;  later  by  Doelter.  as  already  noted.  Further. 
Lemberg  has  obtained  the  potash  nephelite,  KAlSiO4.  by  digesting  elseolite  with  potassium 
hydrate,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  37,  966,  1885,  cf.  also  ib.,  28,  547  et  seg  ,  1876,  40,  627,  1888.  Cb.  &  G. 
Friedel  have  obtained  nephelite  by  heating  finely  divided  muscovite  and  potash  to  500°  in  the 
presence  of  water,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  13,  129,  1890. 

Ref.— »  Mte.  Somma,  Min.  Russl.,  2,  160,  1854;  9.  247,  1885;  cf.  Strttver,  who  gives 
cp  -  43°  50f,  Albani  Mts.,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  240.  1877.  2  See  Sec.,  Rend.  Accad.  IN'apoli,  1842,  Pogg., 
Erg.-Bd.,  3,  478,  1851;  Svr.,  Alt.  Ace.  Torino,  3,123,  1867;  Klein,  Norway,  Jb.  Min.,  532, 
1879.  3  Baumh.,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  209,  1881.  4  Min.,  1,  286,  1862.  6  Quoted  by  Rosenbusch,  Mikr. 
Phys.,  358,  1885. 


1. 


358.  EUORYPTITB.    G.    J.   Brush   and   E.   8.    Dana,    Am.   J.   Sc.,   20,   266,   1880. 
Lithionnephelin  Germ. 

Hexagonal.  In  symmetrically 
arranged  crystals,  embedded  in 
albite. 

Cleavage:  basal.  G.  =  2-667. 
Colorless  or  white.  Transparent. 

Coin  p. — An  orthosilicate  of  lithi- 
um and    aluminium,    LiAlSi04   or 
Li3O.Al203.2SiO,    =    Silica    47-6, 
alumina,  40'5,  lithia  11 '9  =  100. 
Anal.— S.  L.  Penfield,  1.  c. 


Fig.  1,  Section  i  fibers;  2,  |  fibers,  showing 
eucryptite  embedded  in  albite. 


Si02 
48-13 


A12O3 
40-50 


Li20 

10-90 


K2O 

0-47  =  100 


An  analysis  of  "  ft  spodumene"  (see 
p.  368)  gave:  Insoluble  portion  67'56,  soluble  32*10  =  99'66;  the  analysis  of  the  soluble  portion, 
reduced  to  100,  gave  the  results  above.  The  latter  (eucryptite)  gelatinizes  with  hydrochloric 
acid. 

Obs. — Eucryptite  is  known  only  as  forming  with  ulbile  an  apparently  homogeneous  sub- 
stance, derived  from  the  alteration  of  spodumene  at  Branchville.  Conn.  The  microscope  shows 
the  two  minerals  of  which  this  substance  is  made  up,  and  chemical  analysis  serves  to  separata 
them. 

Named  from  ei>,  well,  and  KpvTtroS,  concealed. 


NEPHELITE  GROUP—  KALIOPHILITE—CANCRINITE. 


427 


359.  KALIOPHILITE.    Mierisch,  Min.  Mitth.,  8,  160,  18b6.     Facellite  E.  Scacchi,  Rend. 
Ace.  Napoli,  Dec.,  1888.    Phacellite.    Phacelite  Hintze,  Min.,  2,  96,  1889.     Kalinephelin  Germ. 

Hexagonal.     In  bundles  of  slender  acicular  crystals,  also  in  fine  threads  filling 
the  rock  cobweb-like. 

Cleavage:    basal,  perfect.      Brittle.      H.  =  6.      G-.  =  2-493  Sec.;    £-602  M. 
Luster  silky,  brilliant.     Colorless.     Transparent.     Optically  uniaxial,  negative. 

Comp.— KAlSi04  or  K3O.Al303.2SiOa  =  Silica  38'0,  alumina  32 -3,  potash  29'7 
=  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Mierisch.    2,  Bischoff,  ibid.    3,  E.  Sec.,  1.  c. 


Si02 
37-45 
37-05 
37-73 


A1203 
32-43 
29-47 
3309 


CaO       K3O       Na2O 

2-18       27-20        2-26     =  101  '52 
1  01        28-49*      1-10*  Fe2O3  2-73,  ign. 
—         29-30        0-37     =  100-49 

a  Determined  separately. 

1-08  =  100-93 

Pyr. — Decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid  with  gelatinization. 

Obs. — Described  by  Mierisch  (kalwpJiilite)  us  occurring  in  ejected  masses  from  Mte.  Somma; 
"by  Scacchi  (facellile)  as  occurring  in  a  rock  consisting  of  augite  with  more  or  less  mica,  less 
often  in  a  gray  granular  calcite  associated  with  dark  colored  augite  and  yellow  melilite.  The 
needles  are  often  coated  with  a  grayish  incrustation  of  calcium  carbonate. 

There  can  be  no  question  as  to  the  identity  of  these  two  minerals,  although  some  authors 
have  failed  to  recognize  it. 

Named  from  kalium,  and  0z'Ao5,  friend,  in  allusion  to  the  potash  present,  it  beiug-essen- 
tially  a  potash  nephelite.  Phacelite  is  from  0o:Ve/loS  (or  ^nr/feAAoS),  a  bundle. 

Artif.— A  crystalline  potash  nephelite  has  been  formed  by  .Lemberg  by  digesting  elseolite 
•with  potassium  hydrate  as  noted  on  p.  426. 


360.  CANCRINITE.     G.  Rose,  Pogg ,  47,  379,  1839. 

Hexagonal.     Axis  d  =  0-4224;    0001  A  1011-=  26°,  and  mp  =  *64°,  pp'  = 
25°  58'  Tornebohm1.     Rarely   in   prismatic   crystals  with   a  low 
terminal  pyramid.     Usually  massive. 

Cleavage:  prismatic  (m)  perfect;  a  less  so.  H.  =  5-6.  G.  = 
2*42-2*5 ;  2-404  Saemann  &  Pisani.  Color  white,  gray,  yellow, 
green,  blue,  reddish.  Streak  uncolored.  Luster  sub-vitreous,  or  a 
little  pearly  or  greasy.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Optically 
uniaxial,  negative,  Btd. 

Comp.— H6Na6Ca(NaC03)2Al8(Si04)9or3H20.4Na2O.Ca0.4Al203. 
9Si02.2C02  =  Silica  38-7,  carbon  dioxide  6-3,  alumina  29*3,  lime 
4-0,  soda  17-8,  water  3'9  =  100, 

The  formula  is  often  written  as  if  the  compound  consisted  of  a  silicate  of 
sodium  and  aluminium  analogous  to  nephelite,  with  calcium  carbonate  and 
water.     This,  however,  has  been  repeatedly  shown  to  be  an  incorrect  view  of  the  chemical  coo* 
stilution;  the  CO2  must  be  present  as  a  radical,  probably  (NaCO3).     The  early  view  that  cam- 
crinite  was  simply  an  altered  form  of  nephelite  has  long  since  been  disproved. 

Anal.— 1,  Rauff,  Zs.  Kr.,  2  456,  1878.  2,  A.  Koch,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.,  1,  144,  1880.  3,  Lem- 
berg,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  39,  598,  1887,  also  35,  594,  1883.  4,  Lindstrom,  G.  For.  F6rh.,  6,  549,  1883. 
5,  6,  7,  F  W.  Clarke  (and  Riggs),  Am.  J.  Sc.,  31,  263,  1886.  Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  329. 


SiO2    A12O3  CaO    Na2O   K2O    CO,    H2O 


1.  Miask          G.  =  2-450 

2.  Ditro 

8.  "Brevik" 

4.  Siksjoberg  G.  =  2'45 


If  37-28 
38-58 


5.  Litcl i fiel d ,  Me. ,  orange  yellow 

6.  *'  «*   pale    " 

7.  "  "   bright  " 


37-01 
38-25 

36-29 
35-83 
37-22 


28-20  6-95*  17-75  0'20  6-16    4'03  Fe2O3    0'44    = 

28/72  5-24  12-22  5''23         8'78        =  98'77     [lOl'Ol 

26-42  7-19  18-36  —  7'27    3'12  =  99'37 

26 16  4-78  20-36  0'71  6'42    3  31  Fe2O3  0'35,  MgO 
[0-14.  S03  Ot4,  P208  0-03,  Cl  0  08  =  101'13 

30-12  4-27  19-56  0'18  6'96    2'98  =  100'36 

29-45  5-12  19-33  0'09  6'50    3'79  =  100'li 

28-32  4-40  19-43  0-18  6'22    3«86  MgO  0'07  =  99'70 


Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  water  B.B.  loses  color,  and  fuses  (F.  =  2)  with  intu- 
mescence to  a  white  blebby  glass,  the  very  easy  fusibility  distinguishing  it  readily  from  nephelite. 
Effervesces  with  hydrochloric  acid,  and  forms  a  jelly  on  heating  but  not  before. 


428  SILICATES. 

Obs. — Found  at  Miask  in  the  Ural;  of  citron -yellow  color  at  the  Mariinsk  graphite  mine 
in  the  Tunkinsk  Mts.,  400  versts  west  of  Irkutsk,  in  a  coarse  granite,  with  zircon,  calcite,  and, 
magnetite;  at  Barkevig  and  other  points  in  the  Langesund  fiord,  Norway,  whitish  and  pale 
yellowish,  wax-yellow,  less  often  blue,  associated  with  blue  sodalite  and  "  bergmannite;"  at 
Ditro  in  Transylvania,  pale  flesh-red,  in  the  rock  called  ditroyte,  consisting  of  orthoclase, 
elaeolite,  and  sodalite. 

At  Litchfield  and  West  Gardiner,  Me.,  with  elaeolite  and  blue  sodalite. 

Named  after  Count  Cancrin,  Russian  Minister  of  Finance. 

Alt.— Occurs  altered  (but  sparingly,  Bgr.)  to  natrolite  (bergmannite)  or  spreustein.  Cf. 
Saemann  and  Pisani,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  6.7,  350,  1863. 

Lemberg  describes  the  transformation  of  cancrinite  by  boiling  with  a  CaCla  solution  at  180°- 
190°  into  a  "  Kalk-cancrinit;"  also  by  action  of  K2CO3  into  KAlSiO4;  while  that  was  changed 
by  NaaCO3  to  a  cancrinite;  also  cancrinite  to  a  hydrated  Mg-Al  silicate  by  the  action  of  MgSO4. 
See  further  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  35,  593,  1883,  39,  598,  1887,  40,  627,  1888. 

Ref.— l  Elfdalen,  G.  For.  Forh.,  6,  390, 1883.  Brogger  measured  on  crystals  (fig.  above)  from 
the  Langesund  fiord,  mp  =  60°  to  66°,  the  best  mean  value  being  63°  1';  this  gives  b  =  0-4409. 

KALK-CANCRINITE  Lemberg,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  28,  5$2,  1876. 

Granular  massive.    H.  =  6.    Cleavage  none.    Colorless.    Doubly-refracting.    Analysis: 

Si03  39-82       Ala03  33*54       CaO  17-68        Na20  0'76        CaCO3  9'09  =  100*84 

Gives  off  no  CO2  in  the  cold  with  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid  only  on  heating,  when 
the  silica  separates  as  a  jelly. 

From  Vesuvius,  associated  with  calcite,  wollastonite,  and  brown  garnet.  On  the  lime-r 
cancrinite  formed  by  digesting  cancrinite  with  a  hot  solution  of  CaCl2,  see  Lemberg  above, 
and  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  35,  594,  1883. 

361.  MIOROSOMMITE.    ScaccM,  Rend.  Accad.  Napoli,  Oct.,  1872,  and  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  24, 
506,  1872.    Mikrosommit. 

Hexagonal.    Axis  6  =  0-41834;  0001  A  1011  =  *25°  47'  ScaccM1. 
Forms:   c  (0001,  0):   m  (1010,  7),   a  (1120,  a-2),    n  (2130,  £f);  p  (1011,  1).     Angles:  pp  = 
25°  7',  mp  =  64°  13',  ap  =  67°  52'. 

In  minute  prismatic  crystals,  faces  striated  vertically;  c  dull.  Crystals  often, 
grouped  together. 

Cleavage:  m  perfect;  c  less  distinct.  H.  =  6.  G.  =2-444  Kauff  ;  2-42-2-53 
Sec.  Luster  on  m  silky,  brilliant ;  otherwise  vitreous.  Colorless.  Transparent. 
Optically  uniaxial,  positive,  Btd. 

Com  p. — According  to  Raufffs  analyses,  nearly  (Na,K)10Ca4Al12Si]2062SCl4;  this 
may  be  written  4(Na,K)CaAl3(Si04)3.4(Na,K)Cl.(Na,K)S04.  The  true  constitu- 
tion of  the  mineral  is,  however,  complex  and  uncertain;  carbon  dioxide,  is  also 
present  in  small  amount. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Scacchi,  Rend.  Ace.  Napoli,  April,  1876.  3,  4,  Raufl7,  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  468,  187& 
5,  Mieris<  ,  Min.  Mitth.,  8,  161,  1886. 

SiO,  A12O3  CaO  NaaO  K2O  Cl  SO3  CO, 

1.  Large  cryst.                            |  32  21  29'22  12-60  1014  6'79  6-71  4'43  —   =  102 TO 

2.  Micr.      "                                *f  31-4^  30-34  10-93  9'37  790  7'82  526  —   =10804 

3.  Cryst.  colorless  G.  =  2'444    f  32-21  28-37  1059  tl«30  7-14  709  3'86  155     Sir.    = 

[102-11 

4.  "     yellow  32.23    28*98    1036    11-01     7-11    625    4'11%   1'26     Sir.    — 

[101-31 
5*  34-30    28  59a    9-70        undet.        0'84    2'02      —  igu  4'22 

•  FeaO3  in  small  amount 
Deduct  oxygen  equivalent  of  the  chlorine,  viz.  in  1,  1  51  p.  c.,    2,  1*76,    3,  1'60,    4,  1  56  p.  c. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fusible  with  difficulty.  In  hydrochloric  acid  decomposed  with  separation 
of  gelatinous  sib'ca. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Vesuvius  on  Monte  Somma  in  ejected  masses,  and  in  the  leucitic  lava. 

Ref.— i  Sec.,  1.  c.    Cf.  Rath,  Pogg.,  Erg.,  6,  372,  1873;  Rauff,  1.  c. 

DAVYNE.    Davina  Monlicelli  and  Covelli,  Min.  Vesuv.,  1825 

Hexagonal;  in  crystals  resemVMng  nephelite.  Cleavage:  basal  and  prismatic,  perfect. 
Fracture  conchoidal.  H.  =  5'5.  G.  =  2'40  Haid.,  2-43  Breith.  Luster  vitreous  to  pearly 
on  cleavage.  Colorless  to  white.  Translucent.  Optically  uniaxial,  positive,  Btd.  Indices: 
GO.  =  1-515,  €_=  1-519,  Dx.  (see  Btd.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  5,  141,  1882).  Composition  near  can- 
crinite.  Anal.— Rg.,  Pogg.,  109,  579,  1860. 


SODALITE  GROUP— SODALITE. 


429 


Si03 
38-76 
36-81 
36-96 


Ala03 
28-10 
28-66 
28-31 


CaO 

9-32 

10-33 

9-39 


Na2O       K2O 

15-72        1-10 

15-85        1-21 

undet. 


CO2 
563 
6-01 
6-04 


H30 

1-96  Cl  tr.  =  100-59 
undet, 


Fuses  with  intumescence  to  a  clear  slightly  blebby  glass  coloring  the  flame  yellow  (soda). 

From  Monte  Somma  with  nephelite,  etc.  Much  so-called  davyne  is.only  microsommite;  the 
existence  of  a  cancrinite-like  mineral,  however,  can  hardly  be  dout  ,ed.  Groth  includes  davyne 
»nd  microsommite  under  sommite,  Tab.  Ueb.,  123,  1889, 

CAVOLINITE.     Monticelli  and  Covelli,  Min,  Vesuv. ,  1825. 

From  Monte  Somma  with  davyne,  etc.  Generally  assumed  to  be  identical  with  nephelite, 
but  perhaps  rather  belonging  to  microsommite  (Sec.)  like  which  it  is  optically  positive  (Btd.), 
Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  5,  141,  1882. 


2.  Sodalite  Group.     Isometric. 

362.  Sodalite  Na4(Ald)Al2(Si04)s 

363.  Haiiynite  <Naa,Ca)2(NaS04.Al)Ala(Si04)$ 

364.  Noselite  Na4(NaS04.Al)Al2(Si04)3 

365.  Laznrite  Na4(NaS3.Al)Ala(Si04), 

The  formulas  are  written  above  in  the  form  suggested  by  Brogger,  who  shows 
that  this  group  and  the  one  following  may  be  included  with  the  garnets  in  a  broad 
group  characterized  by  isometric  crystallization  and  a  close  resemblance,  in  compo- 
sition. See  further  under  the  GARNET  GROUP  proper,  p.  437. 


362.  SODALITE.    Sodalite  (fr.  Greenland)  Thomson,  R.  Soc.  Ed.  'Tr.,  6,  387,  read  Nov. 
5, 1810;  Phil.  Mag.,  36,  471,  1810.     Glaukolith  Weibye,  Karst.  Arch.,  22,  532,  1848. 

Isometric.     Observed  forms1: 
a  (100,  £t);    <f(110,  t);    o(lll,  I)2;    n  (211,  2-2),    ft  (411,  4-4)2. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  of  forming  hexagonal  prisms  by  elongation  in  the  direction  of 
an  octahedral  axis.  Common-form  the  dodecahedron.  Also  massive,  in  embedded 
grains;  in  concentric  nodules  resembling  chalcedony,  formed  from  elaeolite. 

Cleavage:  dodecahedral,  more  or. less  distinct.  Fracture  conchoidal  to  uneven. 
Brittle.  H.  =  5-5-6.  G.  =  2'14-3-30.  Luster  vitreous,  sometimes  inclining  to 
greasy.  Color  gray,  greenish,  yellowish^  white;  sometimes  blue,  lavender-blue* 
light  red.  Transparent  to  translu'dejitv;  ^Streak  uncolored.  Refractive  indices: 

Bolivia  nr  =  1'4796  Li      n,  =  1-4827  Na     ^  =  1'4855  Tl      ^  =  1-496  violet,  Feussner8. 

Brogger4  finds  the  etching-figures  triangular  in  form,  and1  symmetrical  to  a  dodecahedral 
face. normal  to  the  face  etched,  but  not  symmetrical  to  the  cubic  planes  normal  to  this.    From 
this  it  is  concluded  that,  the  crystals  are  tetrahedral  and  twinned  with 
the  cube  as  tw.  plane 

Var. — 1 .  Ordinary,  varying  in  color  from  bright  azure  blue  to  gray, 
yellow  or  greenish.  Crystals  not  common;  usually  in  dodecahedrons. 

2.  In  reniform  or  nodular  forms  with  concentric  structure,  often 
resembling  chalcedony.  Fracture  conchoidal  to  even.  Luster  dull. 
Color  blue  to  gray  or  green.  Formed  from  elaeolite  in  the  elseolite- 
sy en ite  of  southern  Norway.  This  mineral  is  called  glauJcolith  by 
Weibye,  Jb.  Miu. ,  775, 1849,  Karst.  Arch,,  22.  532, 1848.  This  name 
was  earlier  given  to  a  blue  mineral  from  the  L.  Baikal  region,  which 
is  a  massive  kind  of  scapolite  (see  p.  469).  A  so-called  <x  glaucolite" 
from  L.  Baikal,  investigated  by  Brogger  and  BackstrOrn,  proved  to 
be  sodalite,  anal  4. 

Comp.— Na4(AlCl)Al,Si1Oll  =  Silica  37-2,  alumina  31*6, 
eocja  25-6,  cliloriue  7'3  =  101*7,  deduct  (0  ==  2C1)  1'7  =  IOC. 
small  part  of _ the  sodium* 


Mte.  Somma,  Sbk. 
Potassium  replaces  -a 


430 


SILICATES. 


The  above  is  the  formula  of  Brpgger,  which  not  only  agrees  well  with  the  best 
analyses,  but  also  brings  out  the  relation  to  the  garnet  group,  cf.  p.  437. 

The  formula  may  also  be  written  3NaAlSi04  +  NaCl. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Kg.,  Pogg..  109,  574,  1860.  3.  Hofmaiiu,  ib.,  47,  377,  1839.  4,  Brogger  and 
Ba'ckstiom.  Zj».  Kr.\  18,  223,  1890.  5,  Backstrom,  Zs  Kr.,  16,  180,  1890.  6,  Lorenzeu,  Min. 
Mag.,  5,  58, 1882.  7,  Fleischer,  quoted  by  Kath,  Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  March  13,  1876.  8,  Bamberger 
Zs.  Kr.,  5,  583,  1881.  9,  F,  W.  Clarke,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  31,  264,  1886.  10,  11,  Harrington,  Trans. 
Roy.  Soc..  Canada,  4  (3),  81,  1886.  12,  Oh.  and  G.  Friedel,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  13,  185, 1890.  See 
also  5th  Ed.,  p.  330. 


1.  Vesuvius,  colorless 

2.  "        green 

3.  Ilmen  Mts.,  blue 

4.  L.  Baikal,  blue 

5.  L.  Ar6,  concentr.  mass 

6.  Greenland,  green 

7.  Ditro 

8.  Bolivia,  blue 


G. 

2-136 

2-288 
2-301 

2-31 

2-322 

2-341 


SiOa 
38-12 
38-76 
38-4Q 
36-74 
38-12 
36-50 
38-66 
3796 

A120, 
31-68 
34-62 
3204 
31-96 
30-35 
31-53 
32-81 
30-96 

CaO 
0-32 

0-11 

0-44 
0-25 
0-9S 
0-46 

Na2O 
24-37 
23-43 
24-47 
25-95 
24-77 
26-30 
£8-54 
22-93 

K20 

tr. 
tr. 
1-14 
0-18 
1-04 
0-74 

Cl 

6-69 
2-55 
7-10 
7-11 
5-65 
7-30 
6-08 
5-34 

9.  Litchfield,  Me.,  blue 

10.  Montreal  2'20 

11.  Ice  R  ,  Rocky  Mts.  2-293 

12.  Artificial  2 '32 


37-33  31-87  —  24'56  O'lO  6'83 

37-52  31-38  035  2516  0'78  6'91 

37-50  31-82  —  25-55  0'27  7'12 

36-65  32-24  —  25'7Q  0'67  6*32 


=  100-86 
=    99-36 

=  102-33         [102-15 
SO3  0-11,  ign.  017  = 
ign.  2-28  =  102-75 
FeaO,  0-19  =  102-25 
H2O  2-b6  =  100-44 
H2Ol-10,Fe2O3085, 
[CO2  tr.  =.  100-34 
H2O  1-07  =  101-76 
Fe2O8.   MgO  tr.    = 
=  102-26         [10210 
=  101-58 


From  the  above  analyses  the  oxygen-equivalent  of  the  chlorine  is  to  be  deducted. 

A  green  sodalite  from  Vesuvius  gave  Lemberg  (Zs.  G.  Ges.,  28,  550,  1876)  8 ;98  Na2S04  pos- 
sibly from  admixture  of  hailynite, 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  the  .blue  varieties  become  white  and  opaque.  B.B.  fuses 
with  intumescence,  at  3-5-4,  to  a  colorless  glass.  Decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  with  sepa- 
ration of  gelatinous  silica. 

Obs.— Occurs  most  commonly  in  syenite,  also  basalt  and  other  volcanic  rocks  often  associ- 
ated with  nephelite  (01^  elseolite),  cancrinite,  and  eudialyte.  With  sanidine  it  forms  -a  sodalite- 
trachyte  at  Scarrupata  in  Ischia,  in  which  also  occur  augite,  titaiiite,  and  magnetite  in  crystals. 
In  Sicily,  Val  di  Noto,  with  nephelite  and  analcite.  At  Vesuvius,  in  bombs  on  Monte  Somma 
(cf.  Mierisch,  Min.  Mitth.,  8,  163,  1886),  in  white,  translucent,  dodecahedral  crystals,  with 
hatlynite,  sanidine,  pyroxene,  mica,  and  rarely  in  green  dodecahedrons,  with  cubic  planes,  in 
limestone  along  with  vesuvianite  and  nephelite;  massive  and  of  a  gray  color  at  the  Kaiserstuhl; 
also  near  Lake  Laach.  At  Ditro,  Transylvania,  in  an  elaeolite-syenite  with  cancrinite,  etc.  In 
the  foyayte  of  southern  .Portugal.  At  Miask,  in  the  Ilmen  Mts.,  blue  in  the  granite-like  rock 
called  miascyte,  with  elseolite  and  feldspar;  Sedlovaty,  in  the  White  Sea,  with  eudialyte;  in  the 
augite-syenite  of  the  Langesund-fiord  region  in  Norway,  in  the  islands  Laven,  Lovo,  Lille  Aro, 
SigtesS,  etc.,  of  a  lavender-blue  color,  with  elseolite,  segirite,  wohlerite,  and  rarely  eudialyte,  but 
for  the  most  part  altered  to  spreustein  (p.  602);  also  in  the  same  region  formed  as  a  later  product 
from  the  alteration  of  elseolite,  in  compact  form,  sometimes  resembling  chalcedony  (anal;  5). 
Further  in  West  Greenland  in  sodalite-syenite  on  both  sides  of  the  fiords  Tunugdliarfik  and 
Kangerdluarsuk,  along  with  a  greenish  feldspar,  arfvedsonite,  and  eudialyte;  the  crystals  are 
often  dodecahedrons  and  inclose  microscopic  crystals  of  arfvedsonite,  thus  gaining  a  greenish 
color;  Found  among  the  ruins  of  Tiahuanaco,  Bolivia,  exact  locality  unknown. 

A  blue  variety  occurs  at  Litchfield  and  West  Gardiner,  Me., massive,  with  distinct  cleavage, 
associated  with  elseolite,  zircon,  and  cancrinite,  and  the  alteration  product,  hydronephelite  ;  in 
a  vein  in  syenite,  at  Sftlem,  Mass.,  violet  to  azure  blue,  with  elseolite,  orthoclase,  biotite,  and  zir- 
con. In  the  "theralite"  of  the  Crazy  Mts.,  Montana.  Occurs  also  in  the  elseolite-syenite  of 
Brome,  Brome  Co.,  of  Montreal  and  Belceil,  province  of  Quebec;  in  fine  large  masses  on  Ice 
River,  a  tributary  of  Beaver-Foot,  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  near  Kicking  Horse  Pass,  British  Columbia. 

Named  in  allusion  to  its  containing  soda. 

Alt. — Sodalite  occurs  altered  to  kaolin,  like  the  feldspars,  and  also  in  conditions  of  partial 
change.  Thomsonite  and  hydrouephelite  (a  soda-thomsonite)  are  alteration  products;  also  mus- 
covite,  natrolite  (spreusteiu,  wh.  see),  and  diaspore,  see  Bgr.,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  184,  1890. 

Sodalite  is  itself  in  part  derived  from  nephelite  (elseolite)  and  pseudomorphs  after  nephelite 
from  Mte.  Somma  have  been  described.  Also  occurs  in  Norway  in  compact  massive  forms 
derived  from  elaeolite.  Further  Mtigge  -has  shown  that  nephelite  can  be  transformed  into 
sodalite  by  the  slow  action  of  fused  sodium  chloride,  with  the  addition  of  vaporized  NaCl 
(Rosenb.,  Mikr.  Phys.,  284,  1886);  cf.  also  Lemberg's  experiments,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  1883,  1885, 1888. 

Artif.— Obtained  bv  Ch.  and  G.  Friedel  by  heating  to  500°  muscovite  with  soda  in  the  pro- 
portions to  form  nephelite,  with  the  addition  of  sodium  chloride.  The  crystals,  mixed  also  with 
crystals  of  uephelite,  were  rhombic  dodecahedrons  with  cubic  faces,  in  part  twins  with  tw.  pl.0, 
often  elongated  in  the  direction  of  an  octahedral  axis.  The  composition  of  these  crystal  sis  given 
in  anal.  12.  By  heating  with  water  6  grams  of  SiOa,  5-15  Al30s,  3'6  NaaO,  and  1-95  NaCl. 


SODALITE  GROUP-HAUTNITE. 


431 


radiated  globules  were  obtained,  inferred  to  have  the  composition  of  sodalite.    Bull.  Soc.  Min., 
13.  183,  1690. 

Ref.— »  Mir.,  Min.,  398,  1852.  2  Klein,  Laugesund  fiord,  Jb.  Min.,  534,  1879.  3  Zs.  Kr.,  5. 
581,  1881,  Vesuvius  crystals  gave  identical  results.  4  Bgr.,  Zs.  Kr.,  18,  215,  1890. 

363.  HAT^YNITE  or  HATJYNE.  Latialite  (fr.  the  Campagna,  ancient  Latium)  Gismondi,  in 
'Mem.  read  in  1803,  before  the  Accad.  de  Lincei  at  Rome,  but  unpublished.  Haiiyne  Bruun- 
~Neergard,  Gehleu  J. ,  4,  417,  1807,  J.  Mines,  21,  365,  1807  Berzeline,  L.  A.  Necker,  Bibl. 
Univ.,  46,  52,  1831,  Regne  Min.  Paris,  1835;  Rath,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  18,  546,  1866  =  Marialite  Ryllo 
•=  Gismondina  ottaedrica  Med.  Spada.  Auina,  Lazialite  Ital. 

Isometric.     Observed  forms' : 

a  (100,  i-i);    d  (110,  *);    o  (111,  1);    e  (210,  a-2;    n  (211,  2-2). 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  e\  contact-twins,  also  polysynthetic;  penetration-twins.     Some- 
times in  dodecahedrons,  octahedrons,  etc.;  but  commonly 
in  rounded  grains,  often  looking  like  crystals  with  fused 
surfaces. 

Cleavage:  dodecahedral,  rather  distinct.  Fracture  flat 
conchoidalto  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  5*5-6.  G.  =  2*4-2'5. 
Luster  vitreous,  to  somewhat  greasy.  Color  bright  blue,  sky- 
blue,  greenish  blue;  asparagus-green,  red,  yellow.  Streak 
Bjightly  bluish  to  colorless.  Subtransparenfc  to  translucent; 
often  enclosing  symmetrically  arranged  inclusions.  Re- 
fractive index,  Niedermendig',  ny  =  1*4961. 

Coinp. — Na2Ca(NaS04.Al)Al?Si3012.  This  is  analogous 
to  the  garnet  formula  (Brogger)  where  the  place'  of  the  R3 
is  taken  by  Na2,Ca  and  the  group  Na-0-S02-0-Al.  The  Albano,  Rath, 

percentage  composition    is:    Silica  32'0,  sulphur  trioxide 

14'2,  alumina  27'2,  lime  lO'O,  soda  16'6  =  100.     The  ratio  of  ZSTa2  :  Ca^also  varies 
from  3:2;  potassium  may  be  present  in  small  amount. 

The  formula  may  also  be  written  2(Na2,Ca)Al2(Si04)a  +  (Nst,Ca)S04. 

Anal.-l,  Rg.,  Pogg.,  109.  577,  1860.  2,  Rath,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  18,  547,  1866.  3,  4,  Ricciardi 
FGazz.  Ch.,  17,  216,  1857],  Zs.  Kr.,  14,  519.  5,  Rath,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  16,  84,  1864.  6,  BackslrOm, 
Z<  Kr..  18,  230,1890.  7,  Whitney,  Pogg.,  70.  440.  1847.  8,  Sauer,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Halle,  20, 
1876.  9,  10,  Doelteiy  Min.  Mitth.,  4,  461,  1881.  Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  332. 

HaO 

—  =10030 

0-48  =  101-36 
5-38  =  100-76 

—  =  100-08 
0-20Fe2O3  1-05, 

[MgO022  =  108-01 

—  MgO    0-11, 
[8-0-44  =  9975 

—  Fe2O3    0-16 

[=  101-07 

—  =  99  62 
1-59  FeaO8    0-45 

[=  100-41 
1-83  FeaOi    1-38 
[=  100-28 


G. 

SiO2 

A12O3 

CaO 

Na2O 

K2O 

S03 

Cl 

1. 

Mte.  Soinma,  blue  2 

•464 

f  34-06 

27-64 

10-60 

11-79 

4-96 

11-25 

tr. 

2. 

Albano,  white 

berzeline 

2-486 

B2-70 

28-17 

10-85 

11-71 

4-64 

12-15 

066 

3. 

Vultur,  whitish 

2 

•448 

34-58 

27-59 

11-55 

13-57 

tr. 

8-09 

— 

4. 

"       blue 

2 

•456 

33-78 

27-42 

10-08 

13-26 

323 

12-31 



5. 

Laach,  blue 

2 

•481 

|  33-11 

27-35 

11-70 

15-39 

1-12 

12-54 

0-33 
nv 

6. 

32-30 

27-38 

8-21 

18-03 

0-35 

12-62 

L1Y 
0-31 

7. 

Niedermendig 

|  34-36 

•28-29 

7-37 

18-92 

— 

12-07 

to 

8. 

Isleta,  Canaries 

33-25 

28-21 

7-54 

17-21 

13-25 

0-17 

9. 

Cape  Verde 

31-99 

2893 

9-88 

15-53 

— 

12-04 

tr. 

10.  .Covao,  Cape  Verde 


34-95    29-41      4'40    19'01.    0'33      8'11    086 


Berzeline  of  Keeker  is  the  white  variety  from  near  Albano  according  to  Rath  (anal.  2,  and 
fig.  1). 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  retains  its  colon  B.B.  in  the  forceps  fuses  at  4  5  to  a  white 
glass.  Fused  with  soda  on  charcoal  affords  a  sulphide,  which  blackens  silver.  Decomposed -by 
hydrochloric  acid  with  separation  of  gelatinous  silica. 

Obs.— Common  in  certain  igneous  rocks,  thus  in  hailynophyre,  in  phonolyte,  tephryte;  very 
commonly  associated  with  nephelite  and  leucite.  Occurs  in  the  Vesuvian  lavas,  on  Mte.  Somma; 
at  MelfL  on  Mt.  Vultur,  Naples,  of  black,  green,  blue,  red,  and  brown  colors,  and  also  white, 
and  sometimes  red  inside  and  blue  outside;  in  the  lavas  of  the  Campagna,  Rome,  and  also  in  the 
peperino  of  Marino  and  Lariccia  near  Albano,  sky-blue,  bluish  green,  and  sometimes  opaline, 
also  white  (berzeline);  at  Niedermendig,  Mayen,  Olbriick,  in  the  Eifel;  the phonolytes  of  Hohent 


432  SILICATES. 

wiel ;  at  Mt.  Dore  in  Puy-de-D6me ;  at  St.  Michael's,  Azores;  the  Canary  islands;  the  Cape 
Verde  islands.  In  the  theralyte  of  the  Crazy  Mts.,  Montana.  Also  in  the  lapis-lazuli  of  Si- 
beria (p.  433). 

Named  in  honor  of  the  Abbe  Haiiy  (1743-1822). 

Ref.— »  Cf.  Mir.,  Min.,  399,  1852;  Dx.,  Min.,  524,  1862;  Rath,  1.  c.;  Hbg.,  Min    Not    8 
43,  1868;  Svr.,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  235,  1877;  in  Dana,  Min.,  5th  Ed.,  332,  1868,  the  planes  311,  331  are 
j added,  source  unknown  to  author.    2  Tschihatscheff,  quoted  by  Rosenb.,  Mikr.  Phys. ,  286, 1885. 

364.  NOSELITE,  or  NOSEAN.     In-ripis  (L.  Laach)  lapillos  elegantiores et  sapphires  reperire 
est,  Freherus,  Grig.  Palatinarium,  2,  36,  1612.     Spinellan  Nose.  NSggerath's  Min.  Stud.  Geb. 
Niederrhein,  109,  J.  Phys.,  69,  160,  1809.      Spinellan,  Nosian,   Klapr.,  Beitr.,  6,  371,  1815. 
Hatiyne  pt.    Nosean,  Nosin,  some  authors,    Nosite.    Noseanite.    Natron-hailyne  Vogelsang. 

Isometric.  In  dodecahedrons.  Often  granular  massive.  In  twins  like  soda- 
lite1. 

H.  =5*5.  GL  =2*25-2*4.  Color  grayish,  bluish,  brownish ;  sometimes  black. 
Translucent;  sometimes  nearly  opaque  from  the  presence  of  inclusions. 

Comp.— Na4(NaS04.Al)Al2Si3012  like  hauynite  (p.  431),  but  with  little  or  no 
calcium.  The  percentage  composition  is:  Silica  31  •?,  sulphur  trioxide  14 *1,  alu- 
mina 26*9,  soda  27*3  =  100. 

The  formula  may  be  written  2Na2Al,Si208  +  Na2S04. 

Anal.— 1-4,  Rath,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  16,  81,  1864,  also  ib.,  14,  670,  1862.  5,  Sauer,  Inauff.  Diss 
Halle,  18,  1876.  6,  Doelter,  Min.  Mitth.,  4,  461,  1881.  Also  5th  Ed.,  p,  333. 

G.          SiO3    A1203  CaO    Na30  K20    §03       Cl     H2O  Fe2O, 

1.  Laach,  dk.  bn.    2-281        36'72    ,29-08    1*20    23'33    0*34      7'52    0'71    0'83    0'75  =  100-48 

2.  "       bh.gy.    2'299        36'69    28'45    0'63    23'90      —       7*30    1*05    2'15    0 -47  =  100-64 

3.  "       gnh.        2-336        36'46    29'61    2-37  [20-59]    —       7*34    0  70    2'02    0'91  =  100 

4.  "       clear       2*399        36'87    26'60    4'05  [20-75]    tr.      lO'OO    1'08    0'37    0-28  =  100 

5.  Canary  Is.  36'50    28'56    0-99    22'95      —       7-64    076    1'87    0'98  =  100-25 

6.  Cape  Verde  Is.  35*99    29'41    0'21    20-91      —     10*58    0'57    1'63    0*31  =  '99*61 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  like  hauynite.     Gelatinizes  in  acids,  yielding  no  hydrogen  sulphide. 

Obs. — Froin  near  Andernach  on  the  Rhine;  at  the  Laacher  See,  in  loose  blocks  consisting 
jargely  of  sanidine  or  glassy  feldspar,  with  mica,  magnetite,  and  occasionally  zircon,  occupying 
cavities  in  the  feldspar,  in  small  grains  or  crystals;  also  found  at  Hieden  and  Volkersfeld  in  a 
leucite  rock.  In  the  phonolytesof  the  Hegau  at  Hohentwiel;  also  of  the  Kaiserstuhl;  the  Canary 
and  the  Cape  Verde  islands,  and  at  other  localities 

Named  after  K.  W,  Nose  of  Brunswick  (1753-1835). 

Ref.— *  Hubbard,  Min.  Mitth.,  8  362,  1887 

ITTNEBITE  Qmelin,  Schw.  J.,  36,  74,  1822.  Skolopsite  KbL,  Gel.  Anzeig.,  28,  638,  1849. 
Alteration  products  of  hauynite  and  noselite  as  shown  by  Rammelsberg,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  172, 
1864,  Min.  Ch.,  459,  1875;  also  confirmed  by  Van  Werweke,  Jb  Min.,  2,  264,  1880.  Cf.  also 
Fischer,  Mikr  Min..  36,  1869,  Lemberg,  Zs.  G.  Ges..  28,  610,  1876  For  analyses,  see  5th  Ed., 
p.  333. 

Ittnerite  contains  10  to  12  p.  c.  of  water,  and  scolopsite  varies  in  the  water  from  none  to  10 
c.  Ittnerite  occurs  in  translucent  dodecahedrons  or  granular  massive,  with  H  =  5'5;  G.  = 
•37-2-40;  color  dark  bluish  or  ash-gray  to  smoky  gray;  luster  resinous.  It  comes  from  the 
Kaiserstuhl  near  Freiburg,  Baden,  at  Sasbach  and  Endingen. 

Scolopsite  occurs  granular  massive;  H.  =  &:  G.  =  2'53,  coloi  grayish  white  to  pale  reddish 
gray,  and  is  also  from  the  Kaiserstuhl,  and  occurs  in  the  same  rock  with  ittnerite  (Fischer,  Ber. 
Ges.  Freiburg,  1862).  Scolopsite  was  named  from  crK6A.o^  a  splinter,  from  its  splintery 
fracture. 

365.  LAZURITE.     Lasurit  Brogger,  Zs.  Kr.,  18,  231,  1890. 

LAPIS-LAZULI.  2a7t<peipo$  Theophr  Sapphires  Plln.,  37,  39.  Sapphirus  Agric.,  Foss., 
288,  1546.  Cyaneus,  Lapis  Lazuli  (Lapis  Azul  Arab.,  unde  nomen  Asuri,  aut  Lazuli),  B.  dc 
Boot,  Lap.,  273,  1636.  Lapis- Lazuli,  Lazur-Sten,  Jaspis  colore  creruleo  cuprifer,  Wall.,  Min., 
97,  1747.  Lapis-Lazuli,  ou  Pierre  d'Azur.  Fr  Trl.  Wall.,  1,  186,  1753.  Zeolites  Bloa  .(=  Blue 
Zeolite),  Lapis  Lazuli,  CronsL,  100,  1758.  Zeolithus  csgruleus  «.  Born.,  Lithoph..  1.  46,  1772. 
Lasurstein  Germ,  Native  Ultramarine.  Outremer  Fr. 

Isometric.  In  cubes  and  more  commonly  dodecahedrons.  Also  massive, 
compact. 

Cleavage:  dodecahedral,  imperfect.  Fracture  uneven.  H.  =  5-5*5.  G.  = 
2*38-2-45.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  rich  Berlin-blue  or  azure-blue,  violet-blue 
greenish  blue.  Translucent. 


I 


SODALITE  GROUP— LAZURITE.  433 

Com  p.— Essentially  Na4(NaS3.Al)Al2Si,012  as  shown  by  Brogger,  but  contain- 
ing also  in  molecular  combination  (Naa,Ca)2(NaS04.Al)Al2Si3013  or  haiiynite  (in 
varying  amount),  and  Na4(AlCl)Al2Si3012  or  sodalite.  The  percentage  composition 
of  this  ultramarine  compound  (Bgr.)  is  as  follows:  Silica  31'7,  alumina  26'9,  soda 
27-3,  sulphur  16-9  =  102-9,  or  deduct  (0  =  S)  2*9  =  100. 
Anal.— Brogger  and  Backstrorn,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  236,  1890. 

SiO2       A1203       CaO       NaaO       K2O        SO3          S  Cl 

Central  Asia  32'52        27-61        6'47        19'45       0'28       10'46        2  71        0'47  =  99  57 

This  is  interpreted  as  equivalent  to  haiiynite,  ultramarine,  and  sodalite  in/  the  ratio  of 
77  :  16  :  7.     It  may  also  be  explained  by  assuming  the  presence  of  Na4(NaS2.A])Al2Si3O, 


3, 

Earlier  analyses  are  the  following: 
Varrentrapp,  Pogg.,  49,  519,  1840.    4, 

1,  KM 
Hauer, 

ler,  Rg.,  Miu. 
Vh.  G.  Reichs. 

Ch.,  710,  1860.     2,  Schultz,  ib. 
,  86,  1860.     5,  Schultz,  1.  c. 

SiO3 

AI.O, 

Fe2O3 

CaO 

Na2O 

H20 

SO3 

1. 

Orient 

45*33 

12-33 

2-12 

23-56 

11-45 

0 

•35 

322 

C10-42,  S?  =  98-78 

2. 

'• 

43-26 

20-22 

4-20 

14-73 

8-76 



5-67 

83-16  =  100 

3. 

Bucharei 

45-50 

31-76 

tr. 

3-52 

9-09 

0 

•12 

5-89 

Fe  0-86,  Cl  0-42,  S  0'95 

4. 
5. 

Ditro 
Andes 

40-54 
45-70 

43-00 
25-34 

0-86 
1-30 

1-14 

7-48 

[12-54] 
10-55 

1 

•92 

4-32 

=  100                 [=  ! 
S  3  96,  K2O  1-35  = 

98-11 
100 

From  1,  6'7  CaCO3,  from  2,  32'69  p.  c.  CaCO3,MgCO8,  and  from  5,  28  -77  CaCO3 

have  been  deducted. 

The  heterogeneous  character  of  what  had  long  passed  as  a  simple  mineral  under  the  name 
Lapis-lazuli  was  shown  by  Fischer  (1869),  Zirkel  (1873),  and  more  fully  by  Vogelsang 
(1873).  The  latter  showed  the  presence  of  an  isometric,  ultramarine  mineral,  which  is  gener- 
ally blue,  or  violet,  sometimes  also  colorless,  and  in  the  last  case  assumes  a  blue  color  on  heat- 
ing. This  is  intermixed  with  granular  calcite  and  ccapolite  (paralogite).  Fischer,  Mikr.  Stud., 
36,  1869;  Zirkel,  Mikr.  Besch.  Min.,  165,1873;  Vogelsang,  Med.  Akad.,  Amsterdam.  161,  1873. 

It  has  remained  for  Brogger  and  Backstrom  to  separate  the  essential  part  of  this  mineral 
mixture  (lazurite)  and  determine  its  composition,  as  given  above.  The  ordinary  natural  'lapis 
lazuli  (Lasurstein)  is  shown  to  contain  lazurite  or  haiiynite  (sometimes  changed  to  a  zeolite),  a 
diopside  free  from  iron,  amphibole  (koksharovite),  mica  (muscovile),  calcite,  pyrite;  also  in 
some  varieties  in  relatively  small  amount  scapolite,  plagioclase,  orthoclase  (microperthite?), 
apatite,  titanite,  zircon,  and  an  undetermined  mineral  optically  -j-  and  probably  uniaxial. 

Pyr.,  etc.—  Heated  in  the  closed  tube  gives  off  some  moisture;  the  variety  from  Chili  glows 
with  a  beetle-green  light,  but  the  color  of  the  mineral  remains  bind  on  cooling.  Fuses  easily  (3) 
with  intumescence  to  a  white  glass.  Decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  with  separation  of 
gelatinous  silica  and  evolution  of  hydrogen  sulphide. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  in  Badakshan  in  the  valley  of  the  Kokcha,  a  branch  of  the  Oxus,  a  few 
miles  above  Firgamu;  the  quarries  are  in  limestone,  and  the  mineral  occurs  in  three  varieties, 
indigo-blue  (nili),  light  blue  (asmani),  and  green  (sabzi).  Cf.  Ball.,  Geol.  India,  in,  528,  1881. 
Also  at  the  south  end  of  L.  Baikal  at  various  points  on  the  rivers  Talaya,  Malaya-Bystraya,  and 
Sliudiauka  (see  Bull.  Soc.  Mosc.,  30  (2),  518,  1857),  where  it  occurs  in  a  dolomitic  limestone 
in  connection  with  granite.  Also  reported  from  other  points  in  Eastern  Asia,  but  uncertain. 
Further,  in  Chili  in  the  Andes  of  Ovalle,  near  the  sources  of  the  Cazadero  and  Vias,  tributaries 
of  the  Rio  Grande,  in  a  granitic  rock.  In  ejected  masses  at  Monte  Somma,  rare  (Pogg.,  138, 
491,  1869),  and  in  limestone  inclusions  in  the  peperinp  of  Latium  (Svr.,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  238,  1577). 
Probably  always  (Bgr.)  a  result  of  contact  metamorphism  in  limestone. 

The  richly  colored  varieties  of  lapis  lazuli  are  highly  esteemed  for  costly  vases-  and  orna- 
mental furniture;  also  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  mosaics;  and  when  powdered  constitutes 
the  rich  and  durable  paint  called  ultramarine.  This  has  been  replaced,  however,  by  artificial 
ultramarine,  now  an  important  commercial  product. 

Artif.—  The  following  are  typical  analyses  of  artificial  ultramarine,  quoted  in  the  form  given 
by  Brogger  and  Backstrom.  The  original  references  are: 

1.  Heuraann  (Hoffmann),  Lieb.  Ann.,  203,  174,  1880.  2,  Id.,  ib.,  194,  1  el  *eq.>  1878. 
3.  Szilasi,  ib,,  251,  100.  1889. 


SiO2  A12O3  Na2O  S 

1.  blue  39-3  30-7  231  8'4 

2.  "  40-7  24-0  23-5  13'6 

3.  green  f  37'30  31  '07  25'34  7'24 

In  explaining  the  composition  of  the  various  forms  of  artificial  ultramarine,  the  following 
compounds  are  assumed:  Na3Al3Si3O,2,  Na2A12Si4O12,  Na4(NaS.Al)Al2Si3OI2,  Na4(NaS2.Al) 
Al2Si3Oi2,  Na4(NaS3.Al)Al2Si3Oi2.  The  compound  causing  the  blue  color  in  both  the  naturaJ 
lazurite  and  the  artificial  ultramarine  is  probably  one  belonging  to  the  sodalite  group,  viz.. 


434 


SILICATES, 


3.  Helvite  Group.    Isometric,  tetrahedraJL 

366.  Helvite  (Mn,Fe)a(Mn3S)Bes(Si04)s 

367.  Danalite  (Fe,Zn,Mn)8((Zn,Fe)2S)Be3(Si04)3 

368.  Eulytite  Bi4(Si04)8 

369.  Zunyite  (Al(OH,F,Cl)2)flAl'a(Si04)3 

On  the  relation  of  the  above  species ;to,the  GARNET  GKOUP,  see  p.  437. 


$66.  HELVITE.  Ein  Fossil  w.  Aehnlichk.  m.  d.  Granat  hat,  aber  nicht  Granat  zu  seyn 
*cheint,  MoJis,  Nu'll  Kab.,  1,  92,  1804.  Helvin  Wern.,  1816,  Breith.  in  Hoffm.  Min.,  4,  b  112 
1817,  Wern.,  Letztes  Min.  Syst.,  2,  29,  1817;  Tetrahedral  Garnet  Molis,  Char.  Syst.  Min.,  71, 
1820,  Edinb.  Tetraedriscker  Granat  id.,  Grundr.,  412,  1824. 

Isometric;  tetrahedral.     Observed  forms1: 
a  (100,  i-i),  d  (110,  t);  o  (111,  1);  o,  (111,  -  1);  r  (332,'  f);  n  (211,  2-2);  ^  (321,  3-f). 

Commonly  in  tetrahedral  crystals,  rarely  dodecahedral  in  habit;  also  in  spheri- 
cal masses. 

Cleavage:  octahedral  in  traces.  Fracture  uneven  to  conchoidal.  Brittle. 
H.  =  6-6-5.  G.  =  316-3-36;  3-216,  Breith.  Luster  vitreous,  inclining  to  resin- 
ous. Color  honey-yellow,  inclining  to  yellowish  brown,  and  siskin-green,  reddish 
brown.  Streak  uncolored.  Subtransparent.  Refractive  index  n  =  l  -739  Levy-Lcx.a 
Pyroelectric3. 


Figs.  1-4.     Langesund  fiord,  Norway,  Br&gger. 

Comp.— (Be,Mn,Fe)7Si3012S.  This  may  be  written  (Mn,Fe)2(Mn2S)Be3Si30]a 
as  suggested  by  Brogger4,  analogous  to  the  Garnet.  Group,  the  bivalent  group 
-Mn-S-Mn  (also  assumed  by  Groth)  taking  the  place  of  a  bivalent  element,  R, 
and  3Be  corresponding  to  2A1,  cf.  p.  437.  Assuming.  Mn  present  alone,  the 
percentage  composition  is:  Silica  32-5,  glucina  13-6,  manganese  protoxide  51'0, 
sulphur  5-8  •=  102-9,  deduct  (0  =  S)  2*9  =  100. 

Composition  also  written  3(Be,Mn,Fe)2Si04.(Mn,Fe)S. 

Anal.— 1,  Gmelin,  Pogg.,  3,  53, 1825,  corrected  by  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  701,  1860.     2,  Rg.,  ibid., 
Fogg.,  93,  453,  1854.     3,  BackstrOm,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  176,  1890.     4,  5,  Teich,  Min.  Russl.,  7,  322, 

1866.     6,  R.  Haines,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  101,  1882.     7,  B.  E.  Sloan,  Ch^News,  46, 195,1882. 

SiOa     BeO    MnO     FeO     Mn       S      ign. 

33-26    12-03    30-57      8'00    867    5-05    1-16  =    98-73 

33-13    11-46    36-50      4'00    9'77    5'71      —   =  100'57 


.G. 

1  Schwarzenberg     8166 

2  Norway  3'165 
3.  Sigtesft 


4.  Ilmen  Mts. 
6.  Lupikko 


^•333 
3-23-3-37 


6.  Amelia  Co..  Va, 

7.  "         ^      ••     325 


82-85    11-19    39-68    13-02     (— )    5'71      ^  CaO  0-40,  A1O  I'OO 

[=  103-85 

32-49    13-52    35-41    15'12     (—)    5-77      —  A12O3  0'77  =  103*08 
30-34    10-46    37-88    10-37     (-)    5'95    0'22  Mg  0'68,  Ca04'07  = 

[99-97 

25-48    12-63    39-07      2'26«  8'66    4-96      —  Al2O32-95,  CaOO'71, 

[K,O  0-43,  NaaO  1-01  =  98-16 

31-42    10-97    40-56      2'99    8'59    4'90      —  A1203  0'36   =   99'79 
*  FeaO3. 


From  anals*3,  4,  5,  the  oxygen-equivalent  of  the  sulphur  is  to  be  deducted. 


HELVITE  GROUP— DAN ALITK  435 

Pyr.,  etc.— Fuses  at  3  in  K.F.  with  intumescence  to  a  yellowish  brown  opaque  bead,  becom- 
ing darker  in  R.F.  With  the  fluxes  gives  the  manganese  reaction.  Decomposed  by  hydro- 
chloric acid,  with  evolution  of  hydrogen  sulphide  and  separation  of  gelatinous  silica. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  gneiss  at  Schwarzenberg  in  Saxony,  associated  with  garnet,  quartz,  fluorite, 
and  calcite;  at  Breitenbrunn,  Saxony;  at  Kapnik,  Hungary,  on  quartz  and  rhodochrosite^  atj 
Hortekulle  near  Modum,  Norway,  also  in  the  pegmatyte  veins  of  the  augite-syenite  of  the 
Langesund  fiord,  on  the  islands  Sigeso,  Stoko,  Ovre-Ar5,  associated  with  aegirite,  elseolite,  etc* 
(Bgr.,  1.  c.).  In  the  Ilmen  Mts.  near  Miask  in  pegmatyte,  large  spherical  masses  with  topaz, 
phenacite,  monazite,  pyrochlore,  etc.;  also  at  Lupikko,  Finland,  with  magnetite,  fluorite,  the 
crystals  sometimes  1£  inches  through. 

In  the  U.  S.,  in  cracks  in  spessartite  at  the  mica  mines  near  Amelia  Court  House,  Amelia 
Co.,  Va. ,  associated  with  mouazite,  microlite,  allanite,  etc. 

Named  by  Werner,  in  allusion  to  its  yellow  color,  from  ??Azo?,  iht  sun. 

Ref.— '  Eremeyev,  Finland,  Miu.  Bussl.,  5,  320,  1866;  Zs.-Kr.,  15,  552,  1889;  Bgr.,  Zs.Kr., 
16,  173,  1890.  *  Miu.  Roches,  222,  1888.  3  J  &  P.  Curie,  C.  R.',  91,  383,  1880,  also  Hankel, 
Abh.  Sachs.  Ges.,  1882.  4  Brogger  and  BackstrSm,  Zs.  Kr.,  18,  211,  1890;  the  relation  to  the 
garnets  was  earlier  suggested,  cf.  Am.  J.  Sc  ,  14,  272,  1852,  also  5th  Ed.,  1868. 

ACHTARAGDITE  Ransian,  prior  to  1847,  Glocker's  Syn.,  305,  1847.  Achtarandit  Breith.tl&f 
H.  Ztg.,  12,  370,  1853.  Achtaryndit  Auerbach,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  3,  113,  1868. 

Isometric;  tetrahednil,  but  probably  pseudomorphous.  Form  a  hemi-trisoctahedron,  it 
(211),  occasionally  penetration-twins  with  parallel  axes,  like  f.  2,  p.  436.  Crystals  sometimes 
2mm.  or  more  in  diameter,  often  having  a  shining  crust  but  within  earthy,  adhering  to  the 
tongue,  and  giving  a  clay-like  odor.  Soft,  soiling  the  fingers.  G,  =  2"32  Hermann.  Luster 
dull.  Color  ash-gray,  within  white.  Opaque. 

Anal.— 1,  Hermann,  Bull.  Soc.  Mosc.,  40  (2),  481,  1867.  2,  3,  W.  v.  Beck,  Kk.,  Mia, 
RussL,  5,  327,  1866. 

SiOa    A12O3   Fe2O8   FeO    CaO    MgO     *H,O     CO2 

1.  G.  =  2  32        28  27     13'06    14-07    0'42    14'41     20'07      8'64    I'OO  =  99'94 

2.  39-25    1111     17-09      —      12-54      3'fiO    10'09    "—    =  93*68 

3.  40-10    12-36         undet.       11  27   vndet.   12-27 

Occurs  on  the  Achtaragda  (or  Acblarynda).  a  tributary  of  the  Vilui  River  in  Siberia,  with 
vesuvianite  and'grossular  garnet'  These  crystals  are  obviously  pseudomorphs'and  perhaps  after 
helvite,  as  suggested  by  Breithaupt.  Cf.  also  Rose,  Reis.  Ural.,  1,  48,  1837,  who  referred  them 
to  grossularite;  Kk.,  Min.  Russl..  5,  3^4,  1866.  Prendel  regards  them  as  more  probably 
pseudomorphous  after  boracite,  since  a  reaction  for  boron  was  obtained  from  the  crystals  and  the 
steatite-like  substance  resembles  a  common  alteration  product  of  boracite  (Zs.  Kr.,  17,  94,  1889). 
It  is  to  be  remembered,  however,  that  the  occurrence  of  boracite  is  extremely  Jimited. 

367.  DANALITE.    J.  P.  Oooke,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  73,  1866. 

Isometric.  In  octahedrons;  also  with  dodecahedral  faces,  striated  longitudi* 
nally. 

Cleavage  not  observed.  Fracture  subconchoidal  to  uneven.  Brittle.  H.=5*5 
-6.  G.  =  3-427.  Luster  vitreo-resinous.  Color  flesh-red  to  gray.  Streak  similar, 
but  lighter.  Translucent. 

Comp.— (Be,Fe,Zn,Mn)1Si3012S,  which  may  be  written  as  suggested  by  Brogger. 
(Fe,Zn,Mn)2((Zn,Fe)2S)Be3Si3Oia,  cf.  helvite,  p.  434. 
Anal.— J.  P.  Cooke,  1.  c. 

SiO2     FeO    MnO    ZnO     BeO       S 

1.  Kockport       |  31-73    27*40    6*28    17-51    13'83    5'48  =  102'23,  !e§s  (O  =  S)  2'74  =  99'49 

2.  Gloucester         29'88    2813    5'71    18'15    14-,72a  4'82  CaO  0'83.  MgO  tr.  =   102-24,   less 

[(O  =  S)  2-41  =  99  83 
*  With  A13O3. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  readily  on  the  edges  to  a  black  enamel.  "With  soda  on  charcoal  gives 
a  slight  coating  of  zinc  oxide.  Perfectly  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  with  evolution  of 
hydrogen  sulphide  and  separation  of  gelatinous  silica. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  the  Rpckport  granite,  Cape  Ann,  Mass.,  small  grains  being  disseminated 
through  this  rock  ;  also  near  Gloucester,  Mass.;  in  both  localities  associated  with  a  lithia  mica, 
in  the  latter  with  green  feldspar  and  fluorite.  Also  with  magneiite  and  quartz  at  the  iron  mine, 
at  Bartlett,  N.  U.  (Wadswortb).  In  El  Paso  Co.,  Colorado,  p.  1032. 

Named  after  J.  D.  Dana. 


436  SILICATES. 

368.  EULYTITE.    Wismuthblende,  Eulytin,  Breiih.,  Pogg.,  9,  275,  1827;  Handb  ,  2,  303, 
1841.   Wisinutisches  Blende-Erz  Breith.,  Uib.,  66, 1830,  Char,,  239,  1832.    Kieselwisinuth  Kersten, 
Pogg.,  27,  81,  1833.     Silicate  of  Bismuth. 

Isometric;  tetrahedral.     Observed  forms1 : 

a  (100,  i-i),    d  (110,  /),    o  rill,  1),     n  (211,  2-2),     n,  (211,  -  2-2),    X  (511,  5-5). 
Twins: -with  parallel  axes  like  tetrahedrite,  f.  2.     Crystals  usually  minute; 

common  form  the  hemi-tetragonal 
trisoctahedron  n  (211);  often  with 
rounded  edges  and  in  groups;  also 
in  spherical  forms. 

Cleavage:  dodecahedral,  very 
imperfect(?).  Fracture  uneven. 
Bather  brittle.  H.  =  4'5.  G.  = 
6*106  Rath.  Luster  resinous  or 
adamantine.  Color  dark  hair- 
brown,  yellowish  gray,  grayish 
white,  straw-yellow,  colorless.. 
Figs.  1,  2,  Schneeberg,  Bath.  Streak  yellowish  gray  or  uncolored. 

Subtransparent  to  opaque.     Shows 

Anomalous  double  refraction,  and  then  optically  negative,  uniaxial,  axis  J_  o,  Btd.a 
Comp.— Bi4Si3012  or  2Bi203.3Si02  =  Silica  16'3,  bismuth  83'7  =  100. 
Anal.— 1,  3,  Rath,  Pogg.,  136,  416,  1869. 

SiO2       Bi2O3     Fe2O3      P2O5 

1.  Schneeberg  16'52.       82'23  1-15  =    99'90 

2.  '  "  15-93       80-61        0-28        0'52     =    97*34 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  a  matrass  decrepitates  and  affords  a  trace  of  water.  B.B.  fuses  to  a  dark 
yellow  mass,  and  gives  out  inodorous  fumes.  Fuses  and  froths  on  charcoal,  staining  it  yellowish 
brown,  sometimes  with  a  tinge  of  green.  Fuses  readily  with  soda  to  a  button,  at  tirst  greenish 
yellow  and  then  reddish  yellow,  and  finally  affords  metallic  bismuth.  With  salt  of  phosphorus 
it  fuses  to  a  yellow  globule,  with  a  silica  skeleton,  which  becomes  colorless  on  cooling. 

6bs. — Found  with  native  bismuth  near  Schneeberg,  Saxony,  in  quartz;  also  at  Johann- 
georgenstadt  in  costal s  on  quartz. 

Named  from  evAvrof,  easily  dissolved,  or  fusible. 

Ref.— »  Rath,  1.  c.    2  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  4,  61,  1881;  Klein,  Jb.  Min.,  2,.  196  ref.,  1882. 

369.  ZUNYITE.     W.  F.  Hillebrand,  Proc.  Col.  Soc.,  1,  124,  1884. 

Isometric;  tetrahedral.     In  minute  tetrahedrons  (o)  with  also  planes  of  the 
negative  tetrahedron  (a,),  the  cube  (a),  and  perhaps  those  of  the  dodecahedron  (d). 

Cleavage:  o  and  or     Luster  vitreous.     H.  =  7.     G.  =  2*875.     Clear,  trans- 
parent, but  sometimes  opaque  from  inclusions. "  Optically  isotropic. 

Comp. — A  highly  basic  orthosilicate  of  aluminium;    formula  (Groth,   Bgr.) 
(Al(OH,F,Cl)2)6Al2Si3012,  and  hence  analogous  to  the  garnet  group,  where  the 
Divalent  element,  R3,  of  the  latter  is -replaced  by  theunivalent  radicals  Al(OH)a, 
A1F2,  A1C12.     Hillebrand  deduced  the  empirical  formula  HlbAl]6Si6(0,F,Cl)46. 
Anal.— Hillebraud,  1.  c.,  mean  of  several  partial  analyses. 

SiO2   A12O3  Na2O  K2O  Li2O    H2O       F       01 

24-33    57-88    0  24    O'lO     tr.     10-89    5'61    2'91  Fe2O8  0'20,  P206  0'60  s=  102'76a 
•  Deduct  3-02  (O  =  F,C1)  =  99  74. 

Pyr.— B.B.  infusible,  but  becomes  opaque  and  porcelain -like.  Heated  in  a  closed  tube 
yields  acid  water.  Not  attacked  by  acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  the  Zuni  mine.  Anvil  Mountain,  near  Silverton,  San  Juan  Co.,  Colorado. 
It  is  intimately  mixed  with  the  sulphide  of  arsenic  and  lead,  guitermanite  (p.  131)  and  pyrite; 
ftlso  embedded  in  a  white  earthy  material  consisting  in  part  of  lead  sulphate,  and  derived  from 
the  alteration  of  the  associated  ores. 


GARNET  GROUPS-GARNET.  427 

4.  Garnet  Group.     Isometric,  holoheiiral. 
R3Ra(Si04)3  or  3RO.£a03.3Si03. 

Sn       n  m  nt      in  nt 

==  Ca,Mg,Fe,Mn  R  =  Al,Fe(Mn)CrTL 

370.  Garnet 

A.  GROSSULARITE  Ca3Ala(Si04)3 

B.  PYROPE  Mg3Al2(Si04)3 
0.  ALMANDITB  Fe3Al2(Si04)3 
D>  SPESSARTT.TE  Mn3Al2(Si04)3 

E,  ANDRADITB  Ca3Fe2(Si04)3 

Also  (Ca,Mg)3Fe2(Si04)3  and  Ca3Fea((Si,Ti)04)$ 

F.  UVAROVITE  Ca3Cra(Si04)3 

371.  Schorlomite  Ca3(Fe,Ti)2((Si/Ti)04)3 

Closely  related  to  the  GARNET  GROUP  proper  are  the  species  of  the  Sodalite  and  Helvite 
Groups  (p.  429,  p.  434).  All  are  characterized  by  isometric  crystallization,  and  all  are  ortho- 
fiilicates,  and  as  developed  by  Brogger  with  similar  chemical  structure.  Thus  the  formula  of, 

ii  in 

the  Garnet  Group  is  R3R2(SiO4)3 ;  to  this  Sodalite  conforms  if  written  Na4(AlCl)Al2(SiO4)3, 
where  Na4  and  the  bivalent  radical  A1C1  are  equivalent  to  R3  and  similarly  for  Noselite  .(Haiiy- 
nite)  if  the  presence  of  the  bivalent  group  NaSO4-Al  is  assumed. 

In  the  Helvite  Group,  which  is  characterized  by  the  tetrahedral  character  of  the  species 
(perhaps  true  also  of  the  Sodalites),  the  chemical  relation  is  less  close,  but  probably  exists  as 
exhibited  by  writing  the  formula  of  Helvite  (Mn,Fe)(Mn2S)Be3(SiO4)3  where  the  bivalent  group 
— S-Mn-S-  enters,  and  3Be  may  be  regarded  as  taking  the  place  of  2A1.  For  a  further  discussion 
of  the  subject,  with  exhibition  of  structural  formulas,  etc., see  BrSgger,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  176,  181, 
1890,  and  Brogger  and' Biickstroin,  ibid.,  18,  209-276,  1890. 


370.  GARNET.  * AvQpctc,  pt.  [rest  Ruby  Spinel  and  Sapphire]  Theophr.  Carbunculus  pt. 
{rest  id.]  Plin.,  37,  25;  Carchedonius,  Garamanticus  [  ==  Carthaginian  orGaramantic  Carbuncle], 
Alabandicus  [cut  at  Alabauda],  Anthracitis,  Plin.,  ib.,  25-27.  Granatus  Albertus  Magnus,  232, 
1270.  Carbunculus  Carchedonius  =  Germ.  Granat,  C.  Alabandicus  and  Troezenius  =  Germ. 
Almandin,  Agric.,  Foss.,  272,  Interpr.,  463,  1546.  Grauat  Wall.,  Min.,  120,  1747.  Grenat  Fr: 

A.  GROSSULARITE.  Kauelstein  [=  Cinnamon  StoneJ  fr.  Ceylon  [sp.,  placed  near  Zircon] 
Wern.,  1803,  Ludwig's  Wern.,  2.  209,  1804;  Essonite  H.,  Tr.  Pierres  prec.,  1817;  Hessonite 
Leonh.,  Handb.,  433,  1821;  Essonite  [var.  of  Garnet]  Beud  ,  170,  1824.  Romanzovit  Nvr&en- 
nkiold,  Schw.  J.,  31,  380.  Grossularite  Wern.,  1808-9,  Hpfm.  Min.,  I,  479,  1811;  Grmat  Pallas, 
N.  Nord.  Beytr.  St.  Pet.,  1793;  Wiluit  pt.,  Viluit,  Severgin.  Grenat  du  chaux,  ou  Grossulaire, 
Beud.,  337,  1824.  Tellemarkit  Weisbach,  Synops.  Min.,  13,  1875. 

*B.  PYROPE.  Carbunclili  Carchedonii  in  Boemorum  agris  Agric.,  Foss.,  272,  1546.  Bohe- 
mian Garnet.  Bohrnischer  Granat  Wern.,  Bergm  J.,  424,  1789;  Klaproth,  2,  16,  1747.  Pyrop 
Wern.,  1800,  Ludw.  Wern.,  1,  48,  1803.  Karfunkel  Germ.,  Escarboucle  pt.  Vogesit  Wetsbach, 
Synops.  Min.,  13.  1875. 

C.  ALMANDITE.     Precious,  or  Oriental  Garnet.      Orientalischer  Granat.  Siriauischer  (fr 
Siriam  in  Pegu)  Granat  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  2,  22,  1798.     Alamandin  (Alabandicus  Plin.)  Karst., 
Tab.,  20,  69,  1800.     Common  Garnet  pt.  .  Fahlungranat  Berz.,  Lothr. 

D.  SPESSARTITE.     Granatformiges  Braunsteinerz  (fr.  Spessart)  Klapr..  Beitr.,  2,  239,  1797 
=  Braunsteinkiesel  (near  Garnet)  Karst.,  Tab.,  20,  69,  1800.     Manganesian  Garnet  Seybert  Am. 
J.  Sc.,  6,  155,  1823.     Mangangranat  Germ.     Broddbogranat  Berz.     Spessarliue  Beud.,  52,  1832. 

E.  ANPRADITE.     Common   Garnet,  pt.     Allochroite  d'Andrada,  J.   Phys.,  51,  243,  1800, 
Scherer's  J.,   4,   32.     Black  Garnet;    Melanit  Wern.,   1800,   Ludw,   Wern..    1,   48,   64,    1803. 
AplomelT.,  Tr.,  4,  239,  1801.     Kolophonit  tfAndrada;  Simon,  Gehl.  J.,  4,  405,  1807.     Grenat 
resinite  =  Colophouite  H.,  Cours  1804,  Lucas,  Tabl.,  265,  1806;  Pech-Granat  Karst..  Tab.,  38, 
89,  1808.     Topazolite  Bonwisin,  J.  de  Phys.,  62,  1806.     Pyreneit  Wern.,  1811-12,    Hoffm., 
Min.,  2,  373,  1815.     Kalkgranat  Berz.,  LSthr.     Granat  v.  Langban  Rotlioff,  Afh..  3,  329,  1810; 
Rothoffite  Berz.,  N.  Syst.  Min.,  218,  1819.     Polyadelphite  Thorn.,  Min.,  1,  154,  1836.     Jel- 
letite  ApjoJm,   3;  G.   Soc.,   Dublin,  5.   119,   1853.     Yttergranat  Bergemann,  Ber.   nied.  Ges.. 
July,  1854.     Demantoid  N.  Noi'denskiold,  quoted  by  Kk.,  Min.  Russl.,  8,  310.    Brcdberarite 
Dana,  Min.,  270,  1868.     Andradite  Dana^lin..  268,  1868. 

F.  UVAROVITE.    Ouvarovite.     Uwarowit  Hess.  Pogg.,  24,  388,  1832. 


±38 


SILICATES, 


Isometric,    Observed  forms1 


a  (100,  £*)  rare 
d  (110,  0 
o  (111,  1) 

£  (610,  e-6)5 
f  (310,  f-3)> 


€  (210,  i-2) 
I  (530,  t-f)* 
0  (320,  £f) 
e  (540, 

r  (332,  f) 


?   (331,8)* 

0  (511,  5-5) 
tf  (722,  H) 
m  (811,  3-3) 
n  (211,  2-2) 


to  (744, 
r  (533,  t-t)5 
A:  (433,  ff) 
u  (853,  f-f)» 
s  (321,  3-|) 


o  (10-7-8, 

a?  (432, 

y  (431,4-1) 

s  (541,  5-|)» 


Also  the  vicinal  forms:    A  (20'19'0,  £f$)  Breith.,     $  (41'40'0,  t-|$10,  n  (64-63 '0, 
0  (86-85-0,  ^fl)7,    C  (64-63-1,  64-||)  Naum.,  and  others  more  complex  noted  by  Rath5 


3. 


Figs.  1-5,  Common  forms.    6,  Mill  Rock,  New  Haven. 


Twins :  tw.  pi.  e  (210) 19.    The  dodecahedron  and  tetragonal  trisoctahedron^ 
7.  (n,  211,  f.  1),  the  most  common  simple  forms;  also  these  in 

combination,  f.  2,  4;  or  with  also  the  hexoctahedron 
s  (321)  as  in  f.  3,  5.  Faces  d  often  striated  ||  longer 
diagonal;  sometimes  built  up  of  successive  plates  (f.  7). 
Cubic  faces  very  rare;  octahedral  also,  but  sometimes  in 
complete  octahedrons  (Elba).  In  irregular  embedded 
grains.  Also  massive;  granular,  coarse,  or  fine,  an'd 
sometimes  friable;  lamellar,  lamellae  thick  and  bent. 
Also  very  compact,  cryptocrystalline  like  nephrite. 

Cleavage  (or  parting) :  d  sometimes  rather  distinct13. 
Fracture   subconchoidal   to   uneven.     Brittle,    sometimes 
Heddle.  friable  when  granular  massive;  very  tough  when  compact 

cryptocrystalline.  H.  =  6-5-7*5.  G.  =  315-4-3,  varying  with  the  composition. 
Luster  vitreous  to  resinous.  Color  red,  brown,  yellow,  white,  apple-green,  black; 
some  red  and  green,  colors  often  bright.  Streak  white.  Transparent  to  sub- 
translucent.  Asterism  observed  in  some  garnets  having  striated  faces  (Dx.).  Of  tei* 
exhibits  anomalous  double  refraction.  Refractive  indices16. 


GARNET  GROUP— GARNET.  .  439 

Grossularite,  yw.-brown,  Auerbach  U?  =  1'7368  Li  n7  =  1-7468  Na  n^-  1-7593  Tl 

red,                      "  "  =  1-7645   "  "    =  1-7714    "  '  "   =  1-7796  " 

Pyrope,  Oriental  ««  =  1-7776  "    =  1'8141     "  r^  =1-8288 

Almandite,  Ceylon  "  =  1-7716  red  Also,  Zillerthal  rcy  =  1*7670 

Red-brown  dodecahedrons  from  Taberg,  with  strong  double  refraction,  gave,  for  rays  i  d 
and  |  longer  diagonal  respectively,  ny  =  1*8389  and  1'8328,  ngr  =  1  "8436  and  1-8387,  G.  Nor- 
denskiold.15 

The  anomalous  double  refraction  of  many  garnets,14  early  noted  by  Brewster,  was  fully 
studied  by  Mallard  and  later  by  Bertraad,  by  whom  it  has  been  explained  as  due  to  the  complex 
twinning  of  triclinic  individuals,  producing  at  times  forms  which  are  apparently  orthorhomblc 
and  isometric.  The  exhaustive  studies  of  Klein  have  not  only  developed  the  varipus  types  of 
structure,  but  have  served  to  prove  that  the  structure  is  immediately  connected  with  the  external 
form,  not  dependent  upon  the  chemical  composition,  and  doubtless  of  secondary  origin. 

In  general  the  molecular  structure  may  be  explained  by  regarding  the  crystal  as  made  up  of  a 
series  of  similar  pyramids  whose  vertices  meet  at  the  center;  many  garnets  show  an  easy  mechani- 
cal separation  Hrto  parts  corresponding  to  these  pyramids.  Several  types  of  forms  are  distin- 
guished by  Klein:  (1)  the  octahedral,  where  the  structure  corresponds  to  eight  triangular  pyra- 
mids, each  uniaxial  and  negative  with  the  optical  axis  normal  to  the  octahedral  face  which  forms 
its  base;  this  is  illustrated  by  the  octahedrons  from  Elba.  (2)  Dodecahedral,  corresponding  to 
the  grouping  of  twelve  rhombic  pyramids,  whose  bases  coincide  with  the  dodecahedral  faces; 
the  axial  plane  is_parallel  to  the  longer  diagonal,  to  which  the  bisectrix  (usually  — )  is  normal; 
this  is  the  more  common  type.  (3)  Icositetrahedral,  corresponding  to  twenty-four  pyramids 
whose  bases  are  formed  by  the  faces  of  the  tetragonal  trisoctabedron  n  (211)  to  which  the  optk; 
axis,  or  bisectrix.  (-{-  or  — )  of  the  uniaxial  (or  biaxial)  pyramid  is  normal;  ax.  pi.  1  symmetric 
diagonal  of  each  face  of  the  form  211.  (4)  Hexoctahedral,  corresponding  to  forty-eight  triangular 
pyramids,  the  bases  having  th<?  position  of  the  faces  of  the  vicinal  hexoctahedron  of  topazolite. 
Each  pyramid  is  biaxial;  bisectrix  (— )  inclined  to  the.  hexoctahedral  face;  ax.  pi.  variable. 

Besides  the  distinct  types  mentioned,  many  garnets  show  optical  characters  more  or  less 
Intermediate  between  them.  Klein's  observations  prove  that  the  normal  form  of  the  garnet  is 
isometric,  while  the  anomalous  optical  structure  is  secondary:  Brogger  calls  attention  to  the 
fact  that  garnets  in  igneous  rocks  which  have  been  formed  direct  from  the  magma,  or  embedded 
crystals  in  rocks  formed  by  regional  metamorphism,  are  uniformly  isotropic,  white  those  which 
have  apparently  crystallized  from  hot  solutions  in  crevices  or  have  been  formed  by  contact 
metamorphism,  for  example  in  crystallized  limestone,  exhibit  double  refraction. 

n  in 

Comp.,  Var. — An  orthosihcate  having  the  general  formula  R3R2(Si04)3  or 
3RO.R203.3Si02.  The  bivalent  element  is  calcium,  magnesium,  ferrous  iron  or 
manganese;  the  trivalent  element,  aluminium,  ferric  iron  and  chromium,  and  rarely 
titanium;  further,  silicon  is  also  sometimes  replaced  by  titanium. 

There  are  three  prominent  groups,  and  various  subdivisions  under  each,  many 
of  these  blending  into  each  other. 

JU  Aluminium  Garnet,  including 

A.  GROSSULARITE  Calcium-Aluminium  Garnet  Ca3Al2Si?0,, 

B.  PYROPE  Magnesium-Aluminium  Garnet  Mg3Al2Si30I7 

C.  ALMANDITE  Iron -Aluminium  Garnet  Fe3Al2Si3012 

D.  SPESSARTITE  Manganese- Aluminium  Garnet  Mn3Al2Si3Oia 

II.  Iron  Garnet,  including 

E.  ANDRADITE         Calcium-Iron  Garnet  Ca.FeJSij.O,, 
(1)  Ordinary.        (2)  Magnesian.      (3)  Titaniferous.       (4)  Yttriferoua 

HI/  Chromium  Garnet. 

F.  UVAROVITE         Calcium-Chromium  Garnet  Ca,Cr2Si9013 

The  name  Garnet  is  from  the  Latin  granatus,  meaning  like  a  grain,  and  directly  from  pome- 
granate, the  seeds  of  which  are  small,  numerous,  and  ed,  in  aliusion  to  the  aspect  of  the  crystals. 

A.  GROSSULARITE.  Essonite  or  Hessonite.  Cinnamon  Stone.  Kaneelstein. 
Calcium-aluminium  Garnet.  Kalkthongranat  Germ.  Formula  3CaO.Al203.3SiO, 
=  Silica  40-0,  alumina  _22'7,  lime  37'3  =  100.  Often  containing  ferrous  iron 
replacing  the  calcium,  and  ferric  iron  replacing  aluminium,  and  hence  graduating 
to  groups  C  and  E.  G  =  3'55  to  3*66.  Color  (a)  white;  (b)  pale  green;  (c)  amber- 


440 


SILICATES. 


and  honey-yellow;     (d)  wine-yellow,  brownish  yellow,  cinnamon-brown;   (e)  pale 
rose-red;  rarely  (/)  emerald -green  from  the  presence  of  chromium. 

The  original  grossularite  (wiluite  pt.)  included  the  pale  green  from  Siberia,  and  was  so  named 
from  the  botanical  name  for  the  gooseberry;  G.  —  3"42-3'72.  Cinnamon- stone,  or  essonite  (more 
properly  hessonile),  included  a  cinnamon-colored  variety  from  Ceylon,  there  called  hyacinth; 
but  under  this  name  the  yellow  kinds  are  usually  included ;  named  from  "fcrcrGov ,  inferioi\  because 
of  less  hardness  than  the  true  hyacinth  which  it  resembles.  Succinite  is  an  amber-colored  kind 
from  the  Ala  valley,  Piedmont.  Romanzomte  is  brown.  A  garnet  from  K.  Iset,  Govt.  Perm, 
is  compact,  grayish  green  to  greenish  white  in  color,  and  much  resembles  nephrite;  anal.  22,  23. 

Pale  green,  yellowish,  and  yellow-brown  garnets  are  not  invariably  grossularite;  some  (in- 
cluding topazolite,  demantoid,  etc.)  belong  to  the  group  of  Calcium-Iron  Garnet,  or  Andradite. 

Anal.— 1,  A.  E.  Nordenskiold.  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  27,  565,  1870.  2,  Bullman,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
27,  306,  1884.  3,  M.  D.  Munu,  priv.  contr.  4,  Hunt,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  447,  1847,  496,  1863. 
5,  Nicolayev,  Min.  Russl.,  8,  320,  1881.  6,  Chipman,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  82,  1878.  7,  Koenig, 
ibid.,  p.  81.  8,  Dmr.,  C.  R.,  73,  1041,  1871.  9,  Jannasch,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  135,  1883.  10,  Gmelin, 
Berz.  JB.,  5,  224,  1826.  11,  Websky,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  23,  755,  1869.  12,  J.  L.  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
4,  434,  1874.  13,  Jannasch,  1.  c.,  p.  109.  14,  Id.,  p.  119.  15,  Id.,  p.  135.  16,  Loczka,  Zs.  Kr., 
11,  261,  1885..  17,  Wachmeister,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  14.1,  1823.  18,  Lemberg,  Zs.  G.  Ges,  24, 
249,  1872.  19,  Nd.,  Schw.  J.,  31,  380.  1821.  20,  Rath,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  22,  639.  1870.  21,  Heddle, 
Trans.  R.  Soc.  Ed.,  28,  299,  1878.  22,  Liversidge,  Min.  N.  S.  W.,  204,  1888.  23,  24,  Beck  and 
Mushketov,  Nikolayev,  Vh.  Min.  Ges  ,  18,  26,  28,  1883.  25,  Gerichten,  Lieb.  Ann.,  171,  191. 
1874. 

Other  earlier  analyses  of  this  and  the  following  kinds  are  given  in  5th  Ed.,  pp.  267-270;  see 
also  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  pp.  473-482,  1865. 


Grossularite. 
Frugard,  colorless 


G. 


2. 
3. 
4. 

5. 
6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10. 


Wakefield,  white  3'525 

Hull,  colorless 

Orford,  white  3'525 

R.  Iset,  Perm,  green  3-482 

Leiperville,  green  3  "238 

"          yellow  3  '637 

Mexico,  pale  red  3  57 

Vesuvius,  yellow  3*572 
Ceylon, 

Vinnamo  n-stone 


11.  Jordansmiihl,  white      3-609 

12.  San  Carlos,  Cal.,  cinn.  3'59 

13.  Auerbach,  white  3 '47 

14. ,  Mussa  Alp,  brn.-red     3*633 

15.  Cziklowa,  yellow  3'571 

16.  "  3-610 

17.  Vilui,  grossular  3'64 

18.  Monzoni,  yellow 

19.  Romanzovite  3 -61 
20  S.  Piero,  Elba,  green  3'286 

21.  Craig  Mohr,      •'  3'54$ 

22.  Mudgee,  brown 

23.  R.  Iset,  mass.  3-482 

24.  "        "  3-522 

25.  Eppenreuth,  brn.-red. 

Anals.  21,  22  are-of  two 
ish  green  or  grayish  white  .color. 


SiO2 

A1209 

Fe2O3 

FeO 

MnO 

MgO 

39-14 

21-27 

237 



— 

tr. 

39-42 

21-06 

2-41 

— 

— 

tr. 

38-80 

22-66 

1-75 

— 

0-30 

0-68 

39-85 
38-60 

22-07 

22-71 

113 

1- 

60 

0-68 
0-49 

38-60 

24-18 

__ 

• 

___ 

0-97 

39-08 

23-26 

0-80 

0-80 

7-60 

— 

39-80 

21-16 

3-14 

0-72 

1-80 

tr. 

39-46 

21-69 

1-36 

— 

0-96 

0-67 

39-83 

20-16 

1-03 

1-21 

046 

0'97 

40-01 

23-00 

3-67 

— 

— 

— 

37-88 

21-13 

— 

419 

0-45 

2-88 

42-01 

17-76 

5-06 



0-20 

013 

41-80 

20-91 

— 

2-01 

0-18 

0-82 

38-53 

17-88 

7- 

39 

035 

0-20 

39-74 

19-23 

— 

5-14 

0-13 

056 

3965 

18-85 

5-36 

— 

0-21 

0-82 

4055 

20-10 

5-00 

mm  _ 

0-48 



39-53 

20-15 

4-94 

_ 

— 

1-72 

4121 

24-08 

7-02 

—          0-92 

39-29 

16-16 

10-05         — 

5-85 

39-83 

9-74 

15-07 

0-11 

0-35 

1-01 

40-52 

19-91 

0-28 

316 

3-70 

tr. 

37-99 

24-05 

0-53 

— 

— 

1-27 

36-60 

24-28 

tr. 

___ 



tr. 

43-37 

23-13 

— 

14-63 

0-98 

4-78 

CaO 

36-83  =    99-61 
37-08  =    99-97 
35-00  =    9919 
36-31  =  100-04 
34  83  ign.  110,  ]STa2O, 
[K,0  0-47  =  99-80 
35-03  ign.  118=  99 -96 
28  50 ign. 0-32 -100 -42 
34-00  =  100-62 
35-75  ign.0-49=100'29 
35-42  Na2O  0'33,  ign. 

[1-04  =-100-45 

30-57,  K2O  0-59,    ign. 

[0  33  =  98-17 

31-28NK)  0-28,  H2O 

[1-08  =  99-17 

35-01  =  100-17 

33-48  Na20  0'42,  ign. 

•[0-38  =  100 

35'08  Na2O  0'38,  ign. 

[0-63  =  100-44 
35-48  Na20  0'61,  ign. 

[0-53  =  101-42 
85-65  Na20,K2O  019, 
.  [H2O  0-56  =  101-29 
34-86  =  100-99 
33-88  =  100^22 
24-76  ign.  [2-01]  =±100 
29-23ign.064=10V23 
3357  HaO     0-04    = 
[99-72 

32-25    CO*    0-25    = 
[100-07 

35-20   HaO    0-28    = 
[100-32 

36-67   HaO    1-80    = 
13-48  =  100-37  [99-35 


ng  nephrite,  massive,  compact,  of  a  gray- 


B.  PYROPE. 
nesiathongranat 


Precious    garnet  pt.     Magnesium-aluminium    Garnet.      Mag- 
Germ.     Formula   3MgO.Al3Os.3Si03  =  Silica  44'8,  alumina  2£  -4, 


GARNET  GROUP— GARNET. 


441 


magnesia  29-8  =  100.  Magnesia  predominates,  but  calcium  and  iron  are  also 
present,  and  the  original  pyrope  contained  chromium.  G.  =  3-70-3*75.  Color 
deep  red  to  nearly  black.  Often  perfectly  transparent  and  then  prized  as  a  gem. 
The  name  pyrope  is  from  TrvpcoTros,  fire-like. 

Anal.— 1,  Moberg,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  43,  122,  1847.  2,  Kbl.,  Kast.  Arch.  Nat.  [9,  344].  3,  Schar- 
izer,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  333,  1882.  4,  Lemberg,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  27,  534,  1875.  5,  Id.,  ibid.,  p.  540. 
6,  Heddle,  Trans.  R.  Soc.  Edinburgh,  28,  311,  1878.  7,  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  33,  196,  1862. 
8,  Chatard,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  32, 125, 1886.  9,  Wachtmeister,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  138, 1823.  10,  Delesse, 
Ann.  Mines.  18,  314,  1850.  11,  12,  Fischer,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  393  ref.,  1890.  13,  Knap,  Ch.  News, 
38,  109,  1878. 


Pyrope,  etc.  G. 

1.  Meronitz,  Bohemia 
2. 

3.  Krems  3 '66 

4.  Zoblitz 

5.  Greifendorf 

6.  Elie.Ness  4'124 

7.  Santa  Fe  3738 

8.  Elliot  Co.,  Ky.  3  673 

9.  Arendal,  black  3"  157 

10.  Narouel,  Vosges  3 '15 

11.  S.  Africa,  wine-red 

12.  "        "      hyacinth-red 

13.  "Cape  ruby"  3'86 


Si02 

A1203 

41-35 

22-35 

42-08 

20-00 

40-45 

19-67 

39-62 

20-72 

40-92 

21-68 

40-92 

22-45 

42-11 

19-35 

41-32 

21-21 

4245 

22-47 

41-56 

19-84 

41-34 

22-75 

40-90 

22-81 

39-06 

21-02 

Cr203  Fe2O3  FeO  MnO  MgO 

4-45      —     994  2-59  15'00 

3-01     1-51    9-09  0-32  10'20 

2-60    4-05    6-90  —  2079 

2-24  10-96      —  —  21-24 

1-20    9-26  20-94 

5-46    8-11  0-46  17-85 

2-62         -    14-87  0-36  14'01 

0-91    4-21    7-93  0-34  19"32 
[alk.  0-07,  H20 

—  —     929  6-27  13-43 
0  35  10-17  tr.  22-00 

2-96      —    12-12  0-36  16'20 

1-48      —    13-34  0-38  16*43 

—  2-69  18-70  0-58  12-09 


CaO 

5-29  =  100-97 
1-99  =  98-20 
5-78  =  100-24 
4-40  H20  0-82 
[=100 

4-52  H20  1-48 

[=100 

5-04  H2O  0-10 

[=  100-39 

5-23  ign.  0-45 

[=  99-00 
4-94  Ti020-16, 
0-17  =  100-58 
6-53  =  100-44 
4-25  ign.  1-58 

[=  99-75 
5-17  =  100-90 
4-70  =  100-04 
5-02  =  99-16 


C.  ALMANDITE.  Almandine.  Precious  garnet  pt.  Common  garnet  pt. 
Iron-aluminium  Garnet.  Eisenthongranat  Germ.  Formula  3FeO.Al2Os.3Si02  = 
Silica  36-2,  alumina  20'5,  iron  protoxide  43-3  =  100.  Ferric  iron  replaces  the 
aluminium  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  (cf.  anals.  13-19).  Magnesium  also  replaces 
the  ferrous  iron,  and  thus  it  graduates  toward  pyrope.  G.  —  3-9-4*2.  Color  fine 
deep  red,  transparent,  in  previous  garnet;  brownish  red,  translucent  or  subtranslu- 
cent,  in  common  garnet;  black.  Part  of  common  garnet  belongs  to  Andradite. 

The  Alabandic  carbuncles  of  Pliny  were  so  called  because  cut  and  polished  at  Alabanda. 
Hence  the  name  almandine,  now  in  use.  Pliny  describes  vessels  of  the  capacity  of  a  pint, 
formed  from  carbuncles,  "non  claros  ac  plerumque  sordidos  ac  semper  fulgoris  horridi,"  devoid 
of  luster  and  beauty  of  color,  which  probably  were  large  common  garnets  of  the  latter  kind. 

Anal.— 1,  Hisinger,  Schw.  J.,  21,  258,  1817.  2,  Kjerulf,  Nyt  Mag.,  8,  190,  1853.  3,  4,  Kbl., 
Schw.  J.,'64,  283, 1832.  5,  Kurlbaum,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  20,  1855.  6,  7,  Penfield  and  Sperry,  ib., 
32,  308,  311,  1886.  8,  Liversidge,  Roy.  Soc.  N.  S.  W.,  Sept.  1,  1880.  9,  Keller,  Proc.  Acad. 
Philad.,  54,  1882.  10,  E.  F.  Smith,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  5,  276,  1883.  11,  Schrauf,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  323, 
1882.  12,  Niedzwiedzki,  Min.  Mitth.,  163,  1872.  13-19,  Heddle;  13,  Min.  Mag.,  5,  75,  1882; 
14-19,  Trans.  R.  Soc.  Ed.,  28,  312  et  seq.,  1878.  20,  Websky,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  20,  256,  1868. 
21,  A.  F.  Kouutze,  priv.  contr. 


Almandite. 

1.  Falun,  almandite 

2.  Orawitza 

3.  Hungary(T),  prec. 

4.  Zillerthal,  brown 

5.  Delaware  Co., Penu.,prec. 

6.  L.  Superior,  red 

7.  Salida,  Col.,  red 

8.  Balade  mine 

9.  Darby,  Pa.,  black 

10.  Shimersville,  dark  red 

11.  Budweis 

12.  Saualpe 


G. 

Si02 
39-66 
37-52 

A12O3 
19-66 
20-01 

Fe 

303 

FeO 

39-68 
36-02 

MnO 

1-80 
1-29 

MgO  CaO 

—       —   =  100-80 
2-51    0  89  =    98-24 

40-56 

20-61 

5 

•00 

32-70 

1-47 

— 

—   =  100  34 

4-04 

39-12 

21 

•08 

6 

•00 

27-28 

0-80 



5  76  =  100  04 

40-15 

20 

•77 

26-66 

1-85 

8-08 

1-83  =    99-34 

4-11 

38-03 

20 

•83 

36-15 

2-14 

0-97 

2-73  =  100-85 

4-163 

37-61 

22 

•70 

3383 

1-12 

3-61 

1-44  =  100-31 

4-011 

|  38-15 

22 

•18 

21-26 

554 

4-74 

7-78  ign.  0-31  = 

4-25 

36-92 

26 

•54 

3 

74 

27-36 

0-33 

1-66 

2-76TKX1  14= 

[100-45 

4-03 

35-92 

19 

•18 

4 

92 

2947 

4-80 

3-70 

2-38  =  100-37 

4-156 

40-96 

25-57 

12 

•46 

11-07 

5-11 

1-93 

3-26  =  100-36 

4-12 

38-59 

17 

•57 

16 

•43 

21-12 

— 

4-27 

2-27  =  100-25 

442 


SILICATES. 


G. 

SiOa 

A1203 

Fe203 

FeO 

MnO 

MgO 

CaO 

4 

•127 

35-00 

21-54 

2-82 

26-54 

4-46 

3-31 

7-11 

HaO    0-14 

[=99-92 

3 

•688 

37-59 

13-66 

3-66 

32-31 

4-47 

3-46 

412 

H,0    0-32 

[=  99-59 

37-66 

14-80 

4-56 

32-97 

2-37 

1-81 

5-89 

=  100  06 

3 

•997 

37-30 

21-09 

7-47 

24-02 

2-14 

3-53 

4-43 

=    99-98 

4 

•116 

37=11. 

14-90 

10-12 

32-41 

1-21 

293 

2-17 

=  100-85 

39-92 

19-81 

13-69 

13-29 

1-00 

3-31 

9-13 

=  100-15 

36-15 

21-93 

15-15 

15-08 

7-85 

1-62 

2-07 

H20    0-31 

4 

•197 

3583 

20-65 



31-52 

8-92 



0-76 

[=  100-16 
Y203   2-64 

[=  100-32 

4 

•093 

|  39-29 

21-70 

tr. 

30-82 

1-51 

5-26 

1-99 

=  100-57 

Almandite. 

13.  Leiter  Mussel 

14.  Killiecraiikie,  brn.-red 

15.  Meall  Luaidh,  red-brown 

16.  Is.  Yell,  pink-red 

17.  Knock  Hill,  wine-red 

18.  Clach  an  Eoin,  brown-red 

19.  Loch  Garve 

20.  Schreiberhau 

21.  Ft.  Wrangel,  Alaska 

D.  SPESSARTITE.  Spessartine.  Manganese-aluminium  Garnet.  Mangan- 
granat.  Manganthongranat  Germ.  Formula  3MnO.Al203.3Si02  =  Silica  36'4, 
alumina  20'6,  manganese  protoxide  43'0  —  100.  Ferrous  iron  replaces  the  man- 
ganese to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  and  ferric  iron  also  the  aluminium.  G.  =4'0-4'3. 
Color  dark  hyacinth-red,  sometimes  with  a  tinge  of  violet,  to  brownish  red. 

Anal.— 1,  C.  M.  Bradbury,  Ch.  News,  50,  120,  1884;  also  quoted  by  Fontaine,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
25,  335,  1883;  also  Seamon,  Ch.  News,  46,  195,  1882.  2,  Pisani,  C.  R.,  83,  167,  1876.  3,  Rg., 
J.  pr.  Ch.,  55,  487,  1852.  4,  Eakins,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  31,  435,  1886.  5,  PeufieM,  priv.  contr.  6, 
Koenig,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  53,  1876.  7,  Genth,  Geol.  N.  C.,  Min.,  p.  44,  1881.  8,  9,  Kbl.,  Ber. 
Ak.  Munchen,  292,  1868.  10,  Nicolajev,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  17,  268,  1882.  11,  Id  ,  1.  c.  12,  Id., 
Bull.  Ac.  St.  Pet.,  31,  484,  1887.  13.  Weibull,  G.  F6r.  Forh.,  6,  503,  1883.  14,  Heddle,  Miu. 
Mag.,  2,  85,  1878,  also  other  analyses.  15,  Element,  Min.  Mitth.,  8,  18,  1887.  16,  Koninck, 
Bull.  Ac.  Belg.,  33,  No.  4,  1872.  17,  Gorgeu,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  6,  283,  1883. 

CaO 

1-49  ign.  tr.  -  99 '70 

5-87  =    99-72 

0-58  =  100 

1-15     alk.  0-48  igu.  0'44 

0-48  =    99-94  [=  100-33 

—  =    99-84 
4-09  =  100 

—  =    99-45 
2-00  =  100-80 

2-27  ien.  028  =  99'09 
1-39  H20  0-14  =  98-74 
5-72  =    99-74 
4-43  =  100-42 
0-40  ign.  0-25  =  100'48 
10-03  =  102-20 

—  =  100-68 
tr.    -  100-05 


1.  Amelia  Co.,  Va. 

2.  St.  Marcel 

3.  Haddam 

4.  Nathrop,  Col. 

5.  Branchville,  Conn 

6.  Yancey  Co..  N.C. 

7.  Salem,  N.  C. 

8.  Aschaffenburg 

9.  Pfitsch,  mass. 

10.  Ilmen  Mts. 

11.  Scheich-Dzeli 

12.  Bagaryak,  Ural 

13.  Vester-Silfberg 

14.  Glen  Skiag 

15.  Curt,  Belg. 

16.  Salm  Chateau 

17.  Artificial 


G. 

Si02 

A1203 

Fea03 

FeO 

MnO 

MgO 

4-20 

36-34 

12-63 

— 

4-57 

44-20 

0-47 

4-01 

38-50 

18-40 

270 

— 

34-25 

— 

4-273 

36-16 

19-76 

— 

11-10 

32-18 

0-22 

4-23 

35-66 

18-55 

0-32 

14-25 

29-48 



3565 

20-93 

— 

5-67 

37-21 



4-14 

3580 

1906 

6-25 

4-49 

28-64 

060 

3674 

16-55 



14-26 

25-80 

2-56 

4-17 

38-70 

18-50 

1-53 

13-32 

27-40 



4-3 

37-50 

18-90 

2-03 

637 

34-00 

— 

36-60 

21-46 

6-48 

10-90 

20-86 

0-24 

35-21 

2332 

5-71 

15-43 

16-41 

1-13 

37-12 

21-31 

— 

8-82 

25-83 

0-94 

36-03 

20-91 

— 

21-26 

17-79 

— 

4-125 

35-99 

16-22 

864 

23-27 

15-24 

047 

3-976 

37'5p 

20-45 

3-21 

15-53 

14-72 

0-68 

4-05 

36-24 
36-10 

2008 
21-25 

1-98 

4-49 

37-89 
42-70 

tr. 
tr. 

E.  ANDRADITE.  Common  Garnet,  Black  Garnet,  etc.  Calcium-iron  Garnet. 
Kalkeisengranat  Germ.  Formula  3CaO.Fe203.3Si02  =  Silica  35*5,  iron  sesquioxide 
31*5,  lime  33*0  =  100.  Aluminium  replaces  the  ferric  iron;  ferrous  iron,  man- 
ganese and  sometimes  magnesium  replace  the  calcium.  G.  =  3'8-3'9.  Colors 
various:  wine-,  topaz-,  and  greenish  yellow,  apple-green  to  emerald-green;  brown- 
ish red,  brownish  yellow;  grayish  green,  dark  green;  brown;  grayish  black,  black. 

Named  Andradite  after  the  Portuguese  mineralogist,  d'Andrada,  who  in  1800  described  and 
named  one  of  the  included  subvarieties,  Allochroite.  The  included  kinds  vary  so  widely  in 
color  and  other  respects  that  no  one  of  the  names  in  use  will  serve  for  the  group. 

Chemically  there  are  the  following  subvarieties:  1.  Simple  Calcium-iron  Garnet,  in  which 
the  protoxides  are  wholly  or  almost  wholly  lime.  Includes:  (a)  Topazolite,  having  the  color 
and  transparency  of  topaz,  and  also  sometimes  green;  although  resembling  hessonite, 
Damour  has  shown  that  it  belongs  here.  Demantoid  is  a  grass-green  to  emerald-green  variety 
with  brilliant  luster  and  occurring  in  massive  forms;  it  is  used  as  a  gem,  and  its  name  refers 
to  its  high  luster,  resembling  that  of  the  diamond,  (b}  Colophonite,  a  coarse  granular  kind, 
brownish  yellow  to  dark  reddish  brown  in  color,  resinous  in  luster,  and  usually  with  iridescent 
hues;  named  after  the  resin  colophony.  Part  of  what  has  been  called  colophonite  is  vesuvian- 
ite.  (c)  Melanite  (from  ywe/la?,  black),  black,  either  dull  or  lustrous;  but  all  black  garnet  is 
not  here  included.  Pyreneite  is  grayish  black  melanite;  the  original  afforded  Vauquelin  4  p.  c. 
of  water,  and  was  iridescent,  indicating  incipient  alteration,  (d)  Dark  green  garnet,  not  dis- 


GARNET  GROUP—  GARNET. 


443 


tinguisbable  from  some  allochroite,  except  by  chemical  trials.  Jelletite  is  green  garnet,  light  or 
dark,  and  yellowish  green,  from  the  moraine  of  the  Fiudelen  glacier  near  Zerinatt;  named  after 
Jellet,  one  of  its  describers.  Calderite  is  a  massive  garnet  from  India;  one  kind,  resembling 
colophon  ite,  occurs  in  beds  in  the  Hazaribagh  district,  anal.  22. 

2.  Manganesmn  Calcium-iron  Garnet,    (a)  Rothoffite.     The  original  allochroite  was  a  manga- 
nesian  iron-garnet  of  brown  or  reddish  brown  color,  and  of  fine-grained  massive  structure.     The 
Rothoffite,  from  Langbau,  first  analyzed  by  Rotholf,  is  similar,  with  the  color  yellowish  brown 
to  liver-brown.     Other  common  kinds  of  manganesian  iron-garnet  are  light  and  dark,  dusky 
green  and  black,  and  often  in  crystals.     Thomson's  Polyadelphite  was  a  massive  brownish  yellow 
kind;  from  Franklin,   N.  J.  (anal.  19,  20).     The  same  locality  affords  another  in  dark  green 
crystals,  containing  still  more  manganese.     Bredbergite  is  a  variety  from  Sala  analyzed  by  Bred- 
berg  (anal.  21)  which  contains  a  large  amount  of  magnesium. 

(b)  Aplome  (properly  haplome)  has  its  dodecahedral  faces  striated  parallel  to  the  shorter 
diagonal,  whence  Haily  inferred  that  the  fundamental  form  was  the  cube;  and  as  this  form  is 
simpler  than  the  dodecahedron,  he  gave  it  a  name  derived  from  'crTrAdo?,  simple.  Color  of  the 
original  aplome  (of  unknown  locality)  dark  brown;  also  found  yellowish  green  and  brownish 
green  at  Schwarzenberg  in  Saxony,  and  on  the  Lena  in  Siberia. 

3.  Titaniferous.     Contains  titanium  and  probably  both  TiO2  and   Ti2O3;    formula  hence 
3CaO.(Fe,Ti,Al)2O3.3(Si,Ti)O2.      It    thus   graduates    toward    schorlomite.     Color  black.      Of. 
Kuop,  Kg.  ,  Koenig  (ref  s.  under  analyses  beyond). 

4.  Tttriferous  Calcium  iron  Garnet;    Yttergarnet.     Contains  yttria.     A  Norwegian  garnet 
analyzed  by  Bergemanu  yielded  6'66  p.  c.  of  the  yttrium  earths;  later  analyses  (anal.  2(5)  from  the 
same  locality  (Stoko)  afforded  very  little,  thus  throwing  doubt  over  Bergemann  's  results.    Websky 
found  2'6  p.  c.  of  yttrium  earths  in  an  almandite  from  Schreiberhau,  anal.  20,  p.  442. 

Anal.—  1.  Kg.,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  29,  819,  1877.  2,  Waller,  G.  For.  Forh.,  4.  187,  1878.  3,  Losck, 
Jb.  Min.,  785,  1879.  4,  5,  Nicolayev,  Kk.,  Min.  Russl.,  8,  319,  1881.  6,  Cossa,  Trans.  Ace. 
Line..  4,  234,  1880.  7,  Treumann,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  477,  1875.  8,  Fellenberg,  Jb.  Min.,  745,  1868. 
9,  Lundstrom,  G.  For.  Forh.,  4,  161,  1878.  10,  E.  S.  D.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  215,  1877.  11,  E.  F. 
Smith,  Am  Ch.  J.,  5,  276,  1883.  12-14,  Wachtmeister,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1823.  15,  Rose,  Karst. 
Tab.,  33,  1808.  16,  Wright,  Ann.  Mines,  3,  707,  1853.  17,  Lindstrom,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  160,  1890. 
18,  Forbes.  Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.,  3,  59,  1856.  19,  Weber,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  693,  1860.  20,  Thomson, 
Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.,  3,  9,  1829.  21,  Bredberg,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  63,  1822.  22,  Tween,  Mallet, 
Min.  India,  89,  1887.  23,  Dmr.,  L'Institut,  Dec.  1876.  24,  Knop,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  62,  1877. 
25,  Stromeyer,  JB.  Hannover  [18,  23,  1864].  26,  Petersson,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  171,  1890.  27-29, 
Knop,  I.e.  30,  Koenig,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  355,  1886.  31,  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  117,  1890. 
32,  Sauer,  JB.  Ch.,  1956,  1884. 


Andradile.  G. 

1.  Sisersk,   grn.,  Demantoid  3  '828 
2. 


10. 

11. 
12. 


"        grass  -grn.  " 

"        em.-grn.      " 

" 

Val  Malenco,  grn. 

Dobschau,  grn. 

Zermatt,  apple-grn. 

Nordmark,  grn.-yw. 
East  Rock,  N.  Hav.,  blk. 

Hosensack,  Pa.,yw. 
Altenau,  aplome 


13.  Langban,  yellow 

14.  Arendal,  bnh.-bk. 

15.  Drammen,  Allochr. 

16.  Mt.  Rosa,  Jelletite 

17.  Stoko,  brown 

IS.        "      blk  -grn. 

19.  Franklin  Furn.,  N.  J. 

Polyadelphite 

20.  Franklin  Furn.,  N.  J.,  bn. 

21.  Sala,  Bredbergite 

22.  Calderite 


3'64 


3  -746 
3  '735 


SiOa 

A12O3 

Fe203 

FeO 

MnO 

MgO 

CaO 

85-44 

— 

32-85 

— 

— 

0-20 

32-85 

=  101-34 

3569 

0-09 

29-96 

1-25 

— 

0-08 

32-33 

K20    0-25, 

[N 

a2O  0 

•63  =  100-28 

3556 

0-57 

30-80 

0-64 

— 

0-16 

33-05 

=  100-78 

35-50 

OW 

31-51 





0-21 

32-90 

=  100-82 

3533 

2-22 

30-44 

0-27 



tr. 

31-52 

=    99-78 

34-91 

tr. 

31-69 

1-19 

tr. 

32-18 

=    9997 

36-69 



32-26 



31-45 

-  100-40 

35-80 

0-85 

29-50 

1-04 

— 

0-90 

32-10  ign.  0-52  = 

[100-71 

34-04 

— 

30-29 

1-20 

— 

2-05 

30-10 

ign.  1-63  = 

[99-31 

35-09 

tr. 

29-15 

2-49 

0-36 

0-24 

32-80  ign.  0T35  = 

[100-48 

35-25 

— 

32-17 

092 





30-80 

=  99  14 

3564 

— 

30-00 

— 

3-02 

— 

29-21 

K2O  2  35  = 

[100-22 

35-10 

— 

29-10 



7-08 



2691 

K20  0-98  = 

[99-17 

40-20 

695 

20-50 



4-00 



29-48 

=  101-13 

37-00 

5-00 

18-50 



6-25 

— 

30-00 

=    96-75 

3809 



33-41 







28-61 

=  100-11 

3663 

9-97 

13-45 

2-28 

0-63 

0-28 

35-90 

H2O  0-16  = 

[99-20 

34-96 

8-73 

20-55 



2-40 

tr. 

32-09 

Na20  1-27 

•[=  100 

34-83 

1-12 

28-73 



8-82 

1-42 

24-05 

=  98-97 

33-72 

7-97 

17-64 

— 

16-70 

—     25-88  ign.  0'08  = 

[101-99 

36-73 

2-78 

25-83 





12-44 

21-79 

=  99-57 

37-44 

6-27 

19-38 

524 

tr. 

1-40 

3093 

=  100-66 

-    a 

Cr03. 

444 


SILICATES. 


Titaniferous.  G. 

23.  Frascati 
24. 

25.  Magnet  Cove,  Ark. 

26.  Stoko  3-85 

27.  Oberbergen 

28.  Oberschaffhausen 

29.  Oberbergen 

30.  Colorado  3'689 

31.  Henderson  Co.,  N.C.L3-738 

32.  Oberwiesenthal 

a  Mn2O3. 


Si02 
35-84 
35-09 
31-25 
31-51 

35-82 
36-59 
36-33 
30-71 

35-56 
29-15 

TiO2 
1-04 
3-02 
3-19 
3-52 

4-95 
7-10 
-7-05 
8-11 

4-58 
10-84 

A1203 
6-24 
8-80 

2-01 

5-41 
5-42 
5-43 
2-26 

4-43 
6-50 

Fe2O3 
23-12 
19-27 
31-80 
26-68 

20-14b 
19-65 
17-08 
22-67 

20-51 
21-92 

FeO   MnO  MgO  CaO 

—  —  1-04  32-72  =  100 
1-80   —  0-47  32-61  =  101 '06 

—  —   0-46  33-30  =  100 

—  2'15»  0-38  30-78  Y2O3   0'38, 
[Na2O  0-79,  H2O  0'43  =  98'63 

2-55b     —      1-71  29-50  =r  100'OS 
2-26    0-27 


2-84 


0-25 
tr. 


1-61 
2-70 
0-30 


1-88      —      0-17 


26-93  =  99  83 
27-47  =  99  15 
34-29  CO2  1-48  == 

[99-82 
31-90  ign.  0-55  = 

[99-58 
29-40  =  98-79 


b  Estimated;  22 -97  Fe2O3  -f  FeO,  determined. 


F.  UVABOVITE.  Ouvarovite.  Uwarowit.  Calcium-chromium  Garnet.  Kalk- 
chromgranat  Germ.  Formula  3CaO.Cr203.3Si02  =  Silica  35*9,  chromium  sesqui- 
oxide  30'6,  lime  33'5  =  100.-  Aluminium  takes  the  place  of  the  chromium  in  part 
(Cr  :  Al  =  5  :  2  in  anal.  1).  H.  =  7-5.  G.  =  3-41-3-52.  Color  emerald-green. 

Anal.— 1,  Dmr.,  Ann.  Mines,  4,  115, 1843;  also  Komonen,  Erdmann,  5th  Ed.,  p.  270.  2,  Id., 
Bull.  Soc.  Mm.,  2,  165,  1879.  3,  Hunt,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  497,  1863.  4,  Harrington,  Can.  Nat., 
9,  305,  1880. 


Uvarovite. 

1.  Bisersk 

2.  Pic  Posets 

3.  Orford 


G.          SiO2    A12O3  Fe2O3  Cr2O3  FeO   MnO  MgO    CaO 


3-514 
3-43 


4.  Wakefield,  Quebec  3-342 


35-57 
36-20 
36-65 


6-25*  — 
10-20  9-60 
17-50  — 


23-45  _  _  _ 
6-50  8-16  0-50  — 
6-20  4-97  —  0-81 


37-50    18-65    1-07      495      — 
a  Includes  some  FeaOa. 


—     0-52 


33-22  =  98-49 
27-50  =  98-66 
33-20  ign.  0'30  = 

[99-63 
36-13  ign.  048  = 

[99-30 


Pyr.,  etc. — Most  varieties  fuse  easily  to  a  light  brown  or  black  glass;  F.  =  3  in  almandite, 
spessartite,  grossularite,  and  allochroite;  3 '5  in  pyrope;  but  uvarovite,  the  chrome-garnet,  is 
almost  infusible,  F.  =  6.  Allochroite  and  almaudite  fuse  to  a  magnetic  globule.  Reactions 
with  the  fluxes  vary  with  the  bases.  Almost  all  kinds  react  for  iron;  strong  manganese  reaction 
in  spessartite,  and  less  marked  in  other  varieties;  a  chromium  reaction  in  uvarovite,  and  in  most 
pyrope.  Some  varieties  are  partially  decomposed  by  acids;  all  except  uvarovite  are  after  ignition 
decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  and  generally  with  separation  of  gelatinous  silica  on  evapora- 
tion. Decomposed  on  fusion  with  alkaline  carbonates. 

As  shown  by  Magnus,  the  density  of  garnets  is  largely  diminished  by  fusion.  Thus  a 
Greenland  garnet  fell  from  3'90  to  3'05  on  fusion,  and  a  Vilui  grossularite  from  3'63  to  2'95. 
Further  a  brownish  red  Arendal  garnet,  having  G.  =  4-058,  was  reduced  by  heating  to 
G.  =  4-046,  and  by  fusion  to  3'596-3-204,  Church;  and  a  Ceylon  hessonite,  having  G.  =  3  666, 
had  G.  =  3-682  after  heating  to  incipient  fusion,  Church.  Cf.  Magnus,  Pogg.,  22,  391,  1831; 
Kbl.,  Schw.  J.,  64,  283,  1832;  Church,  J.  Ch.  Spc.,  17,  386,  1864. 

Obs. — Garnet  in  crystals  or  rounded  grains  is  very  common  in  mica  schist,  gneiss,  syenitic 
gneiss  and  hornblende  and  chlorite  schist;  occurs  often,  also,  in  granite,  syenite,  crystalline 
limestone,  sometimes  in  serpentine,  and  occasionally  in  volcanic  rocks,  lava  and  tufas;  further, 
occasionally  observed  in  lithophyses  of  rhyolite  and  as  a  product  of  contact  metamorphism. 

Garnet  is  sometimes  found  in  the  massive  form  as  a  prominent  constituent  of  a  rock.  A 
white  variety  (lime-alumina  garnet)  occurs,  forming,  with  a  little  serpentine,  a  whitish  garnet 
rock  at  Orford  in  Canada,  having  G.  —  3-52-3*53.  A  similar  garnet-felsyte  exists  in  Bayreuth  in 
Bavaria.  At  St.  Fran£ois  in  Canada  there  is  a  yellowish  white  and  greenish  white  garnet  rock, 
consisting  of  the  same  garnet  along  with  pyroxene,  in  the  proportion,  according  to  T.  S.  Hunt, 
of  57-7  of  Vhe  former  to  40'7  of  the  latter,  having  G.  =  3'33  (Rep.  G.  Can.,  496,  1863). 
Eclogyte  is  a  garnet-euphotide,  consisting  of  a  massive  reddish  garnet  and  grass-green  smaragdite 
or  omphacite.  These  garnet  rocks  are  all  very  tough  as  well  as  heavy  rocks. 

Garnet  crystals  often  contain  inclusions  of  foreign  matter,  but  only  in  part  due  to  altera- 
tion; as,  vesuvianite,  calcite,  epidote,  quartz  (f.  8);  at  times  the  garnet  is  a  mere  shell,  or 
perimorph,  surrounding  a  nucleus  of  another  species.  A  black  garnet  from  Arendal,  Nor- 
way, contains  both  calcite  and  epidote  ;  crystals  from  Tvedestrand  are  wholly  calcite  within, 
there  being  but  a  thin  crust  of  garnet.  Crystals  from  East  Woodstock,  Maine,  are  dodecahe- 
drons with  a  thin  shell  of  cinnamon  stone  enclosing  calcite;  others  from  Raymond,  Me.,  show 
successive  layers  of  garnet  and  calcite.  Many  such  cases  have  been  noted. 


GARNET  GROUP— GARNET.  445 

Crystals  of  garnet  in  the  form  of  thin  flat  disks  are  not  infrequently  observed  embedded 
between  plates  of  mica. 

The  garnet  of  granite,  gneiss,  granulyte,  mica  schists,  and  simi- 
lar rocks  is  chiefly  the  iron-aluminium  variety,  almandite,  but  in- 
cludes also  andradite  and  the  isomorphous  varieties  intermediate 
between  them.  Grossularite  is  especially  common  in  crystalline 
limestone,  where  it  is  associated  with  vesuvianite,  wollastonite,  diop- 
side,  etc.;  it  occurs  also  in  crystalline  schists.  Pyrope  belongs  pecul- 
iarly to  peridotytes  and  the  serpentines  formed  from  them;  occurs 
also  in  basalt.  Spessartite  occurs  in  granitic  rocks,  in  quartzyte,  in 
whetstone  schists  (Belgium);  it  has  been  noted  with  topaz  in  litho- 
physes  in  rhyolyte  (Colorado).  The  black  variety  of  audradite, 
melanite,  is  common  in  eruptive  rocks,  especially  with  nephelite, 
leucite,  thus  in  phonolytes,  leucitophyres,  nephelinytes;  it  also 

occurs  as  a  product  of  contact  metamorphism.     Demantoid  occurs    (^arnet      0]0  j      nnartz 
in  serpentine.      Uvarovite  belongs  particularly  with  chromite  in  ser-  TT  J^M  ° 

pentiue;  it  occurs  also  in  granular  limestone. 

Many  foreign  localities  of  garnet  have  been  mentioned  in  the  preceding  pages,  under  the 
head  of  composition  and  varieties.  The  best  cinnamon-stone  comes  from  Ceylon,  in  gneiss;  also 
from  Mais  jo  in  Wermland,  in  crystalline  limestone;  on  the  Mussa-Alp  in  the  Ala  valley  in  Pied- 
mont, with  clinochlore  and  diopside;  at  Mittagshorn,  Saasthal,  Switzerland,  with  the  same 
minerals,  reddish  brown  in  color,  also  from  Zermatt;  pale  isabella-yellow  at  Auerbach;  nearly 
colorless  dodecahedral  crystals  at  Gleinitz  near  Jordansmilhl,  Silesia;  a  brownish  variety 
(romanzovite}  at  Kimito  in  Finland.  A  honey -yellow  garnet  in  octahedrons  occurs  in  Elba. 
Grossularite  of  pale  greenish  color  comes  from  the  banks  of  the  Vilui  in  Siberia;  in  serpentine 
with  vesuvianite,  also  from  Cziklowa  and  Orawitza  in  the  Banat;  honey-yellow  to  green  or 
brown  crystals  at  Rezbanya;  with  vesuvianite  and  wollastonite  in  ejected  masses  at  Vesuvius;  in 
white  or  colorless  crystals  in  Tellemark,  in  Norway,  and  the  Shishimsk  Mts.,  in  the  Ural;  also 
whitish  in  a  resinopal  pseudomorph  after  coral  in  Tasmania;  in  groups  of  dark  brown  dodeca- 
hedrons at  Mudgee,  New  South  Wales;  dark  honey-yellow  dodecahedrons  with  pyrite  at 
Guadalcazar,  and  clear  pink  dodecahedrons  (G.=3'46  Pirsson)  at  Morelos,  Mexico  (see  p.  1035). 

Pyrope  occurs  in  serpentine  (from  peridotyte),  a  serpentine  conglomerate,  and  in  the  sands 
of  the  region,  near  Meronitz,  Tfziblitz,  and  Podsedlitz,  in  Bohemia,  where  the  variety  used  as  a 
gem  is  obtained;  also  at  Zoblitz  and  Greifendorf  in  Saxony;  the  valley  of  Krems  (Kfemze)  near 
Budweis  in  Bohemia,  in  a  serpentine  rock;  in  the  Vosges;  Elie  in  Fife,  Scotland,  the  "Elie 
rubies;"  in  the  diamond  diggings  of  South  Africa,  as  at  Kimberley,  see  p.  5  ("  Cape  rubies  "); 
reported  from  Burma.  Almandite  is  common  in  granite,  gneiss,  eclogyte,  etc.,  in  many  locali- 
ties in  Saxony,  Silesia,  etc.;  at  Eppeureuth  near  Hof,  Bavaria  (in  eclogyte);  in  dodecahedrons  3 
to  4  inches  through  at  Falun  in  Sweden,  in  hyacinth-red  or  brown  crystals  in  the  Zillerthal  and 
Oetzthal,  Tyrol.  Precious  garnet  comes  in  fine  crystals  from  Ceylon,  Pegu,  Brazil,  and  Green- 
laud;  also  from  the  Sarwar  mines  in  Rajputana  and  at  Kakoria  in  Jaipur  in  British  India. 
Spessartite  is  from  Aschaffenburg  in  the  Spessart,  Bavaria;  in  the  white  feldspar  of  the  granite 
of  Elba;  at  St.  Marcel,  Piedmont;  in  pegmatyte  at  Vilate  near  Chanteloube,  Haute-Vienne;  at 
Broddbo,  near  Falun,  in  Sweden;  Ilefeld  in  the  Harz;  in  the  whetstone  slates  of  the  Ardennes 
at  Viel  Saim,  Ottrez,  Salm-Chateau,  Belgium;  in  Ross-shire  and  other  points  in  Scotland. 
(Cf.  Heddle,  I.e.) 

Among  the  varieties  of  the  calcium-iron  garnet,  andradite,  the  beautiful  green  demantoid  or 
"  Uralian  emerald"  occurs  in  transparent  greenish  rolled  pebbles,  also  in  crystals,  in  the  gold 
washings  of  Nizhui-Tagilsk  in  the  Ural;  also  in  the  stream  Bobrovka,  10  versts  S.W.  from 
Polduevaya  in  the  Sisersk  on  the  west  slope  of  the  Ural;  first  found  in  loose  pieces,  later  in  a 
serpentine  rock,  embedded  in  fibrous  serpentine;  green  crystals  occur  at  Schwarzenberg, 
Saxony;  brown  to  green  crystals  at  Morawitza  and  Dognacska;  emerald-green  at  Dobschau;  in 
the  Ala  valley,  Piedmont,  the  yellow  to  greenish  topazolite,  with  its  characteristic  vicinal  hex- 
octahedron  (Q.  Allochroite,  an  apple-green  and  yellowish  variety,  of  different  shades,  occurs 
at  Zermatt,  in  geodes  of  crystals  in  chlorite  schist;  brilliant  black  crystals  (melanite)  and  also 
brown,  at  Vesuvius  on  Mte.  Somma;  and  in  a  volcanic  tufa  at  Frascati  near  Rome;  in  Baden  at 
the  Kaiserstuhl;  Pic  d'Espada  and  that  of  Ereslids  near  Bareges  in  the  Hautes-Pyrenees  (Pyre- 
neite),  Aplome  occurs  in  yellowish  and  brownish  green  crystals  at  Schwarzenberg  in  Saxony, 
and  on  the  borders  of  the  Lena  in  Siberia;  brown  to  black  crystals,  highly  modified,  in  the 
Pfitschthal,  Tyrol;  other  localities  are  Langbau  in  Sweden,  Pitkaranta  in  Finland,  Arendal  in 
Norway,  whence  very  large  dodecahedral  crystals  are  obtained.  Uvarovite  is  found  at  Saranov- 
skava  near  Bisersk,  also  in  the  vicinity  of  Kyshtymsk,  Ural,  lining  cavities  or  fissures  in  chromic 
iron;  at  Hanle,  in  Rupshu  ic  the  western  Himalayas;  at  Jordansmuhl,  Silesia;  Pic  Posets  near 
Venasque  in  the  Pyrenees  on  chromite.  ^It  is  named  after  the  Russian  Count  Uvarov. 

Near  Cauterets,  in  the  Hautes-Pyrenees,  large  crystals  of  brown  garnet  have  a  nucleus,  easily 
separable,  of  dull  green  crystallized  vesuvianite;  the  containing  rock  is  a  compact  gray  limestone. 

In  N.  America,  in  Maine,  beautiful  yellow  crystals  or  cinnamon-stone  (with  vesuvianite)  at 
Parsonsfield,  Phippsburg,  and  Rumford;  manganesian  garnet  at  Phippsburg,  as  well  as  fine 
yellow  garnet;  in  mica  slate  near  the  bridge  at  Windham,  with  staurolite;  in  granite  veins  at 
Streaked  Mountain,  along  with  beryl;  in  large  reddish  brown  crystals  at  Buckfield,  on  the 
estates  of  Mr.  Waterman  and  Mr.  Lowe;  handsome  red  garnets  at  Brunswick.  In  N.  Hamp., 


446  SILICATES. 

at  Hanover,  small  clear  crystals  in  syeuitic  gneiss;  blood-red  dodecahedrons  at  Frauconia,  in 
geodes  in  massive  garnet,  with  calcite  and  magnetic  iron;  at  Haverhill,  in  chlorite,  some  li  in.; 
at  Warren,  beautiful  cinnamon  garnets  with  green  pyroxene;  at  Unity,  on  the  estate  of  J.  Neal, 
with  actiuoliteand  magnetite,  and  at  Lisbon,  near  Mink  Pond,  in  mica  slate  with  staurolite;  at 
Graf  ton,  £  to  1  in.  in  diameter.  In  Vermont,  at  New  Fane,  large  crystals  in  chlorite  slate;  also 
at  Cabot  and  Cavendish.  In  Mass.,  at  Carlisle,  geodes  of  transparent  cinnamon-brown  crystals 
similar  to  figure  4,  with  scapolite  in  limestone;  also  in  gneiss  at  Brookfield  and  Brimfield;  in 
crystals  at  Bedford,  Chesterfield,  with  the  Cummingtou  cyauite,  and  at  the  beryl  locality  of  Barre; 
fine  dark  red  or  nearly  black  trapezohedr>il  crystals  at  Russell,  sometimes  very  large;  red  garnets 
at  Chester.  In  Conn.,  trapezohedrons,  -£  to  1  in.,  in  mica  slate,  at  Reading  and  Monroe;  dodeca- 
hedrons at  Southbury;  at  Haddam,  crystals  of  mauganesian  garnet,  often  2  in.  through,  with 
chrysoberyl;  at  Lyme,  large  blackish  brown  crystals  in  limestone;  near  New  Haven,  at  Mill 
Rock  in  trap  at  junction  with  sandstone  in  pale  yellow  brown  crystals  (f.  6)  resembling  topazolite, 
also  melanite  (anal.  10)  at  East  Rock  on  faces  of  trap  in  rosettes  of  dodecahedrons  with 
magnetite,  etc;  manganesian  garnet  at  Branchville. 

In  JV.  York,  in  mica  slate,  in  Dover,  Dutchess  Co.,  small;  at  Roger's  Rock,  crystallized  and 
massive,  and  colophonite  of  yellow,  brown,  and  red  colors,  abundant;  brown  crystals  at  Crown 
Point,  Essex  Co.;  colophonite  as  a  large  vein  in  gneiss  at  Willsboro,  Essex  Co.,  with  wollastonite 
and  green  coccolite,  and  also  at  Lewis,  10m.  south  of  Keeseville;  in  Middletown,  Delaware  Co., 
large  brown  cryst.;  a  cinnamon  variety,  crystallized  and  massive,  at  Amity;  on  the  Croton 
aqueduct,  near  Yonkers,  in  small  rounded  crystals,  and  a  beautiful  massive  variety — the  latter, 
when  polished,  forms  a  beautiful  gem;  oil-green  dodecahedrons  at  the  magnetite  iron  mine, 
Brewster,  Putnam  Co. ;  a  large  garnet  weighing  nearly  10  Ibs.  and  with  a  maximum  diameter  of 
6  inches  was  found  in  an  excavation  in  New  York  City,  in  West  35th  Street,  in  1885.  In 
N.  Jersey,  at  Franklin,  black,  brown,  yellow,  red,  and  green  dodecahedral  garnets;  also  near 
the  Franklin  furnace  polyadelphite.  In  Penn.,  in  Chester  Co.,  at  Pennsbury,  fine  dark  brown 
crystals  with  polished  faces,  in  granite;  near  Knauertown,  at  Keims'  mine,  in  handsome 
lustrous  crystals;  at  Chester,  brown;  in  Concord,  on  Green's  Creek,  resembling  pyrope;  in 
Le.iperville,  red;  at  Mineral  Hill,  fine  brown;  at  Warren, black;  at  Avondale  quarry,  fine  hessonite; 
uvarovite  at  Woods'  chrome  mine,  Lancaster  Co.  In  Delaware,  cinnamon-stone  in  trapezohe- 
drons, at  Dickson's  quarry,  7  m.  from  Wilmington.  In  Virginia,  beautiful  transparent  spessar- 
tite,  used  as  a  gem,  at  the  mica  mines  at  Amelia  Court  House.  In  N.  Carolina,  fine  cinnamon- 
stone  at  Bakersville;  red  garnets  in  the  gold  washings  of  Burke,  McDowell,  and  Alexander 
counties;  also  mined  near  Morgautown  and  Warlich,  Burke  Co.,  to  be  used  as  "  emery,"  and  as 
"garnet-paper;"  a  garnet-rock  at  Burnsville,  Yaucey  Co.  In  Kentucky,  fine  pyrope  in  the 
peridotyte  of  Ellis  Co.  In  Arkansas,  at  Magnet  Cove,  a  titaniferous  melanite  with  schorlomite. 
Large  dodecahedral  crystals  entirely  altered  to  chlorite  occur  at  the  Spurr  Mt.  iron  mine,  Lake 
Superior  (Pumpelly). 

In  Colorado,  at  Nathrop,  fine  spessartite  crystals  in  lithophyses  in  rhyolyte  with  quartz  and 
topaz.  In  large  dodecahedral  crystals  up  to  14.}  Ibs.  in  weight  at  Ruby  Mt.,  Salida,  Chaffee  Co., 
the  exterior  is  usually  green  from  a  layer  of  a  chlorite  (see  p.  660)  due  to  alteration.  In  Nevada, 
small  but  fine  red  garnets  in  Ruby  Valley,  Elko  Co.;  at  Black  Canon,  Colorado  R. ;  almandite 
in  White  Pine  Co.  In  Arizona,  yellow-green  crystals  in  the  Gila  canon;  pyrope  on  the  Colorado 
River  in  the  western  part  of  the  territory.  New  Mexico,  fine  pyrope  on  the  Navajp  reservation 
associated  with  chrysolite  and  a  chrome-pyroxene.  In  California,  green  with  copper  ore,  Hope 
Valley,  El  Dorado  Co.,  on  Rogers'  claim;  also  with  copper  ore  in  Los  Angeles  Co.,  in  lift. 
Meadows;  uvarovite,  in  crystals  on  chromite,  at  New  Idria;  uvarovite  in  serpentine  with 
chromite  on  the  American  river  below  Towle's  station  on  the  Central  Pacific  R.R.  Common 
garnets  at  many  points.  Fine  crystals  (f.  4)  of  ideal  symmetry  of  a  rich  red  color  and  an  inch  or 
more  in  diameter  occur  in  the  mica  schists  at  Fort  Wrangell,  mouth  of  the  Stickeen  R.,  in 
Alaska. 

In  Canada,  at  Marmora,  dark  red;  at  Grenville,  a  cinnamon-stone;  an  emerald-green  chrome- 
garnet,  at  Orford,  Quebec,  in  granular  masses  and  druses  of  minute  transparent  dodecahedral 
crystals,  with  millerite  and  calcite;  and  in  the  same  vicinity  large  cinnamon-red  and  yellowish 
crystals  of  garnet  along  with  pyroxene;  fine  colorless  to  pale  olive-green,  or  brownish  crystals, 
at  Wakefield,  Ottawa  Co.,  Quebec,  with  white  pyroxene,  honey-yellow  vesuvianite,  etc.,  also 
others  bright  green  carrying  chromium;  dark  red  garnet  in  the  townships  of  Villeneuve  (spessar- 
tite) and  Templeton;  pale  yellow  at  N.  Elmsby. 

In  jewelry,  the  lighter  clear  garnets  are  often  called  hyacinth.  The  yellowish  is  the  Jacinta 
la  bella;  a  yellowish  crimson,  the  Guarnaccino;  and  another  very  similar,  Vermeille,  or  Hyacinth- 
Garnet;  the  red,  with  a  violet  tinge,  Eubino-di-rocca,  and  also  Grenat  Syrian  (from  Syriam  in 
Pegu),  and  probably  the  Amethystizontes  of  Pliny.  The  deep  and  clear  red,  like  Burgundy  wine 
in  shade,  is  the  true  precious  garnet,  which  is  either  pyrope  or  almaudite.  The  ancient  name 
arQpa£,  meaning  a  burning  coal,  alludes  to  the  internal  fire-like  color  and  reflection,  and  was 
applied  also  to  some  ruby.  The  Latin  name  carbunculus,  from  carbo,  coal,  has  the  same  signifi- 
cation. 

Alt.— Garnets  containing  ferrous  iron  often  become  rusty  and  disintegrated  through  the 
oxidation  of  the  iron,  and  sometimes  are  altered,  more  or  less  completely,  to  limonite,  magnetite^, 
or  hematite.  The  action  of  waters  containing  traces  of  carbon  dioxide  and  carbonates  and  sili- 
cates in  solution  results  in  the  same  changes  nearly  as  with  pyroxene,  producing  at  different 
times  a  loss,  or  alteration,  of  bases,  or  by  a  further  change  and  the  addition  of  water,  steatite, 


GARNET  GROUP— SCHORLOMITE.  447 

serpentine,  chlorite.  The  lime  in  the  lime  garnets  may  be  taken  up  by  the  carbonic  acid  of  the 
waters;  and  if  magnesia  is  combined  with  the  carbonic  acid,  it  may  take  the  place  of  the  lime, 
and  thus  give  rise  to  a  serpentine  or  steatite  pseudomorph,  or  to  a  chlorite,  if  the  iron  partly  re- 
mains. Alkaline  carbonates  seldom  produce  the  changes,  for  alkaline  pseudomorphs  are  rare. 
An  excess  of  silica  is  to  be  expected  in  analyses,  according  to  Bischof,  since  part  of  the  bases  is 
often  lost  through  incipient  change.  Quartz  also  occurs  with  the  form  of  garnet. 

The  common  iron-aluminium  garnet  is  especially  liable  to  alteration,  and  besides  the  changes 
noted  above,  pseudomorphs  of  scapolite,  mica,  oligoclase,  epidote,  amphibole  have  been  noted  (cf. 
Cathrein,  below).  The  calcium-iron  garnet  yields  pseudomorphs  of  epidote,  chlorite,  serpentine, 
orthoclase. 

The  magnesium-aluminium  garnet,  pyrope,  is  also  frequently  altered,  forming  chlorite, 
serpentine,  and  various  more  or  less  definite  substances.  Schrauf  s  kelyphite  (Vh.  G.  Reichs., 
244,  1879,  Zs.  Kr. ,  6,  359,  1882)  forms  a  zone  about  a  nucleus  of  pyrope  (hence  from  tceA-vfioS, 
a  nut  shell)  at  Krems,  Bohemia.  Its  composition  is  given  by  the  analysis  below,  but  Lasaulx 
(1.  c.)  has  shown  that  it  is  not  a  homogeneous  substance. 

SiO2    Al2O3Fe2O3   FeO   MnO   MgO    CaO 
Kelypliite  G.=3'064       40'41    13-35    2'47    7'02    0'31    27'40    5'05  ign.  2'21,  Cr8O8 1'75=99'97 

On  the  alteration  of  garnet,  see  Blum,  Pseuuoniorphosen,  Roth,  Cb.  Geologic,  1;  also  the 
following:  Hellaud,  Pogg.,  145,  480,  1872;  Saualpe,  Niedzwiedski,  Min.  Mitth.,  162,  1872;  Lsx., 
Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  July  3,  1882;  serpentine  region  near  Budweis,  Bohemia.  Schrauf,  Zs.  Kr.,  6, 
321,  1882,  and  Lsx.,  8,  303,  1883;  altered  garnets  in  amphiboly te,  Tyrol,  Cathrein,  Zs.  Kr.,  1O, 
433,  1885;  Lake  Superior,  crystals  altered  to  chlorite,  Pumpelly,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  10,  17,  1875;  L. 
Superior  and  Colorado,  Penfield  and  F.  L.  Sperry,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  32,  307,  1886. 

For  the  analyses  of  the  various  kinds  of  "  chlorite  "  produced  by  the  alteration  of  garnet,  e.g. 
that  of  L.  Superior,  Salida,  Col.,  see  under  the  CHLORITE  GROUP,  p.  660. 

Artif. — Obtained  artificially  with  difficulty, except  the  mauganesian  variety,  spessartite,which 
has  been  formed  by  Gorgeu  from  fusion  of  the  constituents  in  magnesium  chloride;  also  by 
Bourgeois  with  arborescent  crystallites  of  hausmannite.  The  fusion  of  garnet  ordinarily  results 
in  the  separation  into  such  compounds  as  pyroxene,  rnelilite,  monticellite,  scapolite,  anorthite. 
Melanite  with  nephelite  has  been  formed,  however,  from  fusion  by  Fouque  and  Levy.  Also 
early  reported  that  melanite  garnets  have  been  obtained  in  a  glass  proceeding  from  the  fusion  of 
vesuviauite  (Klaproth)  and  of  a  melanite  from  Frascati  (by  Kobell).  Miller  mentions  the  occur- 
rence of  garnet  in  crystals  as  a  furnace  product.  Cf.  Bourgeois,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  29,  458,  1883, 
and  Reprod.  Min.,  121,  1884;  Doelter,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  158,  1884;  Fouque  &  Levy,  Bull.  Soc.  Min., 
2,  105,  1879,  also  Synth.  Min.,  121,  1882;  Gorgeu,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  6,  283,  1883. 

Ref.— '  See  Bauer,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  26,  119,  1874,  for  list,  early  authorities,  localities,  etc. 
2  Websky,  Jordansuiuhl,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  21,  753,  1869.  3  Bauer,  1.  c.  4  E.  S.  D.,  New  Haven, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  218,  1877.  5  Rath,  Pfitschthal,  other  planes  with  anomalous  indices  are  noted, 
Zs.  Kr.,  2,  173,  1878.  6  Schumacher,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  30,  493,  1878.  '  Rath,  Piz  Alpetta,  Zs.  Kr., 
5,  495,  1881.  8  E.  Sec.,  Tiriolo,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  2, 182,  1886.  9  Cathrein,  Rothenkopf,  Tyrol, 
Min.  Mitth.,  10,  55,  1888.  10  Wiik,  Min.-Saml.  Helsingfors,  p.  33,  1887.  »  Cathrein,  grossula- 
rite,  Le  Selle,  Tyrol,  Min.  Mitth.,  10,  397,  1888. 

12  Twins,  Arzruni,  Pitkaranta,  he  shows  also  that  the  supposed  twins  of  Kobell  with  tw.  pi. 
o  are  only  accidental  associations,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  23,  126,  1887.  13  Parting  II  d,  Milgge,  Jb. 
Min.,  1,239,1889. 

14  Optical  anomalies,  Wichmann,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  27,  749,  1875;  Hirschwald,  Min.  Mitth.,  240, 
1875;  Lsx.,  Jb.  Min.,  630,  1876;  Mid.,  Ann.  Mines,  10,  100,  1876;  Btd.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  4,  12, 
1881;  Klein,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  87,  1883,  1,  200,  1887;  G.  Nordenskiold,  G.  For.  Forh.,  12,  350,  1890; 
Bgr.,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  170,  1890.  15  Refractive  indices,  quoted  by  Rosenbusch,  Mikr.  Phys.,  260, 
1885;  cf.  also  Dx.,  N.  R.,  8,  1867.  Absorption  spectra,  Vogel,  Ber.  Ch.  Ges.,  10,  373,  1877. 
Specific  heat,  Oberg,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  42,  No.  8,  43,  1885. 

TRAUTWINITE  E.  Goldsmith,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  pp.  9,  348,  365,  1873.  An  impure  uvarovite 
(Genth)  occurring  with  chromite  from  Monterey  Co. ,  Cal. 

371.  SCHORLOMITE.  Shepard,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  2,  251,  1846.  Ferrotitanite  Whitney,  J. 
Nat.  Hist. ,  Boston,  6,  45,  1849.  Schorlamit  Eg. 

Iwaarit  Kutorga,  1851,  N.  Nd.,  Verz.  Finl.  Min.,  1852.     Ivaarite. 

Isometric,  in  trapezohedrons  and  dodecahedrons  (?).  Usually  massive,  without 
cleavage. 

Fracture  conchoidal.  H.  =  7-7*5.  G-.  =  3-81-3*88.  Luster  vitreous.  Color 
black,  sometimes  tarnished  blue,  and  with  pavonine  tints.  Streak  grayish  black. 
Optically  isotropic  like  garnet,  Dx. 

Comp — Probably  analogous  to  garnet,  3CaO.(Fe,Ti)203.3(Si,Ti)Oa. 
Cf.  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  Erg.,  201,  1886,  Koenig,  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.,  355,  1886. 
Anal.— 1,  Whitney,  1.  c.     2,  Rg.,   Miu.  Ch.,  672,  1875.     3,  Knop,    Zs.    Kr.,  1,  58,  1877. 
4.  Koenig,  1.  c.     Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  390. 


448  SILICATES. 

G.  Si02      TiOa    Fe203    FeO     CaO    MgO 

1.  Magnet  Cove  3-807        25'66    22'10    21-58      —      29'78      —    =  99'12 

2.  "          "     3-783        26-09    21'34    20*11     1'57    29-38    1'36  =  99'85 

3.  "          "  26-10    20-52          21 '95         29'35    1'47  =  99'39 

4.  "          "     3-876        25-80    12-46    23'20    0'46a  31 '40    1'22  Ti2O3  4'44,  A12O,  I'OO  =  99'98 

aMnO. 

The  mineral  was  first  correctly  described  and  analyzed  by  Whitney,  1.  c.  Shepard  made  it 
a  hydrous  silicate  of  iron  sesquioxide,  yttria,  and  perhaps  thoria.  Koenig  showed  that  it  could 
be  referred  to  the  Garnet  Group,  an  idea  earlier  suggested  by  Rg.  and  others. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  quietly  at  3  to  a  black  glass.  Reactions  for  iron  with  the  fluxes. 
Fused  with  salt  of  phosphorus  on  charcoal,  with  tin,  in  the  inner  flame,  gives  a  violet  bead. 
Gelatinizes  with  hydrochloric  acid,  the  solution  becoming  violet  when  boiled  with  metallic  tin 
(titanium). 

Obs. — In  small  masses  with  elaeolite  and  brookite  in  the  Ozark  Mts.,  Magnet  Cove, 
Arkansas.  It  occurs  intimately  associated  with  black  garnet  forming  parts  of  garnet  crystals 
and  probably  has  itself  the  same  form.  A  titaniferous  garnet  resembling  it  occurs  in  the 
Kaiserstuhl,  near  Oberschaffhausen,  in  phonolyte.  Cf.  Knop,  1.  c.  and  analyses,  p.  444. 
Named  from  a  resemblance  to  schorl  (black  tourmaline). 

IVAARTTE  N.  Nordenskiold,  Beskr.  Finl.  Min.,  101,  1855.  Has  the  characters  of  schorlomite, 
and  like  it  is  found  with  elaeolite.  It  occurs  both  massive  and  in  garnet-like  crystals,  is  lustrous 
black  and  opaque,  with  adamantine  luster.  H.  =  6*0,  and  G.  =  3'67-3'69.  The  mineral  is 
stated  on  the  basis  of  an  unpublished  analysis  of  Thoreld  to  have  the  percentage  composition 
(calculated) :  SiO2  29'15,  TiO2  18'98,  Fe2O3  25'26,  CaO  26'61  =  100,  which  corresponds  very 
closely  to  schorlomite.  B.B.  fuses  to  a  black  glass.  From  Ivaara  in  Kuusamo,  Finland. 


MONOCLINIC   SPECIES  RELATED  TO  THE  FOREGOING. 

Partschinite  and  Agricolite  have  respectively  the  composition  of  spessartite  and  eulytite. 
Both  species  need  further  examination. 

372.  PARTSOHINITE.    Partschin  Haiti.,  Ber.,   3,  440,  1847,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  12,  480, 
1854. 

Monoclinic.     In  small  dull  crystals  somewhat  resembling  augite. 
Forms:    a  (100,    i~i),      c  (001,   0),     m  (110,  /),     e  (Oil,  1-i),    p  (112,  i).     Angle's  (ineas. 
Foetterle)      mm'"    =   88°   8',       ac    =-.   52°    16',       ee'    =    64°,       also   (calc.)    cp   =    53°    8', 
pp'  =  76^  34'. 

Fracture  subconchoidal.     H.  =  6 '5-7.     Gr.  =  4*006  Hauer.      Luster  a  little 
greasy,  feeble.     Color  yellowish,  reddish.     Subtranslucent. 
Comp.— (Mn,Fe)8Al2Si,0I2  like  spessartite. 
Anal. — 1,  2,  H&uer.     Another  incomplete  analysis  gave  46'72  p.  c.  SiOa. 

SiOc  A12O3  FeO  MnO  CaO  H20 

35-28  19-03  14-38  29'11  [1-82]  0'38  =  100 

34-89  18-95  13'86  29'34  2'77 

Obs.— In  very  small  dull  crystals  and  rounded  fragments,  in  the  auriferous  sands  of 
Olahpian,  Transylvania;  attention  was  early  called  to  them  by  Breithaupt. 

373.  AGRICOLITE.    Frenzel,  Jb.  Min.,  791,  947,  1873;  686,  1874. 

Monoclmic,    Groth.      /3  =  70°.     In   globular   or   semi-globular   forms,  with 
radiated  or  fibrous  structure.     Also  in  indistinct  groups  of  crystals.     Soft,  brittle, 
heavy.     Luster  adamantine,  greasy.     Colorless  to  wine-yellow,  hair-brown. 
Comp. — As  for  eulytite,  Bi4Si90J3. 
Anal. — Frenzel,  1.  c. 

SiO2  16-67  Bi2O3  81 '82  Fe2O3  0'90  =  99'39 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Johanngeorgenstadt  on  quartz,  associated  with  native  bismuth,  cloanthite, 
"bismite;  also  at  the  mine  Neugluck,  Scbneeberg. 

Includes,  according  to  Frenzel,  the  arsenwismuth  of  Breithaupt.  Arsenik-Wismuth  Wern. 
.Breith.  Letzt.  Min.  Syst.,  23,  62,  Hoffm.,  4,  65,  1817.  -Formerly  included  with  eulytite. 

Named  for  the  Saxon  mineralogist,  Georg  Agricola  (1490-1555). 


CHR  TSOLITE  GRO  UP—MONTICELLITE. 


449 


374.  Monticellite 

375.  Forsterite 

Boltonite 

376.  Chrysolite 

Hyalosiderite 
376A.     Hortonolite 
376B.     Titan-Olivine 

377.  Fayalite 

378.  Knebelite 

379.  Tephroite 

379  A,     Roepperite 


5.  Chrysolite  Group.     RaSi04.    Orthorhombic. 

CaMgSi04  &  :  I  :  6  =  0-4337  :  1  :  0-5758 

0-4656  :  1  :  0-5865 


Mg2Si04 
(Mg,Fe)aSi04 

(Fe,Mg,Mn)2Si04 

Fe2Si04 
(Fe,Mn)2Si04 
Mn,Si04 
(Fe,Mn,Zn)2Si04 


0-4584 
0-4600 


1  :  0-5793 


1  :  0-5939 


In  form  the  species  of  the  Chrysolite  Group,  R2Si04,  are  closely  related  in  angle  tc 
Chrysoberyl,  BeAl2O4;  also  somewhat  less  closely  to  the  species  of  the  Diaspore  Group, 
H2A12O4,  etc.  Of.  Brogger,  Zs.  Kr.,  18,  377,  1890. 


374.  MONTICELLITE.    Brooke,  Phil.  Mag.,  10,  265,  1831.    Batrachit  Breith.,  Char.,  307, 
1832.     Sacchit  [misprint  for  Scacchit?]  N.  Nordenskiold,  Atom.  Ch.  Min.  Syst.,  94,  1848. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  &  :  I  :  6  =  0*43375  :  1  :  0-57576  Rath1. 

100  A  110  =  23°  27',  001  A  101  =  53°  0$',  001  A  Oil  =  29°  55f. 

Forms1 :  m  (110,  J)  d  (101,  1-i)  *  (021,  24)  /(121,  2-2) 

b  (010,  i-i)  s   (120,  z-2)  h  (Oil,  14)  e  (111,  1) 


mm'"  =  46°  54' 
88'  =  98°  7' 
dd1  =  106°  1' 

1. 


KK  =  59°  52' 
kK  =  98°  3' 
ee'  =98°  0' 


ff'  =  82°  4' 
ee"  =  110°  42' 
ff"  =  120°  43' 


ee"'  =  *38°  13' 
me  =  *34°  39' 
ff'"  =  69°  26' 


1,  Vesuvius,  Rath.    2,  Monzoni,  Id.    3,  Magnet  Cove,  Pirsson. 

Crystals  like  chrysolite  in  habit  (f.  1-3).  Also  in  embedded  crystalline  grains 
and  cleavable  massive. 

Cleavage:  I  distinct.  Fracture  subconchoidal  to  uneven.  Brittle.  H=5-5-5. 
G.  =  3-03-3-25.  Luster  vitreous,  slightly  resinous  in  the  massive  variety.  Color- 
less, yellowish  gray,  pale  greenish  gray,  and  whitish.  Streak  uncolored.  Trans- 
parent to  translucent. 

Var. — (1)  Monticelliie,  in  colorless  to  yellowish  gray  crystals;  the  original  from  Vesuvius- 
G.  =  8-119-8-245. 

(2)  Batrachite,  cleavable  massive,  of  a  pale  greenish  gray  color,  or  whitish;  G.  =  3*033, 
Breith. 

Comp.,  Var.— CaMgSiO,  or  CaO.MgO.SiO,  =  Silica  38-5,  magnesia  25-6,  lime 
35'9  =  100.  Iron  replaces  part  of  the  magnesium. 


450 


SILICATES. 


Anal.— 

4,  Geuth,  after 


1,  Rg.,  Pogg.,  109,  569,  1860.    2,  Id.,  ib.,  51,  446, 1840. 
ter  deducting  4'7  p.  c.  apatite,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  41, ,  1891. 


Si02    FeO 

1.  Monticellite        G. 

=  3-119 

37-89    5-61 

2.  Batrachite 

• 

37-69    299 

3.                             G. 

=  3-054 

I  38-25    4-30 

4.  Magnet  Cove    G. 

=  3-108 

I  35-14    5-25 

MnO 


1-17 


MgO 

22-04 
21-79 
23-05 
21-65 


CaO 

34-92 

35-45 

34-75 

34-20 


3,  Ratn,  ib.,  155,  32,1875. 

ign. 

—  =  100-46 
1-27  =    99-19 

—  =  100-35  (ign.  1-31) 
2-40  A12O3  0-19  =  100 


A  chrysolite  from  the  paleopicryte  of  Dillenburg,  Nassau,  gave  Obbeke  :  SiO2  42'53, 
MnO  6-48,  MgO  35'68,  CaO  14'09  =  98'78;  'Jb.  Min.,  845,  1877. 

Pyr.,  etc.—  B.B.  rounded  only  on  the  edges.  Soluble  in  dilute  hydrochloric  acid  to  a  clear 
solution,  which  on  evaporation  gelatinizes. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  in  crystals  embedded  in  granular  limestone  with  mica  and  augite,  on  Mte. 
Somma;  very  rare,  most  so-called  monticellite  being  simply  chrysolite.  In  small  masses 
(batracMte)  containing  calcite  and  black  spinel  at  the  Toal  dei  Rizzoni,  on  the  south  side  of  Mte. 
Monzoni  in  the  Tyrol.  Also  on  the  Pesmeda  Alp  in  the  same  region. 

Monticellite  also  occurs  in  crystals  (f.  3  and  anal.  4),  and  in  grains  embedded  in  calcite,  at 
Magnet  Cove,  Arkansas;  the  crystals  have  a  pale  yellowish  gray  color  and  are  of  considerable  size, 
up  to  1  inch  in  length. 

Monticellite  was  named  after  the  Italian  mineralogist,  T.  Monticelli  (1759-1846);  Batrachite 
from  fidrpaxoS^frog,  in  allusion  to  the  color. 

Alt.  —  The  crystals  from  Tyrol  are  often  altered  to  serpentine  (anal.  1),  also  in  part  consisting 
of  an  aggregate  of  minute  fassaite  crystals  (anal.  2).  There  is  a  remarkable  similarity  in  form, 
as  noted  by  Rath,  between  the  form  of  the  original  fassaite  of  the  locality  and  the  altered 
monticellite.  Cf.  Rath,  1.  c. 


SiO2     A12O3    FeO    CaO  MgO 

1.  Serpentine    G.  =  2'617        41-31      1'34      5'73      6'47  33'08 

2.  Fassaite        G.  =  2'960        47'69      7'01      3'62    24'57  1610 

Ref.—  J  Rath,  Pogg.,  Erg.-Bd.,  5,  434,  1870;  155,  24,  1875. 


12-35  =  100'28 
1'05  =  100'04 


375.  FORSTERITE.  Levy,  Ann.  Phil.,  7,  59,  1824.  Peridoto  bianco  Scacc7ii,  Distrib. 
Sist.  Min.,  63,  Napoli,  1842.  Peridot  blanc  Fr.  White  Olivine.  Boltonite  Shep.,  Min.,  1, 
78,  1835. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  d  :  I  :  6  =  0*46476:  1  :  0-58569  Bauer1. 

100  A  HO  =  24°  55f,  001  A  101  =  51°  34',  001  A  Oil  =  30°  2L|'. 

Forms4:  c    (001,0)  *  (120,  i-2)  h  (Oil,  1-t)  /(121,  2-S) 

a  (100,  i-l)  v  (540,  »-£)»  r  (130,  z-3)  k  (021,  24)  I  (131,  3-3) 

b  (010,  i-i)  m  (110,  /)  d  (101,  1-1)  e  (111,  1) 


vv 
mm' 

88' 

rr' 
dd' 


=  40°  47|' 
=  49°  51' 
=  94°  11' 
=  71°  18' 
=  103°  8' 
=  60°  43' 


kk'    =  99°    IV 

ee'     -  94°  48' 

ee"    =  108°  31' 

66'"    =  40°      0|' 

=  72°     7' 

=  95°     3' 


In  crystals  resembling  chrysolite  ;  often 
with  b  prominent;  sometimes  in  twins.  Also 
in  embedded  imperfect  crystals,  grains,  or 
masses. 

Cleavage:  b  distinct,  c  less  so.     Fracture 
subcoiichoidal  to  uneven.    H.  =  6-7.    G.  = 
3'21-3*33.     Luster    vitreous.     Transparent 
to  translucent.     Color  white,  yellowish  white,  wax-yellow,  grayish,   bluish   gray, 

freenish;  sometimes  becoming  yellowish  on  exposure  when  not  in  distinct  crystals, 
treak  uncolored.     Optically  +.     Ax.  pi.  [  c.     Bx  J_  a.     Axial  angles,  Dx.4 


1,  Baccano,  Striiver.     2,  Ural  (anal.  7),  Kk. 


2H0.r  =  111°  28' 

/V    =  1-657 
2Vr    =  86°  1' 


2H       =  101°     2' 

2Ho.y    =    111°    13' 

/Jy  =          V659 

2Vy    =  86°  10' 


2Habi  =  101°  30' 

2H0.bi  =  110°  43' 

/Sb,  =  1-670 

2Vbi  =  86°  32' 


CHRYSOLITE  GROUP—  FORSTERITE— CHRYSOLITE. 


451 


Var. — I.  Forsterite,  white  crystals  from  Vesuvius,  etc.;  also  in  colorless  grains;  H.  =  7; 
G.  =  3-243  Rg. 

2.  Boltonite,  in  embedded  grains  or  imperfect  crystals  of  a  pale  greenish  or  yellowish  color, 
showing  distinct  cleavage,  from  Bolton,  etc.,  Mass.;  H.  =  6-6'5;  G.  =  3-208-3'328  Smith. 

Comp. — Magnesium  orthosilicate,  Mg,Si04  or  2MgO.SiOa  =  Silica  42*9,  mag- 
nesia 57'1  =  100.  Iron  is  present  in  small  amount,  and  thus  it  passes  into  ordinary 
chrysolite.,  for  no  sharp  line  can  be  drawn  between  the  two  species;  see  further 
pp.  452,  453. 

Anal.— 1,  Rg.,  Pogg.,  109,  568,  1860.  2,  Rath,  ib.,  155,34,  1875.  3,  4,  Mierisch,  Min. 
Mitth.,  8,  119,  1886.  5,  Knop,  Zs.  Kr.,  13,  240,  1887.  6,  Helland,  Pogg,  148,  329,  1873. 
7,  Nikolayev,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  17,  309,  1882.  8,  J.  L.  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  372,  1854. 
9,  Brush,  ib.,  27,  395,  1859. 


SiO3    MgO    FeO    CaO    ign. 
1.  Mte.  Somma  G.  =  3'243        42-41    53'30    2'33      —       —   =  98'04 


G.  =  3-191        42-33    54'90    1*57 


8. 

«          « 

41 

09 

52 

51 

3 

80 

4. 

«         « 

41 

85 

56' 

17 

1 

•07 

5. 

Kaiserstuhl 

41 

•88 

49 

•83 

4 

36 

6. 

Snarum 

G. 

=  3-22 

41 

32 

54 

69 

2 

•89 

7. 

Ural 

G. 

=  3-191 

40 

11 

57' 

73 

0 

22 

8. 

BoUonite 

G. 

-  3-328 

1  42 

•75 

51 

•70 

2 

•2$ 

9. 

" 

G. 

=  3-21 

42 

•82 

54 

44 

-j  , 

•47 

0-85 


—  =  98-80 

0-24  Na2O  0-30,  K2O  0'18  =  98'12 
0-19  Na20  012,  K2O  0-40  =  99'80 

—  MnO  1-73, A12O3&  loss  2-00=100 
0-20  A12O3  0-28,  CrO  0*05  =  98'93 
0-16Fe2O3  1-18  =  99-40 

1-90  A12O3  0-18  =  98-81 
0'76  =  100-34 


Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  unaltered  and  infusible.  Boltonite  gives  traces  of  moisture  in  the  closed 
tube  and  becomes  colorless.  Decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid  with  separation  of  gelatinous 
silica. 

Obs. — Forsterite  occurs  in  implanted  crystals,  with  spinel  and  augite  in  ejected  masses  on 
Mte.  Somma,  Vesuvius;  also  in  the  Albani  Mts.  at  the  crater  of  Baccano,  with  wollastouite, 
garnet,  spinel,  etc.;  with  serpentine  at  Snarum,  at  Norway;  in  a  bluish  calcite  at  the  Nikolaye- 
Maximilian  mine,  Zlatoust,  Ural;  in  the  limestone  of  the  Schelinge  Matte,  Kaiserstuhl,  in  grains 
of  a  dull  yellow  color. 

Boltonite  is  disseminated  through  a  whitish  crystalline  limestone,  at  Bolton,  Mass. ;  also  at 
Roxbury  and  Littleton,  Mass. ;  its  embedded  masses  or  crystals  are  often  over  an  inch  through, 
and  rectangular  in  section.  Part  of  the  boltonite  is  altered,  and  then  softer  and  hydrous, 
with  the  composition  of  villarsite,  see  under  chrysolite,  beyond. 

Forsterile  was  named  by  Levy  after  Mr.  J.  Forster,  founder  of  the  Heuland  cabinet. 

Artif. — Artificial  magnesium  chrysolite  has  been  made  by  Ebelmen,  by  fusing  together  in 
a  porcelain  furnace  a  mixture  of  silica  and  magnesia,  with  potassium  carbonate,  or  boric  acid. 
Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  33,  56,  1851.  Also  later  by  Hautefeuille  by  fusing  a  mixture  of  silica,  mag- 
nesia, and  magnesium  chloride,  ibid.,  4,  129,  1869;  again  by  Lechartier  similarly,  but  using  cal- 
cium chloride,  C.  R.,  67,  44,  1868. 

Ref.— '  Jb.  Min.,  1,  23,  1887.  «  Mir.,  318,  1852;  also  Levy,  1.  c.  3  Hbg.,  Min.  Not.,  1,  21, 
1856.  4  Dx.,  N.  R.,  81,  1867,  Min.,  2,  ix,  1874. 

376.  CHRYSOLITE.  Smaragdus  ?,  Beryllus  ?,  pt.  Vet.  Topazos?  pt.  Plin.  Not  Chrysp- 
lithus  [—  Topaz]  Plin.,  37,  42.  Chrysolit,  Gemma  pellucid issima  colore  viridi  subflavo  in 
igne  fugaci  (description  also  says  quadrangular,  infusible,  etc.),  Wall.,  Min.,  118,  1747.  Peridot 
ordinaire  [not  the  Oriental]  d'Argenmlle,  Orykt.,  161,  1755.  Gulgron  Topas  =  Chrysolit  Cronst., 
Min.,  43,  1758.  Chrysolite  ordinaire  dt  Lisle,  Crist.,  230,  1772,  2,  271,  1783  [not  Peridot  de 
Ceylan  =  Tourmaline  ib.,  2,  346].  Krisolith  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  373,  1789  -f  Olivine(fr.  basalt) 
[-  Chrysolite  des  Volcans  Faujas,  Vivarais,  1778.]  Wern.,  ib.,  55,  1790.  Peridot  H.,  Tr.,  3, 
1801.  Hyalosiderit  Walchner,  Schw.  J.,  39,  65,  1823.  Glinkit  Romanovski,  Bergjournal  Russ., 
Oct.  1847;  ident.  with  Chrysolite,  Beck,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  244,  1847. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  1 :  6  =  0-46575  :  1  :  0-58651  Koksharov1. 

100  A  110  =  24°  58' 26",  001  A  101  =  51°  32' 48",  001  A  Oil  =  30°  23'  31". 


Forms2 : 
a  (100,  i-l) 
b  (010,  i-i) 
c  (001,  0) 


m  (110,  /) 
*    (120,  *-§) 
r    (130,  £-3) 
z    (140,  *-4) 


ft  (106, 
v  (102, 
d  (101, 


to  (012,  i-l)» 
h  (Oil,  l-i) 
k  (021,  2-1) 
i  (041,  4-5) 


q  (H6,  i) 
o  (112,  i) 
e  (111,  1) 


9  (212,  1-2) 
/  (121,  2-2) 
I  (131,  3-3) 


on  crystals  from  the  Pallas  Iron  (Koksharov4)  macrodome  y  on  edge  d/v,  and  macro- 
pyramid  a  on  edge  d/o. 


452 


SILICATES. 


mm 

ss' 

rr' 

zz' 
ftff 


=  49°  57' 
=  94°  4' 
=  71°  11' 
=  56°  27' 
=  23°  42' 
=  64°  23' 


dd'  = 

ww  = 

hh'  = 

kk'  = 

^^'  = 


103C 
32C 


6' 

41' 


60°  47' 

99°     6 

133°  50' 

13°    2' 


co  =  34°  47' 

ce  =  54°  15' 

cf  =59°  50f 

cl  =  65°  12' 

oo'  =  62°  17' 

ee1  -  94°  44' 


=  78°  30' 
=  63°  47' 
=  27°  52 
=  40°  5' 
=  72°  13' 
=  95°  9' 


1. 


Figs.  1,  Vesuvius,  Rath.     2,  Oriental  chrysolite,  Rose.     4,  Hyalosiderite,  Bauer. 


f 


5. 


df 


Twins  rare:  (1)  tw.  pi.  h  (Oil)5  with  cc  —  60°  47',  penetration-twins,  sometimes 
repeated  forming  stellate  trillings,  similar  to  those  of 
chrysoberyl;  (2)  tw.  pi.  w  (012)8  the  vertical  axes 
crossing  at  an  angle  of  about  30°  since  cc  =  32°  41'. 
Crystals  often  flattened  ||  a  or  b,  less  commonly  elon- 
gated 1  c.  Massive  and  compact,  or  granular;  usually 
in  embedded  grains. 

Cleavage;  b  rather  distinct;  a  less  so.  Fracture 
conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  6-5-7.  G.  =  3'27-3'37, 
increasing  with  the  amount  of  iron;  up  to  3*57- for 
hyalosiderite.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  green — com- 
monly olive-green,  sometimes  brownish,  grayish  red, 
grayish  green,  becoming  yellowish  brown  or  red  by 
oxidation  of  the  iron.  Streak  usually  uncolored,  rarely 


yellowish.     Transparent  to  translucent. 

Optically  -f.     Double  refraction  strong. 
p  <  v,  weak.     Axial  angles,  Dx.7 


Ax.  pi.  ||  c.     Bx  J_  a.     Dispersion 


2Vy  =  87°  46' 


a  =  1-661  /3  =  1-678  y  =  1-697  for  yellow  (Na) 

2Ha.r  =  105°  58',  2Ha.y  =  106°  21',  2Ha.bi  =  107°  14',     .-.    2Vy  =  88°  54',     2Vbi  =  90°  approx. 
2H0.r  =  108°  30',  2H°-y  =  108°  20',  2H0.bi  =  107°  57' 


Var.— 1.  Precious.  Of  a  pale  yellowish  green  color,  and  transparent.  G.  =  3-441,  3-351. 
Occasionally  seen  in  masses  us  large  as  "a  turkey's  egg,"  but  usually  much  smaller.  It  has 
long  been  brought  from  the  Levant  for  jewelry,  but  the  exact  locality  is  not  known. 

2.  Common;  Olimne  of  Werner.    Dark  yellowish  green  to  olive-  or  bottle-green.    G.  =  3  26- 
3'40;  fr.  Etna.     Commonly  disseminated  in  crystals  or  grains  in  basic  igneous  rocks,  basalt  and 
basaltic  lavas,  etc. 

Glinkite  is  pale-green  chrysolite  from  talcose  schist;  G.  =  3'39-3'43  Herm. 

3.  Hyalomderite.     A  highly  ferruginous  variety,  anal.    32.     It  has  a  :  b  :  c  =  0*46815  :  1  : 
0-58996,  and  mm'"  =  50°  10',  kk'  =  99°  26',  Bauer8. 

Comp.— (Mg,Fe)2Si04  or  2(Mg,Fe)O.Si02.  The  ratio  of  Mg  :  Fe  varies  widely, 
from  16  :  1,  12  :  1,  eto.,  to  2:1  in  hyalosiderite,  and  hence  passing  from  fos- 
terite  on  the  one  side  to  fayalite  on  the  other.  No  sharp  line  can  be  drawn  on 
either  side.  Titanium  dioxide  is  sometimes  present  replacing  silica;  also  tin  and 
nickel  in  small  quantities.  Percentage  composition,  as  follows: 


CHRYSOLITE  GROUP— CHRYSOLITE. 


453 


Mg  :  Fe  =  9  .  1 

."        =5-1 

=  3:1 


Si02 
41-0 
39-8 
38-5 
37-2 


MgO 
49-2 
443 
38-5 
33-1 


FeO 
9-8 
15-9 
23-0 
29-7 


100 
100 
100 
100 


An  olivine  from  the  paleopicryte  of  the  Schwarze  Stein,  Nassau,  contains  14  p.  c.  CaO  as 
analyzed  by  Oebbeke,  see  p.  450. 

Anal.— 1,  Dingestedt,  Min.  Mitth.,  130,  1873.  2,  Velain,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  7,  172,  1884. 
3,  F.  W.  Clarke,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  35,  485,  1888.  4,  Genth.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  33,  199,  1862.  5,  Clar,  Min. 
Mitth  5,  85,  1883.  6,  Rath,  Fogg.,  155,  35,  1875.  7,  Knop,  Jb.  Min.,  698,  1877.  8,  Stromeyer, 
Gel.  Anz.  Gott.,  2078,  1824.  9,  T.  M.  Chatard,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  32,  125,  1886.  10,  Phillip,  Pogg., 
141,  512,  1870.  11,  Ricciardi  [Gazz.  Ch.  Ital.,  11,  144,  1881],  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  309.  12,  L.  V.  Pirsson, 
priv.  coutr.  13,  L.  G.  Eakius,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  315,  1890.  14,  E.  O.  Hovey,  priv.  contr. 
lo,  F.  W.  Mar,  priv.  contr.  16,  Scharizer,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  34,  707,  1884.  17,  Leuchtenberg, 
Min  Russl.,  6,  58,  1870.  18,  Inostranzev,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,4,  310,  1869.  19,  Kalle,  Rg.,  Min. 
Ch.,  427,  1875.  20,  Mailer,  Min.  Mitth.,  36,  1877.  21,  Harrington,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  390,  1878. 
22,  Kinnicutt,  Rep.  Peabody  Mus.  Archaeol.,  3,  382,  1884.  23,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  427.  1875. 
24,  Kertscher,  Doelter,  Vulk.  Gest.  Capverd.  Inseln,  73,  1882.  25,  E.  E.  Schmid,  Pogg.,  84, 
501,  1851.  26,  Beck,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  244,  1847.  27,  Hunt,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  29,  283,  1860.  28,  Hjort. 
dahl  Nyt  Mag.,  23,  227,  1877.  29,  Ziegenspeck,  Inaug.  Diss.,  p.  28,  Jena,  1883.  30,  E.  S.  D., 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  3,  49,  1872.  31,  Meyer,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.-Bd.,  2,  389,  1883.  32,  Rosenbusch,  Jb. 
Min.,  50,  1872. 


Vesuvius 
He  Bourbon 
Douglas  Co.,  Oregon 


4.  Webster,  N.  C. 


3-266    f  4117    4916 


G.          Si02     MgO     FeO 

3-261        42-30    51-64      5'01  A12O3  0'42,  CaO  1'08  =  100-45 
3-364        3996    49'18      6'28  A12O3  2'33  CaO  2'05,  =    99'80 

42  81    45-12      7-20  NiO  0'26,   Fe2O3  2'61,   Cr2O3  0'79, 

[igu.  0-57  =  99-36 

7-35  CaO  0-04,  NiO  0'41,  ign.  0'69,  insol. 
[1-23  =  100-05 

8-48  A12O3  0-30,  ign.  0-85  =  101-25 
8-43  MnO  1'03,  A12O3  O'lO  =  98'19 
8-54  =  100  [=  99-68 

9-19  Mn2O3  0-09,   NiO  0  32,   A12O3  0  22 
7-14  TiO2  0-07.   P2O5  0  04,  Fe2O3  2'99a, 
0-20,  CuO  1-16,  alk.  0'29,  ign.  0  80  =  99'42 
9  90  =  100 

10-13  A12O3  0-68,  H2O  1'33  =  100-03 
10-54  =  99-58  [=  99-85 

10-79  Fe203  0-18,   NiO  0'02,    MnO  0-14 
11-21  =  98-26  [=  100-05 

11-12  TiO2   0-12,    NiO  0  22b,  A12O3  0'49C 
11-18  CaO  0  12  =  99-81  [=  99'88 

11-80  MnO  0-29,    A12O3  0'06,    SnO2  0'08 
11-88  MnO  0-19,  A12O3  0'21  =  100'18 
12-34  =  99  39 

12-35  Al2Os  0-86,  CaO,  CuO  tr.  =  99'62 
12-65  Fe2O3  1'36,    MnO(CoO)    Oil,  ign. 
14-06  MnO  0-10  =  99'78        [2'91  =  99-96 
14-85  =  100 

15-63  A12O3  1  24  .-  100-08 
17-21  MnO  1-81  =9910 
17-45  =  100-72 
22-54  =  99-39 
24-02  =  100-61 
24-83  =  100-92 

28-07  MnO  1'24,  CaO  1 '43  =  100-21 
29-16  =  99-54 
29-96  =  98-67 
0-06  CoO.  c  Incl.  0-11  Fe2Os 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  whitens,  but  is  infusible  in  most  cases;  hyalosiderite  and  other  varieties 
rich  in  iron  fuse  to  a  black  magnetic  globule;  some  kinds  turn  red  upon  heating.  With  the  fluxes 
gives  reactions  for  iron.  Some  varieties  give  reactions  for  titanium  and  manganese.  Decomposed 
by  hydrochloric  and  sulphuric  acids  with  separation  of  gelatinous  silica. 

Obs.— A  common  constituent  of  some  eruptive  rocks,  especially  those  of  a  basic  character 
where  it  is  associated  with  augite,  bronzite,  hypersthene,  also  a  triclinic  feldspar  (as  labradorite), 
magnetite,  etc.  Usually  in  embedded  grains  or  less  commonly  distinct  crystals.  Distinct  crys- 
tals and  varieties  rich  in  iron  are  more  common  in  basalt,  basaltic  lavas,  and  the  immediately 


5. 

Fehring,  Styria 

3-359 

42-45 

49-17 

6. 

Vesuvius 

3183 

39-93 

48-70 

7. 

Liltzelberg 

41-19 

50-27 

8. 

Oriental 

3-351 

39-73 

50-13 

9. 

Elliot  Co.,  Ky. 

3-377 

40-05 

48-68 

[MnO 

10. 

Dreiser  Weiher 

3-36 

41-25 

48-85 

11. 

Etna 

41-06 

46-83 

12. 

Vesuvius 

39-85 

49-19 

13. 

Kiowa,  Kansas,  Meteor. 

3-376 

40-70 

48-02 

14. 

Sandwich  Is. 

3990 

47-15 

15. 

«          <i 

40-01 

48-09 

16. 

Jan  Mayen 

3-294 

40-39 

48-12 

17. 

Pallas  Iron,  Meteor. 

3-339    | 

40-24 

47-41 

18. 

Brahin,  Meteor. 

3-37 

39-61 

4829 

19. 

Vesuvius 

40-35 

46-70 

20. 

Ultenthal 

40-60 

45-81 

21. 

Ste.  Anne 

38-56 

44-37 

22. 

Turner  Mound,  Meteor. 

3-336 

40-02 

45-60 

23. 

Engelhaus 

39-34 

45-81 

24. 

Cape  Verde  Is. 

3-38 

39-33 

4388 

25. 

Atacama,  Meteor. 

36-92 

43-16 

26. 

Glinkite 

3-479    | 

39-21 

44-06 

27. 

Montarville 

3717 

39  68 

28. 

Skurruvaselv 

38-30 

3829 

29. 

Volcano  Yate 

3-42-35 

38-47 

3762 

30. 

Waterville,  N.  H. 

38-85 

30-62 

81. 

Hochbohl 

3-20 

41-90 

28-48 

32. 

Raise  rstu  hi,  Hyalosiderite 

3-566 

36-72 

31-99 

*  Incl.  0-24  Cr2O3,  0'39  A12O3. 

b  Incl. 

454  SILICATES. 

related  rocks;  also  in  peridotyte,  dimyte,  picryte;  commonly  in  grains  in  olivine-diabase,  olivine- 
gabbro,  olivine-noryte.  Further,  not  uncommon  in  granular  limestone  and  dolomite,  but  usually 
varieties  low  in  iron;  sometimes  an  accessory  constituent  in  hornblendic  or  pyroxjenic  crystalline 
schists;  occasionally  in  ore  deposits. 

In  grains,  rarely  crystals,  embedded  in  some  meteoric  irons,  especially  in  tbe  siderolites  or 
"  Pallasites."  In  tbe  Pallas  Iron, tbe  chrysolite  is  abundant  and  in  large 
yellow  grains,  which  when  carefully  extracted  show  large  numbers  of 
crystalline  facets  over  the  rounded  surface  (cf.  Kk.,  1.  c.);  through  the 
interior  there  are  numerous  hollow  canals  |  c.  The  Estherville,  Iowa, 
the  Kiowa,  Kansas,  and  the  Atacaina  meteorites  are  others  in  which 
chrysolite  is  similarly  prominent.  Also  present  in  meteoric  stones, 
frequently  in  spherical  forms,  or  chondrules,  sometimes  made  up  of  a 
multitude  of  grains  with  like  (or  unlike)  optical  orientation  inclosing 
glass  between  (f.  6). 

Among  the  more  prominent  localities  are:   Vesuvius  in  lava  and 
on  Monte  Somina  in  ejected  masses,  with  augite,  mica,  etc.,  where 
fosterite  also  occurs,   and  more   commonly;   the  crystals   are  some- 
Chrysolite     chondrule       times  associated  in  parallel  position  with  clinohumite.     Observed  in 
from  the  Knyahinya       the  so-called  sanidine  bombs  at  the  Laacher  See,  but  not  common; 
meteorite  (XlOdiam.).     at  Forstberg  near  Mayen  in  the  Eifel  and  forming  the  mass  of  "  oliviue 
bombs"  in  the  Dreiser  Weiher  near  Daun  in  the  same  region;  at  Ex- 

pailly  in  Haute-Loire;  at  Unkel,on  the  Rhine,  crystals  several  inches  long;  at  Kapfenstein  in  Lower 
Styria,  in  spheroidal  masses;  at  Sasbach  and  Ihringen  in  the  Kaiserstuhl,  near  Freiburg,  Baden, 
in  basalt,  a  variety  containing  much  iron  (hyalosideriie).  In  Sweden,  with  ore-deposits,  as  at 
Langban,  Pajsberg,  Persberg,  etc.  In  serpentine  at  Snarum,  Norway,  in  large  crystals,  them- 
selves altered  to  the  same  mineral.  In  talcose  schist,  found  near  Kyshtymsk,  N.  of  JVIiask,  and 
near  Sysersk  in  the  Ural,  in  greenish  embedded  nodules  (glinkite,  anal.  26).  Common  in  the 
volcanic  rocks  of  Sicily,  Hecla,  the  Sandwich  Islands,  the  Azores,  the  Canaries,  and  Cape 
Verde  Islands. 

In  the  U.  S.,  in  Thetford  and  Norwich,  Vermont,  in  boulders  of  coarsely  cryst.  basalt,  the 
crystals  or  masses  several  inches  through.  In  olivine-gabbro  of  Waterville,  in  the  White  Mts., 
(anal.  30),  New  Hampshire;  at  Webster,  in  Jackson  Co.,  N.  C.,  along  with  serpentine,  pyro- 
sclerite,  and  chromite;  with  chromite  in  Loudon  Co.,  Va. ;  in  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.,  at  Wood's 
mine,  with  serpentine  and  chromite  (Genth);  near  Media,  Delaware  Co.,  Pa.,  with  bronzite  and 
chromite.  In  small  clear  olive-green  grains  with  garnet  at  some  points  in  Arizona  and  New 
Mexico,  locally  called  Job's  tears  because  of  their  pitted  surface. 

In  basalt  in  Canada,  near  Montreal,  at  Rougemont  and  Mounts  Royal  and  Montarville,  and 
in  eruptive  rocks  at  other  points. 

Chrysolite  is  named  from  jpvcro'?,  gold,  and  A$oS.  The  hyalosiderite,  from  vaXoS,  glass, 
and  (TiSijpoS,  iron. 

The  chrysolithus  of  Pliny  was  probably  our  topaz;  and  his  topaz  our  cJirysolite.  But  Pliny's 
statement  that  "topazos"  is  the  largest  of  all  the  precious  stones,  and  that  a  statue  4  cubits  high 
was  made  of  it,  shows  that  he  confounded  together  different  stones,  since  solid  chrysolite  crys- 
tals are  never  as  large  as  some  topaz  crystals,  and  two  inches  is  an  extraordinary  magnitude. 
The  hardness  mentioned,  that  it  yields  to  the  action  of  the  file  and  wears  with  use,  is  right,  and 
seems  to  prove  that  true  chrysolite  was  included  under  the  name  of  topazion.  It  came  from  an 
island  in  the  Red  Sea,  and  was  very  highly  valued.  It  is  stated  by  Diodorus  Siculus  to  have 
resembled  glass,  but  to  have  had  a  remarkable  golden  appearance,  especially  conspicuous  at 
night  (King). 

Alt. — Alteiation  of  chrysolite  often  takes  place  through  the  oxidation  of  the  iron;  the 
mineral  becomes  brownish  or  reddish  brown  and  iridescent.  The  process  may  end  in  leaving 
the  cavity  of  the  crystal  filled  with  limonite  or  red  oxide  of  iron. 

A  very  common  kind  of  alteration  is  to  the  hydrous  magnesium  silicate,  serpentine,  with  the 
partial  removal  of  the  iron  or  its  separation  in  the  form  of  grains  of  magnetite,  also  as  iron  sesqui- 
oxide;  this  change  has  often  taken  place  on  a  large  scale.  See  further  under  serpentine,  p.  671. 
A  change  to  anthophyllite  and  to  actiuolite  has  been  noted  (Becke).  Deposits  of  a  hydrous 
nickel  silicate,  near  genthite,  in  Douglas  Co.,  Oregon,  are  shown  by  Clarke  to  be  probably 
derived  from  a  nickeliferous  chrysolite  (anal.  3);  a  similar  occurrence  has  been  noted  in  North 
Carolina.  See  genthite.  Chrysolite  also  occurs  altered  to  amphibole,  under  certain  conditions, 
in  the  older  crystalline  rocks,  a  zone  of  which  with  fibers  normal  to  the  outline  surrounds  a 
nucleus  of  the  original  mineral.  Becke  has  given  the  name  pilite  to  needles  of  colorless  amphibole 
formed  from  chrysolite  and  enclosing  also  some  serpentine,  chlorite,  magnetite,  etc.,  Min. 
Mitth.,  5,  164,  1882. 

Limbilite,  chusite,  and  siderocleple  of  Saussure  (J.  Phys.,  341,  1794),  all  from  Limburg  in 
the  Kaiserstuhl,  Breisgau,  have  been  regarded  as  chrysolite  more  or  less  altered,  but  this  is  doubt- 
ful. Cf.  Rosenbusch,  Jb.  Min.,  169,  1872. 

Artif. — Chrysolite  and  the  related  minerals  of  the  group  have  of  ten  been  observed  in  slags,  cf. 

Mir.,  Min.,  319,  1852,  also  Lasp.,  Zs.  Kr..  7,  494,  1883 (literature given);  Meunier,  C.  R.,  93,  737, 

1881,  and  especially  Vogt,  Ak.  H.  Stockh..  Bih.,  9  (1),  45,  1884,.Arch.  Math.  Nat.,  30,  8,  1889. 

Ref.— '  Deduced  from  a  series  of  measurements,  Min.  Russl.,  6, 16,  1870;  cf.  ib.,  5,  12,  1866; 

also  Bauer,  Jb.  Min.,  1, 1, 1887,  who  compares  tbe  axial  ratios  of  different  members  of  the  group. 


CHRYSOLITE  GROUP— CHRYSOLITE.  455 

•  Haid.,  Min.  Mobs,  2,  345,  1825;  Rose  (Pallas  Iron),  Pogg.,  4, 186, 1825,  and  Beschr.  Met. ,  p.  73, 
1863;  Levy,  Min.  Heul.,  2,  57,  1837;  Scc.,della  Humite  e  del  Peridoto,  etc.,  1852,  or  Pogg.,  Erg., 
3,  184,  1853;  Mir.,  Miu.,  316,  1852;  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  30,  1862;  Kk.,  1.  c. 

3  Rath,  Laacher  See,  Pogg.,  135,  580,  1868.  *  Kk.,  Pallas  Iron,  1.  c.,  6,  1.  5  Twins,  Rath, 
1.  c.,  p.  581;  Kalkowsky,  Zs.  Kr.,  1O,  17,  1885.  Of.  Hyland,  Min.  Mitth.,  10,  225,  1888. 
«  Rhine,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin^  1109,  1889.  '  Miu.,  1,  31,  1862,  N.  R.,  83,  1867,  cf.  also  Rinne,  1.  c. 
8  Jb.  Min.,  1,  19,  1887. 

VILLARSITE  Dufrenoy,  C.  R.,  14,  697,  1842,  Ann.  Mines,  1,  387,  1842.  Serpentin  aus  d. 
Malenkerthal  Fellenberg,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  101,  38,  1867. 

An  altered  chrysolite,  occurring  in  pseudomorphous  crystals,  often  trillings,  also  in  rounded 
grains.  Analyses.— 1,  2,  Dufrenoy,  1.  c.,  and  Min.,  4,  343,  1859.  3,  Fellenberg,  1.  c. 

SiO2  FeO  MnO  MgO  CaO  K2O  H2O 

1.  Traversella       G.  —  2*975        39*61  3*59  2*42  47*37  0*53  0*46  5*80  =  99'78 

2.  Forez                                           40'53  6*25  —  43*75  1*70  0*72  6*21  =  9915 

3.  Malenkerthal    G.  =  2*99      |  41'72  7'96  —  42*15      —  —  5*55            CrO  NiO  0  To, 

[AlaO3  3*19  =  101-30 

Anal.  1  is  of  the  original  villarsite  from  Traversella,  where  it  is  associated  with  mica,  quartz, 
aud  dodecahedral  magnetite;  2,  of  grains  from  the  granite  of  Forez  and  Morvau,  France. 
Grains  in  the -interior  of  the  serpentine  pseudomorphs  of  Snarum  have  sometimes  a  similar  com- 
position. The  mineral  from  Pirlo  in  the  Malenkerthal,  of  the  Grisons,  constitutes  the  base  of  a 
serpentine-like  rock,  which  is  slightly  crystalline  in  texture,  somewhat  slaty,  feeble  luster,  and 
between  blackish  gray  and  dark  green  in  color. 

On  the  optical  properties  of  villarsite  see  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  95,  1862,  and  Lex.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min., 
10,  144,  1887.  Named  after  the  mineralogist,  Villars,  who  published  a  Natural  History  of 
Dauphiny. 

MATRICITE  N.  0.  Hoist,  G.  For.  Forh.,  2,  528,  1875.  In  crystalline  masses  with  concentric, 
fine  fibrous  structure.  Fracture  splintery  to  uneven.  Feel  greasy.  H.  =  3-4.  G.  =  2*53. 
Luster  pearly.  Color  gray,  often  with  a  greenish  tinge.  Streak  white.  Sub  translucent  to 
opaque.  Analysis  (after  the  deduction  of  28 '36  p.  c.  CaCO3  mechanically  mixed): 

SiOa         MgO       CaO      A12O3      FeO       MnO      Na2O       H2O 

33  99        37*96        5'64        1*33        1*82        0'47        0  98        17*81  =  100 

B.B.  infusible.  Yields  water  in  the  closed  tube.  Decomposed  by  acids  with  separation  of 
silica,  but  does  not  gelatinize.  Occurs  intimately  mixed  with  calcite  and  associated  with 
spodiosite,  at  the  Krangrufva  in  Werinland,  Sweden. 

FERRITE  Wallace  Young,  quoted  by  Heddle,  Min.  Mag.,  5,  28,  1882.  Heddle,  ibid.,  and  7, 
134,  1887.  An  alteration  product  of  chrysolite  in  the  doleryte  between  Gleniffar  and  Boyleston 
near  Glasgow,  Scotland.  It  retains  the  form  in  some  cases,  is  soft,  deep  red  to  chocolate-brown 
in  color,  with  cleavage  prominent  ||  a  and  b.  Analysis,  Heddle,  of  the  air-dried  mineral  (loss  at 
100°,  3*83  p.  c.):  SiO2  13*02,  A12O3  13*16,  Fe2O3  53*47,  FeO  4*51,  MnO  0*15,  MgO  6  63,  CaO 
0*75,  H2O  8-39  =  100*08. 

376A:  Hortonolite  G.  J.  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  48,  17,  1869,  John  M.  Blake,  ibid.,  p.  20. 
In  crystals  and  crystalline  mas_ses.  Forms:  6  (010,  $4),  c  (001,  0),  m  (110,  /);  d(lQl,l-i): 
k  (021,  2-i);  e  (111,  1),  g  (212,  1-2).  Crystals  flattened  ||  b,  with  tf  prominent.  Measured  angles; 
bm  =  65°,  .*.  mm'"  =  50°;  bk  =  40°  45',  .-.  kk'  =  98°  30'  Blake. 

Cleavage:  a  (100),  vc  (001).  Fracture  uneven.  H.  =  6'5.  G.  =  3'91.  Luster  vitreous  to 
resinous.  Color  yellow  to  dark  yellowish  green  on  the  fresh  fracture,  but  black  and  dull  on 
the  surface.  Translucent. 

Composition,  (Fe,Mg)2SiO4,  or  intermediate  between  chrysolite  and  fayalite,  but  containing 
also  manganese  and  hence  near  some  knebelite,  p.  457.  Anal. — G.  J.  Brush,  1.  c.,  on  material 
purified  by  an  electro-magnet. 

SiO2  33*59,     FeO  44*37,     MnO  4*35,     MgO  16 "68,     CaO  tr.,  K2O  0*39,  ign.  0*26  =  99*64 

B.B.  fuses  at  4.  Reacts  for  iron  and  manganese  with  the  fluxes.  Decomposed  by  hydro- 
chloric acid  with  gelatinization. 

Occurs  intimately  associated  with  magnetite,  also  embedded  in  calcite  at  an  iron  mine  at 
Monroe,  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y.  It  is  named  after  Mr.  Silas  R.  Horton. 

NEOCHRYSOLITE  A.  ScaccM,  Rend.  Accad.  Napoli,  Oct.  14,  1876.  In  small,  black,  crys- 
talline plates  ||  b,  also  thick  tabular  ||  a,  crystallographically  identical  with  chrysolite.  Cf .  E.  Sec., 
Zs.  Kr.,  15,  293,  1889.  Peculiar  in  containing  a  considerable  amount  of  manganese,  but  not 
yet  analyzed.  Found  in  the  cavities  of  the  lava  of  1631,  with  sodalite  and  orthoclase,  at  the 
Cupa  di  Sabatauiello,  Vesuvius. 

376B.  Titan-Olivine  Damour,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  2,  15,  1879.  Peridot  titanif ere  Id. .  Ann. 
Mines,  8, 90,  1855.  A  variety  of  chrysolite  characterized  chemically  by  the  presence  of  titanium, 
and  physically  by  its  deep  yellow  or  red  color  and  strong  pleochroism.  Occurs  in  imperfect  crys- 
tals or  grains,  having  the  angles  of  ordinary  chrysolite,  but  showing  some  unusual  and  uncer- 
tain forms,  Dx.  (Min.,  1,  35, 1862).  Sections  j_  Bx  (=  a)  show  twinning,  sometimes  poly  synthetic 


456 


SILICATES. 


with  b  inclined  20°  to  the  trace  of  the  twinning  plane  symmetrically  in  each  half  Indices- 
a  =  1-669,  ft  =  1-678,  y  =  1'702,  2Ha.y  =  72°  20'.  .'.  2Vy  =  62°  18'.  Color  brownish  red. 
Pleochroism  strong:  c  (=  fc)  bright  yellow,  a  deep  reddish  yellow.  Absorption  a  >  fc  —  c.  It 
is  suggested  that  the  form  may  be  monoclinic  similar  to  clinohumite,  to  which  it  bears  a  cer- 
tain resemblance,  but  it  is  more  probably  like  ordinary  chrysolite.  Cf.  Lex.,  who  gives  the 
above  optical  determinations,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  13,  15,  1890. 

Analyses.— 1,  2,  Dmr.,  Ann.  Mines,  8,  90,  1855.     3,  Id.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  2,  15,  1879. 

G.  SiO2        TiO2       MgO        FeO       MnO       ign. 

1.  Pfunders  3'25  36-30        5'30        49'65        6'00        0'60        1  75  =  99'60 

2.  "  36*87        3-51        50*14        6'21        0'60        1-71  =  99'04 

3.  Zermatt,  Titan-olimne      3'27  36-14        6'10        48-31        6'89        0-19        2  23  =  99*86 

From  Pfunders  in  Tyrol  in  talcpse  schist;  also  embedded  in  a  similar  rock  found  in  masses 
in  the  moraine  of  the  Findelen  glacier  at  Zermatt,  Switzerland. 


377.  FAYALITE.     C.  G.  Gmelin,  Pogg.,  51,  160,  1840.    Eisenperidot,  Eisenglas,  Germ. 
Iron  Chrysolite. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  &  :  I  :  c  =  0-4584  :  1  :  0'5793  Penfield1. 

100  A  HO  =  24°  37f ',  001  A  101  =  51°  38f ',  001  A  Oil  =  30°  5'. 


Forms : 
a  (100,  i-l) 

mm'"  =  49°  15' 
as  =  *42°  31' 
88'  =  94°  58' 


b  (010,  M) 
c  (001,  0) 


m  (110,  J) 
s  (120,  i-2) 


dd'  =  *103°  17' 
kk  =     98°  24' 


d  (101,  1-1) 
k  (021,  24) 


'  =    95°    7' 
"  =  108°  32' 


e  (111,  1) 
/  (121,  2-2)* 


ee'"  =  39°  33' 
ff'"  =  71°  26' 


1. 


1,  Obsidian  Cliff  ;  2,  Lake  of  the  Woods,  Yellowstone  Park,  Pfd.     3,  Lipari,  Id. 

In  minute  crystals,  tabular  ||  a.     Also  massive. 

Cleavage:  b  distinct,  a  less  so.  Fracture  imperfectly  conchoidal.  Brittle. 
H.  =  6-5.  G.  =  4-4-14;  4*138  Fayal;  4-006  Ireland,  Delesse.  '  Luster  metalloidal, 
somewhat  resinous  on  the  fracture.  Color  of  crystals  light  yellow,  transparent; 
becoming  opaque  and  dark  brown  to  black  and  often  iridescent  on  the  surface  by 
oxidation.  Ax.  pi.  ||  c.  Bx  _]_  a. 

Comp.— Ferrous  orthosilicate,  Fe2Si04  or  2FeO.Si02  =  Silica  29-4,  iron  pro- 
toxide 70-6  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  425,  1875.     2,  Delesse,  Bull.  G.  Fr.,  10,  571,  1853.    3,  Gooch, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  30,  58,  1885.    Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  259. 


1.  Fayal 

2.  Slavcarrach  G.  =  3 '885 

3.  Yellowstone 


SiO2  FeO    MnO  MgO  CaO 

29-25  66-01          —  0-45  CuO  1-33,  A12O3  3-57  =  100-61 

29-50  63-54    5'07    0-30      —    =    98 -41 

32-41  65-49    2-10      —       —    =  100 


The  crystals  analyzed  by  Gooch  were  coated  with  iron  oxide;  14'92  Fe2O3,  7*02  quartz  have 

been  deducted  and  the  analysis  calculated  to  100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Fuses  readily  to  a  black  magnetic  globule.     Gelatinizes  with  acids 

Obs.— From  the  Mourn eMts.,  Ireland,  on  Slavcarrach,  near  Bryansford,  in  pegmatyte;  forms 

nodules  in  volcanic  rocks  at  Fayal,  one  of  the  Azores. 


CHRYSOLITE  GROUP— EX  EBELITE—TEFHROITK  457 

In  lithophyses  in  rhyolite  at  Obsidian  Cliff  and  other  localities  in  the  Yellowstone  Park  with 
quartz  and  a  glassy  feldspar  (anorthoclase,  anal.  17,  p.  325)3;  similarly  in  the  obsidian  of  Lipari 
(Iddiugs  and  Penneld,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40.  75,  1890).  Probably  also  in  similar  association  in  the 
obsidian  of  the  Cerro  de  las  Navajas,  Mexico  (Rose,  Pogg.,  10,  323,  1827;  Iddings,  1.  c.).  Also 
from  Colorado  at  Cheyenne  Ml.  Probably  with  the  hafuefiordite  of  Iceland.2 

Artif.— Crystalline  slags  having  the  composition  of  fayalite  are  not  uncommon.  See  refer- 
ences under  chrysolite,  p.  454,  also  ref.  »  below;  further  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  7,  61,  1884. 

Among  the  various  artificial  chrysolites  is  also  one  having  the  composition  (Ca,Fe)2SiO4. 
Vogt  (ref.  on  p.  454)  describes  crystals,  and  an  analysis  by  Kruhs  gave :  SiO2  34*30,  FeO  25'64, 
€aO  33-72,  MnO  0'86,  MgO  4'68,  A12O3  0'78  =  99'98.  Cf.  Jackson,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  358.  1855. 

Ref.— »  Yellowstone  Park,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  30,  59,  1885.  Cf.  Bauer,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  1,  1887. 
2  Iceland,  Dx.,  Min.,  2,  p.  x,  1874.  3  Iddings,  Obsidian  Cliff,  7th  Ann.  Rep.,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.. 
p.  270,  1888 

378  KNEBELITE.  Knebelit  Dobereiner,  Schw.  J.,  21,  49,  1817.  Igelstr5mit  Wettull, 
G  For.  Forh.,  6,500,  1883;  Eisenknebelit  Id.,  Min.  Mitth.,  7,  120.  1885. 

Orthorhombicx     Usually  crystalline  massive. 

Cleavage:  m  distinct;  a,c  indistinct.  Fracture  subconchoidal  to  uneven.  Brittle. 
H.  =  G-5.     G.  =  3-9-4-17;    4-122   Erdmann.     Luster  glistening,    greasy.     Color 

I  ray,   spotted  dirty-white,   red,  brown,  yellow,  and  green;  also  grayish  black  to 
lack.     Translucent  to  opaque. 

Optically  — .     Ax.   pi.  ||  c.     Bx  J_  #•     Dispersion  p  >  v.     Ax.  angle  =  63° 
45'  (in  glass)  Dx.     For  igelstromite -59°  12'  Weibull. 

Comp.— (Fe,Mn,Mg)2Si04  or  2(Fe,Mn,Mg)O.Si02.     The  relation  between  the 
iron,  manganese  and  magnesium  varies  widely. 

Var.— 1.  Ordinary.  Ratio  of  Fe  :  Mn  nearly  =  1:1,  which  requires:  Silica  29'6,  iron  pro- 
toxide 35-5,  manganese  protoxide  34 '9  =  100.  In  crystalline  masses,  showing  cleavage. 

2.  Igelstromite.  Eisenknebelit.  'Contains  about  10  p.  c.  more  FeO  and  less  MnO  than 
ordinary  knebelite.  A  variety  (anal.  5)  from  the  rock  called  eulysyte  contains  still  more  iron 
and  approximates  toward  hortonolite  (p.  455)  and  hyalosiderite  (p.  452). 

Anal.— 1,  Pisaiii,  Dx.  Min.,  2,  p.  xi,  1874.  2,  Weibull,  Min.  Mitth..  7,  121,  1885.  3,  Id.,  G. 
For.  Forh.,  6,  500,  1883.  4,  Id.,  ibid,  7,  263, 1884.  5,  Erdmaun,  Ofv,  Ak.  Stockh.,  6,  111,  1849. 

SiO2     FeO     MnO   MgO 

1.  Dannemora  G.  =  393        29'50    36-95    30'07    1'70  A1,O3  1'72,  CaO  <H8  =  100'12 

2.  "  28-96    36-73    2969    2'33  A12O3  1'07,  CaO  I'OO  =    99'78 

3.  Silfberg,  Igelstromite   G.  =  4'17    f  29'57    47-06    18 '84    3'01  CaCO3  1-14  =  99-62 

4.  Hillangs  mine  28'76    48'59    18'57    1-98  CaCO8  2-25  =  100  15 

5.  Tunaberg  29'34    54'71      839    3'04  A1,O3  1'20,  CaO  3'07  =  99'75 

Pyr.,  etc. — According  to  Dobereiner,  unaltered  B.B.,  but  Erdmann's  mineral  fused  easily 
to  a  lusterless  magnetic  bead,  and  gave  with  the  fluxes  reactions  for  iron  and  manganese.  De- 
composed readily  by  hydrochloric  acid  with  separation  of  gelatinous  silica. 

Obs. — The  original  mineral  analyzed  by  Dobereiue:-  was  from  an  unknown  locality,  but  G. 
Suckow  (Kenng.,  Ueb.  Min.,  93,  1855)  states,  on  the  authority  of  Kucbcl,  that  it  was  found  in 
granite  near  Ilmenau.  The  Dannemora  mineral  is  grayish  black  to  black  in  large  masses,  light 
gray  on  the  thin  edges,  and  is  stated  to  cleave  parallel'to  a  prism  of  about  65°.  Also  from  the 
Vester-Silfberg  mine  in  the  Norrba"rke  parish,  Dalekarlia,  and  the  Hillangs  mine,  4  miles  to  the 
southwest. 

Erdmann's  mineral  was  from  the  chrysolitic  rock  called  by  him  eulysyte  from  the  region  of 
Tuuaberg,  Sodermanland,  Sweden;  it  was  dark  yellow  to  reddish  brown  in  color,  and  was  inti- 
mately mingled  with  diallage  and  a  brown  garnet. 

Named  after  Major  von  Kiiebel. 

379.  TEPHROITE.    Tephroit  Breith ,  Char.,  278,  1823;   212,  329,  1832.    Tefroit 
Picrotephroite. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  &  \l :  6  =  0-46004  :  1  :  0'59389  Hj.  Sjogren1. 
100  A  HO  =  24°  42£',  001  A  101  =  d2p  14£',  001  A  Oil  =  30°  42£'. 
Forms9 :  a  (100,  i-i\  x  (10  9'0,  *^>;  m  (110,  I),  s  (120,  £2),  h  (Oil,  .1-*),  e  (111,  1),  /  (121, 
1(131,3-3). 

mm"  =    49°  24'  ae  =  *42°    1'  ee"  =  109°  44'  ee'n  r«  89"  58' 

M'        =     94°  46'  ee'  =  95°  58'  jf"  =  120°  38'  ff "'  -  72r    4' 

as       =  *42°  37'  'ff'  =  79°  29'  II"  =  131°  7'  U'"  -  94°  59' 

M'      =     61°  25'  IV  =  64°  35' 


468 


SILICATES. 


Crystals  rare.    Usually  crystalline  massive. 

Cleavage  distinct  in  two  directions  at  right  angles.  Fracture  subconchoidal. 
Brittle.  Tl.  =  5*5-6,  G.  — 4-4'12.  Luster  vitreous  to  greasy.  Color 
grayish  flesh-red,  reddish  brown,  and  rose-red,  to  ash-gray,  smoky- 
gray.  Streak  pale  gray,  Darkens  on  exposure  to  brown  and  black. 
Translucent  to  subtranslucent. 

Pleochroism  distinct:  c  (=  a)  greenish  blue,  b  (=  t)  reddish, 
8  (—  ft)  brownish  red;.  Absorption  b  >  c  >  a.  Optically  — .  Ax. 
pi.. ||  c.  Bx  J_  b.  Axial  angles,  Dx.  and  Flink: 


2Har  =  84°  41'     2Habi  =     82°  59' 
2Ha.y  =  81°    4'    2H0.y  =  112° -16' 


2Er     =  161°  48'    2EM  =  156°  35' 

2Ya.y    =       76°      6' 


Si02 
30-19 
30-55 
31-73 
29-44 
30-63 
29-95 
30-82 
31-36 
31-39 
31-70 
33-70 

MnO 
65-59 

52-32 
47-62 
57-31 
49-80 
36-43 
56-83 
44-07 
65-34 
47-70 
51-19 

FeO 
1-09 
1-52 
023 
0-87 
333 
1-96 

415 
0:80 

ZnO 

0-27 
5-93 
4-77 
7-36 
5-74 
11-61 

MgO 
1-38 
7-73 
14-03 
2-50 
10-16 
18-60 
2-79 
17-71 
3-15 
9-48 
12-17 

CaO 
1-04 
1-60 
0-54 
2-51 

5-37 
tr. 

9-80 
0-95 

ign. 
0-37 
0-28 
0-35 
0-27 

i-7i 

2-20 
0-87 

0-44 

- 

99-93- 
99-93^ 
99-27 
100-26- 
99  -6ft 
100-2G 
98-01 
98-16> 
99-8S 
99-48 
98-45 

Comp. — Manganese    ortho-silicate,    Mn?Si04   or    2MnO.Si02   = 
Pajsberg,  Plink.  Silica  29*8,  manganese  protoxide  70'2  —  100.     Magnesium  is  usually 
present,  and-  in  picrotephroite  to  considerable  amount.     Also  in 
small  quantity  iron,  and  sometimes  zinc,  though  the  zinc  maybe  in  part  due  ta 
zincite  (Brush). 

Anal.— 1,  G.  J.  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  37,  66,  1864  (the  original  tephroite  of  Breithaupt). 
2,  Collier,  ibid.  3,  Hague,  ibid.  4;  Mixter,  ib.,  46,  231.  1868.  5,  G.  C.  Stone,  Sch.  Mines  Q., 
8,  152.  1887  6,  Damour,  Ann;  Mines, '  2,  340,  1862.  7,  8,  Igelstrom,  6fv.,Ak.  Stockb.,  22* 
228,  1865.  9,  Wiborgh,  G.  For.  Forh.,  6,  539,  1,883.  10,  Pisani,  C.  R.,  84,  1511,  1877. 
11,  Paijkull,  G.  For.  FOrb.,  3,  351,  1877. 

G. 

1.  Sterling  Hill  4'10 

2.  "          "   brown  3'97 

3.  "          "   red  3 -87 

4.  Franklin  Furnace,  ash-gray  4-0 

5.  "  "  3-913 
.6. 

7.  Pajsberg,  rose 

8.  ' '         brown 

9.  Langban  3-95-4-02 
10. 

11.  Picrotephroite 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  at  3-5  to  a  black  scoria.  Gelatinizes  in  hydrochloric  acid  •without 
evolving  chlorine.  With  the  fluxes  gives  reactions  for  manganese  and  iron.  The  magnesian. 
variety  fuses  at  4  (anal.  2)  to  6  (anal.  3). 

Obs. — Found  at  Sterling  Hill  in  the  town  of  Sparta,  Sussex  Co".,  N.  J  ,  with  zincite,  willem- 
ite,  and  f rankliuite,  in  cleavable  masses;  at  Franklin  Furnace '-.  in  the  same  region,  similarly 
associated;  also  at  Pajsberg  in  Wermland,  Sweden,  along  with 'rhodonite  and  other  manganesiaa 
minerals;  at  the  Sjogrufva,  with  hausmannite;  at  Laugban,  Wermland  (picrotephroite}  with 
jacobsite,  diopside,  etc. 

The  name  tephroite  is  from  re<ppds,  ash-colored  Breithaupt's  original,  specimen*  was  from 
the  collection  of  H.  Heyer  at  Dresden. 

Ref.— '  Langban,  G.  For.  Forh.,  6,  539,  1883.  Flink,  Pajsberg,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  Bitiang, 
13  (2),  No.  7,  64,  1888.  Flink  calculates:  a  :  b  :  c  :  =  0'4621  :  1  :  0'5914.  «  Dx.,  Ann.  .Mines, 
2,  339,  1862,  N.  R,  99,  1867.  Also  Flink,  1,  c. 

HYDROTEPHROITE.  Hydrotefroit.  L.  J.  Igelstrom,  6fv.  Ak.  Stockh/,  27,  605,  1865.  A 
hydrous  tephroite  from  Pajsberg,  which  has  a  pale  reddish  color,  a  colorless  streak,  and  H.  =  .4; 
gelatinizes  with  acids  and  yields  water.  Analysis:  SiO2  28'46,  Mn2O3  0-49.  MuO.  53*44, 
MgO  11  89,  CaO  FeO  tr.,  H2O  5'85  =  100'13,  and  corresponding  to  (Mn,Mg)2SiO4  +  §H2O.  Jt 
may  be  an  altered  tephroite. 

EPIGENITE  L  J.  Igelstrom,  G.  F5r  F5rh.,  11,  393,  1889.  NEOTESITE  Id.,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  257, 
1890.  Near  hydrotephroite  and  apparently  also  derived  from  tephroite.  Occurs  in  small  bladed' 
masses  embedded  in  tephroite  Cleavage:  distinct.  H.  =  5-5*5.  Color  brownish  red,  resem- 
bling prthoclase  or  some  rhodonite.  Streak  pale  red.  Composition  (Mn,Mg)Si04.Ha(X 
Analysis:  Igelstrom,  1.  c. 

Si02  29-50        MnO  40-60        FeO  tr         MgO  20  05        H30  9'85  =  100 
B.B.  fuses  rather  easily  to  a  black  bead      Decomposed  by  acids  without  gelalinization. 
Occurs  at  the  manganese  mine,  the  Sjogrufva,  in  the   Gryihytte  parish,  Orebro,  Sweden^ 
Immediately  associated  with  gray  tephroite,  calcite,  etc..  in  an  ore  carrying  hausmanuite. 

A  black  silicate  of  manganese  from  Klapperud,  Dalekarlia,  having  a  submetallic  luster  anxf 


PHENACITE  GROUP.  459 

yellowish  brown  streak,  afforded  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  4,  137):  SiO2  25  0,  MnO  55 '8,  HaO  13-0=93-8 
=  Mn28iO4  +  2H2O,  agreeing  with  the  tephroite,  excepting  the  water.  Klaproth  obtained  .60 
p.  c.  of  MnO,Mu2O3,  whence  the  above  is  deduced  by  Berzelius. 

379A.  Rcepperite.  Iron-mauganese-ziuc  chrysolite  Rcepper,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  50,  35,  1870, 
JRapperite  G.  J.  Brush,  Dana's  Min..  App.  i,  p.  13,  1872.  Stirlingite  Kenngott,  Jb.  Min.,  188. 
1872. 

Orthorhoinbic.  In  large  coarse  crystals  resembling  chrysolite,  with  a  (100),  b  (010),  c  (001), 
m\\W),  d  (101),  A;  (021),  *(111%  <»(211)?.  Angles:  mm'"  =  50°,  M  =  103°: 

Cleavage:  b,  c  distinct;  a  splintery.  H.  =  5'5-6.  G.  =  3 '95-4-08.  Luster  vitreous  to 
greasy.  Color  when  fresh  pale  yellow,  as  weathered  dark  green  to  black,  mottled.  Translucent 
in  thin  splinters.  Streak  yellow  to  reddish  gray.  Slightly  magnetic. 

Composition :  (Fe.MnjZu.MffhSiO*,  and  hence  near  some  kinds  of  tephroite,  p.  458.  Anal.-^- 
1-3,  W.  T.  topper,  1.  c. 

SiO2       FeO       MnO      ZnO     MgO 

1.  Crystals  30-76      33-78.     16'25      10'96      7'60  =  99'35 

2.  "  30-23      35-52      16'91      10'68      5-63  insol.  1'04  =  100-01 

3.  Massive  f  30'54      34'78      17'74        9'48      6'09  insol.  2'02  =  100'65 

B.B.  fuses  with  difficulty  on  the  thin  edges  to  a  black  slag.  With  the  fluxes  reacts  for  iron, 
manganese,  and  silica;  on  charcoal  with  soda  gives  a  zinc  coating.  Gelatinizes  with  acids  readily 
«,nd  completely,  leaving  sometimes  a  bright  green  residue  of  spinel. 

Occurs  at  Sterling  Hill,  Sussex  Co.,  N.  J.,  with  willemite,  frankliuite,  jeffersonite,  and 
apinel;  also  found  at  Franklin  Furnace  with  gahnite. 

A  zinc  chrysolite  (Zinkfayalit  Germ.}  has  been  noted  as  a  furnace  product  by  Stelzner  at 
Freiberg.  It  occurs  in  the  slags  in  foliated  aggregates  of  tabular  crystals,  rectangular  in  form, 
together  with  a  zink  spinel.  An  analysis  of  material  consisting  chiefly  of  these  aggregates  gave: 
Si02  28-45,  ZnO  18'55.  FeO  41'98.  SnO2  0-75,  PbO  2  50,  CuO  0'60,  CaO  3'00,  MgO  0'84,  ~ 
1-80,  A12O3 1-31,  S  T70  =  101-48,  deduct  (O  =  S)  0-85  =  100-63.  Jb.  Min.,  1,  170, 1882. 


6.  Plienacite  Group.     RaSi04.    Rlioniboliedral. 
380.    Trimerite        Mn,Si04.Be9Si04       Pseudo-hexagonal   6  =0-7233 


Triclinic  -I    *:*•<>  =  °'5^3  :  1  :  0«5425 
a  —      =      =  90° 


rr>  6 

381.  WiUemite  Zn2Si04  04°  30'  0-6775 

Troostite         (Zn,Mn)aSiO, 

382.  Phenacite  BeaSi04  Tetartohedral  65°  W  0-6611 

As  shown  byBrogger,  tlie  pseudo-hexagonal  species,  Trimerite,  connects  the  Phenacite 
Group  proper  with  the  Chrysolite  Group;  in  composition  it' is  intermediate  between  Tephroite 
and  Phenacite. 


rrr  6 

383.  Dioptase              HaCnSi04                    Tetartohedral           54°    5*  0;5342 

384.  Friedelite            H7(MnCl)Mn4(Si04)4                                   S56°  17'  0'5624 

385.  Pyrosmalite        H7((Fe,Mn)Cl)(Fe,Mn)4(Si04)4                   53°-49'  0-5308 

The  three  species  Dioptase,  Friedelite,  Pyrosmalite  are  very  near  to  each  other  in  form,,  as 
shown  in  t!ie  above  axial  ratios;  they  further  approximate  closely  to  the  species  of  the  Phenacite 
Group  proper,  with  which  they  are  further  connected  by  the  tetarlohedrism  of  Dioptase. 

They  are  also  closely  related  among  themselves  in  composition,  since  they  are  all  acid  ortho-, 
silicates,  and  have  the  general  formula  H2RSiO4  =  HsR^SiO^,  where  (e.g.  for  Friedelite;  in  the 
latter  form  the  place  of  one  hydrogen  atom  is  taken  by  the  univalent  radical  (MnCl). 


460  SILICATES. 

380.  TRIMERITE.     G.  Flink,  Zs.  Kr.,  18,  361,  1890. 

Triclinic,   pseudo-hexagonal.     In  thick  tabular  prismatic  crystals   hexagonal 
in  form  and  angle.     Axis  6  =  0-7233;  0001  A  1011  =  39°  52'  Flink1. 


Forms:  c  (0001,  0),  a  (1120,  *-2);  m  (1010,  /);  8  (3368,  f-2),  p  (3364,  f-2),  o  (12-3'15'8, 

Angles:  cs  =  28°  29',  cp  =  *47°  20',  pp'  =  43°  8f  . 

The  fundamental  form  assumed  above  shows  the  relation  to  phenacite.  If  p  be  made  1011, 
the  forms,  taken  in  the  above  order,  become:  c  (0001),  w^Ql^-a  (1120),  s  (1012),  p  (1011),  o  (2132). 
The  pyramid  o  is  present  according  to  pyramidal  hemmedrism. 

Optically  trimerite  is  shown  by  BrOgger2  to  be  triclinic  with  a  prismatic  angle  of  60°.  On- 
this  basis  (if  m  =  110,  p  r*  111)  the  axial  ratio  is  a  :  b  :  c  =  0'57735  :  1  :  0*54248;  a=fi=r=W. 
See  further  the  optical  relations  (Bgr.)  explained  below. 

Cleavage:  basal,  distinct.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  6-7.  G.^3'474 
Bgr.  Luster  vitreous,  brilliant.  Color  salmon-pink,  pale  yellowish  red  to  nearly 
colorless  in  small  crystals.  Transparent  to  translucent. 

A  basal  section  shows  strong  double  refraction,  with  composition  of  three  individuals,  the 
position  of  each  corresponding  to  a  revolution  of  120°  about  the  normal  to  the  basal  plane. 
There  are  also  embedded  lamellae  parallel  in  position.  The  ax.  pi.  is  inclined  20°  to  the  adjacent 
edge  c/m.  The  ax.  plane  and  Bxa  are  nearly  40,  but  in  the  lamellae,  seen  also  in  sections  |  a, 
(1120),  a  variation  of  2i°  on  one  side  to  4°  on  the  other  is  noted.  Optical  character  —  .  Refrac- 
tive indices: 

ar  =  1-7119  Li  j3t  =  f  1-71  73  yT    =  1'7220 

a.  =  1-7148  Na  /ff_=f  1-7202  y^    =  1-7253 

«„=  1-7196  Tl  &„  =  1  1-7254  /„  =  1*7290 

2Ha~y=  101°  12'  2H0^=     120°  1  2Vy   =  83°  29' 


Comp.—  (Mn,Ca)aSi04.BeaSi04.  If  Mn  :  Ca  =  2  :  1,  the  percentage  composi- 
tion is:  Silica  39*8,  glucina  16-6,  manganese  protoxide  31*3,  lime  12*3  =  100.  Iron 
also  replaces  part  of  the  manganese. 

Anal.—  Flink,  1.  c, 

SiO8  39-77      BeO  17'08      MnO  26'86      FeO  3'87      CaO  12  44      MgO  0'61  =  100  63 


.  —  B.B.  fusible  with  difficulty  in  thin  splinters  forming  a  black  slag:  gives  the  usual 
reactions  for  manganese  and  iron.  Very  slightly  attacked  by  dilute  hydrochloric  acid,  but 
readily  decomposed  by  strong  acid  when  pulverized,  with  the  separation  of  flocculent  silica 

Obs.  —  Of  rare  occurrence  at  the  Harstig  mine,  Wermland,  Sweden;  it  is  found  embedded 
in  calcite;  the,  crystals,  sometimes  coated  with  a  web  of  actiuolite  needles,  are  implanted  upon  a 
rock  consisting  of  a  fine  granular  mixture  of  magnetite,  grayish  green  pyroxene,  garnet,  etc.. 
The  largest  crystal  found  was  12  mm.  broad  and  8mm.  thick. 

Named  from  Tpijueprfs,  m  three  parts,  in  allusion  to  its  optical  structure. 

Ref.—  '  L.  c.     2  Ibid.,  p.  371  and  377. 


381.  WILLEMITE.  Siliceous  Oxide  of  Ziuc,  Silicate  of  Zinc  (fr.  N.  Jersey),  Vanuxem  & 
Kealinp,  J.  Ac.  Philad.,  4.  8,  1824.  Willeniite  (fr.  Moresnet)  Levy,  Jb.  Mta.,  71,  1830;  Ann. 
Mines,  4,  513,  1843.  Williamsite,  Wilhelmite,  Villemite,  alt.  ort/iogr.  Anhydrous  Silicate  of 
Zinc.  Hebetin  (fr.  Moresnet)  BreitJi.,  Char.,  130,  1832.  Troostite  (fr.  N.  J.)  Shepard,  Min.,  1st 
part,  154,4332.  Tephrowillemite  Koenig,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  187,  1889. 

Rhombohedral.  Axis  6  =  0-6775;  0001  A  1011  =  38°  2J' 
E.  S.  D.1 

Forms2:  Moresnet  c  (0001.  0),  m  (1010,  /),  p  (3034,  f);  for  N.  Jersey 
a  (1120,  t-2),  r  (1011.  R),  e  (0112,  -  f>,  x  (2131,  ,13). 

cp  =  30°  24'  pp'  =  51°  59'  ax  =  27°  51'  ae"  =-90°  0' 
cr  =  38°  2'  rr'  =  *64°  30'  ar  =.  57°  45'  mx  =  29°  54' 
ce  =  21°  22'  ee'  =  36°  47' 

In  hexagonal  prisms,  sometimes  long  and  slender,  again 
short  and  stout.  Also  massive  and  in  disseminated  grains; 
fibrous. 

Cleavage:   c  easy,   Moresnet;  difficult,   N,  J.;  a  easy,  N.  J. 

New  Jersey.         Fracture  conchoidal  to  uneven.    Brittle.     H.=  5'5.     G.=  3'89- 
4*18.      Luster  vitreo-resinous,    rather  weak.      Color  white   or 
greenish  yellow,  when  purest;    apple-green,  flesh-red,  grayish  white,   yellowish 


PHENACITE   GROUP*-WILLEMITE. 


461 


brown;    often  dark  brown  when  impure.      Streak  uncolored.     Transparent  to 
opaque.     Optically  +.     Double  refraction  strong. 

Var. — The  crystals  of  Moresnet  and  New  Jersey  differ  in  occurring  forms  as  above  described. 
The  latter  are  often  quite  large,  of  flesh-red  or  gray  color,  opaque,  and  pass  under  the  name  of 
trootstite;  they  commonly  contain  manganese  in  considerable  amount;  this  is  also  true  of  the 
clear  honey-yellow  or  apple-green  crystals  in  the  form  of  slender  hexagonal  pfisms,  and  further 
of  the  massive  forms.  Tephrowillemite  is  simply  a  kind  of  troostite.  anal.  13;  it  has  a  brownish- 
gray  color. 

A  white  granular  variety  from  the  Trotter  mine,  Franklin,  is  nearly  pure  zinc  silicate 
Clarke  obtained:  SiOa  27 '41,  ZnO  68'86,  MnO  (FeO)  undet.,  ign.  0'25  =  96'52,Bull.  60,  U.  8.  G. 
Surv.,  p.  130. 

Comp._Zinc  orthosilicate,  ZnaSi04  or  2ZnO.Si09  =  Silica  27-0,  zinc  oxide  73'0 
=  100.  Manganese  often  replaces  a  considerable  part  of  the  zinc/  and  iron  is  also- 
present  in  small  amount. 

Anal.— 1,  Thomson,  Min.,  1,  545,  1836.,  2,  Monheim,  Vh.  Ver.  Rheinl.,  157,  1848,  5th  Ed., 
p.  262.  3,  Damour,  Dx.  Min.,  1,  554,  1862.  4,  Lorenzen,  Medd.  GrOnl.,  7,  1884,  5,  Genth, 
Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  24,  43.  1887.  6,  7,  Mixter,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  46,  230,  1868.  7-12,  StOO€t  8ch.  Mines 
Q.,  8,  151,  1887.  13,  Koenig,  1.  c.  See  5th  Ed:  for  other  analyses  (Sterling). 


Ordinary. 

1.  Altenberg 

2.  Stolberg 
8.  Greenland 
4 


G. 
3-935 

4-11 


5.  Socorro  Co.,  New  Mexico  4'10 
Manganesian,  ind.  Troostite. 


SiOa  ZnO  MnO  FeO 

26-97  68-77    -       0'78HaOl -25, Al30,,etc.,l '44=99-21 

26-90  72-91     —       0-35  =  100'16 

27-86  71-51      0-37       =      99'74 

26-01  74-18      0-41       insol.  O'lO  =  100-70 

29-16  66-79    —     —  ign.  118,  gangte  3'33  =  100-46 


6. 
7. 
8. 
9. 
0. 
1. 
2. 
3. 

Sterli 
a 

Fran 

°S> 
Win 

apple-green 

,  white 
pale  green 
red  and  white 
greenish  yellow 
dark  red 
Tephrowillemite 

4-16 
4-11 

4-188 
4-188 
4-182 
4-165 
4-132 

I 

! 

27-40 
2792 
27-20 
2692 
28-30 
27-48 
27-14 
27-75 

66-83 
57-83 
65-82 
65-04 
66-68 
6388 
6438 
60-61 

5-73 
12-59 

6-97 
7-78 
492 
8-33 
6-30 
10-04 

0-06 
0-62 
023 
0-51 
0-31 
0-49 
1-24 
1-80 

MgO  tr.t  H4OrO-18  = 
MgO  M4»  H»O  0-28 

=  100'22 
=  100-25 
=  100-21 
=  100-18 
=    99-06 
CaO  tr.  =  100-20 

r  100  20 

=  100-38 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  in  the  forceps  glows  and  fuses  with  difficulty  to  a  white  enamel;  the  varie- 
ties from  New  Jersey  fuse  from  3'5  to  4.  The  powdered  mineral  on  charcoal  in  R.F.  gives  a- 
coating,  yellow  while  hot  and  white  on  cooling,  ^vhich,  moistened  with  solution  of  cobalt,  and 
treated  in  O.F.,  is  colored  bright  green.  With  soda  the  coating  is  more  readily  obtained.  De- 
composed by  hydrochloric  acid  with  separation  of  gelatinous  silica.  The  N.  J.  variety  phos- 
phoresces with  a  green  light  when  in  the  dark  after  being  struck  with  a  hammer. 

Obs. — From  Altenberg  near  Moresnet,  between  Liege  and  Aix-la- Chapel  le,  in  crystals  and 
massive,  the  crystals  but  a  few  millimeters  in  length;  also  at  Stolberg.  near  Aix-la-Chapelle ;  at 
Musartut,  Tunugdliarfik,  in  Greenland.  lu  New  Jersey  at  Mine  Hill,  Franklin  Furnace,  and  at 
Sterling  Hill  near  Ogdensburg,  two  miles  distant,  in  such  quantity  as  to  constitute  an  important 
ore  of  zinc.  It  occurs  intimately  mixed  with  zincite  and  franklinite,  and  is  found  massive 
of  a  great  variety  of  colors,  from  white  to  pale  honey-yellow  and  light  green  to  dark  ash-gray 
and  flesh-red;  sometimes  in  reddish  crystals  (troostite)  six  inches  long  and  an  inch  or  more  thick, 
embedded  in  franklinite  and  also  in  calcite;  rarely  in  slender  transparent  prisms  of  a  delicate 
apple-green  color.  Rare  at  the  Merritt  mine,  Socorro  Co.,  New  Mexico,  with  iniinetite,  wulf  en- 
ite,  eic. 

Nam^ed  by  Levy  after  William  I.,  King  of  the  Netherlands. 

Artif.— Obtained  crystallized  by  Gorgeu  (Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  10,  38,  1887)  by  heating  one  part 
of  hydrated  silica  with  30  parts  of  an  intimate  mixture  of  sodium  sulphate  and  i  to  1  equivalent 
of  zinc  sulphate.  The  fused  mass  treated  in  boiling  water,  left  characteristic  hexagonal  crystals 
with  G.  =  4-25  and  consisting  of:  SiO,  26'4,  ZuO  73'6. 

Observed  in  furnace  slag  obtained  from  lead  ores  carrying  zinc,  in  minute  bright  yellow 
crystals;  the  mass  of  the  slag  consisted  of  ferrous  orthosilicate,  f  ayalite.  See  Hutchings,  Geol.  Mag. , 
7,  31,  1890.  Cf.  also  Schulze  and  Stelzner.  who  describe  the  occurrence  of' a  hexagonal  zinc 
silicate  in  slender  prismatic  crystals,  or  radiating  aggregates  embedded  in  a  semi-crystalline 
ground  mass  with  zinc  spinel  and  tridymite.  Jb.  Min.,  1,  150,  1881. 

Ref. — 1  Franklin  Furnace  willemite,  contact  goniometer:  Levy  gives  pp'  =  51°  30'.  9  Cf.  Dx.. 
Min.,  1,  43,  1862  ,  he  adds  0332  deduced  from  Bmihaupts  figure  (Min.,  3,  478,  1847),  which  is 
like  fig.  1,  and  probably  gives  r  above.  Arzruni  describes  supposed  twins  from  Altenberg  with 
fcw.  pi.  |-2  (3-3  6-10),  Fogg.,  152,  281,  1874. 


462 


SILICA  TES. 


382.  PHENACITE.    Phenakit  N.  v.  N&rdensJciold,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  160,  1833.  Po£g..  31. 
57. 1834. 

Rfeombohedral;   tetartohedral.      Axis  6  =  0-66107;   0001  A  1011  =  3?°  21' 
Rose-rKoksharov1 


Forms*: 
w(1010,  J) 
a  (1130,  i-2) 
k  (4150,  ££) 
r  (1011,  R) 


d  (0112,  -  |) 
z  (0.111,  -  1) 
fi  (0221,  —  2) 
p  (1123,  f-2  r) 

P,  (ails,  f-2  i) 


o,  (4223,  |-2  I 
r,  (3124,  £3  1) 
*,  (3121,  I3 1) 
A  (3142,  I2  r) 
d)  (13-5'18-8,l*r)? 


v  (2134,  £3  r) 
*  (2131,  I3r) 
o-  (3251,  I5  r) 
z  (1344,  - 


I  (1341,  - 
a;,  (1232,  - 
5  (1456,  - 
x  (1322,  - 


«A;  =  19°  6' 
mr  =  52°  39' 
w»'f?  =  69°  7' 
m'fi  =  33°  13^ 
op  =  66°  13' 
ao  =  48°  36' 
rr'  =  63°  24' 
<W  =  35°  58J' 


1. 


rz 


=  92°  51' 

=  35°  19' 
=31°  42' 

«<*    =  72°    04 

Tw'r  =  72°  20' 

pp'    =  40°  53' 

^?,    =  23°  16' 

88,     =  34°    T 


75°  57' 
26°  54' 
55°  264 
17°  57' 


xx,  — 

xx'  = 

ao-  = 

as  =  28°  21' 

ar  =  *58°  18' 

av,  —  72°  50' 

apt  =  78°  22' 


ad'1  =  90° 

afj.  =  43°  36' 

ax  =  62°  17' 

ao  =  70°  42' 

ar'  =  90° 

rx,  =  27°  43' 

=  19°  18' 

=  29°  57' 


TO 


9. 


10. 


1,  Miask,  Kk.        2,  3,  Florissant,  Colorado,  Pfd.        4-7,  Mt.  Antero,  Col.,  Pfd 
8,  Tokovaya.  Kk.    9,  Bas^l  section  of  5;  10,  do.  of  3,  Pfd. 


Twins:  penetration-twins  with  parallel  axes,  f.  7.     Crystals  commonly  rhom 
bohedral  in  habit,  often  lenticular  in  form,  the  prisms  wanting;  also 


PHENACITE   GROUP— DIOPTASR  463 

sometimes  terminated  by  the  rhombohedron  of  the  third  series,  x.  .  Faces  often 
uneven;  x  rough,  a  striated  vertically,  also  ||  zone  a  s  r. 

Cleavage:  a  distinct;  r  imperfect.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  7*5-8. 
G.  =  2  -97-3 -00.  Luster  vitreous.  Colorless;  also  bright  wine-yellow,  pale  rose- 
red;  brown.  Transparent  to  subtranslucent. 

Optically  +  .     Refractive  indices: 

Framont      cor  =  1-6508  Li      ojy  =Tl'6540.Na      e,  =  1-6673  ey  =  1-6697  Dx. 

Ural  &?r  =  1-6495  a?y  =  1'6527  <oa  =  1-6555  Tl      e^  =  1-6703  Pulfrich 

Comp.— Beryllium  orthosilicate,  Be.SiO.  or  2BeO.Si(X  =  Silica  54-45,  •  gluciba 
45-55  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Hartwall,  Pogg.,  31,  57,  1834.  2,  Bischof,  ibid,  34,  525,  1835,  Kg.,  Min.  Ch. 
553,  1860.  3,  Khrushchev,  Zs.  Kr.,  3,  634,  1879.  4,  F.  H.  Hatch,  Ber.  nied.  Ges.  Bonn,  May  11, 
170,  1885.  5,  Peufield  and  Sperry,  Am.  J.  Sc.,.  36,  320,  1S88. 

SiO3  BeO 

1.  Ural  G.  =  2-969  55-14  44-47  Al2O3,MgO  tr.  =    99-61  . 

2.  Framont  54'40  45'57  CaO,MgO  0-09  =  100  06 

3.  Duraugo  54-71  45'32  CaO.MgO  014  =  100-17 

4.  Switzerland  G.  =  2'95  54'84  44-00  Fe2O3  0'59  =  99'43 

5.  Florissant,  Colorado  G.  =  2  96  54'44  45'58  Na2O  O'-Sl,  Li2O.^.,  ign.  0'26  =-  100  49 

Pyr.,  etc.— Alone  remains  unaltered;  with  borax  fuses  with  extreme  slowness,  unless  pul 
verized,  to  a  transparent  glass.     With  soda  affords  a  white  enamel;  with  more,  intumesces  and 
becomes  infusible.     Dull  blue  with  cobalt  solution. 

Obs. — Occurs  (in  prismatic  crystals)  in  mica  schist  at  the  emerald  and  chrysoberyl  mine  of 
Takovaya,  85  versts  E.  of  Ekaterinburg,  where  the  crystajsare  sometimes  nearly  4  inches  across, 
and  one  found  weighs  1£  Ibs.;  also  in  small  rhombohearal  crystals  on  the  east  side  of  the  Ilmeu 
Mts.,  5  versts  N.  of  Miask,  with  topaz  and  green  feldspar;  also  in  highly  modified  crystals  with 
•quartz,  in  limouite,  near  Framont  in  the  Vosges  Mts. ;  in  Switzerland  with  hematite  at  Keckingen 
in  the  Valais,  with  adularia,  hematite  (Eisenrosen),  quartz.  Also  at  the  Cerro  del  Mercado, 
Durango,  Mexico;  part  of  the  so-called  phenacite  from  here  is  only  apatite,  but  the  occurrence 
has  been  recently  substantiated  by  Khrushchov  (anal.  3);  according  to  him  the  crystals  occur  in 
a  quartz  porphyry  and  also  loose  embedded  in  clay. 

In  Colorado,  in  flat  rhombohedral  crystals  with  topaz  on  amazonstone,  also  embedded  in  it, 
at  Topaz  Butte,  near  Florissant,  46  miles  from  Pike's  Peak;  also  in  crystals  often  prismatic  and 
sometimes  an  inch  across  on  quartz  and  beryl  at  Mt.  Antero,  Chaft'ee  County.  In  New  Hamp 
shire,  in  lenticular  crystals  with  topaz  on  Bald  Face  Mt.,  North  Chatham,  a  few  miles  west  of 
Stpneham,  Me  (Kunz).  Also  reported  as  occurring  at  the  mica  mines  of  Amelia  Court  House, 
Virginia  (Yeates). 

Named  from  <peva£,  a  deceiver,  in  allusion  to  its  having  been  mistaken  for  quartz. 

Artif.— Obtained  by  Ebelmen  in  minute  hexagonal  prisms  by  fusion  of  SiO2_aud  BeO  with 
borax,  cf.  Mid.,  C.  R.,  105,  1260,  1887. 

Ref.— i  Pogg.,  69,  143  1846,  Min.  Russl.,  2,  308,  1357.  »  Cf.  Slg.,  Jb.  Min  ,  1,  129,  1880, 
also  earlier,  N.  Nd.,  1  c.;  Beirich,  Pogg.,  34,  519,  1835,  41,  323,  1837,  Rose^l.  c.;  Kk,  1.  c 
and  ib  ,  3,  81,  Websky,  Switzerland,  who  notes  some  doubtful  planes,  in  part  vicinal,  Jb  Min  , 
1,  207,  1882.  Also  Dx.,  Colorado,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  9,  171,  1886;  also  Pfd.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  33, 130. 
1887,  36,  321,  1888..  40,  491,  1890.  *  Dx.,  Min.,  2,  p.  ix,  1874. 


383.  DIOPTASB.     Achirit  B.  F.  J.  Hermann,  1788,  N  Act.  Petrop.,  13,  339,  1802.,    Erne 

raudine  Delameth.,  T.  T..   2,  230.  1797.  Kupfer-Schmaragd  Wern.,  1800,  Ludwig,  1,  53.  233, 

1803.     Dioptase  H..  Tr.,   3    477,  1801.  Emerald-Copper  Jameson.     Smaragdo-Chalcit  Mohs., 
Gundr  .  1824.     Emerald-malachite. 

Rhombohedral;    tetartohedral.  Axis  b  =  0-53417;  0001  A  1011  =  31°. 40' 

Breithaupt-Koksharov1. 

Forms:                    r  (1011,  K)*  Zone  as                                 6  (l-lli2-5,  -  2f  1)T 

a  (1120,  £-2)*                 o-(2021,  2)'  /3  (7'9i6'l,  -  28  r  I;7?          u  (117  18  8,  -  2l  1)' 

A  (2130,  /4  r)1              *  (0221,  -  2)»  it  (3581,  -  24  I)5?                  o    (1  -ig-lg-lO.-^W  [)*? 

*  (3140,  iA  r)i                       -  0  (1341,  -  2'  1)»                   a  (1323,       Jf  r  1,7 

or  0780.  -  i-\  I)7          J  ^  J,  %  *  (1783,  -  8»  V    .         - 


464 


SILICATES 


ok  =  10°  54' 
ag  =  16°  6' 
al  =  23°  25' 
7T'  =  *54°  5' 
cs  =  50°  58' 


ss'  =  84°  33f 
«<7  =  45°  43' 
ar  =  62°  57f 
«?=    7°  50' 


an  =  15e  22 
ax  =  28°  48' 
azf  =  39°  31' 
«S  =  42°  30' 


au  =  44°  21' 
as  =  47°  43' 
ao  =  50°  42' 
at  =  33°  9' 


Twins7:  tw.  pi.  r,  as  geniculated  twins.  Commonly  in  prismatic  crystals,  a,  with 

s  (0221),  fig.  1.  Faces  in  zone  a  s  striated  || 
edge  a/s.  The  hemi-scalenohedrons,  or  rhom- 
bohedrons  of  the  third  series,  sometimes 
characteristically  developed  as  on  the  edge 
a  s  (f.  2),  but  often  indistinctly  indicated. 
Also  indistinct  crystalline  aggregates;,  mas- 
sive. 

Cleavage:  r  perfect.  Fracture  conchoid  al 
to  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  —  5.  G.  =  3-28- 
3*35.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  emerald-green. 
Streak  green.  Transparent  to  subtranslucent. 
Optically  positive.  Double  refraction  strong. 
Refractive  indices:  GO  =  1-667,  e  =  1-723 
Mir.8  Pyroelectric. 

Comp.— H2CuSi04  or  H3O.CuO.Si02  =  Silica  38'2,  cupric  oxide  50-4,  water  11/4 
£=  100.     Loses  water  only  at  a  red  heat,  the  hydrogen  consequently  basic  (Rg.)» 
Tschermak  writes  the  formula  (CuOH)HSiO3. 
Anal.— 1,  2,  Damour,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  10,  485, 1844;  earlier  Hess,  Pogg.,  16,  360,  1829. 


SiOa        CuO       HaO 

36-47       60-10       11-40  FeaO3  0'42,  CaCO8  0'35  =  98'74 

38-93        49-51        11-27  =  99-71 


(Jroth  assumes  that  chrysocolla  is  merely  dioptase  mingled  with  amorphous  silica  and  other 
Impurities.  There  seems  little  doubt,  however,  notwithstanding  the  impurity  of  much  of  the 
material  analyzed,  that  chrysocolla  deserves  to  be  recognized  as  a  definite  hydrous  species  chiefly 
amorphous  in  structure.  See  further  p.  699. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  blackens  and  yields  water.  B.B.  decrepitates,  colors  the 
flame  emerald-green,  but  is  infusible.  With  the  fluxes  gives  the  reactions  for  copper.  With, 
soda  and  charcoal  a  globule  of  metallic  copper  Gelatinizes  with  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — Dioptase  occurs  in  druses  of  well  defined  crystals  on  quartz,  occupying  seams  in  a  corn* 
pact  limestone  west  of  the  hill  of  Altyn-Tube  in  the  Kirghese  Steppes.  In  the  gold  washings  at 
several  points  in  Siberia,  as  on  the  R.  Maluya  in  Transbaikal.  At  Rezbauya,  Hungary  on  a  bluish 
clay,  or  on  wulfenite  and  calamine.  From  Copiapo,  Chili,  on  quartz  with  other  copper  ores,  also 
on  limonite,  crystals  terminated  by  r  (Rath),  also  crusts.  G.  —  3*325  Bauer.  ,Ju  fine  crystals  at 
the  Mine  Mindouli,  two  leagues  east  of  C^mba,  between  Bonanza  and  Brazzaville  in  the  French 
Congo  State,  associated  with  hyaline  silica  and  chrysocolla  (Janhettaz,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  13,  159, 
1890). 

At  the  copper  mines  of  Clifton,  Graham  Co.,  Arizona,  in  brilliant  crystals  lining  cavities  in 
"  mahogany  ore  "  consisting  of  limonite  and  copper  oxide:  also  100  miles  west,  near  Riverside 
P.  O.,  Final  Co. 

Named  by  Haii.y  dioptase,  from  Sid,  through,  and  oTtro^at,  to  see,  because  the  cleavage 
directions  were  distinguishable  on  looking  through  the  crystal. 

Named  Achirile  after  Achir  Mahmed.a  Bucharian  merchant,  living  at  the  fortress  of  Semipal- 
atinsk,  who  had  procured  it  in  the  region  where  it  occurred,  and  who  furnished  the  specimens 
that  were  taken  in  1785  by  Mr.  Bogdanov  to  St.  Petersburg.  Although  first  named  by  Hermann, 
his  description  was  not  given  to  the  St.  Petersburg  Academy  before  1800,  and  the  volume  con- 
taining it  was  not  published  until  1802,  a  year  after  the  appearance  of  Hauy's  work. 

Ref.— lBreith.,  Schweigg.  J.,  62,  221,  1831,  confirmed  by  Koksharov,  Min.,  6,  £85,  1870, 

both  on  cleavage  farms.     2  Haiiy,  1.  c.,  1801.     3  Breith,,  1.  c.,  he  gives  for  o,  —  ^V  (so  —  2° 
52),  for  u,  —  2C  (sti  =  3   22'),  whicl/ symbols  do  not  agree  with  the  angles;  the  symbols  given 

Websky 

preceding, 

may  be  tne  same  as  Websky's  doubtful  v;  see,  too,  Hausm. 
flandb..  2r  746.  1847;  a,  fi  were  observed  as  complete  scalenohedrons.  8  Mir.,  Phil.  Mag..  21. 
278.  1842. 


FRIEDELITE—P  YR  OSMA  LITE.  465 

384.  FRIEDELITE.     Bertrand,  C.  R..  82,  1167.  1876,  Zs.  Kryst.,  1,  86,  1877. 
Rhornbohedral.     Axis  6  =  0-5624.;  0001  A  1011  =  *33°  Bertrand. 
Forms:  c  (0001,  0),  m  (1010,  /),  r  (1011,  J?).     Angles.  cr  -  S30,  rr'  =  56°  17'.  ' 

Crystals  commonly  tabular  ||  c',  faces  m,  r  often  striated  ||  edge  m/r.  Also 
massive,  with  saccharoidal  structure  and  distinct  cleavage,  passing  into  close  compact 
forms  with  indistinct  cleavage. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect.  H.  =  4-5.  G.  =  3  '07.  Color  rose-red.)  'Powder  pale 
rose.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Optically  —  .  Double  refraction.  strong. 

Comp.  —  H7(MnCl)Mn4Si40J6   as  written   by  Groth.     Percentage  composition: 
Silica  35*1,  manganese  protoxide  51*7  (or  MnO  46*5,  Mn  4*0),  chlorine  S'S,  water 
9-2  =  101-2,  deduct  (0  =  2C1)  1'2  =  100. 
Anal.—  Gorgeu,  Bull   Soc  Min.,  7,  3,  58,  1884. 

Si09  34-45    MiiO  48-25    MgO  1'20    CaO  0'40    Mn  2'60    Cl  3'40    H2O  9'60  =  99'90 

In  an  earlier  analysis  by  Bertrand  (1.  c.)  the  chlorine  was  overlooked.     The  material  used  by 
Gorgeu  was  not  entirely  pure.     Cf.  Friedel,  ib.,  p.  71. 


Pyr.—  B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  black  glass.  Gives  off  water  in  the  closed  tube  on  strong  igni- 
. Reaction  for  manganese  with  the  fluxes.  Dissolves  in  hydrochloric  acid,  forming  a  jelly. 
Obs.  —  Associated  with  rhodocbrosite  and  alabandite  at  the  manganese  mine  of  Adervielle, 


vallee  du  Louron,  Hautes  Pyrenees.     Named  after  the  French  chemist  and  mineralogist  Ch. 
Friedel.    See  also  p.  1035. 

335.  FYROSMALITE.  Pirodmalit  Hausm.,  Moll's  Efem.,  4.  390,  1808.  Wesentlicher 
Bestandtheil  Salzsaures  Eisenoxyd,  id.,  ib.  (fr.  blowpipe  trials  of  Gahn,  its  discoverer).  Pyrosmalit 
Karst,,  Tab..  103,  1808;  Hautm.,  Handb.,  1068,  1813.  Fer  muriate  £T.,  1812,  Lucas  Tabl.,  2, 
418*.  1813. 

Rhombohedral.    Axis*}  =  0*5308;  0001  A  1011  -  31°  30J'  A.  E.  Nordenskidld1. 
Forms:  c  (0001,  0);  m  (1010,  7);  r  (1011,  1),  z  (0111,  -  1);  0  (2021,  2),  *  (0221,  -  2).      - 

Angles:  cr  =  31°  30',  c<r  =  50°  48',  mr  =  58°  30',  rr'  =  53°  49',  re  =  30°  17£',  <rs  =  45* 
35  ,  o-cr'  =  84°  18' 

Crystals  thick  prismatic  or  tabular  in  habit,  usually  with  m,  r,  z,  hence  ap- 
parently hexagonal.  Also  massive,  foliated. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect;  m  imperfect.  Fracture  uneven,  rather  splintery.  Some- 
what brittle.  H.  =  4-4'5.  G.  =  3'06-3'19.  Luster  of  c  pearly;  of  other  planes, 
less  so.  Color  blackish  green  to  pale  liver-brown,  passing  into  gray  and  pistachio- 
green;  usually  brown  externally,  and  light  greenish  yellow  internally.  Streak 
paler  than  color.  Optically  —  .  Double  refraction  strong. 

Comp.—  H,((Fe,Mn)Cf)(Fe,Mn)4Si4016  =  Silica  34-9,  iron  protoxide  26-2,  man- 
ganese protoxide  25*8,  chlorine  5*1,  water  9*2  =  101'2,  deduct  (0  =  2C1)  1*2  =. 
100.  Here  Fe  :  Mn  =  1  :  1. 

Anal.—  1,  Lang,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  83,  424,  1861.  Also  WOhler,  Lieb.  Ann.,  156,  85,  187(k 
2,  Ludwig,  Miu.  Mitth.,  211,  1875.  3,  EngstrOm,  G.  For.  Forh.,  3,  116,  1876.  4,  Gorgeu, 
Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  7,  58,  1884. 

SiO2     FeO     MnO    CaO   MgO    H2O    Cl 

1.  Nordmark    G.  =  8-171    f  35'43    80-72    21  01     0*74      —      7  75    3'79  A12O3  0'24  =     99'68 

2.  "  G.  =  3-153    f  34-66    27*05    25  60    0'52    0'93    8'31    4'88  =  101  '95 

3.  Dannemora  G.  =3-059    |  34-03    26'21    27'40    0'36    1'36    7'34    3'52  A12O3  1'24  =  101'46 

4.  "  G.  =  3-19          34-20    23'50a  24'65    0'40    1'70    8'55    3  70  A12O3  tr    = 


Fe2O3  2-92. 


Pyi-.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water,  which  reacts  acid.  B.B.  fuses  at  2-2'5  to  a 
black  magnetic  glass.  With  the  fluxes  gives  reactions  for  iron  and  manganese.  A  bead  of  salt 
of  phosphorus,  previously  saturated  with  oxide  of  copper,  when  fused  with  the  pulverized 
mineral  imparts  a  beautiful  azure  color  to  the  flame  (chlorine).  Decomposed  by  hydrochloric 
acid,  with  separation  of  silica. 

Obs. — Pyrosmalite  occurs  at  Bjelkegruva,  one  of  the'irou  mines  of  Nordmark  in  Wermland, 
Sweden,  where  it  is  associated  with  calcite,  pyroxene,  apophyllite,  and  magnetite.  A  hexagonal 
prism,  in  the  museum  at  Stockholm,  is  nearly  an  inch  in  diameter  and  one  and  a  quarter 


466  SILICATES. 

long,  and  weighs  five  and  a  half  ounces.  Also  from  the  Kogrufva  in  Nbrdmark  and  at  the  iron, 
mines  at  Dannemora  in  foliated  masses  with  a  green  pyroxene. 

Named  from  itvp,  fire,  6<jur},  odor,  in  allusion  to  the  odor  when  heated. 

Ret— Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  27,  562,  1870.  The  rhombohedral  character  of  the  crystals  may  be 
assumed  OP  '.he  basis  of  the  isomorphism  with  f  riedelite. 


7.  Scapolijte  Group.     Tetragonal. 

386.  Meionite  b  =  0-4393 

387.  Wernerite  6  =  0-4384 

388.  Mizzonite  6  =  0-4424 

Dipyre 

389.  Mariaiite  6  =  0-4417 


390,    Sarcolite  \b  =  0-4437 

The  species  of  the  SCAPOLITE  GROUP  are  tetragonal  in  crystallization,  with 
nearly  the  same  axial  ratio,  and  flirther  they  are  characterized  by  pyramidal  hemi* 
Jiedrism.'"They  are  white  or  grayish  white  in  color,  except  when  impure,  and  then 
'rarely  of  dark  color.  Hardness  =  5-65;  G.  =  2-5-2-8.  In  composition  they  are 
silicates  of  aluminium  with  calcium  and  sodium  in  varying  amounts;  chlorine  is 
.  also  often  present,  sometimes  only  in  traces.  Iron,  magnesia,  potash  are  not 
jpresent  unless  by  reason  of  inclusions  or  of  alteration,  which  last  cause  also  explains 
ihe  carbon  dioxide  often  found  in  analysis. 

The  Scapolites  are  analogous  to  the  Feldspars  in  that  they  form  a  series  with  a 
gradual  variation  in  composition,  the  amount  of  silica  increasing  with  the  increase  of 
the  alkali,  soda,  being  40  p.  c.  in  meionite  and  64  p.  c.  in  marialite.  A  corresponding 
increase  is  observed  also  in  the  amount  of  chlorine  present.  Furthermore  there  is 
also  a  gradual  change  in  specific  gravity,  ki  the  strength  of  the  double  refraction, 
and  in  resistance  to, acids,  from  the  easily  decomposed  meionite,  with  G.  =  2'72,  to 
marialite,  which  is  only  slightly  attacked  and  has  G.  =  2*63. 

Tschermak1  has  shown  that  the  variation  in  composition  may  be  explained  by 
the  assumption  of  two  fundamental  end  compounds,  viz.: 

Meionite  Ca4AlfiSi6026  Me 

Marialite  Na4AltSi90MCl  Ma 

By  the  isomorphous  combination  of  these  compounds  the  composition  of  the 
species  recognized  may  be  explained.  These  species  are:  Meionite,  Wernerite  or 
Common  Scapolite,  Mizzonite  (and  Dipyre),  Marialite.  The  limits  of  each  are 
explained  in  the  following  pages;  it  is  to  be  noticed,  however,  that  no  sharp 
line  can  be  drawn  between  them,  and  a  single  locality  in  some  cases  has  afforded 
specimens  having  widely  different  composition. 

Lacroix,  who  has  given  an  exhaustive  memoir  on  the  scapolite  rocks  of  many  different 
localities  (Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  12,  83-360,  1889),  shows  that  optically  the  series  is  characterized  by 
the  decrease  in  the  strength  of  the  double  refraction  in  passing  from  meionite  to  marialite.  In. 
the  table  below,  quoted  from  him  (p.  357).  group  I  includes  the  compounds  from  Me  to  MeaMai ; 
II  fromMesMai  to  MeiMa3;  III  from  MeiMa3  to  Ma. 

I.  <*>y  €y         63  —  6  II.  G9y  ey          to  —  e 

Hallesta  1'594  1'557  0'037  Ersby  1-570  1'547  0023 

Christiansand  1'592  1555  0037  Arendal,  Dx.  1'566  1-545  0'02l 

Somma,  Meionite  1'594  1-558  0'036  Pargas  1-567  1-550  0'017 
[Bolton,  Nultalite 


Malsjo 

GBoltonite 

L.  Baikal,  Olaucolite 

Laurinkari 


'Areudal  1'583     1'554    0'029 


.,„  1-552  0-036 

588  1-553  0-035  HI- 

583  1-552  0-.031  Pyrenees,  Dx.,              1'558    1-543    O'OIS 

581  1-551  0030  Dipyre 

583  1553  0-030  Pierrepont                      1'562    1'546    0'016 


SCAPOLITE  GROVP-MEIONITE. 


467 


The  Scapoiifes  occur  (1)  ?n  volcanic  tocks,  as  in  ejected  masses  on  Mte.  Somma  (meionite); 
(3)  in  crystalline  limestone,  often  as  the  direct  result  of  contact  metamorphism;  (3)  crystalline 
schists,  augite-gneiss,  etc.;  (1)  as  an  a.Hera'ion  product  of  a  plagioclase  feldspar  sometimes  on  an 
extensive  scale  as  with  amphibole  in  the  l<  gefleckter  Gabbro  "  (Brogger  and  Reusch.  Zs.  G.  Ges., 
27,  646,  1875)  in  connection  with  the  apalite  deposits  of  Odegaardeu  near  Bamle,  Norway.  Cf. 
Lex.,  I.e., who  has  developed  tins' subject  at  length;  also  Michel-Levy,  Bull  Soc.  Min.,  1,  43,  79. 
1878;  Judd,  Min.  Mag.,  8,  186,  1889. 

Meionite  was  the  first  species  of  thfe  S^apolite  group  'distinctly  recognized.  It  is.  however, 
probable  that  scapolite  was  included  with  lamellar  pyroxene  under  the  name  of  White  Schorl- 
Spar  (Sk&rlspat)  by  Croustedt,  who  mentions  Pargas,  in  Finland,  as  one  of  its  localities.  The- 
names  Wernerite  and  Scapolite  were  both  introduced  by  d'Andrada  (of  Portugal)  in  the  same- 
article  (Scherer's  J.,  4,  35,  38J  1800).  and  applied  to  specimens  from  the  same  region  in  Norway. 
Wernerite  is  the  ^?rs£  of  the  two  in  the  article,  Haiiy  used  the  names  Wernerite  and  Scapolite 
(supposing  the  species  distinct)  in  his  Traite  of  1801,  but  in  his  Mineralogical  Course  for  1804 
or  1805  arbitrarily  set  aside  the  latter*  for  Paranthine.  Mouteiro,  a  friend  of  d'Andrada's,  and 
speaking  in  his  behalf,  protested  in  1809  (J.  Phys.,  68, 177)  against  the  change,  and  after  arguing 
that  wernerite  and  scapolite  were  identical,  both  on  chemical  and  crystallographic  grounds, 
urgedtheadoptionofthe  name  Wernerite  for  the  species.  In  the  following  pages  the  name 
Scapolite  is  retained  for  the  group,  so  that  the  minerals  may  all  be  called  scapolites,  as  those  of 
the  feldspar  group  are  called  feldspars;  and  the  name  Wernerite  is  applied  to  the  most  prominent 
division  of  the  old  species,  including  the  common  scapolite  from  many  localities.  In  the  fifth 
edition  the  compounds  intermediate  between  meioriite  and  wernerite  were  called  parauthite,  and 
those  between  wernerite  and  mizzonite  were  called  ekebergite. 

Ref.— »  Ber.  Ak,  Wien,  88  (1),  1142,  1883,  Min.  Mitth.,  7,  400,  1886.  Rammelsberg  has 
also  discussed  the  same  subject  recently,  see  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  589,  1885.  Early  papers  on  the 
composition  of  the  species  are  those  by  Wolff,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Berlin,  1843;  Rath,  Pogg.,  90,  82, 
288,  1863. 


386.  MEIONITE.  Hyacinte  blanche  de  4a  Somma  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  2,  289,  290,  PI.  IT,  f, 
118,  1783.  Meionite  H.,  Tr.,  2,  1801.  Mionite  Century  Dictionary,  1890. 

ERSBYITE.  Wasserfreier  Scolezit  [fr.  Pargas]  N.  Nd.,  Schw.  J,  31,  417,  1821.  Anhy- 
drous Scolecite.  Scolexerose  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  55,  1832.  Var.  of  Labrador  FrankenJieim,  Syst,  d. 
Kryst.,  136,  1842.  Ersbyit  A.  K  Nd..  Finl.  Min.,  129,  1853.  Kalk-Labrador  Rg.,  Min.  Ch., 
595, 1860. 

Tetragonal.    Axis  6  =  0-43925;  001  A  101  =  23°  42-f '  Scacchi-Koksharov'. 
Forms:  c  (001,  0);  a  (100,  i-i),  m  /HO,  J),  h  (210,  i-2),  e  (101,  I-*');  r  (111,  J), .»  (331/3); 


ah  =  26°  34' 
mh  =  18°  26' 
ee'  =33°  2| 

ee"  =  47°  26' 


ww'  =  77°  5' 
cr  =  31°  51' 
cw  =  61°  47' 
cz  =  54°  15' 


rr 


=  *43°  49' 
=  42°  34' 
=  29°  44J' 


mr  r=r-58°  -9 
ar   =  68 
az    =  39 


m 


In  crystals,  either  clear  and  glassy  or  milky  white;  also  in  crystalline  grains 

and  massive.  The  prismatic  faces  sometimes 
show  vicinal  prominences  corresponding  in  form 
*°  ^e  hemine(lral  character  ;  with  which  also 
the  etching-figures  agree. 

Cleavage:  a  rather  perfect,  m  somewhat 
less  so;  both  often  interrupted.  Fracture  con- 
choidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  5-5-6.  G.  =  2  -70-2  -74; 
2'73±-2'7W  Mte.  Somma,  Rath.  Luster  vitre- 
ous. Colorless  to  white.  Transparent  to  trans- 
lucent; often  cracked  within.  Optically  —  . 
Double  refraction  weak.  Indices,  Dx.  : 


=  1-594  to  1-597 


1,  2,  Monte  Somma.    1,  Brezina; 
2,  after  Rath. 


ey  =  1-558  to  1-561 


Comp.— Ca4Al6Si6026  or  4Ca0.3Al20,.6SiO, 
=  ^ilica  40-5,  alumina  34'4,  lime  25-1  =  100. 
As  explained  by  Tschermak,  the  varieties  included  range  from  nearly  pure  meionite 
to  those  consisting  of  meionite  and  marialite  in  the  ratio  of  3  :  1,  i.e.,  Me  :  Ma  = 
3  :  1.  No  sharp  line  can  be  drawn  between  meionite  and  the  following  species; 
see  further  p.  469. 


468  SILICATES. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Neminar,  Min.  Mitth.,  51,  1875,  63,  1877    3,  Rath,  Pogg.,  90,  87,  1853.  4,  Rg., 
Min.  Ch.,  Erg.,  209,  1886.'    5,  Rath,  Pogg.,  144,  384,  1871.     6, Wolff  [Inaug.  Diss.,  Berlin,  1843 
Rg.,  Min.  Ch.     7,  Rath,  Pogg.,  90,  195,  1853.     Also  Gmeliu,  Stromeyer,  Wolff,  5th  Ed.,  p.  320. 
Rath,  Pogg.,  119,  268,  1863. 

G.         SiOa    A1,O3    CaO    MgO  Na2O  K2O      Cl     H2O 
I.Vesuvius   2-716      43'36    32'09    21'45    0'31     1-35    0'76    014    0'27  CO2  0'72  =  100'45 

2.  "          2736      42-55    30'89    21-41    0'83    1-25    0'93      -     0'19  FeaO8  0  41  =  98'46 

3.  Laach         2'769      45'13    29'83    16-98    0'13    2'73    1'40      —     0'41  =  98'61 

4.  mrsbyite  44'47    30'69    20'54    0'16          2'49         0'20    1'07  =  99'62 

5.  "          2-723      44-26    30'37    20-17    <H5    2'75    1  15      —       —   r=  98'85 

6.  Pargas       2-712      45-10    32'76    17'84      —      0'76    0'68      —      1'04  =  98-18 

7.  Bolton        2-788  |  44-40    25-52    20-18    I'Ol     2'09    0'51      —     1'24  Fe303  379  =  98'74 

a  Often  simply  =  loss  on  ignition. 

SipScz  found  in  Vesuvlan  meionite  0'74  p.  c.  Cl,  0  22  SO3,  Tsch.,  1.  c. 

Paranthite  (paranthine),  the  name  given  in  the  5th  Ed.  to  the  compounds  between  the 
Vesuvian  meionite  and  wernerite  (e.g.,  anals.  4-7)  is  Hatty's  name  (as  already  noted)  derived 
from  TfapavfteiY,  to  wither,  because  it  readily  loses  its  luster. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  with  intumescence  at  3  to  a  white  blebby  glass.  Decomposed  by  acid 
•without  gelatinizing  (Rath).  Gmelin  states  it  to  be  fusible  with  difficulty  on  the  edges,  and 
both  Gmelin  and  Kobell  state  that  it  gelatinizes  with  hydrochloric  acid.  An  examination  of  a 
specimen  received  from  Scacchi  fully  confirms  Rath's  conclusions. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  small  crystals  in  cavities,  usually  in  limestone  blocks,  on  Monte  Somma;  the 
cavities  are  often  lined  with  green  mica.  Also  in  ejected  masses  with  sanidine,  magnetite,  titau- 
ite,  augite,  apatite  at  the  Laacher  See. 

Ersbyite  is  from  Ersby  near  Pargas,  Finland.  A  variety  of  scapolite  from  Bolton.  Mass. » 
Nuttalite '(see  p.  469)  is  near  ersbyite  in  composition. 

Named  by  Haiiy  from  juewr,  less,  the  pyramid  being  less  acute  than  that  of  vesuvianite. 

Ref.— r  Min  Russl.,  2,  105;  Pogg.,  Erg.,  3,  478,  1851.  Cf.  also  Rg.,  94,  434,  1855:  Dx.» 
Min.,  1,  221,  1862;  Rath,  ib.,  119,  262,  1863;  Brezina,  Min.  Mitth.,  16,  1872. 

Artif. — Attempts  to  form  meionite  by  fusion  have  resulted  in  obtaining  an  orthosilicat'e  cor- 
responding in  composition  to  Na^-O  5CaO.4Al2Os.9SiO2.  but  characterized  by  positive  optical  char- 
acter. With  a  mixture  of  6CaO  4Al2O3.9SiO2,  anorthite  was  formed.  By  fusing  a  labradorite 
glass  with  white  marble,  auorlhiteand  a  tetragonal  mineral  with  negative  character  was  obtained. 
Bourgeois,  Bull.  Soc  Min.,  5,  15,  1882,  Reprod.  Min.,  132,  1884. 

Doelter  states  that  his  synthetic  experiments  (unpubl.)  prove  the  existence  of  a  tetragonal 
mineral,  corresponding  to  ineioiiite,  having  the  composition  CaAl2(SiO4)2i  Allg.  Chern.  Min.,  p. 
258,  1890. 

387.  WERNERITE.  Wernerite  (fr.  Norway)  d'Andrada,  J.  Phys.,  51,  244,  1800, 
Seherer's  J  ,  4,  35  1800.  Scapolite  (fr.  Norway)  d'Andrada,  ib.,  246,  and  ib.,  38,  1800.  Rapid- 
olith  Abildgaard,  Ann.  Ch  ,  32,  195,  1800.  Wernerite.  Scapolite,  //.,  Tr,  3,  4.  1801.  Skapolith, 
Arcticit  [=  Wernerite]  Wern  ,  1803,  Ludwig's  Wern  ,  2,  210  1804  Paranthine  H.,  Lucas 
Tabl.,  205,  1806;  H  Comp.  Tabl.,  45,  1809.  Fuscit  Schumacher,  Verzeichn  ,  104,  1801.  Chelms- 
fordite.7  F  &  S.  L.  Dana,  Outl.  Min.  G.  Boston,  44,  1818.  Nutlnllite  Brooke,  Ann.  PhiJ.,  7V 
316,  1824.  Glaukolith  0  Fischer.  Sokolov's  Bergwerks  J,,  John.  Chem.  Unters.,  2,  82,  1810; 
Glaucolite. 

Sodait  Ekeberg,  Afh  ,  2.  153  1807.  Natrolite  of  Hesselkulla  Wollaston.  Ekebergite  Berz., 
Afsb.,  168,  1824.  Ekebergit,  Porzellauspath  /.  N.  Fuchs,  Denkschr.  Ak.  Munchen,  7,  65,  1818, 
Tasch.  Min  ,  17,  94,  1823.  Porzellanit  Kbl.,  Taf.,  52,  1853.  Passauit  Naumann.  Min.,  305, 
1855.  Outariolite  C.  U.  Shepard,  Am  J  So,,  20,  54,  1880. 

Tetragonal,  with  pyramidal  hemihedrism.     Axis  6  =04384;  001  A  101=  23a 
Schuster1. 


Forms2:  c  (001,  0),   a  (100,  af-t),   m  (110,  /),    h  (310,  »-2)  e  (101,  1-t),   r  (111,  1),  w  (331,  3), 
« (311,  3-3). 

ah  =  26°  34'  cr  =  31°  48*  rr'     =  *43°  45'  az  =  39°  42' 

.   mh  =  18°  26'  cw  =  61°  44'  zz      -     42°  32'  ar  =  68°    74' 

ee  =  32°  59'  cz  =  54°  12'  ezvli  =    29°  43'  mr  =  58°  12 

ee"  =  47°  21' 

Crystals  usually  coarse,  with  rough  uneven  faces  and  often  very  large.  The 
pyramidal  hemihedrism  sometimes  shown  (f.  3)  in  the  development  of  the  planes 
3  (311)  and  zt  (131).  Also  massive,  granular,  or.  with  a  faint  fibrous  appearance; 
sometimes  columnar. 


SCAPOLITE  GROUP— WERNERITE. 


469 


Cleavage:  a  and  m  rather  distinct,  but  interrupted.  Fracture  subconchoi- 
dal.  Brittle.  H.  =  5-6,  G.  =  2 -66-2-73,  Luster  vitreous  to  pearly  externally, 
inclining  to  resinous;  cleavage  and  cross-fracture  surface  vitreous.  Color  white, 
gray,  bluish,  greenish,  and  reddish,  usually  light,  streak  uncolored  Transparent 
to  faintly  subtran  si  u  cent.  Optically—.,  Double  refraction  weak.  Indices: 

Arendal    oot  =  1'566    e*  =  I '545.     See  also  p.  466, 
i,  2.  3. 


m 

r< 
\ 

4. 

a" 

m' 
\ 

•z' 

J 

'/^.        ^^       ^\ 

r" 

e" 

r1 

e'" 

c 

€' 

r'" 

e 

r 

Figs.  1,  Commou  form.    2,  4.  Grasse  Lake,  N.  Y.,  Hovey.    3,  Hirweusalo,  Finland,  Nd. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary.  In  crystals,  white  to  gray,  grayish  green,  brownish,  and  rarely,  from 
impurity,  nearly  black.  The  prisms  are  sometimes  several  inches  thick. 

fluttallile  (named  after  T  Nuttall)  is  white  to  smoky  brown 
scapolite  from  Bolt  oh,  Mass.  It  has  been  shown  to  vary  widely 
in  composition  .  some  kinds  approach  meiouite,  p.  467,  and  it 
is  sometimes  much  altered  The  crystals  and  massive  variety  of 
Chelmsford,  Mass.,  of  gray,  greenish,  and  reddish  shades  of  color, 
have  been  called  Chelmtfordite. 

Passauite  or  Porzellanspath  is  from  Obernzell  near  Passau, 
Bavaria.  Ftichs  made  the  prisms  probably  about  92°,  and  so  also 
did  SchafLautl  But  Des  Cloizeaux  found  that  it  was  uniaxial 
and  negative,  and  hence  must  be  tetragonal  in  crystallization.  Its 
colors  are  white  to  yellowish,  bluish,  and  grayish  white.  The 
crystals  are  coarse,  and  irregularly  grouped  or  single. 

Ontariolite  of  Shepard  is  a  glassy  scapolite  from  Gal  way, 
Peterborough  Co  ,  Ontario;  often  black  from  inclusions,  probably 
of  graphite.  It  may  prove,  as  suggested  by  Shepard,  to  belong 
with  mizzonite  and  dipyre.  G.  =  2'608.  Shepard's  analysis 
gives  SiO2  48*65  to  51  30,  etc  .  but  has  little  value  because  of  the  impurity  of  the  material. 

2  Massive.  Olaucolite  is  of  pale  violet-blue,  bluish,  indigo-blue,  to  greenish  gray  colors, 
sometimes  resembling  cancrinite,  but  having  the  cleavage  of  scapolite.  It  is  from  near  R.  Sliudi- 
anka,  near  L.  Baikal,  Siberia,  where  it  occurs  in  veins  in  granite  The  pink  scapolite  of  Bolton 
is  similar.  Named  from  yXav KO$.  greenish  gray  or  sea  green. 

The  so-called  glnucolite  of  Weibye  from  Norway,  has  been  showp/by  Brogger  to  be 
sodalite  (see  p.  429), "and  a  so-called  glaucolite  from  L.  Baikal  also  proved  to  be  socialite. 

Comp.,  Var. — Intermediate  between  meionite  and  marialite  and  corresponding 
to  a  molecular  combination  of  these  in  a  ratio  3  :  1  to  1  :  2.  The  silica  varies  from 
46  to  54  p.  c.,  and  as  its  amount  increases  the  soda  and  chlorine  also  increase. 
Scapohtes  with  silica  from  54 -p.  c.  to  60  p.  c.  are  classed  with  mizzonite,  they  cor- 
respond to  Me  :  Ma  from  1  :  2  to  1  :  3  and  upwards. 

The  percentage  composition,  for  the  simple  compounds  of  Me  :  Ma,  is  as 
follows : 


/JV, 


Me.  Ma 
3    1 
2 


1 
1 
2 
1     3 


Si02 

A1203 

CaO 

Na2O 

CI 

4610 

3048 

1910 

3-54 

1-01 

48-03 

29-16 

17-04 

4-76 

1-35 

5190 

26-47 

12-90 

7-15 

2-04 

5585 

23-73 

8-67 

9-62 

2-75 

5785 

2235 

6*53 

10-87 

3  i& 

100-23 
100-34 
100-45 
100-62 
100-70 


The  oxygen -equivalent  of  the  chlorin.e  is  to  be  deducted. 

Anal.— 1.  Rath,  Po^g..  9O,  101.  1853.     2,  E.  S.  Sperry,  priv.  conlr.     $  Leeds,  Am.  J/ Sc.. 
6,26,1873.    4,  Rath,  I.e.,  p.  90.    5,  Wolff,  Rg.,Min.  Ch.,  719,  1860.    6,  Rg.  Min  Ch  .  Erg  ,  210. 


470 


SILICATES, 


1886  7  Wolff,  1.  c.  8,  Schaffhautl,  Lieb.  Ann  ,  46,  340,  1843.  9,  Wolff,  I.  c.  10,  Sipocz.  Min. 
Mitth.,  266,  1877,  after  deducting  6'82  CaCO3.  11,  Wolff,  1.  c.  12,  Becke,  Min.  Mitth.,  267, 
1877,  deducting  6'2  p.  c.  CaCO3.  13,  Rath,  1.  c.,  recalc.  by  Rg.,  deducting  1-68  p.  c.  CaCO3. 
14,  Kbl  .  J.  pr.  Cb.,  1,  89,  1834.  15,  Rg.,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin.  605,  1885.  16,  Wolff,  1  c.  17,  Kiepeu- 
heuer  quoted  by  Rath,  Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  p.  381,  Aug.  4,  1879.  18,  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc. ,  40,  116, 1890. 
19  Sipocz  Min.  Mitth.,  4,  265,  1881,  and  Tsch.,  1.  c.,  p.  1153, where  the  chlorine  percentages  are 
corrected.  20,  21,  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  12,  175,  Ib89.  22,  23,  Sipocz,  1.  c.  24,  Rg.3 1.  c. 
35,  E.  S.  Sperry,  priv.  contr.  26,  Rg.,  1.  c. 


G. 


1.  Pargas,  gnh.  2'654 

2.  Grasse  L. ,  ywh.      2'713 


SiO3  A1203  FeO  CaO 
45-46  30-96  tr.  17  "22 
46-94  25-76  064  16'89 


MgONa2O  K2O 

—     2-29    1-31 

0-52    3-88    0-52 


3.  Bucks  Co.,  Pa., 

4.  L.  Baikal, 

Qlaucolite 

5.  Lauriukari 

6.  Malsjo,  rdh. 

7.  Bulton.  rdh. 

8.  Obernzell,  Pass. 

9.  Hesselkulla, 


2-708 


47-47    27-51      —      17'59    1'20    3'05    1'40 


Cl  H2Ob 

—    1-29=  98-53 

0-68  08480,  0-25 

[CQ24-33  =  101-25- 

'   —     1-48=.   99-70 


10.  Rossie,  gnh. 

11.  Malsjo 

12.  Boxborough,  wh. 

13.  Malsjo.  wh. 

14.  Obernzell, 

Passauite 

15.  St.  Lawrence  Co. 

16.  Arendal 

17.  Monzoni 

18.  French  Creek, 


19.  MalsjO,  wh. 

20.  Husab 

21.  " 

22.  Arendal 


2-718 


2-735 
2731 
2-623 
2-720 
2-658 


2-621 

2-712 

2-675 


G. 
2-675 


47-49 

27-57 

1-54 

17-16 

0-47 

4-71 

0-58 

— 

0-48 

=      100 

48-15 

25-38 

l-48a 

16-63 

084 

4-91 

0-12 

— 

0-85 

— 

98 

•45 

4806 

27-34 



15-94 

— 

6'33 

0-22 

0-41 

1-61 

— 

99 

•91 

48-79 

28-16 

•0-32* 

15-02 

1-29 

4-52 

0-54 

— 

0-74 

=   99-28- 

49-20 

27-30 

— 

15-48 

— 

4-53 

1-23 

0-92 

1-20 

= 

99 

•86 

49-26 

26-40 

0-54* 

14-44 



614 

0-65 



0-69 

— 

98 

•12 

49-40 

30-02 

0-32 

15-62 

— 

3-11 

0-79 

0-13 

0-64 

— 

100 

•03 

49-88 

2702 

0-21* 

12-71 

0-85 

7-59 

0-87 

— 

0-77 

— 

99 

•90 

50-53 

29-31 

049 

13  37 

0-46 

3-91 

123 

0-21 

054 

= 

100 

"05 

5004 

25-68 

— 

12-64 

1-06 

5-89 

1-54 

— 

2-50 

= 

99 

•35- 

50-29 

27-39 

__ 

1353 

.  _ 

5-92 

0-17 

_,  _ 



— 

97 

•30 

50-73 

25-49 

— 

10-24 

— 

11-09 

— 

0-09 

1-96 

— 

99 

•60 

50-91 

25-81 

0-75a 

13-34 

058 

7-09 

0-85 

— 

0-41 

— 

99 

•74 

52-19 

23-54 

tr. 

9-61 

— 

12-65 

2-11 

— 

— 

— 

100 

•10 

5230 

23-68 

0-58* 

12-36 

0*05 

629 

0-77 

— 

1  50 

CO,  2 

•63 

[ 

— 

100 

•16 

2683 
2-682 
2-676 


SiOa    AI2O3    FeO    CaO    MgO   Na2O  K2O      Cl     SO3    H2O 

6-52    0-79    1-70    0'58    0-81 
[CO2  0-14  =  101-21 
6-42    0-45    0 10    0-79    0'49 


52-48  25-56  0'39  1244  — 

52-62  26-42      tr.  13'11  — 

53-24  25;60      tr.  12-83  — 

52-57  24-24  0'26  11'57  — 


[=  100-40 
0-66    050 


23.  Gouverneur,0r». wh.  2'660      52'65    25'32    O'll     11-30    0'23 


24. 

25.  Pierrepont 

26.  Pargas 

*  Fe,0,. 


7-03    0-47    0-12 

[=  100:45 

7-19    0-42    1-63    0-90    0*69 
[CO2  0-39  =  99-86 
6-64     1-58    2-14    0'14    0"42 
[=  100-53 
8-10    1  53    2-33      —       — 

[=  100-35 

8-16    0-71     2-14    1-31     0-49 
[CO22-15:=  10148 
9-12     —      1-75      —      0-71 
[=  99-41 
b  Usually  simply  ignition  and  hence  perhaps  =  H2O  -f  Cl. 


2-688 


52-90    24*95      —     10'54 
53-10    23-11     0-27    lO'OO    0'04 
53-32    24-67      —       9'84      — 


F.  D.  Adams,  who  first  called  attention  to  the  common  occurrence  of  chlorine  in  scapolites, 
shows  that  it  is  present  in  many  varieties  and  in  amounts  varying  up  to  1'47,  2-01,  2  41  p.  c.  in 
scapolites  from  Ripon;  also  2  01  p.  c.  in  a  specimen  from  KragerS;  1-78  in  one  from  Trumbull, 
Conn.,  etc.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  17,  315.  1879. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  easily  with  intumescence  to  a  white  blebby  glass.  Imperfectly 
decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  metamorphic  rocks,  and  most  abundantly  in  granular  limestone  near  its 
junction  with  the  associated  granitic  or  allied  rock;  sometimes  in  beds  of  magnetite  accompany- 
ing limestone.  It  is  often  associated  with  light-colored  pyroxene,  amphibole,  garnet,  and  also 
with  apatite,  titanite,  zircon;  amphibole  is  a  less  common  associate  than  pyroxene,  but  in  some 
cases  has  resulted  from  the  alteration  of  pyroxene.  The  scapolite  of  Pargas,  Finland,  is  in  lime- 
stone; that  of  Arendal  in  Norway,  and  Malsj5  in  Wermland,  occurs  with  magnetite  ia 
limestone. 

The  passauite  is  from  Obernzell,  near  Passau,  in  Bavaria. 

In  Vermont,  at  Mnrlborough,  massive.  In  Mass.,  at  Bolton  and  Boxborough,  in  crystals, 
sometimes  large;  at  Chelmsford;  Littleton;  Chester:  Carlisle;  Westfield,  massive;  at  Parsons- 


SCAPOLITE  GMOUP-MIZZONITE.  471 

field  and  Raymond,  near  Dr.  Swett's  house,  crystals,  with  yellow  garnet.  In  Conn.,  at  Monroe, 
"white  and  nearly  fibrous;  a  stone  quarry  at  Paugatuck,  Stonington,  massive.  In  JV.  York,  at 
Two  Ponds  in  Orange  Co.,  reddish  white  crystals  with  pyroxene,  titanite,  zircon,  one  crystal 
10  in.  long  and  5  in  diameter;  at  Fall  Hill,  Monroe,  of  white  and  bluish  colors,  massive,  with- 
lamellar  pyroxene;  in  Wai-wick  .of  the  same  county,  near  Amity,  milk-white  crystals  with 
pyroxene,  titanite,  graphite;  5  in.  S.  of  Warwick,  and  2  m.  N.  of  Edenville,  near  Green- 
wood Furnace,  are  other  good  localities;  in  Essex  Co.,  perfect  crystals  and  massive  nearly 
fibrous,  white  and  greenish  white,  abundant  near  Kirby's  graphite  mine,  4  m.  N.  E.  of  Alex- 
andria, in  Ticonderoga,  associated  with  pyroxene;  at  Crown  Point;  in  Lewis  Co.,  in  fine  crys- 
tals, white,  bluish,  and  dark  gray,  presenting  the  play  of  light  not  unusual  with  this  variety; 
edges  of  the  crystals  often  rounded;  Grasse  Lake,  Jefferson  Co.,  in  fine  crystals;  at  Gouverneur, 
in  limestone,  also  at  Macomb,  St.  Lawrence  Co.  In  N.  Jersey,  at  Franklin  and  Newton,  and  3 
m.  W.  of  Attleborough,  crystallized,  in  limestone;  also  at  Vernon,  Franklin,  and  Sparta  a  scapo- 
iite  rock  with  pyroxene,  amphibole,  orthoclase,  also  titanite.  In  Penn.,.&t  the  Elizabeth  mine, 
French  Creek,  Chester  Co.,  in  cavities  of  a  brownish  gray  garnet  with  magnetite,  pyrite,  and 
remains  of  the  hessonite  from  which  it  was  probably  formed. 

In  Canada,  at  G.  Calumet  Id.,  massive  lilac  colored;  at  Htmterstown,  in  large  crystals,  with 
ftitanite;  at  Grenville,  with  pyroxene;  Templeton;  Bedford;  Portland  and  Wakefield,  Ottawa 
Co.;  Algona,  Renfrew  Co.  Scapolite  rocks  occur  at  several  points,  in  part  a  "  scapolite  diorite" 
like  that  of  Norway,  chiefly  in  the  Laurentian,  as  at  Arnprior  on  the  Ottawa  R.;  L.  Mazinaw, 
Addington  Co. ;  Robertsville  mine,  Frontenac  Co.;  McDougal,  Parry  Sound;  it  is  associated  with 
crystalline  limestone,  also  amphibolytes  and  diorytes  (Adams  &  Lawson,  Can.  Rec.  Sc.,  3,  185,, 
1888). 

Alt. — The  scapolites  as  a  class  are  especially  liable  to  alteration,  and  the  products  are  numer- 
ous and  varied.  The  introduction  of  water,  or  of  carbon  dioxide,  is  a  common  change.,  By 
the  substitution  of  potash,  the  mineral  passes  to  the  state  of  finite  and  potash  mica.  By  the 
acquisition  of  iron  it  passes  in  some  cases  to  epidote.  By  the  introduction  of  magnesia,  it  may 
pass  to  steatite;  or  of  magnesia  and  potash,  to  a  magnesia  mica.  By  a  loss  of  bases,  the  proportion 
of  silica  left  increases;  and  by  a  loss  of  silica  also  (which  may  become  opal  in  its  separation),  the 
mineral  passes  to  a  kaolin-like  compound,  a  common  result  of  its,  alteration.  Moreover,  silica 
may  remain,  and  the  altered  crystal  become  by  additions  a  siliceous^  pseudomorph,  as  occurs  at 
Pargas.  Yarious  alteration-products  are  more"  particularly  mentioned  on  p.  473. 

Ref. — >  Arendal,  quoted  by  Tschermak.  The  angles  as  given  by  -Koksharov  are  the  same  aa 
for  meionite;  the  variation  is  in  any  case  small.  2  Cf.  Mir.,  Min.,  382,  1852. 

388.  MIZZONITE.    A.  Scacchi,  Pogg.,  Erg.,  3,  478,  1852. 

DIPYRE.  Schorl  blauchatre  de  Mauleon  (Pyrenees)  (discovered  by  Gillet-Laumont  in  1786), 
Leucolite,  Delameth.,  Sciagr.,  1,289,  2,  401,  1792.  Dipyre  H.t  Tr.,  3,  1801.  Schmelzstein 
Wern.,  Steff.  Orykt.,  1,  411,  1811.  Couseranite  Charpentier,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  39,  280,  1828. 
Couzeranite.  PrehnitoM  Blomstrand,  6fv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  11,  297,  1854.  Riponite  Tscliermak, 
Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  88  (1),  1142,  1883. 

Tetragonal.    Asis  6  =  0-44235;   001  A  101  =  23a  51J',  Scacchi-Koksharov*. 
Forms:  c  (001,  0),  a  (100,  i-i\  m  (110,  /),  h  (210,  i-2),  e  (101, 1-i),  r  (111,  1). 
Angles:  ee'  —  33°  15',  ee"  =  47°  43f ,  rr'  =  *44°  3',  cr  =  32°  2',  ar  -  67°  58|'. 
In  small  prismatic  crystals,  with,  m  prominent.      Prismatic  faces  vertically 
striated.     Sometimes  acicnlar. 

Cleavage  a,  m.  H.  =  5*5-6.  Gk  =  2'623  Rath.  Luster  vitreous.  Colorless 
to  white.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Refractive  indices  (see  also  p.  466) : 

Pouzac,  Dipyre .      t»r  =  1-558  er  =  1-543  Dx. 

c»y  =  1-5673          ey  ==  1-5416  Lattermann. 

*Vvx.—Mizzonite  occurs  in  clear  crystals  in  ejected  masses  on  Mte.  Somma. 

Dipyre  occurs  in  elongated  square  prisms,  often  slender,  sometimes  large  and  coarse,  in 
limestone  and  crystalline  schists,  chiefly  from  the  Pyrenees.  Couseranite  is  the  same  mineral 
and  from  the  same  region,  but  as  originally  analyzed  in  a  more  or  less  altered  form,  see* 
anal,  below. 

Prehnitoid,  named  from  its  resemblance  to  prehnite,  is  from  Sweden. 
Comp. — Intermediate  between  meionite  and  marialite  and  corresponding  to  a 
molecular  combination  varying  from*  Me  :  Ma  =  1  :  2  to  Me  :  Ma  ==•  1  ijfc    For 
percentage  composition,  see  p.  469. 

Anal.— 1,  Rath,  Pogg.,  119,  254,  1863.  2,  Adams,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  17,  315.  1879.  3,  Damour,. 
L'Institut,  16,  1862.  4,  Schulze,  quoted  by  Gdt.,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.,  1,  226.  1881.  5.  Delesse, 
C.  R  ,  18,  944,  1844,  6,  Pisani,  Dx.,Min.,  1,  227,  1862.  7,  Blomstrand,  1.  c.  8,  Michel-Levy, 
Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  1,  43.  1878  also  Lcx.,ib.,  12,  253,  1889.  9,  E.  S.  Sperry,  priv.  contr.  10, 
Jannettaz,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  12,  445,  1889. 


472 

SILICATES. 

G 

Si02 

A1203 

FeO 

CaO 

MgO 

Na2O 

K20 

1. 

Som  m  a,  MizzoniU 

i  2-623 

54-70 

23-80 

— 

8-77 

0-22 

983 

214 

2. 

Ripon,  Riponite 

263 

|  54-86 

22-45 

0-49* 

9-09 

tr. 

8-36 

1-13 

3. 

Pouzac,  Dipyre 

2-65 

56-22 

23-05 



9-44 

tr. 

7-68 

0-90 

4. 

n  .                   « 

2-613 

|  53-97 

23-68 

— 

8-76 

1-40 

3-55 

6-43 

5. 

Libarens,      " 

2-646 

55-5 

24-8 

— 

9-6 

— 

9-4 

0-7 

6. 

t<             it 

2-62 

56-69 

22-68 

0-30° 

6-85 

0-49 

8-65 

0-78 

7. 

Prehnitoid 

2-50 

56-00 

22-45 

1-19» 

7-79 

0-36 

10-07 

0-46 

8. 

Bam  ic 

2-63 

59-66 

22-65 

— 

7-32 

2-60 

8-13 

tr. 

9. 

Macoinb,  N.  Y. 

2-601 

5759 

21-27 

0-27 

5-59 

0-29 

10-48 

0-40 

10. 

Chili 

26 

57-4 

19-6 

3-4* 

6-2 

04 

8-8 

tr. 

a  Fe203. 

bO-72 

hygroscopic. 

°MnO. 

Cl 


2-41 


H20 

0-13  =  99-59 
0-86bSO3  0-80 
[=  100-45 
2-4ld=  99-70 
0-98  =  98-77 

—  =100 
4-55d  =  10l-08 
1-04  =  99-36 

—  =100-36 
0-76COal'06 

[=  100-73 
—     3-41d  CuO  tr. 


3-02 


-    *Ign. 


Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  easily,  but  with  less  intumescence  than  meionite.  Only  slightly  acted 
upon  by  hydrochloric  acid. 

Olos.—Mizzonite  occurs  in  trachytic  bombs  on  Mte.  Somma;  the  rock  is  gray  and  consists 
chiefly  of  sanidine  and  dark  green  augite;  the  mizzonite  occurs  in  cavities;  sometimes  with 
calcite.  Named  from  ^ei^oov,  greater,  the  axis  of  the  prism  being  a  little  longer  than  in  meionite. 

Dipyre  and  couseranite  are  from  various  points,  chiefly  in  the  Hautes-Pyrenees,  in  granulai; 
limestone;  at,  Pouzac,  near  Bagneres-de-Bigorre,  with  a  white  uniaxial  mica;  near  Libarens, 
about  a  mile  and  a  half  from  Maul  eon,  with  mica  or  talc;  at  the  baths  of  Aulus  in  the  Dept.  of 
Ariege;  in  a  black  schist  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Les^  near  Luzenac,  Arie'ge;  in  the  vicinity  of 
Loutrin,  near  Angoumer,  in  blocks  of  granular  limestone,  with  pyrite,  titanite  (see  more  par- 
ticularly, Frossard,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  13,  321,  1890); -also  at  Biarritz  and  elsewhere  in  the  Basses- 
Pyrenees.  The  prehnitoid  is  from  a  locality  between  Kongsberg  and  Solberg  in  Sweden,  with 
coarsely  crystallized  hornblende;  its  hardness  is. stated  by  Blomstrand  to  be  7,  and  G.  =  2  50. 
The  scapolite  associated  with  amphibole  in  the  "geflecter  Gabbro"or  scapolite-dioryte  of  the 
apatite  deposits  near  Bamle,  Norway,  is  near  dipyre  in  composition  (see  anal.  8  and  p.  467)  A 
scapolite  belonging  here  occurs  at  the  Llanca  mine,  district  La  Higuera,  Coquimbo,  Chili.  Ac- 
cording to  Arzruni,  dipyre  (rr'"  =  63°  49')  occurs  in  saccharoidal  limestone  at  Canaan,  Ct. 

Riponite  (anal.  2)  is  from  the  township  of  Ripon,  Ottawa  Co.,  Quebec,  Canada. 

The  name  dipyre,  from  di$,  twice,  and  Ttvp,  fire,  alludes  to  the  two  effects  of  heat,  fusion  and 
phosphorescence.  Prehnitoid  refers  to  a  resemblance  to  pj'ehnite. 

Alt. — Dipyre  undergoes  very  easy  alteration,  much  easier  than  wernerite,  and  this  it 
probably  owes  to  the  large  percentage  of  soda.  At  all  the  localities  the  mineral  occurs  to 
a  large  extent  in  a  crumbling  state.  Some  of  it  appears  to  be  changed  to  a  greenish 
chlorite., 

Couseranite  is  an  altered  form  of  dipyre.  It  oqcurs  in  the  same  region,  and  the  dipyre  may  be 
seen  passing  into  couseranite.  Its  square  prisms  are  usually  rough  or  rounded  externally,  and 
bluish  black  or  grayish  black  to  deep  black  in  color,  but  sometimes  whitish  and  blackish  on  the 
same  specimen.  It  is  often  soft,  and  fragile;  Charpentier's  mineral  came  from  the  department 
of  AriSge  (formerly  Couserans).  Analyses:  1,  Dufrenoy,  Ann.  Mines,  4,  327,  1828.  2,  Pisani 
Dx.f  Min.,  i,  884,  .1862. 


G.= 


SiOa  A1203 
52-37  24-02 
58-33  20-20 


FeO  MgO 

—     1-40 

1-90    7-20 


CaO 

11-85 
0-99 


Na2O  K2O 
396  5-52 
0-76  8-82 


H2O 

—   =    99-12 
2-35  =  100-55. 


Pisani's  analysis  was  made  on  large  square  prisms  from  Pouzac.  It  has  the  composition  of 
agalmatolite.  Both  of  the  analyses  indicate  the  alteration  by  the  amount  of  potash  present. 

Itef.—1  On  mizzonite,  Somma,  Sec.  rr'  =  44°  4',  Kk.  rr'  =  44°  2',  Min.  Russl.,  2,  108,  1854; 
on  dipyi-e  from  Pouzac,  rr'  =  44°  17',  er  =  22°  10',  Dx.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  12,  9,  1889. 


389.  MARIALITB.    Rath,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  18,  635,  1866.     [Not  Mariulite  of  Ryllo.] 
Tetragonal.     In  crystals  with  c  (001),  a  (100),  m  (110),  h  (210),  e  (101),  r  (111); 
angles  near  mizzonite,'.  rr'  =  44°. 

H.  =  5-5-6,  G.  =  2-566.  Luster  vitreous.  Colorless,  or  white.  Trans- 
parent to  translucent. 

Comp. — Approximating  to  the  pure  marialite  of  Tschermak,  Na4Al3Si9054Cl 
=  Silica  63-9,  alumina  18-1,  soda  14*7,,  chlorine  4-2  =  100-9,  deduct  (0  =  201)  0'9 
=  100.  The  marialite  of  Kath  corresponds  closely,  to  Me  :  Ma  =  1  :  4. 

Anal. — 1,  Rath,  1.  c.,  after  deducting  4-5  p.  c.  magnetite:  the  specific  gravity  of  the  material 
analyzed  was  2*626,  or  2'566  correcting  for  admixed  magnetite  (G.  =  5'18),  2,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch., 
Erg.,  216, 1886. 


SCAPOLITE  GROUP-MARIALITE  473 

SiOa          A120,          CaO          Na20        K2O  Cl 

1.  62-72  21-82  4'63  9'37  1'15  —  MgO  0'31  ±=  100 

2.  61-40  1963  4-10         undet.  —  4 '00 

Pyr.,  etc. — Like  those  of  mizzonite. 

Obs.— From  a  volcanic  rock  called  piperno,  occurring  at  Pianura,  near  Naples. 

Altered  Scapolites.  The  following  are  the  characters  of  different  altered  scapolites. 
Analyses  are  given  helow  and  on  pp.  322,  323,  5th  Ed. 

ATHERIASTITE  Weibye,  Pogg  ,  79,  302,  1850.  Like  scapolite  in  form;  color  greenish; 
opaque.  From  Arendal,  with  black  garnet  and  keilhauite  Contains  7  p.  c.  water. 

STROGANOVITE  Herm  ,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  34,  178,  1845.  Has  the  form  of  scapolite  (Kk.,  Min. 
Russl..  3,  95).  Color  yellowish  to  light  oil-green;  luster  greasy;  translucent;  H  =55,  G.=2-79. 
B.B.  fuses  easily  with  intumescence.  From  the  R.  Sliudiauka  near  L.  Baikal  in  Eastern  Siberia. 
The  analysis  afforded  6*4  p.  c.  CO2,  corresponding  to  11 '4  p.  c.  of  CaCO3. 

ALGERITE  Hunt,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  103,  1849.  Occurs  in  slender  square  prisms,  sometimes  2 
or  3  in.  long,  embedded  in  calcite.  Yellowish  to  gray  and  usually  dull.  Brittle.  H.  =  3-3'5: 
some  crystals  more  altered,  2'5.  G.  =  2'697--2  712  Hunt;  2'78  Crossley.  From  Franklin,' 
Sussex  Co  ,  N.  J.  The  varying  results  of  analyses,  and  the  presence  of  calcium  carbonate,  of 
magnesia,  and  the  relations*  to  known  examples  of  altered  scapolite,  confirm  the  view  derived 
from  the  form  and  appearances,  that  algerite  is  an  altered  scapolite,  and  related  to  pinite. 

WILSONITE  Hunt,  Logan's  Rep.  Can.,  1853. 1863,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  428,  1855.  A  massive  min- 
eral from  Batlmrst,  Canada,  affording  square  prisms  by  cleavage,  and  having  H.  =  35,  G.  = 
%  765-2-776;  luster  vitreous,  a  little  pearly  on  cleavage  surfaces;  color  reddish  white,  rose-red, 
.and  peach-blossom  red.  According  to  Chapman  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  20,  269,  1855)  its  crystallization 
And  other  characters  are  essentially  those  of  scapolite.  It  is  associated  with  apatite,  calcite,  and 
pyroxene.  Hunt  in  Rep.  G.  Can  ,  1863,  makes  it  a  variety  of  gieseckite.  Occurs  also  in 
northern  N.  York. 

Anal.— 1,  Weibye  &  Berlin.  Poff.  79,  302,  1850.  2,  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  34,  177,  1845; 
«nal.  as  given  by  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  718,  1860,  after  deducting  CaCO3  (6 '40  COa).  3,  Crossley,  Dana 
.Min.,  680,  1850.  4.  Hunt,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  p.  483,  1863. 

SiO2    AlaOs    FeO    CaO    MgO  Na2O  K2O  H2O 

1.  Atheriastite                                      38'00    24'10    5  60a  22'64    2'80  —       —  6'95  =  100'09 

2  Stroganomte                                     43'35    30'52    0'95b  21 '59      —  3'74      —  —   =  100-15 

-3.  Algerite                                            49'96    24'41    l'-±8b     —      5'18  —     9'97  5'06      CaCO3 

[4-21  =  100-27 

4.Wilsomte                                      |47'60    31-20      —       0'95    419  0'88    9'30  5'43  =    99'55 

*  Incl.  0-78  MnO.  b  Fe2O3 

TERENITE  Emmon«,  Rep.  G.  N.  Y. ,  152,  1837.  Has  the  form  of  scapolite,  with  H.  =  2; 
G.  =  2'53;  luster  a  little  pearly;  color  yellowish  white  or  greenish;  and  is  from  a  small  vein  in 
limestone  at  Antwerp,  N.  Y.  It  has  not  been  analyzed,  but  is  probably  near  algerite  or  wilson- 
ite.  The  PINITARTIGER  SCAPOLLT  of  Schumacher  (Verz.,  98,  1801),  from  Arendal,  is  probably 
similar  to  the  algerite  and  other  pinite  pseudomorphs.  It  is  described  as  occurring  in  crystals 
and  massive,  of  a  white,  greenish,  and  other  shades,  and  B.B.  fusing  easily.  His  Talkartigw 
Scapolit^  from  Arendal,  appears  to  have  been  a  steatitic  pseudomorph,  it  being  B.B.  infusible. 

Mica  from  Arendal,  Norway  (Micarelle  of  Abildgaard).  The  mica*  occurs  embedded  in 
quartz,  and  has,  according  to  Rath,  the  form  of  8-sided  crystals  of  scapolite,  6  in.  long.  The 
crystals  are  covered  with  mica  externally,  and  within  consist  throughout  of  an  aggregation  of 
the  same  mica.  Of.  Wichmann,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  26,  701,.  1874. 

GABBRONITS  Schumacher,  Verzeichu.,  1801;  Gabrouite.  Referred  here  by  Ssemann,  who  ob- 
serves that  there  are,  in  the  Ecole  des  Mines  at  Paris,  crystals  of  it  of  the  form  of  scapolite; 
Schumacher  describes  it  as  bluish  gray,  inclining  to  leek-green;  also  grayish  mountain-green, 
luster  feeble;  fracture  smooth  like  that  of  flint;  G.  =  2'947;  having  some  resemblance  togabbro. 
The  bluish  gray  variety  from  the  Kenlig  mine  near  Arendal,  with  black  hornblende  and  calcite, 
and  the  Other  from  Fredriksvarn,  Norway,  in  syenite.  Brosrerer  refers  the  mineral  to  elaeolite 
(p.  425). 

PSEUDO- SCAPOLITE  K  Nordenskwld,  Bidrag  Finl.  Min.,  66,  1820.  Wernerite  altered  to 
pyroxene..  The  crystals  are  large  and  contain  crystals  of  pyroxene,  which  are  most  abundant 
1o  ward  the  exterior;  from  Simonsby,  near  Pargas. 

PARALOGITE  JV.  Nordensk.,  Bull.  Soc.  Moscow,  30,  221,  1857.  Has  the  form  and  angles  of 
scapolite  (Kk.,  Min.  Russl.,  3,  187),  and  is  probably  altered  wernerite.  Colors  white,  bluish, 
reddish  blue;  G.  =  2*665.  The  crystals,  after  action  of  acids,  are  full  of  worm-like  holes, 
owing  to  the  separation  of  the  calcium  carbonate  present.  From  the  lapis-lazuli  locality  in  the 
.L.  Baikal  region. 

Steatitic  pseudomorphs  occur  at  Newton,  N.  J.,  and  Arendal  in  Norway.  A  siliceous  scap- 
olile^of  Pargns,  of  a  gray  color,  in  limestone,  contains  92'71  p.  c.  of  silica.  AlMte  is  announced 
by  Tscherumk  as  occurring  pseudomorphous  after  scapolite. 

The  passauite  is  the  source,  by  its  alteration,  of  a  large  bed  of  porcelain  earth  or  kaolin. 
Part  of  the  kaolin  has  the  prismatic  form  of  the  passauite.  Opal  occurs  ill  the  Jkaolin  as 
one  result_o_f_the .alteration 


474 


SILICATES. 


390.  SARCOLITE.  Sareolite  Dr.  TJwmpson  (of  Naples),  1  807.  [Not  Sarcolite  du  Vicentin 
(=  Gmelinite)  Faujas,  Vauq.\  Ann.  Mus.,  9,  249,  1807,  11,  42.]  Analcime  raruea  Mont.  &  Cov.t 
Min.  Vesuv.,  1825. 

Tetragonal;  with  pyramidal  hemihedrism.     Axis  6  =  0-88737;  001  A  101  = 
41°  35'  Brooke1. 


Forms2:  c  (001,  0);  a  (100,  i-i),  m  (110, 
z  (331,  3)3;  o  (313,  1-3),  s  (311,  3-3). 


ce  =  41°  35' 
ct  =  22°  42' 
cr  =  *51°  27' 


cs  =  75°    7V 
cv  =  43°    5' 
c*  =  70°  23' 


h  (210,  £2);  6  (101,  1-t);   t  (113,  $),    r.(lll,  1) 


ee'  =  83°  10' 
rr'  =  67°  9' 
as  =  26°  40' 


ar  =  56°  26' 

av  =  77°  31| 
ss'  =  49°  £0' 


In  small  crystals,  resembling  the 
cu bo-octahedron    of   the  isometric 
system;  often  highly  modified  and 
sometimes     hemihedral     in      the. 
planes  v,  s. 

Fracture  conchoidal.  Very  brit- 
tle H.  =  6.  G.  =  2-545  Brooke; 
2-932  Rg.  Luster  vitreous.  Color 
flesh-red  to  rose-red,  reddish  white. 
Transparent  to  subtransparent. 
Optically  -f-.  Double  refraction 
1,  2,  Mte.  Somma.  1,  Hbg.3;  2,  Rath4.  strong. 

Comp.— An  orthosilicate  of  alu- 
minium, calcium,  and  sodium,  R3Al2Si3012  or  3RO.Al203.3Si02,  with  R  =  Ca  :  Naa 
=  9:1,  hence:  Silica  39  9,  alumina  22-6, .lime  33-4,  soda  4-1  =  100.'  "The- formula 
is  analogous  to  that  of  the  Garnet  Group. 

Anal.— Rg.,  Pogg.,  109,  570,  1860;  earlier  Scacchi,  5th  Ed.,  p.  318. 


SiO2f  40-51 


21-54       CaO3236       Na2O.-3'30       KaO  1'20  ='98'91 


Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.  fuses  to  a  -white  enamel.     With,  acids  gelatinizes. 

Obs.  —  Of  rare  occurrence  in  the  ejected  masses  on  Monte  Somrria,  Vesuvius. 

Named  from  o-dp,  flesh,  and  Az'Qo?,  stone,  in  allusion  .to  the  color. 


Ref.—  l  Made  cubic  by  Haily,  and  early  confounded  with  Jinalcite.  but  shown  to  be  tetrag- 
onal by  Brooke,  Phil.,  Mag.,  1O,  189,  1831.  Of.  also  Mir.,  -Min.,  381,  1852;  Kk.,  who  gives 
ce  =  41°  30f  ,  Min.  Russl.-,  2,  109,  1854;  Rg.,-ce  =  41°  33',  1.  c.  *  See  Mir:,  1.  c.  3  Hbg.,;  Mini 
Not.,  1,  14,  1856.  4  Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  p.  134,  June  6,  1887. 


391.  Melilite 

Akermanite  (artif.) 

392.  Gehlenite 


8.  Melilite  Group.    Tetragonal. 
Na2(Ca,Mg)u(Al,Fe)4(Si04)9 

Ca43(A10)2(Si04)a 


6  =  0-4548 

(J  ==  0-45'  approx. 

ch=  0-40IQI 


391.  MELILITB.  Melilite  D.elameth.,  T.  T.,  2.  273,  1796;  Fl:  'Bellevue  (it^.disdov;  in 
1790),  J.  Phys.,  51,  456,  1800.  Humboldtilite  Mont.  &  Cov.,  Prodr.,  375, -1822  Somervillite 
Brooke,  Ed.  J.  Sc.,  1,  185,  1824.  Zurlite  Ramondini,  BreislaK  Inst.  GeoU  3S,  2104818,  .Mellilite. 

Tetragonal.     Axis  6  =  0-45483;  001  A  101  =  24°  5J7^Des  Cloizeaux1. 
Forms1 :  c  (001,  0);  a  (100,  i-i), .yn  (110,,  /)„  h  (310,  >3);  r  (111,  1). 
Angles:  «A.  =  48°  26',  rr'  =  44°  59\  rr'<  =  *65°.30    ar  =  :67°  30i'-,  cr  =  82*  45 


MBLILITE  GROUP—  MELILITE. 


475 


Cruciform    twins  rare,   the   vertical    axes    only  slightly  inclined   or  cross- 
ing  nearly  at  right    angles.      Usually  in   short    square 
prisms  (a)  or  octagonal  prisms  (a,  m),  also  in   tetragonal 
tables. 

Cleavage:  c  distinct;  a  indistinct.  Fracture  con- 
-choidal  to  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =5.  G.  =  2'9-B'lO. 
Luster  vitreous,  inclining  to  resinous  on  a  surface  of  frac- 
ture. Color  white  or  pale  yellow,  honey-yellow,  greenish 
yellow  reddish  brown,  brown.  Translucent  and  in  thin 
\aminae  transparent;  also  opaque.  Pleochroism  distinct 
in  yellow  varieties.  Sometimes  exhibits  optical  anomalies. 
Optically  — ;  also,  in.  part,  apparently  isotropic  or  + 
tion  weak.  Indices: 


(Vogt).    Double  refrac- 


Humboldtitite 


oor  =  1-6313 


GO,  5=  1-6339 


y  =  1-6291  Henniger*. 


__    p.— Perhaps  EJ,R4StB016ijr'Nq,(Oa,Mg)J1(Al,Fe)4Si9Oti  for  melilite  (%), 
but  uncertain  since  the  analyses  fail  to  agree.     If  Ca  :  Mg  =  8:3,  and  Al :  Fe  = 


Comp.- 

uncertain  since  the  analyses  fail  to  agree.  ±L  \j<n  .  ju.g  —  o  .  o,  aim  ^i ;  j?  c  — 
1  :  1,  the  percentage  composition  is:  Silica  37*7,  alumina  7*1,  iron  sesquioxide  11*2, 
lime  31'3,  magnesia  8-4,  soda  4*3  =  100,  Potassium  is  also  present.  Groth  writes 
the  formula  (Ca,Mg)6(Al,Fe)2Si6019. 

Anal.— 1,  Kbl.,  Sctiw.  J.,  64,  293,  1832.  2-4,  Damour,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  10,  59,1844. 
5,  Schulze  (on  0'38  gr.),  Jb,  Min.,  Beil.,  2,  383,  1883. 


1.  Mte.  Soraraa,  Humboldt. 


G.         SiOa    A19O8    Fe2O3  CaO    MgO  NaaO  KaO 


3.  C.  di  Bove,  Melilite,  yw.    2-95 

4.  "  "       brn. 

5.  Hochbohl  2'99 


43-96 
40-69 
39-27 
38-34 
44-76 


11-20 

10-88 

6-42 

861 

7-90 

*FeO. 


2-32a  31-96 

4-43    31-81 

10-17    32-47 

10-02    32-05 

$-16    27-47 


610 
5-75 
6-44 
6-71 
860 


4-28 
4-43 
1-95 
2-12 
265 


0-38  =  100-20 
0-36  =  98-35 
1-46  =  98  18 
1-51  =  99-36 
0-33  H2C  1-42, 
[FeO  1-39  =  99-68 


Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  at  3  to  a  yellowish  or  greenish  glass.  With  the  fluxes  reacts  for  iron. 
Decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid  with  gelatinization. 

Obs. — Humboldtilite  occurs  in  cavernous  blocks  on  Monte  Somma  with  greenish  mica,  also 
apatite,  augite;  the  crystals  are  often  rather  large,  and  covered  with  a  calcareous  coating;  less 
•common  in  transparent  lustrous  crystals  with  nephelite,  sarcolite,  and  sparingly,  apatite,  wollas- 
toiiite,  lining  cavities  in  an  augitic  rock. 

Meiilite  of  yellow  and  brownish  colors,  is  found  at  Capo  di  Bove,  near  Rome,  in  leucitophyre 
"with  nephelite,  pbiljipsite,  gisinondite,  magnetite,  and  small  black  crystals  of  augite  aud  horn- 
blende. Somervilliie,  which  Des  Cloizeaux  has  shown  to  have  the  angles  of  this  species,  is  found 
•at  Vesuvius  in  dull  yellow  crystals. 

Melilite3  is  not  uncommon  in  certain  basic  eruptive  rocks,  as  the  melilite-basalts  of  Hochbohl 
near  Owen  in  Wurttemberg,of  the  Schwabiau  Alb, of  Gorlitz,  the  Erzgebirge;  also  in  the  nephelite 
basalts  of  the  Hegau,  of  Oahu,  Sandwich  Islands,  etc.;  perovskite  is  a  common  associate.  It 
usually  appears  in  square,  octagonal  or  rounded  tables,  which  are  lath-shaped  for  sections  J_  c, 
and  they  show  either  fine  striations  or  peculiar  peg-shaped  or  spear-shaped  inclusions  to  which, 
the  name  "  Pflockstructur  "  was  given  by  Slelzuer. 

Zurlite  occurs  in  opaque  square  or  octagonal  prisms  in  calcareous  blocks  on  Monte  Somma 
with  humboldtilite;  color  whitish  or  asparagus-green;  H.  about  6;  G.  =  3'27;  B.B.  infusible; 
soluble  in  nitric  acid.  It  is  impure  humboldtilite  (Scacchi,  Jb.  Min.,  261,  1853).  "Named  after 
Sign.  Zurlo.  Melilite  is  named  from  yue'A.*,  honey,  in  allusion  to  the  color. 

Artif.— Common  in  furnace  slags,  having  been  observed  in  square  prisms  at  Russel's  Hall, 
Tipton,  Bowles,  Wicks,  etc  ,  in  England  and  Wales,  near  St.  Etienne  in  France,  near  Charlevoi 
in  Belgium,  Konigshiitte  in  Upper  Silesia.  Magdespruug  in  the  Harz,  and  Easton,  Pa.  Cf. 
Percy,  Rep.  Brit  Assoc.,  351.  1846:  also  Vogt,  Ak.  H.  Stoekh.,  Bihang,  9  (1).  105,  1884-85. 

Obtained  from  fusion  by  Fouque  and  Levy  in  square  prisms,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  2, 
108.  1879  Also  by  Bourgeois  who  has  obtained  a  series  of  compounds  (2RO4R2O3.3SiO,j 
in  part  colorless,  also  ferriferous  and  again  manganesian,  the  last  of  a  violet  tint  with  distinct 
dichroism,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  29,  450,  1883,  and  Reprod.  Min.,  122,  1884.  Vogt  has  described 
a  series  of  melilites  from  slags  varying  in  optical  character  from  the  usual  negative,  through 
forms  sensibly  isotropic,  to  others  which  are  positive,  like  akermanite,  p.  476. 

Ref.— l  Dx.,  Min.,  p.  215,  1862,  he  makes  r  =221.  *  Rosenbusch,  Mikr.  Phys.,  323,  1885. 
8  Cf.  Zirkel,  Basaltgesteine,  77,  1870;  also  Stelzner.  Jb.  Mio.,  Bell..  2,  369.  1883. 


476 


SILICATES. 


AKERMANITE  /.  H.  L.  Yogi,  Ak.  "H.  Stockh.,  Bihaug,  9  (1),  126,  1834-85;  Arch.  Math. 
Nat.,  13,  310,  1890.  A  tetragonal  species  isomorphous  with  melilite  aiid  gehlenite.  Inferred 
to  have  the  composition  R4Si3O,0  or  4RO.3Si02  ;  R  =  Ca  chiefly,  with  alsoMg,Mn,Fe.  Known 
only  as  formed  in  certain  slags  on  rapid  cooling.  Obtained  in  thin  tabular  crystals;  Cleavage: 
110,  perhaps  also  001.  Optically  uniaxial  and -f.  • 

Other  tetragonal  crystals,  also  optically  -f-,  intermediate  between  akermanite  and  melilite 
(_j_  var.)  were  observed,  in  part  twins  crossing  at  an  angle  of  48£°.  and  hence  corresponding  to 
e  (101)  as  tw.  pi.,  with  c  =  0'45.  Named  for  the  Swedish  metallurgist,  Richard  Akerman. 

The  following  analyses  by  Damrn  (quoted  by  Vogt)  belong  to  a  compound  near  akermauite, 
1,  the  entire  slag-  2,  crystals  separated  from- the  slag. 


SiO2 
42-44 
4317 


A1203 
4-38 
3-43 


FeO 

0-30 

tr. 


MnO  CaO 

9-21  28-37 

5-85  37-89 

a  Approx. 


MgO 

11-87  CaS2  1-89  =  98'46 
90*  =  99-34 


392.  GEHLENITE.  Gehlenit  Fucks,  Schw.  J.,  15,  377,  1815.  Stylobat  Breith.,  Leonh. 
Taschenb.,  10,  600,  1816,  Hoffrn.  Min.,  4  b,  109,  1817. 

Tetragonal.     Axis  6  =  0-40006;  001  A  103  =  21°  48J'  Des  Cloizeaux1. 

Forms :  c  (001,  0);  a  (100,  i  i},  h  (310,  £3);  ft  (703,  f  * )?;  r  (111,  1),  s  (887,  f), 
q  (221,  2). 

Angles:  eft  =  43°  2'  cr  =  *29°  30',  cs  =  32°  53',  cq  =  48°  32',  rr'  =  40°  45', 
w'  =  45°  9',  qq'  =  639  59^'. 

Crystals  usually  short  square  prisms;  sometimes  tabular;  often  resembling 
cubo-octahedrons. 

Cleavage:  c  imperfect;  a  in  traces.  Fracture  uneven 
to  splintery.  Brittle.  H.  — 5'5-6.  G.  -  2-9-3-07.  Luster 
resinous,  inclining  to'  vitreous.  Color  different  shades  of 
grayish  green  to  liver-brown;  none  bright.  Faintly  sub- 
translucent  to  opaque.  Streak  white  to  grayish  white. 
Optically  negative.  Double  refraction  weak. 

Comp.— Ca3Al2Si20JO  or  3CaO.Al908.3Si09  -  Silica  3<M>, 
alumina  26'2,  lime  42*9  =  100. 

Some  ferric  iron,  replacing  the  aluminium,  is  present  and  some 
magnesium  replacing  the  calcium. 

The  formula  may  be  written  (Groth)  as  a  basic  orthosilicate,  Ca3(AlO)2(Si04)2. 

Anal.— 1,  Rg  ,  Min.  Ch.,  732,  1860.  2,  Dmr.,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  10,  66,  1844.  3,  Lemberg, 
Zs.  G.  Ges.,  24,  248,  1872.  4,  5,  Kuhu,  Lieb.  Ann.,  59,  371,  1846.  6,  7,  Janovsky,  Ber.  Ak 
Wien,  69  (1),  28, 1874.  The  material  of  anal.  6  contained  some  vesuviauite. 


Monzoni,  Dx. 


Monzoni 


olive 
dark  grn. 


6.  Orawitza  dark 


7. 


light 


G.  SiO2   A12O3  Fe2O3  FeO    CaO     MgO    ign. 


3-01 
3-01 


29-78 

22-02 

3-22 

1-63 

37-90 

3-88 

[1 

•38] 

MnO  0'19  = 

100 

31-60 

1980 

597 



38-11 

2-20 

1 

•53 

Ka2OO-33  = 

99-54 

30-01 

21-33 

3-56 

— 

36-74 

3-77 

4 

•72 

=  100-13 

30-47 

17-79 

7-30 



36-97 

299 

3 

•62 

=     99-14 

29-52 

19-00 

— 

725 

36-55 

1-41 

5 

•55 

=    99-28 

30-73 

22-24 

0-41 

3-01 

37-93 

6-10 

0 

•37 

=  100-79 

32-39 

18-53 

1-25 

3-61 

37-65 

6-69 

0 

•51 

=  100-63 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  thin  splinters  fuse  with  difficulty  (F.  =  5-7,  Kbl.)  to  a  gray  glass.  With 
borax  fuses  slowly  to  a  glass  colored  by  iron.  Gelatinizes  with  hydrochloric  acid,  yielding  a 
solution  containing  both  protoxide  and  sesquioxide  of  iron. 

Obs.— Gehlenite  is  found  at  Mount  Monzoni,  in  the  Fassathal,  in  isolated  or  aggregated  crys- 
tals, invested  by  calcite,  formed  as  a  contact  mineral  in  limestone;  also  in  the  Fleimstlml;  in 
rolled  pebbles  at  Orawitza  in  the  Bauat  inclosing  grains  of  vesuviauite,  Zeph.,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien, 
69  (1),  26,  1874. 

Named  by  Fuchs  after  his  colleague,  Gehlen. 

Alt.— Gehlenite  occurs  altered  to  steatite,  also  to  fassaite,  and  to  grossular  garnet  (see  below). 
A  pseudomorph  from  Monzoni  gave  Lemberg  (1.  c.): 

Si08  28775     A1203  17'83      Fe2O3  3'41      MgO  29'60      CaO  4-76     ign  15'93  =  100;28 
An  alteration  product,  inclosing  the  Orawitza  gehlenite,  of  a  red  to  brown  color,  H.  =  3 -5 
amorphous,  gave  Janovsky: 

G.  =  1-87  Vrba        SiO2  29-12     A12O,  31-46     Fe203  8'86     H2O  30'56  =  100 


VESUVIANITE  GROUP— VESUVIANITE.  477 

Pseudomorphs  after  gehlenite  from  Monzoni  have  been  described  by  Cathrein,  consisting 
(1)  of  fassaite,  and  (2)  of  grossularite,  Min.  Mitth.,  8,  408,  412,  1887.  Anal.— Cathrein: 

SiO2    A12O3  Fe2O3  FeO    CaO      MgO    ign. 

1.  Fassaite  44 "22    12'37     3'83     1-14    27-31     11  "26    0'73  =  100'86 

2.  Grossularite         39'64    16'47    4'62     1-13     31-52      5'72    1'04  =  100'14 

Artif. — Not  uufrequent  among  furnace  scoria,  in  thin  square  tables,  or  8-sided  prisms,  with 
cleavage  parallel  to  the  lateral  planes  of  a  square  prism.  Has  been  observed  at  Dawes'  furnace, 
Oldbury  in  England,  and  at  Holzhausen  in  Hesse.  Also  similarly  at  McVille,  Armstrong,  Penn. 
Diller,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  37,  220,  1889.  See  also  Vogt,  ref.  under  akermanite,  p.  476. 

Obtained  by. Bourgeois  from  fusion,  in  minute  square  prisms  optically  unaxial  and  negative, 
compounds  of  various  composition  were  obtained,  but  especially  the  pure  Ca3Al2Si2O]o,  Ann.  Oh. 
Phys.,  29,  448,  1883;  Reprod.  Min.,  122,  1884. 

Ref.—1  Min.,  1,  p.  214,  1862. 

CACOCLASITE  H.  C.  Lewis,  Prpc.  Acad.  Philad.,  Nov.  26,  1883,  Amer.  Nat.,  18,  416,  1884. 
A  pseudomorphous  mineral  occurring  with  spinel,  pyroxene,  graphite,  pyrrhotite,  embedded  in  a 
blue  calcite  at  Wakefield,  Ottawa  Co.,  Quebec.  In  square  prisms  or  resembling  cubo-octahedrons, 
with  forms:  c  (001),  a  (100),  m  (110),  I  (201),  q  (221),  u  (211),  *(621);  apparently  hemihedral  in 
the  zirconoid  planes,  but  forms  and  angles  somewhat  uncertain.  Approximate  angle  eg  =  50|°, 
which  gives  c  —  0'429.  No  cleavage.  H.  =  5-6.  G.  =  3 '053.  Luster  vitreous  to  resinous; 
surface  of  crystals  shining  and  glazed  as  if  vitrified.  Color  white  or  grayish  white.  Under  the 
microscope  is  resolved  into  an  amorphous  ground-mass,  a  colorless  mineral  (tetragonal  ?),  and 
grains  of  calcite. 

Anal.— 1,  R.  Haines  (deducting  calcite),  quoted  by  Lewis.  2,  3,  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  38, 
200,  1889. 

G.  SiO2  A12O3  Fe2O3   CaO  MgO  Na2O  K2O  H2O  P2O5  CO2 

1.  3-057  36-74  19  79    1'33    38-16  0'77    0'32    0-17  0'23  249  -    =  100 

2.  3-337  31-52  17'34    0'51    40'95  tr.       tr.       tr.  1'04  2'19  6'73  =  100'28 

3.  3-222  32  67  19'63    0'39    36'38  0'49    0'31    0'20  2'28  3'36  4'25  =  99'96 

Genth  concludes  that  the  material  of  anal.  2  contains:  quartz  23'04  p.  c.,  apatite  5*05,  calcite 
15-20;  of  anal.  3,  quartz  11 '63,  apatite  7'74,  calcite  9'66. 

B.B.  fuses  with  intumescence  at  3.  Hardly  soluble  in  acids,  but  gelatinizes  after  fusion. 
Named  from  KaKoS,  bad,  K\dcn$,  fracture,  in  allusion  to  the  want  of  cleavage,  which,  however, 
m  a  pseudomorph  is  not  significant.  The  similarity  to  gehlenite  in  occurrence  is  worth  noting, 
\nd  the  apparent  relation  to  sarcolite  in  forms  and  in  angle  is  also  to  be  noted. 


9.  Vesuvianite  Group.     Tetragonal. 
393.    Vesuvianite  H4Ca13(Al,Fe)6Si10043?  6  =  0-5372 


393.  VESUVIANITE.  Hyacinthus  dictus  octodecahedricus  Cappeler,  Prodr.  Crist.,  30, 
pi.  3  (fig.  261),  1723.  Hyacinte  pt.,  Hyacinte  du  Vesuve  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  234,  1772,  pi.  iv.; 
2,  291,  pi.  iv.  1783.  Hyaciute  volcanique  Demeste,  Lettr.,  1,  413.  Hyacinth-Krystalle  (fr. 
Wilui  R.)  Pallas,  N.  Nord.,  Beytr.,  St.  Pet.,  5,  282,  1793;  Wiluite  pt,  Vulkanischer  Schorl 
Widenmann,  Handb.,  290,  1794.  Hyacinthine  Delameth.,  Sciagr.,  1,  268,  1792,  T.  T.,  2,  323. 
1796.  Vesuvian  Wern.;  in  Klapr.  Beitr.,  1,  34, 1795,  ib.  (fr.  Vesuv.  and  Siberia),  2,  27,  33,  1797. 
Idocrase  H.,  J.  Mines,  5,  260,  1799;  Tr.,  2,  1801. 

Gahnit  (fr.  Gokum)  Lobo  da  Silveira,  Afh.,  3,  276,  1810,  anal,  by  Murray,  Afh.,  2, 173, 1807; 
Loboit  Berz.  Frtigardit  N.  Nordenskwld,  Bidrag,  1,  80,  1820;  Frugardite.  Egeran  (fr.  Eger, 
Bohemia)  Wern.,  Min.  Syst,,  3,  34,  1817.  Cyprine  (fr.  Tellemark)  Berz.,  Lothr.,  1821.  Xanthite 
Thomson,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.,  3,  44,  1828.  Gokumite  (fr.  Gokum)  Thorns.,  ib.,  61,  1828.  Hetero- 
merit  (fr.  Zlatoust)  Herm.,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  205,  1845-46.  Jewreinowit  N.  Nd.t  Verz.  Finl.  Min., 
1852:  Koksharov,  Min.  Russl.,  1,  116,  1853.  Mangauidokras  Lsx.,  Zs.  Kr.,  4,  171,  1879. 
Maugan-vesuvian. 

Tetragonal.     Axis  6  —  0-537195;  001  A  101  =  28°  14'  40"  Kupffer1. 


478 


SILICATES. 


Forms2: 

c    (001,  0) 

a  (100,  *-0 
m  (110,  /) 
h  (310,  «-3) 
/  (210,  t-2) 
$  (740,  t-J) 
0  (530,  i-l )? 

r  (102,  H) 
/i(203,fO 
<?  (101,  l-O 


S  (302,  ft) 

tt  (201,  2-t) 

a  (11-20,  A) 

/?  (11 10,  A) 

X  (H9,  i) 

r  (H8,  i) 


TT  (5-513,  T53)5       Q  (1010-1,10)' 


e  (H6,  i) 

C  (115,  i) 

?  (114,  i) 

$  (113,  i) 


z  (112,  i) 
K  (335,  f) 
A  (445,  £) 
#  (778,  f )' 
P  (111,1) 
H  (885,  |) 
Jf .  (995,  f  )6 
ft  (221,  2) 
t  ('331,  3) 
IT  (441,  4)6 
0  (551,  5) 


w  (711,  7-7) 
2  (512,  f-5)5 
v  (511,  5-5) 
F  (17-4-4, 
y  (411,  4-4) 
g  (20-5-2,  10-4)4 
P  (319,  1-3) 
<r  (315,  |-3) 
r  (629,  f-3) 
(313,  1-3) 


s    (311,  3-3) 
<?  (833,  ft) 
GO  (737,  1-|) 
n  (212,  1-2) 
J    (423,  |-2; 
z   (211,  2-2) 
<Z  (421,  4-2) 
F  (13-7-1,  IS--1/)4 
v  (747,  1-|) 
^  (531,  5-f)? 
r   (641,  6-|)4 
J  (544, 


Figs.  1-3, 

Common  forms.    4,  Ala,  Striiver.    6,  Monzoui.    7,  Vesuvius,  Pirsson.    8,  Achmatovsk, 
Kk.     9,  Zermatt,  J.  Stanley-Brown.     10,  Zermatt,  Pfd.     11,  Sanford,  Me. 

aA 

= 

18°  26' 

O^' 

=    19° 

594' 

bb" 

=  113° 

18' 

cz 

=  50° 

13' 

af 

ss 

26°  34' 

PP' 

=  *50° 

39' 

tt" 

=  132° 

37' 

cd 

=  67° 

24' 

vv' 

_ 

21°    8' 

bb' 
11' 

=     72° 

OAO 

24i/ 

M'11 

=     23° 

37$' 

aw 

=  16° 

48' 

ed 

— 

39°     6' 

vv 

—     ou 

4o 

^j^vli 

=     21° 

14F 

av 

=  22° 

55' 

uu' 

— 

62°  20f 

YY" 

=     10° 

51' 

^7l! 

=     25° 

32^' 

ay 

=  27° 

51' 

mi' 

— 

73°  51f 

€€" 

=     14° 

26' 

«*vit 

=     31° 

38' 

as 

=  35° 

10' 

„ 

Q0°      A' 

CC" 

=     17° 

17' 

22vii 

=     40° 

12' 

aq 

=  38° 

24' 

flfl" 

= 

Ov/           T: 

39°  24f 

$" 

=     21° 

=    28° 

30£' 

25' 

dnn"« 

=     48° 
=     26° 

46'  f 

az 
ap 

=  46° 
=  64° 

4of 

11" 
uu" 
nit" 

= 

77°  43' 
94°     6V 
116°  22" 

KK" 
XX." 
PP" 

=    49° 

=     62° 

=     74° 

r 

35' 

27' 

cp 
ci 

=     14° 
=     37° 
=     40° 

13' 

ae' 
ai 
ad 

=  90° 
=  52° 
-  34° 

7' 
20' 

VESUVIANITE  GHO  UP— VESUVIANITE.  479 

Crystals   commonly   prismatic,    often   terminated  by  c,  or  by  c  and  p  alone; 
sometimes   the   prism   wanting   and   the   form   a  low 
pyramid;   again    sharp  pyramidal,   t    (331),  or  termi-  12. 

nated  by  the  zirconoid  s  (311).  Also  massive;  colum- 
nar, straight  and  divergent,  or  irregular;  granular 
massive;  cryptocrystalline. 

Cleavage:  m  not  very  distinct;  a  and  c  still  less  so. 
Sometimes  a  lamellar  structure  |  c,  and  a  tendency  to 
scale  off  in  thin  layers  often  observed  on  all  the  faces 
of  a  crystal.  Fracture  subconchoidal  to  uneven. 
Brittle.  H.  =  6*5.  G.  =3'35-3'45.  Luster  vitreous; 
often  inclining  to  resinous.  Color  brown  to  green,  and 
the  latter  frequently  bright  and  clear ;  occasionally 
sulphur  yellow,  and  also  pale  blue.  Streak  white. 
Subtransparent  to  faintly  snbtranslucent.  Dichroism 
not  usually  strong:  for  G?,  colorless  or  yellowish;  for  e,  12,  Vesuvius,  after  Haidinger. 
reddish,  yellowish,  or  greenish. 

Optically  — ;  also  -}-  rarely,  as  for  viluite,  Prendel.  Double  refraction  very 
weak.  Sometimes  abnormally  biaxial 8.  Color,  optical  character  and  refractive 
power  often  variable  in  successive  concentric  layers  of  the  same  crystal.  Indices: 

Ala,  green  cryst.,  cjy  =  1-719-1-722         ey  =  1-718-1-720.  Dx.9 

G?y  =  1-7235  ey  =  1-7226     Osann9 

A  division  of  a  basal  section  into  four  diagonal  biaxial  sectors  is  very  common. 

An  Ala  vesuvianite  gave  Brezina:  2Er  =  62°  25',  2Ey  =  62°  47'.  Klocke  found  the  central 
portion  of  a  section  uniaxial,  while  the  whole  was  divided  into  four  biaxial  sectors,  the  ax.  plane 
normal  to  the  edge,  and  the  angle  increasing  toward  the  edge,  the  maximum  axial  angles  being 
2Er  =  28°  43'  Li,  2Ey  =  30°  32'  Na,  2Egr  =  32°  30'  Tl.  Pressure  served  to  diminish  the  axial 
angle  in  the  sectors  to  which  its  direction  was  parallel,  but  increased  it  in  the  others.  Variation 
of  the  axial  angle  with  change  of  temperature  has  been  shown  by  Doelter. 

Sections  of  viluite  ||  m  (Prendel)  had  normal  extinction  |  and  _L  c.  but  consisted  of  two  parts, 
A  and  B,  each  shaped  like  an  hour-glass  (A  with  axis  ||  and  B  JL  c).  Sections  |  c  showed  within  the 
substance  A,  with  feeble  double  refraction,  nearly  uniaxial;  without,  B,  in  parallel  zones,  with 
strong  double  refraction  and  an  axial  angle  of  30°  to  35°,  the  ax.  plane  parallel  on  each  side  to 
the  outline  of  the  ciystal  (m  and  a).  Both  parts  were  optically  +•  Upon  heating  to  200°-300°, 
the  middle  portion  became  uuiaxial,  and  the  axial  angle  of  the  exterior  zones  diminished  to  10° 
when  near  a  red  heat;  the  change  was  permanent  after  long  heating  and  sudden  cooling. 
Further  the  parts  A  were  found  to  be  pyroelectrically  4-  (on  cooling),  the  parts  B  were  — . 

For  the  part  A,  G.  =  3'290-3'295;  for  B,  G.  =  3'320-3'324.  The  highest  value  of  G.  ob- 
tained was  3'331.  Separate  analyses  of  the  parts  A  and  B  of  the  crystals  whose  entire  composi- 
tion is  given  beyond  (anal.  4,  5),  gave  nearly  identical  results,  a  slight  apparent  difference  only  in 
the  amounts  of  Fe2O3  and  FeO  being  shown. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary.  Common  color  green,  of  various  shades,  to  brown.  Crystals  usually 
short  stout  square  prisms,  also  pyramidal.  Sometimes  massive,  compact,  and  somewhat  resem- 
ing  jadeite,  for  which  it  has  been  mistaken  (see  below). 

The  mineral  fronvGokum  in  Finland  has  been  called  Gahnite,  Loboite,  GoTcumite,  and  that 
from  Frugard,  Frugardite.  The  last  is  in  brown  and  green  crystals,  with  G.  =  3'349,  Nd. 
Jevreinomte,  which  also  is  from  Frugard,  in  the  parish  of  Mantzala,  is  but  little  magnesian  or  not 
at  all  so;  it  occurs  in  pale  brown  to  colorless  crystals;  G.  =  3'39.  Heteromerite  occurs  in  small 
oil-green  prisms  in  the  district  of  Zlatoust,  Ural.  Egeran  is  a  subcolumnar  brown  variety,  from 
Eger  in  Bohemia. 

So-called  colophonite  from  Arendal  has  proved  to  be  vesuvianite,  though  it  had  been  previ- 
ously referred  to  garnet. 

Xanthite  is  a  yellowish  brown  vesuvianite,  from  near  Amity,  N.  Y.,  the  crystals  not  differ- 
ing from  those  of  the  common  variety;  it  contains  2'80  p.  c.  MnO.  A  manganesian  variety, 
from  St.  Marcel,  Piedmont,  has  a  sulphur  to  honey-yellow  color.  The  mawgan-vesuvianite 
(mangan-idocrase)  from  Jordansmiihl  contains  32  p.  c.  MnO  (anal.  9),  and  that  from  Pajsberg 
contains  12'5  p.  c.  MnO  (anal.  23). 

2.  Cyprine.  Pale  sky-blue  or  greenish  blue;  owing  its  color  to  a  trace  of  copper,  whence 
the  name;  from  Tellemarken,  Norway  (anal.  26). 

Comp. — A  basic  calcium-aluminium  silicate,  but  of  uncertain  formula.  The  an- 
alysis of  Ludwig-Renard  gives  H4Ca12(Al,Fe)6Si,0043or  H(OH)3Ca12(Al,Fe)6(Si04)10. 

Rammelsberg,   who    shows    that   the    ratio    of  R  :  1?  =  2  :  1,  while  R  :  R  varies  widely, 


480  SILICATES. 

i  i    '  i 

regards  the  general  formula  as  4R4SiO4.R6SiOs  =  RaaSisOai,  which  is  more  specially  written 

i  ii  m 

nR22Si6O3)  +  tt(4Bii8UOsi.BnBii«Qtt). 

Magnesium  and  manganese  are  often  present  and  alkalies  in  small  quantities,  while  ferric 
iron  may  replace  aluminium.  Titanium  is  also  often  present  in  small  amount,  and  fluorine  and 
boron,  also  further,  chemically  combined  water.  Specimens  from  different  localities  show  a  some- 
what wide  variation  in  composition  not  to  be  explained  by  simple  replacement. 

Anal.— 1,  Jannasch,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  132,  1883.     2,  Id.,  ibid.,  1,  269,  1884.     3,  Rg.,  Zs.  G   Ges 
38,  507,  1886.     4,   5,  Preiidel,  Zs.  Kr.,   17,  .96,  1889.     6,  Rg.,  ib.,  25,  421,  1873      7    Kora  Zs 
Kr.,  7,  374,  1882.     8,  Schumacher,  Jb.  Min.,  817,  1878.     9,  10,  Lsx.,  Zs.  Kr.,  4,  171,  1879  (also 
Websky,  quoted  by  Lsx.).     11,  Schubert,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Brieg,  1880.    12,  Berwerth  (and  Niessuer) 
Ann.  Mus.  Wien,  4,  87,   1889;    also   Rg.,  Jb.  Min.,   1,  229,  1889,  and  Frenzel    ibid     p    27l' 
13,  Ludwig  &  Reuard,  Bull.  Mus.  Belg.,  1,  181,  1882.     14,  15,  Rg.,   1.  c.,  1873;  also  Lemberg 
Zs.  G.  Ges.,  24,  201,  1872.     16,  Ludwig  &  Renard,  1.  c.     17,  Rg.,   1.   c.,   1873.     18,  Id.,  1   c 
1886  (also  1855).     19,   Dmr.,   Ann.   Oh.   Phys.,   23,  157,  1871.     20,  G.  Nordenskjold,  G.  For 
F5rh.,  12,  27,  1890.     21,  A.  Stenberg,  ibid.,  p.  28.     22,  Cossa,  Att.  Ace.  Torino,  13,  539    1884 
23,  Flink,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  Bihang,  12  (2),  2,  p.  56.  1887.     24,  Igelstrom,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  9,  22 
1886.     25,  26,  G.  Lindstrom,  G.  For.  Forh.,  10,  286,  1888.     27.  J.  Lawrence  Smith   Am  J   Sc 
8,  435,  1874.     28-37,  J.  H.  Vogel,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Gottingen,  1888. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  at  3  with  intumescence  to  a  greenish  or  brownish  glass.  Magnus 
states  that  the  density  after  fusion  is  2'93-2'945.  With  the  fluxes  gives  reactions  for  iron,  and 
some  varieties  a  strong  manganese  reaction.  Cyprine  gives  a  reaction  for  copper  with  salt  of 
phosphorus.  Partially  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  and  completely  when  the  mineral  has 
been  previously  ignited. 

Obs. — Vesuvianite  was  first  found  among  the  ancient  ejections  of  Vesuvius  and  the 
dolomitic  blocks  of  Monte  Somma.  It  has  since  been  met  with  most  abundantly  in  granular 
limestone;  also  in  serpentine,  chlorite  schist,  gneiss,  and  related  rocks;  often  as  a  contact  forma- 
tion. It  is  often  associated  with  grossular  garnet  and  diopside,  wollastonite,  also  epidote, 
titanite. 

At  Vesuvius  it  is  hair-brown  to  olive-green,  and  occurs  sometimes  in  highly  modified  crys- 
tals with  garnet,  mica,  nephelite,  glassy  feldspar,  etc.;  in  the  Albani  Mts.;  on  the  Mussa  Alp  in 
the  Ala  valley,  in  Piedmont,  it  is  in  transparent  green  or  brown  brilliant  crystals,  in  chlorite 
schist  and  serpentine  with  diopside,  ripidolite,  etc.  Found  also  at  Mt.  Monzoni  in  the  Fassathal; 
Cziklowa  in  Hungary;  at  Orawitza  and  Dognaczka;  Haslau  near  Eger  in  Bohemia  (egeran); 
near  Jordansmiihl,  Silesia  at  Gleinitz,  also  at  Johnsberg;  Zennatt  with  almandite;  in  the  Pfitsch- 
thal  and  the  Zillerthal  in  Tyrol;  at  the  Achmatovsk  mine,  Zlatoust,  Ural;  on  the  Vilui  river,  near 
L.  Baikal  (sometimes  called  wiluite  or  viluite,  like  the  grossular  garnet  from  the  same  region); 
at  Pajsberg,  Sweden;  at  Gokurn  a  variety  containing  manganese,  also  at  Jakobsberg;  at 
Arendal,  "  colophonite;"  at  Egg,  near  Christiausand;  from  the  Hamrefjeld  in  the  Eker  parish, 
between  Kongsberg  and  Drammeu;  in  Finland  at  Frugard,  Lupikko,  etc. 

A  massive  form,  mixed  with  diopside,  occurs  on  the  south  side  of  the  Piz  Longhin,  in  the 
Bergellthal,  and  in  rolled  masses  in  the  bed  of  the  stream  Ordlegua  near  Casaccia  in  the  Upper 
Engadine.  At  first  taken  for  "  jadeite  "  (Fellenberg.  Jb.  Min.,  1,  103,  1889),  but  referred  to 
vesuvianite  by  Damour  and  positively  identified  by  the  analyses  of  Berwerth  (anal.  12), 
Rammelsberg  and  Frenzel. 

In  JS".  America,  in  Maine  at  Phippsburg  and  Rumford,  just  below  the  falls,  in  crystals  and 
massive  with  yellow  garnet,  pyroxene,  etc.,  in  limestone;  at  Parsonsfield,  with  the  same 
minerals,  abundant;  at  Poland  and  Sandford  (fig.  11).  In  N:  Hampshire,  at  Warren  with 
cinnamon-stone.  In  Mass.,  near  Worcester,  in  a  quartz  rock,  with  garnet,  biit  exhausted.  In 
N.  York.  \  m.  S.  of  Amity,  grayish  and  yellowish  brown  crystals,  sometimes  an  inch  in  diameter, 
in  granular  limestone;  also  at  the  village,  and  a  mile  east  of  the  village,  of  yellow,  greenish 
yellow,  and  yellowish  brown  colors.  In  New  Jersey,  yellowish  brown  "in  crystals  at  Newton, 
with  corundum  and  spinel.  In  California  near  San  Carlos  in  Inyo  Co.,  with  grossularite  and 
datolite. 

In  Canada,  at  Calumet  Falls,  Litchfield,  Pontiac  Co.,  in  large  brownish  yellow  crystals  in 
limestone  with  brown  tourmaline;  at  Grenville  in  calcite,  in  wax-yellow  crystals  with  garnet, 
pyroxene,  zircon;  at  Templeton,  Ottawa  Co.,  Quebec,  in  brownish  red  crystals  in  a  quartzose 
rock,  and  at  Wakefield,  green  and  bright  yellow,  with  grossular  garnet. 

Named  Vesuman  by  Werner,  from  the  first  known  locality.  Werner  supposed  the  mineral 
to  be  exclusively  volcanic;  but  as  this  idea  is  not  expressed,  the  name  is  no  more  objectionable 
than  all  others  derived  from  the  names  of  localities.  The  earlier  name,  Hyacinthine,  is  bad,  as' 
the  mineral  is  not  the  hyacinth  of  either  ancient  or  modern  time.  Hatty's  later  name,  Idocrase 
(subjective,  like  many  others  of  his)  is  from  ei'dos,  and  Kpao-tS,  mixture,  in  allusion  to  a  resem- 
blance between  the  crystalline  forms  and  those  of  other  species.  Nothing  in  its  signification,  or 
in  anything  else,  makes  it  right  to  substitute  this  for  Werner's  name.  In  English,  the  word 
vesuvian  has  the  objection  of  being  an  adjective  in  form  and  use;  but  this  is  avoided  by  giving 
it  the  mineralogical  termination  above  employed. 

Loboite  was  named  for  Lobo  da  Silveira;  gahnite  for  the  Swedish  chemist  Gahn;  xanthiU 
from  |«rf>o?,  yellow;  heteromerite  from  erepoS  and//epo5  in  allusion  to  a  supposed  variation 
from  the  normal  composition. 


VESUVIANITE  GROUP—  VESUVIANITE. 


481 


§^x=v*O5OOC5OO5OSOSGOOSrHOSOTHOaOT~tOOSOO?OOO5OOSrHOO-r-lrHOOO 
«    nOS  O  O  OS  O  OS  OS  OS  OS  OS  O  OS  O  O  O  OS     esO  OS  O  ~  ~  ~.  OS  O  OS  O  O  O  O  O  O  O  O 
THQQ          rHrH          rH  rH          rH  rH  rH          QrH          rH  O  O  O          rH          ,-,  ,-,  TH  rH  rH  ,-.  TH  T-t 

llpqpq  II  II  II  II  II  II  II  II  II  II  II  II  II  II  II  II  pa  II  II  Hooo  I!  II  II  II  II  II  II  II  II  II  II 
P^  I          I   I   II   I   II  I   I  I   I   I   1   I   I?  I   I!??  I   I   I   I 

THO  $  TH  iHTH 


T— i        CO 

o     o 

fej    O  O  O  O  ?S          0^*0  O          OO          OOrHOrHrHrHTHOO 

rHlbwcOTHlMOT^COCOCOCOCOCOC* 
OlOlOlC'*'*CD»CCO«O«OlOO?b6--rt<-^OO»b'' 

1 1 1 1 1  lj*f 

TH 

9rH  OS      .  lOOSrHOOCO     ,       .CO      .    rH  OS  O  SO      i       i       I       I       i       i    t*  T"1      ,    CO  CO  CO  OS  CO  i>  *>  00  TH  r-l 

p^  qocp-rHCOt-          co      gscpipgs    |  |  ip  co    |  op«pc<i  p  t-^cop  ip  01 

fo    COrH  OOCOCOCO  O         CO  O  O  O  rHO         O  O  rH  rH  CO  CO  N  CO  rH  O3 

1C  OO 

o?SS 

O       I    TO     I    OCO^     |t^|      I      I      |CO|      I  TH    I   «£    I      jpl 

g'^'^THOrH1  'b'o          O'TH'  •oO'oO'rHOrHrH 

«|M  «|N       eileuwlM 

OT      CO      CO  COCO      COCO    CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO    CO  CO  CO 

?,J    I  i        J        IS^!1!  l=     a 
^l^s'S^    1=   ^^     rt^lltfSfrf  ^«~t 

i 

I 

lw<1 

T-.'  co  co  ^  10  co  i>  OD  os  o'  rH  co*  co'  -*'  ic  ^  «.-  *'  os'  o  -H  oi  oo  ^  JO  «e  c^  go  os  o'  TH  co'  eo  ^'  10  < 


482  SILICATES. 

Alt.— Alteration  nearly  as  in  garnet,  with  a  far  greater  tendency  to  become  hydrated. 
Crystals  from  Maine  often  have  the  exterior,  though  still  brilliant  and  glassy,  separating  easily 
from  the  part  below,  and  equally  so,  parallel  to  all  the  smaller  as  well  as  larger  faces,  so  that  a 
pealed  crystal  has  as  brilliant  and  eveu  planes  as  before.  Pseudornorphs  include  steatite,  mica, 
clinochlore,  diopside,  and  garnet. 

Artif. — Not  certainly  obtained  by  artificial  methods  as  yet,  though  claimed  by  Mitscherlich 
and  later  Daubree.  From  the  fusion  of  vesuvianite,  Doelter  and  Hussak  have  obtained  a  mix- 
ture containing  meionite,  melilite,  anorthite,  and  a  calcium-chrysolite;  see  Doelter  and  Hussak 
Jb.  Min.,  1,  173,  1884,  also  Doelter,  Min.  Mitth.,  10,  86,  1888. 

Ref.— l  Piedmont,  Preisschrift,  96,  1835,  confirmed  by  Kk.  Mohs-Haid.  give  pp'  =  50°  31'; 
Zeph.  shows  that  crystals  from  different  localities  vary  somewhat  widely,  cf.  also  Kk.,  Mm. 
Russl.,  1,  92, 1853,  9,  156,  1884;  Svr.  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  251,  1877;  Mem.  Ace.  Line.,  4, 101,  1887,  5,  305, 
1888;  or  Jb.  Mia.,  2,  35,  1888;  ibid.,  1,  1,  1891.     The  variation  of  angle  as  bearing  upon  the  crys 
talline  system  has  been  particularly  studied  by  Doelter,  Zs.  Kr.,  5,  289,  1881. 

8  Zeph.,  monograph,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  49  (1),  6,  1864,  69  (1),  29,  1874.  Cf.  Gdt.,  Index,  2 
193,  1888.  3  Erem.,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  7,  366,  1872.  4  Groth  and  Bucking,  Min.-Samml.  Strassb., 
199,  1878.  6  Tarasov,  Ural,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  14,  139,  1879.  6  Korn,  Kedabek,  Caucasus,  Zs.  Kr., 
7,  371,  1882.  7Zeph.,  Orawitza,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  69  (1),  29,  1874. 

8  Optical  anomalies,  Mid.,  Ann.  Mines,  10,  133,  1876;  Brezina,  Min.  Mitth.,  98.  1877;  Doel- 
ter, 1.  c.;  Klocke,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  204,  and  2,  260, 1881;  Prendel,  1.  c.  et  al.  9  Indices,  Dx.,  Min.,  1, 
280,1862;  Osann  quoted  by  Rosenb.,  Mikr.  Phys.,  320,  1886.  Pyro-electricity,  Hankel,  Pogg., 
157  162,  1876;  also  Prendel,  1.  c. 


10.  Zircon  Group.     RSi04.     Tetragonal. 

394.  Zircon  ZrSi04  6  =  0-6404 

395,  Thorite  ThSi04  6  =  0-6402 

By  some  authors,  Zircon  and  Thorite  are  treated  as  oxides  and  included  in  the  RUTILB 
GROUP  (p.  233),  to  which  they  approximate  closely  in  form.  For  example,  Groth  doubles  the 
formula  of  Rutile  and  writes  it  TiTiO4,  which  may  then  be  regarded  as  corresponding  to  the 
ZrSiOj  of  Zircon.  A  similar  form  belongs  also  to  the  tantalate,  Tapiolite,  and  to  the  phosphate, 
Xenotime;  further,  compound  groups  consisting  of  crystals  of  Xenotime  and  Zircon  in  parallel 
position  are  not  uncommon. 


394.  ZIRCON.  Avyxvpiov  (=  Lyncurium)?  Theophr.  [Pliny  knew  of  no  stone  of  the 
name  Lyncurium,  36, 13.]  Chrysolithos?  pt.,  PUn.,  37,  42;  Melichrysos?  ib.,  45;  Crateritis?  ib., 
56.  Not  Chrysolithos  (Gemmarii  hodie  etiam  Hyacinthum  vocant)  Germ.  Jacinth,  Agric.,  Foss., 
295,  Interpr.,  464,  1546.  Not  Hyacinthus  Wall.,  121,  1747.  Jargon  (in  note  acknowledging 
ignorance  of  it)  Crpnst.,  42,  1758.  Jargon,  Topazius  pt.  (clarus  hyalinus,  var./),  Wall.,  240, 
1772.  Grenat  a  prisme  quadrilatere,  etc.,  Hyacinte  (fr.  Expailly)  Faujas,  Viv.,  187,  and  Errata, 
1772.  Hyacinte  pt.  (var.  1;  angles  and  figs,  given)  [rest  Vesuvianite,  Meionite,  Harmotome]  de 
Lisle,  Crist.,  1772,  2,  1783;  Diamant  brut,  ou  Jargon  de  Ceylan,  ib.,  2,  229,  1783.  Zircon  (fr. 
Ceylon)  Wern.,  1783;  Karsten,  Lempe  Mag.,  4,  99.  1787.  Zircon  (a  silicate  of  zirconia)  Klapr., 
Schrift.  !Nat,  Fr.  Berl.,  9,  1789,  Beitr.,  1,  203.  Zirconite.  Ostranit  Breitfi.,  Uib.,  1830,  Char., 
1832.  Calyptolite  Shep.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  210,  1851.  Engelhardit  E.  v.  Hofmann,  Kk.,  Min. 
Russl.,  3,  150,  1858.  Circone  Ital.,  Sec.  Turmali  Ceylonese  Jewellers,  Prinsep,  J.  Asiat.  Soc. 
Bengal,  1,  357,  1832,  and  Mallet,  Min.  India,  p  111,  1887. 

Azorite.  New  mineral  from  the  Azores,  J.  E.  Tesclwmacher,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  3,  32,  1847.  Azorite 
Dana,  Min.,  396,  681,  1850. 

Tetragonal.     Axis  6  =  0-640373;  001  A  101  =  32°  38'  4"  Kupfler1. 

Forms':  m  (110,  J)  /3  (112;  |)  0  (774,  £)  q  (55.1,  5)4  y  (411 ,  4-4) 

c  (001,  0)  e    (101,  1-0  p  (111,  1)  *  (221,  2)  e  (511,  5-5)  x  (311,  3-3) 

a  (100,  t-0  £    (113,  i)3  d  (553,  f)4  u  (331,  3) 


ZIRCON  GROUP— ZIRCON. 


483 


ee'  =  44°  50' 

ee"  =  65°  16' 

CC'  =  23°  35' 

pp'  =  *56°  40'  26' 


tr   = 


76°  29' 
83°  9' 
33°  36' 


66"  =  48°  44' 

pp"  =  84°  20' 

w"  —  122°  12' 

tm"  =  139°  35' 

22'  =  64°    4' 

22vii  _  21o  3r 

yy'  =  57°  31' 
3. 


xx' 
xx 
az 
ay 


=  26°  13' 
=  47°  17' 
=  32°  57' 
=  20°  21' 
=  24°  52' 
=31°  43' 


Figs.  1-5,  Common  forms. 
7.  8. 


«p  =61°  40' 
o<?'  =  90°  0' 
mp  =  47°  50' 
mv  =  28°  54' 
mu  =  20°  12|' 
mx  =  36°  41' 


12. 


Fig.  6,  Pitcairn,  N.  Y.,  Pfd.  7,  Ural,  Kk.  8,  N.  Carolina.  9,  McDowell  Co.,  N.  C, 
10,  Renfrew  Co.,  Canada,  Hidden.  11,  Cheyenne  Mt.,  Colorado,  Hovey.  12,  Govt 
Tomsk,  Kk. 

Twins5:  tw.  pi.  e  (101),  geniculated  twins  like  those  of  rutile  and  cassiterite. 
Commonly  in  square  prisms,  often  elongated,  sometimes  pyramidal,  p  (111), 
and  less  often  n  (331),  e  (101);  the  basal  plane  rare.  Faces  of  pyramids  some- 
times convex.  Also  in  irregular  forms  and  grains. 

Cleavage:  m  imperfect;  p   (111)  less  distinct.     Fracture  conchoidai.     Brittle. 


484 


SILICATES. 


13. 


H.  =  7*5.     G.  =  4'68-4*70  most  common,  but  varying  widely;   sometimes  much 

lower,  to  4-2,  and  also  higher,  to  4*86;  density  slightly 
increased  by  ignition,  Church  (see  below)".  Luster 
adamantine.  Colorless,  pale  yellowish,  grayish,  yellowish 
green,  brownish  yellow,  reddish  brown.  Streak  un- 
colored.  Transparent  to  subtranslucent  and  opaque. 
Optically  -J-.  Double  refraction  strong.  Sometimes 
abnormally  biaxial,  cf.  Mid.6  and  beccarite  (below) ; 
also  made  biaxial  by  heating,  Madelung6.  Also  isotropic 
and  amorphous  by  alteration.  Indices : 


VlS 

X™ 

--± 

a:1" 

^ 

I1 

' 

* 

X 

J?" 

e" 

P' 

z 

••< 

e>" 

X 

e' 

Y 

-a' 

X- 

p>» 

e 

P 

X 

up 

xv" 

^f- 

X 

X 

\ 

\ 

—  h 

Ceylon 
Miask 


—  1-9239 
=  1-9313 


ey  =  1-9682 


=  1-9931  Sanger7 


Saualpe,  after  Haidinger. 


Var. — 1.   Ordinary.     In  square  prisms,  long  or  short,  occa- 
sionally very  large.    Habit  and  color  somewhat  variable,  see  figs, 
above.     Fig.  12  shows  the  Russian  engelkardite. 
Church  (Geol.  Mag.,  2,  322,  1875)  gives  the  following  determinations  of  the  specific  gravity, 
the  numbers  in  parentheses  being  the  results  after  prolonged  ignition.     AD  the  stones  were 
flawless  except  2  (transparent  but  flawed)  and  3  (opaque);  1  was  slightly  opalescent. 


1.  Dark  green,  dull 

2.  Fredriksvarn,  hair-brown 

3.  Henderson  Co.,  N.  C.,  pale 

brown 

4.  Ceylon,  greenish 

5.  Yellow 


G. 

4-02 

4-489  (4-633) 

4-54  (4-667) 
4-579  (4-625) 
460 


6.  Brownish  yellow 

7.  Brownish  yellow 

8.  Ceylon,  pale  green 
9    Brown 

10    Mudgee,  K  S.  W.,  deep  red 
11.  Expdlly,  Jacinth 


G. 

4-62 
4-679 
4-691 
4-696 

4-705  (4-70) 
4-863  (4  863) 


Other  determinations  are  as  follows:  Ceylon,  G.  =  4*183  (after  ignition  4*534)  Damour; 
Stockholm,  4*072-4*222  Svauberg;  Renfrew  Co.,  4  552  Fletcher;  Ilmen  Mts.,  4'599,  4*610  Svan- 
berg;  Ceylon,  4'68t  id.,  4*721  Cowry;  Fredriksvarn,  4*2  Berlin;  Madison  Co.,  N.  C.,  4'607 
Chandler;  Litchfield,  Me.,  5*7  Gibbs;  Grenville,  Canada,  4  625-4*602  T.  S.  Hunt;  Templeton, 
Canada,  4'482,  4*612  Harrington;  Reading,  Pa.,  4*595  Wetherill;  Lonedo,  Italy,  4*673  Grattarola- 
Cheyenne  Mt.,  Col.,  4'709  Hillebrand.  Further  for  hyacinth-red  gems  from  New  South  Wales, 
Liversidge  gives:  G.  —  4*697,  4  719,  4*782  for  cut  gems;  also  G.  =  4  684  one  uncut,  weighing 
2 -46  grains. 

Azorite,  whose  true  nature  has  long  been  in  question  (see  5th  Ed  ,  p.  761,  where  its  possible 
identity  with  zircon  is  suggested),  has  been  proved  to  be  zircon  by  Osann,  who  separated 
material  enough  for  a  quantitative  analysis,  see  Jb.  Min.,  1,  115,  1887.  1,  126,  1888.  It  is  in 
minute  tetragonal  pyramids,  with  m  (110),  p  (110),  u  (331,,  colorless  or  of  a  pale  greenish  color. 
Observed  in  the  sanidine-trachyte  of  Sao  Miguel,  one  of  the  Azores;  it  is  implanted  in  part  upon 
sanidine,  in  part  upon  hornblende,  and  is  associated  with  the  still  doubtful  pyrrhite  (see  p.  728). 
Osann  shows  that  the  hardness  is  over  7  (not  near  fluorite,  Teschemacher,  nor  5.  Schrauf),  the 
specific  gravity  above  3*6.  Osann's  determination  is  confirmed  by  Ben-Saude  (Bull.  Soc.  Min., 
11,  201,  1888),  who  gives  c  —  0*6417;  Hubbard  earlier  argued  for  the  same  conclusion,  Ber.  nied. 
Ges.,  June  7,  1886. 

2.  Gem  variety.  Hyacinth:  the  orange,  reddish  and  brownish  transparent  kinds.  The 
color  is  often  lost  on  exposure  to  the  light.  For  specific  gravity  determinations  see  above. 

Jargon.  The  colorless  and  yellowish  or  smoky  zircons  of  Ceylon,  named  in  allusion  to  the 
fact  that  while  resembling  the  diamond  in  luster,  they  were  comparatively  worthless;  and  thence 
came  the  name  zircon. 

Comp — ZrSi04  or  Zr02.SiO,  =  Silica  32-8,  zirconla  67*2  =  100.     A  little  iron 
(Fe203)  is  usually  present. 

Anal.— 1-7,  Cochran,  Ch.  News,  25,  305,  1872.  8,  Nylander,  [Act.  Univ.  Lund.,  2]  Jb 
Min.,  488,  1870.  9,  Corsi,  Boll.  Com.  Geol.,  12,  125,  1881.  10,  Helms,  quoted  by  Liversidge 
Min.  N.  S.  W.,  200,  1888.  11,  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  116,  1890.  12,  Koenig,  Proc.  Ac 
Philad.,  11,  1877.  Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  274. 


1.  Ceylon,  colorless,  Jargon 

2. 

3. 

4.  ' '        transparent 

5.  "        yellowish,  Hyacinth 


SiO2  ZrO2 

33*90  64-80 

33*05  66*71 

33*86  64*25 

33-81  66*32 

3287  64*25 


Fe2Os 
—    = 

tr.  = 
1*08  = 

tr.  = 
204  = 


98*70 
99'76 
99'19 
100*13 
99*16 


ZIRCON  GROUP— ZIRCON.  485 

G.  SiO2     ZrOa   FeaOs 

fl.  Norway,  dark  brownish  yellow  32-53     64-05    285=     99-43 

7  »  ••  "  *•  33-61     64-40    0'90  =     98'91 

8  Expailly  33'23    66'03    0'62  =     99'88 

9.  Tuscany  4'655  33'11  66'82  0'35  ign.  0'43  CaO,MgO  tr.  =  100'71 

10.  New  South  Wales  4*675  32*99  66'22  0'43  CaO  0*14  =  100-18 

11    Madison  Co  ,  N.  C.  4'507  31 '83  63'42  3'23  ign.  1-20  =  99'68 

12.  El  Paso  Co.,  Col.  4'538  29'70  60'98  9'20  JVlgO  0  30  =  100-18 

An  altered  zircon  from  the  pegmatyte  of  the  Schwalbenberg  has  been  analyzed  by  Woitr 
schach  (Zs.  Kr.,  7,  87,  1882),  as  follows;  cf.  cyrtolite  below. 

SiOa        Zr02       Th02    CeOa     SnO2      Y2O3      FeaO3      CaO       MgO       HaO 

29-16        55-28        2'06        tr.        0'57        347        2'96        2-14        0'34        5'02  =  10110 

Spezia  shows  that  the  color  of  zircon  is  due  to  the  state  of  oxidation  of  the  iron,  varying  in 
O.F.  aud  R.F.,  but  this  is  not  the  cause  of  the  change  of  density  sometimes  noted  in  ignition 
(see  above).  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  12,  37,  1876. 

Sorby  assumed  the  presence  of  a  new  element,  "Jargonium,"  which  is  not  confirmed  by 
Cochrau  (1.  c.)  and  others,  cf.  Ch.  News,  20,  7,  1869;  also  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.,  17,  511,  1869,  18, 
197,  1870.  Traces  of  a  number  of  elements  have  been  spectrally  identified  by  Linnemann,  Ber. 
Ak.  Wien,  91  (2),  1019 and  92  (2),  427, 1885  (in  Ch.  News,  52,  220,  etc.,  18fe5);  also  the  absorption 
lines  of  erbium  (and  didymium).  The  name  ' ' polykrasilitli  "  (nokv'i,  many,  Kpacri1-,  mixture) 
is  suggested  as  appropriate  in  view  of  the  presence,  as  believed  by  the  author,  of  the  elements, 
Sn,  Pb,  Cu,  Bi,  Zr,  Al,  Fe,  Co,  Mn,  Zn,  Mg,  U,  Er,  Ca,  K,  Na,  Li. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Infusible;  the  colorless  varieties  are  unaltered,  the  red  become  colorless,  while 
dark  colored  varieties  are  made  white;  some  varieties  glow  and  increase  in  density  by  ignition. 
Not  perceptibly  acted  upon  by  salt  of  phosphorus.  In  powder  is  decomposed  when  fused  with 
soda  on  the  platinum  wire,  and  if  the  product  is  dissolved  in  dilute  hydrochloric  acid  it  gives 
the  orange  color  characteristic  of  zirconia  when  tested  with  turmeric  paper.  Not  acted  upon  by 
acids  except  in  fine  powder  with  concentrated  sulphuric  acid.  Decomposed  by  fusion  with 
alkaline  carbonates  and  bisulphates. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  crystalline  rocks,  especially  granular  limestone,  chloritic  and  other  schists; 
gneiss,  syenite;  also  in  granite;  sometimes  in  iron-ore  beds. 

Zircon  syenite  is  a  coarse  syenitic  rock,  containing  crystals  of  zircon,  with  aegirite,  elseolite, 
etc.  Crystals  are  common  in  most  auriferous  sands.  Sometimes  found  in  volcanic  rocks,  prob- 
ably in  part  as  inclusions  derived  from  older  rocks.  Microscopic  examination  shows  it  to  be  a 
not,  uncommon  constituent  of  many  crystalline  rocks.  Cf.  Rosenb.,  Mikr.  Phys.,  310,  1886. 

Found  in  alluvial  sands  in  Ceylon;  in  the  gold  regions  of  the  Ural,  near  Miask,  Berezov, 
Nevyansk,  etc.;  at  Laurvik  and  Hakedal  in  Norway;  at  Arendal,  in  the  iron  mines;  at  Hitterp; 
at  Fredriksvarn,  in  zircon-syenite;  in  veins  in  the  augite-syenite  of  the  Langesund  fiord;  atBilin 
in  Bohemia;  Sebnitz  in  Saxony;  Pfitschthal  in  Tyrol;  in  lava  at  Niedermendig  in  the  Eifel,  in 
red  crystals;  at  Expailly,  near  Le  Puy  in  France;  in  Auvergne,  in  volcanic  tufa;  at  Vesuvius 
with  rhyacolite;  with  corundum,  etc.,  at  Lonedo.  northern  Italy;  in  Scotland,  at  Scalpay,  Isle 
of  Harris;  at  Strontian  in  Argyleshire;  in  the  auriferous  sands  of  the  Croghan  Kinshela  Mtn., 
Ireland;  in  Greenland:  at  Santa  Rosa  in  Antioquia,  U.  S.  Colombia;  in  the  gold  regions  of 
Australia,  as  at  Mudgee,  New  South  Wales,  and  many  other  points,  especially  in  the  auriferous 
gravels;  also  with  topaz,  and  with  cassiterite. 

In  N.  America,  in  Maine,  at  Litchtield;  at  Mt.  Mica  in  Paris;  Greenwood;  Hebron.  In 
Vermont,  at  Middiebury.  In  Conn.,  at  Norwich,  with  sillimanite,  rare;  at  Hadclam  (calyptolite) 
in  minute  crystals.  In  N.  York,  at  Hall's  mine  in  Moriah,  Essex  Co.,  cinnamon-red,  in  a  vein 
of  quartz;  near  the  outlet  of  Two  Ponds,  Orange  Co.,  with  scapolite.  pyroxene,  and  titanite,  in 
crystals  sometimes  1  :n.  in  length;  on  Deer  Hill,  1m.  S.E.  of  Canterbury,  Orange  Co.,  crys- 
tals abundant  of  a  deep  brownish  red  or  black  color,  and  occasionally  1£  in.  in  length;  at  War- 
wick, at  the  southern  base  of  Mount  Eve,  chocolate-brown  crystals  in  limestone  and  scapolite; 
near  Amity,  and  also  in  Monroe  and  Cornwall,  at  several  localities,  of  while,  reddish  brown, 
clove-brown,  and  black  colors;  at  Diana  in  Lewis  Co.,  in  large  brown  crystals  sometimes  2  in. 
long,  with  titanite  and  scapolite,  rare;  in  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  with  apatite,  at  Robinson's  in 
the  town  of  Hammond,  near  de  Long's  Mills,  some  of  the  crystals  1|  in.  long  and  |  in.  wide,  and 
occasionally  containing  a  nucleus  of  carbonate  of  lime;  also  at  Rossie;  at  Fine,  in  large  prismatic 
crystals,  of  a  greenish  color;  also  at  Pitcairn  (f.  6);  at  Johnsburg,  in  Warren  Co.  In  N.  Jersey, 
at  Franklin;  at  Trenton  in  gneiss.  In  Penn.,  near  Reading,  in  large  crystals  in  magneiic  iron 
ore;  at  Easton,  in  mica  slate.  In  N.  Car.,  in  the  gold  sands  of  Burke,  McDowell,  Polk, 
Rutherford,  and  other  counties;  especially  abundant  in  Henderson  Co.,  on  the  south  side  of  the 
Blue  Ridge  near  Green  river,  at  the  Freeman  mine,  where  it  occurs  in  a  disintegrated  granitic 
or  gneissoid  rock  so  abundantly  that  it  has  been  mined  in  large  quantities  for  technical 
purposes;  up  to  1889  this  and  the  Jones  mine  are  said  to  have  yielded  30  tons  of  zircons  (Hidden): 
in  magnetite  beds  of  the  Uuaka  Mts.;  also  at  other  points.  In  Colorado,  with  astrophyllite,  etc  . 


486  SILICATES. 

in  the' Pike's  Peak  region  in  El  Paso  Co.;  at  Cheyenne  Mt.,  brilliant  reddish  brown  to  pink  or 
green  crystals  (f.  11)  in  quartz  often  surrounded  with  kaolinite.  In  California,  in  the  auriferous 
gravel  of  the  north  fork  of  the  American  river,  and  elsewhere,  as  at  Spring  valley,  Cherokee, 
Butte  Co.;  Eagle  Gulch  and  Rock  Island  Hill,  PluinasCo.;  Picayune  Flat,  Fresno  Co.;  Navarro 
R.,  Anderson  valley,  Mendocino  Co. 

In  Canada,  at  Grenville,  Argenteuil  Co.,  in  crystalline  limestone,  with  wollastonite,  titanite, 
graphite;  St.  Jerome  on  the  North  River  in  Terreboune  Co.;  Mille  Isles;  abundant  and  some- 
times in  very  large  crystals,  with  gigantic  titanites.  in  the  apatite  deposits  in  Templeton  and 
adjoining  townships  in  Ottawa  Co.,  Quebec;  fine  crystals,  sometimes  twins,  in  the  Sebastopol 
township,  Renfrew  Co.;  very  large  crystals  in  Brudenell  township,  Renfrew  Co. ;  further  in 
North  Burgess,  Lanark  Co.;  in  syenite  on  -Pic  Island,  L.  Superior.  The  Renfrew  crystals  are 
sometimes  upwards  of  6  inches  in  length  with  a  thickness  of  2  inches  or  more. 

The  name  Hyacinth  was  applied  by  the  ancients  to  a  bluish  violet  stone,  regarded  as  our 
sapphire,  and  was  derived  from  a  flower  (lily)  so  called  of  this  color.  [In  modern  mineralogy  a 
hyacinth-coloi'  is  reddish  orange  with  a  tinge  of  brown.]  Intagli  of  zircon  are  common  among 
ancient  gems,  and  the  fact  that  the  lyncurium  of  Theophrastus  was,  as  he  says,  used  for  engraved 
signets,  while  at  the  same  time  electric  on  friction,  and  often  amber-colored,  are  the  principal 
evidence  that  it  was  our  zircon. 

Alt. — Zircon  is  one  of  the  least  alterable  of  minerals,  as  it  contains  no  protoxides,  and  only 
the  most  insoluble  of  dioxides.  It,  however,  passes  to  a  hydrous  state,  becoming  isotropic  and 
amorphous,  and  this  is  attended  ultimately  with  a  loss  of  silica  and  the  addition  of  iron  oxide 
and  other  impurities  derived  from  infiltrating  waters.  Auerbachite,  malacon,  cerstedite,  tachy- 
aphaltite,  calyptolite,  cyrtolite  (see  beyond),  are  probably  altered  zircon. 

Artif.— Formed  in  crystals  by  action  of  silicon  chloride  on  zircouia  (Daubree);  by  action  of 
silicon  fluoride  on  zirconia,  or  of  zirconium  fluoride  on  quartz,  beautiful  transparent  octahedrons 
resulting  (Device  and  Caron). 

Ref.— '  Proisschrift,  p.  72,  1825.  Kk.,  Min.  Russl.,  3,  139,  1858,  gives pp'  =  56°  39'  39". 
Also  Dbr.,  for  Miask,  pp'  =  56°  39'  42";  Pfitschthal,  56°  39'  14";  Fredriksvarn,  56°  39'  27";  Cey- 
lon, 56°  40'  10' ,  Pogg.,  107,  257,  1859. 

*  Cf.  Haid,,  Min.  Mohs.,  2,  368,  1825;  also  Gdt.,  Index,  3,  353,  1891.  Gehmacher  has  noted 
vicinal  planes  on  the  Pfitschthal  zircons,  Zs.  Kr.,  12,  50,  1886.  Cross  and  Hillebraud  (Colorado, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  284,  1882)  note  a  pyramid  00,  with  poo  =  15°  14',  whence  GO  =  559  probably, 
cop  =  15°  27';  they  suggest  the  less  probable  symbol  14'14'25.  3  Hidden,  Burgess,  ib.,  29,  250, 
1885.  4  Brogger,  Norway,  Zs.  Kr.,  16, 103,  1890.  5  Hidden,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  21,  507,  1881,  Fletcher, 
Phil.  Mag.,  12,  26,  1881.  6  Ann.  Mines,  10,  143,  1876.  Cf.  beccarite  below  and  Madelung,  Zs. 
Kr.,  9,  46,  1884.  7  Quoted  by  Rosenbusch,  Mikr.  Phys.,  311,  1886. 

BECCARITE  Grattarola,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  4,  177,  1879,  7,  Proc.  Verb.,  82, 1890.  A  variety  of 
zircon  from  Ceylon.  Color  olive-green.  Optically  biaxial,  with  apparent  twinned  structure; 
a  basal  section  is  divided  into  four  sectors  in  polarized  light.  Form  and  other  characters  like 
Bircon.  G.  =  6'54,  6'74.  Analysis:  SiO2  30'30,  ZrO2  62*16,  A12O3  2  52,  CaO  3"62,  ign.  0'32  = 
08-92.  Named  for  Dr.  O.  Beccari. 

Altered  Zircon. — The  following  tetragonal  zircon-like  minerals  are  in  part,  at  least,  altered 
zircon.  They  afford  more  or  less  water  on  ignition. 

MALACON.  Malakon  Sctieerer,  Pogg.,  62,  436,  1844.  pp'  =  55°  3'  to  55°  20'.  H.  =  6'5. 
U.  =  3'90-3'91.  Luster  vitreous  to  subvitreous.  Color  brown,  powder  reddish  brown  or  un- 
colored.  From  Hittero  in  Norway;  and  Chanteloube,  Haute  Vienne,  occurring  in  thin  plates, 
over  3  to  4  mm.  thick,  and  occasionally  with  crystals  on  their  surface.  Named  from  ^laXaKoS, 
soft.  Anal.  1-8  below. 

A  mineral  found  with  columbite  at  Rosendal  near  Bjorkboda,  Finland,  has  been  referred  to 
adelpholite  of  Nordenskiold  (p.  731),  but  an  analysis  by  A.  E.  Nordenskiold  (anal.  7)  shows  that 
it  is  an  al^r-iid  zircon,  near  malacon  or  cyrtolite  (Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  20,  452,  1863,  Pogg.,  122, 
615,  1864). 

TACHYAPHALTITE  Weibye,  Pogg.,  88,  160,  1853.  Crystals  like  those  of  zircon,  with  forms 
m  (110),  a  (100)  and  two  octahedrons.  H.  =  5'5.  G.  =  3'6.  Luster  submetallic  to  vitreous. 
Color  tiark  reddish  brown.  Streak  dirty  yellow.  Subtranslucent.  From  granite  veins  in 
acneiss  near  Kragero  in  Norway  with  titanite.  Named  from  ror^tiS,  quick,  and  a0crA.ro?,  the 
mineral  flying  readily  from  the  gangue  when  struck. 

CERSTEDITE  Forchhammer,  Pogg.,  35,  630,  1835.  pp'  =  56°  43£'.  H.  =  5 '5.  G.  =  3 '629. 
Luster  splendent,  adamantine.  Color  reddish  brown.  From  Arendal  in  Norway,  and  commonly 
on  crystals  of  pyroxene.  Named  after  H.  Ch.  (Ersted  (1777-1851). 

AUERBACHITE  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  73,  209,  1858.  pp'  =  57°  17'  and  ppiv  =  94°  39'  Kk. 
H.  =  6'5.  G.  =  4'06.  Luster  greasy  to  vitreous,  weak.  Color  brownish  gray.  From  a  siliceous 
schist,  District  of  Alexandrovsk,  Russia.  Named  after  Dr.  Auerbach,  by  whom  the  crystals 
were  first  studied. 

Anal.— 1,  Scheerer,  1.  c.  2,  Damour,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  24,  87,  1848.  3,  Hermann,  J.  pr. 
Chem.,  53,  32,  1851.  4,  J.  P.  Cooke,  1.  c.  5,  6,  Knowlton,  1.  c.  7,  A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  1.  c. 
8,  Berlin,  Pogg.,  88,  161,  1853.  9,  Forchhammer,  1.  c.  10,  Hermann,  1.  c. 


ZIRCON  GROUP— ZIRCON. 


487 


1.  Malacon,  Hittero 

2.  "         Chanteloube 


SiO2     ZrO2  Fe2O3  U2O3  FeO  T2O3  MgO  H20 


31-31     63-40    0-41 
30-87    61-17    3-67 


—       —      0'34    O'll 


3.         "          Ilmen  Mts. 

31-87 

5982 

—       — 

3-11 

_^_ 



4 

.   Cyrtolite,  Rockport 

27-90 

66-93 

2-57e     — 

— 

— 

— 

5 

«                «            ji 

26-38 

60-78 

—     1-59 

3-63 

2-07d 

tr. 

(5 

"               " 

26-18 

64-60* 

—      1*40 

— 

l-40d 

tr. 

7 

.  AdelpJiolite?  Finland 

24-33 

57-42 

3-47      — 

— 

3  -93d 

— 

8 

.   Tachyaphalt.,  Norway 

34-58 

38-96 

3-72      — 

— 

12-32"? 



9 

.    (Erstedite,  Arendal 

19-71 

68-96b 

—       — 

1-14 

—     2-05 

10.  Auerbachite,  Russia 

42-91 

55-18 

—       — 

0-93 

— 

— 

a 

With  some  FeO.    b  With 

some 

TiO2. 

c  With  trace  of  manganese 

d 

3'03  CaO  0  39  =  98'99 
3'09  CaO    0-08,    MnO 
[0-14  =  99-02 
4  00  MnO  1-20  =  100 
2-19  =  99-59 
4-56  Sn02  0-47  =  99*48 
-   SnO2  0-41  =  98-97 
9-53  SnO2  0-61  =  99  29 
8'49A1203  1-85  =  99-92 
5-53  CaO  2-61  =  100 
0-95  =  99-97 

d  Cerium  oxides.    e  ThO2. 

CYRTOLITE.  Malacon,  Altered  Zircon,  J.  P.  Cooke,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  43,  228,  1867;  Cyrtolite 
W.  J.  Knowlton,  ib.,  44,  284.  Form  a  combination  of  m  (110)  and  e  (101),  and  resembling  a 
rhombic  dodecahedron,  the  pyramidal  faces  e  strongly  curved.  H.  =  5-5'5;  after  ignition  7-7  '5 
Cooke.  G.  =  8*98-4*04  Cooke;  3'85-3'97  Knowlton.  Luster  somewhat  adamantine.  Color 
brownish  red;  powder  the  same.  From  Rockport,  Mass.,  in  granite,  with  danalite  and  cryo- 
phyllite.  Named  from  KvproS,  bent.  See  analyses  4-6  above. 

A  mineral  regarded  as  related  to  cyrtolite  by  Nordenskiold  (G.  For.  Forh.,  3,  229,  1876) 
has  the  following  characters:  In  tetragonal  crystals,  m  (110)  and  e  (101),  resembling  a  rhombic 
dodecahedron.  Color  yellow  to  yellowish  brown.  Translucent.  H.  =  5'5-6.  G.  =  3*29. 
Analysis: 

SiO2         ZrO2  Er2O3,Y2O3  CeaO,      CaO      MgO       H2O      A12O3    FeO 

2766        41-78          849          3'98        5-06        MO        12-07        tr.        tr.  =  10014 

Occurs  with  fergusonite.  arrhenite,  xenotime,  at  Ytterby,  Sweden. 

An  analysis  by  Blomstraud  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  Bihang,  12  (2),  No.  10,  1886)  of  the  same 
mineral  from  Ytterby  gave: 


SiO2       ZrOa      YaOsa     FeO      CaO    MgO    CuO    Na,O 
£23-93      41-17      10-93      1'51      5"85      tr.      0'17      0'89 

»  Y2O3  =   Yttrium  earths. 


H20 

12-55  Cerium  earths  tr.  =  100 


The  name  anderbergite  is  proposed  for  the  mineral,  but  as  noted' by  Backstrom  (Zs.  Kr.,  15, 
83,  1888)  it  is  undoubtedly  only  a  pseudomorph,  and  belongs  with  the  uncertain  minerals  called 
cyrtolite. 

A  mineral  having  the  external  aspect  of  cyrtolite  occurs  rather  abundantly  in  crystal- 
line aggregates  and  massive,  at  Branchville,  Conn.;  also  in  Mitchell  and  Henderson  counties, 
N.  Carolina;  further  similarly  and  in  large  quantities  in  Llano  Co.,  Texas  (G.  —  3'652)  with 
gadolinite  and  other  rare  species.  It  has  not  been  analyzed,  and  while  probably  altered  and 
hyd  rated  it  seems  probable  that  the  original  mineral  may  have  been  a  more  complex  species  than 
ordinary  zircon.  Cf.  alvite  below;  also  anal,  by  Woitschach,  quoted  on  p.  485. 

A  mineral  from  the  feldspar  quarries  at  Alve  near  Arendal  gave  Lindstrom: 


SiO2  X»  ZrO2  PbO  Fe2O3  Y2O3b  Ce,O3c  BeOd  MnO 
26-10  2-78  32-48  0'45  5'51  1-03  3'27  14-73  0'27 
Metallic  acids.  b  Yttrium  earths.  c  Cerium  oxides. 


CaO     MgO      ign. 

2-44    1-05    8-84  UO,  tr.  =  98 '95 
d  Incl.  A12O3  in  small  amount. 


This  is  called  alvite  by  Nordenskiold,  who  quotes  the  above  analysis  (G.  For.  FOrh.,  9,  28, 
1887).  He  regards  the  anderbergite  of  Blomstrand  as  taking  the  place  in  the  pegmatyte  veins  of 
southern  Norway  of  the  alvite  of  the  Arendal  region.  The  original  alvite  was  described  as 
follows: 

ALVTTE  D.  Forbes  &  T.  Dahll,  Nyt  Mag.,  8,  228,  1855.  Tetragonal.  Crystals  like  those  of 
zircon.  H.=5'5.  G.  =3  601  Alve;  3'46  Helle.  Luster  greasy.  Color  reddish  brown,  becoming 
grayish  brown  by  alteration.  Subtranslucent  to  opaque.  A  very  small  portion,  somewhat 
altered,  afforded: 


SiO2       ThO2?     ZrOa       Y2O,      Ce2O3  Al2O3,BeO  Fe2O3      CaO 
20-33        15-13        3-92        22'01        0'27        14-11        9  66        0'40 


H2O  SnO2,CuO 
9-32        tr.  =  95-15 


In- 


Yields  water  B.B.,  but  is  infusible;  with  the  fluxes  reacts  for  iron  but  not  for  titanium, 
soluble  in  acids.     From  Helle  and  Naresto  in  Norway,  with  feldspar  and  black  mica. 

A  mineral  from  the  granite  of  Devil's  Head  Mt.,  Douglas  Co.,  Colorado,  in  the  Pike's  Peak 
region  has  been  analyzed  by  Hillebrand  (Proc.  Soc.  Col.,  3,  44,  1888).  Occurs  in  tapering  in- 
distinctly crystalline  forms.  Color  brown.  G.  =  3  60  (1),  3  70  (2).  3'64  (3).  It  is  spoken  of  as 
'•  an  ill-defined  zirconium-mineral,"  allied  to  cyrtolite.  Sections  show  the  presence  of  limonile 
as  impurity. 


488  SILICATES. 

SiOa  ZrOa«  Ce2O3b  Er2O3  YaO3  Fe2O3  MnO  CaO      K2O  Na2O  H2O  P2O5  F 

1.  20-64  48-55     1'20    4'76    2'48  5'97  0'57  2'04C   O'lO  0'50  12-00  1'75  0-42=100'9S 

2.  20-06  47-99     1-41     4'77    2'27  5'53  0'47  2  12d  0'20  0'46  12-87  1'64  0'25=100'04 

3.  19-21  51-00    0-60    4'55    313  4'86  0'33  2'15    0'17  0'42  1297  0'93  0-42=100'74 

•  Incl.  SnO2,Ta2O5:    in  1,  0'03  SnO3,  0'71  Ta2O6.    b  Inel.  ThO2  and  (Di.La)2O3:  in  2, M6  ThO2,  0'06  CeaOa,  <M9 

CDi,La)203.     c  Incl.  (Ml  MgO.    d  0'13  MgO. 

395.  THORITE.  Thorit  Berz.,  Ak:  H.  Stockh.,  p.  1,  1829.  Oraugit  Bergemann,  Pogg.,  82, 
561,  1851.  Uranothorite  P.  Collier,  J.  Am.  Ch.  Soc.,  2,  73,  1880.  Torit. 

Tetragonal.     Axis  b  —  O6402.      In  square  prisms  m  (110,7),  with  pyramid 
fi^          P  (HI,  1),  also  the  zirconoid  z  (311,  33);  pp'  =  56°  40'  Breithaupt.1 
The  form  resembles  that  of  zircon.     Also  massive  and  compact. 

Cleavage:  m  distinct.  Fracture  conchoid al.  Brittle.  H.  =  4'5-5. 
G.  =  5-19-5-40  orangite;  4'4-4*8  thorite.  Luster  of  surface  of 
fresh  fracture  vitreous  to  resinous;  in  part  greasy.  Color  orange- 
yellow,  brownish  yellow;  also  black,  inclining  to  brown.  Streak 
light  orange  to  dark  brown.  Transparent  in  thin  splinters  to  nearly 
opaque.  Optically  uniaxial,  positive,  when  unaltered,  but  becoming 
Norway;  Bgr.  isotropic  and  amorphous. 

Var. — 1.  Thorite.  As  originally  described,  occurs  in  black  octahedral  crystals  (calletf 
isometric  by  Dufrenoy).  G.  =  4630  Berz.;  4'686  Bergeinann;  4'344-4'397  Chydenius.  First 
found  on  the  island  Lovo,  opposite  Brevik.  Later  found  in  large  crystals  near  Areudal. 

2.  Orangite.     In  bright  orange-yellow  tetragonal  crystals,   near  zircon  in  angle;  also  mas- 
sive,   first    described    from    the  Brevik  region.      G.  =  5'397  Bergemaim;    5'34  Krantz;   5'19 
Damour;  4'8S8-5'205  Chydenius.     Sometimes  forms  the  kernel  of  a  crystal  externally  altered 
to  thorite.     Supposed  by  Bergemanu  to  contain  a  new  metal  called  by  him  donarium.    See  p.  1050, 

The  zircon-like  tetragonal  form  was  first  recognized  by  Zschau1,  and  more  accurate  measure- 
ments were  later  made  by  Breithaupt.  The  identity  of  thorite  and  orangite  was  early  proved, 
and  later  it  was  shown  that  both  were  undoubtedly  altered  hydrous  forms  of  an  anhydrous 
thorium  silicate  isomorphous  with  zircon. 

3.  Uranothorite.      Massive.      Fracture  subconchoidal.       H.  =5.      G.  =  4-126.      Luster 
resinous  to  subvitreous      Color  dark  red-brown.     Streak  yellow-brown.     B.B.  infusible.     From 
the  Champluin  iron  region,  N.  Y.,  exact  locality  unknown  (anal.  5);  also  a  similar  variety  from 
Norway,  anal.  3,  4. 

Comp — Originally  anhydrous  thorium  silicate,  ThSi04  or  Th02.SiO?  =  Silica 
18-5,  thorina  81'5  =  100.  All  analyses  show  water,  and  sometimes  uranium. 

Anal.— 1,  Damour,  C.  R.,  34,  685,  1852,  Ann.  Mines,  1,  587,  1852.  Also  incomplete 
analyses  by  Bergeinann,  Chydenius.  2,  Berzelius,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  p.  1,  1829,  also  Pogg.,  15, 
633,  1829  (the  latter  with  the  anal,  in  slightly  different  form).  3,  Lindstrom,  G.  For.  Forh.,  5, 
500,  1881.  4,  Nordenskiold,  ib.,  3,  228,  1876.  5,  Parsons,  quoted  by  Collier,  J.  Am.  Ch.  Soc., 
2,  73,  1880. 

G.  Si02    ThO2  U203  PbO  Fe2O3  A12O3  Ce2O3  CaO  MgO    Alk.  H2O 

1.  Orangite  5'19          17-52    71'65    1-13    0'88    0'59*  0'17      —      1'59      tr.      0'47C  6'14 

[=  100-14 

2.  Thorite  4'8  18'98    57'91     1'58    0'80    5'79b  0'06      —     2'58    0-36    0'24d  9'50 

[SnO2  O'Ol,  insol.  1'70  =  99'51 

3.  Hittero,  Thorite  17'47    48'66    9'00    1'26    6'59    0'12    3'12e  1'39    0'05    0'30f  10-88 

[P2O5  0-93  =  99-77 

4.  Arendal  4'38          1704    50'06    9'78    1'67    7'60      —      1'39    1  99    028      —     9'46 

[P205  0-86  =  100-13 

5.  L.  Champlain     4'126        19'38    52'07    9'96«  0'40    4'01     033      —     2'34    004    Oil  11 -31 

[=  99-95 

a  Incl.  0-28  Mn,O3.  b  Incl.  2'39  Mn2O3.  c  Incl.  0'14  K2O.     d  0'14  K2O. 

•  Incl.  Y2O3.  '  K20  0  18.  »  UO3. 

Composition  discussed  i>y  Nilson,  6fv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  39,  No.  7,  3,1887.  Investigation  of 
absorption-lines,  didymium  chiefly,  also  erbium,  samarium,  thulium,  etc.,  Krilss  and  Nilsou, 
Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  44,  364,  1887. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  yields  water;  the  orange  variety  becomes  dull  brown,  and,  on 
cooling,  orange  again.  B.B.  on  charcoal  infusible,  the  edges  only  being  slightly  glazed;  with 
borax  a  yellowish  pearl,  becoming  colorless  on  cooling;  with  salt  of  phosphorus  a  colorless  glass, 
which  becomes  rnilky  and  greenish  on  cooling;  with  borax  an  orange  glass  when  hot,  which  be- 
comes grayish  on  cooling.  A  little  niter  being  added,  the  orange  color  remains  after  cooling. 


ZIRCON  GROUP— THORITE.  489 

With  hydrochloric  acid  easily  forms  a  jelly  before,  but  not  after,  calcination.  The  black  thorite 
becomes  pale  brownish  red  when  heated;  and  on  charcoal  forms  a  yellowish  brown  slag. 

Obs. — Found  by  Esmark  in  the  augite-syeuite  on  the  island  Lovo,  opposite  Brevik  in 
Norway;  also  at  other  points  on  the  Langesund  fiord,  as  Barkevik,  on  Ha6,  Sigteso,  Aro. 
Masses  of  orangite  weighing  several  ounces  have  been  obtained.  In  large  black  crystals  at 
Garta,  Bjellan,  the  island  Laudbo,  and  other  points  near  Arendal,  from  whence  it  has  been 
obtained  in  large  quantities.  At  Linland  on  the  Lenes  fiord  near  Lindesnas  with  alvite  and 
magnetite,  both  the  black  thorite  and  orangite;  also  at  Svenor,  the  reddish  brown  variety. 

A  mass  of  a  dark  red-brown  color  (uranothorite)  has  been  found  in  the  Cham  plain  iron 
region  in  northern  New  York;  exact  locality  unknown. 

Ref.— i  SeeZschau,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  26,  359,  1858;  B.  H.  Ztg.,  25,  114,  1866;  Nd.,  Ofv.  Ak. 
Stockh.,  27,  554,  1870.  G.  For.  Forh.,  3,  226,  1876. 

On  the  optical  structure  of  the  more  or  less  altered  forms,  see  Bgr. ,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  116,  1890. 

CALCIOTHORITE  W.  C.  Brogger,  G.  For.  Forh.,  9,  258,  1887;  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  127,  1890.  Massive. 
Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  4*5.  G.  =  4-114  Cleve.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  deep 
red,  resembling  almandite  garnet.  Translucent.  Optically  isotropic,  amorphous. 

Composition:  5ThSiO4.2Ca2SiO4  -j-10H2O.     Anal.— Cleve: 

SiO*       ThO2      Ce2O3      Y2O3      A12O3    Mn2O3     CaO       MgO      Na2O       ign. 
21-09        59-35        0-39        0  23        1'02        0'73        6'93        0'04        0'67        9'39  =  99'84 

B.B.  becomes  white  but  does  not  fuse.    Gives  off  water.     Gelatinizes  with  acid. 

Found  in  reniform  masses,  as  large  as  walcuts,  embedded  in  analcite  (derived  from  elaeolite) 
and  in  feldspar  on  the  islands  Laven  and  Aro  irr  the  Langesund  fiord,  Norway. 

EUCRASITE.  Eukrasit  8.  R.  Paijkull,  G.  For.  Forh.,  3,  350,  1877.  Fracture  uneven. 
Brittle.  H.  =  4'5-5.  G.  =  4'39.  Luster  greasy.  Color  blackish  brown.  Streak  brown. 
Slightly  translucent  in  thin  splinters.  Optically  isotropic,  amorphous  (Bgr.,  Zs.,  16,  129,  1890). 
Analysis: 

SiO2      ThO2       TiO2    SnO2?  ZrO2    MnOa    CeO3    Ce,O3   Y2O3    Er2O3    Fe2O3    CaO      Na2O     H2O 
16-20    3596     127     1-15    060    2'34    5'48    855*4-33     1'62    6'02b  4'95C    2  5W    915  =  100'21 
*  Incl.  2  42  (La.Di)203.  b  Incl.  A1?O3  1  77.  c  MgO  0'95.  d  K2O  O'll. 

B.B.  fusible  (at  4)  on  the  edges.  The  borax  bead  in  the  R.  F.  is  violet,  in  the  O.  F.  yellow. 
In  hydrochloric  acid  partially  soluble,  with  the  evolution  of  chlorine.  Coinpletely^soluble  in 
sulphuric  acid.  Occurs  near  Barkevik,  Langesuud  fiord,  Norway.  Named  from  eu,  well,  and 
Kpaa-iS,  mixture,  because  so  complex  in  composition. 

FREYALITE  Esmark;  Damour,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  1,  33,  1878.  Resembles  some  brown 
thorite.  Scratches  glass  slightly.  G.  =  4  06-4-17.  Color  brown.  Streak  yellowish  gray. 
Translucent  in  thin  splinters.  Luster  resinous.  An  approximate  analysis  by  Damour  gave: 

SiO2    ThO2     Ce3O4    (La,Di)2O3    Al2O3(ZrO2?)    Fe,O3    Mu3O4    Alk.     H2O    ign. 

20-02    28  39     28'80  2'47  6'31  2'47        1'78       2'33     7'40     0'82  =  100'79 

B.B.  swells  up  but  does  not  fuse.  In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  gives  off  water,  and 
becomes  white.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  in  R.  F.  dissolves,  forming  an  opal-like  glass,  which 
in  O.  F.  becomes  brown,  and  on  cooling  is  colorless  and  translucent.  With  borax  in  O.  F.  gives 
a  transparent  brown  bead,  becoming  almost  colorless  on  cooling,  and  showing  in  the  spectroscope 
an  absorption  band  on  the  bord  T  of  the  red  and  orange  (Di).  Dissolves  readily  in  acid,  giving 
gelatinous  silica.  With  hydrochloric  acid  chlorine  is  given  off. 

From  the  neighborhood  of  Brevik  (Barkevik),  Norway.  Named  for  the  Scandinavian  god- 
dess, Freya. 

AUERLITE  W.  E.  Hidden  and  /.  B.  Mackintosh,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  36,  461,  1888. 

Tetragonal.  Form  a  square  prism  with  pyramid,  resembling  zircon  in  habit  and  angles. 
H.  -2-5-3.  G.  =  4-42-4-77.  Luster  resinous.  Color  dull  yellowish  white  to  dark  orange-red. 
Translucent  to  opaque. 

Analysis: — 

Si02       P205       ThO2     H2O,CO2    Fe2O3      CaO      MgO  Al2O3(ThO2  *r.) 

7-64        7-46        70-13        11-21          1'38        0'49        0'29  110  =  99*70 

Other  trials  gave:  SiO2  9'25,  8'25,  P2O6  7'59,  ThO2  69'23,  Fe2O3  1-42,  H2O  10'7,  9'88, 
CO2  1-00. 

This  is  interpreted  as  corresponding  to  a  silico-phosphate  of  thorium,  ThO2.(SiO2.|P2O5)-f- 
2H2O.  It  cannot  be  regarded  as  certain,  however,  that  the  phosphoric  acid  belongs  to  the 
original  mineral,  which  as  found  is  certainly  more  or  less  altered.  It  is  to  be  noted,  in  this  con- 
nection, that  parallel  intergrowths  of  zircon  and  auerlite  are  described,  and  others  of  zircon  and 


490 


SILICATES. 


the  phosphate,  xenotime,  are  not  uncommon;  also  further,  that  silica  is  commonly  present  in  the 
phosphate,  monazite,  and  sometimes  in  small  amount  in  xenotime.  That  it  really  belongs  to  the 
constitution  of  the  mineral  in  these  cases  has  been  seriously  questioned. 

B.B.  infusible;  becomes  brown  on  ignition,  but  turns  orange  again  on  cooling. 

Occurs  in  disintegrated  granite  or  gneiss,  in  Henderson  Co.,  N.  C. ;  the  localities  are  the  Free- 
man mine,  Green  River,  and  on  Price  land  3  miles  southwest ;  it  is  associated  with  zircon,  and 
sometimes  implanted  upon  it  in  parallel  position. 

Named  for  Dr.  Carl  Auer  von  Welsbach. 


11.     Danburite-Topaz  Group.     Orthorhombic. 


396,  Danbnrite 

397,  Topaz 

398,  Andalusite 


RR2(Si04)2  or  (RO)RSi04. 


CaB2(Si04)a 
(Al(0,Ft)  )AlSi04 
(A10)AlSi04 


&  :  I  :  6  =  0-5444  :  1  :  0-4807 

&  :  b  :  6  =  0-5285  :  1  :  0-4770 

|  I  :  a  :| -6  =  0-5070  :  1  :  0-4749 

or     d:l\6=  0-9861  :  1  :  0-7025 


d  :  I  =  0-970  :  1 


399.  SiUimanite  Al2Si05  Orthorhombic 

400.  Cyanite  Al2Si05  Triclinic 

&  :  I  :  6  =  0-8994  :  1  :  0'7090;  a  =  90°  5£',  ft  =  101°  2',   y  =  105 

The  close  resemblance  in  angle  and  habit  between  Danburite  and  Topaz,  and  further  the 
relation  in  form  between  Topaz  and  Andalusite  (though  less  close),  make  it  probable  that  Groth  's 
formulas  for  the  two  last  mentioned  species,  given  above,  should  be  accepted,  and  that  they 
should  be  included  with  Danburite  in  a  single  group  of  orthosilicates.  To  SiUimanite  the  same 
formula  as  that  of  Andalusite  probably  belongs  (Groth,  Clarke).  while  Cyanite  is  uncertain;  Groth 
regards  it  as  a  basic  metasilicate  (AlO)2SiO3  instead  of  a  basic  orthosilicate. 


396.  DANBURITE.    Shepard,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  35,  137,  1839. 
Orthorhombic.     Axes  d  :  b  :  6  =  0-544444  :  1  :  0-480739  E.  S.  Dana1. 
100    A    HO  ='28°    33'    57",        001  A  101  =  41°  26'    39",      001  A  Oil  = 
25°  40'  32". 

C  (203,  |4)3  p  (081,  84)  v  (122,  1-2) 

d  (101,  14)  i  (0-10-1,  104)4  r  (121,  2-2) 

x  (301,  34)  h  (0-11-1,  114)4  A  (142,  2-4) 

t   (021,  24)  q  (O-16'l,  164)  8  (141,  4-4) 

w  (041,  44)  0  (111,  1)  ft  (9-4-10,  TV!)»_? 

a  (092,  |4;5  e  (221,  2)  V  (13'4'14,  tf~V)2? 

/  (061,  64)2  s  (321,  3-|)  ff  (572,  H)3 

flr  (071,  74)2  %  (124,  i-2) 
Schuster4  adds  many  vicinal  planes,  including  the  following  in  the  prismatic  zone:  IO'19'O, 
7-15-0,  5-11-0,  5-12-0,  7-18-0,  5-14-0,  7-20-0,  5  16'0. 


Forms1  : 

r  (590,  £f)4 

a  (100,  i-l) 

I    (120,  a-2) 

b  (010,  i-i) 

p  (370,  *-f  )4 

c  (001,  0) 

t;  (250,  a-f  )4 

k  (320,  t-|) 

I    (130,  *-3)4 

m  (110,  /) 

T  (3-10-0,  £J 

//  (560,  e-f)4 

n  (140,  1-4) 

M  (230,  »-|) 

z   (103,  |4) 

**'"  =     39°  54' 

mm"'  =  *57°    7'    54' 

MM'  =  101°  31V 

II'  =    85°    8' 

nri  =    49°  20' 

00'  =     32°  48' 

CC'  =     60°  58' 

dd1  =  *82°  53'    18' 


xx'  =  138°  38' 

ti  =    87°  45' 
ww'  =  125°    3' 

ff'  =  141°  46' 

pp  =  150°  51' 

qq'  =  165°  11' 

co  =    45°    9' 

ce  =    63°  33V 


4*' 


cu  =  18 

cv  =  33"    » 

cr  -  52°  33' 

nX  =  43°  23' 

oo  =  77°    2' 

rr'  =  64°  57' 

AA'  =  35°  18V 


88'  =  44°  20' 

oo'"  =  39°  38' 

ss'"  =  37°  31' 

m'"  =  47°  29' 

rr'"  =  71°  34' 

AA'"  =  82°  40' 

md  =  54°  27' 

mw  =  64°  54' 


DANBURITE-TOPAZ   GROUP— DANBURITE. 


491 


Habit  prismatic,  resembling  topaz.  Also  in  indistinct  embedded  crystals, 
and  disseminated  masses. 

Cleavage:  c  very  indistinct.  Fracture  uneven  to  subconchoidal.  Brittle. 
H.  =  7-7"25.  G.  =  2-97-3-02.  Color  pale  wine-yellow  to  colorless,  yellowish 
white,  dark  wine-yellow,  yellowish  brown.  Luster  vitreous  to  greasy,  on  crystal 
surfaces  brilliant.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Streak  white. 


1. 


3. 


5. 


Figs.  1-3,  5-7,  Russell,  N.  Y.        4,  Switzerland,  after  Hintze. 

Ax.  pi.  ||  c.  Optically  — ,  and  Bxa  J_  b  for  red,  yellow,  green;  optically  +,  and 
Bxa  J_  a  for  blue.  Ax.  angles  for  Russell,  E.  S.  D.1;  for  Danbury,  Dx.6;  for  Switzer- 
land, Hintze2. 


2H 


=  106°  35' 


2H0.y    =  105°  36' 
2Ha.bi    =  102°  13' 


Russell: 

For  Li    2Ha.r     =  100°  33' 
Na   2Ha.y    =  101'  30' 
CuSO4  2H0.bi    =  104C  36' 
Danbury:      2Hr   =  99U  16-100 

Switzerland: 

For  Li    2Ha.r    =  101°     1     2H0.r    =  105°  56' 

Na    2Ha.y    =  101°  46'     2H0.y    =  105°  38' 

Tl     2Ha.gr  =  102°  48'    2H0.gr  =  104°  44' 

CuSO4  2H0.bi  =  104°  18'     2Ha.bi   =  103°  15' 


2Va.r  =  87°  37'  /5r  =  1-634 
2Va.y  =88°  23'  /3y  =  1-637 
2V0.bi  =  90°  56'  A>i  =  1-646 


2Hy  =  100°  20-101°  2'       2Hbi   =  101°  42-102°  16' 


2Va.r  =  88°    4'  /5T   =  1-6283 

2Va.y  =  88°  29'  /3y  =  1-6342 

2Va.gr  =  89°  14'  /3gr  =  1'6383 

2V0.bi  =  90°  24 


Also  measured 


calculated 


A-    - 

yr   =  1-6331 

ar   =  1-6258 


fa  =  1-6337 
Yj  =  1-6363 
a  =  1-6317 


r  =  1-6366 
r  =  1-6393 
r  =  1-6356 


Comp — CaB,Si908    or    CaO.B203.2Si02   =    Silica   48'8,   boron  trioxide 
lime  22-8  =  100. 


492  SILICATES. 

Anal.— 1,  Smith  and  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  365,  1853.  2,  Comstock,  ib.,  20,  117,  1880 
3,  Whitfield,  ib.,  34,  285,  1887.  4,  Bodewig,  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  217,  1883.  5,  Id.,  ib.,  7,  391,  1882 
6,  Ludwig,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  86  (1),  270,  1882. 

G.  SiO2     B2O3     CaO    ign. 

1.  Danbury  f  48  15    27'44     22'37    0'50  Al2O3,Fe2O3,Mn2O3  0'86,  MgO  0'40  =  99'72 

2.  Russell       3-003        f  48'23    26'93    23'24    0'63  Al2O3,Fe2O3  0'47  =    99  50 

3  "  49-70     25-80    23'26    0'20  Al2O3>FeaO8  1'02  =    99'98 

4  "  f  48-57    2861     23  03  -     —    Al,O8,Fe,0, 0  84  =  ICO'55 

5.  Skopi         2-986        f  48 -66    28 '09    22-90      —    A12O3  0'08,  Fe2O3  0'23  =  99  96 

6.  "  2985  48-52    28'77    23-03'     —    MgO  030  =  100 '62 

The  boron,  overlooked  by  Shepard,  was  first  detected  by  Erni,  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  239.  The 
doubtful  barsowite,  CaAl2Si2O8  (see  p.  340),  is  regarded  by  some  authors  as  related  to  danburite. 

Fyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  at  3'5  to  a  colorless  glass,  and  imparts  a  green  color  to  the  O.  F. 
(boron).  Not  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  but  sufficiently  attacked  for  the  solution  to  give 
the  reaction  of  boric  acid  with  turmeric  paper.  When  previously  ignited  gelatinizes  with  hydro- 
chloric acid.  Phosphoresces  on  heating,  giving  a  reddish  light. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Danbury,  Connecticut  (the  original  locality),  embedded  with  microcline  and 
oligoclase  in  dolomite.  At  Russell,  N.  Y.,  abundant  in  fine  crystals,  often  large  (to  4  in.  in 
length),  also  massive;  the  crystals  line  cavities  or  seams  filled  with  calcite  in  the  massive  mineral 
or  the  enclosing  granitic  rock,  associated  with  pyroxene,  titanite,  tourmaline,  mica,  quartz, 
pyrite.  On  the  Piz  Valatscha,  the  northern  spur  of  Mt.  S£opi  south  of  Dissentis  in  eastern  Swit- 
zerland, in  slender  prismatic  crystals,  transparent  and  nearly  colorless,  often  covered  with  or 
enclosing  fine  scaly  chlorite,  also  enclosing  needles  of  tourmaline;  these  crystals  early  passed 
under  the  name  bementite  among  collectors  (after  C.  S.  Bement  of  Philadelphia). 

Ref.—1  Russell,  N.  Y.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  20,  111,  1880,  planes  not  otherwise  noted  first  observed 
on  Russell  crystals.  2  Hintze,  Piz  Valatscha,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  296,  1882.  3  Id.,  ibid.,  p.  591.  1883. 
4  Schuster,  Min.  Mitth.,  5,  397,  1888,  6,  301,  1884.  5  Gotz,  Mitth.  Univ.  Greifswald,  1886. 
«  Danbury,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  3,  195,  1880. 

397.  TOPAZ.  Not  Toied&oS,  Topazius,  Or.,  Plin.,  or  Agric.  [=  Chrysolite  pt.].  Chryso- 
lithos  pt.  Plin.,  37,  42.  Topasius  vulgaris  =  Chrysolithos  veterum  de  Boot,  Gemm.,  1636. 
Chrysolithus  de  Laet,  De  Gemm.  et  Lap.,  1647.  Topazius  vera  Saxonia,  Henckel,  Act.  Ac.  N. 
Cur.,  4,  316.  Topas  Wall.,  117,  1747.  Topas  pt.  [rest  Beryl,  etc.]  Cronst.,  43.  1758.  Chrysolithus 
(fr.  Saxony)  Linn.,  Syst,  1768.  Topaze  du  Bresil,  T.  de  Saxe,  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  1772,  1783,  with 
figs.  Si,Al,  and  Fluorine  Klapr.,  Mem.  read  before  Ac.  Wiss.  Berlin,  1804,  Beitr.,  4,  160.  1807; 
Vauq.,  J.  Mines,  16,  469,  1804  (with  ref.  to  Klapr.).  Pyrophysalite  His.  &  Berz.,  Afh.,  1,  111, 
1806,  Gehl.  J.,  3,  124,  1807  =  Physalith  Wern.,  Hoffm.  Min.,  4.  b,  114.  1817. 

PYCNITE.  Weisser  Stangenschorl  Germ.;  Wern.,  Ueb.  Cronst.,  169, 1780.  Schoi-1  uianc  en 
prismes  striees  (fr.  Al  ten  berg)  Sage,  Min.,  1,  204,  1777;  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  2,  420, 1783.  Schorlartiger 
Beryl  [var.  of  Beryl]  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  1,  374,  388,  1789.  Stangenstein  [species]  Karst.,  Mus. 
Lesk.,  1789;  Tab.,  20,  69,  1800.  Schorl  blauchatre  Delameth.,  Sciagr.,  1,  289;  Leucolite  pt.  id  , 
T.  T.,  2,  275,  1797.  Schorlite  Klapr.,  Crell's  Ann.,  1,  395, 1788.  Shorlite  Kirwan,  Min.,  1,  286, 
1794.  Pycnite  H.,  Tr.,  3,  1801.  Si  +  Al  -f  F,  Bmholz,  Schw.  J.,  1,  385,  1803. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  b  :  6  =  0-528542  :  1  :  0-476976  Koksharov1. 

100  A  110  =  27°  51'  30",  001  A  101  =  42°  3'  52",  001  A  Oil  =  25°  30'  0". 

Forms2:  it  (5'H'O,  P?)  -2T  (043,  fi)  w  (111,  1)  I  (lO'S'O,  -V°~?) 

a  (100,  i-l)  jf  (250,  *.f)  J  (053,  f 4)  S  (665,  f)  77  (463,  2-|) 

b    (010,  i-i)  g  (130,  i-§)  F  (0  12-7,  ^-i)  Z  (332,  f)  iff  (122,  1-2) 

c    (001,  0)  n  (140'  i-l)  f    (021,  2-1)  Q  (553,  f)  x  (243,  f-2) 

N  (2W  i2}  u  <15°.  *-5)  y   (0'16'7'  ¥'*>  &  (16-16-9,  V)  E  <364'  ^ 

mo'  n  CT(160,  £d)  0(052,1-*)  o  (221,2)  «     (121,2-2) 

n  /Jin  ,4  k    (031,34)  i  (16-16-7,  V-)  *   CM4'4,  |-2) 

GO  (102,  fi)  fe    (010-3,  ¥-*)  e  (441,  4)  r     (241,  4-2) 

»  SA  *I  h    (203'  *•*>  y    (°41«  *-*)  7  (14-14-1,  14)  *     (133,  1-3) 

f   7  10-0 '!«)        S  '(405j  ^  w  (°81'  8'^  •   (W  »  ft)  *     (265'  *'?) 

' u'   ^r)        p    (101,  14)  T    (61*'  Tr®  O    (132  |-3) 

Jf  (280,4)  F  (302,|4)  lr  (2-2-18,  A)  X  (213,  f-2)  ^1,  6-3 

I  (580,  4)  d   (301  y  e  (229,  f )  a  (212,  1-2)  (  ^    4 

A   (470,4)^                401)4_,  *  (112,  i)  q  (423,  f  2)  \     '  ^ 

r   (7-13-0,  ^)  p  (?01   ^  D  (335,  |)  F  (211,  2-2)  ^  ^ 

Z  (8-15-0,  <^)  .'  (223,  |)  2  (14-8-15,  ffj)          v    na*   I  o 

i    (180,  *3)  JT(028,*-«)  f  (445,4)  r  (10'8'7,  -V°-|) 
y3  (Oil,  14) 


DANBURITE-TOPAZ  GROUP— TOPAZ. 


493 


Grttnhut*  adds  the  following  vicinal  planes  (in  addition  to  some  included  in  the  tabulated 
list  above),  all  in  the  prismatic  zone:  m  (50'53-Q),  n  (25'28-0),  0  (25  36'0),  p  (25'41'0),  q  (25'43'0), 
I  (2549-0),  b  (4-21-0).  Cf.  also  Feist,  Zs.  Kr.,  12,  434,  1886. 

The  following  forms,  mostly  rare  or  doubtful,  have  been  noted  on  Mexican  topaz3.  That 
all  the  apparent  planes  observed  on  the  curiously  modified  edges  of  these  crystals  deserve  crys- 
tallographic  symbols  seems  to  the  author  very  improbable;  it  is  to  be  noted  that  in  many  cases 
all  the  pyramidal  edges  of  a  crystal  show  similar  replacements,  sometimes  single,  often  double. 

610,  410;  605  805,  905;  025,  045,  065,  085;  052;  IS'18'5,  15'15'H;  12'2'7,  823,  26'12'19?, 
412,  311,  623,  10-4-3,  645,  641,  13'9'13,  432?,  10-8'5,  13-11-6?;  8'10'5,  341,  10'14-7,  573,  7'12-1, 
8-12-5,  352,  8-14-7,  16-2811,  18'34'1,  483,  8'20'7,  4'10  5,  4'10'3,  8-201,  263,  131,  4121,  416'5, 
281,  4-18-7,  2-10-5,  152,  151,  2'10-3,  4'20'3,  S'52'9?,  172,  216'3?,  110'2,  1'14'3?. 


1. 


3. 


\ 


•v  I  u 


5. 


7. 


Fig.  1,  Alabashka,  Ural.     2,  Brazil.     3,  Durango,  Bkg.     4,  Utah,  J.  Stanley-Brown. 
5,  Schneckensteiu.     6,  Japan.     7,  Ural,  Rose. 


mm 

U' 


OJOJ  = 

hh'  = 

PP'  = 

dd'  = 

PC'  = 


XX'    = 


*55°  43' 
86°  49' 
64°  29' 
50°  38' 

48°  34' 

62°    4' 

84°    8' 

122°     1' 

148°  21' 

51"    0' 

64°  55' 

*43e  39' 


& 

A/A/ 

yy' 

ww' 

= 

87° 
110° 
124° 
150° 

18' 
6' 
41' 

38' 

C€ 

ci 
cu 
cZ 

CO 

ce 

= 

27° 
34° 
45° 
56° 
63° 
76° 

2' 
14' 
35' 
51' 
54' 
14' 

cx 
ca 

= 

31° 

43° 

54' 
2 

Clj> 

ex 
cE 
cr 
cs 
ct 

it' 
uu' 
00' 
ee' 

= 

51° 
61° 
33° 
41° 
44° 
69° 
29° 
34° 

59° 

78° 
105° 
118° 

13' 

$' 

12' 
34' 
9' 
25' 
5' 

39' 
20' 
7' 
21' 

xx' 

_ 

53° 

50' 

vv' 

—  . 

66° 

17' 

rr' 

— 

79° 

55' 

88' 

— 

30° 

23' 

it' 

=S 

34° 

47| 

if" 

_ 

30° 

29' 

uu'" 

= 

39° 

0' 

00'" 

— 

49° 

374 

99'" 

= 

22° 

59' 

xx'" 

— 

15° 

31' 

rr'" 

— 

16° 

8' 

Crystals  commonly  prismatic,  m  predominating;  or  I  (120)  and  the  form  then  a 
flearly  square  prism  resembling  andalusite.  Faces  in  the  prismatic  zone  often  ver- 
tically striated,  and  often  showing  vicinal  planes.  Sometimes  apparently  hemi- 
morphic.  Also  firm  columnar ;  granular,  coarse,  or  fine. 

Cleavage:  c  highly  perfect;  also  very  imperfect  ||  d  (201)  and/ (021)  as  shown 
by  the  percussion  figures  (Mgg.4).  Fracture  subconchoidal  to  uneven.  Brittle. 


494       .  SILICATES. 

H.  =  8.  G.  =  3*4-3*65.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  straw-yellow,  wine-yellow,  white, 
grayish,  greenish,  bluish,  reddish.  Streak  uncolored.  Transparent  to  subtrans- 
lucent. 

Optically  -J-.  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bx  J_  c.  Axial  angles  very  variable  in  crystals 
from  different  localities  and  even  in  plates  from  the  same  crystal.  Of.  Dx.  and 
Mid.6;  the  latter  regards  topaz  as  pseudo-orthorhombic  and  monoclinic.  Refractive 
indices  and  axial  angles5: 

Brazil,  Dx.: 

a_    =  1-6120        0.    =  1-6150        y,    ='1-6224  .-.      2VT    =  65°  14'        2E_    =  121°    1' 

aff  =  1-6149        ftv  =  1-6174        r &  =  1'6236  .'.      2Vgr  =  65°    3'        2Ep.  =  120°  49' 

Also  measured      (1)     2E_  =  120°  40'  (2)  2Er  =  113°  50'        2Ebl  =  112°  27' 
2Ey  =  72°,  81°  30',  90°. 

Again,  Feussner: 

ay  =  1-61559        p,  =  1-61808  r,  =  1-62510            .*.  2Vy  =  61°  47'        2Ey  =  112°  20' 

Schneckeusteiu,  Dx.: 

at    =  1-61400         /Jr  =  1  61644  yt    =  1-62320        .*.  2Vr    =  62°  12'        2Er    =  113°  14' 

ap  =  1-61835        ftv  =  1-62071  yv  =  1*62740        .-.  2Vgr  =  61°  37'        2Egr  =  112°  12' 

Measured  2Er  =  114°  13'  2Er  =  113°  38' 

Nerchinsk,  Muhlheims: 

a  ft  y  2V  (calc.) 

For  B  1-61000  1*61273  1  61926  .        65°  58^' 

GK°     KQi 


C  1-61091  1-61365  1-62019 

D  1-61327  1-61597  1*62252 

E  1-61615  1-61882  1-62542 

F  1-61870  1-62134  1 '62792 


65°  58' 
65C  41' 
65° 
64° 


Schneckenstein : 
For  D  1-61549  1-61809  1*62500  .*.        63°  19'  62°  33' 

Also  Brazil: 
For  D  1-62936  1*63077  1-63747  .*.        49°  31'-3          49'  37' 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary.  In  prismatic  crystals  usually  colorless  or  pale  yellow,  less  often  pale 
blue,  pink,  etc.  Sometimes  apparently  hemimorphic,  though  not  so  in  fact.  The  color  of  some 
deep  wine-yellow  Russian  crystals  fades  out  on  exposure  to  the  daylight;  the  yellow  of  the 
Brazilian  crystals  is  changed  by  heating  to  a  pale  rose-pink. 

Church  obtained  for  white  flawless  Brazilian  crystals:  G.  =  8*571,  3'572,  3'585,  3*595,  3*597; 
wine-yellow  G.  =  3'539,  and  after  ignition  3*533;  sky-blue  G.  =  3-541. 

Pliysalite,  or  pyrophysalite,  is  a  coarse  nearly  opaque  variety,  in  yellowish -white  large  crystals 
fromFinbo;  it  intumesceswhen  heated,  and  hence  its  name  from  (pvcraXiS,  bubble,  and  itvp,  fire. 

2.  Pycnite.  Structure  columnar,  but  very  compact.  Has  been  considered  a  distinct  species 
on  the  ground  of  composition  and  crystallization  (made  monoclinic  by  Forchhammer).  But 
Rose  made  out  that  the  cleavage  was  the  same,  and  the  form  probably  the  same;  and  Des 
Cloizeaux  showed  that  the  optical  characters  were  those  of  topaz.  Finally  Rammelsberg's 
analysis  (11)  gives  the  same  composition.  Named  from  nvxroS,  thick. 

Comp.—  (Al(0,P,))AlSi04  Groth.  The  ratio  of  0  :  2F  =  5  :  1,  whence  the 
empirical  formula  Al12Si6025F10  =  Silicon  15*5,  aluminium  29*9,  fluorine  17*6, 
oxygen  36*9  =  100,  or  Silica  33*3,  alumina  56*5,  fluorine  17-6  =  107*4,  deduct 
(0  =  2F)  7*4  =  100. 

Anal.— 1-5,  Rg.,  J.  pr.  Oh.,  96,  7,  1865.  6,  7,  Klemm,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Jena,  1873.  8.  Sommer- 
lad,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  36,  647,  1884.  9,  Whitfleld,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  29,  378,  1885  (also  Genth,  Am.  Phii. 
Soc.,  Oct.  2,  1885).  10,  Hillebrand,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.  Bull.,  20,  p.  71,  1885.  11,  Rg.,  1.  c. 
12,  Klemm,  1.  c.  Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  378. 

G.  SiO2  A12O3  F 

1.  Brazil                                            3-561  f  33'73  57'39  16*12  =  107'24 

2.  Schnecken stein  f  33'53  56 -54  18-62  =  108 '69 
8.  Schlackenwald                             3-520  f  83*37  56  28  18  54  =  108*19 

4.  Trumbull  3*514  32'38  55*32  16*12  =  103'82 

5.  Adun  Chalon  3-563  33'56  56  28  18*30  =  108*14 

6.  Altenberg,  cryst.  3 -523  f  33*32  56*35  17*45  =  107*12 

7.  Minsk  3*521  33*47  56  53  17*17  =  107*17 

8.  Mt.  Bischoff.  Tasmania,  mass.  3-456  33'24  57'02  17*64  OaO  0*83  =  108-73 


DANBURITE-TOPAZ  GROUP— TOPAZ.  495 

G.  Si02    A1203      F 

9.  Stoneham,  Me.  3-51  31'92    57'38    16  99  Na.O  1'33,  K2O015,  HaOO'20 

10.  Pike's  Peak,  Col.  3*578          33-15    57'01     16  04  =  106-20  [=  107-97 

11.  Altenberg,  Pycnite  3'533          33'28    55-86    18-28  =  107-42 

12.  Fiubo,  Pyrophysalite  3-49        f  33'64    56'21     17'11  =  106'96 
The  oxygen  equivalent  of  the  fluorine  (=  6  to  7  p.  c.)  is  to  be  deducted. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  infusible.  Fused  in  the  closed  tube,  with  previously  fused  and  pulverized 
salt  of  phosphorus,  etches  the  glass,  giving  off  silicon  fluoride  which  forms  a  ring  of  SiO2  above. 
With  cobalt  solution  the  pulverized  mineral  gives  a  tine  blue  on  heating.  Only  partially  attacked 
by  sulphuric  acid. 

A  variety  of  topaz  from  Brazil,  when  heated,  assumes  a  pink  or  red  hue,  resembling  the 
Balas  ruby. 

Obs.— Topaz  usually  occurs  in  gneiss  or  granite,  with  tourmaline,  mica,  and  beryl,  occasion- 
ally with  apatite,  fluorite,  and  cassiterite;  also  in  talcose  rock,  as  in  Brazil,  with  euclase,  etc.,  or  in 
mica  slate.  With  quartz,  tourmaline,  and  lithomarge,  forms  the  topaz  rock  of  Werner  (topazo- 
seme,  Haiiy).  Less  frequently  it  occurs  in  cavities  in  rhyolyte  and  similar  volcanic  rocks. 

Topaz  often  contains  inclusions  of  liquid  carbon  dioxide.  Minute  crystals  of  three  or  four 
different  kinds,  and  two  or  three  kinds  of  liquids,  were  detected  by  Brewster  in  crystals  of 
topaz,  Edinb.  Trans.,  10,  and  later  Ediub.  N.  Phil.  J.,  16,  130,  Proc.  R.  Soc.  Edinb.,  4.  548, 
5,  95.  For  later  observations  see  Hartley,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  31,  241,  1877;  Erhard  and  Stelzner, 
Min.  Mitth.,  1,  450,  1878;  also  Nd.,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  242,  1886.  Crystals  from  San  Luis  Potosi  are 
sometines  red  with  enclosed  rutile. 

Fine  topaz  comes  from  the  Urals,  from  Alabashka,  not  far  from  Mursinka  in  the  region 
of  Ekaterinburg;  from  Miask  in  the  Ilrnen  Mts. ;  also  the  gold-washings  on  the  R.  Sauarka, 
in  Govt.  Orenburg;  in  Nerchinsk,  beyond  L.  Baikal,  in  the  Adun-Chalon  Mts.,  etc.,  one  crystal 
from  near  the  river  Urulga,  now  in  the  imperial  cabinet  at  St.  Petersburg,  being  llf  in.  long,  6j 
in.  broad,  weighing  22|  Ibs.  av.,  and  magnificent  also  in  its  perfect  transparency  and  wine- 
yello\v  color.  Found  also  in  Kamshatka,  of  yellow,  green,  and  blue  colors;  in  the  province  of 
Minas  Geraes,  Brazil,  at  Ouro  Preto  and  Villa  Rica,  of  deep  yellow  color,  either  in  veins  or  nests 
in  lithomarge,  or  in  loose  crystals  or  pebbles;  at  the  tin  mines  of  Schlackenwald,  Ziunwald, 
and  Ehrenfriedersdorf,  and  smaller  crystals  at  Schneckenstein  and  Alteuberg;  sky-blue  crystals 
in  Cairngorm,  Aberdeenshire;  the  Mourne  mountains,  Ireland,  small  limpid  crystals  with 
beryl,  albite  and  mica,  in  drusy  cavities  in  granite;  and  St.  Michael's  Mount,  Cornwall;  on  the 
island  of  Elba,  in  cavities  in  the  granite  of  San  Piero.  Physalite  occurs  in  crystals  of  great 
size,  at  Fossum,  Norway;  Finbp,  Sweden,  in  a  granite  quarry,  and  at  Broddbo  in  a  boulder; 
one  crystal  from  this  last  locality,  at  Stockholm,  weighed  eighty  pounds.  Pycnite  is  from  the 
tin  mine  of  Altenberg  in  Saxony;  also  those  of  Schlackenwald,  Ziunwald  in  Bohemia,  and 
Kongsberg  in  Norway. 

Topaz  occurs  also  in  the  Mercado  Mtn.,  in  Durango,  Mexico,  along  with  cassiterite,  magne- 
tite, and  durangite;  at  La  Paz,  province  of  Guanajuato;  at  San  Luis  Potosi  in  rhyolyte,  sometimes 
euclosing^rutile.  At  Hauneib  in  Damaraland  in  Southwest  Africa  (Hintze,  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  505, 1889). 
At  Mt.  Bischoff,  Tasmania,  with  tin  ores;  also  similarly  in  New  South  Wales.  In  Japan  in  peg- 
matyte  from  Otani-yama,  Province  of  Omi,  near  Kioto:  at  Nakatsu-gawa,  Province  of  Mino. 

In  the  United  States,  in  Maine,  at  Stoneham,  in  albitic-grauite  in  fine  clear  crystals,  also  in 
coarse  crystals  of  great  size  ;  it  is  associated  with  beryl,  columbite,  fluorite,  triplite,  etc.  In 
Conn.,  at  Trumbull,  with  fluorite  and  diaspore  in  small  yellow  or  clear  white  crystals,  also  in 
others  large  and  coarse;  at  Middletown  rare;  at  Willimantic,  with  columbite.  In  N.  Car.,  at 
Crowder's  Mountain.  In  Colorado,  in  fine  crystals  colorless  or  pale  blue  from  the  Pike's  Peak 
region,  sometimes  implanted  with  phenacite  upon  amazonstone,  also  with  zircon,  smoky  quartz, 
etc. ;  at  Nathrop,  Chaffee  Co.,  in  wine  colored  crystals  with  spessartite  in  lithophyses  in  rhyolyte; 
also  similarly  in  minute  crystals  in  the  rhyolyte  of  Chalk  Mt.  In  Utah,  in  fine  transparent  color- 
less crystals  with  quartz  and  sanidine  in  the  rhyolyte  of  the  Thomas  Range,  40  miles  north 
of  Sevier  Lake. 

The  name  topaz  is  from  rondcio1-,,  an  island  in  the  Red  Sea,  as  stated  by  Pliny.  But  the 
topaz  of  Pliny  was  not  the  true  topaz,  as  it  "  yielded  to  the  file."  Topaz  was  included  by  Pliny 
and  earlier  writers,  as  well  as  by  many  later,  under  the  name  chrysolite. 

Alt. — Topaz  is  found  altered  both  to  steatite,  and  kaolin  or  lithomarge.  Alteration,  espe- 
cially of  large  opaque  crystals,  is  not  uncommon;  thus  in  Saxony  and  Bohemia,  at  Kararfvet, 
Falun,  Sweden,  also  at  Trumbull  and  Stoneham.  The  usual  result  is  the  change  to  damourite. 
Cf.  Clarke  and  Diller,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  29,  378,  1885.  The  pure  Stoneham  topaz  gave  anal.  9, 
above;  a  surrounding  greenish  layer  (1)  below,  and  an  outside  purple  zone  (2),  Whitfield,  ibid.; 
the  final  product  is  damourite,  anal.  3;  Chatard,  ib.,  28,  22,  1884.  Cf.  also  Atterberg.  G. 
For.  Forh.,  2,  402,  1875. 

G.  SiOa  A12O3  F  CaO  MgO  K2O  Na2O  H2O 

1.  Green  zone    3*42  3515  5318  1288  1'32  0-17    1'52    1*28    0-90  —  106-40 

2.  Purple  zone  2'82  44'52  46'19  0'40  0'30  014    2'30    2'82    3'74  MnO  0'21  =  100'62 

3.  Damourite  4519  33*32  —  tr.  0'36  11'06    1'57    4'48  FeO  4'25,  MnO  0'58 

T=  100-81 


496  SILICATES. 

Artif. — Obtained  by  Friedel  and  Sarasin  by  the  action  of  hydrofluosilicic  acid  on  silica  and 
alumina  in  the  presence  of  water  at  500". 

Ref.— l  Ural,  Min.  Kussl.,  2, 198,  1854.  Note  that  c  of  Kk.  and  many  authors  =  2c  Dana,  and 
earlier  of  Mohs,  Nauinanu,  etc.;  Grunhut  proposed  a  new  position  to  show  relation  to  andalusite, 
which,  however,  is  not  to  be  recommended.  The  axial  ratio  varies  somewhat  widely  for  crystals 
from  different  localities,  cf.  Breith.,  Haudb.,  3,  725  et  seq.,  1847;  Groth,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  22,  381, 
1870;  Grunhut,  Zs.  Kr.,  9,  124,  1884. 

2  See  Grunhut,  1.  c.,  for  list  with  authorities,  also  original  observations.  A  recent  critical 
summary,  with  literature,  etc.,  is  given  by  Gdt.,  Index,  3,  223,  1891;  cf.  earlier,  Rose,  Keis, 
Ural,  2,  80,  1842  et  aL;  Kk.,  1.  c.,  also  3,  195,  378.  1858;  Mir.  Min.,  353,  1852;  Dx.,  Miu.,  1, 
470,  1862,  Groth,  Altenberg,  Schlackenwald,  1.  c.;  Btd.,  Framont,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  297,  1877;  Lasp., 
Saxony,  Bohemia,  ib.,  p.  347;  Rath,  Mt.  Bischoff,  ib.,  4,  428,  1880;  Corsi,  Elba,  ib.,  5,  604,  1881; 
Kk.,  1.  c.,  9,  97,  299;  Hidden  and  Washington,  Zacatecas,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  33,  507,  1887;  Erem., 
llmen  Mts.,  Vh.  Miu.  Ges.,  24,  463,  1888.  3  On  crystals  from  Mexico  see  Dx.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min., 
9,  13o,  1886;  N.  v.  Koksharov,  Jr.,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  23,  49,  1887,  and  Min.  RussL,  9,  97;  Bkg., 
Zs.  Kr.,  12,  424,  451,  1886. 

4  Percussion  figures,  Mugge,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  60,  1884.  5  Refractive  indices:  Dx.,  Miu.,  1,  475, 
1862,  N.  R.,  102,  1867;  he  shows  that  the  indices  obtained  by  Rudberg  (Pogg.,  17,  22,  1829)  are 
in  error  at  least  as  regards  the  values  for  the  lines  B,  C,  D.  See  further  Feussuer,  Zs.  Kr.,  7, 
507,  1883;  Muhlheims,  Zs.  Kr.,  14,  225,  226,  1888.  Measurement  of  indices  of  refraction  and 
axial  angles  from  various  localities  are  given  by  Groth,  1.  c.  Etching-figures,  Bauunhauer,  Jb. 
Min.,  5,  1876;  also  natural  on  crystals  from  San  Luis  Potosi,  Pelikau,  Miu.  Mitth.,  11,  331,  1890. 
6  Abnormal  optical  character,  Mid.,  Ann.  Mines,  10,  155,  1876;  Mack.,  Wied.  Ann.,  28,  153, 
1886;  Mgg.,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  60,  1884. 

Pyro-electricity,  Riess  and  Rose,  Pogg.,  59,  384,  1843;  Hankel,  Abb.  Sachs.  Ges.,  9, 
1870;  Friedel,  Bull.  Soc.  Miu.,  2,  31,  1879;  Friedel  and  Curie,  ibid.,  8,  16,  1885;  Mack.  Wied. 
Ann.,  28,  153,  1886.  Elasticity,  Voigt,  Nachr.  Ges.  Gottingen,  561,  1887. 

398.  ANDALUSITE.  Spath  adamantin  d'un  rouge  violet  (fr.  Forez)  Bourn.,  J.  Phys., 
34,  453,  1789.  Feldspath  du  Forez  Ouyton,  Ann.  Ch.,  1,  190,  1789.  Andalousite  (fr.  Spain 
and  Forez)  DelametJi.,  J.  Phys.,  46,  386,  1798.  Andalusite.  Feldspath  apyre  H.,  Tr.,  4,  1801. 
Micaphilit,  Micafilit  (fr.  Lahmerwinkel)  Brunner,  Moll's  Ann.  B.  H.,  3,  294,  1804,  Efem.,  1, 
51,  1805;  Micaphyllit,  bad  orihogr.  Stanzait  (fr.  Bavaria  at  Stanzen  near  Bodenmais  and 
Herzogau)  Flurl,  Gebirgs-Form.  Churpfalzbaierischen  Staaten,  5, 1806.  Hartspat  Wern.  Made 
hyaline  Cordier. 

Silex  niger  cum  cruce  Candida:  darinn  ein  weiss  Kreutz,  Oesner,  Foss.,  45,  1565.  Lapis 
crucifer  (fr.  Compostella)  quern  Hispani  vocat  cruciatum,  Mercati,  Metallotheca  Vaticana,  237, 
1617.  Pierres  de  Macles  (fr.  id.)  Robien,  N.  idees  sur  la  Format,  d.  Foss.,  108,  1751  (with  fig.). 
Spanish  Shirl,  Cross-Stone,  Hill,  Foss.,  152,  1771.  Pierre  de  Croix,  Made  basaltique,  Schorl  en 
prismes— dont  les  angles  obtus  sout  de  95°,  de  Lisle.  Crist.,  1772,  2,  440,  1783.  Crucite  Delameth, 
T.  T.,  2,  292,  1797.  Chiastolith  Karst.,  Tab.,  28,  73,  1800.  Chiastolite.  Made  H.,  Tr.,  3, 
1801.  Hohlspath  Wern.,  1803,  Ludwig's  Wern.,  210,  1804.  Chiast.  ident.  with  Andal.  Bern- 
hardi,  Moll's  Efem.,  3,  32,  1807,  Beud.,  Tr.,  363,  1824. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-98613  :  1  :  0-70245  Des  Cloizeaux1. 
100  A  HO  =  44°  36',  001  A  101  =  35°  27£',  001  A  Oil  -  35°  5£'. 

Forms':  c  (001,  O)  m  (110,  7)  r  (101,  l-i)  o  (111,  1) 

a  (100,  »-i)  k  (2W    .^  g  (120,  tf-g)  s  (Oil,  14)  «  (121,  2-2) 

b  (010,  i-l)  t  (031,  3-S)3 

kk'"     =     52°  30'  ss1  =  70°  10'  oo'"  =  59°  33'  mz  =     36°  49' 

mm'"  =  *89°  12'  co  =  45°  1'  zz'  =  44°  53'  mr  =  *65°  36' 

gg'       =     53°  46'  cz  =  57°  35^  zz'"  =  97°  42'  ms  =    66°  12' 

rr'       =     70°  56'  oo'  =  60°  28^' 

Usually  in  coarse  prismatic  forms,  the  prisms  nearly  square  in  form.  Massive, 
imperfectly  columnar;  sometimes  radiated  and  granular. 

Cleavage:  m  distinct,  sometimes  perfect  (Brazil);  a  less  perfect;  b  in  traces. 
Fracture  uneven,  subconchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  7*5.  Gr.  =  3*16-3'20.  Luster 
vitreous;  often  weak.  Color  whitish,  rose -red,  flesh-red,  violet,  pearl-gray,  reddish- 
brown,  olive-green.  Streak  uncolored.  Transparent  to  opaque,  usually  subtrans- 
lucent. 

Pleochroism  strong  in  some  colored  varieties:  jr  (=  ft)  olive-green,  b  (=  b) 
olive-green,  a  (=  6)  blood-red  to  rose-red.  Absorption  strong,  a  >  b  >  c.  Sections 


DANS  URITE-  TOPAZ  GEO  UP— AS  DAL  USITE. 


497 


normal  to  an  optic  axis  are  idioplianous4  or  show  the  polarization  brushes  distinctly. 
Optically  — .     Ax.  pi.  ||  b.     Bx  J_  c.     Axial  angles: 


Brazil  ar  =  1-632         /3r  =  1*638         yr  =  1'643       .-.     2Vr  =  84°  30'   Dx. 

2Ha.r  =  96°  30'     2Ho.r  =  113°     .  • .  2 Vr  =  83°  37  Dx    2Ha=  96°  33  Btd. 


Figs.  1,  2,  Common  forms.     3,  4,  Upper  Providence,  Delaware  Co.,  Penii. 

Var. — 1.   Ordinary.    H.  =  7'5  on  the  basal  face,  if  not  elsewhere.     Crystals  coarse,  squar* 
prismatic  in  form,  often  soft  on  the  surface  from  incipient  alteration. 

2.  Ghiastolite  or  Made.  Stout  crystals  having  the  axis  and  angles  of  a  different  color  from  the 
rest,  owing  to  a  regular  arrangement  of  carbonaceous  impuriiies  through  the  interior,  and  hence 
exhibiting  a  colored  cross,  or  a  tesselated  appearance  in  a  transverse  section.  H.  =  3-7"5,  vary- 
ing much  with  the  degree  of  impurity.  The  following  figures  show  sections  of  some  crystals. 
Fig.  5,  by  C.  T.  Jackson  in  J.  Soc.  N.  Hist,,  Bost.,  1,  55;  figs,  a  and  b  are  from  opposite 
extremities  of  the  same  crystals;  so  also  c  and  d;  e  and/. 


9 


Fig.  6  shows  the  successive  parts  of  a  single  crystal,  as  dissected  by  B.  Horsford  of  SprL 
field,  Mass.  The  forms  of  the  white  and  black  portions  vary  much.  Bernhardi  showed  in  1( 
(1.  c.)  that  the  central  column  sometimes  widened  from  the  middle  toward  each  end. 


Comp.— Al2Si05  =  (A10)AlSi04  or  Al203.Si02  =  Silica  36'8,  alumina  63'2  =  100. 

A  little  iron  is  usually  present;  analyses  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  372.  Damour  obtained  for  the 
Brazilian  mineral:  SiO2  37'24,  A12O3  62'07,  Fe2O3  0'61  =  99-92,  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  336,  1862. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B  B.  infusible.  With  cobalt  solution  gives  a  blue  color  after  ignition.  Not 
decomposed  by  acids.  Decomposed  on  fusion  with  caustic  alkalies  and  alkaline  carbonates. 
See  also  sillimanite,  p.  499. 

Obs.— Most  common  in  argillaceous  schist,  or  other  schists  imperfectly  crystalline;  also  in 
gneiss,  mica  schist,  and  related  rocks;  rarely  in  connection  with  serpentine.  The  variety 
chiastolite  is  commonly  a  contact  mineral  in  clay-slates,  e.g.,  adjoining  granitic  dikes.  Some- 
times associated  with  sillimanite  with  parallel  axes. 

Found  in  Spain,  in  Andalusia;  in  the  Tyrol,  LisensAlp,  in  large  cry st.  with  cyanite;  in  Saxony, 
at  Braunsdorf,  Robschiltz,  Munzig,  Penig;  in  Moravia,  at  Goldenstein;  Bavaria,  at  Wunsiedel, 
Lahmerwinkel.  Rabenstein,  etc.;  Austria,  at  Felling,  near  Krems,  in  serpentine;  France,  Dept. 
of  Var.  near  Hyeres;  Bareges  in  the  Pyrenees;  Russia,  Yushakova  near  Mursinka  in  the  Ural; 
Mankova,  etc.,  in  Nerchinsk  (chiantolite).  In  Ireland  at  Killiney  Bay,  in  mica  schist;  near 
Balahulish  in  Argyleshire  :  Cumberland,  England.  In  Brazil,  province  of  MinasGeraes.in  fine 
crystals  and  as  rolled  pebbles. 


498  SILICATES. 

In  N.  America,  in  Maine,  at  Mt.  Abraham,  Bangor,  Searsmont,  Camden,  S.  Berwick;  also 
in  fine  pink  crystals  in  quartz  with  pyrrhotite  at  Standish.  N.  Hamp.,  at  White  Mtn.  Notch; 
Boar's  Head,  near  Rye;  at  Charleston.  Vermont,  near  Bellows  Falls.  Mass.,  at  Westford, 
abundant  in  cryst.,  sometimes  rose-colored;  Lancaster,  both  varieties;  Sterling,  chiastolite. 
Conn.,  at  Litchfield  and  Washington,  good  cryst.  Penn.,  in  Delaware  Co.,  near  Leiperville, 
large  cryst.;  at  Marple,  Upper  Providence,  and  Springfield,  good  cryst.;  one  weighing  7|  Ibs., 
and  a  group  of  crystals,  free  from  thegangue,  of  about  60  Ibs.  California,  along  the  Churchillas 
rivers,  San  Joaquin  val.,  at  crossing  of  road  to  Ft.  Miller.  In  Canada,  at  L.  St.  Francis,  in 
reddish  cryst.,  in  mica  schist,  both  var.  In  JV.  Scotia,  at  Cape  Canseau. 

Named  from  Audalusia,  the  first  locality  noted. 

The  name  made  is  from  the  Latin  macula,  a  spot,  and,  as  Robien  observes,  it  alludes  to  the 
use  of  the  "mascle"  in  heraldry,  in  which  the  word  signifies  a  voided  lozenge,  or  a  rhomb  with 
open  centre  (1.  c.,  1751,  in  de  Lisle,  Crist.).  Chiastolite  is  from  ^/a'crroS,  arranged  diagonally,  and 
hence  from  chi,  the  Greek  name  for  the  letter  X. 

Alt.— Andalusite  occurs  altered  to  kaolin;  sometimes  to  muscovite  (and  pinite);  also  to 
cyanite. 

Ref.— l  Miu.,  p.  173,  1862.  Haid.  gave  89°  10',  Pogg.,  61,  295,  1844;  Mir.  89°  16',  Min., 
p.  284;  Grunhut  89°  15',  Zs.  Kr.,  9,  120.  1884.  2  Cf.  Haid.,  Mir.,  1.  c.,  and  Keung.,  Ber.  Ak. 
Wien,  14,  269,  1854;  Levy,  Dx.,  also  Grunhut,  note  some  doubtful  planes.  See  also  E.  S.  D., 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  4,  473,  1872.  3  Erem.,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  135,  1863;  Id.,  ibid.,  24,  451,  1888.  4  Cf. 
Haid.,  1.  c.;  Mid.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  2,  77,  1879;  Bertin,  ibid.,  p.  54,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  15,  405, 1878, 
audZs.  Kr.,3,  454,  1879. 

399.  SILLIMANITE  or  FIBBOLITE.   Faserkiesel  (fr.  Bohemia)  Lindacker,  Mayer's  Samml. 

5.  Aufs.,  2,  277,  1792;  Bergm.  J..  2,  65,  1792.  Fibrolite  (fr.  the  Carnatic)  Bournon,  Phil. 
>ans.,  289,  335,  1802;  =  Bournonite  Lucas,  Tabl.,  2,  216.  1813.  Bucholzit  (f r.  Tyrol)  Brandes, 
Schw.  J.,  25,  125,  1819.  Sillimanite  (fr.  Conn.)  Bowen,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  113,  1824.  Worthite 
Hess,  Pogg.,  21,  73,  1830.  Xenolit  Nordensk.,  Act.  Soc.  Sc.  Fenn.,  1,  371,  Pogg.,  56,  643,  1842. 
Bamlit  Erdmann,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  19,  1842.  Monrolite  (fr.  Monroe,  N.  Y.)  Sttliman,  Am.  J. 
Sc.,  8,  385,  1849. 

Orthorhombic.  Axes  a  :  b  =  0-970  :  1.  Forms :  a  (100  i-i),  b  (010,  /-£), 
m  (110,  /),  h  (230,  i-f).  Angles1  mm'"  =  88°  15',  hh'  —  *69°.  Prismatic  faces 
striated  and  rounded.  Commonly  in  long  slender  crystals  not  distinctly  terminated; 
often  in  close  parallel  groups,  passing  into  fibrous  and  columnar  massive  forms; 
sometimes  radiating. 

Cleavage:  b  very  perfect.  Fracture  uneven.  H.  =  6-7.  G.  =  3'23-3'24. 
Luster  vitreous,  approaching  subadamantine.  Color  hair-brown,  grayish  brown, 
grayish  white,  grayish  green,  pale  olive-green.  Streak  uncolored.  Transparent  to 
translucent. 

Pleochroism  sometimes  distinct:  c  dark  clove-brown,  b  light  brownish, 
Eosenbusch.  Optically  -J-.  Double  refraction  strong.  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bx  J_  c. 
Dispersion  p  >  v. 

2Er  =  44°  2Egr   =  42°-43°  2EV  =  37°-38°.  A-  =  1'660,  Dx. 

a  =  1-659  ft  =  1-661  y  =  1-680,  Lex.2 

Var. — 1.  Sillimanite.  In  long,  slender  crystals,  passing  into  fibrous  forms,  with  the  fibers 
separable.  G.  =  3'238,  Norwich,  Ct.,  Dana;  3'232,  id.,  Brush;  3'239,  Yorktown,  Norton. 

Also  densely  compact,  and  in  this  form  used  for  utensils  and  implements  by  prehistoric  man 
in  western  Europe,  and  sometimes  called  "jade."  See  Damour  (C.  R.,  61,  318,  1865),  who 
gives  for  a  specimen  from  Haute  Loire,  with  G.  =  3  209:  SiO2  37-18,  A12O3  61 '17,  Fe2O3  0'70, 
ign.  1-06  =  100-11.  Also  F.  W.  Clarke  (Proc.  U.  S.  Mus.,  11,  128,  1888),  who  gives  fora 
specimen  from  Brittany,  with  G.  —  3'147 :  SiO2  34'66,  A12O3  63'24,  Fe2O3  tr.,  MgO  0'37, 
ign.  1-31  =  99'58.  On  Spanish  fibrolite  implements  (iade),  see  Quiroga,  abstr.  in  Zs.  Kr.,  6, 
270,  1881. 

2.  Fibrolite.  Fibrous  or  fine  columnar,  firm  and  compact,  sometimes  radiated;  grayish 
white  to  pale  brown,  and  pale  olive-green  or  greenish  gray.  Bucholzile  and  monrolite  are  here 
included;  the  latter  is  radiated  columnar,  and  of  the  greenish  color  mentioned.  G.  =  3'24, 
fibrolite,  Bournon;  3-19-3-21,  id.,  Dmr.;  3'239,  bucholzite,  Chester,  Pa.,  Erdmann;  3'04-3'1, 
monrolite,  B.  Silliman;  3'075,  id.,  Brush, 

Bamlite,  from  Bamle,  Norway,  resembles  the  monrolite,  being  columnar  subplumose,  silky; 
G.  =  2 '984.  and  color  greenish  white  or  bluish-green.  The  analysis  of  Erdmann  gave  a  large 
excess  of  silica  (56 '90  p.  c.);  but  L.  Saemann  observes  that  there  are  minute  prisms  of  quartz 
among  the  fibers  of  bamlite.  A  bamlite  from  the  gneiss  of  Larangeiras,  Brazil,  with  G.  =  3'18, 
gave  Dom  Pedro  Augusto  von  Sachsen-Coburg:  SiO,  57'50,  AlA  41'50  =  99'00;  this  is  prob- 
ably also  impure  from  the  presence  of  quartz,  Min.  Mitth.,  10,  460,  1889. 


DANBURITE-TOPAZ    GROUP— SILLIMANITE.  499 

Xenolite  also  resembles  fibrolite  closely,  excepting  iu  the  high  specific  gravity,  3*58,  which 
suggests  an  identity  rather  with  cyanite.  But  the  prisms  are  stated  to  have  the  angle  89°,  which 
is  the  angle  of  andalusite;  and  Des  Cloizeaux  states  that  it  is  optically  like  fibrolite,  and  not  like 
cyanite.  "  In  rolled  pebbles  from  Peterhof,  Finland,  and  near  St.  Petersburg.  Named  from 
Zeros,  stranger.  Komonen  (1.  c.)  obtained:  SiO2  47 '44,  A12O3  52;54  =  99'98. 

Worthite  is  hydrous,  and  is  probably  a  somewhat  altered  and  impure  form.  H.  =  7 '25,  color 
white,  translucent.  Optically  like  the  above.  An  analysis  gave  Hess  (1.  c.) :  SiO2  40*58, 
A12O3  53-50,  MgO  I'OO,  H2O  4'63  =  99'71.  From  Peterhof  with  xenolite.  Cf.  Fischer,  Vh. 
Ges.  Freiburg,  5,  29;  Lex.2,  1.  c.,  p.  154.  Named  for  Von  Worth,  a  secretary  of  the  Russian 
Mineral ogical  Society. 

Comp.— Al2SiOs  or  Al203.SiOa  =  Silica  36'8,  alumina  63-2  =  100;  the  rational 
formula  probably  (A10)AlSi04  like  andalusite  (Groth). 

Analyses  (5th  Ed.,  p.  374  and  above)  in  general  agree  closely,  but  Wiik  gives  (Zs.  Kr.,  2,  496, 
1878)  for  silliraamte  from  St.  Michel:  SiO2  47'33,  Al2O3(Fe2O3  tr.)  52'21  =  99'54,  yielding  the 
orthosilicate  formula  Al2(SiO4)3,  like  xenolite  above;  cf.  also  anal.  5,  6,  5th  Ed.,  p.  374. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  gneiss,  mica  schist,  and  related  crystalline  rocks,  usually  in  slender  prisms 
aggregated  in  liues,  sometimes  associated  in  parallel  position  with  andalusite  (Lex.*);  iolite  is 
also  a  common  associate;  rarely  as  a  contact  mineral. 

Observed  iu  many  localities,  thus  near  Moldau  and  Schuttenhofen  in  Bohemia  (faserkiesel); 
at  Fassa  in  Tyrol  (bucholzite);  in  the  Carnaticwith  corundum  (fibrolite);  at  Bodenmais  in  Bavaria; 
Tillenberg  near  Eger  in  Bohemia;  Marschendorf  in  Moravia;  Freiberg,  Saxony;  in  France,  in 
the  vicinity  of  Issoire  in  boulders,  and  also  in  the  canton  of  Paulhaguet;  near  Pontgibaud  and 
other  points  in  Auvergue;  in  the  Dept.  Basse-Loire  near  Nantes  and  elsewhere.  In  gneiss  in 
Aberdeenshire,  Scotland;  Sievenberg,  Heteroland,  South  Africa.  Greenish  gray  sillimanite 
in  quartz  forms  rolled  masses  in  the  diamantiferous  sands  of  Diamantina,  Minas  Geraes, 
Brazil. 

In  the  United  States,  in  Massachusetts,  at  Worcester.  In  Connecticut,  at  the  falls  of  the 
Y  antic,  near  Norwich,  with  zircon,  monazite,  and  corundum;  at  Willimantic;  at  Chester,  near 
Say  brook  (siUimanite);  at  Humphreysville.  In  JV".  York,  at  Yorktown,  Westchester  Co.,  10m. 
N.E.  of  Sing  Sing;  near  the  road  leading  from  Pine's  Bridge  to  Yorktown  P.  Office,  in  distinct 
crystals,  with  inonazite,  tremolite,  and  magnetite,  the  crystals  often  running  through  the 
magnetite;  in  Monroe,  Orange  Co.  (monrolite),  with  mica,  garnet,  magnetite,  etc.  In  Penn., 
at  Chester  on  the  Delaware,  near  Queeusbury  forge;  in  Delaware  Co.,  in  Birmingham,  Middle- 
town,  Concord,  Aston,  Darby  ;  sometimes,  as  at  Mineral  Hill,  associated  with  corundum  and 
derived  from  its  alteration  (Genth).  In  Delaware,  at  Brandywine  Springs.  With  corundum  at 
the  Culsagee  mine,  Macon  Co.,  N.  Carolina,  and  from  Laurens,  S.  Carolina. 

Named  fibrolite  from  the  fibrous  massive  variety  (Germ.,  Faserkiesel) ;  bucltiolzite,  after 
the  German  chemist  Bucholz ;  sillimanite,  after  Prof.  Benjamin  Silliman  of  New  Haven 
(1779-1864). 

Artif. — A  compound  near  sillimanite  was  early  (1858)  formed  by  St.  Claire  Deville  andCaron 
by  reaction  at  a  high  temperature  of  silica  on  aluminium  fluoride,  or  of  aluminium  on  silicon 
fluoride.  Similar  results  have  been  obtained  by  Fremy  and  Feil  (1877)  and  later  more  definitely 
by  Vernadsky,  who  further  shows  that  cyanite  is  transformed  at  1320°-1380°  into  sillimanite, 
and  the  same  is  true  of  andalusite,  both  with  the  disengagement  of  heat.  A  similar  trans- 
formation seems  to  take  place  in  the  case  of  dumortierite  and  topaz.  See  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  12, 
447,  1889,  13,  256.  1890,  also  further  under  cyanite. 

Ref.— *  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  178,  1862;  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  4,  258,  1881.  2  Lex.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  11, 
150,  1888.  The  position  here  taken  brings  sillimanite  into  relation  with  andalusite;  with  Dx. 
the  69°  prism  is  taken  as  the  unit. 

GLANCESPAR.  Glanzspath  wn  Dechen,  Geogn.  Filhrer  Siebengebirge,  154,  1861;  Rath, 
Pogg.,  147,  272,  1872. 

Occurs  in  small  prismatic  fragments  in  the  basalt  of  the  Siebengebirge.  Form  a  rhombic 
prism  having  an  acute  angle  of  881°.  Cleavage  pinacoidal  distinct,  with  pearly  luster.  H.  =  6'5. 
G.  =  3-150.  Analysis.— Rath: 

SiO2  36  7  A12O3  57-9  Fe2O3  4-4  MgO  0'7  CaO  0-8  =  100'5 

Composition  deducting  impurities  like  sillimanite.  Cf.  Vernadsky,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  12, 
455,  1889. 

WESTANITE  (7.  W.  Blomstrand,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  25,  208,  1868. 

In  radiated  crystalline  masses,  sometimes  in  prismatic  crystals.  H.  =  2*5.  Color  brick  red. 
An  analysis  gave: 

SiO*  [42-53]  A12O3  51-14  P2O5  1-15  Fe2O3  I'Ol  HaO  4'17  =  100 

This  composition  is  near  wSrthite,  a  hydrous  fibrolite,  but  it  differs  from  that  mineral  in 
inferior  hardness.  It  may  be  an  altered  audalusite  as  suggested  by  Groth  (Tab.  Ueb.,  106,  1889). 
B.B.  swells  up;  infusible  and  turns  white.  Not  acted  upon  by  acids.  Associated  with  pyrophyl- 
lite  at  Westana,  Sweden. 


500 


SILICATES. 


400.  CYANITE.  Talc  bleu  Sage,  Descr.  Cab.  de  1'Ecole  des  Mines,  154,  1784.  Sappare 
Saussure  fits,  J.  Pbys.,  34,  213,  1789.  Beril  feuillete  Sage,  J.  Phys.,  31,  39,  1789.  Cyanit  (fr. 
Greiner)  Wem.,  Hoifm.,  Bergm.  J.,  377,  393,  1789;  Wern.,  ib.,  164,  1790;  Kyanite.  Distbene 
H.,  Tr.,  3,  101.  Riiaetizit  (fr.  Ptitschthal,  or  ancient  Rhsetia)  Wern.,  Hoffm  Min.  2  b  318 
1815,  4,  b,  128,  1817. 

Triclinic.     Axes    a  :  I  :  6  —  0*89938  :  1  :  0-70896;  a  —  90°  51',  ft  ^101°  2}-', 
y  =  105°  44i'  Eath1. 

100  A  010  =  73°  56',    100  A -001  =  *78°  30',   010  A  001  =  86°  45'. 


Forms1 : 
a  (100,  i-l,  M) 
b  (010,  t'-X,  T) 
t   (001,  0,  P) 

»  (310,  t-3') 


6    (210,  i-2') 
m  (110,  /') 
£  (120,  a-2') 
J/  (110,  '7) 
*    (120,  Y-2) 


h  (203,  ,f-*,) 
k  (304,  ,f-i,) 
a;  (101,  ,1-i,) 
?  (OH,  14') 
«  (Oil,  14) 


/  (021,  '2-i) 

d  (221,  2') 

w  (211,  ,2-2) 

«  (123,  ,1) 


o  (111,  ,1) 
-M  (221,  ,2) 
2/  (121,  ',2-2) 
r  (111,  1;) 
0  (312,  f-3,) 


1. 


3. 


Figs.  1,  2,  4,  Greiner,  Rath ;  1  drawn  in  inverted  position.     3,  Bauer. 


ae     = 
am    = 

20° 
*34° 

42' 
17' 

cv 
tf 

=  *36° 

=     57° 

58' 
33' 

cM  = 

cr    = 

82° 
56° 

27' 
48 

aM  •  = 

48° 

18' 

cd 

=     59° 

56' 

aq    = 

71° 

37' 

mM  = 

82° 

35' 

cm 

=  *80° 

28' 

a'w  = 

44° 

9' 

ch      = 

30° 

59' 

CO 

=     46° 

25' 

a'o  = 

70° 

45*' 

ex      = 

43° 

48' 

cu 

=     67° 

44' 

a'z   = 

89° 

BT 

cq      = 

34° 

44' 

' 

av    =  *90°    2' 
a'r  =     55°  40' 

by    =    41°  57' 

bo    = 
to    = 


b'r  = 


64°  15' 
98°  26' 
52°  6' 


A 


Twins:  tw.  ax.  (1)  a  normal  to  a,  comp.-face  a,  often  polysynthetic;  (2)  the 
normal  to  the  edge  a/b  in  «;  (3)  the  edge  a/c;  (4)  a  normal  to  c,  as  penetration- 
4  twins,  often  repeated  and  as  a  result  of  pressure;  also 

a"  staurolite-like  cruciform-twins  crossing  at  60°.     Usually 

in  long  bladed  crystals,  rarely  terminated.  Face  a  often 
striated  |  edge  a/c  (f.  3).  Also  coarsely  bladed  columnar 
to  subfibrous. 

Cleavage  :  a  very  perfect ;  b  less  perfect ;  also  parting 
||  c  which  is  a  gliding-plane,  parallel  to  which  twinning  is 
produced  by  pressure2.  H.  =  5-7-25;  the  least,  4-5,  on  a  \\  6;  6-7  on  a  ||  edge  a/c; 
7  on  b.  G.  =  3-56-3-67;  3-559,  white;  3'675,  blue;.  3-661,  Tyrol,  Erdmann.  Lus- 
ter vitreous  to  pearly.  Color  blue,  white  ;  blue  along  the  center  of  the  blades 
or  crystals  with  white  margins;  also  gray,  green,  black.  Streak  uncolored.  Trans- 


Ax.  pi.  nearly  J_  a 
on  b.     Axial  angle 


lucent  to  transparent. 

Pleochroism  distinct  in  colored  varieties.  Optically  —  . 
and  inclined  to  edge  a/b  on  a  about  30°  (f.  3),  and  about  7 
large,  2V  =  82°-83°.  Index  ftr  =  T720  Dx.8  Also  Korn3: 

Pfitschthal    2Ha.r=99°  18'  Li    2Ha.y=980  55'        Litchfield    2Ha.r=100°  501'     2Ha.y=100°  411' 

Comp.  —  Empirical  formula  Al2Si06  or  Al203.Si02,  like  andalusite  and  silliman- 
ite.     Perhaps  (Groth)  a  basic  metasilicate  (A10)2SiOs. 


DATOLITE  GROUP.  501 

Analyses,  5th  Ed.,  p.  376.  A  pale  green  variety  from  Clip,  Arizona,  associated  with 
dumortierite,  gave  Hillebraud  (priv.  contr.):  G.  =  3'656,  SiOa  36'30,  AlaO,(TiOa)  62'51,  FeaO, 
0-70,  CuO  tr.,  ign.  0'40  =  99'91. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Same  as  for  andalusite. 

At  a  high  temperature  (1320°-1380°)  cyanite  is  transformed  into  sillimanite;  the  hardness 
becomes  uniformly  6-7  instead  of  5  to  7;  the  specific  gravity  falls  to  315-3-23;  the  extinction 
becomes  parallel  and  the  optical  character  -f-.  Cf.  Vernadsky,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  12,  447,  1889, 
13,  256,  1890. 

Obs.— Occurs  principally  in  gneiss  and  mica  schist  (both  the  ordinary  variety  with  muscovite 
and  also  that  with  paragonite)  often  accompanied  by  garnet  and  sometimes  by  staurolite;  also 
in  eclogyte.  It  is  often  associated  with  corundum. 

Found  in  transparent  crystals  at  Monte  Campione  in  the  St.  Gothard  region  in  Switzerland 
in  paragouite  schist ;  on  Mt.  Greiuer,  Zillerthal,  and  in  the  Pfitschthal  (rhcetizite,  a  white  variety) 
m  Tyrol;  also  near  Admont  in  Styria;  in  eclogyte  of  the  Saualpe,  Carinthia;  Petschau,  Bohemia; 
Henljoki,  Finland;  Horrsjoberg  in  Werniland,  Sweden,  forming  beds  enclosing  damourite,  in 
qunrtzyte;  on  the  R.  Sauarka,  Gov't  Orenburg,  Russia,  in  the  gold-washings,  accompanying 
euclase  and  topaz;  at  Poutivy,  France;  Villa  Rica,  Brazil,  S.  America;  in  Scotland,  at  Botriphinie 
iu  Banff  shire,  at  Bauchory  in  Abtrdeenshire,  and  near  Glen  Tilt;  in  the  Shetlands  at  Hillswick- 
ness;  in  Ireland,  at  Donegal  and  Mayo. 

In  N.  Hamp.,  at  Jaffrey,  on  the  Monadnock  Mtn.  In  Mass.,  at  Chesterfield,  with  garnet  in 
mica  schist;  at  Worthingtou  and  Blanford  in  good  specimens;  at  Westfield  and  Lancaster.  In 
Conn.,  at  Litchfield  and  Washington  in  large  rolled  masses,  with  corundum  and  massive  apatite; 
at  Oxford,  near  Humphreysville,  in  mica  schist.  InVermont,  at  Thetford  and  Salisbury;  at  Bel- 
lows Falls  in  short  disseminated  crystals.  In  Penn.,  in  fine  specimens  near  Philadelphia,  on  the 
Schuylkill  road  near  the  Darby  bridge;  near  the  Schuylkill,  on  the  Ridge  road,  back  of  Robin 
Hood  tavern;  at  East  and  West  Brauford,  Chester  Co.;  at  Darby  and  Haverford,  Delaware  Co. 
In  Maryland,  eighteen  miles  north  of  Baltimore,  at  Scott's  mill;  in  Delaware  near  Wilmington. 
In  Virginia,  at  Willis's  Mt.,  Buckingham  Co.,  and  two  miles  north  of  Chancellorville,  Spotsyl- 
vania  Co.  In  N.  Carolina,  with  rutile,  lazulite,  etc.,  at  Crowder's  Mt.,  Gaston  Co.,  sometimes 
black;  of  fine  deep  blue  color  near  Bakersville  near  the  summit  of  Yellow  Mt.  on  the  road  to 
Marion  Co.  (Kunz).  In  Gaston  and  Rutherford  counties  associated  with  corundum,  damourite; 
also  at  Swannauoa  Gap,  Buncombe  Co.,  and  elsewhere;  in  these  and  similar  cases  according  to 
Genth  derived  from  the  corundum.  In  British  Columbia  on  the  North  Thompson  River  in 
quartz. 

Named  from  KV aroS,  blue.  The  name  sappare  arose  from  a  mistake  by  Saussure,  Jr.,  in 
reading  a  label  of  this  mineral  on  which  it  was  called  sapphire;  a  copy  of  this  label  is  given  in 
J.  Phys.,  34,  213;  the  specimen  thus  labelled  was  from  Botriphinie  iu  Scotland,  and  was  sent  by 
the  Duke  of  Gordon  to  Saussure  the  father.  DistJiene  is  from  di?,  twice,  or  of  two  kinds,  and 
o-tjevos,  strong,  alluding  to  the  unequal  hardness  and  electric  properties  in  two  different  directions. 

Alt. — Cyanite  occurs  altered  to  talc  and  steatite. 

An  analysis  of  an  alteration  product  from  Pregratten  gave  B5hm,  Min.  Mitth.,  2,  522,  1880: 

SiO2        A12O3       FeO       CaO      MgO      Na2O      K2O       H2O 

36-62        46-39        0'90        7'35        0'58        1'93        2'75        4-51  =  101'03 

Ref.— '  Greiuer,  Zs.  Kr.,  5,  17,  1880,  alsoib.,  3,  1,  87,  1878.  See  also  Bauer  on  crystals 
from  Monte  Campioni,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  30,  283,  1878,  31,  244,  1879,  32,  717,  1880. 

2  Gliding  planes,  Bauer,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  30,  320,  1878;  Miigge,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  13,  1888.  .  3  Dx., 
Mm.,  1,  186,  1862;  Bauer,  1.  c.;  Korn,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  595,  1883.  Axial  figures  in  twin  crystals,  Kbl., 
Ber.  Ak.  Munchen,  1,  272,  1867. 


12,  Datolite  Group.     Monoclinic. 


Basic  Orthosilicates.     HRRSi05  or  R3K2(Si05)2.     Oxygen  ratio  for  R  :  Si  =  3  :  2. 

ii  m 

R  =  Ca,Be,Fe,  chiefly;  R  =  Boron,  the  yttrium  (and  cerium)  metals,  etc. 

a  :  I  :  c  ft 

401.  Datolite  0-6345  :  1  :  1-2657         89°  51' 

HCaBSiO,  or  Ca(BOH)Si04 

402.  Homilite  0'6249  :  1  :  1-2824         89°  21' 

Ca2FeB2Si20JO  or  Ca2Fe(BO)2(Si04)a 


502 


SILICATES. 


2a  :  b   :  ±6 

403.  Euclase  0-6474  :.  1  :  1-3330 

HBeAlSiO,  or  Be(A10H)Si04  d 

404.  Gadolinite  0-6273  :  1  :  1-3215 

Be2FeY2Si20lt>  or  Be2Fe(YO)2(Si04)2 


79°  44; 

89° 


405.     Yttrialite  Y'03,Tli02,  etc.,  Si02  Massive 

Silicate  of  thorium,  yttrium  earths,  etc.     Oxygen  ratio  for  Si  :  R  —  4  :  3. 

The  formulas  of  the  species  of  the  Datolite  Group  are  written  as  basic  orthosilicates  in  the 
form  suggested  by  Groth.  The  crystallographic  and  chemical  relation  between  datolite  aud 
euclase  was  shown  by  J.  D.  Dana  in  1854  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  17,  215,  1854,  49,  400,  1870,  and  Min., 
4th  Ed.,  p.  204,  5th  Ed.,  pp.  362,  363)  and  later  by  Rammelsberg  (Zs.  G.  Ges.,  21,  807,  1869), 
who  also  proved  the  isomorphism  of  datolite  and  gadolinite.  The  latter  author  shows  that  the 
axial  ratio  and  obliquity  of  euclase  may  be  made  to  correspond  to  them,  and  he  calculates: 
d  :  b  :  c  —  0'6303  :  1  :  0'6318,  ft  =  88°  18'.  The  complex-  character  of  the  symbols  resulting 
from  this  change  shows,  however,  that  the  position  is  an  unnatural  one. 

Yttrialite,  associated  with  the  Gadolinite  of  Texas  and  like  it  chiefly  a  silicate  of  the  rare 
metals  of  the  yttrium  group,  is  conveniently  introduced  here,  although  a  more  highly  acid 
compound  and  hence  of  different  formula. 


401.  DATOLITE.  Datolith  (fr.  Arendal)  Esmark  (undescr.);  Karsten  &  Klapr.,  Gehlen's 
J  6  1806,  Klapr.  Beitr.,  4,  354,  1807;  Karst.,  Tab.,  52,  1808.  Datholit  Wern.,  1808,  Datholite 
Brongn  ,  Min.,  2,  397,  1807.  Chaux  boratee  siliceuse  H.,  Tabl.,  17,  1809.  Esmarkit  Hausm., 
Handb  '862,  1818.  Datolite  Aikin,  Min.,  1815;  Jameson,  2,  257,  1816.  Borate  of  lime;  Boro- 
silicate  of  lime.  Humboldtite  Levy,  Ann.  Phil.,  5,  130,  1823. 

Botriolit  Hausm.,  v.  Moll's  Efem.,  4,  393,  1808.  Botryolith  Karst.,  Tab.,  52,  1808.  Chaux 
boratee  siliceuse  var.  concretionnee-mammelonnee  H.,  Tabl.,  17,  145,  1809.  Faser-datolith 
Leonh.,  Handb.,  590,  1821.  Botryolite. 

=  0-63446  :  1  :  1-26574;    /3  =  89°  51£'  =  001  A 


Monoclinic.     Axes  a  : 
100  Dauber1. 

100  A  HO   =  32°  23'  36",  001  A  101  =  63°  15'  43",  001  A  Oil  =  51°  41' 
22". 


Forms2 : 
a  (100,  i-l) 
b  (010,  i-l) 
c  (001,  0) 

r,  (410,  z-4) 
A  (210,  i-2) 
e  (320,  *-D 
m  (110,7) 
r  (230,  /-|) 

0  (120,  iS) 

1  (130,  *-&) 

p  (106,  -  H) 
u  (104,  -  f  i) 
«  (103,  -  H) 
x  (102,  -  H) 
f  (304,  -  f-i) 
0  (101,  -  14) 
«  (302,  -  H) 


if>  (201,  -  2-1) 
a  (104,  £4) 
£    (102,  B) 
B   (304,  f-i) 

n  (ioi,  i-i) 

2  (302,  f  4) 
2  (201,  2-1) 

(1  (018,  i-i) 
or  (014,  £4) 
<  (013,  £-1) 

0  (012,^4) 

A  (038,  H) 
™x  (Oil,  14) 
S  (021,  2-1) 

Z  (116,  -  1) 

1  (115,  -  t) 
W  (114,  -  i) 
X  (113,  -  i) 


^  (112,  -  i) 
n  (111,  -  1) 
5  (221,  -  2) 
oo  (116,  £) 

*  (115,  J) 
//  (114,  i) 
A  (113,  i) 
e    (112,  i) 
P  (559,  f ) 

*  (223,f) 
r  (111,  1) 


T  (314,  -  |-3) 
q  (312,  -  |-3) 
%  (212,  -  1-2) 
X  (534,  -  f-f  ) 
w  (324,  -  |-1) 


^  (216,  -  i-2) 
to  (215,  -  f-2) 
b   (213,  -  f-2) 
N(322,  -  |-|) 
C   (621,  6-3) 
T  (214,  f  2) 
i    (212,  1-2) 

f   (344,  -  1-1) 

£(232,  -H)? 
ft  (126,  -  f2) 

y  (124,  -  i-2) 

#-(123,  -  f-2) 

Q  (122,  -  1-2) 

£  (121,  -  2-2) 

#(241,  -4-2) 

D(133,  -  1-^) 

y  (144,  -  1-4) 


r  (8-4-18,  f-|)? 
JT  (231,  3-|) 
G  (125,  f-2) 
a  (124,  i-2) 
e    (123,  f-2) 
B  (121,  2-2) 
j^  (138,  |-3) 
F  (5-15-24,  f-3) 
0  (269,  f-3) 
V  (132,f3) 

/  (261,'  6-3) 
Q  (1-4-14,  f-4)? 
F(141,  4-4) 
K  (158,  f -5) 
X  (164,  |-6) 
G^  (1-9-16,  TV9) 


1. 


DATOLITE  GROUP— DATOLITE. 
2. 


503 


Figs.  1,  2,  Bergen  Hill.     3,  Isle  Royale,  L.  S.     4,  Bergen  Hill.      5,  De  Kalb,  St.  Lawrence  Co., 
N.  Y.,  J.  Stanley- Brown.     6,  Bergen  Hill.     7,  Andreasberg.     8,  Toggiana.     9,  Arendal. 


Tf-n'" 

=  18° 

If 

cz 

-     76° 

4' 

eg 

=  71° 

46' 

$3' 

^z 

31°  38' 

AA'" 

=  35° 

13' 

£1(1' 

=     17° 

59' 

C® 

=  64° 

21' 

nn' 

^n 

59°    4| 

ee'" 

=  45° 

51' 

crcr' 

=     35° 

7' 

cT 

=  46° 

22' 

iSuEj' 

S; 

80°  434 

mm'" 

=  64° 

47' 

a 

=     45° 

45' 

c/3 

=  72° 

41' 

ftft, 

•  —  : 

97°    9' 

rr' 

=  93° 

50' 

99' 

=     64° 

39V 

CTt 

=  79° 

49' 

ww' 

— 

31°  35' 

oo' 
11' 

cp 
cu 
cv 
ex 

tf 

=  76° 
-  55° 

-  18° 
=  26° 
=  33° 
=  44° 
=  56° 

39' 

36' 

33' 
39' 
35 
51' 
9' 

hh' 

cZ 

cW 
cL 

en 

=     80° 
'=  103° 
=  136° 

=     21° 
—     30° 
=     38° 
=     66° 

19' 
23' 
53' 

29' 
32' 

lOf 

57' 

aq 
a$ 
ay 
ag 
an 
aQ 

amx 

=  21° 
=  30° 

=  67° 
=  89° 
=  38° 
=  58° 
=  89° 

34' 
39' 
3' 
53' 
55' 
12' 
55' 

rr' 

rr' 
BB1 
EH' 

VV 
TT 

== 

59°     0' 

31°  42 
59°  10' 
97°  16' 
119°  10' 
132°  28' 
25°  17' 
48°   1Q1 

=  63° 

16' 

cS 

=     77° 

56' 

a/3 

=  53° 

43f 

€€ 

~ 

rrO        J  *7i3 
QQ°    451 

C8 

=  71° 

23f 

cm 

=     89° 

53' 

a'T 

=  46° 

31' 

AA 

~ 

OO       rtOj 

Clf> 

=  75° 

48' 

CGO 

=     21° 

304' 

a'jj. 

=  64° 

41' 

'    , 

31"  39' 

ax 

=  45° 

0' 

CK 

=     25° 

19' 

a's 

=  49° 

57' 

"A* 

59°     6' 

Ctl 

=  36° 

33' 

C/J, 

=     30° 

36' 

a'v 

=  39° 

0' 

OiOC 

97°  ii' 

4ifi 

in 

=  45° 
=  63° 

0' 
39  f 

eA 
ce 

=     38° 
=    49° 

16' 
49' 

W* 

|7/"TJ/ 

=  22° 
/  t(\° 

40' 

*# 

= 

85°  27' 

c2 

=  71° 

39' 

cr 

=     67° 

10' 

5r  br 

—    ID 

a 

504 


SILICATES. 


10. 


Crystals  varied  in  habit;  usually  short  prismatic  with  either  m  or  w?x  pre- 
dominating; also  of  other  types,  and  often  highly 
modified.  Faces  often  wavy  and  rarely  giving  good 
measurements;  x  (102)  commonly  dull.  Also  botry- 
oidal  and  globular,  having  a  columnar  structure;  di- 
vergent and  radiating;  sometimes  massive,  granular 
to  compact  and  cryptocrystalline. 

'  Cleavage  not  observed.  Fracture  concho'dal  tc 
uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  5-5*5.  G.  —  2*9-30. 
Luster  vitreous,  rarely  subresinous  on  a  surface  of  frac- 
ture. Color  white  ;  sometimes  grayish,  pale  green, 
yellow,  red,  or  amethystine,  rarely  dirty  olive-green 
Bergen  Hill.  or  honey-yellow.  Streak  white.  Transparent  to  trans- 

lucent; rarely  opaque  white. 

Optically  -.  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  a  (=  Bxa)  nearly  J_  «.  Bx0  A  6  =  +  1°  Na, 
Bxa  A  6  =  -  89°  S.  d.  Zanchetti ;  Bx0.y  A  6  =  +  2°  27'  Na,  Bergen  Hill. 
Refractive  indices,  etc.,  Brugnatelli3 : 


For  Li 

Na 


ar  =  1-6214 
ay  =  1-6246 


/3r  =  1-6492 
0y  =  1-6527 


2Vr  =  74° 


8' 


Also  measured,  where  nr  =  1*6474,  ny  =  1-6578: 
2Ha.r  =  74°  44'  Li        2Ha.y  =  74°  6'  Na        2Ha,gr  =  73°  27'  Tl 


y  =  74°21' 


Luedecke  obtained  for  Andreasberg: 

Bx0  A  c  =  +  3°  6  Li  3°  8'  Na  3°  12'  Tl;  also 

2Ha.y  =  79°  26         2H0.y  =  114°  55         .-.     2Vy  =  74°  19'  and  /3y  =  1-6494. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary.  In  glassy  crystals  of  varied  habit,  usually  with  a  greenish  tinge.  '  The 
angles  in _the  prismatic  and  clinodome  zones  vary  but  little,  e.g.,  110  A  110  =  64°  47',  while 
Oil  A  Oil  =  66°  37',  etc.  Hence  the  position  here  taken  exhibits  the  crystallographic  relation 
to  the  following  species  as  well  as  that  of  Rammelsberg  and  Groth,  and  the  optical  relations 
better,  since  in  datolite  (optically  — ),  homilite  (+),  and  gadoliuite  (-f)  the  axis  c  is  nearly  |  c. 
Moreover,  it  is  shown  to  be  more  natural  by  the  habit  of  the  crystals  and  the  symbols  of  the  chief 
forms.  This  similarity  in  the  angles  of  zones  named  makes  it  easy  to  blunder  in  the  orientation 
of  crystals;  several  authors  have  added  "  new  forms"  based  upon  such  an  error. 

2.  Compact  massive.      White  opaque  cream-colored,    pink;   breaking  with  the  surface  of 
porcelain  or  Wedgewood  ware.     G.  =  2*911,  Hayes;  2'983,  Chandler.     From  the  L.  Superior 
region  (anal.  12). 

3.  Botryoidal;  Botryolite.     Radiated  columnar,  having  a  botryoidal  surface,  and  containing 
more  water  than  the  crystals,  but  optically  identical,  Lex.,  Bull.,  8,  434,  1533.     The  original 
locality  of  both  the  crystallized  and  botryoidal  was  Arendal,  Norway. 

Comp. — A  basic  orthosilicate  of  boron  and  calcium ;  empirically  HCaBSiO,  or 
H20.2CaO.B203.2Si02;  this  may  be  written  (Groth)  Ca(BOH)Si04  =  Silica  37-6, 
boron  trioxide  21-8,  lime  35-0,  water  5-6  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Rg.,  Pogg.,  47,  175,  1839.  3,  Lemberg,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  24,  250,  1872.  4,  Preis, 
ib.,  4.  360,  1880  (after  deducting  3'5  CaCO3).  5,  Bechi,  quoted  by  Issel,  Boll.  Com.  Geol.,  10, 
536,  1879.  6,  Molinari,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  408,  1886.  7.  Liweh,  1.  c.  8,  Brugnatelli,  1.  c.  9,  J.  L. 
Smith,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  435,  1874.  10,  Bodewig,  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  217,  1883.  11.  Whitfield,  Am.  J. 
Sc.,  34,  285,  1887.  12,  Chandler,  ib.,  28,  13,  1859.  13,  Rg.,  1.  c.  Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  382. 


1.  Arendal,  cryst. 

2.  Andreasberg 

3.  cryst. 

4.  Kuchelbad,  Bohemia 

5.  Casarza,  Ital. 

6.  Baveno 

7.  Serra  dei  Zanchetli 

8.  "      "          " 

9.  San  Carlos,  Cal. 
10.  Bergen  Hill,  N.  J. 
11. 

12.  L.  Superior,  wh.  compact 

13.  Arendal,  Botryolite 


G. 


2-894 
2-898 


2-997 

2-988 


2-983 


Si02 
37-65 
38-48 
36-95 
38-40 
37-61 
36-21 
37-20 
37-89 
38-02 
37-48 
3574 
37-41 
36-08 


B203 
21-24 
20-31 
[21-59 
20-89 
20-84 
22-21 
21-74] 
21-23] 
21-62 
21-14 
2260 
[21-40] 
19-34 


CaO  H2O 

35-41  5-70   =  100 

35-64  5-57   =  100 

35-42  6  04    =  100 

34-62  6-09    =  100 

35-52  [5-88]  A13O8  0-07,  MgO  0'08  =  100 

35-14  5-81    =    99-37 

35-29  5-77    =  100 

35-04  5-84   =  100 

33-87  5-61    -     99-12 

35-42  5-71   Fe2O3  0*12  =  99'87 

35-14  6-14  FeO  0-31  =  99'93 

35-11  5-73  AlsO,,FeaO.  0'35  =  100 

35-22  8-63   =  99'27 


DATOLITE  GROUP—  HOMILITE.  505 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  la  the  closed  tube  gives  off  much  water.  B.B.  fuses  at  2  with  intumescence  to 
a  clear  glass,  coloring  the  flume  bright  green.  Gelatinizes  with  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs.—  Datolite  is  found  chiefly  as  a  secondary  mineral  in  veins  and  cavities  in  basic  eruptive 
rocks,  often  associated  with  calcite,  prehnite,  aud  various  zeolites;  sometimes  associated  with 
dauburite;  also  in  gneiss,  dioryte,  and  serpentine;  in  metallic  veins;  sometimes  also  in  beds  of 
iron  ore. 

Found  in  Scotland,  in  trap,  at  the  Kilpatrick  Hills,  Glen  Farg  in  Perthshire,  and  in 
Salisbury  Craigs;  in  a  bed  of  magnetite  at  Arendal  in  Norway,  and  Uto  in  Sweden;  at  An- 
dreasberg  in  diabase  and  in  veins  of  silver-ores;  at  Niederkirchen  and  Sonthofen  in  Rhenish 
Bavaria  (the  hurnboldtite);  at  the  Seisser  Alp,  Tyrol,  and  also  at  Theiss,  near  Claussen,  in  geodes 
in  amygdaloid;  in  dioryte  on  the  Rosskopf,  near  Freiburg  in  Baden;  at  Kuchelbad  near  Prague 
iu  Bohemia;  Schueidemiillerskopf  in  the  Ilmthal,  Thuringia;  Markirch  in  Alsace;  in  granite 
at  Bivenonear  LagoMaggiore;  at  Toggiana  in  Modena,  in  serpentine;  iu  highly  complex  crystals 
in  the  contact  zone  between  the  euphotide  and  the  serpentine  of  the  Serra  dei  Zanchetti;  Fossa 
della  Castellina  near  Porretta;  Casarza  in  Liguria;  Monte  Catiui  in  Tuscany,  in  chalcopyrite, 
also  in  cavities  and  veins  in  a  red  gabbro. 

In  the  U.  S.  not  uncommon  with  the  diabase  of  Connecticut  and  Massachusetts.  Thus  at  the 
Rocky  Hill  quarry,  Hartford,  Conn.;  in  the  northeast  part  of  Southington,  in  amygdaloid;  also 
in  Bjrliu,  near  Kensington;  filling  small  cavities  in  amygdaloid  at  Meriden,  usually  of  a  deep 
yellow  green,  also  in  crystals;  at  Middletield  Falls,  Conn.;  in  fine  specimens  at  Roaring 
Brook,  14  miles  from  New  Haven;  at  Tariffville  in  large  crystals;  Deerfield,  Mass.  Rare  with 
diopside  at  De  Kalb  in  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  New  York  ;  also  with  the  danburite  of  Russell,  but 
rare.  In  N".  Jersey,  at  Bergen  Hill,  in  splendid  crystals;  at  Paterson,  Passaic  Co.  In  trappean 
rocks,  both  crystals  and  the  opaque  compact  variety,  in  the  Lake  Superior  region,  at  the  Minne- 
sota, Quincy,  Marquette,  Ash-bed,  and  other  mines;  at  the  Superior  mine  near  Ontonagon,  and 
on  Isle  Royale.  With  grossular  garnet,  vesuvianite  at  San  Carlos,  Inyo  Co.,  Cal. 

Named  from  frerr#z<rdare,  to  divide,  alluding  to  the  granular  structure  of  a  massive  variety. 
Werner  introduced  an  h  after  the  first  t  without  reason,  and  most  subsequent  authors  have 
followed  him  in  this;  but  not  Karsten,  nor  Leouhard  who  pronounced  it  wrong>  nor  Haidinger, 
Aikin,  Jameson,  and  others. 

Levy  gave  the  name  humboldtite  to  crystals  which  he  found  to  be  monoclinic,  datolite  having 
been  made  orthorhotnbic  by  Haily.  Wollaston  proved  their  identity  with  datolite. 

Alt.—  Haytorite  is  datolite  altered  to  chalcedony,  from  the  Hay  tor  iron-mines  in  Devonshire, 
England. 

Rsf.—  »  Andreasberg-Toggiana,  Pogg.,  103,  116,  1858;  cf.  SchrOder,  ibid.,  94,  235,  1855, 
98,  34,  1856;  also  Luedecke,  Ueber  Datolith,  Halle,  1889.  The  form  was  early  regarded  as 
orthorhombic  and  hemihedral.  Some  authors  make  mK  the  unit  prism,  following  Dbr.f*or  g  with 
Rg.,  and  Groth,  but  the  above  position  gives  the  simplest  symbols,  and  also  exhibits  well  the  re- 
lation to  the  other  species  of  the  group;  here  c  =  4c  Dana,  1868,  1872-4. 

'-'  Cf.  Mir.,  Min.  408,  1852;  Sdr.,  1.  c.;  Dbr.,  1.  c.;  Dx.,  Miu.,  1,  167,  1862;  E.  S.  D,.  Min. 
Mitth.,  1.  1874;  Gdt.,  Index,  1,  485,  1886,  and  Luedecke,  1.  c.  Luedecke  reviews  with  great 
minuteness  the  results  of  earlier  observers,  and  adds  many  original  observations  with  new  forms, 
measurements  of  angles,  and  optical  constants,  etc.,  based  upon  the  study  of  crystals  from  many 
localities;  note,  however,  the  criticism  of  Gdt.  (Zs.  Kr.,  18,280,  1890),  who  shows  that  17  of 
Luedecke's  30  new  forms  were  probably  determined  on  crystals  of  anglesite,  and  are  hence  to  be 
rejected.  The  other  13  planes  (not  all  above  question,  Gdt.)  added  by  Luedecke  are  as  follows: 
811-0;  504;  01318,  041;  421,  544,  763,  10'9'9;  10'714;  148:  127,  1-215,  132. 

The  literature  of  the  subject  includes  the  following  leading  articles:  Schroder,  Dauber,  and 
other  authors  already  referred  to;  also  E.  S.  D.,  Bergen  Hill,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  4,  16,  1872;  Toggiaua, 
Andreasberg,  etc.,  Min.  Mitth.,  1,  1874;  Bombicci,  Fosse  della  Castellina,  Mem.  Ace.  Bologna, 
8,  311,  1877;  also  Serra  dei  Zanchetti,  ib.,  7,  100,  1886;  Vrba,  Kuchelbad,  Zs.  Kr.,  4,  358,  i860, 
Theiss,  5,  425,  1881;  Lehmann,  Niederkirchen,  Zs.  Kr.,  5,  529,  1881;  Brugnatelli,  Serra  dei 
Zanchetti,  Zs.  Kr.,  13,  150,  1887;  Negri,  Casarza,  Riv.  Min.,  1,  45.  1887;  Sansoni.  Monte  Catini, 
Att.  Ace.  Torino.  23,  198,  1888;  Franzenau,  Seisser  Alp,  Zs.  Kr..  14,  390,  1889:  Luedecke,  1.  c. 

3  L.  c.;  cf.  earlier  Bode  wig,  Pogg.,  158,  230,  1876,  also  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  170,  1862,  N.  R.,  129, 
1867.  On  thermal  properties  cf.  Bodewig  and  Luedecke.  On  pyroelectricity,  Hankel,  Wied. 
Ann.,  6,  57,  1879. 

402.  HOMILITE.    8.  R  Paijkull,  G.  For.  Forh.,  3,  229,  1876. 

Monoclinic.     Axes:  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-6249  :  1  :  1  '2824;  ft  =  89°  21  \'  =  001  A  100 
Des  Cloizeaux1. 

100  A  110  =  *32°  0',  001  A  101  =  63°  30|',  001  A  Oil  =  52°  3'. 

Forms2  :  m  (110,  7)  e    (013,  H)3  <r  (021,  2-1)  n   (124,  -  i-2) 


a  (100,  i-l}  ,          .S  M  (012,  fi)  _  „  F(122,  -  1-2)3 

'       * 


*  (010,  «)»  _  g    (034,  H)«  as  tw.  pi.  m'  _  r   (2'510,  - 

c  (001,  0)  o    (Oil,  1-i)  v    (1-6-12,  -  i-6) 

it  (027,  f-i)3  p   (098,  f-i)3  a  (111,  1) 


506 


SILICATES. 


mm  = 

ex  = 

ax  = 

MM'  = 


64°     0' 

77°  20' 

45°  24£ 

43°  57' 

*65°  20' 


gg'     =     87°  46' 

oo      =  104°  6' 

cro-'  =  137°  24' 

cA     =    50°  6' 

cy     =     67°  5' 


cm     =89°  27' 
ca     =  68°     1' 
AA  =  47°  58f 
yy'  =  58°  26' 
aa'   =  58°  52' 


aA    =    48°  52i" 
aM   =    89°  27V 
ay     =     38°  14*' 
a'a    =     38°  33' 
mM  =  *72°  54' 


Figs.  1-6,  Norway,  Bgr. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  (1)  c,  contact-twins  with  c  as  comp.-face;  (2)  a,  similar,  but 
with  a  as  comp. -face;  these  two  kinds  of  twins  give  nearly  the  same  angles,  so 
that  in  some  cases  the  second  kind  could  be  explained  as  being  twins  with  c  as  tw. 
pi.  and  a  as  comp.-face.  Also  (3)  g  (034)  cruciform-twins  with  the  vertical  axes 
nearly  at  right  angles,  since  cc  =  87°  46'.  (4)  a  (021)  somewhat  uncertain,  ob- 
served only  on  a  single  specimen  where  the  association  may  have  been  accidental. 
Crystals  often  tabular  ||  c\  also  with  a  prominent;  or  octahedral  m  habit  by  devel- 
opment of  m  and  M  (012),  or  m  and  a  (111). 

Cleavage  indistinct.  Fracture  subconchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =5.  G.  =  3*38 
Nobel;  3*34  Dmr.  Luster  resinous  to  vitreous.  Color  black,  blackish  brown. 
Streak  grayish.  Opaque  or  translucent  only  in  thin  splinters.  Pleochroism  dis- 
tinct: c  (=  6}  deep  smoky  gray  or  brownish  yellow,  b  (=  a)  deep  brownish  red, 

d  (=  ft)  bluish  green.  Absorption,  b  >  a  >  t.  Optically  -f.  Ax.  pi.  J_  b. 
a  (=  Bxo)  nearly  _1_  a  like  datolite;  Bxa  almost  ||  b.  Dispersion  horizontal, 
distinct.  Also  isotropic  and  amorphous  by  alteration. 


2Har  =  97° 
2Ha.r  ==  93 


5'  to  98°  22',     Dx. 

8'        2H0.r  =  125°  33' 


2Vr  =  79°  59'        2Ha.bi  =  91°  12'    Bgr. 


Des  Cloizeaux  shows  that  some  crystals  of  homilite  are  throughout  doubly  refracting, 
others  are  composed  of  a  green  doubly  refracting  kernel  surrounded  by  a  yellowish  crust  of 
singly  refracting  material,  while  still  others  are  entirely  isotropic.  Brogger  describes  a  zonal 
structure  in  the  crystals  with  varying  position  of  the  bisectrix,  a  few  degrees  (+  or  — )  on  either 
side  of  the  axis  c;  moreover,  sections  ||  c  show  a  division  into  fields  of  hour-glass  form.  The  zonal 
structure  is  in  part  original,  in  part  a  consequence  of  incipient  alteration, which  last  also  explains 
the  variation  in  the  position  of  the  bisectrix,  which  takes  place  most  rapidly  in  a  direction  ||  c. 
The  final  result  of  the  alteration  is  the  amorphous  material  before  noted.  It  is  to  be  noted  that 
the  change  from  a  crystalline  anise-tropic  to  the  amorphous  isotropic  condition  is  common  in 
certain  of  the  minerals  of  the  "  Brevik"  region  in  Norway  (also  elsewhere);  cf.  gadolinite,  allan- 
ite,  etc. 

Comp.— (Ca,Fe),BaSiaOIO  or  (Ca,Fe),(BO)2(Si04)2.  If  Ca  :  Fe  =  2  :  1,  this  is 
equivalent  to  2CaO.FeO.B003.2Si03  =  Silica  32'1,  boron  trioxide  18'7,  iron  protox- 
ide 19-3,  lime  29 -9  =  100." 

Anal.— 1,  Paijkull,  1.  c.     2,  Damour,  1.  c.     3,  G.  V.  Petersson,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  45,  185, 


1888. 

1. 
2. 
3. 


SiO2  B3O3  A12O3  Fe2O3  FeO 
G.  =  3-28  31-87  [18-08  1-50  2'15  16-25 
G.  =  3-34  33-00  [15-21  —  —  19'92b 

31-83  [16-51  2-72  0'88  16'74 
•  Incl.  K2O  0-41. 


CaO    MgO  Na2O  ign. 

27-28    0-52    1-50"  0'85  =  100       [=100 

27-00      —     1-01  2-30  Ce2O8,  etc.,  2-56 

29-54      —      0-75  0-79  Ce2O3  0'24=100 
"  With  MnO  0'74. 


DATOLITE  GROUP— HOMILITE.  507 

Fyr.,  etc.— B.B.  homilite  fuses  very  readily  to  a  black  glass;  reacts  for  iron  and  boric  acid. 
Completely  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid  with  gelatiuizatiou. 

Obs.— Fouud  oil  the  island  Stoko  aud  the  neighboring  islands,  Store- Aro  and  Ovre-Aro  in 
the  Langesund  fiord,  Norway,  in  veins  in  augite-syeuite,  with  meliphauite  and  erdmannite;  also 
titanite,  zircon,  segirite,  lolliugite;  further,  as  accessory  associated  species,  astrophyllite,  melano- 
cerite,  nordenskioldiue,  wohlerite,  hiortdahlite,  molybdenite,  etc.  The  largest  well  developed 
crystal  of  homilite  found  had  a  length  of  about  2  inches  in  the  direction  of  the  orthodiagonal 
axis;  another  imperfect  crystal  had  a  weight  of  50  grams.  Named  from  o/uAez>,  to  occur 
together,  in  allusion  to  its  association  with  uieliphanite  and  erdmauuite. 

Alt.— As  noted  above,  changes  to  an  isotropic  and  amorphous  material,  analogous  to 
gadolinite,  allauite,  etc.  See  also  erdmanuite  below. 

Ref.— l  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  12,  405,  1877,  and  G.  F5r.  Forh.,  3,  £85,  1877.  Brogger,  on  the 
basis  of  numerous  measurements,  has  calculated  the  axial  ratio:  a  :  b  :  c  =  0'62426  :  1  :  1'30126, 
ft  =  89°  50',  for  which,  however,  he  does  not  claim  great  accuracy.  He  proposes  to  accept  the 
following:  a  :  b  :  c  =  0'6245  :  1  :  1-2835,  ft  =  89°  38',  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  134,  1890. 

*  Dx.,  1.  c.     3  Bgr.,  G.  For.  Fprh.,  9,  247,.  1887,  and  1.  c. 

Brogger  argues  that  the  negative  side  of  the  homilite  crystals  may  properly  correspond  to 
the  positive  side  of  gadolinite— in  other  words,  the  angle  ft  =  89°  21'  of  homilite  may  correspond 
to  90°  33 -V  of  gadolinite,  and  he  finds  confirmation  for  this  view  in  the  position  of  the  acute  bisec- 
trix. Brogger  also  calls  attention  to  an  apparent  relation  in  form,  as  inferred  by  him,  between 
homilite  and  zircon. 

ERDMANNITE  Esmark.  Berlin,  Pogg.,  88,  162,  1853.  Michaelsonite  Dana,  Min.  p.  289, 
1868.  A  name  originally  given  to  a  mineral  supposed  to  be  allied  to  allanite  occurring  in  the 
"  Brevik  region  "  in  southern  Norway. 

As  described  by  Berlin,  it  occurred  on  the  island  Stoko  in  granular  or  lamellar  masses, 
embedded  in  feldspar,  not  in  distinct  crystals.  G.  =  3'01.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  dark  brown. 
Translucent  in  thin  splinters.  The  following  incomplete  analysis  was  made  by  Blomstrand. 
(This  was  quoted  in  5th  Ed.,  p.  414,  as  an  independent  species,  and  again  on  p.  288  as  a  variety 
of  allanite.) 

SiO2        A12O3    Ce-oxides  Y2O3      FeO      MnO       CaO         H2O 

31-85        11-71        34-89        1-43        8'52        0'86        6*46        [4'28]  =  100 

An  analysis  was  later  (1862)  made  by  Michaelson  (also  another  incomplete  by  Nobel,  ibid.), 
Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  19,  512,  1862.  The  mineral  was  from  Aro,  and  was  supposed  to  be  the  same 
as  that  investigated  by  Berlin,  and  was  also  referred  to  allanite.  H.  =  4'5.  G.  =  3'44.  Michael- 
sou's  analysis  is  as  follows: 

SiO2        ZrO2       A12O3    Fe2O3       Y,O3     Ce2O3      (La,Di)2O3    BeO       MgO         CaO        Na2O       HaO 
29-21      5-44      2-81      6'42        1-63      9'79        15'60      4'27      0'45      14'93      2'45      5'50=98'50 

Brogger  concludes  after  a  study  of  this,  the  typical  erdmannite,  that  although  a  resemblance 
to  allanite  is  at  first  noted,  this  is  apparent  only,  and  that  the  material  analyzed,  which  micro- 
scopic examination  proves  to  be  heterogenous,  consists  of  a  mineral  of  the  rnelanocerite  group  (p. 
413)  appearing  in  the  sections  brown  and  isotropic,  intermixed  with  a  doubly  refracting  mineral, 
which  is  probably  homilite  or  a  closely  allied  species. 

Also,  besides  this,  there  is  another  mineral,  which  has  been  called  erdmannite,  analyzed  by 
Engstroin  and  Damour,  below,  which  is  probably  a  somewhat  altered  form  of  a  kind  of  homilite 
peculiar  in  containing  a  considerable  amount  of  the  cerium  metals,  and  for  which,  consequently, 
Brogger  uses  the  name  Cerhomilite. 

Engstrom's  mineral  was  leek-green  in  color,  with  G.  =  3 '388.  Damour's  was  brown,  with 
H.  =  4-5,  G.  —  3*03.  Optically  isotropic,  amorphous. 

Anal.— 1,  Engstrom,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Upsala,  p.  28,  1877.  2,  Damour,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  12,  411, 
1877. 

SiO2     ZrO2    ThOa      B2OS   Fe2O3    Ce2O3  (Di,La)2O3  Y3O3  Er2O3  FeO       CaO     BeO     K2O     H9O 

1.  25-15      2-14     9-93         8'18        3'01          9'00         8'66         1'64      0'50      3'16        1878      3'16      l'44d      525=100 

2.  28-01      3-47     0'45»       [5'54]      3'31b      19'28         8'09  —         —       6'77C      ll'OO       —       1'98      12'10  =  100 

«  Sn02.  b  A12O3.  c  Incl.  1'35  MnO  «  Incl.  1'02  NaaO. 

Engstrom  calculates  the  formula  R2O3.SiO2 -f  3RO.SiO2 +  1|H2O  and  remarks  upon  its 
similarity  in  formula  to  datolite  and  gadolinite,  a  conclusion  to  which  Brogger  also  arrives  in  a 
somewhat  different  way. 

Brogger  mentions  also  that  much  so-called  erdmannite  is  only  zircon  usually  much  altered; 
cf.  Zs-  Kr.,  16,  109,  1890,  also  Krantz,  Pogg.,  82,  586,  1851. 


508 


SILICATES. 


403.  EUCLASE 
T.,   2,   254,   1797 
Germ. 


LSE.    Ha'iiy;  Delameth.,  J.  Phys.,  41,  155,  1792  (without  credit  to  Haiiy);  T. 
(with  credit  to  Huiiy);  Haiiy,  J.  Mines,  5,  258,  1799,  Tr.,  2,  1801.     Euklas 


Monoclinic.      Axes  a  :  b .:  6  =  0*32369  :  1  :  0-33324;    ft  =  79°   44'  4"  =  001 
A  100  Schabus1. 


100  A  HO  =  17°  40'  2",  001  A  101  =  51°  7'  48",  001  A  Oil  =  18°  9'  1' 

n    (011,1-1) 
0  (O.'ir6,  -V-l) 
o    (021,  2-1) 
F  (011-4,  -¥-i) 
q    (031,  3-1) 
R   (041,  44) 
.ff  (061,  6-1) 

r    (111,  -  1) 
U  (332,  -  |)4 
a    (112,  V) 
d    (111,  1) 


Forms3  : 

ra  (110.  /) 

a  (100,  i-l) 

#  (9  10-0,  i- 

b   (010,  £i) 

y  (670,  £-|) 

c    (001,  0)  rare 

I    (340,  £f) 

$  (20-1-0.  £-20)3 

y^  (230,  *-|)2 

71  (16-1-0.  £-16) 

a  (590,  t-|) 

C    (910,  a-9) 

5    (120,  i-2) 

e    (410,  z-4) 

L  (130,  £-3) 

5   (320.  t-f) 

z    (104,  H) 

5  (430,  t-|) 

0    (102,  f  i) 

A    (650,  i-f) 

P  (101,  1-i) 

K  (221,  2)5 

m  (593,  3-|) 

0   (323,  -  1-|) 

&   (121,  2-2) 

A  (12-3-1,  12-4)4 

/     (131,  3-3) 

//  (211,  2-2> 

fc     (142,  2-4) 
D   (162,  3-6;« 

J.  (124,  -  i-2)4 

C     (152,  1-5) 

w   (121,  -  2-2) 

p    (2-13-5,  -V- 

i    (141,  -  4-4) 

k    (2'13-4,  A£ 

cr  (155,  -  1-5)4 
A   (151,  -  5-5)5 
e    (231,  34) 
y   (6-10-1,  10-1)? 

w    (173,  |-7) 
x    (182,  4-8) 
IP"  (197,  f-9)4 

Figs.  1,  2,  4,  Brazil,  Schabus.    3,  Alps,  Becke. 


Hintze  (Min.,  2,  186,  1890)  quotes  the  following  forms  as  having  been  observed  by  Arznini 
on  euclase  from  the  Sanarka  region  in  the  Ural. 

18-1-0,  25-2-0,  23-2-0,  ll'f'O,  810,  710,  510,  310,  210,  IO'7'O,  530,  540,  870,  980,  20  19'0, 
780,  670,  570,  350,  IO'19'O,  490,  4'H'O,  170,  3'28'0,  3'35'0;  047,  0-10'7,  0'13'6,  0'13"5,  p-30'11,. 
0-25-9?,  0-33 -_1;  24'25  24,  12'13-12,  IMO'll,  454,  13'17-13,  14'25-14,  22'25'22,  757,  656,  29'50'29, 
3-10-3,  171,  1-38-1.  Also  others  by  Miers:  IS'l'O?,  610?,  560,  580,  ll'18'O? 


€€'" 

W 

hh'" 

mm' 

II 

ftfl' 

88' 

a'z 


'=      9°    6' 
=     23°  58|' 
=     29°  44' 
=     35°  20' 
=  133D  59' 
=  128°  55V 
=  115°    0' 
=    85°  24' 


ag 
aP 

nn' 
oo 


cr 
mr 


=  71°    7' 

=  49°    8' 

=  36°  18V 

=  66°  31' 

=  89°     3V 

=  105°  21' 

=  41°  59' 

=  38°  15' 


cm  -  80°  13V 

m'd  =  47°  15V 

cd  =  52°  31' 

su  -  35°  48' 

cu  =45°  33V 

cB  =  55°  55' 

rr'  =  23°  46' 


uu 
it' 
aa' 
dd' 


ff 

ee' 


=  45°  40' 
=  80°  11  V 
=  17°  55' 
=  28°  17' 
=  53°  30' 
=  74°  11' 
=  49°  44' 


Only  in  crystals;  habit  prismatic  with  faces  in  zone  ab  vertically  striated,  and 
yielding  an  almost  indefinite  scries  of  forms  (see  above). 

Cleavage:  b  highly  perfect;  ft,  c  rather  difficult.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle. 
H.  =  7-5.  G.  =  3-103  Kk.;  3-051,  Sanarka,  Erem;  3-089,  3-097  Brazil,  Dx. 
Luster  vitreous,  somewhat  pearly  on  the  cleavage-face.  Colorless,  pale  mountain- 
green,  passing  into  blue  and  white.  Streak  uncolored.  Transparent;  occasionally 
subtransparent.  Pleochroism  distinct. 

Optically  -f .  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  B*  nearly  ||  P,  Dx.  Bxa  A  6  =  +  42°  16'  Becke. 
Indices,  Dx. 


DATOLITE  GROUP— GADOLIXITE.  509 

Fortfa         £ry  =  l-6520     /ffy=l-6553     yy=r6710     •'•  2Vy=49°  37'     2Ey=87°59' 
Measured  2Er  =  88°  47'         2Ebl  =  88°  7'  At  176°  2E  increased  2°  18' 

Electrified  by  friction. 

Comp.— HBeAlSiO.  =  Be(A10H)Si04  or  H20.2BeO.Al203.2SiOa  =  Silica  41-3, 
alumina  35'2,  glucina  17'3,  water  6'2  =  100. 

Anal.— Damour,  C.  R.,  40,  942,  1855.    Also  Berzelius,  Mallet,  5th  Ed.,  p.  380. 

SiO2       A12O3        BeO        H2O       Fe2O3      CaO       Sn02        F 
Brazil  £  41*63        34'07        16-97        6'04        1'03        0'14        0'34        0'38  =  100'60 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube,  when  strongly  ignited,  gives  off  water.  B.B.  in  the  forceps 
cracks  and  whitens,  throws  out  points,  and  fuses  at  5 '5  to  a  white  enamel.  Not  acted  upon  by 
acids. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  Brazil,  in  the  province  of  Minas  Geiaes,  mining  district  of  Villa  Rica,  with 
topaz  in  chloritic  schist;  in  the  auriferous  sands  of  the  Orenburg  district,  southern  Ural,  near 
the  river  Sanarka,  with  topaz,  corundum,  cyanite,  etc.  One  Ural  crystal  measured  3  in.  by  f  in. 
In  the  Glossglockner  region  of  the  Austrian  Alps  on  the  Gamsgrube,  with  pericliue,  rudle, 
quartz  on  mica  schist;  also  from  the  Mollthal  with  pericline. 

Named  by  Haily  from  ev,  easily,  and  KA.do'iS,  fracture,  in  allusion  to  the  easy  cleavage. 
Haily  states  that  his  name,  Euclase,  was  published  by  Daubenton  in  an  early  issue  of  his  Tableau 
meth.  de  Mineraux;  but  the  particular  edition  of  the  Tableau  (of  which  several  were  issued)  the 
author  has  not  been  able  to  learn.  Delametherie,  after  publishing,  in  1792,  the  name  and 
description,  without  crediting  either  to  Haiiy,  in  his  Theorie  de  la  Terre,  in  1797,  gives  Hatiy 
full  credit. 

First  brought  to  Europe  from  S.  America  by  Dombey,  in  1785. 

Ref.— '  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  8,  507,  1852  (abstr.  in  Pogg.,  88,  608,  1853),  also  Denkschr.,  Ak. 
Wien,  6,  57,  1854.  *-Sbs.,  1.  c.  Cf.  also  Kk.  Min.  Russl.,  3,  97,1858;  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  480,  1862; 
Kk.,  ib.,  10,  104,  1889;  Gdt.,  Index,  1,  583,  1886.  3  Becke,  Alps,  Min.  Mitth..  4,  147,  1881. 
4  Dx.,  Brazil,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  5,  317,  1882.  5  Kochlin,  Austr.  Alps,  Ann.  Mus.  Wien,  1,  237, 
1886,  also  doubtful  GO  (10-6-5),  1-41-31;  still  more  so  M2'0,  l'10'O,  190,  270,  12'1'0,  231-0,  494, 
131,  643.  6  Erem.,  Sanarka,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  24,  244,  1888,  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  548,  1889. 

404.  GADOLINITE.  Schwarzer  Zeolith  (fr.  Ytterby)  Geyer,  Crell's  Ann.,  1788.  Ytterbit 
(Silicate  of  Alumina,  ox.  Iron,  and  a  new  earth)  Gadolin,  Ak.  H.  Stockh,,  1794;  Ekeberg,  ib., 
1797  (naming  the  earth  YTTRIA).  Gadolinit  Klapr.  (Ak.  Berlin,  1800),  Beitr.,  3,  52,  1802. 

Monoclinic.  Axes:  a  :  I  :  c  =  0-62726  :  1  :  1-32150;  fi  =  *89°  26£'=001  A100 
Eichstadt1. 

100  A  HO  =  32°  5f,  001  A  101  =  64°  9-J-',  001  A  Oil  =  *52°  53'. 

Forms' :  t  (102,  -  \-i)  ™  (°13.  H)  P  (HI,  -  1)  V  (212,  1-2) 

a  (100,  i-l)  u  (104,  i-l)  x  (023,  f  4)3  a.  (221,  -  2)  C   (232,  -  f-|) 

b    (010,  t4)  v  (5-0-12,  -fz-l)  q  (Oil,  14)  y   (112,  f)  g   (231,  -  3-|)3 

c    (001,  0)  s  (102,  i-I)  y  (021,  24)  o   (111,  1)  z   (243,  -  f  2) 

m  (110,  J)  r  (I01>  *-*>  *  (1-1-10,  -  TV)4  S  ^21'  2>  * 

I    (120,  i-2)         e  (014,  i4)3  K  (113,  -  I)4  e  (212,  -  1-2)  ^ 

i  (013,  £4)3  A  (225,  -  f)4  h  (321,  -  3-f)3         '    ^121'  *$ 

Also  as  given  by  Eichstadt,  but  of  somewhat  uncertain  position,  p  (115),  it  (114),  cr  (225), 
T  (334):  doubtful,  8'10'5.  Further  Sjogren  gives  ft  (112),  d  (121),  which  are  questioned  by 
Eichsttadt. 


»'  =    47°  33'  cy  =  51°  29'  0/3'  =  48°  43' 

mm'  =  *115°  48'  20"  ww  =     66°  54f  co    =  68°  30'  pp'  =  58°  53|' 

U'  =       77°     7'  qq'  =  105°  46'  cd    =  79°     5'  aa'  =  62°  41' 

ct  =      46°  12'  yy  =  138°  33'  en    =  59°  38|'  yy'  =  49°    8' 

cu  =      27°  54'  eft  =     50°  54'  cf    =  73°  50'  oo'  =  59°  16' 

C6  =       46°  47  cp  =     67°  41'  ap   =  38°     3f  dd'  —  62°  54' 

cr  =      65°    4'  ca  =     78°  11'  po    =  103°  87|'  nju'  =  84°  52' 

ar  =       25°  29f  cm  =     89°  32'  do  =  38°  19'  jf  =  97°  22' 

ee'  =       36°  34'  CTC  =     32°     0' 


510 


SILICATES. 


Crystals  rough  and  coarse ;  commonly  prismatic  and  terminated  by  c ;  some- 
times acutely  terminated  by  certain  of  the  pyramids,  as  p  (111),  a  (221),  o  (111), 

or  #  (221).     Twinning  lamellae  sometimes  observed  after 
ignition,  Ytterby,  Peterssou.     Also  in  masses. 

Cleavage  none.  Fracture  conchoidal  or  splintery. 
Brittle.  H.  =  6-5-7.  'G.  =  4'0-4'5;  normally  4'36-4'47 
of  anisotropic;  4'24-4-29  isotropic,  Petersson;  after 
heating  Somewhat  increased  (see  below).  Luster  vitreous 
to  greasy.-  Color  black,  greenish  black,  also  brown;  in 
thin  splinters  nearly  transparent,  and  usually  grass-green 
to  olive-green.  Streak  greenish  gray. 
Normally  doubly  refracting  and  crystalline  in  structure,  but  usually  isotropic 
and  amorphous.  Pleochroism  feeble  in  green  varieties;  distinct  in  brown.  Op- 
tically +.  Double  refraction  normally  strong,  but  variable.  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  a  (=  Bx0) 
nearly  J_  a  like  datolite  and  homilite;  Bxa.y  A  k  —  +  4°  Dx.  Bxa  A  k  =  -f-  7j 
to  9°  in  green  varieties,  12°  to  13°  in  brown  (see  below)  Eichstadt.  Axial  angles: 


2Ha.r  =  106°  6' 

2Ha.y  =    105° 


2Ha.y  =    107°    18' 

2H0.y  =  118°  20' 


2Ha.bi  =  109°  27' 

,     2Vy  =     85°  28' 


Dx. 

Eichstadt. 


Var. — In  part  crystalline  in  molecular  structure,  as  well  as  in  form,  doubly  refracting,  with 
optical  characters  as  noted  above;  color  green  in  thin  splinters.  Here  belongs  the  normal 
gadolinite  from  Hittero  and  from  Stora  Skedevi  in  Dalarne,  Sweden. 

More  commonly  completely  amorphous  and  isotropic,  both  in  the  massive  form  and  also  in 
crystals;  also  both  kinds  in  the  same  specimen,  and  again,  as  seen  in  a  thin  section,  with  brown 
spots  in  an  isotropic  ground-mass.  This  change  in  optical  structure  is  due  to  alteration  involving 
a  molecular  rearrangement  simply,  i.e.,  by  paramorphism,  for  both  varieties  have  the  same  com- 
position (anal.  1,  2  Petersson).  By  heating,  the  amorphous  mineral  is  transformed  into  theaniso 
tropic  and  crystalline,  and  this  is  accompanied  by  strong  phosphorescence  (evolution  of  light  and 
heat,  see  below),  at  the  same  time  there  is  an  increase  in  the  specific  gravity  and  the  green  coloi 
is  changed  in  the  thin  section  to  colorless  or  reddish,  and  the  mineral  no  longer  gelatinizes  with 
acid.  The  anisotropic  mineral  is  also  changed  by  heating,  for  while  there  is  no  striking  phos- 
phorescence, the  specific  gravity  becomes  greater,  there  is  an  increase  in  the  strength  of  the 
double  refraction,  the  color  is  paler,  and  gelatinizatiou  no  longer  takes  place  (Petersson).5 

Both  the  anisotropic  and  isotropic  forms  become  brown  by  alteration,  involving  oxidation  oi 
the  iron  and  assumption  of  water.  For  the  former  the  brown  mineral  so  formed  is  pleochrok 
with  a  larger  angle  of  extinction;  for  the  latter  it  is  still  isotropic. 

The  following  are  specific  gravity  determinations:  1,  2,  3,  Ytterby;  4,  Hittero;  see  also  th<r 
table  of  analyses. 


Before  ignition 
After 


1,  H.  Rose 
G.  =  4-097,  4-226 
G.  =  4-287,  4-456 


2,  Church 
4-233 
4-356 


8,  Bg. 

4-212 
4-419 


4,  Rg. 
4-449 
4-668 


Comp. — BeaFeYaSiaOJO  or  2BeO.Fe0.2Y203.2Si02;  written  as  a  basic  orthosilicate 
(Groth)  analogous  to  datolite,  etc.,  the  formula  is  Be2Fe(YO)2(Si04)?.  Percentage 
composition:  Silica  23'9,  yttrium  oxides  (molec.  wght.  260)  5T8,  iron  protoxide 
14-3,  glucina  10-0  =  100. 

The  yttrium  earths  or  "  gadolinite-earths"  (partly  replaced  by  the  oxides  of  cerium,  lanthanum, 
and  didyinium)  form  a  complex  group  which  has  been  much  studied  both  chemically  and 
spectroscopically  by  many  chemists,  Marignac,  Delafontaine,  L.  de  Boisbaudran,  Nilson,  Cleve, 
Crookes,  and  others.  The  group  contains  erbium  in  considerable  amount,  and  also  several  new 
elements  (ytterbium,  scandium,  etc.)  of  more  or  less  definite  character  have  been  separated. 

Rammelsberg  urges  that  the  determinations  of  the  atomic  weight  of  the  yttrium  metals  in 
gadolinite  vary  widely;  thus  he  gives  the  limits  from  97'5  Ytterby,  Humpidge,  and  100  Ytterby, 
Rg.,  to  109  Hittero  Rg.,  and  126  Colorado,  Eakins.  See  further  beyond,  after  analyses,  where 
it  appears  that  for  the  majoritv  of  cases  the  atomic  weight  is  about  106  or  the  molecular 
weight  260. 

Prominent  recent  articles  on  the  gadolinite  earths  are  the  following:  Cleve  and  Hoglund, 
Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  Bihang,  1,  No.  8,  1872,  2,  No.  12,  1874.  Marignac.  Bibl.  Univ.,  61,  283,  1878, 
64,  97, 1878,  C.  R.,  87,  578, 1878.  Delafontaine,  Bibl.  Univ.,  51,  48,  1874,  61,  273,  1878.  Nilson, 
C.  R.,  88,  642,  645,  1879,  91,  118,  1880.  Cleve,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  36,  No.  7,  3,  1879.  Crookes, 
Proc.  Roy.  Soc.,  40,  502,  1886. 

On  the  atomic  weights  of  the  yttrium  metals,  see  Nordenski51d,  G.  F8r.  Forh.,  8,  442,  1886 
also  Rg.,  1.  c. 


DATOLITE  GROUP—  GADOLINITE. 


511 


Anal.— 1-9,  Petersson,  G.  For.  Forh.,  12,  275  et  seq.,  1890;  also  given  (except  9)  in  Ofv. 
Ak.  Stockh.,  45,  179,  1888,  but  in  somewhat  different  form.  10,  11,  Blomstrand,  Lunds  Univ. 
Lraskrift  24  No.  3,  1887-88.  12,  Walliii,  ibid.  13,  14,  Rg.,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  549,  1887. 
15,  16,  Hurnpidgeand  Burney,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  35,  117,  1879.  17,  Lindstrom,  G.  For.  Forh.,  2. 
218,  1874.  18,  19,  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  38,  198,  1889  (also  of  each  a  second  partial  anal.). 
20,  L.  G.  Eakins,  ibid.,  p.  478,  also  Bull.,  64,  p.  40,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.  21,  22,  L.  G.  Eakins,  Proc. 
Col.  Soc.,  2.  Ft.  1,  32,  1885.  23,  24,  Pisani,  Dx.,  Min.,  2,  xm,  1874.  For  earlier  anals.  see  5th 
Ed.,  p.  294,  295. 

G.       SiO2  ThOa  YaO8*  Ce2O3  (Di,La)2O3  Fe2O3b  FeOe  BeO  CaOd  Na2O  H2O 


1.  Hittero 

4-509 

24-28 

0-39 

46-51 

1-21          4-26 

0-84 

11-35'   9-65 

0-64 

0-17 

0-54  =    99-84 

2.  Ytterby 

4-242 

24-35 

0-30 

45-96 

1-65         3-06 

2'03b 

11  39C  10-17 

0-30 

0-17 

0-52  =    99-90 

3. 

4-288 

23-88 

0-41 

45-30 

3-84         2-57 

0-60 

12-89    9-91 

0-540 

0-15 

0-37  =  100-46 

4.  Broddbo 

4-225 

23-52 

0-37 

35-78 

4-42       11-42 

2-26 

10'83C   9-89 

0-03 

0-49 

1-40  =  100-41 

5.  G.Kararfvet4-235 

24-19 

0-32 

40-73 

4-51         4-45 

1-84 

10-70'  10-13 

0-09 

0-20 

1-46=    98-62 

6.  N.Kararfvet4'002 

23-58 

tr. 

36-71 

6-61          7-40 

2-02 

9-44  10-47 

0-560 

0-35 

2-38=    99-52 

7.  Torsaker 

4-24 

24-55 

0-75 

46-08 

0-52         4-13 

1-01" 

12'82C  9-10 

0-69 

0-35 

0-80  =  100  80 

8.  St.  Tuna 

4-062 

24-40 

0-83 

38-09 

2-69         7-00 

4-07" 

9-17c   8'87 

1-87 

0-22 

2  38  =    99  59 

9.  Malo 

4-020 

23-32 

0-88 

35-95 

2-33        12-01 

3-07 

5-90"  9'30 

2020 

0-13 

3-36  =    98-27 

"0.  Hittero 

4-33    \ 

|  23-72 

0-35 

45-62 

6-67 

_ 

12'35C  10  10 

0-63 

0-19 

—  PbO  0  05  = 

9968 

11.  Ytterby 

4-096  I 

\  23-84 

0-31 

47-06 

0-92         3-33 

0'33b 

13-09C  10-55 

042d 

018 

—  PbO  0-05  = 

100-08 

12.        " 

4-05 

2370 

0-25 

44-39 

7-21 

— 

13-00  10  16 

0-53 

0-22 

—  =    99-46 

13.  Hittero 

4-448 

24-36 

— 

45-51 

7-01 

2-85 

11-50    8-58 

0-36 

— 

0-50  =  100-67 

14.  Ytterby 

4-212 

25-35 

— 

38-13 

1355 

4-07 

7-47  10-03 

0-57 

— 

134=  100-51 

15.  Hittero 

24-24 

— 

41'50» 

9-93 

— 

16-04    6'56e 

1-020 

— 

0-62=    99-91 

16.  Ytterby 

25-16 

— 

39'27» 

6-52 

2-15 

12-40    9-39« 

I'll 

— 

2  32  P206  1-28  = 

99-60 

17.  St.  Tuna 

411 

23-65 

— 

34-58« 

4-80        14-40 

0-14b 

8'37C  10-94 

0-27 

0-25 

3-03  =  100-43 

18.  Llano  Co.* 

4-201 

22-87 

undet. 

44-35 

2-65         5-22 

0-28" 

13'91C  9-24 

0-710 

0'35f 

0'72h  =  100-30 

19.     "      " 

4-254 

22-80 

" 

44-45 

266         5-01 

0'31b 

13-11    9-19 

0-820 

0-35 

0'79h  insol.  0-93= 

100-42 

20.     "      " 

4-239 

23-79 

0-58 

41-55 

262         5-22 

0-96 

12-42  11-33 

0-74 

tr. 

1-03  P3O8   0-05=100-29 

21.  Douglas  Co. 

j 

Col. 

4-56 

22-13 

0-89 

22-24" 

11-10       21-23 

3-4^ 

10-43    7-19 

0-480 

0-46' 

0-86  =  100-48 

22.        " 

4-59 

21-86 

0-81 

28-43» 

6-87       19-10 

4-13" 

11'47C  5-46 

063 

0-52' 

0-74  =  100-02 

23.  Finbo 

4-083 

23-25 

— 

42-75 

8-65 

2'82b 

12-40    8-97 

1-260 

— 

1-03  =  101-03 

24.  Unknown 

4-119 

23-10 

— 

35-60 

15-40 

305" 

10-60    9-58 

096d 

— 

1-10=    99-39 

•  Yttrium  earths,  Molec.  Weight  : 


260-7    260-8    2£7'5    251  '6    241  "08    246'9    259'6    2584     262'2    25s 


266    248    260    296    294 


Er2O3  has  been  separately  determined,  as  follows:  in  15,  10"91  p.  c.;  in  16,  4'11;  in  17,  11'65;  in  21,  12'74; 
in  22,  15-80. 

»>  Includes  a  little  AlaO3  in  some  cases,  viz.:  in  2,  0'58  p.  c.;  8,  0'79;  11,  0'12;  17,  0'14;  18,  0'28;  19,  0'31;  21,  2*34; 
22,  0-54;  23,  2'82;  24,  3'05. 

"Includes  MnO:  in  1,  0'19  p.  c.;  2,  0'25;  4,  0'09;  5,  0'41;  7,  0'16  ;  8,  0'32;  9,0-12;  10,  0'16;  11,0-12;  17,  0'19; 
18,  0-22;  19,  0'18;  22,  O'll. 

*  Includes  MgO:    in  1,  0'22  p.  c.;  3,0-12;  6,  O'lO;  8,  0'06;   9,  0'18;  10,  0'07;  11,  0'07;  15,  0'23;  18,  0'07;   19,  Oil; 
21,  0-14;  22,0-16;  23,  0'33;  24,  O'll. 

•  Be2O9.       f  Incl.  K2O:   in  18,  0'15;  19,  0'12;  21,  0*18;  22,  0'20.       «  Incl.  ThO8.       h  Ign. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  The  glassy  isotropic  variety  is  unchanged  in  the  closed  tube,  but  if  heated  B.B. 
the  assay  gives  for  a  moment  a  bright  light,  as  if  it  had  taken  tire,  swells  up,  cracks  open,  and 
becomes  grayish  green  in  color  without  fusing;  it  has  then  become  anisotropic.  The  normal 
anisotropic  variety  swells  into  cauliflower-like  ramifications  and  becomes  white,  rarely  glowing 
(see  above,  p.  510);  the  isotropic  form,  if  the  alteration  has  gone  too  far,  also  fails  to  glow.  With 
borax  gives  an  iron  reaction.  Only  slightly  acted  upon  by  salt  of  phosphorus.  Decomposed  by 
hydrochloric  acid  with  gelatinization,  but  not  after  it  has  been  heated  and  exhibited  the  accom- 
panying phosphorescence. 

Obs.—  Occurs  principally  in  pegmatyte  veins,  often  associated  with  allanite  and  other  miner- 
als containing  rare  elements,  also  fluorine  compounds.  Found  at  the  quarries  of  Kararfvet, 
Broddbo,  and  Finbo,  near  Falun  in  Sweden;  also  at  Ytterby,  near  Stockholm;  chiefly  in 
rounded  masses,  which  are  often  encircled  with  a  yellow  crust,  and  embedded  in  coarse-grained 
granite.  At  Kararfvet  crystals  have  been  obtained  4  in.  long;  also  in  the  Torsaker  parish, 
Gestrikland;  Karlberg  in  the  Stora  Tuna  parish,  and  at  St.  Skedevi,  Dalarne,  Sweden.  On 
the  island  Hittero  in  the  Flecke  fiord,  southern  Norway,  crystals  sometimes  4  in.  across;  on 
Malo,  southeast  of  Grimstad,  Norway.  Sparingly  in  granite  veins  of  the  Radauthal  in  the 
Harz,  associated  with  allanite  (orthite):  Schreiberhau  in  the  Riesengebirge,  Silesia;  Baveno, 
Italy,  in  granite;  Newcastle,  Mourne  Mts.,  Ireland.  It  is  also  stated  to  have  been  obtained  at 

*  First  announced  as  from  Burnet  Co.,  Texas,  but  later  shown  to  have  come  from  Llano  Co. 


512  SILICATES. 

Disko  in  Greenland;  in  trap  near  Galway,  Ireland;  embedded  in  granite  in  Ceylon;  but  these 
need  confirmation. 

In  Llano  Co.,  Texas,  5  miles  south  of  Bluffton  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Colorado  River. 
It  occurs  in  nodular  masses  and  rough  crystals,  sometimes  up  to  40  or  60  pounds  in  weight,  but 
averaging  half  a  pound,  and  usually  with  a  reddish  or  yellow  altered  exterior..    It  is  embedded 
in   a  quartzose   pegmatyte,    and  is  associated  with  allauite,    yttrialite,    uivenite,    fergusonite, 
cyrtolite,  gummite,  fiuorite,  molybdenite,  magnetite,  feldspar,  quartz,  mica,  etc.     The  crystals 
are  elongated  in  the  direction  of  the  vertical  axis  (in  one  case  10  inches  long)  and  are  character- 
ized by  the  presence  of  the  pyramids  2>  (ill)*'  °  (I11)  au(*  a  (221),  the  basal  plane  being  nearly  or 
Saite  wanting;  cf.  Hidden  &  Mackintosh,  Am.   J.  Sc.,  38,  474,  1889.     At  Devil's  Head  Mt., 
ouglas  Co.,  Colorado. 

According  to  Petersson  the  only  anisotropic  gadolinite  is  that  from  Hittero,  Norway,  and 
Stora  Skedevi,  Dalarne,  Sweden;  that  of  the  other  localities  noted  is  isotropic. 

Named  after  the  Swedish  chemist,  J.  Gadoliu  (1760-1852). 

Alt. — As  noted  above,  the  original  crystalline  anisotropic  gadoliuite  is  for  the  most  part 
changed  molecularly  to  an  amorphous  isotropic  form.  This  does  not  necessarily  involve  a 
chemical  change,  which,  however,  is  involved  in  the  change  (p.  510)  from  the  green  to  the  brown 
variety.  Further,  the  mineral  is  often  altered  on  the  exterior  to  a  brownish  red  color  with 
waxy  luster  and  further  to  a  yellowish  or  yellowish  brown  earthy  ocher-like  or  powdery  substance. 

The  altered  gadolinite  from  Llano  Co.,  Texas,  has  been  examined  by  Geuth  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  38, 
198,  1889)  with  the  following  results:  G.  =  3'592. 

SiO2        Y2O3,Ce2O3        Fe2O3        BeO        MnO        CaO        ign.        quartz 

2211  39-20  14-53         6'03         0'22         5'58        9'30  T03  =  98  00. 

E.  Goldsmith  has  given  (J.  Analyt.  Ch.,  4,  22,  1890)  the  name  metagadolinite  to  a  similar 
alteration  product,  red  in  color,  with  G.  =  3*494  and  for  which  he  obtained: 

SiO2  18-15    CesO*  20'66    Fe2O3  26;03    YO  21-85  CaO  3'64    MgO  0  21    H2O  9'76  =  100  30 

Ref.— '  Hittero,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  Bih.,  10(2),  No.  18,  1885;  the  form  was  first  proved  to 
be  monoclinic  by  Dx.,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  18,  305,  1869,  Min.,  2,  xi,  1874.  Some  early  authors 
made  it  mouoclinic,  others  orthorhombic.  Dx.  also  early  called  attention  to  the  isotropic  and 
anisotropic  varieties.  »  See  Dx.,  1.  c.,  and  Min.,  2,  p.  xi,  1874.  Cf.  also  Waage,  Jb.  Min.,  696, 
1867;  Rath,  Radauthal,  Pogg.,  144,  576,  1871;  Gdt,,  Index,  1,  65,  1887.  a  H.  Sj.,  Ofv.  Ak. 
Stockh.,  39,  No.  7,  47,  1882.  4  Eichstadt,  1.  c.  5  G.  For.  Fork.,  12,  275-347,  1890. 


405.  YTTRIALITE.     W.  E.  Hidden  and  J.  B.  Mackintosh,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  38,  477,  1889. 
Massive.     Amorphous. 

No  cleavage.  Fracture  conchoidal  and  splintery.  Brittle.  H.  =  5-5-5. 
G.  =  4-575.  Luster  vitreous  to  greasy.  Color  on  the  fresh  fracture  olive-green, 
tending  to  drab;  this  changes  on  the  exterior  by  alteration  to  orange-yellow. 
Translucent,  made  partially  opaque  by  the  presence  of  minute  ragged  lines  pene- 
trating the  mass  in  all  directions. 

Comp. — A  silicate  of  thorium  and  the  yttrium  metals  chiefly;  oxygen  ratio  of 
silicon  to  hases  =  4:3,  hence  equivalent  to  K203.2SiOa. 

Anal. — 

SiO2    ThO2    Y2(V    Ce2O3    (La,Di)2O3    UO3    A1203    FeO    CaO    ign. 
29-17    12-00     46-50      1'86  2'94b          0'83      0'55     3'66C     0'60    0'79  PbO  0'85  =  99'75 

*  Yttrium  earths  including: 

A,  22-67 p.  c..  at.  wght,  110-3;  B,  5'30,  at.  wght.  110'53;  C,  4'50,  at.  wght.  114'9;  D,  14'03, 
at.  wght.  120. 

b  At.  weight  162.     c  Incl.  0'77  MnO. 

Pyr.— Decrepitates  violently  in  the  Bunsen  burner;  falls  to  powder  when  strongly  ignited, 
becoming  snuff-brown,  infusible  and  insoluble.  Before  heating  the  mineral  is  soluble  in  hydro- 
chloric acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  associated  with  and  often  implanted  upon  the  gadolinite  of  Llano  Co.,  Texas 
(see  above).  It  is  sometimes  in  masses  of  considerable  size  (up  to  10  pounds);  these  are  orange- 
yellow  on  the  surface  by  alteration;  this  serves  to  distinguish  it  from  the  similar  masses  of 
gadolinite  associated  with  it,  which  are  brick-red  on  the  surface.  A  white  crystalline  mineral, 
perhaps  tensrerite,  is  observed  in  the  cracks. 

Named  in  allusion  to  the  composition  from  yttrium  and  A.iQo$,  stone,  the  yttrium  earths  being 
the  chief  bases. 

YTTRIUM  SILICATE  Damour,  L'Institut,  78,  1853.  H.  =  5-6;  scratches  glass.  G.  =  4-391. 
Color  brown.  Probably  a  silicate  of  yttrium,  but  composition  not  determined.  B.B.  whitens, 
but  infusible.  Not  soluble  in  salt  of  phosphorus.  Sulphuric  acid  heated  to  300°  C.  decomposes 
it,  leaving  a  siliceous  residue. 

From  the  diamond  sands  of  Bahia,  Brazil. 


EPIDOTE  GROUP— ZOISITE. 


513 


13.  Epidote  Group.    Orthorhombic  and  Monoclinic. 

n   m  n     ra  in 

Basic  Orthosilicates,  HRaR3Si3013  or  R,(ROH)R2(Si04)s 

n  n        m  mm 

R  =  Ca,Fe;  R  =  Al,Fe,Mn,Ce,  etc. 
a.    Orthorhombic  Section. 


406,  Zoisite 


407.  Epidote 

408.  Piedmontite 

409.  Allanite 


a 

Caa(A10H)Al2(Si04)3  0'6196 

ft.   Monoclinic  Section. 

j mCa2(A10H)Al2(Si04)3  a 

\  wCa2(FeOH)Fe2(Si04)3  1'5787 

Ca2(  A10H)  ( Al,Mn)2(Si04)3  1-6100 

(Ca,Fe)2(A10H)(Al,Ce,Fe)2(Si04)3  1'5509 


c 
0-3429 


6 

1-8036 
1-8326 
1-7691 


ft 

64°  37' 

64°  39' 
64°  59' 


Although  Zoisite  and  Epidote  belong  to  different  crystalline  systems,  they  are  near  each 
other  in  angle  as  well  as  composition,  and  are  to  be  regarded  as  essentially  isomorphous, 
similarly  .to  the  monoclinic  and  triclinic  feldspars;  see  further  p.  517. 


406.  ZOISITE.  Saualpit  (fr.  the  Saualpe  in  Carinthia)  v.  Zois,  and  Carinthian  Mineral 
ogists,  before  1806,  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  4,  179,  1807.  Zoisite  (fr.  Carinthia)  Wern.,  1805.  Var.  of 
Epidote  H.,  J.  Mines,  19,  365,  1806,  Bernhardi,  Moll's  Efem.,  3,  24,  1807.  Illuderit  Leonh., 
Syst.  Tab.,  p.  iv,  1806.  Lime-Epidote.  Zoisite,  sp.  distinct  from  Epidote,  Brooke,  Ann.  Phil., 
5,  382,  1823.  Thulite  Brooke,  Cryst.,  494,  1823.  Unionite  Silliman,  Am.  J.  Sc.  8,  384,  1849. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-61963  :  1  :  0-34295  Tschermakand  Sipocz1. 

100  A  110  =  31°  47',  001  A  101  =  28°  57£',  001  A  Oil  =  18°  55£' . 
Forms2 : 

a  (100,  i-l)                 ">   (53<>,  *D                l    (140>  *'4)  *  (°41>  4'*)  «  (121,  2-2) 

b  (010,  i-l)                 m  (110,  /)                 d  (10i,  14)  e  (061,  64)  p  (131,  3-3) 

k  (310,  i-3)                f   (120,  *-?)              /    (Oil,  14)  o  (111,  1)  *  (161,  6-6)? 
q  (210,  i-2)                 *    (130,  £8)               u   (021,  24) 


On  the  relation  in  form  of  zoisite  to  epidote,  see  under  epidote,  p.  517 

=  23°  20'  II     =    43°  57'  ee'     =  128°  10' 

=  34°  26'  dd'  =     57°  56' 

=  63°  34'  ff'    =     37°  52' 

=  77°  48'  uu'  =     68°  54'  oo'"  =     33"  24'  pp 

=  56°  33'  xx1  =  107°  49' 


kk'" 

qq'" 

mm 

rr' 

tt' 


oo 
oo' 
oo' 


=    55°  16' 

=     66°    8' 
=     33°  24' 


PP' 

w'" 


=  49°  4' 
=  42°  11' 
=  61°  56' 
=  83°  59' 


Crystals  prismatic,  deeply  striated  or  furrowed  vertically,  and  seldom  distinctly 
terminated.     A  want  of  symmetry  in   the  development 
of  the  pyramidal  planes  common.  Also  massive ;  columnar 
to  compact. 

Cleavage:  b  very  perfect.  Fracture  uneven  to  sub- 
conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  6-6-5.  G.  =  3'25-3'37. 
Luster  vitreous;  on  the  cleavage  face,  1),  pearly.  Color 
grayish  white,  gray,  yellowish  brown,  greenish  gray,  apple- 
green;  also  peach-blossom-red  to  ros^-red.  Streak  un- 
colored.  Transparent  to  subtranslucent. 

Pleochroism  strong  in  pink  varieties,  see  below.     Op- 
tically +.     Ax.  pi.  usually  ||  &;   also  ||  c.     Bx  J_  a.     Dis- 
persion strong,  p  <  v ;  also  p  >  v.     Axial  angle  variable  even  in  the  same  crystal, 
also  increasing  rapidly  with  rise  of  temperature. 


Tennessee. 


514 


SILICATES. 


Bavaria 
U.  S.  ' 
Carinthia 


2Er  =  42°  to  44°        2E_  =  50°  to  52 
2E   =  94°  59'  at  2U°  C.     100°  12' 
a  =  1-696 


2Ebl  =  65°  to  70° 
° 


=  l-70    Dx.3 


ft  =  1'696 


•V-l-*bI      W  W       fV  /*Sf       J.       •  \/  JL^A. 

104°  38'  at  146r  107°  28'  at  195° -8  Dx. 
Y  =  1-702  Levy-Lex. 

The  variation  in  optical  characters  is  probably  to  be  explained  (Tschermak)  by  the  existence 
of  twinning  lamellae  with  (031)  as  tw.  pi.  (c  /\  031  —  45°  49'),  hence  having  the  axis  a  in  common 
but  the  b  axes  inclined  about  90°  to  each  other;  the  lamellae,  however,  have  w»or  £(140)  as  face  of 
contact.  Another  system  of  tw.  lamellae  with  (905)  as  tw.  pi.  may  also  be  present. 

Var.— 1.  Ordinary.  Colors  gray  to' white  and  brown;  also  green.  Usually  in  indistinct 
prismatic  or  columnar  forms;  also  in  fibrous  aggregates.  For  zoisite  of  Kauris,  G.  =  3 -226 
Breith.;  Saualpe.  3-345  Id.;  Moravia,  3'336Id.;  Faltigl,  3'381  Id.;  Titiribi,  3'381  Id.  Unionite 
is  a  very  pure  zoisite.  anal.  4. 

2.  Rose-red,  or  Thulite.     G.  =  3124;  fragile;  pleochroism  strong:     c  (=  a)  yellow,  t)  (=  V\ 
deep  rose,  a  (=  c)  light  rose,  Lex.3 

3.  Compact,  massive.     Includes  the  essential  part  of  most  saussurite,  which  has  arisen  from 
the  alteration  of  feldspar.     See  p.  515. 

Comp.— HCa2Al3Si3013  or  4Ca0.3Al203.6Si02.H20  =  Silica  39-7,  alumina  33'7, 
lime  24'6,  water  2'0  =  100.  The  alumina  is  sometimes  replaced  by  iron,  thus 
graduating  toward  epidote,  which  has  the  same  general  formula. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Sipocz,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  82(1),  141,  1880.  3,  Koenig,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  83, 
1878.  4,  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  26,  69,  1858.  5,  Luedecke,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  28,  258,  1876.  6-11,  Rg., 
Pogg  ,  100,  133,  1857,  and  Min.  Ch.,  591,  1875.  12,  Heddle,  Min.  Mag.,  5,  11, 1882.  13,  Gmelin, 
quoted  by  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  43,  84. 1848  14,  Pisani.  C.  R.,  62,  100,  1866.  Also  Cullakenee, 
Clay  Co.,  N.  C.,  Koenig  and  Genth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  13,  374,  1873;  California,  Becker,  Mon. 
13,  p.  79,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.  Further  5th  Ed.,  p.  291. 


G. 

SiO2 

A1203 

Fe2O3  FeO 

CaO 

MgO 

H20 

1. 

Ducktown 

3-367 

|  39-61 

3289 

0-91 

0-71 

24-50 

0-14 

2-12 

=  100-88 

2. 

Pregratten 

3-338 

|  39-75 

31-45 

085 

1-83 

24-05 

0-13 

2-61 

=  100-67 

3. 

Leiperville,  Pa. 

3-642 

40-70 

33-30 

2-40 

0-70 

19-70 

015 

2-40 

MnO  0-43 

— 

[99 

•78 

4. 

Union  ville,  Pa., 

Unionite  3  299 

40-61 

33-44 

0-49 



24-13 

tr. 

2-22 

=  100  89 

5. 

Syra 

f  42-85 

32-60 

tr. 

— 

21-37 

0-21 

2-55 

=    99-58 

6. 

Saualpe 

3-353 

40-64 

28  39 

3-89 

— 

24-26 

057 

2-09 

=    99-84 

7. 

Goshen,  Mass. 

3-341 

40-06 

30-67 

2-45 



23-91 

0-49 

225 

=    99-83 

8. 

Gefrees 

3-361 

40-32 

29-77 

2-77 



2435 

0-24 

2-08 

=    9953 

9. 

Sterziug 

3352 

40-00 

30-34 

2-06 

— 

24-15 

0-23 

2-04 

=    98-82 

10. 

Fnschthal 

3-251 

41-92 

2709 

2  94 

— 

22-73 

1-21 

3-67 

=    99-56 

11. 

Saasthal 

3-280 

42-35 

28-30 

3-08 

— 

21-60 

0-56 

3-18 

K20  0  91 

= 

12.  GlenUrquhart  3'014        39'60    31'08      —     2'07 

13.  Tellemark,  Thulite  4281    3114    2'29      — 

14.  Traversella,  compact         3'02          41 '79    31'00      —      1'95    19-68 


23-34 
[Na2O 
18-73 


[99-98 
tr.      2-41    MnO    0'08, 
1  06,  KsOO-56  =  100-20 
1-63    0-64  Na2O  1'89  = 
[99-13 
2-43    3-70  =  100-55 


Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  swells  up  and  fuses  at  3-3'5  to  a  white  blebby  mass.  Not  decomposed  by 
acids;  when  previously  ignited  gelatinizes  with  hydrochloric  acid.  Gives  off  water  when  strongly 
ignited. 

Obs. — Occurs  chiefly  in  crystalline  schists,  especially  those  characterized  by  the  presence  of 
some  one  of  the  amphiboles  (actinolite,  smaragdite,  glaucophane,  etc.);  thus  in  amphibolyte, 
glaucophane  schist,  eclogyte;  also  less  often  in  granite. 

The  original  zoisite  is  that  of  the  eclogyte  of  the  Saualpe  in  Carinthia  (saualpite);  occurs  also 
with  biotite  in  beds  of  pyrrhotite  at  Lamprechtsberg,  Cariuthia.  Other  localities  are:  Kauris  in 
Salzburg;  Eibiswald  in  Styria;  Sterzing,  Pregratten,  Passeyr,  Pritschthal  in  Tyrol;  the  Fich- 
telgebirge  in  Bavaria,  as  at  Gefrees  and  Weissenstein;  the  Saxon  Erzgebirge;  Marschendorf  in 
Moravia;  Zermatt  and  Saasthal  in  Switzerland;  the  island  of  Syra,  one  of  the  Cyclades,  in  glauco- 
phane schist.  From  Glen  Urquhart,  Gran  town,  Inverness-shire;  Loch  Garve,  Ross  shire,  in 
Scotland. 

TJiulite  occurs  at  Kleppan  in  the  parish  of  Souland  in  Tellernarken.  Norway,  with  bluish 
vesuvianite  (cyprine),  yellowish  white  garnet,  epidote,  and  fmorite;  also  at  the  iron  mine  of 
Klodeberg  near  Arendal;  and  at  Traversella  in  Piedmont,  forming  small  veins  with  talc  and 
actinolite  in  granite.  The  red  color  of  the  porfido  rosso  antico  is  in  part  due  to  thulite  produced 
by  alteration  of  the  feldspar  (Rosenbusch). 

In  the  United  States,  found  in  Vermont,  at  Willsborough.  in  column  arm  asses;  at  Montpelier, 
bluish  gray  along  with  calcite,  in  mica  schist,  In  Mass.,  at  Chester,  in  mica  schist;  at  Goshen, 
Chesterfield,  Hinsdale,  Heath,  Leyden,  Williamsburg.  Windsor.  In  Conn.,  at  Milford.  IP 
Penn.,  in  W.  Bradford  and  W.  Goshen,  Chester  Co.;  in  Kennet  township  and  E.  Marlboro: 
Leiperville,  Delaware  Co.;  at  Unionville,  white  (unionite)  with  corundum  and  euphyllite.  In 


EPIDOTE  GROUP—  ZOISITE.  515 

N.  Carolina,  at  the  Cullakenee  mine  iu  Clay  Co.,  with  corundum;  also  rose-red  crystals  at  the 
Flat  Rock  mine,  Mitchell  Co.  Iu  Tenn.,  at  the  Ducktown  copper  mines.  Iu  California,  abun- 
dant in  the  inetamorphic  rocks,  often  intimately  associated,  as  at  Sulphur  Bank,  with  glauco- 
phane  (Becker,  1.  c.). 

This  species  was  instituted  by  Werner  in  1805,  first  united  to  epidote  by  Hatly  and  Bernhardi 
independently  in  1806,  and  separated  again  from  epidote  on  crystallographic  grounds  by  Brooke 
in  18~3.  Des  Cloizeaux  has  confirmed  Brooke's  conclusion  by  optical  examinations,  and  further 
has  shown  that  the  crystallization  is  orthometric,  instead  of  clinometric.  Thulite  is  referred  to 
the  species  by  Des  Cloizeaux,  together  with  the  calciuin-epidote  from  most  of  the  localities  men- 
tioned in  connection  with  the  analyses. 

Zoisite  was  so  named  after  Baron  von  Zois,  from  whom  Werner  received  his  first  specimens; 
and  Thulite  after  Thule,  an  ancient  name  of  Norway. 

Ref._ i  Ducktown,  Tenn.,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  82  (1),  141,  1880;  cf.  Bgr.,  Zs.  Kr.,  3,  471,  1879; 
Lewis,  ib.,  7,  183,  1882.  2  Cf.  Mir.,  Min.,  306,  1852;  Dx.,  Ann.  Mines,  16,  219,  1859,  Min.,  1, 
238,  1862;  also  !  above.  3  Optical  characters:  Dx.,  1.  c.  and  N.  R.,  106,  1867,  Min.  2,  p.  xxx, 
1874;  Lex.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  9,  77,  1886;  Levy-Lex.,  Min.  Roches,  183,  1888. 

SAUSSTJRITE.  Jade  (fr.  near  L.  Geneva)  H.  B.  de  Saussure,  Yoy.  Alpes,  1,  §  112,  1780. 
Bitterstein,  Schweizerische  Jade,  Hopfner,  Mag.  Helvet.,  1,  291,  Bergm.  J.,448,  1788.  Nephrite 
pt.  Wern.  Lehmanite  Delameth.,  T.  T.,  2,  354.  Jade  tenace,  Jade  de  Saussure,  H.,  Tr.,  4, 
1801.  Saussurite  T.  de  Saussure,  J.  Mines,  19,  205,  1806.  Var.  of  Zoisite  T.  S.  Hunt,  Am.  J. 
Sc.,  25,  437,  1858,  27,  336,  1859. 

A  tough  compact  mineral  substance  with  splintery  fracture;  H.  =  6'5-7;  G.  —  3'0-3'4;  color 
varying  from  white  or  nearly  so  to  gray,  greenish  gray,  bluish  green;  translucent  to  nearly 
opaque.  For  the  most  part  derived  from  the  alteration  of  a  feldspar  by  a  process  of  ' '  saussuriti- 
zation,"  and  rarely,  if  ever,  a  homogeneous  mineral. 

In  composition  it  often  approaches  zoisite,  as  shown  by  Hunt  (1.  c.),  of  which  it  has  been 
regarded  as  a  soda-bearing  variety.  It  has  been  proved  by  Cathrein  and  others1,  however,  that 
while  zoisite  is  often  a  prominent  constituent,  there  is  usually  present  a  plagioclase  feldspar,  often 
near  albite  and  probably  of  secondary  origin;  also  rarely  orthoclase  in  varying  amount,  and 
garnet,  with  trernoliie,  chlorite,  etc.,  as  accessories.  In  many  cases  the  saussurite  is  of  so  fine- 
grained texture  that  it  is  only  with  difficulty  resolved  by  the  microscope. 

The  place  of  the  zoisite  is  sometimes  taken  by  epidote,  when  sufficient  iron  for  the  latter 
mineral  is  present.  Further  some  so-called  saussurite  contains  no  zoisite,  the  name  having  been 
given,  for  example,  to  some  compact  labradorite;  also  to  some  substances  which  have  proved  to 
have  the  composition  of  garnet.  Cf.  Michael,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  39,  1888.  Cathreiu  also  describes  the 
change  of  garnet  to  saussurite,  Zs.  Kr.,  10,  444,  1885.  Roepper  has  described  a  calcium-potash 
pseudomorph  after  anorthite  from  Franklin,  N.  J.,  with  G.  =  3'06-3-10,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  364,  1878. 

The  original  saussurite  was  from  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Geneva.  G.  =  3'261  de  Saussure; 
3'365-3'385,  Hunt;  H.  =  6'5-7;  color  pale  bluish  green,  greenish  gray,  to  white  or  nearly  so;  very 
tough.  Not  attacked  by  acids.  It  was  named  after  the  elder  H.  B.  de  Saussure  (1740-1799)  by 
his  son,  Th.  de  Saussure  (1767-1845).  Hiitlin  and  Pfaffius  have  described  a  saussurite  which 
occurs  with  serpentine  in  the  Schwarzwald.  It  forms  with  smaragdite  the  euphotide  of  the 
Alps,  a  rock  which,  as  a  result  of  glacier  action,  is  widely  distributed  in  boulders  over  the  valley 
of  the  Rhone,  and  the  country  about  Lake  Geneva:  the  boulders,  as  ascertained  by  Prof.  Guyot, 
were  derived  from  the  chain  of  the  Saasgrat,  through  the  valley  of  the  Saas,  and  are  distributed 
to  a  distance  of  150  miles  from  this  place  of  origin.  Also  present  in  saussurite-gabbro  and 
related  rocks  of  Corsica,  Piedmont,  the  Fichtelgebirge,  Scandinavia,  the  Lizard;  in  the  green- 
stones of  the  Lake  Superior  region  (G.  H.  Williams,  Bull.  62,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.). 

The  following  are  typical  analyses. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Boulanger,  Ann.  Mines.  8,  159,  1835.  3,  4,  T.  S.  Hunt,  Am.  J.  Sc  ,  27,  345, 
1859  5,  Finkenscher,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  89,  456,  1863.  6.  Htitlin  &  Pfaffius,  Vh.  Ges.  Freib.,  2,  1861. 
7,  Hudleston,  quoted  by  Bonney,  Min.  Mag.,  2,  6,  1878.  8,  Delesse.  Bull.  Soc.  G..  6,  547,  1849. 

9.  Id.,  Ann.  Mines,   17,  116,   1850.     10,  Damour,  C.  R.,  63,  1044,  1866.     11,  Rath,  Pogg.,  95, 
555,   1855      12,  Chandler,  Inaug.  Diss.,   Gott.,   1856,  and  JB.  Ch.,  858,  1856.     13,  14,  Heddle, 
Min.  Mag.,  2,  29,  1878.     15,   Id.,  ibid.,   5,   6,  1882.     16,  Hjortdnhl,  Nyt  Mag.,  23,  228,  1877. 
17,  Fellenberg,  Vh.  Schw.  Ges  ,  Interlaken,  1870.     18,  19,  F.  W.  Clarke,  Proc.  U.  S.  Mus.,  11, 
128,  1888.    20,  Id.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  28,  21,  1884.    21,  Michael,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  38, 1888.    22-24,  Cathrein, 
Zs.  Kr.,  7,  234etseq.,  1882. 

G.  Si02  A12O3  Fe2O3  FeO  CaO  MgO  Na2O  K2O  igu. 

1.  Mt.  Genevre  44'6  30'4        —       —  15'5  2'5  7'5        —       —  =100'5 

2.  Orezza,  Corsica      3'18  43'6  32'0        —       —  21-0  2'4        —      1'6        -  =100-6 

3.  L.  Geneva,  U.  wh.  3'365  43'59  27'72    2'61       —  19'71  2'98  3'08      —  0-35=100-04 

4.  "  3-385        4810    25'34    3'30      —      12-60    6'76a  3'55      —     0-66=100-31 

5.  "  45-34    30-28      —      1'37    13'87    3'88    4'23      —      0'71=  99*68 

6.  Schwarzwald  42'64  31 '00  —      2'40  8'21  5'73          3'50  3-83=  97'31 

7.  Mt.  Colon  45-70  23  00  0'50  19-30  4'75        [1'95]  4'80=100 

8.  Mt   Genevre  49'73  29'65  —      0'85  11-18  0'56  4'04    024  3'75=100 

9.  Durance  56'12  17'40  7'79      —  8'74  3'41  3'72    0'24  1'93=  99  35 

10.  Neuchatel  50-69  25'65  2'50      —  10'61  5'76  4  64      —  0'30=100'15 

*  The  specimen  analyzed  contained  some  talc. 


516 


SILICATES. 


11.  Neurode 

12.  Zopten 

13.  Unst 

14.  " 

15.  Ayrshire 

16.  Bergen 

17.  Bieler  L. 

18.  Swiss  L. Dwellings  3-403 

19.  Saasthal,  mass. 

20.  Shasta  "Co.,  Cal. 

21.  Wojaleite 

22.  Wildschonau 
23. 

24. 


G. 

Si02 

AlaO8 

Fe2O3  FeO 

CaO 

MgO 

Na2O 

K2O 

ign. 

2-991 

|  50-84 

26-00 

273 

— 

14-95 

0-22 

4-68 

0-61 

1-21  =  101-24 

51-76 

2682 

1-77 

— 

12-96 

0-35 

4-61 

0-62 

0-68=  99  57 

2-95 

52-21 

29-64 

0-48 

— 

12-43 

0-26 

4-00 

0-44 

0-11=  99-57 

2-954 

53-14 

29-99 

0'25 

— 

12-29 

0-21 

3-86 

0-47 

0-21=100-42 

3-088 

39-92 

27  51 

1-92 

— 

17-13 

1-66 

4-63 

1-40 

6-12=100-29 

3-19 

42-91 

31-98 

0-19 



20-94 

0-81 

2-31 

0-18 

—  =  99-32 

3-407 

48-86 

29-27 

— 

1-67 

11-74 

— 

5-43 

3-58 

0-50=101-05 

3-403 

46-90 

29  76 

2-52 

11-77 

5-80 

3-21 

tr. 

0-30=100-26 

48-29 

27  -35 

1 

•45 

12-95 

5-36 

3-57 

tr. 

0-54=  99  81 

3-148 

42-79 

29-43 

3-65 

18-13 

1-40 

2-51 

2-42=100  33 

38-15 

32-63 

2-92 

— 

25-10 

0-40 

tr. 

_ 

2-41  =  101-61 

2-659 

65-23 

21-22 

0-80 



1-80 

0-61 

10-24 

0-61 

—  =100-41 

2-988 

50-49 

25-27 

3-36 

— 

11-07 

2-70 

4-93 

1-30 

2-11=101-23 

3-011 

48-30 

29-98 

0-65 

— 

1236 

1-31 

4-49 

1-57 

2-33=100-99 

Ref._ i  Cathrein,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  234-249,  1882.  Traube,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Greifswald,  1884.  G.  H. 
Williams,  Bull.  62,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  1891. 

407.  EPIDOTE.  Schorl  vert  du  Dauphin e  de  Lisle,  Crist,,  2,  401,  1783.  Strahlstein  pt. 
Wern.,  1788-1*00.  Thallite  (fr.  Dauphine)  Delameth.,  Sciagr.,  2,  401,  1792,  T.  T.,  2,  319,  1796; 
H.,  J.  Mines,  5,  270,  1799.  Delphinite  (ib.)  Saussure,  Voy.  Alpes,  §  1918,  1796  (=  Oisauite  pt.). 
Akanticone  (fr.  Arendal)  d'Andrada,  J.  Phys.,  51,  240,  1800,  Scherer's  J.,  4, 1800;  =  Arendalite 
Karst.  (and  Lectures  of  Blumenbach,  earlier),  Tab.,  34,  74,  1800.  Skorza  Wallachian  Mm. , 
Karst.,  Tab.,  28,  72.  1800.  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  3,  282,  1802.  Epidote  H.,  Tr.,  3,  1801.  Pistazit 
Wwn.,  1803,  Ludw.  Min.,  Wern.,  2,  209,  1804.  Withamite  (fr.  Glencoe)  Brewst..  Ed.  J.  Sc.,  2, 
218,  1825.  Puschkinit  Wagner,  Bull.  Soc.  Moscow,  1841.  Achmatit  Herm.,  Vh.  Min.  Ges., 
202,  1845-46.  Escherit  (fr.  St.  Gothard)  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  95,  507,  1855.  Beustit  Breith.,  B.  H. 
Ztg.,  24,  364,  1865. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  b  :  6  =  1-57874  :  1  :  1-80362;  ft  =  *64°  36'  50"  =  001 
A  100  N.  von  Koksbarov,  Jr.1 

100  A  110  =  54°  59'  54",  001  A  101  =  34°  42'  52",  001  A  Oil  =  58°  27'  45". 


Forms,  pt.2: 
a  (100,  i-l,  T) 
b   (010,  i-l,  P) 
c   (001,  0,  M) 

u  (210,  £-2) 
t    (320,  »-f ) 
m  (110,  /,  z) 
*}  (120,  i-2) 
p  (150,  «-5) 

n  (105,  -  H) 


uu 

ti" 

mm' 


cfl 
cm 

ce 
ae 
ch 
«9 

CGO 
C<T 

ci 

cs 

cN 


70°  59' 

87°   r 

109°  56' 
38°  38' 
15°  58' 

10°  39' 
22°  31' 
34°  43' 
29°  54' 
46°  12' 
51°  26' 
16°  23' 
22°  21' 
34°  21' 
45°  37' 
50°  44V 


m  (102,  -  H) 
e    (101,  -  1-*) 
h   (201,  -  24) 
g    (301,  -  34) 
GO  (104,  H) 
a  (103,  £4) 
i    (102,  i-l) 
s    (203,  H) 
N  (304,  f  4) 
r    (101,  14) 
ft  (403,  |4) 


cr 
a'r 

eft 

CK 

cl 


yy' 

kk' 

oo' 

ce 

cv 

cd 

cm 

cp 

ex 

en 


*  (302,  ft) 

1  (201,  24) 
/    (301,  34) 

P    (016,  fi) 

2  (015,  f  i) 
y   (013,  i-i) 
k    (012,  -H) 
o    (Oil,  14) 

»    (116,  -  £ 
e    (113,  -  i 


63°  42' 

51°  41' 

75°  51' 

80°  16f 

89°  26' 

98°  37' 

57°     1' 

78°  20V 

116°  55V 

28°  5V 

37°  46' 

52°  19' 

75°  45' 

37°  32 

51°  56' 


«  (112,  -  i) 

d  (111,  -  1) 

P  (113,  i) 

a  (112,  -J) 

71  (111,   1) 

q   (221,  2) 

X  (611,  -  6-6) 
w  (211,  -  2-2) 

72  (411,  4-4) 
F  (623,  2-3) 
0  (311,  3-3) 


cq     =89°  42' 

cv     -  68°  47V 
c5    =  69°    9' 

c0    =  81°  31' 

aw    -  34°  28' 

ad    =  49°  52' 

ao     =  77°  2V 

«'<r  =  85°  37V 

a'B  =  79°  52' 

a'n  =  69°  2' 

<z'^   =  45°  6V 

a'C  =  31°  51' 

»       y            Tft0  ^Tfc' 

«'rf   =  83°  48V 

a'E=  85°  IV 


1 

E  (732,  |-|) 

v    (212,  1-2) 

y    (211,  2-2) 

B  (233,  1-4) 

Z  (232,  B) 

*  (353,  |-I) 

6) 

a  (i22,  1-2) 

2) 

0  (121,  2-2) 

A  (131,  3-3) 

d    (141,  4-4) 

E  (151,  .5-5) 

ee 

=    48°  144' 

vo' 

=     62°  19' 

dd' 

=     83°  55' 

PP' 

=     61°  57V 

nri 

=  109°  31' 

bn 

=  *35°  14'  40'' 

nn"' 

=     70°  29' 

vv 

=     70°  34' 

00' 

=  141°     5' 

dd' 

=  159°  58' 

EE 

=  163°  55' 

qq' 

=  115°  18' 

yy' 

=     76°  34' 

CO' 

=     54°  59' 

BB 

=  118°  51' 

aa' 

=  121°  23' 

EPIDOTE  GROUP— EPIDOTE. 
2. 


517 


7. 


10. 


11. 


Figs.  1,  Arendal,  Haid.  2,  Sulzbach,  Bkg.,  projection  on  b  (010).  (  3,  Ural,  Kk.  4,  Achma- 
tovsk, Kk.  6,  Achmatovsk,  after  Kk.,  projection  on  plane  .1  c.  5,  7,  8,  common  forms; 
7,  8,  with  axis  i_  b  erect.  9,  Elba,  Artini.  10,  Colorado,  Bodewig.  11,  Bucklandite, 
Achmatovsk,  Kk. 

The  species  zoisite  and  epidote,  similar  in  composition,  are  also  closely  related  in  form  and 
hence  to  be  regarded  as  isomorphous  though  belonging  to  different  crystalline  systems.  Thus, 
as  suggested  by  Tschermak  and  others  (cf.  5th  Ed.,  p.  292),  the  corresponding  planes  may  be 
regarded  as: 

Zoisite  b  (010)         c  (001)         m  (110)         u  (021)         m'"  (110)         o  (111)         o"  (111) 

n    (Til) 


;e 
Dte 

b  (010) 
a  (100) 

c  (001)         m  (110) 
6(010)         c  (001) 

u  (021) 
m  (110) 

m'"  (110) 
r      (101) 

0(111)             0" 

Zoisite 

Epidote  (cf.  f. 

4) 

mm'" 

(110  A   110) 

=    63°  34' 

cr 

(001   A  101) 

=     63a  42' 

00'" 

(111   A   111) 

=     33°  24' 

on 

(Oil   A  ill) 

=     33°  55|' 

uu' 

(021   A  021) 

=    68°  54' 

mm' 

(110  A  110) 

=    70°    4' 

mo 

(110  A   HI) 

=     56°  56' 

ceo 
\rn 

(001   A  Oil) 
(101   A   ill) 

=     58°  28' 
=     54°  45' 

oo" 

(111   A   ill) 

=     66°    8' 

(  00'" 

(Oil   A  101) 

=     63°    44' 

(  nn'" 

(ill  A   111) 

=     70°  29' 

Br&gger,  however,  prefers  to  regard  the  planes  in  the  prismatic  zone  as  corresponding  thus* 
Zoisite  100  120  130  140  210 


Epidote 


102 


102        302 


101        201 


302        502 


104        304 


518  SILICATES. 

Further  by  exchanging,  for  zoisite,  the  axes  c  and  b  and  b  and  a,  also  by  making  the  dome 
(021)  =  (110):  further,  taking  for  epidote  i  (102)  as  (001),  and  r  (101)  as  (101),  he  calculates: 

a'  :  b'  :  c' 

Zoisite  1-4458  :  1  :  0  9023  a'  /3'  y'  =  90° 

Epidote  1-4406  :  1  :  0'8903  a'  y1  =  90°  /J'  =  81°  3' 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  (1)  a  common  (f.10,  12),  of  ten  as  embedded  tw.  lamellae;  (2)  c  rather 

rare.  Crystals  usually  prismatic  |  the  axis  b  and  terminated  at 
one  extremity  only;  passing  into  acicular  forms.  The  planes 
in  the  zone,  ac,  are  usually  deeply  striated.  When  terminated 
by  n  or  o  simply  (f.  5,  7,  8),  the  crystals  often  have  a  deceptive 
orthorhombic  aspect,  cf.  also  f.  4.  The  terminal  angles 
mm'  (110  A  110  =  70°  4')  and  nn'"  (111  A  HI  =  70°  29') 
approximate  closely  to  each  other  and  hence  these  forms  can 
be  easily  confounded.  Prismatic  crystals  developed  ||  c  are  rare 
(f.  9.  10).  Also  fibrous,  divergent,  or  parallel;  granular, 
particles  of  various  sizes,  sometimes  fine  granular,  and  forming 
rock-masses. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect;  a  imperfect.  Fracture  uneven. 
Brittle.  H.  =  6-7.  G.  =  3-25-3-5,  Luster  vitreous;  on  c  in- 
clining to  pearly  or  resinous.  Color  pistachio-green  or  yellowish  green  to  brownish 
green,  greenish  black,  and  black;  sometimes  clear  red  and  yellow;  also  gray  and 
grayish  white,  rarely  colorless.  Streak  uncolored,  grayish.  Transparent  to 
opaque  :  generally  subtranslucent. 

Pleochroism  strong:  vibrations  ||  c  green,  b  brown  and  strongly  absorbed, 
1  yellow.  Absorption  usually  b  >  c  >  a  ;  but  sometimes  c  >  b  >  a  in  the  variety 
^f  epidote  common  in  rocks.  Often  exhibits  idiophanous  figures4,  best  in  sections 
lormal  to  an  optic  axis,  but  often  to  be  observed  in  natural  crystals  (Sulzbach), 
Specially  if  flattened  ||  r  (101). 

The  directions  of  maximum  absorption  and  the  axes  of  elasticity  do  not  coincide  except  as 
regards  the  axis  t  which  is  |  b,  the  crystallographic  axis  of  symmetry;  nor  are  the  first  men- 
*?.oned  directions  (axes  of  absorption)  at  right  angles  to  each  other.  Exhaustive  investigations  of 
rfeese  phenomena  have  been  given  Pulfrich,  Ramsay,  et  al.4 

Optically  —  .  Double,  refraction  very  strong.  Ax.  pi.  ||  #.  Bxar  /\  6  = 
-  2°  56'  =  ta.  Bxa.gr  A  6  =  -  2°  26'  Klein.  Hence  c  J_  a  (100)  nearly.  Dis- 
lersion  inclined,  strongly  marked;  of  the  axes  feeble,  p  >  v.  One  optic  axis 
tearly  J_  r  (101),  the  other  slightly  inclined  to  c  (001).  Axial  angles,  Klein3: 


Also  ' 

2Ha.r 

2H0.r 
2Va.r 

= 

91°  26' 
144°  56' 
73°  48' 
1-75405 
1-76766 

2Ha.y  =     91°  20' 
.       2H0.y  =  145°  .38' 
2Vy     =    73°  39' 
j3y     =  1-75702 
^r     =  1-73053 

2Ha.gr  = 
2H0.gr  = 

2Vgr    = 
/?gr    = 

91°  12' 
146°  36' 
73°  26' 
1-76213 

Var.  —  Epidote  has  ordinarily  a  peculiar  yellowish  green  (pistachio) 
jr  minerals.     But  this  color  passes  into  dark  and  light  shades  —  black 

color,  seldom  found  in 
on  one  side,  and  brown 

on  the  other;  red,  yellow,  and  colorless  varieties  also  occur. 

Var.  1.  Ordinary.  Color  green  of  some  shade,  as  described,  the  pistachio  tint  rarely  absent. 
(a)  In  crystals,  (b)  Fibrous,  (c)  Granular  massive,  (d)  Scorza  is  epidote  sand,  of  the  usual 
green  color,  with  quartz  from  the  gold  washings  of  the  river  Aranyos,  near  Muska  in  Transylvania. 
The  Arendal  epidote  (ArendaUte]  i  is  mostly  in  dark  green  crystals;  that  of  Dauphine  (Thallite, 
Delpliinite,  Oisanite)  in  yellowish  green  crystals,  sometimes  transparent;  found  near  Bourg 
d'Oisans.  Puschkinite  includes  crystals  from  the  auriferous  sands  of  Ekaterinburg,  Ural; 
G.  =  3'066;  named  after  Pushkin,  a  Russian  senator.  Achmatile  is  ordinary  epidote,  in  crys- 
tals, from  Achmatovsk,  Ural.  Escherite  is  a  brownish  yellow,  somewhat  greenish  epidote,  from 
St.  Gothard.  A  variety  from  Garda,  Hoste  Is.,  Terra  del  Fuego,  has  been  described  which  is 
colorless  and  resembles  zoisite  (anal.  17). 

2.  The  so-called  Bucklandite  from  Achmatovsk,  described  by  Hermann,  is  black  with  a  tinge 
of  green,  and  differs  from  ordinary  epidote  in  having  the  crystals  nearly  symmetrical  (f.  11),  and 
not,  like  other  epidote,  lengthened  in  the  direction  of  the  orthodiagonal.  G.  =  3'51.  Hermann's 
Bagrationite,  from  Achmatovsk,  appears  to  be  essentially  the  same  mineral,  agreeing  with  it 


EPID OTE  GRO  UP— EPID  0 TE. 


519 


in  angles,  according  to  Hermann  (Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  35,  248,  1862),  and  having  G.  =  3'46, 
while  the  original  bagnttionite  of  Koksharov  is  a  variety  of  allanite  (p.  523).  It  Sitters  from 
bucklandite  in  containing  u  little  cerium. 

3.  Withamite.  Carmine- red  to  straw-yellow;  strongly  pleochroic;  deep  crimson  and  straw- 
yellow;  H.  =  6-6'5;  G.  =  3'137;  in  small  radiated  groups.  From  Glencoe,  in  Argyleshire, 
Scotland.  Named  after  Dr.  Henry  Witham  of  Glencoe.  It  is  stated  to  contain  manganese,  and 
sometimes  referred  to  piedmoutite,  but  an  analysis  by  Heddle  (anal.  15)  gives  only  014  MnO, 
Min.  Mag.,  5,  15,  1882.  Of.  Lex.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  9,  75,  1886. 

Beuslite  is  a  grayish  white  to  ash-gray  mineral.  From  near  Predazzo  in  the  Tyrol. 
G.  —  2-859-2  877,  Breith.  Its  identity  with  epidbte  has  not  certainly  been  proved. 

Comp.— HCaa(Al,Fe),Sia011     or     Ht0.4Ca0.3(Al,Fe)aO,.6SiOs,    the    ratio    of 
aluminium  to  iron  varies  commonly  from  6  :  1  to  3  :  2.     Percentage  composition: 


Al:Fe 
1  :0 
5:  1 
4:1 
3:  1 
2:  1 
0:  1 


SiO2         AlaO,         FeaOj 


CaO 


H,O 


39-67 
38-44 
38-20 
37-87 
37-29 
33-30 

33-71 
27-23 
25-98 
24-13 
21  13 

8-53 
10-18 
12-60 
16-55 
4435 

24-64 
23-88 
2373 
23-51 
23-16 
20-68 

1-98 
1-92 
1-91 
1-89 

1-87 
1-67 

100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 


Most  early  analysts  failed  to  recognize  the  presence  of  the  water,  and  when  found  it  was 
usually  referred  to  alteration.  The  correct  formula  was  first  established  by  Tscherinak,  who 
(Min.,  1883)  makes  it  a  basic  orthosilicate  containing  (CaOH),  while  Groth  assumes  the 
presence  of  (A1OH). 

Anal.— 1,  Ludwig,  Miu.  Mitth.,  189,  1872.  2,  Id.,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  180,  1881.  3,  Drasche,  Jb. 
Min.,  120,  1872.  4,  Rg.,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  24,  649,  1872.  5,  Lasp.,  Zs.  Kr.,  3,  561,  1879. 
6,  Mauthner,  Min.  Mitth.,  259,  1872.  7,  Doelter,  Min.  Mitth.,  175,  1875.  8,  9,  Lasp.,  1.  c., 
p.  562.  10,  Luedecke,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  28,  262,  876.  11,  Renard,  Bull.  Ac.  Belg.,  50,  170,  1880. 
12,  Schlemmer,  Min.  Mitth.,  258,  1872.  13,  Nanke,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  81,  1880.  14,  Heddle,  Miu. 
Mag.,  2,  34,  1878.  15,  Id.,  ibid.,  5,  15,  1882.  16,  A.  G.  Dana,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  29,  455,  1885. 
17,  Wiik,  Fiusk.  Vet.-Soc.  Forh.,  27,  1885.  18,  Lex.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  10,  150,  1887.  19,Genth, 
Bull.  74,  p.  40,  U.  S.  G.  Surv. 

For  earlier  analyses  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  283;  also  cf.  Ludwig,  who  selects  those  among  them 
which  deserve  confidence. 


1.  Untersulzbach 

2.  •    " 
3. 

4. 
5. 

6. 

7.  Allochetthal 

8.  Zillerthal 

9.  Bourg  d'Oisans 

10.  Syra 

11.  Quenast 

12.  Zoptau,  blk.  green 
18.         "       light  green 

14.  Uust  Is. 

15.  Glencoe.  Withamite, 


16.  Howe,  Mass. 

17.  Pargas 

18.  Is.  Garda,  colorless 

19.  Macon  Co.,  K  C. 


G. 

Si02 

A12O3 

Fe2O3 

FeO 

MnO 

CaO 

MgO 

H2O 

3-466    f 

37-83 
37-83 

2263 
2343 

14-02 
13-31 

093 

0-48 

tr. 
tr. 

23-27 
23-47 

tr. 
tr. 

2-05  =  100-73 
2-06  =  100-58 

3-5 

38-37 

22-09 

13-77 

0-88 

tr. 

17-94 

4-08 

2-11  Na2O  tr. 

[=  99-24 

37-11 

21-90 

16-00 

23-19 



2-03  =  100-23 

36-57 

24-14 

12-29 

0-71 

0-06 

23-33 



l-99insoU-13 

[=  100-22 

3452 

38-60 
37-70 

23-08 
24-61 

12-34 
14-23 

095 
0-45 

24-17 
20-99 

— 

1-88  =101-08 
2-23  =  100-21 

38-46 

28-59 

5-76 

0-53 

24-60 

. 

1-92  insol.  0-42 

f=  100  28 

36-49 

22-45 

14-27 

0-61 

0-03 

23-52 



1-91  in  sol.  068 

38-15 

25-30 

9-30 

25-10 

0-24 

[=99-96 
1-80  =    99-89 

3-421    f 

38-26 

24-75 

11-07 

0-56 

tr. 

2363 

tr. 

2-26  =  100-53 

38-51 

1888 

17  25 

23-32 

2-98  =  100-94 

39-18 

2652 

8-21 

23-89 



2-20  =  100 

38-75 

26-99 

7-90 

1-81 

0-50 

20-38 

0-79 

2-38  Alk.  0-46 

[—  99-96 

43-23 

23-09 

6-68 

1-13 

0-14 

20-00 

0-88 

2-40Alk.2-15» 

1 

38-20 

24-62 

12-20 

__ 

0-57 

21-59 

[insol.  0-35  =  99-70 
0-13    2-16  Alk.  037 

3-3 

37-92 

27-90 

9-10 

22-81 

2-02  =    99-75 

3'21 

37-95 

30-38 

7-83 

20-34 

0-93 

2-64  =  100-07 

3-269 

36-95 

25-82 

9-97 

1-84 

0-56 

21-86 

056 

3-02  -  100-08 

a  Incl. 

Ka2O 

0-94,  K 

20  0-96 

i,  Li20 

0-25. 

f  Q  ^7  etc:~J\tne  closed  tube  gives  water  on  strong  ignition.  B.B.  fuses  with  intumescence 
at  *4tj  to  a  dark  brown  or  black  mass  which  is  generally  magnetic.  Reacts  for  iron  and  some- 
times for  manganese  with  the  fluxes.  Partially  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  but  whet 
previously  ignited,  gelatinizes  with  acid.  Decomposed  on  fusion  with  alkaline  carbonates. 
t*.  of  Arendal  epidote  changes  on  ignition,  from  3-409  to  2'984 


520  SILICATES. 

Obs. — Epidote  is  common  in  many  crystalline  rocks,  as  syenite,  gneiss,  mica  schist,  horn- 
blendic  schist,  serpentine,  and  especially  those  that  contain  the  ferriferous  varieties  of  amphibole. 
It  often  accompanies  beds  of  magnetite  or  hematite  in  such  rocks.  It  is  sometimes  found  in 
geodes  in  trap;  and  also  in  sandstone  adjoining  trap  dikes  as  a  result  of  contact  metamorphism. 
It  also  occurs  at  times  in  nodules  in  different  quartz-rocks  or  altered  sandstones.  It  is  a  con- 
stituent of  much  so-called  saussurite  formed  from  plagioclase  feldspar  (p.  515).  It  is  associated 
often  with  quartz,  pyroxene,  feldspar,  axinite,  chlorite,  etc. 

It  sometimes  forms  with  quartz  an  epidote  rock,  called  epidosyte.  A  similar  rock  exists  at 
Melbourne  in  Canada.  A  gueissoid  rock 'consisting  of  flesh-colored  orthoclase,  quartz,  and 
epidote  from  the  Uuaka  Mts.  (N.  C.  and  Teun.)  has  been  called  unakyte. 

Beauti*".:!  crystallizations  come  from  Bourg  d'Oisans,  Dauphin  e;  the  Ala  valley  and  Traver 
sella,  in  Piedmont;  Elba;  Zermatt  in  the  Valais;  near  Guttannen  in  the  Haslithal;  at  Kaverdiras 
and  Baduz  in  the  valley  of  Tavetsch  (the  latter  sometimes  referred  to  zoisite,  but  optically 
epidote,  Dx.);  Mouzoui  in  the  Fassathal,  Zillerthal  in  Tyrol,  sometimes  in  rose-red  and  greenish 
crystals  of  small  size,  resembling  thulite;  the  Saualpe  in  Cariuthia.  The  Knuppenwand  in  the 
Uutersulzbachthal,  Pinzgau,  has  since  1866  furnished  large  quantities  of  crystals  beautiful  in 
size,  complexity  of  form,  luster  and  transparency;  they  occur  in  crevices  in  an  epidotic  schist 
associated  with  asbestus,  adularia,  fine  crystals  of  apatite,  also  tltanite,  scheelite;  also  well  crys- 
tallized from  the  Krimler-Achenthal,  near  Kriml;  the  Habachthal  and  Hollersbach  in  Tyrol; 
Striegau,  Silesia;  Zoptau,  Moravia;  Arendal  in  Norway;  Nordmark,  Wermland,  Sweden;  the 
Achmatovsk  mine  near  Zlatoust,  Ural;  from  the  Ilmeu  Mts.;  Ekaterinburg.  In  Brazil  with  the 
green  tourmaline  of  Minas  Geraes. 

In  N.  America,  occurs  in  N.  Hamp.,  at  Franconia,  crystallized  and  granular,  with  magnet- 
ite; Warren  with  quartz  and  pyrite.  In  Mass.,  at  Hadlyme  and  Chester,  in  crystals  in  gneiss; 
at  Athol,  in  syenitic  gneiss,  in  fine  crystals,  2  m.  S.W.  of  the  center  of  the  town;  Newbury.  in 
limestone;  at  Somerville  with  prehnite;  at  Nahaut,  poor,  in  trap;  at  Howe,  at  the  pyrite  mine 
with  gahnite.  In  Rhode  Island,  at  Cumberland,  in  a  kind  of  trap.  In  Conn.,  at  Haddam,  in 
large  splendid  crystals;  on  Hosmer  Mt.,  |  mile  S.W.  of  Willimantic.  In  N.  York,  2  m.  S.E.  of 
Amity,  in  quartz;  2  m.  S.  of  Carmel,  Putnam  Co.,  with  hornblende  and  garnet;  2  m.  S.  of 
Coffee's,  Monroe,  Orange  Co.;  6  m.  W.  of  Warwick,  pale  yellowish  green,  with  titanite  and 
pyroxene;  on  New  York  island  on  the  East  river,  near  38th  St.  In  N.  Jersey,  at  Franklin, 
massive;  at  Roseville  in  Byram  township,  Sussex  Co.,  in  good  crystals.  In  Penn.,  at 
E.  Bradford;  on  John  Balderson's  farm,  Kennett  township,  Chester  Co.  In  Maryland,  at 
Webb's  mine,  Cumberland.  In  N.  Carolina,  from  the  gold-washings  of  Rutherford  Co.;  fine 
crystals  at  Hampton's,  Yancey  Co.;  White's  mill,  Gaston  Co.;  Franklin,  Macon  Co.;  in  crystals 
and  crystalline  masses  in  quartz  at  White  Plains,  Alexander  Co.  In  Michigan,  in  the  Lake 
Superior  region,  at  many  of  the  mines;  at  the  Norwich  mine,  beautifully  radiated  with  quartz 
and  native  copper.  In  Colorado,  in  the  Pike's  Peak  region  (fig.  10);  also  in  calcite  at  the 
Calumet  mine,  Calumet,  Chaffee  Co.  In  Canada,  at  St.  Joseph,  Beauce  Co.,  Quebec,  in  a 
concretionary  argillaceous  rock. 

Epidote  is  one  of  Haiiy'scrystallographic  names,  derived  from  the  Greek  eTtidoaiS,  increase, 
and  translated  by  him,  "  qui  a  re9U  un  accroissemeut,"  the  base  of  the  prism  (rhomboidal  prism) 
having  one  side  longer  than  the  other.  In  its  introduction  Haiiy  set  aside  three  older  names. 
Thallite  (from  6aAAo'?,  color  of  young  twigs,  alluding  to  the  green  color)  was  rejected  because 
it  was  based  on  a  varying  character,  color;  DelpMnite  and  Arendalite,  because  derived  from 
localities.  But  the  name  Epidote  is  now  so  involved  in  geological  as  well  as  mineral ogical 
literature  that  the  law  of  priority  cannot  well  do  the  justice  demanded  of  it.  Werner's  name 
Pistacite,  from  TtiardKia,  the  pistachio-nut  (referring  to  the  color),  was  not  proposed  as  early  as 
thallite  or  epidote. 

Alt.— Epidote  is  less  liable  to  alteration  than  most  of  the  silicates,  partly  because  the  iron  it 
contains  is  mostly,  when  not  wholly,  in  the  state  of  sesquioxide. 

Artif.— Epidote  has  not,  as  yet.  been  found  among  the  crystallizations  of  furnace  slags,  or 
formed  in  the  laboratory  of  the  chemist,  although  it  has  been  a  frequent  result  of  the  action  of 
heat  and  steam  on  ferruginous  sandstones  accompanying  the  ejection  of  doleryte  and  other 
eruptive  rocks. 

Ref.— *  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  15,  31,  1880,  and  Miu.  Russl.,  8,  44;  from  measurements  of 
crystals  from  Untersulzbach;  the  agreement  of  measured  and  calculated  angles  shows  that  these 
elements  are  probably  more  precise  than  those  of  Koksharov,  Sr.,  (Min.  Russl.,  3,  268,  1858,) 
generally  accepted  hitherto,  viz.,  1-58073  :  1  :  1 '80574,  /?  =  64°  36'.  The  position  here  taken  is 
that  of  Marignac  and  now  adopted  by  most  authors;  with  Mohs  and  Naumauu  (also  Dana,  earlier 
Eds.)  a  (T)  -  101,  c  (M)  =  100,  z  =  111,  I  =  001,  etc. 

*  See  Bkg.  (Zs.  Kr.,  2,  321,  1878)  for  a  list  of  planes  with  early  authorities,  etc.;  he  enumer- 
ates 220  planes,  including  147  determined  by  him,  but  many  are  doubtful,  especially  those  (about 
100  in  number)  in  the  striated  orthodome  zone.  Cf.  also  Gdt.,  Index,  1,  557,  1886,  and  lecently 
Flink,  Artini  (see  below),  and  Hintze,  Min.,  2,  210  et  seq.,  1890.  The  list  here  given  includes  all 
the  common  planes  and  some  others. 

For  important  memoirs  on  epidote  see:  Haid.,  Ed.  Phil.  J.,  10,  305,  1824;  Levy,  Min. 
Heuland,  2,  115,  1837;  Mgc.,  Bibl.  Univ.,  Suppl.,  4,  148.  1847;  Hbg.,  Min.  Not.,  1,  23-25,1856, 
2,  10,  1858;  Kk.,  1.  c.;  Zeph.,  Ber  Ak.  Wien,  34,  480,  1859,  45,  381,  1862;  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  243, 
1862;  Rath.  Pogg.,  115,  472,  1862,  Erg.,  6.  368.  1873;  Schrauf,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  64  (1),  159.  1871; 
Brz.,  Min.  Mitth.,  49,  1871;  Klein,  Jb.  Min.,  113,  1872;  Bkg.,  1.  c.,  Bgr.  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  91,  1890. 


EPIDOTE  GROUP—  PIEDHONTITE. 


521 


Recent  papers  are  by:  Flink,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  Bihang,  12  (2),  p.  2,  46,  52,  1886;  Artiiii, 
Mem.  Ace.  Line.,  4,  380,  1887;  Giiinzer,  Min.  Mitth.,  9,  361,  1887;  Brugnatelli,  Zs.  Kr.,  17, 
529,  1890. 

3  Optical  constants,   Dx.,  Min.,  1,  218,  219,  1862,  N.  R.,  131,  1867;   Kleiu,   Untersulzbach, 
Jb.  Min.,  p.  1,  1874;  also  Artini,  1.  c.,  et  al. 

4  Absorption  phenomena,  Berlin,  ref.  under  iolite,  p.  421;  Klein,  1.  c.;  Laspeyres,  Zs.  Kr.  , 
4,  444,  1880;  Pulfricb,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  142,  158,  1881;  Ramsay,  ib.,  13,  97,  1887.     Absorption  spectra, 
Becquerel,  C.  R,  108,  282,  891,  1889. 

PICROEPIDOTE  Damour  and  Des  Cloizeaux,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  6,  23,  1883.  In  white  or  slightly 
yellowish  translucent  crystals,  having  the  habit  (prismatic  J  b)  and  approximately  the  angles  of 
epidote;  also  similar  optically.  Scratches  glass;  B.B.  infusible.  Contains  essentially  silica, 
alumina,  magnesia,  and  traces  of  lime;  presumably  a  magnesium-epidote.  Observed  with 
diopside,  pyrite,  calcite  in  the  lapis  lazuli  from  Lake  Baikal,  Siberia. 


408.  PIEDMONTITE.  Rod  Magnesia  (fr.  Piedmont)  Cronst.,  Min.,  106,  1758.  Manganese 
rouge  (id.)  Napione,  Mem.  Ace.  Turin,  4,  1790.  Manganese  oxyde  violet  silicifere  (id.)  H.,  Tr., 
4,  1801.  Epidote  rnanganesifere  (id.)  L.  Cordier,  J.  Mines,  13,  135,  1803;  H.,  Tabl.,  1809. 
Piemoutischer  Braunstein  Wern.  ,  Hoffm.  Min.,  4,  a,  152,  1817.  Mauganepidot  Germ.  Piemoutit 
Kenng..  Min.,  75,  1853. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  a  :  I  :  c  =  1-6100  :  1  :  1-8326;  ft  =  *64°  39'  =  001  A  100 
Laspeyres1. 

100  A  100  =  55°  30',  001  A  101  =  63°  30*',  001  A  Oil  =  58°  52|'. 

Forms1:  a  (100,  i-l),  b  (010,  i-i),  c  (001,  0\  m  (110,  I);  e  (101,  -  l-l),  i  (102,  f  l\ 
r  (101,  l-i);  n  (ill,  1). 

Angles:  mm'"  =  111°  0  ,  ci  —  34°  13',  ex  =  63°  30f,  a'i  =  81°  8',  en  =  75°  16',  a'n  —  69°  22f  , 
nri  —  110°  29'. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  #,  often  polysynthetic;  also  c  very  rare.  Crystals  prismatic 
I  1)  like  ordinary  epidote,  but  distinct  forms  rare  and  faces  usually  dull.  Also 
massive. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect;  a  less  so.  Fracture,  uneven.  Fragile.  H.  =  6'5. 
G.  =  3  "404  Breith.  Luster  vitreous;  slightly  pearly  on  other  faces.  Color  reddish 
brown  and  reddish  black;  in  very  thin  splinters  columbine-red.  Streak  reddish. 
Opaque  to  subtranslucent. 

Pleochroism  strong:  c  red,  b  amethyst  to  pink,  a  orange  to  citron-yellow. 
Absorption  a  >  b  >  C.  Optically  +.  Ax.  pi.  \\  b.  Bxar  A  c  =  -4-  82°  34', 
Bxa.y  =  83°  19',  or  Bx0.r  A  c  =  —  7°  26',  Bx0.y  -  -  6°  41';  hence  c.  as  in 
epidote,  nearly  J_  a,  Lasp.%  St.  Marcel.  For  Japanese  piedmontite,  extinction- 
angle  =  a  A  c  —  Bx0  A  k  —  —  3°  Koto.  .  Dispersion  inclined,  strong.  Axial 
angles,  Dx.: 

2Ha  =  82°-90°  2H0  =  121°-126° 

Comp.—  HOa,(Al,Mn,Fe),SiI01I   or  H20.4Ca0.3R20,.6Si02.      If    Al  :  Mri  :  Fe 

=  3:2:1,  the  percentage  composition  is:    Silica  33'6,  alumina  14*3,  iron  sesqui- 
oxide  14*9,  manganese  sesquioxide  14*7,  lime  20*9,  water  1*7  =  100. 

Anal.  —  1,  Kammelsberg,  Min.  Ch.,  595,  1875,  also  Lasp.,  1.  c.  Most  earlier  analyses  (5th 
Ed.,  p.  285)  neglect  the  water.  2,  Takayama,  J.  Coll.  Sc.,  Japan,  1,  303,  1887.  3,  Igelstrom, 
Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  24,  11,  1867.  4,  Flink,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  Bihang,  13  (2),  No.  7,  52,  1888; 
also  Svensson  and  Tamm,  quoted  by  Flink. 


1.  St.  Marcel  G.  =  3'518 

2.  Japan 

3.  Jakobsberg 
4. 

••  MnO. 


SiOa 
38'64 
36-16 
f  33'81 
36-44 


A12O3  Mn2O3 
15'03    15'00 
22  52 
18-58 


24  65 


6  "43 

4'85a 
4'52 


Fe2O3  CaO  MgO  H2O 

8'38  2219  —      1'78  =  101  '02 

9'33  22'05  0'40    3'20  Na2O  0'44  =  100'53 

12'57  26'46  3-04      —  •  •=    99'31 

12'44  19'52  —     3'19  =  IOQ'76 


b  Ignition,  separately  determined,  0*94. 


Pyr.,  etc.—  B.B.  fuses  with  intumescence  at  3  to  a  black  lustrous  glass.  Gives  strong  reao> 
lions  for  manganese  with  the  fluxes,  and  also  for  iron.  Not  decomposed  by  acids,  but  when 
previously  ignited  gelatinizes  with  hydrochloric  acid.  Decomposed  on  fusion  with  alkaline 

carbonates. 


522 


SILICATES. 


Obs.—  Occurs  at  St.  Marcel,  in  the  valley  of  Aosta,  in  Piedmont,  in  braunite  with  quartz, 
greenovite,  violan,  and  tremolite.  Common  in  the  crystalline  schists  of  Japan  at  numerous 
points,  with  quartz  in  piedmontite-schist,  also  as  an  accessory  in  glaucophane-schist,  and 
in  general  in  the  chlorite-sericite  gneiss  of  the  Archaean.  It  sometimes  occurs  as  a  nucleus 
surrounded  by  ordinary  epidote.  Also  in  the  mica  schists,  of  the  He  de  Groix,  Brittany,  and  in 
England. 

A  manganesian  epidote  (anal.  3,  4)  occurs  in  crystalline  limestone  at  Jakobsberg,  Nordrnark, 
Sweden1. 

Ref.—  !  Zs.  Kr.,  4,  435,  1880.  Fliuk  observed  on  the  manganepidote  (anal.  4)  of  Jakobs- 
berg (cf.  epidote)  a  (100),  c  (001),  m  (110),  '77  (120),  m  (102),  £(102),  r  (101),  o  (Oil),  n  (111)  with 
a  :  b  :  c  =  1-5807  :  1  :  1'8057,  ft  =  64°  3fr.  Optically  -.  a  A  c  =  Bxar  A  c  =  -  4°  34', 
Bxa.y  A  c  =  -  5°  20',  2Ha.r  =  86°  52',  2H0.r  =  89°  26',  .-.  2Vr  =  88°  40V  .  In  composition 
and  optical  characters  it  lies  between  ordinary  epidote  and  piedmontite. 

2  Absorption  phenomena,  etc.,  cf.  Lasp.,  1.  c.;  Dx.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  6,  25,  1883. 


409.  ALLANITE,  or  ORTHITE.  Crystallized  Gadolinite?  (fr.  Greenland)  T.  Allan,  Tr.  R. 
Soc.  Edinb.,  6,  345  (read  Nov.  1808)  =  Allanite  Thomson,  ib.,  371  (read  Nov.  1810);  Phil.  Mag., 
36,  278,  1811.  Ceriu  (fr.  Riddarhyttan)  Hisinger,  Afh.,  4,  327,  1815.  Orthit  (fr.  Finbo)  Berz., 
Afh.,  5,  32,  1818.  Pyrorthit  (fr.  Kararfvet)  Berz.,  Afh.,  5,  52,  1818.  Bucklandit  (fr.  Arendal), 
Levy,  Ann.  Phil.,  7,  134,  1824.  Tautolit  (fr.  L.  Laach)  Breith.,  Schw.  J.,  50,  321,  1826.  Ural- 
orthit  Herm.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  23,  273,  1841.  Bagrationit  (fr.  Achmatovsk)  Kk.,  Russisches  Berg. 
J.,  1,  434,  1847;  Pogg.,  73,  182,  1848  [not  Bagrationite  Herm.,  =  Epidote].  Xanthorthit  (fr. 
Erikberg)  Herm.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  43,  112,  1848. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  1-55090  :  1  :  1-76908;  fi  =  *64°  59'  =  001*  A  100 
Rath1. 

100  A  HO  =  *54°  34',  001  A  101  =  63°  24',  001  A  Oil  =  58°  2f  '. 


Forms2: 

a  (100,  a,  T) 
c   (001,  0,  M) 

it  (10-1-0,  a-10)1 
p  (610,  i-6)5 
u  (210,  i-2) 


w(110,  J,  z) 

m  (102,  -  -B) 
e  (101,  -  1-i)3 
h  (201,  -  2-i)5 
cr  (103,  fi) 
»'  (102,  i-i) 


*  (203, 

H)          * 

(012, 

r  (101, 

l-I)                   0 

(Oil, 

J   (201, 
ff  (703, 
/  (301, 
A  (501, 

F(115, 

£2,      o  (113> 

Js     d  (111' 

«  (112, 

2. 

z 

A  

c             /> 

V 

fr 

n 

r 

a                  ' 

>l 

\ 

/ 

/ 

3. 

a' 

A 

r 

1     ^ 

r  \  ^i 

c 

1  o/ 

w  xs  — 

r^fm 

n  (111,  1) 

q  (221,  2) 

w  (211,  -  2-2) 
y  (211,  2-2)3 
p  (124,  i-2)« 


Figs.  1,  Moriah,  N.  Y.,  i  nat.  size.     2,  UralortMte,  II men  Mts.,  Kk.     3,  Bucklandite, 
Laacher  See,  Rath.     4,  Bagrationite,  Kk. 


uu"'  =  70 

7/m"'  =  109 

cm 

ce 

ch 

CO" 

ci 


cs 
cr 


1  8' 

=  22°  36V 

=  34°  53' 

=  46°  27V 

=  22°  19' 

=  34°  15V 

=  45°  27' 

=  63°  24' 


a'r  =  *51°  37' 
cl    =    89°     1' 
=     98°  12' 
K  =     77°  26' 
oo'  =  116°     5' 


cv    = 
cd  = 


37°  32' 
52°    9' 


cm  =     75°  48*' 
ex   =     51°  29f 


en  =  74°  49' 

eg  =  89°  28' 

av  =  50°  37' 

ad  =  49°  40' 

ao  =  76°  45 

a'x  =  83°  3' 

a'n  =  68°  42' 

a'q  =  60°  51' 

aw  =  34°  15' 


do  = 

dn  = 


27°  5i 
61°  38' 
61°  36' 
83°  9' 
82°  15' 


dd'  = 

xx'  = 
nn'  -  108°  24V 
qq1  =  114°  22' 
«w'  =  58°  41' 
W'  =  75°  84f 


EFWOTE  GBOUP—ALLANITE.  523 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  a\  also  c  rare.     Crystals  often  flat  tabular  ||  «;   also  long  and 

slender  to  acicular  prismatic  by  elongation  ||  axis  I  Also  massive  and  in  embedded 
ingular  or  rounded  grains. 

Cleavage:  a  and  c  in  traces;  also  m  sometimes  observed.  Fracture  uneven  or 
iubconchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  5'5-6.  G.  =  3'5-4'2  Luster  submetallic,  pitchy, 
Dr  resinous — occasionally  vitreous.  Color  pitch-brown  to  black,  either  brownish, 
oreenish,  grayish,  or  yellowish.  Streak  gray,  sometimes  slightly  greenish  or 
brownish.  Subtranslucent  to  opaque. 

In  part  normally  anisotropic  and  biaxial  with  strong  pleochroism :  c  brownish 
yellow,  b  reddish  brown,  a  greenish  brown.  Optically  — .  Double  refraction  weak 
and  variable.  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bxa  A  c  =  32£°  approx.  ft  =  1-682  Lex. 

According  to  Brogger,  optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  J_  b  and  inclined  to  c  —  37 J° 
Sognsvand.  Also  for  other  occurrences,  Arendal,  Hittero  extinction-angle  34°-37°, 
40°-41°.  Also  isotropic  and  amorphous  by  alteration  analogous  to  gadolinite8  and 
horn  i  lite. 

Var. — This  species,  while  closely  like  epidote  in  crystallization,  varies  much  in  the  results 
of  analyses,  and  also  in  external  appearance.  The  more  prominent  ways  of  variation  are  the 
following:  (1)  The  crystals  are  sometimes  broad  tabular,  and  sometimes  very  long  acicular. 
(2)  The  crystals,  when  well-formed,  often  manifest  no  double  refraction,  as  Des  Cloizeaux 
observed,  and  as  has  been  more  closely  studied  by  Brogger.  (3)  The  amount  of  water  present 
varies  from  2  p.  c.  to  17  p.  c.,  and  the  hardness  and  specific  gravity  correspondingly,  the  kinds 
containing  the  most  water  being  lowest;  and,  in  some,  G.  not  exceeding  2*53.  (4)  There  is  also 
much  diversity  in  pyrognostic  and  other  chemical  characters,  as  explained  beyond. 

The  varieties  that  have  been  distinguished  are  as  follows: 

1.  Allanite.     In  tabular  crystals  or  plates,  the  crystals  sometimes  8  to  10  in.  long,  5  to  6 
wide,  and  an  inch  or  so  thick.     Color  black  or  brownish  black.     G.  =  3-50-3'95.     Named  after 
T.  Allan,  the  discoverer  of  the  mineral,  and  found  among   specimens  from  East  Greenland, 
brought  to  Scotland  by  Giesecke  early  in  the  century.     Cerine  is  the  same  thing,  named  by 
Hisinger,  having  H.  =  6;  G.  =  3'77-3'8;  luster  weak,  greasy;  and  being  subtranslucent  in  thin 
splinters. 

Bucklandite  is  anhydrous  allanite  in  small  black  crystals  from  a  magnetite  mine  near  Aren- 
dal, Norway.  It  was  referred  here  by  v.  Rath  on  the  ground  of  the  angles  and  physical 
characters  (Pogg.,  113,  281,  1861).  That  of  the  Laacher  See  is  also  shown  to  have  the  angles 
of  allanite  by  Rath  (1.  c.);  the  angles  are  those  cited  above  as  the  angles  of  the  species.  Tautolite 
Breith.  is  also  from  the  trachyte  of  the  Laacher  See  and  is  probably  the  same  species. 

2.  Uralwthite  is  allanite  in  large  prismatic  crystals  from  the  Ilmen    Mts.,  near   Miask. 
H.  =  6;  G.  =  3-41-3-60  Herm.;   3'647  Rg.      It  is  pitch-black,  gives  a  gray  powder,   and  is 
nearly  anhydrous. 

3.  Bagrationite.     Occurs,  according  to  Koksharov,  in  black  crystals,  which  are  nearly  sym- 
metrical like  the  bucklandite  of  Achuiatovsk,   and  not  lengthened,   like   uralorthite,    in   the 
direction   of  the  orthodiagonal.      Angles  the   same  with   those    of    uralorthite.       H.   =  6'5. 
G.  =  3'84  Kk.     Streak  dark  brown.     B.B.  intumesces  and  forms  a  black,   shining,  magnetic 
pearl.    In  powder  not  attacked  by  hot  hydrochloric  acid  or  by  boiling  nitric  acid.     Named  after 
the    discoverer,  P.  R.  Bagration.      From   Achmatovsk,  Ural.       Hermann   has  described   and 
analyzed  what  he  calls  bagrationite.  from  Achmatovsk,  which  he  states  has  the  angles  of  the  buck- 
landite of  Achmatovsk,  and  which,  therefore,  is  true  epidote  (q.v.).     The  analyses  by  Hermann 
sustain  this  reference. 

4.  Ortldte  included,  in  its  original  use,  the  slender  or  acicular  prismatic  crystals,  often  a  foot 
long,  containing  some  water.     But  these  graduate  into  massive  forms,  and  some  orthites  are 
anhydrous,  or  as  nearly  so  as  much  of  the  allanite.     The  name  is  from  opQoS,  straight.     The 
tendency  to  alteration  and  hydration  may  be  due  to  the  slenderness  of  the  crystals,  and  the  con- 
sequent great  exposure  to  the  action  of  moisture  and  the  atmosphere.     Luster  vitreous  to  greasy. 
Some  authors  use  orthite  as  the  comprehensive  name  of  the  species. 

5.  Xanthorthite,  of  Hermann,  is  yellowish  and  contains  much  water,  and  is  apparently  an 
altered  variety;  G.  =  2  78-2 '9.     Named  from  ZavBoS,  yellow,  and  orthite. 

6.  Pyrorthite  of  Berzelius  is  an  impure  altered  orthite-like  mineral,  in  long  prisms  of  rather 
loose  texture,   containing  as  its  principal  impurity  some  carbonaceous  material  (over  30  p.  c.), 
and  showing  this  in   its  burning  before  the  blowpipe.     Named  from  nvp,  fire,  and  orthite. 
From  Kararfvet,  near  Falun,  Sweden. 

H  in  n 

Comp.— Like  epidote  HRR3Si3013   or  H20.4R0.3R203.6SiO,  with  R  =  Ca  and 

in 

Fe,  and  R  —  Al,Fe,  the  cerium  metals  Ce,Di,La,  and  in  smaller  amount  those  of 
the  yttrium  group.  Some  varieties  contain  considerable  water,  but  probably  by 
alteration. 

On  the  composition  of  allanite,  see  Rg.,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  24,  60,  1872. 


524 


SILICATES. 


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II  II  I!  II  II  I!  II  II  II  II  II  II  II  II  II  II  II  II  II  II  II  II  II  II  llSS      II  II  II  II  II  lice  II  II  II  II  II  II 

1  005  T-H  ' 


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1  I* 


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EPIDOTE  GROUP— ALLANITE. 


525 


strom 


Anal— 1-13  Enffstrom,  Akad.  Afhaudling,  Upsala,  1877.     14-27,   Cleve,  quoted  by  Eng- 
in.     28,   Paij'kuli;  Akad.   Afbandl., Upsala,  1875,  p.  17.     29,  Rath,  Fogg.,  119,  269,  1863. 


X  1111      OUU.«    £**J')    ^v/wj     j.i_»_;>w.         ut  ,    ji-i..    A  .    j-*-\^iJ.«-'A ,    ** 

J.  Sc.,  40,  118,  1890.  40,  Eakius,  Proc.  Colorado  Sc.  Soc.,  2,  32,  1885.  Also  5th  Ed.,  pp.  287, 
288.— For  analyses  see  the  preceding  page. 

Pyr  etc.— Some  varieties  give  much  water  in  the  closed  tube  and  all  kinds  yield  a  small 
amount  on  strong  ignition.  B.B.  fuses  easily  and  swells  up  (F.  =  2' 5)  to  a  dark,  blebby,  mag- 
netic glass.  With  the  fluxes  reacts  for  iron.  Most  varieties  gelatinize  with  hydrochloric  acid, 
but  if^previously  ignited  are  not  decomposed  by  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  albitic  and  common  f  eld  spathic  granite,  gneiss,  syenite,  zircon-syenite,  por- 
phyry Also  in  white  limestone,  and  often  in  mines  of  magnetic  iron.  Rather  common  as  an 
accessory  constituent  in  many  rocks,  as  in  audesyte,  dioryte,  dacyte,  rhyolyte,  toualyte  of  Mt. 
Adamello  (Rath),  the  scapolite  rocks  of  Odegaarden.  Norway  (Lex.),  etc.  Cf.  Iddings  and  Cross, 
Am  J.  Sc.,  30,  108,  1885;  Lex.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  12,  210, 1889.  Sometimes  inclosed  as  a  nucleus 
in  crystals  of  the  isomorphous  species,  epidote;  as  at  Sill  bole,  Finland  and  other  points  (Nor- 
denskiold,  F.  J.  Wiik,  Miu-Saml.  Helsingfors,  fig.  7,  1887,  Lex.,  1.  c.,  et  al;  similarly  at 
Ilchester,  Md.,  Hobbs9). 


Allanite  enclosed  within  epidote,  Ilchester,  Md.,  Hobbs9. 

Allanite  occurs  in  Greenland,  in  granite;  at  Criffel,  in  Scotland,  in  small  crystals;  at  Jotun 
Fjeld  in  Norway,  in  a  kind  of  porphyry,  and  at  Snarum,  in  albite,  along  with  rutile  and  apatite; 
at  the  Plaueusche  Grund,  near  Dresden;  in  granite  at  the  Schwarze  Krux  near  Schmiedefeld 
and  elsewhere  in  the  Thiiringer  Wald;  in  the  granite  of  Striegau,  Silesia.  At  Vesuvius  in 
ejected  masses  with  sanidiue,  sodallte,  nephelite,  hornblende,  etc.  Similarly  in  trachytic  ejected 
masses  at  the  Laacher  See  (bucklandite)  with  sanidine,  mica,  hornblende,  etc.  In  granular  lime- 
stone at  Auerbach  on  the  Bergstrasse,  but  rare.  Cerine  occurs  at  the  Bastnas  mine,  in  Westman 
land,  Sweden,  with  cerite,  hornblende  and  chalcopyrite. 

Orthite  occurs  in  acicular  crystals  sometimes  a  foot  long  at  Finbo  near  Falun  in  Sweden;  at 
Ytterby  and  Skeppsholm  near  Stockholm,  in  black  vitreous  masses  disseminated  through  gneiss; 
also  at  Kragero,  Hittero,  and  Fille  Fjeld  in  Norway;  at  Sillbole;  also  at  Stansvik,  parish  of 
Helsinge,  in  Finland,  forming  the  nucleus  of  epidote  crystals;  uralorthiie  occurs  with  small 
crystals  of  zircon  in  flesh-red  feldspar  at  Miask  in  the  Ural;  bagrationite  at  the  Achma- 
tovsk  mine  near  Zlatoust. 

In  Mass.,  at  the  Bolton  quarry;  afS.  Royalston,  in  boulders;  in  Athol,  on  the  road  to 
Westminster,  in  gneiss;  at  Swampscot,  near  Marblehead.  In  Conn.,  at  Allen's  vein,  at  the 
gneiss  quarries,  Haddam.  In  JV.  York,  near  West  Point,  in  tabular  cryst. ;  Moriah,  Essex  Co., 
with  magnetite  and  apatite,  some  cryst.  8-10  in.  long,  6-8  broad,  and  1-2  thick;  at  Monroe, 
Orange  Co.  In  N.  Jersey,  at  Franklin  with  feldspar  and  magnetite.  In  Penn..  at  S.  Mountain, 
near  Bethlehem,  in  large  crystals;  at  E.  Bradford  in  Chester  Co.  (called  orthite,  G.  =  3-5);  at 
Easton,  Northampton  Co.(?);  Pricetpwn,  near  Reading,  Berks  Co.,  abundant.  In  Virginia,  in 
large  masses  in  Amherst  Co.;  also  in  Bedford,  Nelson,  and  Amelia  counties.  In  N.  Carolina, 
in  crystals  at  the  hiddenite  mine  in  Alexander  Co.,  with  emerald,  etc.;  also  in  Mitchell  Co..  at 
the  Wiseman  mica  mine;  at  Balsam  Gap,  Buncombe  Co.;  massive  in  large  quantities  neai 
Bethany  Church,  Iredell  Co.;  also  Democrat  P.  O.,  Madison  Co.;  at  Brindletown,  and  at  the 
zircon  mines  in  Henderson  Co.  At  the  Devil's  Head  Mt.,  Douglas  Co.,  Colorado.  As  an 
accessory  rock  constituent  it  has  been  identified  in  many  localities  (cf  above).  In  Canada, 
at  Bay  St.  Paul,  Charlevoix  Co.,  Quebec;  in  a  rock  composed  of  labradorite and  hypersthene 
from  Lake  St.  John,  Chicoutiuii  Co.,  Quebec;  at  Hollow  lake,  head-waters  of  the  S.  Muskoka, 
Ontario. 


526  SILICATES. 

Alt.  —  The  hydrous  varieties  of  allanite  or  orthite  (see  several  of  the  analyses  given  on  p. 
524,  also  vasite  below)  are  properly  altered  forms  of  the  species.  They  often  contain  carbon 
dioxide.  It  is  probable  that  the  carbonates  of  lanthanum  and  of  cerium  proceed  at  times  from 
the  alteration  of  allanite. 

The  alteration  product  of  the  allanite  of  Amherst  Co.,  Va.,  which  forms  an  earthy 
pulverulent  crust  about  the  original  mineral  (anal.  1,  J.  A.  Cabul,  Ch.  News,  308  141,  1872),  has 
been  analyzed  by  J.  R.  Santos  (ibid.,  38,  95,  1878),  anal.  2,  3: 


G.          SiO2       A12O3    Fe2O3      FeO     Ce2O3  (La,Di)aO3  Yr2O,  CaO    MgO  BeO     H2O 

1.  Amherst  Co.,  Va., 

Allanite  3  '83      31  '23    16  "45    3V49    13*67  11  '24      9*90      1*65    8*69  0  22  0*24    2  -28 

[=  99-06 

2.  Crust,  inner,  blk.  rd.  8*05    16-83  37-14       —       713        —         —       —     —    0-942955 

[=  99-64 

3.  "     outer,  white  21'37    20*6612*24      —     21  '90        —         —       —      -    19521-37 

[=  99-49 

Ref.—  *  Laacher  See,  Pogg.,  113,  281,  1861.  2  See  Kk.,  Min.  Russl.,  3,  344,  1858,  4,  37, 
1862;  also  earlier  Haid.,  Min.  Mohs,  3,  68,  1825,  Pogg.,  5,  157,  1825;  Rose,  Reis.  Ural,  1,  432, 
1837;  Credner,  Pogg.,  79,  144,  1850;  A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  Laurinkari,  ib.,  101,  635,  1857; 
cerine,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  27,  551,  1870;  Rath,  bucklandite,  Laacher  See,  ib.,  113,  281,  1861; 
Gdt.,  Index,  2,  438,  1890.  Gdt.  includes  also  104,  302. 

s  Rath,  Vesuvius,  Pogg.,  138,  492,  1869.  4  Id.,  Radauthal,  ibid.,  144,  579,  1871.  5  Bauer, 
Schwarze  Krux,  Schmiedefeld,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  24,  385,  1872.  6  Rath,  Auerbach,  Ber.  nied.  Ges., 

L25,  Jan.  3,  1881.    7  Luedecke,  Schwarze  Krux,  and  other  localities  in  the  Thilringer  Wald, 
.  Kr.,10,  187,  1885. 

8  On  the  optical  structure,  etc.,  see  Dx.  &  Dmr.,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  59,  357,  1860;  Dx.,  Min., 
1,  259etseq.,  1862;  Sjogren,   G.   For.  Forh.,   3,  258,  1877;    Bgr.,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  97,  1890;  Lex.. 
Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  11,  66,  1888. 

9  On  the  association  of  allanite  and  epidote,  see  Hobbs,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  38,  223,  1889,  who  gives 
in  detail  the  earlier  literature. 

WASITE  J.  F.  Bahr,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  19,  415,  1862,  and  Pogg.,  119,  572,  1863.  Vasite.  A 
much  altered  allanite,  of  a  brownish  black  color,  but  yellowish  brown  in  thin  splinters  and 
powder;  with  traces  of  cleavage  in  one  direction.  Bahr  supposed  it  to  contain  the  oxide  of  a 
new  metal  he  named  wasium  (after  the  royal  'family  of  Wasa,  Sweden).  In  a  later  paper 
(Lieb.  Ann.,  132,  227,  1864)  Bahr  makes  this  oxide  thoria.  Nickles  had  suggested  previously 
that  it  might  be  impure  cerium.  From  Ronsholm,  an  island  near  Stockholm.  Analyses  by 
Engstrorn  are  (ref.,  p.  525)  as  follows: 

SiO2    ThO2  A12O3  Fe2O3  Y203Er2O3  Ce2O3  Di2O3  La2O3  CaO     H2O 

Blk.-brown         32'75    0'98    11'45    17'21    3'77    2'22    3-64    3'46    4'64    7'95    11  -95  =  100'02 
Red  38-40    0'94    15*65    19'97    3'52    1'93    4'19    4'42    3'50    3'60    13'97  =  101'09 

MTJROMONTITE  Kerndt,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  43,  228,  1848.  In  grains.  H.  =  7.  G.  =4'263.  Luster 
vitreous  or  slightly  greasy.  Color  black  or  greenish  black.  Apparently  related  to  allanite,  but 
containing  much  of  the  yttrium  metals,  also  beryllium  and  but  little  aluminium  or  cerium. 
Analysis—  Kerndt  : 

SiO2    A12O3    Y2O3a    Ce2O3  La2O3  BeO     FeO     MnO    CaO    MgO    Na2O    K2O  H2O&loss 
81-09     2'23     3714     5-54     3'54     5'52     11-23     0'91      0'71     0-42     0-65     0'17     0*85  =  100 

a  Yttrium  earths. 

From  Mauersberg,  near  Marienberg,  in  the  Saxon  Erzgebirge.  Named  from  a  Latin  ren- 
dering of  Mauersberg. 

BODENTTE  Bretlh.,  Pogg.,  62,  273,  1844,  Kersten,  ib.,  63,  135,  Kerndt.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  43,  219, 
1848.  Related  to  muromoutite  in  composition,  and  in  containing  more  yttrium  than  cerium, 
but  has  a  larger  percentage  of  alumina  and  lime,  and  no  glucina,  and  is  hydrous.  Composition 
according  to  Kerndt. 

SiO2    A12O3    Y2O3a  Ce2O3  La2O3    FeO     MnO    CaO  MgO  Na2O3  K2O    H2O 
8612     10-34     17-43     10*46     7'57     12'05     1'62     6*32    2*34    0'84    1'21    3'02  loss  0'68  =  100 

a  Yttrium  earths. 

m  Boden,  near  Marienberff,  with  muromontite. 


AXINITE    GEOUP—AXINITE. 


527 


14.  Axinite  Group.     Triclinic. 

430.  AXINITE.  Espece  de  Schorl  (fr.'Oisans)  Schreiber,  1781,  de  Lisle's  Crist.,  2,  353, 
1783.  Schorl  violet,  Schorl  transparent  lenticulaire  (fr.  Oisans),  de  Lisle,  ib.,  and  J.  Phys.,  26, 
86,  1785.  Thumerstein  (fr.  Thuin)  Wern.,  Bergrn.  J.,  54,  261,  1788.  Glasschorl  Blumenb., 
Nat.,  1791.  Schorl  violet,  Yauolite,  Delameth.,  Sciagr.,  1,  287,  1792.  Axinite  H.,  J.  Mines,  5, 
264,  1799,  Tr.,  3,  1801.  Thumite. 

Triclinic.     Axes  a  :  1 :  6  =  0-49211  :  1  :  0*47970;  a  =  82°  54'  13",  ft  —  91° 
51'  43",  y  =  131°  32'  19"  Rath1. 

100  A  010  =  48°  21'  8",  100  A  001  =  93°  48'  56",  010  A  001  =  97°  50'  8". 


Forms2  : 

Jf  (110,  '/,  P)3 

x   (111,  I')2 

q  (151,  ,5-5)4 

r  (8-10-3,  '-1/- 

a  (100,  K  I)3 

w   (130,  Y-3)4 

y  (131,  3-3')11 

|  (683,  'f-f)8 

b   (010,  i-l,  v)4 
c   (001,  0,  m)8 

*     (201,  '24')2 

e    (111,  ;1)3 
o-  (241,  ,4  2)8 

i   (311,  '3-3)9 
g   (112,  'i)2 

e  (352,  '|-|)io 
d  (241,  '4-2)7 

/J  (510,  t-5')« 

g    (023,  |4')7 

^>   (371,  ;7-|)8 

Z  (445,  r|)3 

5  (132,  'f-3)7 

#  (310,  i-3')8'6 
a  (210,  £'2")7 
#  (11-7-0,  ^')3.* 
m  (110,  /',  u)2 

/    (Oil,  14')6 
y    (021,  24')4 
X  (021,  '24)' 
yt/    (041,  '44)9 

^  (133,  ,l-3)8 
o    (132,  J-3)2 
r  (131,  ,3-3)* 
C    (155,  ,l-5)7? 

^  (556,  'f  )» 
r   (111,  I)2 
it  (221,  '2)» 
0  (331,  '3)» 

k  (261,'  '6-3)7 
t  (371,  '7-|)7 
6  (172,  '£-7)7? 

ft  (310,  Y-3)7 

W  (312,  f-3')18 

1. 


Figs.  1,  Bourg  d'Oisans.     2,  Poloma,  Schrauf.     3,  Bethlehem,  Penn.,  Frazier.     4,  Botallack; 
Rath.     5,  Bonrg  d'Oisans,  Rath.     6,  Poloma,  Schrauf. 


528 


SILICATES. 


aH  =  6°  21' 
aa  =  9°  2' 
am  =  15°  34' 
bm  =  32°  47' 
ah  =  7°  54' 
aM  =  28°  55' 
w3f  =  44°  29' 
aw  =  89°  23' 

cs  =  72°  12' 

as  =21°  37' 

<#  =  24°  11' 

cf  =  34°  49' 


cy  =  56°  58' 
cX  =  47°  13' 
cu  =  62°  0' 


IV 


ex  =  65 
era  =  95 
mx  =  *30°  33' 


ce    = 

cz    = 
cr    = 

C7T     = 

cJlf  = 
Mr  = 


44°  45' 

27°  19' 
44°  40i 
63°  8* 
89°  55£ 

45°  15' 


18°  21' 

89°  25V 

45°  53' 

93°  21' 

40°  46' 

45°  19V 

24°  84' 

33°  18' 

49°  25' 

My  =     79°  12' 

MY=  115°  24' 

sy     =    45°  54' 


re     = 

re  = 
lx  = 
b'r  = 
xr  = 
M'e  = 
Mi  = 
Ms  - 
MX  = 


sx  =  *i6*  r 

xy  =  29°  47' 

^#  =  54°  38' 

ms  =  *27°  57' 

mr  -  64°  22' 

mX=  132°  46- 

r*  —  36°  25' 

my  =  49°  40' 

mo  =  *85°  38' 

ox  =  *61°  51' 

&?  =  97°  42' 

so  =  76°  43' 


7. 


Crystals  usually  broad  and  acute-edged,  but  varied  in  habit;  usually  with  M  (110) 
and  r  (111)  prominent,  rarely  x  (111)  ;  also  rarely  prismatic  ||  6  (f.  3).  Faces  in  zone 

maM,  also  Msx,  often  striated  J 
their  respective  intersection-edges; 
also  r  usually  striated  ||  edge  r/M. 
Also  massive,  lamellar,  lamellae 
often  curved  ;  sometimes  granular. 
Cleavage:  b  distinct;  also  c,  w; 
r  interrupted  ;  M,  y  in  traces  (Dx.). 
Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H. 
=  6-5-7.  G.  =  3-271  Haid.;  3-294 
but  after  fusion  2  '8  12  Eg.  Luster 
highly  glassy.  Color  clove-brown, 
plum-blue,  and  pearl-gray;  also 
honey-yellow,  greenish  yellow. 
Streak  uncolored.  Transparent  to 
subtranslucent. 

Pleochroism  strong:  J_  r  pale  olive-green,  giving  with  dichroscope  olive-green 
and  violet-  blue;  J_  edge  r/M  and  ||  r  cinnamon-brown,  giving  cinnamon-brown  and 
violet-blue.  Exhibits  idiophanous  figures.  Optically  —  .  Ax.  pi.  and  Bxa  ap- 
proximately J_  x  (111).  The  trace  of  the  ax.  pi.  inclined  40°  to  edge  x/M,  and  24° 
40'  to  edge  x/r.  Dispersion  p  <  v\  inclined  and  horizontal,  very  prominent. 
Axial  angles  somewhat  variable,  even  in  sections  from  same  crystal,  Dx. 


7,  Franklin,  N.  J.,  Pfd.     8,  Guadalcazar,  Id. 


2Ha.r  =  87°  30' 
2Ha.r  =  86°  33' 


=  1-678 
Also  for  sections  I,  very  thin;  II,  rather  thick. 


j  2Vr  =  74°  17' 
}  2Vr  =  73°  32' 


2Ha.bi  =  87°  47' 
2Ha.bl  =  86°  43' 


,  .6q1     .  j  2Vb,=  74°  39' 
~        (1  •  •  \  2Vbi=  73°  49' 


I. 


2Ha.r  =  84°  7'        2Er  =  157°  51' 


II. 


2Ha.r  =  82°  15'        2Er  =  148°  53' 


Indices 

Red 

Blue 


1-6720 
1-6850 


a 

1-6779 
1-6918 


7 

1-6810 
1-6954 


2V 

71°  38' 
71°  49' 


158°  13' 
165°  38' 


Pyroelectric,  when  heated  to  120°  or  130°,  the  analogous  pole  (Riess  &  Rose) 
at  the  solid  angle  rxM'\  the  antilogous  pole  at  the  angle  mr' M'  near  plane  n. 
Hankel  finds  on  cooling  the  acute  edges  r/m  positive;  the  faces  M  and  the  obtuse 
edges  r/m  negative. 

Comp. — A  boro-silicate  of  aluminium  and  calcium  with  varying  amounts  of  iron 
and  manganese.  Exact  composition  doubtful;  the  formulas  obtained  by  Rammels- 
berg  and  Whitfield  are : 

Eg.,  HE,BAl,(Si04)4;  Whitfield,  H2R4(BO)Al3(Si04)B.  R  =  Calcium  chiefly, 
sometimes  in  large  excess  (anal.  4).  again  in  smaller  amount  and  manganese  prom- 
inent (anal.  5-7);  iron  is  present  in  small  quantity,  also  magnesium  and  basic 
hydrogen. 

Anal.— 1,  Rg..  Zs  G.  Ges..  21,  689, 1869.  2,  3, Whitfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  34,  286. 1887.  4,  Baumert, 
quoted  by  Luedecke,  Zs.  Nat.  Halle,  42,  1,  1889.  5-7,  F.  A.  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  41,  394,  396, 
1891. 


AXINITE  GROUP— AXINITE. 


529 


1.  Bourg  d'Oisans 


3.  Cornwall 

4.  Radauthal 

5.  Franklin,  cryst. 

6.  "          lam. 
Guadalcazar 


7. 


G. 


3-358 
3-306 
3-299 


ZnO,  including  0'12  CuO. 


Si02 
43-46 

41-53 
42-10 
40-76 
42-77 
42-47 
42-85 
lO. 

BaO, 

561 

4-62 
4-64 
4-76 
5-10 
5-05 
5-17 

b 

A12O3  Fe2O3  FeO 
16-33    2-80    6-78 

17-90    3-90    4-02 
17-40    3.06    5-84 
12-47    2-17    3-60 
16-73     1-03    l'60a 
16-85    1-16    1  73b 
16-96    500    0-19C 
ZnO,  including  0'09 

MuO 
262 

3-79 
4-63 
2-84 
13-69 
13-14 
9-59 
PbO, 

CaO    MgO 

20-19     1-73 

2166    0-74 
20-53    0-66 
30-21     2-00 
18-25    0-23 
18-35    0-26 
18-49    0-87 
0-11  CuO. 

ign. 
1-45  K20  0-11 
[=  101-08 
2-16  =  100-32 
1-80  =  100-66 
1-22  =  100-03 
0-76  =  100-16 
0-40  =    99-41 
075=    99-87 
'CuO. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  readily  with  intumescence,  imparts  a  pale  green  color  to  the  O.F., 
and  fuses  at  2  to  a  dark  green  to  black"  glass;  with  borax  in  O.F.  gives  an  amethystine  bead  (man- 
ganese), which  in  R.F.  becomes  yellow  (iron).  Fused  with  a  mixture  of  bisulphate  of  potash 
and  fluor  on  the  platinum  loop  colors  the  flame  green  (boric  acid).  Not  decomposed  by  acids, 
but  when  previously  ignited,  gelatinizes  with  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — Axinite  occurs  in  implanted  glassy  clove-brown  crystals,  at  St.  Cristophe,  near  Bourg 
d'Oisaus  in  Dauphine,  with  albite,  prelmite.  and  quartz.  In  the  Harz  at  Andreasberg,  Trese- 
burg,  also  in  the  Radautlml;  in  granite  at  Striegau.  Silesia;  on  Mt.  Monzoni,  in  Tyrol,  with 
brown  garnet  and  calcite  forming  a  vein  in  diabase;  Piz  Valatscha,  the  northern  spur  of  Mt. 
Skopi  south  of  Dissentis  in  Eastern  Switzerland;  Poloma,  Hungary;  Baveno,  Italy;  Elba;  at 
the  silver  mines  of  Kongsberg,  Norway,  in  small  crystals;  with  hornblende  or  magnetic*  iron  in 
Nordmark,  Sweden;  L.  Onega,  Russia,  and  near  Miask  in  the  Ural;  in  Cornwall,  of  a  dark 
color,  at  the  Botallack  mine  near  St.  Just*  where  it  also  occurs  massive,  forming  a  peculiar  kind 
of  rock  with  garnet  and  tourmaline;  at  Trewellard,  at  Carn  Silver  near  Lamorran  creek,  and  at 
Bosc-iwen  Cliffs  in  St.  Burien;  in  Devonshire,  at  Brent  Tor,  4  m.  north  of  Tavistock;  at  Thum 
near  Ehrenfriedersdorf  in  Saxony.  It  occurs  with  gray  cobalt  near  Coquimbo,  Chili,  at  the 
mine  La  Buitro.  At  Guadalcazar,  Mexico,  in  minute  brownish  or  greenish  crystals  embedded 
in  feldspar,  which  is  in  part  changed  to  kaoliuite. 

In  theU.  S.,  at  Phippsburg,  Maine,  with  yellow  garnet  and  vesuvianite;  at  Wales,  Maine;  at 
Cold  Spring,  N.  Y. ;  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J.,  in  honey-yellow  crystals  and  laminated  forms 
with  rhodonite,  polyadelphite,  baiite;  at  Bethlehem,  Pa. ,  with  amphibole.  Rare  in  Northumber- 
land Co.,  Nova  Scotia,  on  McKay's  brook,  a  branch  of  N.E.  Mirimichi  river. 

Named  from  d&vrj,  an  axe.'m  allusion  to  the  form  of  the  crystals.  The  name  yanolite  is 
of  earlier  date;  but  it  means  violet-stone,  and  violet  is  not  a  characteristic  color  of  the  mineral. 

Alt. — Crystals  altered  to  chlorite  occur  on  Dartmoor  in  Devonshire,  England. 

Ref. — l  Pogg.,  128,  20,  227,  1866  (Rath's  axes  calculated  for  Naumann's  position  are  entirely 
wrong).  The  position  taken  is  that  of  Naumann;  see  Frazier  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  442,  1882)  for  a 
table  giving  the  symbols  of  the  planes  in  the  positions  of  Neumann  and  Miller,  Rath,  Des 
Cloizeaux,  Schrauf,  and  Frazier;  the  last  two  chosen  to  show  relation  to  titanite  and  datolite 
respectively.  See  also  Gdt.,  Index.  1,  271.  1886.  who  gives  transformation-equations;  Solly, 
Min.  Mag.,  6,  203,  1886;  Hintze,  Min.,  2,  487,  1891. 

*  Haiiy,  Min.,  2,  559,  1822.  3  Phillips,  Min.,  p.  43,  1823,  identified  by  Dx.  (1.  c.).  4  Neu- 
mann, Pogg.,  4,  63,  1825.  *  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  p.  515.  1862.  6  Mgc.,  credited  by  Dx.  '  Rath,  1.  c.; 
he  adds  two  doubtful  planes  77  and  A.  8  Schrauf.  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  62  (2),  7i2,  1870;  65  (1),  241, 
1872;  Atlas,  xxv,  1870.  9  Hbg.,  Min.  Not.,  5,  28.  1863,  11,  30,  1873.  10  Websky,  Min.  Mitth., 
1,  1872.  »  Schmidt,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  98,  1882.  »»  Pfd.,  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  41, 
394,  1891. 

On  pyro-electricity,  Riess  &  Rose,  Pogg.,  59,  375,  1843;  Hankel,  Wied.  Ann.,  6,  57,  1879. 

Heat  expansion,  Beckenkamp,  Zs.  Kr.,  5,  451,  1881. 


Orthosilicates  not  included  in  foregoing  Groups. 

a:l:6 

411.  Prehnite          H2Ca2Al2(Si04)3  Orthorhombic      0-8401  :  1  :  0-5549 

412.  Harstigite        H7(Ca,Mn)iaAl,(Si04)10        Orthorhombic      0-7148  :  1  :  T0150 


413.     Cuspidine        Ca2Si(0,F2)4?  Monoclinic 

a  :  I  :  6  =  0-7243  :  1  :  1-9342:     ft  -  89°  22' 


530 


SILICATES. 


411.  PREHNITE.  Chrysolite  Sage,  Min..  1,  232,  1777.  Chrysolite  du  Cap  (a  kind  of 
Schorl)  de  Lisle,  2,  275,  1783.  Zeolithe  verdatre  ID.  Born,  Cat.  de  Raab,  1,  203,  1790.  Prelmit 
Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  1,  110,  1790;  anal,  by  Klapr.,  Schrift  Ges.  Dat.  Berlin,  8,  217,  1788. 
Koupholite  (fr.  Bareges),  Picot  de  la  Peyrouse,  Delametk.,  T.  T.,  2,  547,  1797.  ^Edelite  (Edelite) 
Walmstedt,  Brz.  JB.,  5,  217,  1825.  Jacksonite  Whitney,  J.  Nat.  H.  Soc.  Boston,  5,  487,  1847. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  b :  6  =  0-84009  :  1  :  0-55494  Streng1. 
100  A  HO  =  *40°  2',  001  A  101  =  33°  26f,  001  A  Oil  =  29°  If. 


Forms2: 

a  (100,  i-i) 
b  (010,  i-i) 


c  (001,  0) 
m  (110,  /) 
p  (130,  e-3)3 


t?.(304, 
n  (302, 


o  (061,  6-2) 
r  (221,  2) 


s  (661,  6) 
?  (261,  6-3)8 


1. 


w 


Fig.  1,  Harzburg,  Streng.     2,  Farmington,  Dx.     3,  Ratschinges,  Tyrol,  Haid. 
4,  Jordansmiihl,  Beutell. 


mm'"  =  80°  4' 
pp'  =  43°  17' 
w'  =  52°  42' 


?m'  =  89°  28' 
00'  =  146°  34' 
oo"'  =  *33°  26' 


cr  =  59°  54' 
cs    =  79°     4' 

7T'  =  82^  58' 


rr'"  =  67°  38' 
ss'  =  97°  29' 
ss"  =  78°  20' 


Distinct  individual  crystals  rare;  usually  tabular  ||  c;  sometimes  prismatic; 
again  acute  pyramidal.  Faces  c  striated  ||  edge  a/c;  b  rough  and  uneven;  m 
smooth  and  brilliant,  also  striated  ||  edge  m/c.  Commonly  in  groups  of  tabular 
crystals,  united  by  c,  making  broken  forms,  often  barrel-shaped.  Reniform, 
globular,  and  stalactitic  with  a  crystalline  surface.  Structure  imperfectly  columnar 
or  lamellar,  strongly  coherent;  also  compact  granular  or  impalpable. 

Cleavage:  c  distinct.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  6-6'5.  G.  = .  2'80- 
2'95.  Luster  vitreous;  c  weak  pearly.  Color  light  green,  oil-green,  passing  into 
white  and  gray;  often  fading  on  exposure.  Subtransparent  to  translucent.  Streak 
uncolored.  Pyroelectric,  with  polarity  central,  the  analogous  poles  at  the  center  of 
the  base  and  the  antilogous  at  the  extremities  of  the  brachydiagonaP. 

Optically  +.  Double  refraction  strong.  Ax.  pi.  usually  ||  5,  dispersion 
p  >  v  or  p  <  v,  weak;  sometimes  (Farmington)  ||  a,  dispersion  strong  p  >  v. 
Bx  J_  c.  Index  fiy  =  1-626.  Axial  angles  variable,  Dx. : 


Daupliine 
« 

Pyrenees 


2Hr  =  74°  29'  to  76°  7' 
2Hr  =  75°  22'  to  75°  52' 
2Hr  =  73°  43'  to  74°  42' 


2Er  =  124°  54'  to  129°    9' 

2E.  =  127°    9'  to  128°  28' 
2Br  =  122°  59'  to  125°  27" 


Also  for  homogeneous  crystals,  Beutell: 

2Ha.r  =  77°  41'        2Ha.y  =  77°  44'        2Ha.bl  =  77°  53'       .-.    2Ey  =  135°  26'       2Vy  =  69°  23' 
Ratschinges  ay  =  1-616  fir  -  1'626  rr  =  1'649    Levy-Lex. 

The  grouping  in  the  common  aggregated  forms  is  often  highly  complex  with  consequent 


PREHNITE. 


531 


5, 


wide  variation  in  the  optical  characters  (cf.  Dx.,  Mid.,  Emerson,  Beutell)5;  crossed  dispersion, 

otherwise  characteristic  of  the  monocliuic  system  is  often  observed.     For 

example,  a  section  ||  c  (f.  5)  of  a  variety  from  Farurington  was  divided 

(Mid.)  into  two  parts:  (1)  a  central  wedge-shaped  portion  with  lamellae 

chiefly  ||  a,  also  ±a,  with  parallel  extinction;  optically  -J-;  ax.  pi.  usually 

|  a,  also  JL«;  angle  variable  but  usually  small  and  becoming  0°.     (2)  Also 

lateral   sectors   (see   tig. )_  with  lamellae  chiefly  ||  m  and  less  prominent 

nearly    j_  m  (110  and  110),    the  angle  included   being  82°-83°;    these 

lamellae  show  no  definite  extinction;  the  axial  figure  is  distorted,  crossed 

dispersion  is  visible;  ax.  pi.  inclined  about  48°  to  the  normal  to  a  for  red 

and  about  58°  for  blue. 

The  peculiarities  of  the  wedge-shaped  portion  are  explained  by  the 
presence  of  two  systems  of  thin  layers  superimposed  normal  respectively 
to  the  +  and  —  bisectrix;  in  the  lateral  sectors  there  is  an  intergrowth 
of  systems  of  lamellae  having  a  common  base  but  whose  axes  of  elasticity 
are  inclined  60°  to  each  other,  thus  producing  rotatory  polarization, 
analogous  to  that  produced  by  mica  laminae  crossed  at  angles  of  60°. 

Var. — Usual  in  firm  and  hard  incrusting  masses,  externally  globular  or  mammillary,  the 
surface  made  up  often  of  grouped  crystals  more  or  less  imperfect,  but  sometimes  smooth. 

Coupholite  is  in  cavernous  masses,  made  of  small,  thin,  fragile  laminae  or  scales;  the  original 
was  from  the  peak  of  Ereslids,  near  Bareges,  in  the  Pyrenees;  also  reported  from  the  Col  du 
Bonhomine,  at  the  foot  of  Mt.  Blanc.  Named  from  KovQoS,  lender.  Edelite,  or  ^fidelite,  is 
prehnite  from  ^Edelfors,  Sweden.  Jacksonite,  or  ''anhydrous  prehnite,"  of  Whitney  is 
ordinary  prehnite,  from  Keweenaw  Pt.  and  Isle  Roy  ale;  it  contains  4  to  5  p.  c.  water  (Jackson 
and  Brush);  that  examined  by  Whitney  may  have  been  from  a  specimen  previously  calcined 
with  associated  ores. 

Comp. — An  acid  orthosilicate,  H3Ca3Al2Si3012  =  Silica  43 -7,  alumina  24 '8, 
lime  27-1,  water  4*4  =  100. 

Prehnite  is  sometimes  classed  with  the  zeolites,  with  which  it  is  often  associated;  the  water 
here,  however,  has  been  shown  to  go  off  only  at  a  red  heat  (Rg.),  and  hence  plays  a  different 
part.  Doelter  (Jb.  Min.,  2,  137,  1890)  calls  attention  to  a  similarity  in  composition  to  friedelite, 
p.  465. 

Anal.— 1,  Rg.,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  20,  79,  1868.  2-5,  Corsi,  Boll.  Com.  Geol.,  54,  1878;  cf.  also 
155,  1879.  6,  Schubert,  Inaug.  Diss.  Brieg,  1880.  7,  Beutell,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  89,  1887,  also 
Traube,  ib.  8,  Schalch,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.,  4, 182, 1886.  9,  Hersch,  Inaug.  Diss.,  p.  27,  Zurich,  1887. 
10,  Young,  Ch.  News,  27,  56,  1873.  11,  P.  T.  Cleve,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  9,  No.  12,  1871. 
12,  Darapsky.  Jb.  Min.,  1,  66,  1888.  13,  Genth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  20,  401,  1882.  14,  Harring- 
ton, Geol.  Canada,  1868. 


G. 

1.  Ratschinges,  Tyrol 

2.  Impruneta,  Tuscany  2 '91 

3.  Figliue  "  2'93 

4.  Monte  Catini      " 

5.  Elba 

6.  Jordan smiihl 

7.  Striegau 

8.  Globenstein 

9.  Harzburg  2-907 

10.  Bowling  2-885 

11.  Tortola  2 '98 

12.  Rodaito,  Chili 

13.  Cornwall,  Penn.  3 '042 

14.  Templeton  2'791 


Si02 

A1203 

Fe2O3 

CaO 

43-40 

24-53 



27-37 

42-35 

24-67 

0-92 

25-77 

42-36 

24-14 

1-10 

26-87 

42-86 

24-20 

0-99 

27-03 

44-03 

23-20 

2-05 

26-24 

44-12 

26-00 

0-61 

25-26 

43-12 

25-62 

tr. 

26-69 

43-57 

24-76 

tr. 

26-80 

43-23 

23-41 

1-68 

27-41 

43-41 

24-77 



27-13 

44-06 

22-94 

1-98 

26-62 

43-57 

24-27 

4-44 

21-74 

42-40 

20-88 

5-54 

27-02 

42-82 

23-86 

1-42 

27-64 

H2O 

4-48  =  99-78 

4-81  MgO  0-45  =  98-97 

4-85  MgO  030  =  99-62 

4-96  =  100-04 

4-90  =  100-42 

4-91  =  100  90 

4-92  =  100-35 

4  59  =    99-72 

4-42  =  100-15 

4-20  Na20  0-27  =  99'78 

4-44  =  100-04 

5-28  Na2O  0-96  =  100'26 

4-01  =  99-85 

4-82  MnO  O'lO,  MgO  0'09=100'75 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water.  B.B.  fuses  at  2  with  intumescence  to  a  blebby 
enamel-like  glass.  Decomposed  slowly  by  hydrochloric  acid  without  gelatinizing;  after  fusion 
dissolves  readily  with  gelatinization.  Coupholite,  which  often  contains  organic  matter,  blackens 
and  emits  a  burnt  odor. 

Obs. — Occurs  chiefly  in  basic  eruptive  rocks,  basalt,  diabase,  etc.,  as  a  secondary  mineral  in 
veins  and  cavities,  often  associated  with  some  of  the  zeolites,  also  datolite,  pectolite,  calcite,  but 
commonly  one  of  the  first  formed  of  the  series;  also  less  often  in  granite,  gneiss,  syenite,  and 
then  frequently  associated  with  epidote;  sometimes  associated  with  native  copper,  as  in  the  L. 
Superior  region. 

At  St.  Christophe  and  l'Armenti6res,  near  Bourg  d'Oisans  in  Dauphine,  associated  with 
axinite  and  epidote;  at  Ratschinges  in  Tyrol,  in  the  Fassathal,  and  near  Campitello;  in  Salzburg; 
the  Ala  valley  in  Piedmont;  the  Saualpe'in  Carinthia:  Joachimsthal  in  Bohemia;  in  Nassau,  at 
Oberscheld  and  Uckersdorf;  near  Freiburg  in  Baden  on  the  Rosskopf;  Schwarzenberg  in  Saxony, 
in  the  Harz,  near  Andreasberg,  with  datolite,  and  near  Harzburg  in  the  Radauthal;  in  granite  at 


532  SILICATES. 

Striegau,  Silesia,  also  at  Jordansmuhl ;  Arendal,  Norway;  ^Edelfors  in  Sweden  (edelite);  Upsala, 
Sweden,  in  rifts  in  horublendic  granite,  the  decompositiou  of  the  hornblende  having  afforded  the 
lime,  and  of  the  mica,  the  alumina  (Paijkull);  at  Friskie  Hall  and  Campsie  in  Dumbartonshire, 
and  at  Hartfield  Moss,  in  Renfrewshire,  in  veins  traversing  trap,  associated  with  analcite  and 
thomsouite;  also  at  Corstorphiue  Hill,  the  Castle  and  Salisbury  Craig,  near  Edinburgh;  Mourne 
3tts.,  Ireland.  Handsome  polished  slabs  of  this  mineral  have  been  cut  from  masses  from  China. 

In  the  United  States,  finely  crystallized  at  Farmington,  Woodbury,  and  Middletown,  Conn., 
West  Springfield,  Mass.,  and  Paterson  and  Bergen  Hill,  N.  J.;  in  small  quantities  in  gneiss, 
at  Bellows  Falls,  Vt.;  in  syenite,  at  Somerville,  Mass.;  Milk  Row  quarry,  Somerville,  often  in 
minute  tabular  crystals,  with  chabazite,  ajso  with  epidote;  also  at  Palmer  (Three  Rivers)  and 
Turner's  Falls,  Mass.,  on  the  Connecticut,  in  trap,  and  at  Perry,  above  Loriug's  Cove,  Maine;  at 
Westport,  Essex  Co.,  N.  Y.  (chiltonile  Emmons),  on  a  quartzose  rock;  on  north  shore  of  Lake 
Superior,  between  Pigeon  Bay  and  Fond  du  Lac;  in  large  veins  in  the  Lake  Superior  copper 
region,  often  occurring  as  the  veinstone  of  the  native  copper,  sometimes  including  strings  or 
leaves  of  copper;  and  at  times  in  radiated  nodules  disseminated  through  the  copper. 

Alt. — Prehuite  occurs  altered  to  green  earth  and  feldspar. 

Named  by  Werner  in  1790  after  Col.  Prehn,  who  first  found  the  mineral  at  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope.  Sage  had  called  it  (1777)  chrysolite,  and  Rome  de  Lisle  had  referred  it  (1783)  to  the 
group  of  schorl. 

Ref.— !  Harzburg,  Jb.  Miu.,  314,  1870.  2  See  Mir.,  Min.,  p.  415,  1752;  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  430, 
1862.  a  Beutell,  Jordansmuhl,  1.  c.;  cf  also  Schubert,  1.  c.,  who,  however,  gives  neither  axes 
nor  angles.  4  Riess  and  Rose,  Pogg.,  59,  382,  1843.  See  also  Hankel,  Wied.  Ann.,  6,  55,  1879. 
6  On  the  methods  of  grouping  and  consequent  optical  anomalies,  cf.  Dx.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  5,  58, 
125,  1882;  Mid.,  ib.,  p.  195;  Wyrouboff,  ib.,  p.  272;  Emerson,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  270.  1882. 

UIGITE  Heddle,  Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.,  4.  162,  1856,  Min.  Mag.,  5,  2G,  1882.     In  radiated  sheafy 


readily  and  quietly  to  an  opaque  enamel,  which  is  not  frothy.     It  appears  to  be  near  prehnite  in 
structure,  and  needs  further  investigation. 

PREHNITOID.  Prenitoide  Bechi,  Boll.  Com.  Geol.,  66,  1870;  Ace.  Line.  Trans.,  3, 114, 1879. 
An  impure  massive  prehnite  filling  crevices  in  the  gabbro  of  Monte  Catini,  Tuscany.  An 
analysis  of  a  crystalline  variety  gave:  SiO2  42'30,  CO2  2'85,  B2O3  0'33,  A12O3  22'06,  Fe2O3  0-70, 
CaO  28  86,  MgO  tr.,  H2O  2'98,  N  0'19  =  100'27.  Cf.  Corsi,  1.  c.  This  name  belongs  properly 
to  a  kind  of  scapolite,  p.  471. 

412.  HARSTIGITE.    Harstigit  Q.  Flink,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  Bihang,  12  (2),  No.  2,  59,  1886. 
Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-71479  :  1  :  1-01495  Flink1. 
100  A  110  =  35°  33J',  001  A  101  =  54°  50}',  001  A  Oil  =  45°  25}'. 

Forms:    a  (100,  i-l\     b  (010,  »-«);    n  (210,  i-2\     m  (110,  /);    p  (Oil,  14);    *  (122,  1-2). 
Angles,     an    =  *19°  40',     nri  =  39°  20',     mm'"  =  71°  7',    pp'  =  *90°  51',     ss'  -  52°  58', 
«"  =  102°  10',     ss'"  =  79°  14'. 

In  small  crystals,  prismatic  ||  6,  with  ~b  prominent  and  terminated  by  the  dome 
p  (Oil),  with  s  (122)  small. 

Cleavage  not  observed.  Fracture  small  conchoidal  to  splintery. 
Brittle.  II.  —  5-5.  G.  =  3-049.  Luster  vitreous.  Colorless. 
Optically  +.  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bx  J_  a.  Axial  angles,  Flink: 

2Ha.r  =  57°  50'      2Ha.y  =  57°  56'      2Ha.gr  =  58°  8'      2Vy  =  90°  27' 
Also    ay  =  1-6782     yy  =  1 '68308  Na    Ramsay2. 

Comp. — An  acid  orthosilicate  of  manganese  and  calcium 
chiefly,  formula  probably  H7(Ca,Mn)12Al3Si10040  =  Silica  39-2, 
alumina  10-0,  manganese  protoxide  13-9,  lime  32'8,  water  4-1  = 
100.  Here  Mn  :  Ca  =  3  :  1.  Magnesium  replaces  part  of  the 
calcium. 
Anal.— Flink,  1.  c.: 

SiO2        A1203        MnO         CaO        MgO      -KaO      Na2O      H2O 

38-94        10-61        12-81*        29'23        3'27        0'35        0-71        3'97  =  99'8d 

•  FeO  tr. 


CUSPIDINE. 


533 


Pyr.,  etc. — Reacts  for  manganese  with  the  fluxes.  Gives  off  water  on  strong  ignition  and 
turns  black.  The  ignited  powder  dissolves  easily  in  hydrochloric  acid  with  evolution  of 
chlorine. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  yellowish  red  or  brown  garnets,  in  rhombic  dodecahedrons,  and  crystals 
of  pale  red  rhodonite  at  the  Harstig  mine,  near  Pajsberg,  in  Wermland,  Sweden.  These 
associated  species  occur  lining  the  sides  of  a  narrow  vein  which  was  filled  in  with  calcite  as  a 
later  deposit. 

Ref.—1  1.  c.     «  Zs.  Kr.,  12,  220,  1886. 


413.  CUSPIDINE.    Scacchi,  Rendiconto  R.  Accad.  Napoli,  October  14,1876;  Zs.  Kr.,  1, 
308,  1877. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  c  =  0-7243  :  1  :  1-9342.   ft  =  89°  22'  =  001  A  100 
Rath1. 

100  A  110  =  35°  54f,  001  A  101  =  *68°  55',  001  A  Oil  =  62°  39J'. 


Forms1 : 
b  (010,  *-i) 
c  (001,  0) 

m  (110,  /) 


h  (103,  -  H) 
e  (101,  -  l-l) 
f  (101,  1-i) 

k  (014,  i-i) 


9  (012,  H) 
d  (Oil,  14) 

P  (H3,  -  t) 
n  (111,  -  1) 


it  (113,  *) 
v  (111,  1) 

t   (211,  -  2-2) 
M  (432,  2-f) 


q  (233,  -,1-J) 
*  (121,  2-2) 

r  (872,  -  4-f )? 


mm'"  =  71°  50' 
ch        =41°  23i' 


<7/  =     88°     5' 
dd'  =  125°  19' 


cf        =  70°    If  cp   =    47°  25' 

kk'      =  51°  36*'  en   =    72°  39± 


CTT  =  47°  59' 
ex  =  73°  36' 
pp'  =  51°  11' 
nri  =  68°  6' 


en     =  *34°     3' 

7T7T'    =       51°    40£ 

vv'  =     68°  29' 
w'     =  107°  24' 


In  minute  spear-shaped  crystals,  aparently  orthorhombic,  but  proved  to  be 
usually  contact-twins  with  tw.  pi.  a,  giving  cc  =  *1°  16'. 

Cleavage:  c  very  distinct.     Fracture 

*•  2'  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  5-6.  G.  =  2'853- 

2*860.    Luster  vitreous.    Color  pale  rose- 
red. 

Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bxa.y  A  t  =  -  5°  30'. 
2Ey  =  110°.  Dispersion  of  the  axis, 
also  inclined  very  marked.  Groth. 

Comp. — Contains  silica,  lime,  fluorine, 
and  from  alteration  carbon  dioxide. 
Formula  doubtful. 

A  partial  analysis  by  E.  Fisher  gave:  CaO  59  8 
(again  59'9),  Fe2O3  1'IS,  COa  12;  also  F  9  to 
10  p.  c.  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  39,  1883.  Perhaps 
Ca2SiO4  with  CaF2. 

Pyr.— B.B.  fusible  with  difficulty.  Readily 
soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs. — From  Vesuvius,  in  ejected  masses  from  the  tufa  of  Monte  Somma.  It  occurs  only 
very  sparingly;  in  part  in  cavities  with  augite,  hornblende,  biotite,  calcite,  also  a  brown  garnet 
and  crystals  of  davyne;  in  part  also  embedded  in  a  granular  rock-like  mass.  The  crystals  are 
usually  more  or  less  altered  on  the  surface,  becoming  covered  with  a  shell  of  calcium  carbonate. 
Scacchi  suggested  as  the  probable  composition  Ca2SiO4  with  about  one-third  of  the  lime 
replaced  by  CaF2  and  Fischer's  trials,  so  far  'as  they  are  conclusive,  confirm  this.  The  deter- 
mination of  the  exact  composition  requires  a  more  complete  analysis,  however,  and  it  may  prove 
not  to  belong  to  the  orthosilicates  with  which  it  is  provisionally  placed. 

Named  from  cuspis,  a  spear,  in  allusion  to  the  characteristic  form  of  the  crystals. 
Ref.—1  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  38,  1883,  Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  122.  1882;  Groth,  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  43,  1883. 


Monte  Somma,  Rath. 


534  SILICATES. 


IV.  Subsilicates. 

The  species  here  included  are  basic  salts,  for  the  most  part  to  oe  referred  either  to  the 
metasilicates  or  orthosilicates,  like  many  basic  compounds  already  included  in  the  preceding 
pages.  Until  their  constitution  is  definitely  settled,  however,  they  are  more  conveniently 
grouped  by  themselves  as  SUBSILICATES.  It  may  be  noted  that  those  species  having  an  oxygen 
ratio  of  silicon  to  bases  of  2:3,  like  .topaz,  andalusite,  sillimanite,  datolite,  etc.  (pp.  492-502 
et  seq.},  also  calamine,  carpholite,  and  perhaps  tourmaline,  are  sometimes  regarded  as  salts  of 
the  hypothetical  parasilicic  acid,  H6SiO5: 


Division  I.    Oxygen  Katio  for  Si :  R  =  4  :  5.    Formula  K6Si209. 
Humite   Group. 


414.  Humite 


415.  Chondrodite 


Orthorhombic  a  :  b  :  6=0-9258  i  1  :  4*0764 
or       bi  di  6=1-0802  :  1  :  4-4033 

.H.(Mg,Pe)1.Sii014F4?  Monoclinic   d  :  I  :  fel-0863  :  1  :  3-1447 

ft  =  90° 

.-„    nv     ,  Monoclinic   di  b  :  <J=  1-0803  :  1  :  5-6588 

416.  Clmonumite  J  /j  _  OQO 

The  species  of  the  above  group  approximate  closely  in  angTe  to  chrysolite  and  chrysoberyL 
The  axial  ratios  may  be  compared  as  follows: 

Humite b  :  d  :  j  b  =  .  1-0802  :  1  :  0'6291 

Chpudrodite d:b:$c  =  1-0863  :  1  :  0'6289 

Clinohumite d  :  b  :  $  c  =  1-0803:1:06288 

Chrysolite b  :2d  :      c  =  1-0735  :  1  :  0'6296 

Chrysoberyl b  :2d  :      b  =  1-0637  :  1  :  0'6170 


417.  Bvaite          HCaFe2FeSi209      Orthorhombic    d:  b:    6  =  0-6665  :  1  :  0-4427 

418.  Ardennite    H5Mn4Al4VSi4033  "  &  :  I  :    6  =  0-4663  :  1  :  0-3135 

or  fdf :  b  :  %6  =  0-6995  :  1  :  0-4703 


419.  Langbanite          37Mn6Si07.10Fe3Sba08?  Hexagonal        6  =  1-6437 


Kentrolite  Group. 

420.  Kentrolite         Pb2Mn2Si209          Orthorhombic      d:b:6  =  0'6334  : 1  :  0-8330 

421.  Melanotekite    Pb2Fe2Sia09 


422.  Bertrandite         H2Be4Si309        Orthorhombic  d  :  b  :  6  =  0-5689  :  1  :  0-5973 


Division  II.    Oxygen  Eatio  =  2:3.    Formula  R3Si05. 

423.  Calamine  H2Zn2Si05  Orthorhombic  &  :  b  i  6  =  0-7834  :  1  :  0-4778 

424.  Carpholite  H4MnAl2(Si06)2        Monoclinic? 

425.  Cerite  H6Ce4Si30]B  ?  Orthorhombic   &  :  b  :  6  =  0-9988  ;  1  :  0-8127 
426.-  Tourmaline  Rhombohedral                rr'  =  46°  52',               6  =  0-4477 


HUMITE  GROUP— HUMITE 


535 


III,    Basic  Division. 


427.  Dumortierite 

428.  Staurolite 

429.  Kornerupine 
430    Sapphirine 


AlSi3018? 


Orthorhombic  a  :  I  =  0-532  :  1 
HFeAl5Sia013?  Orthorhombic  a  :  b  :  6  =  0-4734  :  1  :  0*6828 
MgAl2Si06         Orthorhombic  a  :  b  =  0-854  :  1 
Mg6AliaSia037    Monoclinic 


Humite  Group. 

HUMITE— OHONDRODITE— CLINOHUMITE.  Chondrodit  [=  Silicate  of  Magnesia 
and  Iron]  d'Oksson,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  206,  1817.  Condrodite  H.  Maclureite,  Fluosilicate  of 
Magnesia  (fr.  Sparta,  N.  J.),  Seyberl,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  5,  336,  1822.  Brucite  (fr.  N.  J.  and  N.  Y.) 
Gibbs,  Cleveland's  Min.,  295, 1822,  Nuttall,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  5,  245,  1822.  Humite  Bourn.,  Cat.,  52, 
1813.  Umite  Hal. 


414.  HUMITE.  Des  Cloizeaux,  Phil.  Mag.,  2,  286,  1876,  Jb.  Min.,  641,  1876.  Humite, 
Type  I,  A.  Scacchi,  Accad.  Sci.  Napoli,  6,  pp.  241-273,  1851  (read  Nov.  12,  1850),  and  Pogg. 
Erg.,  3,  161,  1851. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-92575  :  1  :  4-07639  or  1  :  1-08021  :  4-40334 
A.  Scacchi1. 

100  A  HO  =  42°  27J',  001  A  101  =  77°  12£',  001  A  Oil  =76°  13'. 

Forms2 : 

a  (100,  *-»,  C,  Sec.) 
b  (010,  B,  Sec.) 
c   (001,  0,  A,  Sec.) 

02  (210,  1-2) 
m  (110,  /)3 


o,  (230,  i-\} 

ei  (015,  H) 

43  (021,  24)4 

ra  (218,  i-2) 

»,    (105,  f  I) 
*»    (103,  fi) 
z3    (101,  i-i) 

«2  (014,  i-i) 
«3  (013,  £4) 
ex  (037,  f  4)  tw.  pi. 

n,  (113,  i) 
wa  (112,  i)3 

»a   (HI,  1) 

r,  (216,  i-2) 
r4  (214,  |-2) 
r6  (212,  1-2) 

«y  (017,  f  2)  tw.  pi. 
ca  (016,  -f  i)4 

e4  (012,  £4) 
e6  (Oil,  14) 

n   (2-1-10,  ^-2) 

1. 


Figs.  1,  2,  Ladu  mine,  Sweden,  H.  Sjogren.     3,  4,  Monte  Somma,  Rath;  drawn  with 

b  (010)  in  front. 


ea2       = 


49° 

404' 

ceo.  = 

34° 

Hi' 

ce& 

=  83° 

Oi' 

crt 



67° 

36' 

85° 

35' 

ce\  = 

39° 

12' 

cn\ 

=  63° 

26' 

cr5 

_ 

78° 

21' 

108° 

29' 

C02  = 

45° 

324' 

cna 

=  71° 

34' 

_ 

92° 

45' 

41° 

22' 

ce3  = 

53° 

39' 

en? 

=  80° 

32' 

n^n»" 

— 

84° 

9' 

*55° 

44' 

cex  = 

60° 

13' 

crj. 

=  44° 

r3r3' 

_ 

101° 

3' 

77° 

12' 

ce4  = 

63° 

52' 

cr* 

=  50° 

30' 

rsr3'" 

__ 

41° 

52' 

30° 

13' 

ce5  = 

*76° 

13' 

cr3 

=  58° 

16' 

r6r6'" 

•  — 

48° 

35' 

536 


SILICATES. 


Twins5:  tw.  pi.  (1)  ey  (017),  with  cc  —  60°  26'  and  119°  34';  also  (2)  ex  (037), 

with  cc  =  120°  25^'  and  59°  34^';  usually  penetra- 
tion-twins; sometimes  also  trillings.  These  two  laws 
give  nearly  the  same  twinning  angles.  Crystals 
small  and  highly  modified,,  usually  elongated  ||  a,  or 
I  6.  Planes  in  zone  c  e  b  often  horizontally  striated. 

Cleavage:  c  distinct.  Fracture  subconchoidal  to 
uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  6-6-5.  G.  =  3-1-3-2.  Lus- 
ter vitreous  to  resinous.  Color  white,  yellowish 
white,  light  yellow,  honey-yellow,  chestnut-brown. 
Sometimes  pleochroic. 

Double  refraction  strong.     Ax.  pi.  II  c.     Bxa  J_  a.     Dispersion 

1  18'-79°,  Dx. 


Optically  -J-. 
weak.     2Ha.r  =  78 


Comp.,  Pyr.,  Obs.,  etc. — See  pp.  539,  540. 

Ref.— *  Mte.  Somma,  1.  c.  The  position  taken  in  this  and  the  following  cases  is  that  of 
Scacchi  and  vom  Rath,  which  seeins  to  show  the  relations  most  simply.  The  letters  are  those  of 
Scacchi,  except  for  the  piuacoids  and  unit  prism.  The  lateral  axes  for  the  three  species  of  this 
group  are  the  same  or  nearly  so;  the  vertical  axes  are  closely  in  the  ratio  of  7  :  5  :  .9  respectively. 
Of.  p.  534. 

In  the  axial  ratio  taken  by  J.  D.  D.  (Min.,  p.  362,  1868);  also  E.  S.  D.  (Conn.  Acad.,  3,  67, 
1875,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  10,  89,  1875),  and  H.  Sjogren  (Zs.  Kr.,  7,  344,  1882),  the  vertical  axes  are 
divided  by  3,  2  and  4  respectively.  The  axes  assumed  by  Hath  (Pogg.  Erg.,  5,  324,  1870)  are 
unsatisfactory,  being  deduced  from  measurements  of  clinohumite  (Humite,  Type  III.).  The 
following  are  the  axial  ratios  (with  a  =  1)  deduced  by  the  authors  named: 


Mte.  Sonima 

Ladu  mine,  Sweden 
A.  Sec.,  1.  c.     3  Rath,  1.  c.,  p.  325. 


b 

1-0802 
1-0803 
1-1096 


1.  c.,  p.  330,  for  a  description  of  the  occurring  twins. 


Hie 


4-4033  A.  Sec. 
4-4013  Rath 
4-3948  H.  Sj. 

4  E.  Sec.,  Rend.  Ace.  Napoli,  Dec.,  1883. 


See  Rath, 


415.  CHONDRODITE.    Des  Cloizeaux,  Phil.  Mag.,  2,  286,  1876,  3,  357,  1877;  Jb.  Min., 
641.  1876,  500,  1877.     Humite,  Type  II.,  A.  Scacchi,  Accad.  Sc.  Napoli,  6,  1851. 

Monoclinic.      Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  1-08630  :  1  :  3-14472;    ft  =   90°  =  001  A  100 
E.  S.  Dana1. 

100  A  110  =  47°  22'  7",  001  A  101  =  70°  56'  36",  001  A  Oil  =  72°  21'  35". 


Figs.  1-3,  Brewster,  N.  Y. ,  drawn  with  b  (010)  in  front. 

Forms2 : 

a  (100,  i-l,  B,  Sec.) 
b  (010,  ^-^.  C,  Sec.) 
c  (001,  0,  A,  Sec.) 

o    (120,  £-2)4 

6a   (105,  £4)4 

The  forms  103,  305,   101,  113.   Ill,  321   also  occur,  and  perhaps  others,  in  the  negative 
quadrants;  the  +  or  —  position  as  given  is  not  in  all  cases  certain 
and  —  signs  are  omitted  before  Nauinaun's  symbols. 


e,  (103,  fi) 
es  (102,  -H)5 
eft  (305,  JH)3 
e*  (101.  1-i) 
ey  (403,  f  I)5 

t)3  (015.  H)4 

ta  (014,  fi)3 

<y  (027.  f4)4 
»Y  (012,  i-i) 
»a  (Oil,  1-i)4 

Wi    (113.  f) 
n2    (111,  1) 
m,  (325,  |-1) 

Wa   (323,  1-|) 

m2  (321,  3-f) 

rz  (125,  |-2) 
rt  (121,  2-2) 
r,  (127,  f-2) 
ra  (249,  |-2)4 
rs  (123,  f-2) 

For  obvious  reasons  the  4- 


HUMITE  GROUP— CHOXVRODITE. 
5.  6. 


537 


7. 


Figs.  4,  .8,  9,  Brewster,  N.  Y.,  all  except  4  drawn  with  b  (010)  in  front  and  d  axis  right  and  left 
5,  6,  Kafveltorp,  Sweden,  Sjogren.     7,  Mte.  Somma,  after  Sec.     10,  Mte.  Somma,  Rath. 


oo 

ceo. 


ce& 
cep 


49° 

*30° 

43° 

60° 

70° 


26' 

4' 
59' 

22' 
4' 


12" 


do. 


=  32°  10' 
=  38°  lOi 


Ciy 

— 

41° 

56' 

cr, 

cii 

= 

57° 

33' 

cr3 

= 

72° 

21^' 

en 

_ 

54° 

56' 

cr4 

en? 

— 

76° 

50' 

nn' 

cmi 

— 

65° 

0' 

n^n 

CHTa 

= 

74° 

22' 

r\r\ 

cm  2 

= 

84° 

40' 

*44°  41'  10" 
66°  34' 
54°  10' 

81°  47' 

74°  3' 
91°  3' 
79°  24' 


r3r3'  = 


112°  55' 

=  94°  5U' 

=  128°  4' 

=  59°  14' 

=  79°  54f 

=  103°  28' 

=  137°  3' 


Twins8:  (1)  tw.  pi.  ea  (105),  also  as  trillings;  (2)  e$  (305)  less  common,  but 
giving  nearly  the  same  twinning  angles  as  the  first  law  (since  ea  A  e$ '  =  90°  8') ; 
these  laws  are  analogous  to  those  common  with  humite.  (3)  c  (f.  2) ;  often  as 
polysynthetic  twinning  lamellae,  producing  a  horizontal  striation,  or  successive 
bands  with  and  without  luster  in  the  orthodome  zone.  Crystals  varied  in  habit, 
often  flattened  ||  b.  Vicinal  forms  common.  Also  massive,  compact;  in  embedded 
grains. 

Cleavage:  c.  sometimes  distinct.  Fracture  subconchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  fi-6'5. 
G.  =  3  1-3*2.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  light  to  dark  yellow,  honey-yellow,  deep 
garnet-red,  brownish  red,  hyacinth-red. 

Pleochroism  sometimes  distinct,  especially  with  brown  crystals:  c  yellowish 
gray,  b  pale  bluish  gray;  a  brownish  yellow.  In  yellow  crystals:  c  yellowish  white, 
b  grayish  white,  a  honey-yellow.  Absorption  a  >  C  >  b  Levy-Lex.  Optically  +• 
Ax.  pi.  and  Bxa  J_  b.  Bx0  A  6  =  a  A  t  =  +  25°  52'  Brewster,  E.  S.  D.;  28*  56' 
Kafveltorp,  Sj.;  30°  approx.  Mte.  Somma,  Dx.  Dispersion  crossed.  Axial  angles: 


Brewster      2Ha.r  =  88°  48'  E.  S.  D.  Kafveltorp      2Ha.r  =  86°  27'    2Ha.w  =  86°  38'  Dx. 

Kafveltorp,  brown  2Har  =  85°  53'  to  86°  43'  2Habi  =  85°  41'  to  86°  33'     Si. 

2Ha.r  =  89°    8'  to  89°  20'  2Ha.bl  =  89°  14'  to  88°  28'    Sj. 

a  =  1607  fl  =  1-619  ^  =  1'639    Levy-Lex. 


538 


SILICATES. 


Comp.,  Pyr.,  Obs.,  etc.— See  pp.  539,  540. 

Ref. — ]  Brewster,  N.  Y.,  1.  c.  (see  p.  536),  a  revision  of  earlier  results  upon  additional 
material  has  proved  to  the  author  that  ft  cannot  vary  as  much  as  1'  from  90°.  Dx.  makes 
et  =  100,  A  =  001,  r2  =  111,  etc.  Axial  ratios  deduced  are: 


Mte.  Somma 
i<          i  < 

Kafveltorp 


d 

1-0796 
1-0828 
1-0853 


b 

3-1404 
3-1457 
3-1454 


A.  Sec. 
Rath 
H.  Sj. 


Cf.  also  on  Pargas  chondrodite,  A.  tfd.,  Pogg.,  96,  118,  1855;  Kk.,  Min.  Russl.,  6,o73,  1870, 
Kafveltorp  (Nya  Kopparberg),  Rath,  Pogg.,  144,  563,  1871;  H.  Sjogren,  Luuds  Univ.  Arsskrift. 
17  (3),  No.  2,  1880,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  121,  1882. 

2  A.  Sec.,  1.  c.  3  Rath,  Mte.  Somma,  Pogg.  Erg.,  5,  338,  1870.  4  E.  S.  D.,  Brewster,  N.  Y., 
1.  c.;  numerous  vicinal  planes  are  also  added;  H.  Sj.  also  adds  vicinal  planes  for  Swedish  chon- 
drodite. 5  E.  Sec.,  Vesuvius,  1.  c.  6  Cf.  Rath  for  description  of  twins. 


416.  CLINOHUMITE.    Des  Cloizeaux,  Phil.  Mag.,  2,  286,  1876.     Humite,  Type  III.  A. 
Scacchi,  Accad.  Sc.  Napoli,  6,  1850.     Klinohumit  Germ. 

Monoclinic.     Axes    a  :  I  :  6  =   1-08028  :  1  :  5*65884;    ft  =  90°  =  001  A  100 
Kath1. 

100  A  HO  =  47°  12'  36",  001  A  101  =  79°  11'  32",  001  A  Oil  =  79°  58'  43. 


(1-0-21, 


Forms2 : 
a  (100,  i-l,  B) 

6  (010,  i-l,  C)  *y  (1-0-12,  T 

c   (001,  0,  A)  «  (109,  f  i) 

„  cm  IF  -»(}<>J.H) 

.a(120,.2)6  Jgjtj 


e*  (101,  l-l)  na   (113,  |)  r4  (129,  f-2) 

i,  (016,  H)  n4   (111,  1)  r,  (125,  §-2) 

»8  (014,  £-i)  Mi  (329,  f  I)  r8  (121,  2-2) 

*>  (012,  i-i)  ma  (323,  1-f)3  n  (1-2-15,  TV2) 

na  (119,  $)  m2  (321,  3-1)  r3  (1-2-11,  T2T-2) 

n,  (117,  t)  *      (236,  H)4  r5  (127,  f-2) 

n,  (115,  t)  fi    (1.2.13j  A^}       r,  (123,  |-2) 

Also  E.  Sec.5:    2?  (563),  t  (1'6'21),  <2  (1-615). 

For  most  of  the  orthodomes,  ei  (107),  etc.,  also  the  unit  pyramids,  n,  (117),  etc.,  the  cor- 
responding forms  in  the  negative  quadrants  occur,  that  is,  —  e\  (107),  —  ni  (117),  etc. 

2. 


Fig.  1,  Brewster.     2,  Mte.  Somma,  Rath. 


ww" 

'   = 

94° 
49° 

25' 

40' 

Ccn\    - 

47° 
57° 

46' 

2V 

CCT\       - 

76° 

43° 

28V 
49' 

nn'  = 

104°  38' 
123°  56' 

ces 

= 

30° 

12' 

cn3    = 

68° 

44V 

crt      = 

*54° 

11' 

r4?Y  = 

94°  46' 

C^! 

= 

36° 

48V 

C7&4      = 

82° 

37' 

cr6       = 

68° 

9' 

r6r6'  = 

114°  46V 

ce2 

r= 

*46° 

20' 

cnii   = 

65° 

4V 

CTs    ^    = 

85° 

25' 

TeTs'  = 

129°  82' 

eg  3 

= 

60° 

12' 

CltTa    = 

81° 

12' 

65° 

49V 

e*Tt    = 

63°     5' 

C€4 

— 

79° 

11  V 

CtW2    = 

87° 

2V 

n^n-i    = 

70° 

1' 

e&3    = 

86°  25' 

<rf, 

= 

43° 

19V 

CTi      = 

39° 

44V 

n3n3'  = 

86° 

18' 

etri    = 

110°  52V 

c*2 

= 

54° 

45' 

CTt      s= 

48° 

35' 

714714'    = 

93° 

24' 

etn4   = 

129°  37' 

C/s 

^ 

70° 

32' 

or*    = 

60° 

4.2' 

rtf'a'     = 

85° 

47' 

141°  51' 

CW« 

= 

40° 

35V 

EUMITE  GROUP— CLINOHUMITE. 


539 


Twins:  (1)  tw.  pi.  —et  (103)  common,  less  so  (2)  +«,  (103);  often  cruciform 
twins  and  with  both  laws  combined.  (3)  c  (1  2);  often  as  polysynthetic  twinning 
lamellae,  as  with  choudrodi^;  these  lamellae  present  also  in  twins  according  to 
the  other  laws.  Also  massive. 

Cleavage:  c  sometimes  distinct.  Fracture  subconchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  6- 
6*5.  Gr.  =  3*1-3*2.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  white,  yellowish  or  grayish  white, 
more  commonly  light  to  dark  brown,  reddish  brown,  yellow,  dark  honey-yellow, 
also  red. 


3,  4.  Mte.  Somma,  Rath. 

Optically  +  .  Ax.  pi.  and  Bxa  J_  1.  Bx0  A  b  =  a  A  6  =  +  11°  Dx.; 
Bx0.y  A  &  —  +  12°  28'  Klein,  Mte.  Somma6.  Bx0  /\  6  =  H°  approx.,  Brewster6. 
Dispersion  weak.  Axial  angles : 


Mte.  Somma 


white 


2Hay  =  84°  40'  to  85°  15'  Klein 
2H  ;r  =  84°  38'  to  85°    4' 


=  86°  40'  to  87°  14'  Dx. 


Comp.,  Pyr.,  Obs.,  etc. — See  below. 

Ref.— »  Mte.  Somma,  Pogg.,  Erg.,  5,  p.  373,  1870.     Other  axial  ratios  are: 

a  :b  :  b 

Mte.  Somma  1*0808  :  1  :  5 '6669    A.  Sec. 

Brewster  1-0863  :  1  :  5'6605    E.  S.  D. 

Dx.  makes  A  —  QQl,  et  —  100,  r4  =  111,  etc. 

*  A.  Sec.,  1.  c.     3  Hbg.,  Min.  Not.,  2,  14,  1858.     4  Rath,  1.  c.,  p.  374.     5  E.  Scc.,1.  c.     6Dx., 
1.  c.,  and  Jb.  Min.,  645,  1876;  Klein,  ibid.,  p.  634;  Cf.  E.  S.  D.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  11,  139,  1876. 


The  composition,  pyrognostic  characters,  and  occurrence  of  the  above  three  species  are  here 
discussed  together. 

Comp. — Fluo-silicates  of  magnesium,  the  same  composition  probably  belonging 
to  the  three  subspecies  humite,  chondrodite,  and  clinohumite  (Wingard),  viz. : 
H,Mg,fiSi8034F4  =  Mg13(MgF)4(MgOH)2Si803a.  Iron  replaces  part  of  the  mag- 
nesium. 

Cf.  Rath,  1.  c.,  and  Pogg.,  147,  258,  1872;  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  434,  1875;  Sjogren,  Zs.  Kr.,  7, 
344,  1882.  Sjogren  attempts  to  establish  a  distinction  in  composition,  which  is  not  borne  out  by 
later  analyses  by  Wingard. 

Anal.— 1,  Rg.,  Pogg.,  86,  410,  1852.  2,  Rath,  ib.,  147,  246,  1872,  also  a  second  anal. 
3-6,  Wingard,  Zs  Anal.  Ch.,  24,  344,  1885.  7,  H.  Sjogren,  Lunds  Univ.  Ars-skrift,  17,  114, 
1880. 

8,  Rg.,  1.  c.  9,  Rath,  1.  c.,  also  a  second  anal,  with  2'74p.  c.  fluorine.  10,  11,  Wingard, 
1.  C.  12,  Rath,  1.  c.  13-16,  Wingard,  1.  c.  17,  Widmau,  G.  For.  Forh.,  3,  13,  1876.  18, 19^,  Sj., 
1.  c.  20,  Berwerth,  Min.  Mitth.,  272,  1877.  21,  Hawes,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  10,  96,  1875. 

22,  Rg.,  1.  c.     23,  Rath,  1.  c.     24,  25,  Wingard,  1.  c. 

26,  27,  Breidenbaugh,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  6,  212,  1873.  28,  Rg.,  1.  c.  Earlier  analyses  are  given 
in  5th  Ed.,  p.  364. 


540 


SILICATES. 


I.  Humite. 
1.  Mte.  Soinma 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 

6.  Ladu  mine 

7.  " 


G. 

3-216 
3208 


II.  Chrondrodite. 
Mte.  Somma  3'190 

3-125 


Kafveltorp 


8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 


20.  Pargas 

21.  Brewster 


3-057 

3-214 

3-216 
3-22 


III.  Clinoliumite. 
Mte.  Somma    3 '18-3-21 
3-191 


22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 


Chondrodite? 

26.  Brewster,  gr.  brown 

27.  "         red 

28.  "  3-19-3  22 


Si02  MgO  FeO  F  H3O 

34-80  60-08  2-40  3'47  —    -  100'75 

35-34  54-45  5'12  2-43  —  A12O3  0-83,  CaO  0'16  =  98' 

35-49  55-41  4'32  5'64  1'45  =  102-31 

35-38  57-17  3'08  5  64  1'45  =  102-63 

35-55  52-86  7-31  5  64  1  45  =  102'73 

35-26  5548  3'51  472  307  =  102-04 

35  13  55-16  3-26  2  45  2'16  MuO  0'41  =  98'57 


CaO  0  74,  A1203  1'06  =  100'32 

—  A12O3  0-94  =  98-21 
1-37  =  102-20 

1-37  =  102-22 

-  A12O3  0-62  =  98  66 
1-31  FeaO8  0-11  =  102-10 
1-31  Fe2O3  0  12  =  102-54 
1-31  Fe2O3013  =  102-80 
1-31  FeaO8  201  =  102-47 

-  A12O3  0-64,  MuO  1  31  =  102-52 
0-61  AlaO8  0  71.  MnO  0'81  =  100'29 
0-55  A12O3  0  68,  MnO  0'75,  CaO  tr. 

[=  99-76 

1-58A12O3  0-77,  Fe2O3  3;06,  Na2O 
[2-11,  K2O  1-31  =  103-11 

—  A1203  0-48  =  99-72 


36-67  56-83  1'67  2'61       —    =  97'78 

36-82  54-92  5'48  2  20      —   A12O3  0'24  =  99 '66 

33-40  51-62  9-63  567  1'41  Fe2O3  0'82  =  102'43 

33-20  51-45  9-78  5  67  1'41  Fe2O3  0'96  =  102'53 


35-42  54-22  5-72  9'00  —  =  104-36 
35-42  51-88  9'73  5'38  —  =  102  41 
33-52  56-30  2-96  7'46  —  =  100'24 


33-26 

57-92 

2-30 

504 

33-82 

5923 

1'78 

2-44 

33-49 

58-29 

3-80 

525 

1 

33-77 

57-98 

3-96 

5-14 

I: 

33-9B 

53-01 

6-83 

4-24 

33-90 

5352 

7-76 

5-58 

1 

33-53 

52-93 

8  96 

5-58 

1- 

33-86 

5-3-71 

9-28 

5  58 

l- 

31-56 

43-41 

18-67 

5-58 

1 

35-13 

52-62 

5-65 

7-17 

3401 

54-97 

4-62 

456 

0 

33-13 

54-71 

4-95 

4-99 

0 

29-56 

51  01 

5-09 

8-62 

1 

34-10 

53-72 

7-28 

4-14 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  infusible;  some  varieties  blacken  and  then  burn  white.  Fused  with  potas- 
sium bisulpbate  in  the  closed  tube  gives  a  reaction  for  fluorine.  With  the  fluxes  a  reaction  for 
iron.  Gelatinizes  with  acids.  Heated  with  sulphuric  acid  gives  off  silicon  fluoride. 

Obs. — Humite,  Chondrodite,  and  clinohumite  (humite,  Types  I,  II,  III,  Sec.)  all  occur  at 
Vesuvius  in  the  ejected  masses  both  of  limestone  or  feldspathic  type  found  on  Monte  Somma. 
They  are  associated  with  chrysolite,  biotite,  pyroxene,  magnetite,  spinel,  vesuvianite,  calcite,  etc.; 
also  less  often  with  sanidine,  meionite,  nephelite.  Of  the  three  species,  humite  is  the  rarest  and 
clinohumite  of  most  frequent  occurrence.  They  seldom  all  occur  together  in  the  same  mass 
(though  this  has  in  one  case  been  noted  by  E.  Scacchi),  and  only  rarely  two  of  the  species  (as 
bumite  and  clinohumite)  appear  together.  Occasionally  clinohumite  interpenetrates  crystals  of 
humite,  and  parallel  intergrowths  with  chrysolite  Lave  also  been  observed. 

Humite  has  also  been  identified  at  the  Ladu  mine  near  Filipstad,  Werrnland,  Sweden,  with 
magnetite  in  crystalline  limestone;  it  is  in  part  altered  to  serpentine.  In  crystalline  limestone 
with  clinohumite  in  the  Llanos  de  Juanar,  Serrania  de  Ronda,  Andalusia  (Levy-Lex.,  Bull.  Soc. 
Min.,  9,  81,  1886).  Also  in  large  coarse,  partly  altered,  crystals  at  the  Tilly  Foster  iron-mine  at 
Brewster,  N.  Y. 

Chondrodite  at  Mte.  Somma,  as  above  noted;  at  Pargas,  Finland,  of  honey-yellow  color  in 
limestone,  also  at  other  points  in  Finland;  at  Kafveltorp,  Nya-Kopparberg,  Sweden,  associated 
with  chalcopyrite.  galena,  sphalerite.  In  granular  limestone  of  Strehlen,  Silesia.  Abundantly 
at  Brewster,  N.  Y.,  at  the  Tilly  Foster  magnetic  iron  mine  in  deep  garnet-red  crystals  of  great 
beauty  and  variety  of  form.  Also  probably  at  numerous  points  where  the  occurrence  of  "chon- 
drodite"  has  been  reported. 

Clinohumite  occurs  at  Mte.  Somma  as  noted  above;  in  Andalusia,  Llanos  de  Juanar,  embedded 
in  limestone  as  polysyntbetic  lamellae  in  parallel  intergrowth  with  humite  (Levy-Lex.,  1.  c.);  in 
crystalline  limestone  near  L.  Baikal  in  East  Siberia;  at  Brewster,  N.  Y.,  in  rare  but  highly 
modified  crystals. 

Numerous  other  localities  of  4<  Chondrodite  "  have  been  noted,  chiefly  in  crystalline  lime- 
stone; most  of  them  are  probably  to  be  referred  to  the  species  Chondrodite,  but  the  identity  in 
many  cases  is  yet  to  be  proved.  Some  of  the  foreign  localities  are:  Strehlen  in  Silesia;  Boden 
near  MarienbeYg,  Saxony;  Loch  Ness,  Scotland;  Achmatovsk  in  the  Ural;  with  spinel  in  the 


ILVAITE. 


541 


Umestone  of  Huerta  and  Sierra  de  Cordoba,  Argentine  Republic;  Heteroland,  S.  Africa; 
with  spinel  in  crystalline  limestone  in  Spitsbergen. 

At  B'ewster  large  quantities  of  massive  *'  chondrodite"  occur  associated  with  magnetite, 
eustatite,  ripidolite,  and  from  its  extensive  alteration  serpentine  has  been  formed  on  a  large  scale. 

The  granular  mineral  is  common  in  limestone  in  Sussex  Co.,  N.  J.  (chondrodite,  Levy  & 
Lex  ),  and  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y.,  associated  with  spinel,  and  occasionally  with  pyroxene  and 
corundum.  In  N.  Jersey,  at  Bryam,  orange  and  straw-colored  chondrodite,  and  also  a  variety 
nearly  black,  occurs  with  spinel;  at  Sparta,  a  fine  locality  of  honey-yellow  chondrodite;  a  mile 
to  the  north  of  Sparta  the  best  locality  of  this  mineral  in  N.  J.;  at  Vernon,  Lockwood.and 
Franklin.  In  N.  York,  in  Orange  Co.,  in  Warwick,  Monroe,  Cornwall,  near  Greenwood  Fur- 
nace, and  at  Two  Ponds,  and  elsewhere;  near  Edenville  in  fine  specimens  on  the  land  of  Mr. 
Houston ;  also  sparingly  in  Rossie,  on  the  bank  of  Laidlaw  Lake.  In*Mass.,  at  Chelmsford,  with 
scapolite;  at  South  Lee,  in  limestone.  In  Penn.,  near  Chaddsford,  in  Harvy's  quarry,  of  yellow 
and  orange  colors,  abundant.  In  Canada,  in  limestone  at  St.  Crosby,  St.  Jerome,  St.  Adele, 
Grenville,  etc.,  abundant. 

The  name  chondrodite  is  from  XOV$PO(*>  a  grain,  alluding  to  the  granular  structure.  Brucite 
was  given  by  Col.  Gibbs  after  Dr.  Bruce  (1777-1818),  editor  of  the  American  Mineralogical 
Journal;  Maclureite  by  Seybert,  after  Wm.  Maclure  (1763-1840).  Humite  is  from  Sir  Abraham 
Hume. 

Alt. — Chondrodite  altered  to  serpentine  occurs  at  Sparta,  N.  J.,  with  spinel  and  mica;  also 
at  Brewster,  N.  Y.,  where  it  is  extensively  altered ,  yielding  serpentine  in  large  quantities,  see 
J.  D.  D.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  371,  1874. 


417.  ILVAITE.    Yenite  (fr.  Elba)  Lelievre,  J.  Mines,  21,  65,  1807.     Ilvait  Stiffens,  Orykt., 
I,  356,  1811.     Lievrit  Wern.,  Hoffm.  Min.,  2,  a.  376,  1812.     Wehrlit  Kbl,  Grundz,  313,  1838. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  b  :  c  =  0*6665  :  1  :  0*4427  Des  Cloizeaux1. 
100  A  HO  =  33°  41',  001  A  101  =  33°  35J',  001  A  Oil  =  23°  52f '. 


Forms2 : 
a  (100,  i-l) 
b  (010,  i-l) 
c  (001,  0) 


h  (210,  z-2) 
£  (530.  z-f)5 
H  (540,  i-f)8 
m  (110,  /) 
r  (340,  i-f)8 
p  (230,  i-f  )3 


s  a 20,  i-2) 

t   (130,  i-3) 
d  (140,  t-4) 

K  (106,  |-1)7 
r  (101,  \-l) 


w  (301,  3-i) 

n  (012,  H) 
0  (Oil,  14)8 
e  (021,  24) 

o   (111,  1) 


k  (411,  4-4> 
y  (311,  3-3)3 
x  (211,  2-2) 
I  (421,  4-2> 
i  (121,  2-2)3 
u  (131,  3-3)3 


Lorenzen6  gives  the  following  vicinal  forms  on  Greenland  crystals:  0  lO'l.  O'12'l,  O'190'l, 
280-840-3.  Bauer8  also  the  following  on  the  ilvaite  from  Herboruseelbach :  d  (13-17'0),  (7'H'O), 
v  (4  ll'O),  GO  (28'25-28),  /3  (32'31'32),  r  (18-19'19). 


hh'" 
mm" 

88' 

it' 
rr' 


=  36°  52' 

==  67°  22' 
=  73°  45' 
=  53°  9' 
=  67°  11' 


iew'  =  126°  42' 

nri    =     24°  58' 

00'  =     47°  454 

ee'     =     83°  3' 

oo'     =  *62°  33' 


xx  =  101°  5' 
if  =  52C  53' 
uu'  =  43°  33£ 

oo"  -  *77°  12' 


oo"'  =  40°  29' 
yy'  '  =  22°  28' 
if"  =  72"  49' 
uu'"  =  95°  47' 


Commonly  in  prisms,  with  prismatic  faces  vertically  striated ;  also  faces  o  r 
striated  ||  edge  b/o.     Columnar  or  com- 
pact massive. 

Cleavage:  #,  c  rather  distinct;  a  in- 
distinct; m,  r  imperfect  (Mir.).  Frac- 
ture uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  5*5-6. 
G.  =  3*99-4*05.  Luster  submetallic. 
Color  iron-black,  or  dark  grayish  black. 
Streak  black,  inclining  to  green  or 

brown.     Opaque. 

u    in 

Comp.— HCaFe2FeSi209  or  H2O.CaO. 
4FeO.Fe,03.4Si02  =  Silica  29*3,  iron 
sesquioxide  19*6,  iron  protoxide  35*2, 
iime  13*7,  water  2*2  =  100.  Manganese 
may  replace  part  of  the  ferrous  iron. 

The  formula  may  be  written  (Groth)  as  a  basic  ortkosilicate  CaFe2(FeOH)(SiO4)a. 


i,  2,  Elba;  2,  Rath. 


542 


SILICATES. 


Anal.— 1,  Stadeler,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  99,  70,  1866.  2,  Sipocz,  Min.  Mitth.,  72, 1875.  3,  Lorenzen 
Min.  Mag.,  5,  63, 1882.  4,  Early,  Proc.  Irish  Ac.,  3,  52,  1877.  5,  Tobler,  Lieb.  Ann.,  99,  122,  1866. 
6,  Seger,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  661,  1875.  In  former  analyses  (as  in  4)  the  water  was  mostly  overlooked 
or  regarded  as  unessential,  5th  Ed.  p.  296.  The  correct  formula  was  first  given  by  Stadeler, 
and  confirmed  by  Sipocz  and  Lorenzen. 


G. 

1.  Elba  4-023 

2.  "  4-037 
3    Greenland  4'05 

4.  Elba 

5.  Nassau 

6.  " 


Si02  Fe203  FeO  MnO  CaO  H2O 

29-20  20-74  34-13  1-02  12'90  2'36  =  100-35 

29-67  21-26  33'09  0'74  13'33  2'32  =  100-41 

29-30  20-30  33-50'  1-97  13'71  1-90  =  100'68 

29-93  20-16  31  83,  3'02  13'71  0'42  A12O3  0'36,  MgO  0'30,  alk.  0'49 

33-30  22-57  24-02  678  11'68  1-12  =  99-47                          [=100-22 

27-53  26-18  22'70  8'66  13'24  0'34  =  98'65 


Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  quietly  at  2 -5  to  a  black  magnetic  bead.  With  the  fluxes  reacts  for 
iron.  Some  varieties  give  also  a  reaction  for  manganese.  Gelatinizes  with  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — First  found  on  the  Rio  la  Marina,  and  at  Capo  Calamita,  on  Elba,  by  M.  Lelieivre,  in 
1802,  where  it  occurs  in  large  solitary  crystals,  and  aggregated  crystallizations  in  dolomite  with 
pyroxene,  etc.  Also  found  near  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz;  betweenHerborn  and  Herbornseelbach 
in  Nassau;  Kupferberg,  Silesia;  at  the  mine  of  Temperino  in  Tuscany,  granular,  in  limestone 
with  actinolite;  on  Mt.  Mulatto  near  Predazzo,  Tyrol,  in  granite;  at  Schneeberg  in  Saxony; 
Fossum  near  Skeen  in  Norway;  Thyrill,  Iceland;  in  the  sodalite-syenite  of  the  Kangerdluarsuk 
fiord  in  South  Greenland  (cf.  Lorenzen,  Min.  Mag.,  5,  70,  1882). 

Reported  as  formerly  found  at  Cumberland,  R.  I.,  in  slender  black  or  brownish  black 
crystals,  traversing  quartz  along  with  magnetite  and  hornblende;  also  at  Milk  Row  quarry, 
Somerville,  Mass. 

Named  Ilvaite  from  the  Latin  name  of  the  island  (Elba)  on  which  it  was  found;  Lievrite  after 
its  discoverer;  Yenite  (should  have  been  Jeuite)  in  commemoration  of  the  battle  of  Jena,  in  1806. 
The  Germans,  and  later  the  French,  have  rightly  rejected  the  name  yenite,  on  the  ground  that 
commemorations  of  political  hostility  or  triumph  are  opposed  to  the  spirit  of  science.  Des  Cloi- 
zeaux  adopts  Ilvaite. 

Wehrlite  of  Kobell  has  been  referred  to  lievrite,  as  suggeste  d  by  Zipser.  It  is  massive 
granular.  H.  =  6-6'5.  G.  =  3'90.  Analysis  by  Wehrle,  SiO2  34*60,  Fe2O3  42'38,  Mn2O3  0*28, 
A12O3  0-12,  FeO  15'78,  CaO  5  84,  H2O  I'OO  =  100.  B.B.  fuses  with  difficulty  on  the  edges. 
Imperfectly  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid.  From  Szurrasko,  Hungary.  Some  of  the  specimens 
so  called  have  proved  to  be  highly  heterogeneous,  cf.  Szabo,  Zeph.,  Min.  Lex.  Oest.,  2  343. 
1873. 

Ref.— '  Ann.  Mines,  8,  402,  1855,  Min.,  1,  217,  1862.  Other  axial  ratios;  deduced  by 
Lorenzen  and.  by  Flink  (ref.  below)  are: 


Greenland 
Iceland 


a  :  b  :  c  =  0'67437  :  1  :  0'44845    Lorenzen 
a  :  b  :  c  =  0-66195  :  1  :  0 '43897    Flink 


On  the  relation  in  form  and  composition  between  ilvaite  and  humite,  see  Websky,  Ber.  Ak. 
Berlin,  201,  1876. 

2  Cf.  Mir.,  Min.,  324,  1852.  3  Dx.,  1.  c.  4  Hbg.,  Min.  Not.,  3,  1,  1860;  see  also  Rath,  Zs. 
G.  Ges.,  22,  710,  1870.  5  Achiardi,  Nuovo  Cimento,  3,  Feb.,  1870.  6  Lorenzen,  Greenland,  Zs. 
Kr.,  7,  243,  1884.  7  Flink,  Thyrill,  Iceland,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  Bihang,  12  (2),  No.  2,  44,  1887. 
8  Bauer,  Herbornseelbach,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  31,  1890. 


418.  ARDENNTTE.  Mangandisthen  Lasaulx.  Lasaulx  and  Bettendorff,  Ber.  nied.  Ges., 
29,  189,  Nov.  24,  1872;  Pogg.,  149,  241,  1873.  Dewalquite  Pisani,  C.  R.,  75,  1542,  Dec.  2, 
1872;  77,  329,  1873. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-4663  :  1  :  0-3135  Rath1. 

100  A  HO  =  25°  0',  001  A  101  =  33°  54f,  001  A  Oil  =  17°  24J'. 

Forms1 :  a  (100,  i-l),  b  (010,  i-ty  n  (320,  *-f),  m  (110,  2),  I  (120,  £-2);  e  (101,  1-i);  o  (111,  1); 
u  (323,  1-f). 


nri"    =     34°  32' 

mm'"  =     50°  0' 

mb       =  *65°  0' 

II'        =     94°  0' 


ee'  =  67°  50' 

oo'  =  65°  22' 

oo"  =  73°  8' 

oo'"  =  *29°  10' 


uu'    =  66°  42' 

uu"  =  70°  18- 
uu'"  =  19°  41' 
ao  =  57°  19' 


au  =  56°  39' 

bo   =  75°  25' 
bu  =  80°    9 


In   prismatic   crystals   resembling  ilvaite;   prismatic  faces  strongly  striated j 
pyramidal  faces  smooth;  distinct  crystals  rare. 


LANGBAN1TE. 


543 


Cleavage:   b  perfect;  m  very  distinct;  parting  ||  c,  with  horizontal  striations 
similar    to    cyanite.      Fracture   subconchoidal    to    uneven. 
Brittle.      H.   =   6-7.      G.  =  3-620;    3-577    Pisani.      Color 
yellow  to  yellowish   brown;    in  thin  splinters  translucent, 
red. 

Pleochroism  strong.     Optically  +.     Ax.  pi.  ||  a.     Bx  J_  #. 
Axial  angles  variable- 


2Er=68°  36-69°  52'    2E_=65°  45-67°  29'     2E_=62°      - 
2Er=76°    7-79°    9'    SEy=TO°  55-74°  26'     2Egr=68°  36'- 


-62°  56'  Pisani 
70°  59'  Dx. 


Levy-Lex,  give:  Ax.  pi.  |  b.     Bx  j_e. 
ti  gold-yellow,  a  deep  brownish  yellow. 


Pleochroism:   c  pale  yellow,        Ardennite,  Lasaulx. 


Comp. — A  vanadio-silicate  of  aluminium  and  manganese,  composition  uncertain; 
probable  empirical  formula  H5Mn4Al4VSi4023  or  5H20.8Mn0.4Al203.V206.8Si02  = 
Silica  27-8,  vanadium  pentoxide  10 -6,  alumina  23-6,  manganese  protoxide  32-8, 
water  5 -2  =  100. 

Arsenic  replaces  the  vanadium  in  varying  amounts,  but  probably  from  alteration  (Lsx.); 
magnesium  and  calcium  replace  part  of  the  manganese,  also  ferric  iron  the  aluminium  in  small 
amount. 

Anal.— 1,  Lasaulx  and  Bettendorff,  Pogg.,  149,  245,  1873.  2,  3,  Bettendorff,  ib.,  160,  126, 
1877.  4,  Pisani,  C.  R,  77,  329,  1873,  also  an  earlier  one,  ib.,  75,  1542,  1872,  giving  8'71  p.  c. 
VaO5  and  no  AsaO5. 


G.         Si02    A1203  Fe203  MnO  MgO   CaO  V2O5  As2O6  H2O 


I.  Dark  brown        3'620    f  29  74»  23'50    1-95    25'95    3-42    2'05    9'14      —     4'04    CuO,P2O. 

[tr.  =  99-79 

27-84          24-22         26'70    3-01    2-17    9  20    2'76    5'01  =  100-91 
27-50    22-76    1-15    30-61     1-38    T83    0'53    9'33    5'13  CuO  0'17= 

[100-39 

28-40    24-80    1-31    25-70    4'07    2-98    3'12    6'35    5'20b  CuOO'22= 

[102-15 

Probably  contains  free  quartz.  b  Ign. 


2.  Brown,  transp.  3 '643 

3.  Yellow,  opaque  3 -656 

4.  Yellow-brown 


Other  arsenic  determinations  gave  Bettendorff:  1*83,  2*31,  253,  2'98,  6-64AsaO5;  the  color 
grows  lighter  with  the  increase  in  arsenic. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  easily  fusible  with  intumescence  to  a  black  glass.  With  borax  gives  a 
manganese  bead.  The  water  can  only  be  driven  off  at  a  strong  red  heat.  Not  attacked  by 
hydrochloric  and  nitric  acids,  and  only  feebly  attacked  by  sulphuric  acid. 

Obs. — Found  at  Salm  Chateau  near  Ottrez  in  the  Ardennes,  Belgium,  in  quartz  veins  in  the 
Ardennes  schists.  It  is  usually  embedded  in  the  quartz  (containing  particles  of  pyrolusite)  and 
associated  with  a  reddish  white  crystalline  aggregate  of  albite. 

Lasaulx  first  noticed  this  mineral  under  the  name  of  mangandistTien,  in  consequence  of  a 
supposed  resemblance  to  cyanite.  This,  as  Pisani  urges,  is  on  several  accounts  an  objectionable 
name,  and  is  naturally  superseded  by  the  name  ardennite,  which  too  has  the  right  of  priority 
over  dewalquite. 

The  name  ardennite  refers  to  the  locality;  dewalquite  was  given  for  the  Belgian  geologist, 
Prof.  G.  Dewalque. 

Ref.— !  Pogg.,  147,  247,  1873. 


419.  LANGBANITB.     G.  Flink,  Zs.  Kr.,  13,  1,  1887,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  Bihang,  13  (2). 
No.  7,  91,  1888.     Longbanite. 

Hexagonal.     Axis  6  =  1-6437;  0001  A  1011  =  *62°  13'  Flink1. 


Forms : 

€   (0001,  0) 
m  (1010,  /) 


a  (1120,  £ 
I  (4150,  £ 

P  (1012,  i 


o  (1011,  1) 
d  (2021,  2) 

e  (1126,  f  2) 


/  (1123,  f-2) 
g  (2243,  |-2) 


h  (2131,  3-|) 
i  (4156,  H) 


544 


SILICATES. 


cp  =    43°  30' 
co  =  *62°  13' 
cd  =    75°  144' 
ee  =    28°  43' 


cf  =  47°  37' 
=  65°  28i' 
=  78°  44' 


eg 
eh 


pp'  =  40°  16' 
<w'   =  52°  304' 
jf'   =  43°  21' 


oo  =  39°  59' 
ah  =15°  37' 
wA  =  22°  4' 


1. 


2. 


Figs.  1,  2,  Langbau,  Flink. 


Anal.— Flink,  1.  c. 
Si02  10-88 


Crystals  hexagonal  in  habit,  long 
or  short  prismatic;  faces  a  prominent 
and  vertically  striated;  m  small 
and  bright. 

Cleavage  none.  Fracture  con- 
choidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  6-5.  G.  = 
4-918.  Luster  metallic,  brilliant. 
Color  iron-black.  Powder  dark 
reddish  brown.  Opaque. 

Comp. — Manganese  silicate  with 
ferrous  antimonate;  formula  doubt- 
ful. Flink  calculates  37Mn6SiO,.- 
10Fe3Sb208.  The  state  of  oxidation 
of  the  metals  present  is  not  defi- 
nitely settled. 


Sb3O5  15-42 


MnO  64-00 


FeO  10-32  =  100-62 


Pyr.— B.B.  infusible,  but  becomes  dull  on  the  surface.  On  charcoal  gives  a  faint  white 
sublimate,  and  with  salt  of  phosphorus  a  silica  skeleton.  Fused  with  soda  aud  saltpeter  gives  a 
deep  green  mass.  Difficultly  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  without  evolution  of  chlorine. 

Obs. — Occurs  sparingly  at  Laugban,  Wermlaud,  Sweden,  with  schefferite  in  granular  crys- 
talline limestone,  also  associated  with  richterite,  braunite,  magnetite,  hausmannite.  Probably 
also  with  rhodonite  at  the  Sjo  mines,  Gryhytte  parish,  Orebro,  Sweden  ilgelstrdm). 

Ref.— »  L.  c.,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  93,  1888.     See  further  p.  1039. 


Kentrolite  Group. 

420.  KENTROLITE.    A.  Damour  and  G.  wm  Rath,  Zs.  Kr.,  5,  32,  1880. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  &  :  1 :  6  =  0-6334  :  1  :  0-8830  Rath. 

100  A  HO  =  32°  21',  001  A  101  =  54°  20fr',  001  A  Oil  =  41°  26f. 
Forms:    b  (010,  »'-*);    m  (110,  /);    o  (111,  1). 
Angles,  mm'"  =  *64°  42',    oo  =  92°  31',    oo"  =  117°  34',    oo'"  =  *54°  28',    om  =  31°  13'. 

Crystals  minute,  prismatic  in  habit  terminated  by  the  pyramid  o  (111) ;  often 
grouped  in  sheaf-like  forms  resembling  stilbite.  Faces  rather  rough,  the  prismatic 
horizontally  striated.  Also  massive. 

Cleavage:  m  distinct.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  5.  G.  =  6-19. 
Luster  vitreous  to  submetallic,  dull.  Color  dark  reddish  brown,  becoming  black 
on  the  surface. 

Comp.— Perhaps  2PbO.Mn203.2Si02  =  Silica  16 -6,  manganese  sesquioxide21'8, 
lead  protoxide  61-6  =  100. 
Anal. — Damour,  1.  c. 

SiO2  15-95  MnO2  24'50  (or  Mn2O3  22-26)  PbO  59'79  =  100'24 

The  state  of  oxidation  of  the  manganese,  and  hence  the  true  composition  of  the  mineral,  is 

•      iv 

not  definitely  settled;  if  MnO2  is  present,  the  formula  becomes  PbMnSiO5,  which  requires: 
SiO2  lfi-3,  MnO9  23'5,  PbO  60'2  =  100.  The  formula  given  above  corresponds  to  that  of 
inelunotekite. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  a  lead  coating  and  with  soda  a  globule  of  lead.  In  a  salt 
of  phosphorus  bead  dissolves  and  gives  in  R.F.  a  slight  yellowish  color,  after  the  addition  of 
saltpeter  becomes  bright  violet.  Dissolves  in  part  in  dilute  sulphuric  acid  with  the  separation  of 
manganese  oxide  mixed  with  silica.  With  hydrochloric  acid  chlorine  is  disengaged. 

Obs. — From  southern  Chili,  exact  locality  unknown.  Occurs  with  quartz,  barite,  apatite 
Named  from  KevTpov,  spike.  See  also  p.  1039. 


KENTEOLITE  QRO UP—MELANOTEKITE.—BERTRANDITE. 


545 


421.    MBLANOTEKITE.      G.  Lindstrom,    Ofv.    Ak.    Stockh.,    35,  No.  6,    53,    1880. 
Melanotecite. 

Massive. 

Cleavage  in  two.  directions,  in  one  of  these  most  distinct.  H.  =  6*5.  Gr.  =  5'73. 
Luster  metallic  to  greasy.  Color  black  to  blackish  gray.  Streak  greenish  gray. 
Nearly  opaque  but  translucent  in  thin  sections.  Pleochroic,  bottle-green  and 
red  brown. 

Comp.— Pb2Fe2Si209  or  2PbO.Fe303.2Si02  =  Silica  16'6,  iron  sesquioxide  22*0, 
lead  protoxide  61  -4  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Lindstrom;  1,  after  deducting  2'36  p.  c.  impurities;  2,  after  deducting  3  30  p.  c.: 


SiO2    Fe2O3    PbO      MnO     CaO    MgO     K2O 

1.  17-32    23-18    55-26      0'69      0'02      0'59      0'24 

2.  17-22    22-81    58*42      0'57        —       0'33      0'18 

X  =  CuO  0-20,  FeO  0*75,  BaO  O'll  (?),  Cl  014,  P2O6  0'07. 


Na2O 

0  54  ign.  0-93,  X  1'27  =  100-04 
0-33 


Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  with  intumescence  to  a  black  bead;  with  soda  on  charcoal  gives  R 
globule  of  lead  and  a  lead  coating.  With  borax  reacts  for  iron,  but  on  strong  heating  in  R.F, 
becomes  on  cooling  black  and  opaque  (reduced  lead),  with  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  a  skeleton  of 
silica  Decomposed  by  nitric  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  with  native  lead,  Intimately  mixed  with  magnetite  and  yellow  garnet  at 
Langban  in  Wermland,  Sweden.  This  locality  has  also  furnished  the  lead  silicates,  hyalotekite 
and  ganomalite  (p.  422).  Named,  in  allusion  to  the  related  hyalotekite,  from  //eAorS,  black,  and 
Tr/K€ir,  to  melt.  Lindstrom  calls  attention  to  the  fact  that  of  the  two  possible  formulas  for 
kentrolite  proposed  by  Damour  and  Rath,  the  second  corresponds  exactly  to  the  above  composi- 
tion of  melanotekite. 


422.  BERTRANDITE.    Nouveau  mineral  des  environs  de  Nantes  E.  Bertrand,  Bull.  Soc. 
Min.,  3,  96,  1880,  6,  248,  1883.     Dx.,  ib.,  5,  176,  1882.      Bertrandite  Damour,  ib.,  6,  252,  1883. 

Orthorhombic;  hemimorphic.     Axes  a  :  l\  6  =  0-56885  :  1  :  0-5973  Penfield1. 
100  A  110  =  29°  38',  001  A  101  =  46°  23f ',  001  A  Oil  =  30°  51'  Pfd. 


Forms2  : 
a  (100,  a) 
b  (010,  i-l) 


c  (001,  0) 
h  (310,  «-3) 
m  (110,  7) 


/  (130,  z-3) 
d  (102,  £-i)4 
i  (049,  f  I? 


e  (011,14) 


e  (031,  34) 
x  (162,  3-6)* 


1. 


Fig.  1,  Pisek,  Vrba    2-4,  Stoneham,  Me.,  Pfd. 


hk'" 
mm' 
ff' 


=    21°  281' 
=  *59°  16' 
=    60°  44' 


cd  =  *27°  42' 
dd'  =  55°  24' 
ee'  =  61°  42' 


rfrf  —  100°  8' 
ee'  =  121°  40' 
de  =  64°  26' 


xx'  =  28°  4^ 
ex  =61°  50' 


646  SILICATES. 


Twins  heart-shaped,  with  axes  crossing  at  angles  of  about  60°  and  120°, 
tw.  pi.  e  (Oil),  perhaps  also  /  (130)  and  e  (031),  but 
the  last  two  not  quite  certain  (cf.  Vrba).  Also  tw.  pi. 
c  Pfd.  Crystals  often  tabular  ||  c;  also  ||  b;  often  hemi- 
morphic  in  the  direction  of  the  vertical  axis. 

Cleavage:  m  perfect;  also  b  and  c,  the  last  perhaps 
due  to  lamellar  structure.  H.  =  6-7.  G.  =  2-59-2-60. 
Luster  vitreous;  pearly  on  c.  Colorless  to  slightly  yellow.  Transparent.  Pyro- 
electric,  the  flat  plane  (f.  5)  c  -f-  on  cooling,  the  rounded  face  — . 

Optically  — .     Ax.  pi.  ||  b.     Bxa  J_  a.     Dispersion  p  <  v.    Axial  angles: 

Nantes         2Ha.y     =82°         2H0.y     =118°        .%    2Vy    =  74°  51f    /?=  1-569  Btd. 
Mt.  Antero  2K0.y    =  101°  10'     .-.    (ft  =  1-569)    2V0.y    =  108°  42'    2Va.y    =  71°  18'  Pfd. 

Comp — H2Be4Si209  or  H30.4Be0.2Si02  =  Silica  50-3,  glucina  421,  water  7'6 
r=  100. 

The  water  goes  off  only  at  a  red  heat.     Groth  writes  the  formula  as  a  basic  orthosilicate. 
Anal.— 1,  Damour,  1.  c.     2,  Pfd.,  on  Q'13  gr. ,  1.  c.    3,  Preis,  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  200,  1889. 

SiO2  BeO  H2O 

1.  Barbin  G.  =  2'586  49  26  •  42  00  6'90  Fe2O3  1'40  =  99'56 

2.  Mt  Antero    G.  =  2'598  51'8  39'6  8'4    CaO  1-0  =  100-8 

3.  Pisek  G.  =  2'599  Vrba         49  90  42-62  7'94  Al2O3,Fe2O3  tr.  =  100*46 

Pyr. — B.B,  infusible  but  becomes  opaque.     Insoluble  in  acid. 

Obs= — Occurs  implanted  upon  quartz  or  feldspar  in  cavities  of  a  pegmatyte  for.ming  veins  in 
gneiss  at  Petit-Port  and  at  the  quarries  of  Barbin  near  Nantes,  France;  also  from  la  Villeder, 
Morbihan  (Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  12,  514,  1889).  In  a  feldspar  quarry  at  Pisek,  Bohemia,  with 
corroded  beryl,  in  part  aquamarine,  also  apatite,  tourmaline,  etc.  On  Mt.  Antero,  Chaff ee  Co., 
Colorado,  with  phenacite  and  sometimes  inclosing  it  as  of  earlier  formation;  both  are  implanted 
upon  corroded  aquamarine  crystals.  Also  at  Stoneham,  Me.,  in  cavities  with  herderite.  At 
Amelia  Court  House,  Va.,  with  etched  beryl. 

Named  for  E.  Bertrand,  the  French  Mineralogist. 

Ref.— '  Stoneham,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  37,  213,  1889.  For  Mt.  Antero  he  obtained  &  :  b  :  c  — 
0-5723  : 1  :  0  5993,  ib.,  36,  52,  1888,  40,  490,  1890.  Scharizer  suggested  a  monoclinic  form  for 
the  Pisek  mineral,  Zs.  Kr.,  14,  33,  1888,  which  is  not  confirmed  by  optical  characters  nor  by 
Vrba's  measurements,  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  194,  1889;  the  latter  shows  that  there  is  an  apparent  relation 
in  form  to  calamine,  although  the  formulas  differ  by  one  molecule  of  water,  thus: 

Bertrandite  $&  :  b  :  $b  =  0'7243  :  1  :  0'4186  Stoneham,  Pfd. 

0-7191  :  1  :  0'4206  Pisek,  Vrba. 
Calamine  a  :  b  :    c  =  0*7834  :  1  :  0*4778  Schrauf. 

The  hemimorphic  character  of  the  species  was  shown  by  Penfield. 

*  Btd.,  1.  c.     3  Scharizer,  Pisek,  1.  c.    4  Pfd.,  Stoneham,  1.  c.    5  Vrba,  Pisek,  1.  c. 


Division   II.     Oxygen  Ratio  2  :  3.    Formula  R3SiO 


6* 


423.  CALAMINE.  Cadmia  pt.  Plin.,  34,  2;  Agric.  Foss.,  255,  1546.  Lapis  calaminaris, 
Germ.  Galmei  pt.  Agric.,  Interpr.,1546.  Gallmeja  pt.,  Lapis  calaminaris  pt.,  Cadmia  officin.  pt., 
Wall.,  Min.,  247,  1747;  Zincum  naturale  calciforme  pt.,  Galmeja,  Lapis  calaminaris  pt.,  Cronst., 
197,  1758.  Calamine  pt.  Fr.  TrL  Wall.,  1,  447,  1753.  Zincum  spatosum  cinereum  compactum 
electricum,  ib.  flavescens  drusicum  (fr.  Carinthia),  v.  Born,  Lithoph.,  1,  132,  1772.  Calamine 
pt.,  Mine  de  Zinc  vitriforme  (with  figs.)  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  329,  1772,  3,  81,  1783;  Kieselerde,  Zink- 
oxyd(fr.  Derbyshire),  Elapr.,  Crell's  Ann.,  1,  391,  1788.  Galmei  pt.  Karst.,  Tab.,  24,  1791. 
Zinc  oxyde  pt.  H.,  Tr.,  4,  1801.  Electric  Calamine,  Silicate  of  Zinc,  Smithson,  Phil.  Trans., 
1803  Zinc  Calamine  Brongn.,  Min.,  2,  136,  1807.  Zinkglaserz  Karst.,  Tab.,  70,100,1808. 
Zinkkieselerz,  Kieselzinkerz,  Kieselzinkspath,  Kieselgalmey,  Germ.  Zinc  oxyde  silicifere  H. 
Calamine  Beud.,  Min.,  2,  190,  1832.  Smithson ite  B.  &  M.,  Min.,  1852  [not  Smithsonite  Beud.]. 
Hemimorphil  Kenng.,  Mm.,  67,  1853.  Wagit  Radoszkovski,  C.  R.,  53,  107,  1862. 

Orthorhombic;  hemimorphic.     Axes  a  :  b  :  6  =  0-78340  :  1  :  0-47782  Schrauf. 
100  A  HO  =  38°  4J',  001  A  101  =  31°  22f ',  001  A  Oil  =  25°  32J'. 


CALAMINE. 


547 


Forms2  : 
a  (100,  i-l) 
b  (010,  i-l) 
c  (001,  0) 


,  2) 

n  (120,  i-2)5 
o  (130,  a-3)3 
IZ"  (290,  £|)8 
5  (150,  £-5) 

1. 


$  (106, 

v  (105, 
r  (103, 
p  (205,  |-i)io 
y  (102,  i-*)1 
s  (101,  14) 

#  (403,  f  i)' 
yu  (201,  2-1)? 

*  (301,  3-*) 


a  (018,  £4)? 
d  (012,  44)3 
e  (Oil,  14) 
e  (043,  |4)9 
/  (032,  §-«)• 
0  (053,  f  4)5« 


A  (021,  24) 
i  (031,  34) 
A;  (051,  54)3 


I  (071,  74)3 

r  (H2,  i)4 
5  (334,  |)10 
it  (111,  I)4 
a  (332,  |)4 

14  (211,  2-2) 
0  (321,  3-1) 
y  (431,  4-f)3 


m 


X  (231,  3-|)4 
r  (471,  7-J)6 
0  (121,  2-2) 
GO  (132,  f-3)8 
^  (3-10-1, 
€  (143,  t-4)4 
A  (141,  4-4)3 
2  (163,  2-6)6 
<r  (172,  |-7j« 


mm 
nri 
oo' 


.7' 

U' 


76°  9' 
65°  6' 
46°  6' 

28°  38f 

22°  59' 

33°  55' 

62°  46' 

122°  41' 


Figs.  1-4,  Altenberg,  after  Rose. 

dd' 

— 

26° 

52' 

CTt 



37° 

46' 

ee1 

= 

51° 

5' 

CX 

— 

49° 

17' 

99' 

— 

77° 

4' 

cu 

= 

52° 

38' 

hh' 

— 

87° 

24' 

cv 

— 

48° 

35' 

ii' 
U 
mi 

i 

110° 
*34° 
*59° 

12' 
54' 
37' 

Tflt' 
Ttlt'" 

au 

= 

57° 
44° 

42° 

39' 
23' 
16' 

cy 

= 

21° 

10' 

aft 

= 

37° 

6 

at)  =  66°  12' 
ay  =  35C  37' 
a\.  =  74°  12' 
b\  =  31°  30' 

be  =  50°  47' 
bx  =  47°  44' 
bu  =  73°  8' 

it    =  74°    4' 


Twins:  tw.  pi.  c,  axes  parallel  and  antilogous  poles  of  crystals  together.  Crys- 
tals hemimorphic  with  the  upper  extremity,  the  analogous  pole,  often  highly 
modified  with  macrodomes  and  brachydomes  prominent,  and  the  lower,  the  antil- 
ogous pole,  terminated  by  the  pyramids  u,  v,  also  e,  or  with  e  rounded  and  rarely 
n  and  c%.  Usually  implanted  and  showing  one  extremity  only.  Crystals  often 
tabular  ||  £;  also  prismatic;  faces  b  vertically  striated.  Often  grouped  in  sheaf- 
like  forms  and  forming  drusy  surfaces  in  cavities.  Also  stalactitic,  mammillary, 
botryoidal,  and  fibrous  forms;  massive  and  granular. 

Cleavage:  m  perfect;  s  (101)  less  so;  c  in  traces.  Fracture  uneven  to  sub- 
conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  4  -5-5,  the  latter  when  crystallized.  G.  =  3-40-3-50, 
3-43-3-49,  Altenberg.  Luster  vitreous;  csubpearly,  sometimes  adamantine.  Color 
white;  sometimes  with  a  delicate  bluish  or  greenish  shade;  also  yellowish  to  brown. 
Streak  white.  Transparent  to  translucent. 


Optically 
axial  angles: 


double  refraction  strong.     Ax.  pi.  ||  a.     Bxa  _L  c.     Indices  and 


=  1-61069  0T  =  1-61416  rr  =  1-63244 
=  1-61358  0  =  1-61696  y^  =  1-63597 
=  1-61706  A.  =  1-62020  y*  =  1-63916 


2Vr    =  47°  30'    2Er    =  81°    7'  Lang 
2VV    =  46°    9'     2E_    -  78°  39'      " 
2Vl  =  44°  42'    2E1.  =  76°  31'      " 


Also,  measured 


Lang12 
Dx. 


2Er  =  81°    3'        2Ey  =  78°  7'        2E_  =  76' 
2Er  =  82°  30'        2Ey  =  80°  2Eg,  =  75C 

2Er  =  85°  21'  at  8°'8,    82°  50'  at  17°,    77°  50'  at  95°'5,     76°  32'  at  121°  Dx. 

Strongly  pyroelectric,   the  more   highly  modified  extremity  of   the   crystals 
(as   ordinary   developed,  cf.  f.  4)    the  analogous  pole,   the  lower  the  antilogous; 


.MS  -s//./r  I/'AX 

in  (wins  Lin-  hll.er  poles  in  conlncl.  Sec  UM-MH  and  UOHO';I;  also  later  Himcr  and 
hrillltlH1".  who  used  l.lir  Kuiidl  method  <»f  ill  Vest  i^;ifion  and  describe  I,  lie  rrHlilt.K  with 
e/rca!  Inline;  . 

V«r  —  1.   Ordinary,     dn    In    urj    InlM    ri     .l.-sciil.cd    al.ove.     (//)    Mammillary    or   Hl.ulnrlil.ir. 

(/•)    Massive.    often    erllulai  II  '<lf/l'ft'  is  a  Colici  cl  I.  .I  i  :i  I  \     ll»lil    Miiclo    •  •leen    c:i  Inin  I  Mr    from    Ni/.hld 

Yagurl  in  I  In-  Uml;  <i         2'707. 

•_V  (',irlnnnih-if.  Sullivan  has  described  (Dublin  (  )  .I.  Sr..  2,  150,  IH(i'.'):i  variety  ol  calamine 
I  nun  the  I  »oloi  i  •  .  iiinu-  in  Mir  pio\inee  of  Slllllaildcr.  Spain.  occmiiii"  in  coiicen  1  1  ic  pisnhhc 
masses.  rn-ijiirnl  ly  ('Oil  tJllniflg  »l  Hdll  it  I'lHI^Ul"  <  n  I  .  <>|.:illiUc  nucleus.  This  inineial,  produced 
I  i  i  .in  Ihr  ll\  ill  oil  s  <  MI  I  n  MI.  i!r  \t\  I  hr  :n  'linn  of  silica  led  \\alcis.  on  1  1  111  MM  f  I  oil  I  I?  I,.  '.',()  per  (Till  .  of 

•/.me  otrbonnte;  0,  =  S'SS-S'iiii 

8,  Ari/i/fm-fiinit      A  Mother  calamine   from  Sp:i  in  .  ;IM;I  ly  /rd  l»y  Seh.  >n  i«  lien  (  I  ',.  II  Xtg.,  22,  HW), 

Contains  !3()  to  'JO  p,  C.  of  alumina,    \\ilh  :il    5  D*  0    "'      HICK,  'Jl    io  ^H'5  p    <      <>|   /inr  <>\io!r,  Mild     IH 

\\nlri.  mid  IM  uppnrrMl.ly  rnluiiiino  mixed  \\illi    «  l:i\        It    OCCIIIM    inn:.:  ivr;  color  111    In    I 

' 


\\lnir.  rluiii^ing  ill  Ihr  inr  l,o  violcl.  lirnwn,  Mini  limdly  lil:i'«-k.  In  I  .-...npy 

n    ili«-    /i 


(  li\  |  Ottnying  Tftrying  HinoiliilH  of  /inc.  Hiliciildiirr   ...........  n    in    ili«-    /iiu-    irj-iiiiis  of  soulli- 

lcrn  MiMMourl,  mid  orrurulso  ill  Viixhdu.  Tliosrof  MiMsonri  inrlndr:  (l)Mirtrd.  nil  lirr  tough 
nnd  luirsh  "  joint.  rliiyM  "  mid  ('J)  Mir  "  tnllow  rhiyM  "  \vil  It  gMQlJ  l«  •«•!.  \i-ll..\vi  :.li.  :i:li,"i;iy,  or 
lno\\  n  colors  iil'lrr  drying.  Thr  hillcr  occur  in  hiyci'M  ol  srvrrul  inchcM  in  Iliickm".  up  to  i\\o 
•or  Mirer  Iri'l  <iiid  in  lunipM  from  ''»<•  lo  :><»(>  HIM.  or  inoie  The  '  '  lnllo\v  chi  \  M  "  MIC  \ciy  line 
griilurd,  pliistir,  and  on  drying  shrink  :md  crumble  into  Ninall  1'ni.gHMMils.  The  MIUOUM!  ol  /.inc 
oxide  prcMcnl.  viirien  rhielh  ltd  \\ecn  :!0  nnd  II)  p.  c.  Seel'uilher  \V.  II.  SCMIMOII.  AIM.  .I.S<%., 


39,  JiH,  IHIM).      A    llthomarfft-like   rlny    from    the    llntli;.    /inc  iiilno,  Puluskl  Co..  V 
'•    II    He 


i  "  p  o   ZnO,  '•    II    Heyward,  di.  NCWH,  44,  307,  IHMl. 

romp.      II  HivSiO,    or    I  !.,(  )."/..(  ).Si(),J        Silien,  ".,-(),    /ine  oxide    (i7  .r>,   \v;ilcr 
7'5  =     KM).      The    \v;ilcr    is     hnsi.-    ninoo    (I^M-K)    il    ^O(«H   «>IT   only    :il     :i     red     heal., 
blin  niiiKM'ul  bointf  unolituigod  ul.  :»•!()"  (I.     The  lonuuhi  in  junlcildy  ('/nOHJ 
or  a  hiiHU'  nudasilie.il  c. 

l-'or  Mn.'dyscM  see  Mil    I'ld  .  p    -IOS.      Also   1.  (icMtl...   Am.  IM.il.  Soc..  23.  -Hi.  IHSC,.     'J, 
num.  Am.  .l.'Sr.,  37,  501,  1889. 


Sin, 

1.  PuliiskiCo..  VH.  25-01  67-42  8'8a     r-  100  '75 

2.  Friede.iHvillr  iir:w  65'05  7'8tt    Fo«O,  8'18  =  99'15 


Pyr.,  «to.—  In  the  eloHcd  lube  decrepitates,  whitens,  and  gives  olT  water.     B.B.  almoM   in 
fusible  (F.  —  0);  molMleiio!  with  cobtill  .solution  givivs  a  blue  eolor  \\hcn  lulled.     (  )u  rliiirroul 
da 


with  soda  glvoH  a  coating  wldrh  isycllow  \\hil.  h,.i.  MIU!  \\hile  on  coolin<>.  IMoislencd  u  ilh  col>all. 
Holution.  and  heii.-d  in  O.K.,  this  eoating  asHiunes  a  briglit  green  «..l..i  (  ;(  l-itini/rs  \viih  acids 
even  when  previously  ignited.  Decomposed  by  acetic  acid  with  gelatini/alion.  Soluble  in  u 
strong  solution  of  caustic  potash. 

ObN.  OnlitnllH)  ail(l  Hinithsonile  ar«-  usually  l'«'iind  associated  in  \rins  or  lioh;  in  strati  lied 
calcareous  rocks  accompany  ing  sulphides  of  y.lne,  iron,  and  lead.  Thus  at  Aix  la  (Miapelle.  Kaibel 
and  lileilx^rg,  in  Oarinthii'i.  in  the  upper  Ti  i:i  si,-.  M«»rcsnet  in  r,el»iuin.  |«'reiburj-.  in  Uaden, 
Iserlohn.  Tarnowit/.  Olkuc/,.  IMied/.ana-.oia.  K'e/l.an\a.  Se.hcmidt/..  At  Koiighlcn  (Jill,  in 
Cumberland,  in  acicular  crystals  and  mannniliaiy  crusts,  :.ky  l>lue  and  tine  green;  at  Alston 
Moor,  white;  at  the  Itulland  mine,  near  Mallock.  in  I  )ei  l>\  shire,  in  brilliant  eiyMals.  mid 
grayish  \\lmc  and  yellow,  and  mammillary;  at  Castlelon.  in  (  rystals.  on  the  Memlip  Hills, 
mostly  brownish  yelfow,  and  in  part  stalactuie;  in  l''linlshiie,  etc..  \\alcs.  I.eadhills,  Seotland. 
l,ai"i-  cisslals  have  been  found  at  Nerchinsk,  in  I'lastern  Sib<  -\  ia 

In  the  I'niled  Stales  oecui.;  at  Stcrlinj;-  Hill,  near  Ogdcnsbiirg.  N..I..  in  Inie  ch-ar  crystalline 
masses.  In  Pennsylvania,  at  Ihc  I'crkiomen  and  I'henixville  lead  mines,  m  a  lower  Silurian 
rock  two  miles  from  I'"  I  hlehcm.  at  l('riedcnsville.  in  Saucon  valley,  almndanl  and  e\lensi\cl> 
woilvol.  on  the  Susqiiehaiina.  opposite  Srlins"rove  Aliiindant  in  \'  ir-'inia.  at  A  ust  in's  mines  in 
\V\lhe  <'o  A  pale  yellou.  lu  sil.lr  •  i  ncil'ei  OUM  clay  occuis  in  considerable  abundance  with 
«-al.-immc  at  the  l!eben.>lh  mine.  l''i  icden  .v  ille.  \Vilh  the  /inc  deposits  ol  southwestern  Mis- 
Noliri,  e.petially  aliout  (lranb^•.  both  as  ci  \  .lalli/ed  and  massive  calamine.  and  mixed  with  an 
aluminous  silicate  loiiuin;-  the  "tallow  clays"  above  described  Accord  inc.  to  .Scamoiid  c.) 
(li,  calamine  has  been  ••ladually  ci  yslal  li/.oi  out  of  llic  /.mcilei  OHM  clays,  these  havmv.  been  lirst 

IOHM..I      M  the  I  nima  mine]  Cottotiwood  Cafion,  Utah,  in  grounish  blue  niammillary  forma 

will)  wullcnitc  and  cerussile 

The  name  I'.i  ,',iini>i<'  (\\  ilh  tinhnfi  of  the  (  Jci  mans)  is  commonly  supposed  to  be  a  corruption 
of  <\nl>ni<t  A:\ricola  says  it  is  from  ,;tlii  INIIS.  a  rfcd.  in  allusion  to  the  slender  forms  islalaclitic) 
common  in  t  he  <  c/<"  .  .,1  ',  s-  ,  .ii-it  >n  . 

The  <;nlnii,i  ol    I'liiiN    and  of  ol  hci   an.icnl  an  I  hoi  s  im  hided  both  Ihc  native   silicate   and    cai 
bouate.  and  the  oxide  from  the  chimneys  ol  lui  naces  icadmia    fornacum).      The  two  native  orcn 
•  •onlinucd  to  be  confounded  under  the  name  /•//>/.<.  <-,ii'<i  >nin  <iris.  <-<il<<  i/iine  or   tjnlnit'i.  until    illVCHli 
gated  eliemically  l>\   Smithson  in  ISOit.      Isarlier  anahses  had  made  out  chemical  dillcrcnccN,  and 


mime  iiiithors,  before  I  71)0,   had    rightly  suv  rested    :i    di\r-i 
found  '.'N  p    e    r.-irlioii  dioxide  in  :i  llolvwell  •ipeeimen  (.1 
Uind  front  I'Yeilmir  in  Hieis'-an.  whieh  had  hern  culled  /...-li 
wit  1 1  aeidx  .'»'*!  p    e      ilieu,  \\  il  1 1  : -Hi  /.ine  oxide.  MI  id  l\'  walei   (.1 
ill  allot  liei  .  '-indlai  I  \    "elat  iii  i/.in."  .  (id    /.ine    oxide    :ind    '.'>'•'•    'ili 
IlUlke  U  now  n  the  I  rue  eoi  m  10-  i  I  ion.   :ind  eleai   a  u  a  \    a  II  d  on  Ills. 

l)<!  Lisle  notieed  (lie  er\sl:illine  I'orius  of  UK    two  speries. 
with  dihedral  summits,  and   Hie  olli<  i   as  •  ealenohed  i  ;i  I   like  do 

piei   l:ile    file    i  1 1 1  pit  I  I  M  1 1(  < '   ol     lln     olri   r\allon,     \\lille    ll:ill\.     I -I      \ 

onl\    the  ervstals  ol   the  A///,V^',  and  laUes  I  he  i-round    Iliat    l.lie 
pine  ealeaieoiis   "  /ine  ox\de.' 

In  1807  Hrougniaii  railed  iiu  si  i  jeato  0afomfo6,  leaving  for  the  other  ore  the  chemieai  name 

sins  I'urlniiHtttt'.       In   ISIrJ.    lieudanl    followed   I  iron-,  n  ia  rl   in  I  he  former    name,  and  desj-niated    the 

lui i er  Stnitfaonitt  after  SMITHBON,  who  hud  HUM! \  /<•<!  in  isoit  MM    < -MI  iionaie  a-  \\eii  an  Hilicate. 

Mm    tin  i  \\  o    |.(  i  ii     weie.  at  taut,  rioi  <>iil\  dlltlDguishod,  hut  mlneralogieally  ruuneil. 

I   nlorl  nnaleU  .   Urooke  A    Miller,  in   IS.')'.'.  revers«'d    lieiidant ';;    ire   ol    Ihesc    nanu's.  \\illi    rid 

good  ruiMoti;  and  in  1858,  K  enn-'oii,  on  account  of  the  confusion  of  names,  at  he  nayM,  introduced 

lor  the    >ilii  ale  Hie  new  name  / /<'iiii//i<>r/i///(c,  and  so  added  to  the  e.  >n  I  usioii.      Tlie  e    iniiovat  ions 
.should   ha\e   QO   fa»  01 

Ref.— '  Ber.  Ak.  Wicn,  38  (1),  789,  1850.  •  See  Bchrauf,  1.  c.(  f«>.  .a,l\  authorlticH  (Molm, 
etc,);  alsoQdt,  index. a,  si27,  IH»O,  and  limMsruiid  itram.s.  .«•!.  i..i..\\.  K..S,-.  AI.I..  ,\u  I'.e.i.,,. 
70,  IM-I:I,  I',.,.-.,  b9.  MIW.  iH(i:r  '  Di,,-.,  I'o-^.,  92,  21:..  ISM.  •••  111,-..  Mi,,  Noi..  2,  -JO,  IH:,H. 
-  s.  inaiii.  I.  <-.  '  |)x.,  Min.,  1,  p.  117,  1H03.  *  Slg.,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  1M'2,  1H77.  •  Oesilro,  Bull,  Boo. 
Mm  .  9,  242,  1880.  "' S.-lml/.r.  MiMh.  V«T.  Ne.,v,,rpo.n..M'n.  u.  KU^'n,  Wl,  18H«(Millh.  I  nil 
(Jreifswald)  "  Biiiicr  an, I  BraiiiiH,  .M».  Miu.,  1,  1,  18HW.  •"  Lar»K,  Bur.  Ak.  VVIcn,  37,  JJ7U,  1H5U. 
1:1  Kie  :,  and  K«,-;r.  Al.lt  Ak.  Bi-rlin,  70,  !M4:t;  BUIICI  and  Bmuii-s,  !.<:. 

M..IM  MUM:  AV.s.sr.  Vlt.  Vor.  Uhciiil.,  C.-IJI.,UH,  1H05.  A  inltH-nil  finn.  Alu-nlmrg,  mwir 
Aachen,  occurring  with  fjikinino.  Two  varlcitloH  an-  found,  one)  dark  to  Iwk-gnnm  and  opaque; 
the  Other  light  emerald  gre,  n  1 1  .,n  parent,  The  latter  is  the  purest;  It,  has  II.  iiT>,  eonelioidal 
fracture,  streak  white.  It  afforded  on  analyst*  HiO,  80-81,  Al.O,  18-08,  F«O  0-27,  Nioi  n, 
ZnO  48-41,  MgO  tr.t  OaO  tr.,  H,O  11-87  =  10018.  Difficultly  Holuble  in  acid*. 

VANI'XKMITK  ('.  U  M<t/,,inl.  Conlrih.  Mlii.,  1H7(I.  A  pn.d.i,  i  .,|  ih<  de,  Miiiposiiion  of  /itu- 
om  HI  Strrling  Hill,  N.  .1.  OceurH  in  irregular  whlt«  ptitcluiH  In  a  (Inn  oc.hury  aggregate). 

Q.  SB  2*5,      Does  not  adlu  re  to  the  tongue,  hill  omitH  a  slivhl  <  la\<  \  odoi  on  liein;-;  breathed  upon. 

A.,  analyst!  gave:   SiO«  85-64,   A1,O,  11'70,  ZnO  8a-48-aO'0(  11,0  H-80-10'88.    Obviounly  n 

niixltire  (.1   while  elay  with  /ine  silieale. 

424.  OARPHOLZTB.    Karpholith  Wern.,  Letztes  Min.  flyst.,  10,  48,  1817.    8troh»tein 

Germ.     St.rawstone. 

Monoolinio.  Prismatic  angle  68°  33'.  In  radiated  and  stellated  tufts,  and 
groups  of  aoioular  crystals.  Twinn:  i  u.  (d.  a  (10()). 

Very   brittle.     II.  =  5-5*5.     G.  =  2*935.     Lustor  silky,   glistcming.     Color 

Sure  slniw  \cll<»\v  to  \v:ix-v«'ll<»w.      I'lcocJiroiHm  <ii:  I  i  in  I  :    i colorh'HH,  b,  ll  pilloyollow. 
ptically  -.     Bx.  1  h  (010).    Bx0  A  ^  =  3°  to  5°  L6vy-Lcx.'    2V  =  00°  approx. 
Comp.— I^MriAl.Si.O,,  or  ^]l,O.MnO.Alf09.2SiO,  =  Silicia  3«T),  alumina:} I  0, 
manganwHe  protoxide  21-5,  water  11*0  =  100. 

The  water  goes  off  at  a  red  heat;  hence  probably  (Groth)  aH  a  buHta  mataHllicato. 
Anal.— 1.   I  lane,     Bei     \i     Wieu,  12,  505,  1854.    2,  HUlowiuB,  ZH.  0.  GOH.,  22,  456,  1870. 
8,  Koninck,  Bull.  Ac.  Hclg.,  47,  564,  1870.    For  earlier  an  alyneH,  MI.  i:d     p    n:» 

810,    A190,   Fe.O,  Mn,0,  FoO   MnO  MgO  CaO    H,0 

1.  SchlarUcnwald         JUM5     1074       W-87    2076      -        -         —    2'56     10'19  Pl'74  =  lOl'Ol 

2.  Wippra.llar/.  JWOU     29'40       2'89        —      4'07     11'78     1'80     —      10T7  Alk.<M«.T.ariy. 

|l  17  -  «»'70 

8.  Meuvillo  87'15    SO'll      2'27       —       —     17'97    0'41    —     11 -22  Alk.  0'54,  OuO 

[0'88  =  100 

From  8,  84  p.  c.  quartz  have  been  deducted. 

Pyr.,  «to.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  water,  which  reacts  acid  and  attacks  the  glaas 
(fluorine).  B.B,  swells  up  and  fuses  at  8*5  to  a  brown  jrhiHH.  With  the  HUXCH  glvoH  reactions 

I«T  niangaiH-Hi!  and  in.n.      N.,i  dee posed  hv  h\  droeldorie  acid.      I  >«•« mpo<ed   ..n  fuBion  with 

alkalin.   .  arbOBEtl 

Obs.— Occurs  in  minuto  divercent  tufts,  disposed  on  granite,  with  fluoritc  and  quartz,  in 
the  tin  minesof  SchlaeUenwald;  also  at  Wippra  in  the  ii-ai/on  quartZi  near  Meuville  in  the 
Ardenn.s  in  cpiartz  pebbles;  in  the  Beau jolaui,  IHrance.  It  was  named  by  Werner  in  allusion 
to  its  color,  from  tcctp&ot,  nlmu 

H««f.      '   Min. 


550 


SILICATES. 


425.  CERITE.  Ferrum  calciforme  terra  quadam  incognita  intime  mixtum,  Tungsten  von 
Bastuas,  Oromtedt,  Ak.  H.  Stockholm,  1751,  Min.,  183,  1758.  Cerit  His  &  Berz  Cerium  en  ny 
Metal,  etc.,  1804,  Gehlen's  J.,  2,  397,  1804,  Afh.,  1,  58,  1806.  Ochroit  Klapr.,  Gehlen's  J  2 
303,  1804.  Cererit  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  4,  140,  1807;  KarsL,  Tab.,  74,  1808.  Cerium  oxyde  siliceux 
H.,  Tabl.,  1809.  Cei-in-StemTFtfrn.,  Hoffm.  Min.,  4,  a,  286,  1817.  Kieselcerit  Germ.  Lanthano- 
cerit  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  82,  406,  1861. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-9988  :  1  :  0-8127  A.  E.  Nordenskiold1. 
100  A  HO  =  44°  58',  001  A  101  =  39°  8',  001  A  Oil  =  39°  6'. 


Forms : 
a  (100,  a) 
b  (010,  i-i) 


c  (001,  0} 
m  (110,  J) 
q  (130,  »•-$) 


t  (301,  3-*) 


n  (Oil,  14) 
o  (523,  l-f) 


r  (321,  3-D 
*  (134,  |-3) 


mm'"  =  *89"  56' 
qq'  =  36°  55' 
au  =  *50°  52' 
uu'  =  78°  16' 


«'  =  135°  27' 
nn'  =  78°  12' 
co  =  32°  43' 


ao  =  39°  59' 
or  =  38°  1' 
*«'  =  19°  42|' 


bs 
oo' 


59°  9' 
35'  39' 
63°  17' 


Crystals  rare,  highly  modified;  habit  short  prismatic.      Commonly  massive; 
granular. 

Cleavage  not  observed.  Fracture  splintery.  Brittle. 
H.  =  5-5.  G.  =  4-86  Nd. ;  4-912  Haid.  Luster  dull 
adamantine  or  resinous.  Color  between  clove-brown  and 
cherry-red,  passing  into  gray.  Streak  grayish  white. 
Slightly  subtranslucent. 

Comp. — A  silicate  of  the  metals  of  the  cerium  group 
with  iron  and  calcium  in  small  amount,,  also  water; 
formula  doubtful. 

Rammelsberg's  analysis  corresponds  nearly  to  3H2O.2Ce2O3. 
3SiO2  which  requires:  Silica  20'1,  cerium  trioxide  73*8,  water  6'1 
=  100.  LiudstrOm's  analysis,  however,  gives  approximately 
3H2O.2(Ca,Fe)O.3Ce2O3.6SiO2;  Groth  writes  the  formula  (Ca,Fe) 
(CeOXOH)3Ce2(Si03)3. 

On  the  rare  earths  in  cerite.  cf.  Crookes,  Ch.  News,  54,  21,  40,  etc. ;  also  Kruss  and  Nilson, 
Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  44,  371,  1887;  the  latter  identity  didymium  chiefly,  also  samarium. 

Hermann  (1.  c.)  gave  the  name  lanthanocerite  to  the  mineral  analyzed  by  him,  which  he  found 
to  contain  lanthanum  and  didymium  chiefly,  with  but  little  cerium. 

Anal.— 1,  Rg.,  Pogg.,  107,  631,  1859.  2,  LindstrOm,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  30,  13,  1873. 
3,  Stolba  and  Kettner,  Ber.  Bohm.  Ges.,  372,  1879.  Also  Hisinger,  Hermann,  Kjerulf,  see  5th 
Ed.,  p.  414. 


1. 

2.  G.  =  4-86 
3. 


Si02 
19-18 
2279 

18-18 


Ce2O3  Di2O3,La2O3  FeO  A12O3  CaO  H2O 

64-55  7-28          1'54  —  1'35  5'71  =  99'61 

24-06  35-37          3'92  1'26  4'35  3'44  gangue  4'33  =  99'52 

33-25  34-60          3 18  —  1'69  5-18  =  96'08 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  a  matrass  yields  water.  B.B.  infusible  alone;  with  borax  in  the  outer  flame 
forms  a  yellow  globule,  which  becomes  almost  colorless  on  cooling;  in  the  inner  flame  a  weak 
iron  reaction.  With  soda  not  dissolved,  but  fuses  to  a  dark  yellow  slaggy  mass.  Gelatinizes 
with  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Bastnas,  near  Riddarhyttan,  in  Westmanland,  Sweden,  forming  a  bed  in 
gneiss,  and  associated  with  mica,  hornblende,  chalcopyrite,  cerine  (allanite),  etc.  It  bears 
considerable  resemblance  to  the  red  granular  variety  of  corundum,  but  is  readily  distinguished 
by  its  inferior  hardness. 

Hisinger  and  Berzelius,  in  1803-4,  detected  in  this  mineral  a  new  metal  which  they  named 
cerium,  after  the  planet  Geres,  then  recently  announced;  and  the  mineral  they  called  cerite. 
Klaproth  made  the  same  discovery  about  the  same  time,  and  gave  the  name  ochroite  to  the 
mineral,  and  ochroite  earth  to  the  new  earth  (alluding  to  its  color,  from  oJj/ooS,  brownish  yellow). 
In  his  BeitrSge,  1807,  Klaproth  accepted  the  names  of  Hisinger  and  Berzelius,  yet  added  a 
syllable  (lest  they  should  appear  to  come  from  xr/pa,  wax),  making  them  cererium  and  cererite— 
a  change  not  accepted.  In  1839  Mosander  proved  that  the  oxide  of  cerium  contained  the  new 
metal  lanthanum,  and  in  1842  another  new  metal,  didymium. 

Ref._i  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  30,  13,  1873. 


TOURMALINE. 


551 


426.  TOURMALINE.  Early  syn.  of  precious  T.  Turamali,  Turmalin  (fr.  Ceylon),  Ceylon 
name,  Garmann,  Curiosae  Speculationes,  etc.,  von  einem  Liebhaber,  der  immer  gern  speculirt, 
Chemnitz,  1707.  Pierre  de  Ceylan;  un  petit  aiman;  M.  Lemery  la  fit  voir,  etc.,  Hist.  Ac.  Sci., 
Paris,  p.  8,  1717.  Aschentrecker  Holl.;  Aschenzieher  Germ.;  Ash-drawer  Engl.  [alluding  to 
electrical  property].  Zeolithus  vitreus  electricus,  Tourmalin,  Rinmann,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1766; 
v.  Born,  Lithoph..  1,  47,  1772.  Borax  electricus  Linn.,  Syst.,  96,  1768.  Tourmaline  Garnet 
Hill,  Foss.,  148,  1771.  Tourmaline  Kirw.,  Min.,  1,  271,  1794. 

Early  syn.  of  opaque  T.  Schurl  pt.  Erker,  1595;  Schirl  pt.  Bruckmann,  1727  [seep.  206]. 
Skiorl  pt.,  Corneus  crystallisatus  pt.,  Wall.,  139,  1747.'  Basaltes  cryst.  pt.,  Skorl-Crystall  pt., 
Cronst.,  70,  1758,  Schorl,  Staugeuschorl,  Germ.;  Shorl,  Shirl.  Cockle,  Engl.  Borax  Basaltes 
Linn.,  Syst.,  95,  1768.  Basaltes  crystallisatus  v.  Born,  Lithoph.,  1,  34,  1772,  2,  95,  1775.  Shorl 
Kirw.,  Min.,  1,  265,  1794. 

Syn.  from  union  of  T.  and  S.  in  one  species.  Tourmaline  ou  Basalte  transparent  =  Schorl, 
de  Lisle,  Crist..  266,  with  fig.  cryst.  (and  proofs  of  ident.  of  T.  &  S.),  1772.  Schorl  transparent 
rhomboidal  dit  Tourmaline  et  Peridot  =  Schorl,  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  2,  344,  with  figs.,  1783.  Schorl, 
Stangenschorl  (incl.  var.  (1)  Schwarzer  S.,  (3)  Elektrischer  S.  =  Turmaliu),  Wern.,  Cronst.,  169, 
1780;  Bergm.  J.,  1,  374,  1789;  Jameson,  Min.,  1816.  Tourmaline  H.,  Tr.,  3,  1801. 

Var.  inlrod.  as  Sp.  Rubellite  (fr.  Siberia)  Kirw.,  Min.,  1,  288,  1794  =  Daourite  Delameth., 
T.  T.,  2,  303,  1797  =  Siberite  UHermina,  J.  de  1'Ecole  Polytechn.,  1,  439  =  Tourmaline  apyre 
H.,  4,  1801  =  Apyrit  Hausm.,  Handb.,  642,  1813.  Indicolite  and  Aphrizite  (fr.  Norway) 
tfAndrada,  J.  Phys.,  51,  243,  1800,  Scherer's  J.,  4,  19,  1800.  Taltalite  Domeyko,  Min.,  139, 
1860  =  Cobre  negro  estrellado  de  Tantal  (Atacama). 

Var.  introd.  as  Subsp.  Achroit  (fr.  Elba)  H&rm.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  35,  232,  1845.  Dravit 
Tschermak,  Min.,  472,  1883. 

Khombohedral;  hemimorphic. 
Kupffer1. 


Axis  b  —  0*44767;  0001  A  1011  =  27°  20'  8 


Forms9 : 

c  (0001,  0) 
m  (1010,  /) 
ok  (1120,  i-2) 

p  (8-5-13  0,  i 
cr  (2130,  £f ) 
J  (5270,  £|) 
h  (4150,  i-f) 
*  (7180,  i-f ) 


X  (10-lil-O, 


9  (1012>  i) 
r  (1011,  It) 
k  (7074,  £) 
d  (5052,  f ) 
y  (4041,  4) 


(10-0  10-1,  10)    .Q  (0-11-H-l,  -  11)  fi  (2461,  -  23) 
H  (1123,  |-2)  ^i  (2352,  -  i«) 

^  mfifl  it\  r(4592,  -i») 

Z  (7186,  1«)  , 

9    (3142,  I9)  41' 

t    (2131,  I3) 
«    (3251,  I5) 
M  (4-3-7-10,  TV) 
^>    (15-1429-1,1 


e  (0112,  -  i) 

z  (0111,  -  1) 

or  (0554,  -  f) 

o  (0221,  -  2) 

C  (0772,  -  1) 


0  (0992,  -  |) 
K   (0551,  -  5) 


X (2-10-12 -7,  -  f') 
d  (1783,  -  2*) 

2'5,  -2*) 
(1-26-2714,  - 


Some  of  the  forms  given  for  the  prismatic  zone  must  be  regarded  as  doubtful  because  of  its 
rounded  and  striated  character. 


1. 


Figs.  1,  4,   Common  forms.     2,  3,  5,  6,  Pierrepont,  N.  Y. ;  3«,  basal  section  of  3,  J.  Stanley 

Brown. 


552 


SILICATES. 


7. 


12. 


e    c 


13. 


Antilogous  Pole. 


Analogous  Pole. 


Pig,  7,   Common  form.     8,  9,  10,  Gouverneur,  N.  Y.,  Farrington;  the  antilogous  end  above. 
11,  12,  Gouverneur,  N.  Y.,  Rose.     13,  Unionville,  Pa. 


ay 
aw 

ah 
aa 
cf 

cr 
ck 
cd 
cy 

C€ 


ce 

ca 

CO 


26°  48' 
26°  2' 
23°  25' 
19°  64 
10°  53£ 
7°  22' 
14°  291 
27°  20' 
42°  8' 
52°  16' 
64°  llf 
79°  3 

14°  29.V 

27°  20' 

32°  52' 

45°  57' 


cC 

= 

61° 

4' 

oo' 

_ 

77° 

0' 

cW 

= 

62° 

43' 

qq1 

~ 

58° 

51' 

eft 

CK 



66° 

68° 

44' 
51' 

KK' 

= 

107° 
186 

44|' 
51' 

C/2 

=3 

80° 

H' 

it' 

= 

63° 

48' 

ff', 

= 

12° 
25° 

45' 

2' 

cu 

— 

30° 
66° 

38f 
4' 

TT' 
kk 
dd 

yy' 

ee' 

= 

71° 
86° 
102° 
116° 

52' 
2' 

27? 
29' 

uu' 

xx' 

XX* 



66° 

42° 
21° 
43° 
35° 

75° 

1" 
36' 
18' 
22£' 

48V 
53' 

ee' 

-  — 

25° 

2' 

AA 

— 

34° 

35V 

zz' 

— 

46° 

52' 

A  A* 

= 

52° 

57' 

ad 

— 

56° 

4' 

rr 

— 

46° 

50' 

=  59°  35' 

TO'  =  24°  26' 

w*  =  78°  50' 

au  -  24°  46' 

at  =37°  34' 

aq  =  49°     5' 

ar  =  66°  34' 

av  =  32C     9' 

ad  —  43°  19' 

ao  ~  51°  30' 

ro  =  38°  30' 

mu  =  33°     0' 

mo  =  68°  56' 


Crystals  usually  prismatic  in  habit,  often  slender  to  acicular;  rarely  flattened, 
the  prism  nearly  wanting.  Prismatic  faces  strongly  striated  vertically,  and  the 
crystals  hence  often  much  rounded  to  barrel-shaped.  The  triangular  prism 
m  (1010)  frequently  predominating,  the  complementary  form  int  (0110)  then 
absent  or  subordinate;  also  the  hexagonal  prism  a  (1120)  present  alone;  or,  again, 
m  with  «;  the  cross-section  of  the  prism  then,  respectively,  three-sided,  six-sided, 
or  nine-sided.  Crystals  commonly  hemimorphic  (cf.  figures) ;_  the  rhombohedron 
r  (1011)  occurring  on  the  edges  of  the  trigonal  prism  m  (lOlO)  at  the  antilogous 
end  (see  below);  also  the  rhombohedron  o  (0221)  and  scalenohedron  u  prominent  at 
the  antilogous  end  (Pierrepont,  Gouverneur,  Pfd.,  cf.  f.  5,  6,  9,  10).  Penetration- 


TOURMALINE.  553 

twins  with  parallel  axes  not  common;  also  rare,  a  cruciform-twin  with  r  as  tw.  pl.s 
Crystals  sometimes  isolated  but  more  commonly  in  parallel  and  radiating  groups. 
Sometimes  massive  compact;  also  columnar,  coarse  or  fine,  parallel  or  divergent. 

Cleavage:  «,  r  difficult.  Fracture  subconchoidal  to  uneven.  Brittle  and 
often  rather  friable.  H.  =  7-7*5.  G.  =  2*98-3'20.  Luster  vitreous  to  resinous. 
Color  black,  brownish  black,  bluish  black,  most  common;  blue,  green,  red,  and 
sometimes  of  rich  shades;  rarely  white  or  colorless;  some  specimens  red  internally 
and  green  externally;  and  others  red  at  one  extremity,  and  green,  blue,  or  black 
at  the  other.  Streak  uncolored.  Transparent  to  opaque. 

Strongly  dichroic,  especially  in  deep  colored  varieties;  axial  colors  varying' 
widely.8  Absorption  for  the  ordinary  ray  GO  (vibrations  J_c)  much  stronger  than 
for  the  extraordinary  ray  e  (vibrations  ||  ^);  thus  sections  ||  6  transmit  sensibly  the 
extraordinary  ray  only,  and  hence  their  use  (e.g.,  in  the  tourmaline  tongs)  for 
giving  polarized  light.  Exhibits  idiophanous  figures.8  Optically  — .  Double  re- 
fraction strong.  Sometimes  abnormally  biaxial.7  Refractive  indices4 : 

Colorless  <ay  =  1*6366  Na  e7  =  l'G193  Dx. 

ojy  =  1-6397  ey  =  1-6208  Miklucho-Maclay 

Green  <ar  =  1-6408  er  =  1-6203  Senarmont 

SI.  green  oor  =  1-6415  er  =  1-6230 

Blue  cor  =  1-6435  er  =  1-6222 

toy  =  1-6530  €7  =  1-6312   Na     Schwebel 

caw  =  1-6564  €gr=  1-6343    Tl 

Green,  chrom.  var.  OOT  =  1*6579  approx.  er  =  1-62407  Li      Arzmni 

o>gr=  1-6870        "  ey  =  1-63733  Na 

€gr=l  -64075  Tl 

Erofeyev  (1.  c.)  shows  that  the  refractive  indices  vary  somewhat  widely  with  the  color  and 
even  in  successive  layers  of  the  same  crystal. 

Becomes  electric  by  friction;  also  strongly  pyroelectric  as  early  investigated  by 
Hose,  and  later  by  others.5  The  end  terminated  by  the  rhombohedron  r  (1011)  and 
the  corresponding  unit  prism  m  (1010)  is,  as  above  noted,  with  few  exceptions  the 
antilogous  pole,  becoming  +  electrified  with  decrease  and  —  electrified  with  in- 
crease of  temperature.  Cf.  also  figs.  11,  12  from  Rose. 

Var. — Ordinary.  In  crystals  as  above  described;  black  much  the  most  common.  (a)Rubel- 
lite;  the  red,  sometimes  transparent:  the  Siberian  is  mostly  violet-red  (siberite),  the  Brazilian  rose- 
red;  that  of  Chesterfield  and  Goshen,  Mass.,  pale  rose-red  and  opaque;  that  of  Paris,  Me.,  fine 
ruby-red  and  transparent,  (b)  Indicolite,  or  indigolite;  the  blue,  either  pale  or  bluish  black; 
named  from  the  indigo-blue  color,  (c)  Brazilian  Sapphire  fin  jewelry);  Berlin-blue  and  trans- 
parent; (d)  Brazilian  Emerald,  Chrysolite  (or  Peridot)  of  Brazil;  green  and  transparent,  (e)  Peridot 
of  Ceylon;  honey-yellow.  (/)  Achroite;  colorless  tourmaline,  from  Elba,  (g)  Aphrizite;  black 
tourmaline,  from  Kragero,  Norway,  (h)  Columnar  and  black;  coarse  columnar.  Resembles 
somewhat  common  hornblende,  but  has  a  more  resinous  fracture,  and  is  without  distinct  cleav- 
age or  anything  like  a  fibrous  appearance  in  the  texture;  it  often  has  the  appearance  on  abroken 
surface  of  some  kinds  of  soft  coal. 

Dravite  of  Tschermak  is  the  brown,  greenish  black  or  brownish  black  magnesium  tourmaline 
from  Unterdrauburg  in  the  Drave  district  in  Carinthia. 

The  varieties  based  upon  composition  fall  into  three  prominent  groups,  between  which 
there  are  many  gradations: 

1.  ALKALI    TOURMALINE.     Contains  sodium  or  lithium,  or  both;  also  potassium.     G.  = 
3'0-3"1.     Color  red  to  green;  also  colorless. 

2.  IRON  TOURMALINE.     G.  =  3'l-3'2.     Color  usually  deep  black. 

3.  MAGNESIUM  TOURMALINE.      G.  =  3-0-3-09.     Usually  yellow-brown  to  brownish  black; 
also  colorless  (anal.  54). 

A  chromium  tourmaline  has  also  been  described  (anal.  71,  72).  G.  —  3'120.  Color  dark  green. 

Comp. — A  complex  silicate  of  boron  and  aluminium,  with  also  either  magnesium, 

iron,  or  the  alkali  metals,  prominent.     Formula  uncertain.     According  to  early 

investigations  of  Rammelsberg,  recently  reviewed  and  extended,  the  oxygen  ratio 

of  Si :  E  is  in  general  2 :  3  and  the  formula  may  hence  be  written: 

R6Si05  =  R3Si05  =  R2Si05. 
Here  R  =  Na,Li,K;  R  =  Mg,Fe,Ca;  R  =  Al,B,Cr,Fe. 


064 


SILICATES. 


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TOURMALINE. 


555 


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556  SILICATES. 

Riggs,  as  the  result  of  a  series  of  new  analyses  (anal.  36-55),  gives  as  the  general  formula* 
for  the  three  types: 

Lithium  T.  4H2O.2(Na,Li)sO  3B2O3.8Al2O3.12SiOa. 

Iron  T.  4H2O.Na2O.4FeO.3B2O3.7Al2O3.12SiO2. 

Magnesium  T.        4H2O.fNa2O.-2/MgO.3B2O3.5Al2O3.l2SiO2. 

Jannasch  and  Calb  (1.  c.)  have  deduced  the  general  formula  R9(BO2)(SiO4)3,  and  the  special 
formulas: 

Lithium  T.  7H26.4<Li,Na)2O.4FeO.6B2O3.15Al2O3.24SiO2. 

Iron  T.  7H2O.2Na2O.9FeO.6B2O3  14Al2O3.24SiO2. 

Magnesium  T.        7H2O.2Na2O.12MgQ.6B2O3  13Al2O3.24SiO2. 

The  composition  of  the  differently  colored  portions  of  the  same  crystal  has  been  specially 
investigated  by  Scharizer,  cf .  auals.  65-67. 

Anal.— 1-34,  Rg.,  1850-1870  (Pogg.,  80,  449,  81,  1,  1850;  139,  379,  547,  1870);  the  analyses 
are  quoted  in  the  form  given  in  Min.  Ch.,  p.  540  el  seq.,  1875.  35,  Id..  Abh.  Ak.  Bed.,  1889 
(read  Feb.  14).  Cf.  also  Jb.  Min.,  2,  149,  1890. 

36-55,  Riggs,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  35,  35,  1888  56-64,  Jannasch  and  Calb,  Ber.  Ch.  Ges.,  22,  216, 
1889,  also  Calb  (or  Kalb),  Inaug.  Diss.,  G5ttingen,  18"90.  65-67,  Scharizer,  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  337, 
1889.  68.  Sauer,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  38,  704,  1886.  69,  Sominerlad,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  36,  649,  1884. 
70,  Engelmann,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Bonn,  p  19,  1877.  71,  Cossa  and  Arzruni,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  1,  1883. 
72,  Chfitard,  John$  Hopkins  Univ.  Circular,  No.  75,  1889.  For  analyses  see  pp  554,  655. 

Pyr.,  etc. — The  magnesia  varieties  fuse  rather  easily  to  a  white  blebby  glass  or  slag;  the 
iron-magnesia  var.  fuse  with  a  strong  heat  to  a  blebby  slag  or  enamel,  either  white,  greenish, 
or  brownish;  the  iron  var.  fuse  with  difficulty,  or,  in  some,  only  OH  the  edges,  to  H  bfbwuish, 
brownish  red,  gray,  or  black  slag;  the  iron-magnesia-lithia  var.  fuse  on  the  edges,  and  often 
with  great  difficulty,  to  a  yellowish,  grayish,  bluish,  or  whitish  slag  or  enamel,  and  some  are 
infusible;  the  lithia  var.  are  infusible,  but  becoming  white  or  paler,  sometimes,  as  the  Paris 
(Me.)  rubellite,  affording  a  fine  enamel  on  the  edges  (R.).  With  the  fluxes  .many  varieties  give 
reactions  for  iron  and  manganese.  Fused  with  a  mixture  of  potassium  bisulphate  and  fluor  spar 
gives  a  strong  reaction  for  boric  acid.  By  heat  alone  tourmaline  loses  weight  from  the  evolution 
of  silicon  fluoride  and  perhaps  also  boron  fluoride,  and  only  after  previous  ignition  is  the  mineral 
completely  decomposed  by  hydrofluoric  acid  Not  decomposed  by  acids  (Rg  ).  After  fusion 
perfectly  decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid  (Kbl.),  and  gelatinizes  with  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — Tourmaline  is  usually  found  in  granite,  gueiss,  syenite,  mica  schist,  chloritic  Or  talcose 
schist,  dolomite,  granular  limestone;  sometimes  as  a  result  of  contact  metamorphism  near  dikes 
of  igneous  rocks,  thus  adjoining  a  granite  vein  at  Mt.  Willard,  N.  H.  (see  Hawes,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
21,21,  1881).  The  variety  in  granular  limestone  or  dolomite  is  commonly  brown;  the  bluish 
black  var.  sometimes  associated  with  tin  ores;  the  brown  with  titanium. 

Many  foreign  localities  are  mentioned  above.  Small  brilliant  black  crystals  in  decomposed 
feldspar,  at  Sonnenberg  near  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz,  are  called  aphrizite.  Rubellite  and  green 
tourmaline  occur  near  Ekaterinburg  in  the  Ural;  beautiful  pink  crystals  are  found  at  Elba; 
green  at  Campolongo  in  Tessin,  Switzerland;  also  from  the  Binnenthal,  green  to  yellow;  red  to 
green,  blue  and  black  at  Penig,  Saxon}';  red  and  green  varieties  at  Wolkenburg;  also  deep  green 
•and  red  in  the  province  Miuas  Geraes,  Brazil:  yellow  and  brown  from  Ceylon;  dark  brown 
varieties  from  Eibenstock.  Saxony:  the  Zillerthal;  black  from  Arendal,  Norway;  Snarum; 
KragerO.  The  chrome  tourmaline  (anal.  71)  is  from  the  chrornite  deposits  at  Nizhni  Isetsk  in 
the  Sysersk  district  in  the  Ural.  Indicolite  is  found  at  UtO,  Sweden.  Pale  yellowish  .brown 
piystals  in  ta]c  at  Windisch  Kappel  in  Carinthia;  white  specimens  (achroite)  come  from  St. 
Gothard.  Siberia,  and  Elba.  In  Great  Britain,  fine  black  crystals  have  been  obtained  neat  Bovey 
Tracey  in  Devon;  also  found  in  Cornwall  at  different  localities;  green  near  Dartmoor  in- Devon; 
black  near  Aberdeen  in  Scotland,  and  elsewhere;  dark  brown  at  Dalkey  in  Co.  Dublin,  Ireland: 
green  near  Dunfanaghy,  Co.  Donegal;  green  and  red  at  Ox  mountain,  near  Sligo. 

In  the  U.  States,  in  Maine  at  Paris  and  Hebron,  magnificent  red  and  green  tourmalines  with 
lepidolite,  etc..  some  crystals  over  an  inch  in  diameter,  transparent,  ruby-red  within,  surrounded 
by  green,  or  red  at  one  extremity  and  green  at  the  other;  also  blue  and  pink  varieties;  and 
at  Norway;  pink  at  Rumford,  embedded  in  lepidolite;  at  Auburn  in  clear  crystals  of  a 
delicate  pink  or  lilac  with  lepidolite,  etc.;  at  Albany,  green  and  black;  at  Stmiked  Mtn.,  black. 
In  Mass.,  at  Chesterfield,  red,  green,  and  blue,  in  a  granite  vein  withalbite,  urauite  and  microjite, 
the  crystals  small  and  curved,  nearly  opaque,  and  fragile,  the  green  crystals  often  with  distinct 
prisms  of  red  color  inside,  especially  when  in  smoky  quartz:  af  Goshen,  similar,  blue  and  green, 
in  great  perfection;  at  Norwich,  New  Braintree,  and  Carlisle,  good  black  crystals.  In  N.  Hamp., 
Alstead,  Grafton,  Sullivan,  Acwortb;  and  Saddleback  Mt.;  at  Orford,  large  brownish  black 
crystals  abundant  in  steatite.  In  Vermont,  at  Brattleboro,  black.  In  Conn.,  at  Monroe,  perfect 
dark  brown  crystals  in  mica-slate  near  Lane's  mine,  sometimes  two  inches  in  length  and 
breadth;  at  Haddam,  fine  black  crystals  in  mica  slate  with  anthophyllite,  also  in  granite  with 
iolite,  and  also  at  the  gneiss  quarries,  on  the  east  side  of  the  river;  at  New  Milford,  black  crys- 
tals with  be.ryl  and  mica;  black  at  Newtown,  Bethel,  and  Waterbury ;  bluish  black  at  Branchville. 

In  jlV".  York,  near  Gouverneur,  light  and  dark  brow-n  crystals,  often  highly  modified,  with 
tremolite>  apatite,  and  scapolite  in  granular  limestone,  at  Canton;  in  simple  prisms  in  the  same 


TOURMALINE.  557 

rock  near  Port  Henry,  Essex  Co.,  sometimes  as  a  shell  inclosing  feldspar;  at  Schroon,  -with 
chondrodite  and  scapolite;  at  Newcomb,  Essex  Co.,  in  brown  cr3Tstals;  at 'Crown  Point,  fine 
brown  crystals;  at  the  chrysoberyl  locality  near  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  black;  at  Alexandria,  Jefferson 
Co.;  at  Kingsbridge,  brown,  yellowish  or  reddish  brown  crystals  in  dolomite;  near  Eden ville, 
gray  or  bluish  gray  and  green  in  three-sided  prisms  occur;  short  black  crystals  in  the  same 
vicinity,  and  at  Rocky  Hill,  sometimes  5  inches  in  diameter;  a  mile  southwest  of  Amity,  yellow 
and  cinnamon-colored  crystals  with  spinel  in  calcite;  also  near  the  same  village  a  clove-brown 
variety  with  hornblende  and  rutile  in  granular  limestone;  in  splendent  black  crystals  at  Pierre- 
pont,  St.  Lawrence  Co.;  colorless  and  glassy  at  De  Kalb;  dark  brown  at  McCoinb.  In  N.  Jersey, 
at  Franklin,  Hamburg,  and  Newton,  black  and  brown  crystals  in  limestone,  with  spinel;  also 
grass-green  crystals  in  crystalline  limestone  near  Franklin.  In  Penn.,  at  Newlin,  Chester  Co. ; 
at  London  Grove  and  near  Unionville,  of  a  light  yellow  or  brownish  yellow,  in  limestone,  and 
rarely  white;  at  Parksburg,  Chester  Co.;  in  Delaware  Co.,  at  Aston;  at  Chester,  fine  black; 
Middletown,  black;  Marple,  of  a  green  color  in  talc;  in  New  Garden  township,  Chester  Co.,  in 
limestone,  light  brown  to  yellow  and  sometimes  transparent;  near  New  Hope  on  the  Delaware, 
large  black  crystals,  in  which  the  prismatic  faces  are  sometimes  almost  wanting.  A  chrome- var. 
from  the  chromite  beds  in  Montgomery  Co.,  Maryland.  In.  N.  Car.,  Alexander  Co.,  in  fine  black 
crystals  with  emerald  and  hiddenite;  green  at  Silver  Creek,  Burke  Co.  In  S.  Car.,  in  Cheowee 
va'lley.  In  Georgia,  Habersham  Co.  In  California,  black  crystals,  6-8  in.  in  diameter,  in  feldspar 
veins,  in  the  mountains  between  San  Diego  and  the  Colorado  desert,  bordering  the  elevated 
valley  of  San  Felipe. 

In  Canada,  in  the  province  of  Quebec,  superb  greenish  yellow  or  yellowish  brown  crystals, 
1  inch  through,  in  limestone  at  Calumet  Falls,  Litchfield,  Pontiac  Co. ;  transparent  and  brown 
at  Hunterstown,  with  vesuvianite  and  garnet;  fine  brown  crystals  at  Clarendon,  Pontiac 
Co.;  black  at  Grenville  and  Argenteuil,  Argenteuil  Co.;  St.  Jerome, Terrebonne Co.  In  Ontario^ 
in  fine  crystals  at  North  Elmsley,  N.  Burgess  and  Baihurst,  Lanark  Co.;  Blythfield,  Renfrew  Co.; 
Galway  and  Stoney  L.  in  Dummer,  Peterborough  Co.;  Charleston  L.  in  Leeds  Co. 

The  name  turmalin  from  "Buramali  in  Cingalese  (applied  to  zircon  by  jewelers  of  Ceylon) 
was  introduced  into  Holland  in  170-3,  with  a  lot  of  gems  from  Ceylon.  The  property  of  attract- 
ing the  ashes  of  burnt  peat,  after  friction,  led  to  its  being  very  soon  named  in  Holland  Aschen- 
trecker,  or  ash-drawer.  In  1717.  Lemery,  in  his  Memoir  in  the  Hist,  de  1'Acad.  des  Sc. ,  France, 
referred  the  attraction  to  magnetism;  and  in  1756  to  1762,  appeared  the  several  Memoirs  of 
^]piuus  (published  in  the  Mem.  Acad.  Berlin,  vol.  12,  and  at  St.  Petersburg)  on  the  electrical 
properties  of  tourmaline.  The  name  tourmaline  was  slow  of  introduction  into  mineralogical 
treatises.  The  first  specimens  from  Ceylon  were  cut  gems,  so  that  the  common  charucterfsticg 
of  tourmaline  and  schorl  were  not  apparent.  Linnaeus,  in  his  Syst.  Nat.,  1768,  suggests  the 
relation  between  them,  but  de  Lisle  was  the  first  to  describe  Ceylon  crystals,  and  bring  the  two 
minerals  into  one  species.  On  the  name  schorl,  see  Introductfon,  p.  xliv.  Long  after  the'union  of 
tourmaline  and  schorl,  the  species  continued  to  bear  the  latter  of  these  names;  and  even  in  1816, 
Jameson,  in  his  System  of  Mineralogy,  retains  schorl  as  the  name  of  the  species,  with  common 
schorl  and  tourmaline  or  precious  schorl  as  two  subspecies. 

Alt. — Tourmaline  occurs  altered  to  mica,  chlorite,  cookeite,  steatite.  The  mica  is  lepidolite, 
a  species  which  is  related  in  composition  to  some  tourmaline,  and  is  a  frequent  associate  of  the 
red  and  green  varieties.  It  appears  to  take  place  through  the  addition  of  alkalies.  Some 
rubellites  and  green  tourmalines  at  Chesterfield  are  hollow,  evidently  from  decomposition  and 
removal  of  the  interior;  and  in  th6  cavities  are  occasionally  observed  small  crystals  of  yellow 
uranite  (Teschemacher). 

ZEUXITE,  of  Thomson,  Min.,  1.  320,  1836,  was  found  in  1814  in  acicnlar  interwoven  pris- 
matic crystals  at  Huel  Unity,  Cornwall;  color  brown,  slightly  greenish  in  some  lightp; 
G.  =  3051;  H.  =  4'25.  Greg  shows  that  the  mineral  is  a  ferriferous  tourmaline  (Phil.  Mag., 
10,  118,  1855);  this  is  confirmed  by  Dx.  (Min.,  2,  xliv,  1874). 

Ref.— ]  Preisschrift,  p.  112,  1825;  Kupffer  deduces  from  his  measurements  rr'  =  46°  47' 
black,  =  46°  52'  green,  =  46°  58'  red.  The  angle  46°  52'.  which  is  about  the  mean  of  these,  has 
been  accepted  by  Miller,  Dx. ,  et  al.  It  is,  however,  rather  variable.  Erofeyev  gives  46°  54', 
Vh.  Min.  Ges  ,  6,  81-108. 1871.  In  the  5th  Ed,,  the  rhombohedron  with  a  terminal  angle  of  77° 
was  taken  as  the  fundamental  form  because  it  showed  a  certain  relation  to  calcite  (see  Am.  J. 
Sc.,  17,  216,  1854).  The  probable  tetartohedral  character  was  first  noted,  though  with  some 
question,  by  Erofeyev (1.  c.)  and  confirmed  by  Ramsay,  Vet.  Ak.  Handl  Bib.  ,  12  (2),  No.  1,  1886: 
cf.  also  Solly,  Min.  Mag.,  6,  80,  1884. 

3  For  lists  of  forms,  with  authorities,  critical  remarks  as  to  doubtful  forms,  original 
observations,  etc.,  see  Erofeyev,  1.  c.;  Slg.,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  217,  1881;  Gdt.,  Index,  3,  243,  1891. 
For  earlier  lists,  original  observations,  etc.,  see  Rose,  Pogg.,  42,  580,  1837:  Mir.,  Min.,  341, 1852; 
Dana,  Min.,  270, 1854,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  419, 1854;  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  504, 1862;  D'Achiardi,  Elba,  Nuovo 
Cimento,  Feb.,  1870  (and  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  22,  663,  1870);  Cossa  and  Arzmni,  chrome-tourmaline, 
Zs.  Kr.,  7,  1,  1882;  Hidden,  N.  Carolina,  who  gives  the  rhombohedrons  ±  f ,  ±  6,  Am.  J.  Sc:, 
32,  205,  1886;  Ramsay,  1.  c.  3  Bauer,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  10.  1890.  4  Refractive  indices,  Dx.,  Min, 
1.  c.  (also  Senarmont) ;  Miklucho-Maclay,  Rosenb  ,  Mikr.  Phys.,  364,  1887;  Schwebel,  Zs.  Kr., 
7,  158,  1882;  Arzruni,  ibid.,  p  11. 

5  On  pyroelectricity,  Rose,  Pogg.,  39,  291,  1836,  42,  580,  1837;  Rose  and  Riess,  ibid.,  59, 
357,  1843,  Abh.  Ak.  Berlin,  65,  1843;  Gaugain,  Ann.  Cli.  Phys.,  57,  5,  1859;  Schedtler  (inves- 


558  SILICATES. 

tigated  by  the  Kundt  method),  Jb.  Miu.  Beil.,  4,  519,  1886;  Voigt,  Nachr.  Ges  GSttingen,  Dec. 
30,  1885.  Piezoelectricity,  J.  and  P.  Curie,  C.  R.,  92,  186,  1881;  Riecke,  Wied.,  28,  43,  1886.  31, 
889,  1887;  Nachr.  Ges.  Gottingen,  188,  1890.  Elasticity,  Brazil,  Voigt,  Wied.,  41,  712,  1890. 

6  Light-  absorption,  Pulfrich,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  151,  1881,  Schwebel,  ib.,  7,  153  1882.  On  dichro- 
ism,  see  Rg.,  Pogg.,  81,  36,  1850.  *  Optical^  anomalies,  Mid.,  Aun.  Mines,  10,  150,  1876; 
Madelung,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  75,  1882.'  Change  in  optical  characters  by  pressure,  Bucking,  ib.,  p.  565, 
1883  8  Exhibits  idiophanous  figures,  Btd.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  2,  67,  1879.  Conductivity,  heat 
and  electricity,  S.  P.  Thompson  and  Lodge,  Phil.  Mag.,  8,  18,  1879,  12,  112,  1881;  Fitzgerald, 
So.  Proc.  Dubl.  Soc.,  1,  370,  1880;  Stenger,  Wied.,  22,522,  1884.  Specific  heat,  Joly,  Proc.  R. 
Soc.,  41,  268,  1887. 

A  boro  silicate  of  uranium  described  by  W.  G.  Waring  (Eng.  Mng.  J.,  49,  356,  1890)  from 
Piina  Co.,  Arizona,  has  been  shown  by  -Kurtz  to  be  only  black  tourmaline. 

427.  PUMORTIERITE.    Gonnard,  Bull.  Soc.  -  Min.,  4,  2,  1881;  Bertrand,  ib.,  3,  171, 
1882;  and  4,  9,  1881. 

Orthorhombic.  Prismatic  angle  approximately  60°;  56°  Diller1.  Rarely  in 
distinct  crystals  with  a  (100)  and  in  (110).  Usually  in  fibrous  to  columnar 
aggregates.  Twins:  tw.  pi.  m  (110),  repeated,  forming  trillings  Lex. 

Cleavage:  a  distinct;  also  prismatic,  imperfect.  H.  =  7.  G.  =  3-265  Diller; 
3-36  Dmr.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  bright  smalt-blue  to  greenish  blue.  Trans- 
parent to  translucent". 

Pleochroism  very  strong:  r  colorless,  b  reddish  violet,  adeepultramariue-blue. 
Exhibits  idiophanous  figures,  analogous  to  andalusite.  Optically  —  .  Ax.  pi.  ||  b. 
Bx  J_  c.  Dispersion  p  <  v  Btd.  ;  p  >  v  Levy-Lex. 

Comp.  —  Essentially  a  basic  alurninium  silicate.  Perhaps  AlBSi3018  or 
4Al203.3SiO,  =  Silica  30*6,  alumina  69'4  =  100.  Part  of  the  aluminium  seems  to 
be  replaced  by  boron. 

Anal.—  1,  Damour,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  4,  6,  1881.  2-4,  J.  E.  Whitfield,  Am.  J.  8c.,<37, 
216,  1889. 

Si02  A13O3  Fe2O,  B203  MgO  ign. 

1.  Beaunan  29  '85  66'02  I'Ol        —     0'45  2  '25  =    99  '58 

2.  Harlem,  N.  Y.  31  '44  68*91        —  tr.       —       —   =  100*35 

3.  Clip,  Arizona  27'99  64-49        —  4'94     tr.  1'72  P366  0'20  =    9934 

4.  "          "  31'52    6366        —       2'62    0'52    1'34  Alk.  0'48  =;  100'14 

An  earlier  analysis  by  Riggs  of  the  Harlem  mineral  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  34,  406,  1887)  showed 
4'07  B2O3,  but  probably  from  tourmaline  which  is  intimately  associated  with  it. 

Pyr.,  etc.—  B.B.  infusible,  loses  color  on  strong  ignition;  with  cobalt  solution  a  beautiful 
blue,  characteristic  of  aluminium.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  a  slightly  bluish 
opaline  bead. 

Obs.  —  Found  in  fibrous  forms  embedded  in  feldspar  in  blocks  of  gneiss  at  Chaponost,  near 
Lyons,  France,  the  original  locality  being  near  Beaunan;  also  at  Brignais. 

Also  reported  from  Wolfshau,  near  Schmiedeberg,  Silesia  in  the  iolite  of  the  gneiss  of 
Tvedestrand,  Norway. 

In  the  U.  S.,  it  occurs  near  Harlem,  New  York  Island,  in  the  pegmatoid  portion  of  a 
biotite-gneiss;  in  a  quartzose  rock  at  Clip,  Yuma  Co.,  Arizona. 

Named  for  the  palaeontologist,  M.  Eugene  Dumortier. 

Ref.-'  Cf.  Btd.,  1.  c.;  Diller,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  37,  216,  1889. 

428.  STAUROLITE.    Pierres  de  croix  de  Robien,  N.  idees  sur  la  format,  d.  Foss.,  109, 
1751  (with  figs.).    Basaltes  crystallisatus  pt.  Cronst.  (the  specimen  a  cross  of  two  brown  6-sided 
crystals,  worn  as  an  amulet  at  baptisms  in  Basel,  and  called  Lapis  crucifer,  and  Easier  Tavf  stein), 
Min.,  70,  1758.     Schorl  cruciforme  pt.,  Pierres  de  croix,  de  Lisle.  Crist.,  1772,  1783  (with  figs.). 
Staurolite  Delameth.,  Sciagr.,   1,  298,   1792.     Grenatite  (fr.  St.  Gothard),  Saussure,  Voy.  Alpes, 
§  1900,  1796.     Granatite.      Staurolith  Karst.,    Tab.,   22,    1800      Staurotide  H.t   Tr.,  3,  1801. 
Nordmarkite  Dana,  Min.,  389,  1868.     Xantholite  Heddle,  Min.  Mag.,  3.  59,  1879. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-4734  :  1  :  0-6828  Phillips1. 
100  A  110  =  25°  20',  001  A  101  =  55°  16',  001  A  Oil  =  34°  19£'. 
Forms  :  b  (010,  i-i),  c  (001,  0);  m  (110,  /);  r  (101,  1-i);  also  only  as  tw.  planes,  y  (230,  £$), 
*(032,  |4),  2(232, 


Angles:    mm'"  =  *50°  40',    yy'"  -  70°  45*',    rr'  =  110*  32',    mr  =  *42°  2',   ex  =  45°  41', 
§     ' 


tt  =  60   81'. 


8TA  UROLITE. 


559 


Twins  cruciform:  (1)  tw.  pi.  x  (032),  the  two  crystals  crossing  nearly  at  right 
angles,  since  ex  =  45°  41'.  (2)  tw.  pi.  z  (232),  crossing  at  an  angle  of  60°  approx- 
imately, since  cz  =  -60°  31'.  (3)  tw.  pi.1  jy  (rare),  here  bb  =  70°  45£'.  Crystals 
commonly  prismatic,  and  often  flattened  \'o*9  often  with  rough  surfaces. 


1. 


m 


m 


5. 


7. 


8. 


Figs.  1,  2,  Simple  forms.    3-5,  Common  twins.    6-8,  Fannin  Co.,  Ga, 

Cleavage:  b  distinct,  but  interrupted;  win  traces.  Fracture  subconchoidaL 
Brittle.  H.  =  7-7*5.  G.  =  3  65-3  -75.  Subvitreous,  inclining  to  resinous.  Color 
dark  reddish  brown  to  brown islublack,  and  yellowish  brown.  Streak  uncolored  to 
grayish.  Translucent  to  nearly  or  quite  opaque. 

Pleochroism  distinct:  c  (=  ^)  hyacinth-red  to  blood-red,  ft,  b  yellowish  red, 
Bosenbusch ;  or  c  gold-yellow,  a,  b  light  yellow  to  colorless.  Optically  -J-.  Ax. 
pi.  ||  a.  Bx  J_  c*  Axial  angles : 


2Ha.i  =  113°  10' 

2H0.r  =  117°  52' 

a  =  1-736 


/?r  =±  1-749        .-.    2Va.r 
2V0.r  =  91°  39'  Dx. 
/3  =  1-741. 


=  88*  46'  Lfevy-Lcx. 
/?.  t=  1-7526.  Mir. 
y  =  1:746  Levy.  Lex. 


Comp.,Tar.  —  Formula     doubtful,     perhaps     H4(Fe,Mg)>(Al,Fe)34SinOe.     or 
^H20.6(Fe,Mg)0.12Al203.llSi02Friedl. 

Coloriano  gives  HaFeaAliaSisOgi;  Groth  suggests  the  simpler  form  HFeAl6Si2O,3. 

Impurities  are  usually  present,  especially  in  the  form  of  inclosed  silica,  sometimes  up  to 
30  to  40  p.  c.  ;  also  garnet,  mica,  and  perhaps  magneite,  brookite,  cf.  Rg.,  Lsx.,  Friedl,  1.  c. 
See,also  analyses,  5th  Ed.,  p.  389,  which  give  SiO2  varying  from  27  '0  to  51  -3. 

Nordmarkiie  is  a  manganesian  variety  from  Nordmavk,  Sweden,  anal.  10. 

Xantholite  is  a  variety  of  somewhat  anomalous  composition,  according  to  the  analysis,  which 
is  probably  to  be  explained  by  the  presence  of  impurities  (cf.  Lex.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  9.  78,  1886). 

Anal.—  1,  Rg.,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  25,  53,  1873.  2,  Friedl,  Zs.  Kr.,  10,  366,  1885.  3,  Lsx..  Min. 
Mitth  ,  173,  1S72.  4,  Coloriano,  Bull.  Soc.  Ch.,  44,  427,  1885.  5,  Friedl,  1.  c.  6,  7,  Kg.,  1.  c. 
8,  Peters  and  Maly,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  57  (1),  646,  1868.  9,  Geuth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  13,  383,  1S73, 
10.  Paijkull,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  23,  85,  1866.  11.  Heddle.  1.  c. 


560 

G. 

Si03 

SILICATE, 
A.12O3    Fe2O, 

FeO 

1. 

St.  Gothard 

3-706 

29-46 

52-29 



13-42 

2. 

« 

|  28-15 

52-17 

1-70 

13-84 

3. 

" 

3-71 

29-81 

48-26 

5-31 

12-03 

4. 

«« 

27-38 

54-20 

6-83 

9-13 

5. 

Tramnitz 

3-74 

f  28-19 

52-15 

1-59 

14-12 

6. 

Pitkaranta 

29-23 

52-85 

— 

14-65 

7. 

Brittany 

3-70 

80-23 

51-16 



14-66 

8. 

St.  Radegrund 

3-474 

30-42 

54-06 



10-09 

9. 

Franklin,  N.  C. 

3-711 

27-91 

52-92 

6-87 

7-80 

10. 

Nordmarkite 

3-54 

36-05 

35-18 

13-73 

11-61] 

11. 

Milltown,  Xantholite 

27-04 

45-86 

8-67 

6-90 

MgO  H2O 

2-29  1-42  TiO2  0-56=   9944 

2-54  1-63  =  100-03 

3-25  0-86  =    99-52 

—  1-43  =    98-97 

2-42  1-59  =  10006 
2-41  undet.TiO?  0'18  =    99-32 

2-73  1-26  TiO2  0-29  =  100-33 

2-01  !-67CaO,MnO075  =    99'(30 

3-28  159  CaO, MnO   tr.    =  100'37 

ll-61Mn2O3  2-51  =  99'08  [F  0'09=rlOO  18 

4-32  2-88  MnO    0*56,    CaO    £81. 


In  Vermont,  at  Cabot. 


A  staurolite  from  Canton,  Ga.,  with  G.  =  3'79  gave  Genth  7'13  ZnO. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  infusible,  excepting  the  manganesian  variety,  which  fuses  easily  to  a  black 
magnetic  glass.  With  the  fluxes  gives  reactions  for  iron,  and  sometimes  for  manganese.  Imper- 
fectly decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid. 

Obs. — Usually  found  in  crystalline  schists,  as  mica  schist,  argillaceous  schist,  and  gneiss,  as 
a  result  of  regional  or  contact  metamorphism;  often  associated  with  garnet,  sillimanite,  cyanite, 
and  tourmaline. 

Occurs  with  cyanite  in  paragonite  schist,  at  Mt.  Campione,  Switzerland,  in  polished,  brown, 
translucent  crystals;  at  Mt.  Greiner,  in  the  Zillerthal,  Tyrol,  in  simple  crystals  associated  with 
cyanite,  and  sometimes  appearing  as  a  continuation  of  its  crystals,  parallel  with  them;  also  near 
Innsbruck;  near  Lake  Como;  at  Goldenstein  in  Moravia,  brown  and  translucent;  Aschaffenburg, 
Bavaria;  Oberwolz  and  St.  Radegrund  in  Styria;  in  large  twin  crystals  in  the  mica  schists  of 
Brittany;  at  Tornduff  and  near  Killiney  in  Ireland;  near  Milltown,  Loch  Ness,  Scotland 
(xantholite);  at  Oporto,  St.  Jagp  de  Compostella.  In  the  province  of  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil,  at 
various  points  both  in  mica  schists  and  in  the  river  gravels. 

Abundant  throughout  the  mica  s  :hists  of  New  England.  In  Maine,  at  Windham,  near  the 
bridge,  the  mica  slate  is  filled  with  l^rge  crystals:  also  atMt.  Abraham,  Hartwell,  and  Winthrop. 
In  N.  Uamp.,  brown  and  large  cryst.  at  Franconia;  at  Lisbon,  abundant  in  mica  slate;  on  the 
shores  of  Mink  Pond,  loose  in  the  soil;  at  Grantham,  2  m.  from  Meriden,  of  a  gray  color. 
In  MUM.,  at  Chesterfield,  in  fine  crystals.  In  Conn.,  at  Bolton,  Vernon, 
Litchfield,  Stafford, and  Tolland;  also  Southbury  with  garnets;  at  Litch- 
field,  black  crystals.  In  New  Yoi'k,  small  crystals  at  the  Foss  ore  bed  in 
Dover.  Dutchess  Co. ;  also  three  and  a  half  miles  from  New  York  City, 
on  the  Hudson;  as  a  fesult  of  contact  metamorphism  in  the  mica  schist 
near  Peekskill,  N.  Y.  (cf.  Williams,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  36,  254,  1888).  In 
Penn.,  reddish  brown  cryst,  abundant  on  the  Wissahickon,  8  m.  from 
Philadelphia.  In  N.  Carolina,  at  the  Culsagee  corundum  mine  near 
Franklin,  MaconCo.;  large  coarse  crystals  at  the  Parker  mine.Cherokee 
Co.;  also  in  Madison  and  Clay  counties.  In  Georgia,  at  the  lead  mine,  Canton,  in  quartzose  mica 
schist,  the  gangue  of  the  lead  ore;  also  in  Fanuin  Co.,  loose  in  the  soil  in  fine  crystals. 

Dr.  C.  T.  Jackson  has  described  a  variety  of  staurolite  in  tessellated  crystals  like  chiastolite, 
from  Charlestown,  N.  H.,  as  represented  in  the  accompanying  figure. 

Named  from  crravpos,  a  cress.  Hauy's  change  of  staurolite  to  slaurotide  was  neither 
necessary  nor  reasonable. 

Alt. — Occurs  altered  to  steatite. 

Ref. — '  Min.,  75.  1837.  In  some  respects  it  would  be  more  natural  to  take  the  twinning 
planes  (see  below)  as  fundamental,  Oil,  111,  110,  when  the  symbols  of  the  prism  would  become 
320.  and  the  axes  0-7101  :  1  :  1'0242.  8  E.  S.  D.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  11,  384,  1876;  this  twinning  can 
be  explained  as  having  either  230  or  130  as  tw.  pi.;  the  first  gives  bb  =  70°  45^'  and  109'  14|', 
the  second  109°  42'  and  70°  18';  the  measured  angle  70°  30'  hardly  decides  between  these,  but 
the  former  is  the  more  probable  as  it  corresponds  to  the  two  Dther  more  common  laws. 


429.  KORNERUFINE*    Kornerupin  J.  Loreneen,  Medd,  GrQnl.,  7,  19,  1884.    Prismatin 
A.  Bauer,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  38,  704,  1886. 

Orthorhpmbic.  Axes  a  :  b  =  0*854  :  1.  In  fibrous  to  columnar  aggregates, 
resembling  sillimanite,  showing  in  the  prismatic  zones  the  forms  m  (110),  a  (100), 
and  I  (010)  with  mm9"  —  *81°  kornerupine,  =  81°  31'  prismatiiie. 

Cleavage:  prismatic,  rather  perfect.  H.  =  6*5.  G.  =  3-273  kornerupine; 
3*341  prismatine,  Ussing.  Luster  vitreous.  White  to  colorless  (K.),  yellow- 
brown  (Pr )  Optically  -.  Ax.  pi.  ||  100,  Bxa  _L  001.  Axial  angle  2E  =  SS 


Prumatine 


a,  =  1  -6691 


tfy=  16805        yy  =  16818        .-.    2Vy  =  37°  7  for  Na 
=  65°  30'  and  from  ft  =  1*6805  .'.     2Vy  =  37°  34*. 


SAPPHIRINE.  561 

Comp.— MgAlaSi06  or  MgO.Al208.Si03  =  Silica  29-7,  alumina  50'5,  magnesia 
19-8  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Lorenzeu,  1.  c.     2,  Sauer,  1.  c. 

G.  SiO2    A12O3    Fe2O3  FeO    MgO    ign. 

1.  Kornerupine    3*23          30-90    46'79      2'02      —      19-46    1 '30  =  100 '47 
2.\  Prismatine       3341        30*89    43'06        —     6'28    15-08    1'36  NaaO  2-04,  K2O  0'79  =r  9950 

Pyr. — 6.B.  does  not  fuse;  becomes  bright  blue  if  moistened  with  cobalt  solution  and 
ignited.  Insoluble  iu  acids. 

Obs. — Kornerupine  occurs  at  Fiskernas  on  the  west  coast  of  Greenland  with  green  amphibole,. 
sapphirine  and  a  light  brown  magnesia  mica;  also  gedrite  and  occasionally  iolite.  It  is  intimately- 
associated  with  the  iolite,  aud  sometimes  appears  in  a  micropegmatitic  form  with  it.  Named 
after  the  Danish  geologist,  Kornerup. 

Prismatine  is  from  Waldheim,  Saxony,  where  it  forms  layers  in  granulyte  with  albite,  also 
garnet,  tourmaline. 

Ussing  calls  attention  to  the  similarity  of  these  two  independently  described  minerals,  and 
it  can  hardly  be  doubted  that  they  are  identical. 

KRYPTOTIL  Sauer,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  38,  705, 1886.  An  alteration  product  of  prismatine,  occurring- 
in  fine  fibrous  forms  of  light  greenish  color.  Composition:  HAlSiO4  =  H2O.AlaOi.SiOi 
=  Silica  50'0,  alumina  42'5,  water  7*5  =  100.-  Anal.— Sauer; 

SiO,  48-43  A1203  41  "63  MgO  2-13  H2O  7-70  =  99'89. 

430.  SAPPHIRINE.  Sapphirin  (fr.  Greenland)  Giesecke,  Stromeyer's  TJnters.,  1,  391, 
1821.  Sapphirine.  Sapphirin  pt.  [rest  blue  Spinel]  Hausm.,  Handb.,  427,  1847.  'Saphirine. 

Monoclinic.  In  indistinct  crystals,  tabular  ||  b;  rarely  showing  prismatic 
planes  on  the  edges,  brn  =  57°  27',  mm'"  =  65°  6';  also  other  prisms  inclined 
23°  34'  and  31°  36'  to  b,  and  a  clinodome  giving  b  A  Oil  =  47£°;  ft  =  79£°  ; 
angles  variable,  Ussing1.  Usually  in  disseminated  grains,  or  aggregations  of  grains. 

Cleavage  not  distinct.  Fracture  subconchoidal.  H.  =  7'5.  G.  =  3*42-3-48; 
3-486  Ussing.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  pale  blue  or  green.  Translucent* 
Pleochroic:  b  =  i  blue,  a  colorless.  .Optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  J  b.  Bxa  A  b  =  —  71° 
or  c  A  001  =  4-  8£°,  Axial  angles,  Ussing1: 

2Ka.y  =  68°  50'  2K0.y  =  111°  13'  2Va.y  =  68C  49'          /J,  =  1-712 

ar  =   1-7055  flr  =  1-7088  vr  =    1-7112 

Also,  Dx.,     2Ha.r  =.77°  50'        2Ha.bi  =  79°  0'      ar  =  1*705     /3r    =   1-70&    yr  =  1-711 
2Ha.r  =  83°  29'  2Ha.y  =  83°  55'  2Ha.gr  =  84°  34' 

Comp.— Mg5Al12SiaOa7   or  5Mg0.6Ala03.2Si03   =    Silica  12-9,  alumina  65-7, 

magnesia  21 '4  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Damqur,  Bull.  G.  Soc.,  6.  315,  1849.  2,  Lorenzen.  Medd.  GrOnl.,  7,  1884 
3,  Ussing,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  46,  17,  1889.  Also  Schluttig,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Leipzig,  22,  1884 
cf.  Zs.  Kr.,  13,  74. 

SiOa  A12O3  FeO  MgO 

1.  G.  =  3-473                 |    14-86  63-25  2'00  19-28  =  99'39 

2.  G.  =  3-46                   |    12-95  64*44  1-66  19'83  ign.  0'34  =  99'22 

3.  G.  =  3-486                      12-83  65-29  0'65  21 -40  Fe2O30'93  =  lOO'lO 

Pyr.,  etc.— B  B.  alone  and  with  borax  infusible,  unaltered. 

Obs. — Associated  with  mica,  anthophyllite,  and  amphibole  at  Fiskernas  in  south-western 
Greenland.  The  name  alludes  to  the  sapphire  color. 

Ref.— i  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  46,  17,  1889,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  598,  1889.  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  462. 
1862,  2,  xlii,  1874. 


562  SILICATES. 

APPENDIX  TO   ANHYDROUS  SILICATES. 

BARYLITE  C.  W.  Blomstrand,  G.  For.  Forh.,  3,  128,  1876.     Barylitb. 

In  groups  of  prismatic  crystals,  more  or  less  tabular  iri  habit.  Two  distinct  cleavages 
forming  au  augle  of  about  84°.  H.  —  7.  G.  =  4 -03.  Luster  greasy.  Colorless.  Semi- 
traiisparent.  Composition.—  Ba4Al4Si7O24  or  4BaO.Al2O3.7SiO2  =  Silica  34*0,  alumina  16'5 
baryta  49'5  =  100.  Analysis: 

•SiO2       A12O,      Fe2O3      BaO         PbO      CaO       MgO       CuO      Bi2O,      ign. 
f  34-36        16-02        0-98        46'23        0'93        0'68        0  27        0'09        0*19        0'15  =  99-90 

B.B.  infusible;  not  attacked  by  acid.  Named  from  ftapv1-,,  heavy,  and  Az'OoS,  stone. 
Occurs  with  hedyphane  iu  crystalline  limestone  at  Langban,  in  Wermland,  Sweden. 

HYPOCHLORITE.  Sogenaunter  Gruneisenerde  von  Schneeberg,  Hypochlorit,  Schuler,  Schw. 
J.,  66,  41,  1832,  Dissert,  de  Ferro  ochr.,  etc.,  Jena,  1832. 

Bisniutoferrite  Frenzel,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  4,  355,  1871,  Jb.  Min.,  516,  1872. 

HYPOCHLORITE  was  described  as  minute  crystalline;  also  earthy.  Fracture  even  to  flat  con- 
choidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  6.  Luster  vitreous,  feeble.  Color  green.  Streak  light  •  green. 
Analysis. — Schuler: 

Si02  50-24        AUO3 14^65       Bi2O3  13'03       FeO  10-54       P2O6  9'62       Mn  tr. 

In  minute  crystals  and  grains,  or  massiv^e  and  earthy,  with  native  bismuth  and  cobalt  ores, 
at  Schneeberg,  Johanngeorgenstadl,  and  Br^unsdorf,  iu  Saxony.  Also  reported  from  Ullers- 
xeuth.  Voigtland,  in  a  bed  of  limonite.  Named  from  uTrd^Aajpos  on  account  of  its  green 
chlorite-like  color.  Beyond  doubt  a  mixture. 

BISMUTOFERRITE  of  Frenzel  ie  a  supposed  bismuth-iron  silicate  in  part  mixed  with  the 
Jiypochlorite  ('•  wismuth-hypochlorit ")  of  Schneeberg.  G.  =  4-47.  Two  analyses  gave: 

SiO*  23-08  Bi2O3  43-26  Fe2O3  33'33     -      99'67 

24-05  42-83  33'12     =     100 

An  "  antimony-hypochlorite  "  is  also  said  to  occur  at  Schneeberg. 

MONZONITE  F.  v.  Kobell,  Ber.  Ak.  Munchen,  1,  162,  1871. 

Compact.  Fracture  spliatery  to  subconchoidal.  H.  —  6.  G.  =  3.  Color  light  grayish 
gree.n.  Translucent  on  tliin  edges.  Resembles  green  horustone.  Analysis',  Kobell,  J.-c.: 

SiO2       A12O3       FeO      MgO       CaO      Na2O      K2O       H2O 

52-60        17-10        900        2-10        965        6'60        1'90        1-50  =  100-45 

B.B.  fuses  at  3  to  a  lustrous  grayish  green  glass.  Not  decomposed  by  acids  before  or  after 
fusion.  Found  on  Mt.  Monzoiii  in  the  Fassathal,  Tyrol. 

NEOCIANO  A.  Scacchi,  Rend.  Accad.  Napoli,  Jan.,  1881.     Neocyanite. 

In  very  minute  monoclinic  crystals,  tabular  \\  010;  these  are  terminated  by  two  orthodomes 
m  and  n.  making  angles  of  71°  and  53°  with  a  (100),  front  and  back  respectively.  Color  blue. 
Supposed  to  be  an  anhydrous  copper  silicate.  B.B.  fuses  to  a  black  glass.  Easily  decomposed 
by  acids,  with  the  separation  of  pulverulent  dlica.  From  fumaroles  at  Vesuvius,  formed  by 
sublimation,  together  with  three  other  substances.  One  of  these  forms  a  white  granular  mass, 
O.  =  2-287,  probably  silica.  A  second  is  a  white  asbestus-like  material,  containing  lime; 
difficultly  fusible,  and  decomposed  only  in  boiling  acid.  The  other  forms  yellowish  brown 
crystals  in  six  sided  rhombic  plates;  insoluble  Jn  acid. 

RAMOSITE  .A7".  W.  Perry,  Eng.  Mng.  J. ,  37,  140,  Feb.  23,  1884;  Trans.  Am.  Inst.  Mining 
£ng.,  12,  628,  1884. 

In  pebbles  in  alluvium;  .compact.  Fracture  conchoidal.  H.  =  8^-9.  G.  =  3'83.  Color 
deep  black.  Opaque,  translucent  on  thin  edges.  Luster  vitreous.  Analysis: 

SiO2  46-32    Fe3O3  13-00    A12OS  1919    CaO  17-74    MgO  13'13    MnOa  tr.  =  99'38, 
From  Ramos,  San  Luis  Potosi,  Mexico.     The  description  obviously  needs  revision;  it  may 
|>rove  to  be  simply  a  kind  of  garnet. 

SPHENOCLASE.     Sphenoklas  F.  von  Kobell,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  91,  348,  1864. 

Massive,  with  faint  indications  of  a  foliated  structure.  Fracture  splintery.  H.  =  5'5-6 
G.  =  3  2.  Luster  feeble.  Color  pale  grayish  yellow.  Subtranslucent.  Comp.— Perhaps 
6RO.Al2O3.6SiO2  Rg.,  but  needs  confirmation.  Analysis. —KbI.: 

SiO2  46-08      A12O8  13'04      FeO  4'77      MnO  3'23      MgO  6  25      CaO  26  50  =  99  87 

B.B.  fuses  at  3  to  a  greenish  glass.  Slightly  attacked  by  acids;  but  after  heating,  easily 
Decomposed  with  gelatinization  by  hydrochloric  acid. 

From  Gjellebak  in  Norway,  with  wollastonite  and  the  so-called  edeiforsite,  forming  thit* 
layers  of  varying  thickness  in  a  bluish  granular  limestone.  Named  from  cr<pr}v,  a  wedge,  uud 
xkdo-is,  fracture,  it  breaking  into  wedge-shaped  pieces. 


HYDROUS  SILICATES.  563 


Br  Hydrous  Silicates. 

The  HYDROUS  SILICATES  include  chiefly  the  true  hydrous  compounds,  that  is, 
those  which  contain  water  of  crystallization,  like  the  zeolites;  also  the  hydrous  amor- 
phous species,  as  the  clays,  etc.  There  are  also  included  certain  species — as  the 
Micas,  Talc,  Kaolin ite— which,  while  they  yield  water  upon  ignition,  are  without 
doubt  to  be  taken  as  acid  or  basic  metasilicates,  orthosilicates,  etc.  Their  relation, 
however,  is  so  close  to  other  true  hydrous  species  that  it  appears  more  natural  to* 
include  them  here  than  to  have  placed  them  in  the  preceding  chapter  with  other 
acid  and  basic  salts.  Finally,  some  species  are  referred  here  about  whose  chemical 
constitution  and  the  part  played  by  the  water  present  there  is  still  much  doubts 

The  divisions  of  the  Hydrous  Silicates  recognized  are  as  follows: 

I.  Zeolite  Division. 

1.  Introductory  Subdivision. 

2.  Zeolites. 

II.  Mica  Division. 

1.  Mica  Group. 

2.  Cliiitonite  Group. 

3.  Chlorite  Group. 

III.  Serpentine  and  Tale  Division. 

Chiefly  hydrous  Silicates  of  Magnesium. 

IV.  Kaolin  Division. 

Chiefly  hydrous  Silicates  of  Aluminium;  for  the  most  part  belonging  to  the 
group  of  the  clays. 

V.  Concluding  Division. 

Species  not  included  in  the  preceding  divisions;  chiefly  silicates  of  the  heavy 
metals,  iron,  manganese,  etc. 


I.  Zeolite  Division. 
1.  Introductory  Subdivision. 

Of  the  species  here  included,  several,  while  not  strictly  ZEOLITES,  are  closely  related  to  them 
in  composition  and  method  of  occurrence, 

431.  Inesite  2(Mn,Ca)Si03  +  H.O       Triclinic 

a :  b :  6  =  0'9753 : 1 :  T3208  a  =  92°  18'  ft  ^  132°  56'  y  =  93°  51' 

OL  \  u  !  C  S 

432,  Ganaphyllite    Mn7AlaSie096.6HaO  Monoclinic  0-413  : 1  : 1-831  86°  39' 


433.  Okenite  HaCa(Si03),  +  H30          Orthorhombic  ? 

434.  Gyrolite  HaCa2(Si03)3  +  HaO 

435.  Apophyllite      H,KCa4(Si03)8  +  4JHaO  Tetragonal  <?  =  1-2515 


564 


SILICATES. 


431.  INESITB.  A.  Schneider,  Jb.,  Preuss.  G.  Landesanst.  for  1887,  p  472  (1888)-  Zs  G 
Ges.,  39,  829,  1888.  Rhodotilit  G.  Flint,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  45,  571,  1888,  46,  12,  1889. 

Triclinic.  Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-975266  :  1  :  1-32078;  a  —  92°  18'  12"  6  =  152° 
55'  54",  y  =  93°  50'  42"  Scheibe'. 

100  A  010  =  *82°  35',.  100  A  001  =  46°  41'  32",  010  A  001  ±=  83°  14'  59". 

Forms:    a  (100,  i-l),   ft  (010.  f-«),    c  (001,  0),   M (110,  '/),    J  (101,  '1-i'),   #  (201,  '24'),  e (101 

' 


aM  =  37°  59' 

b'M=  59°  26' 
cl     =  27°    4f 


eg  =  34°  36*' 
al  =  19°  36f 
a#  =  12°  5' 


ce   =     85°  57f 
a'e  =  *47°  21' 
cd  =     47°  22' 


ad  =  *64°  37' 
b'd  =  *49°  23' 
be  =  *93°  20 


Crystals  small,  prismatic  in  habit.  Usually  in  fibrous  masses;  often  radiated 
and  spherulitic. 

Cleavage:  £  perfect;  a  less  so.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  6. 
G.  =  3-0295  Flink.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  rose-red  to  flesh-red;  be- 
coming colorless  on  exposure.  Streak  white.  Pleochroism  distinct 
but  feeble. 

Optically  — .  Extinction-direction  on  a  (100)  inclined  to  edge  a/I, 
12°  to  the  left  below;  on  b  (010)  inclined  60£°  above  behind.  Bxa  not' 
quite  J_  b.  Axial  angles  (Adams  polariscope,  with  ny  =  1-7782  Na  for 
the  glass)  measured  on  cleavage  fragments  ]|  b: 

2Ga.r  =  64°  0'  Li          2Ga.y  =  63°  28'  Na         2Ga.gr  *=  62°  51'  Tl. 

Comp.—  2(Mn,Ca)Si08  +  HaO  =  Silica  43«8,  manganese  protoxide 
41-4,  lime  8'2,  water  6-6  =  100.  Here  Mn  :  Ca  =  4  :  1. 


Inesite, 
•Scheibe. 


1.  Inesite, 

2.  Rhodotilite 


Anal — 1,  Barwald,  quoted  by  Schneider.    2,  Fliiik,  l,c. 


SiOa 
4392 
43-67 


MnO 

3787 
3704 


FeO 
0-69 
I'll 


CaO 

8-40 


MgO 
0-33 
0-15 


HaO 
9-22 
717 


A13O,0'29  =  100-72 
PbO  0-77  =  99-29 


Of  the  water  Barwalrt  found  that  4'54  p.  c.  was  lost  at  110°,  0'48  at  200°,  2*23  at  800°,  0-62 
at  440  ,  1  35  upon  ignition  ;  total  9 '22. 

Pyr.— Gives  off  water  in  the  closed  tube  and  turns  brown.  Reacts  for  manganese  with  the 
fluxes.  Soluble  in  acids,  but  not  after  ignition. 

Inesite  occurs  at  the  manganese  mines  at  Nanzenbach,  northeast  of  Dillenburg,  Germany, 
The  manganese  ores  occur  at  the  contact  between  clay  slate  and  diabase,  and  the  inesite  is  found 
-with  a  mauganesian  calcite  in  cavities  of  a  dark  brown. hydrous  manganese^  silicate,  allied  to 
stralppeite  (see  p.  704).  The  crystals  are  embedded  in  calcite.  Named  from  ires,  flesh  fibers,  in 
allusion  to  the  color  and  structure. 

Wwdotilite  occurs  filling  cavities  of  calcite  crystals,  with  rhodonite,  garnet,  etc.,  at  the 
Harstig  mine.  Pajsberg,  Wermland,  Sweden.  Named  from  podov,  rose,  rz'XoS,  fiber. 

As  shown  by  Flink  (1889)  the  two  minerals,  though  independently  described,  are  without 
doubt  identical,  and  the  descriptions  agree  in  almost  every  particular.  The  formula  provisionally 
Accepted  is  that  of  Flink.  Schneider  suggested  (Mn,Ca)(MnOH)aSi8Ofl  +  H9O. 

Ref.— '  Quoted  by  Schneider.  1.  c. 


432.  aANOPHYLLITE.    A.  ffartiberg,  G.  FSr.  F5rh.,  J2,  586,  1890. 

Monoclinic.     Axes    a  :  b  :  6  -  0-4130  :  1  :  1-8309;    ft  -  80°  39'  Hamberg. 
100  A  HO  =  22°  24|',  001  A  101  =  74°  7&',  001  A  Oil  =  *61°  19'. 

Forma:  £(010,  i-\\  c  (001,  0),  m  (110,  7),  e  (Oil,  1-i). 

Angles:  mm'"  =  *44°  49',  ee  -  122°  38'.  cm  =  *86°  54',  me  =  83°  23^'.    The  measurements 
are  cnly  approximate  gud  hence  the  axial  ratio  cannot  be  regarded  as  highly  accurate. 

In  crystals  up  to  an  inch  in  length,  habit  short  prismatic,  terminated  by  e 
and  the  acute  clinodome  e  (Oil),  Faces  m  and  e  dull,  striated  ||  c.  Also  foliated, 
micaceous. 

Cleavage:  basal,  perfect;  resembling  mica.  Percussion-figure  on  cleavage 
fragment  a  six-rayed  star;  one  ray  ||  edge  b/c>  the  others  inclined  approximately 


OKENITE.  565 

60°  and  hence  not  ||  edge  c/m.     H.  =  4-4'5.     G.  =  2*84     Luster  vitreous,  brill- 
iant.    Color  brown.  L 

Pleochroism  distinct  in  sections  ||  d:  c  (=  1}  and  b  (=  a)  colorless,  a  (=  c) 
yellow-brown.  Optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  J_  b.  Bxa  JL  c\  hence  a  cleavage  fragment 
gives  the  axial  figures.  Axial  angles: 

2Er  =  41°  19   Li  &   =  1-7250  .-.    2Vr  =  23°  36 

2Ey   =  41°  53   N  fa  =  1-7287  .•      2Vy  =  23°  52 

Also  ^r  =  1-7264        yy  =  1-7287         .'.    (with  2E)    ar  =  l'694l        a7  =  1-7046 

Comp.— 6H00,7MnO.Al203.8Si09  =  Silica  40-5,  alumina  8*6,  manganese  pro- 
toxide 41-8,  water  9-1  =  100. 
Anal.— Hamberg,  1.  c. 

SiO2    A1203    Fe2Oa     MuO      CaO     MgO     K20     Na2O    H2O 
§39-67      7-95      0*90      35-15       I'll       0'20      2'70      218      9'79  Li2O  tr.,  PbO?0'20  =  99  85 

Most  of  the  water  goes  off  at  100°  in  a  vacuum,  if  sufficient  time  is  allowed,  but  with 
diminishing  rapidity J  it  is  largely  reabsorbed  in  moist  air.  Hence  it  is  somewhat  analogous  iu 
behavior  to  the  zeolites,  so  that  the  author  calls  it  a  mangan-zeolite.  Physically  it  has  some 
resemblance  to  the  micas. 

Pyr.— Reacts  for  manganese  with  the  fluxes.  Dissolves  readily  in  strong  acids,  but  becomes 
nearly  insoluble  after  ignition 

Obs.— Occurs  at  the  Harstig  mine  near  Pajsberg.  Wermland,  Sweden,  embedded  in  calcite, 
also  implanted  upon  rhodonite  and  sometimes  covered  with  caryophilite,  barite,  and  native  lead; 
again  associated  with  garnet,  manganophyllite,  and  pyrophanite. 

Named  from  yaws,  luster,  0i/AAor,  leaf,  in  allusion  to  the  high  luster  on  the  cleavage 
laminae. 


433.  OKENITE.  Okenit  «.  Kobell,  Kastner's  Arch.,  14,  333,  1828.  Dysclasite  Connel, 
Ed  Phil.  J.,  17,  198,  1834  Bordite  Adam,  Dufr  Min.,  4,  697,  1859. 

Orthorhombic?  Prismatic  angle  57°  41'  Breith.  Composed  of  a  congeries  of 
minute  interlacing  acicular  crystals.  Commonly  fibrous,  also  compact. 

Cleavage  in  traces.  H.  =  4-5-5.  G.  =  2'28,  okenite,  Ebl.;  2-362,  dysclasite, 
Connel.  Luster  subpearly.  Color  white,  with  a  shade  of  yellow  or  blue;  often 
yellow  by  reflected  light,  and  blue  by  transmitted.  Frequently  opalescent.  Sub- 
transparent  to  subtranslucent.  Optically  —  Ax.  pi.  ||  b  (010),  the  needles  being 
elongated  ||  6.  Bx  J_  a  (100).  Axial  angle  large,  y  —  a  =  0-091  Lex.1 

Comp.— H2CaSi306  +  H00  or  2H3O.Ca0.2SiOa  =  Silica  56'6,lime  26-4,  water 
17-0  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  von  Kobell,  1  c*  2,  Hauer,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  5,  190,  1854.  3.  Conoel.  1.  c. 
4,  Adam,  1.  c.  5,  Haughton,  J.  G.  Soc.  Ireland,  2,  114,  1868.  6,  Darapsky,  Vh.  Ver.  Santiago, 
No.  6.  p.  248,4888  (read  May  18,  1886). 

SiO2     CaO     H2O 

1.  Disco  55-64    26  59    17  00  Al2O3,Fe2O8  0'53,  K2O  tr.  =  99-76 

2.  "  |  54  81     27-23    18  04  =  100'08  [Na2O  0'44  =  100'44 

3.  Stromo,  Dysclasite  G.  =  2'362        57'69  26-83  14-71  Fe2O3  0'32,  Mn2O3  0'22,   K2O  0'23, 

4.  Bordo,  Bordite  G.  =  2'33          56'92  25  14  14  19  A12O3  0'67,  Na2O  1  04  =  97  5)6 

5.  Poona  54-24  27-44  17  04  Na->O  0'07  =  98'79 

6.  Rio  Putagan,  Chili  64'60  '29'52  15  03  MgO  tr.,  Na2O  1'06  =  100'2l 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  yields  water.  B.B.  alone  becomes  opaque  and  white,  and 
fuses  to  a  glass.  Effervesces  with  soda,  and  fuses  to  a  subtransparent  glass,  which  is  milk-white 
on  cooling;  with  borax  forms  a  transparent  colorless  glass.  Gelatinizes  readily  in  hydrochloric 
acid 

Obs.— Occurs  in  basalt  or  related  eruptive  rocks.  Found  at  the  FarOer  (bordite);  in  Iceland; 
on  the  island  of  Disco.  Greenland;  in  amygdaloidal  basalt  at  Poona,  near  Bombay,  India.  Oo 
lava  of  Rio  Putagan,  Chili. 

Artif. — A  crystallized  silicate  near  okenite,  but  containing  some  alkalies  (Na2O  3'3,K2O2'2) 
replacing  the  lime,  has  been  obtained  by  A.  de  Sclmlten,  Bull.  Soc.  Min..  5,  92,  1882.  Cf.  also 
Doelter  (Jb  Miu  ,  1,  123,  1890),  who  obtained  okenite  by  recrystallizatiou  in  carbonated  water 
In  a  sealed  tube 

Ref.— »  Bull.  Soc.  Miu.,  8,  341,  1885;  10,  152.  1887. 


666 


SILICATES. 


434.  GYROLITE.    Gurolite  Anderson,  Phil.  Mag.,  1,  111,  1851. 
In  concretions,  lamellar-radiate  in  structure. 

H.  =  3-4.  G.  not  given.  Luster  vitreous  to  pearly.  Color  white.  Trans- 
lucent, becoming  opaque.  Optically  uniaxial,  negative.  Double  refraction  rather 
strong,  Dx.1 

Comp.— H3CaaSi309  -f  H80  or  3H80.2Ca0.3Si03  =  Silica  52-1,  lime  32-3,  water 
15-6  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Anderson,  1.  c.    2,  How,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  32,  13,  1861.     3.  Clarke,  ib ..  38, 128. 1889. 

Na2O  H2O 

—  14  18  =  99-78 

—  15-05  =  99  85 

0-27  14-60  F  0  65  =  100'30 


1.  Skye 

2.  N  Scotia 

3.  N.  Almaden 


SiOa 
50-70 
51-90 
52-54 

A130, 
1-48 
1-27 
0-71» 

CaO 
33-24 
29-95 
29-97 
a  Incl. 

MgO 

018 
0-08 

Fe8O3. 

KaO 

1-60 
1-56 

B.B. 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  a  closed  tube  yields  water,  intumesces,  and  separates  into  thin  scales, 
swells  up  and  fuses  with  difficulty  to  an  opaque  enamel 

Obs. — From  the  Isle  of  Skye,  with  stilbite,  laumontite,  etc.  In  India  from  the  railway 
cuttings  between  Bombay  and  roona;  also  from  the  Treshinish  Islands  (Heddle,  but  cf.  oken» 
ite,  anal.  5).  Reported  also  from  the  Fiiroer  and  from  Greenland. 

With  the  apophyllite  of  New  Almaden,  California,  in  fibrous  layers  between  the  wall  of  the 
vein  and  the  apophyllite.  Also  N.  Scotia,  25  m.  S.W.  of  C.  Blomidon,  between  Margaret  villa 
aud  Port  George,  on  apophyllite. 

According  to  How,  gyrolite  is  formed  from  apophyllite,  with  which  it  often  occurs. 

Ref.— '  Dx.,  N.  R.,  13,  1867  Min.,  2,  xxi,  1874. 

Heddle  obtained  thin  six-sided  plates,  resembling  heulandite,  with  plane  angles  128°  45'  and 
128°  55 ,  and  he  infers  a  similar  form.  Min.  Mag.,-  8,  272.  1889. 


435.  APOPHYLLITE.  Zeolith  von  Hellesta  C.  Rinman,  Ak.  H.  Stockh  ,  82,  1784 
Zeolithus  lamellaris  major  Mutter,  De  Zeolitbis  Suecicis,  32,  1791.  Ichthyophthalmite  (fr  Uto{ 
d'Ancbrada,  Scheerer's  J.,  4,  32,  1800  J.  Phys  ,51,  242,  1800.  Mesotype  epointee  (fr  Ireland; 
H.,  .Jr..  3,  ,1801.  Apophyllite  H.,  Notes  pour  servir  »u  Cours  de  Min.  de  Fan  XIII  (1805), 
Lucas  Tabl  ,  1,  266,  1806  Fischaugenstein  Wern.,  1808.  Ichthyophthalmit,  Albin,  Wern., 
LetzesMin  Syst  1817.  Fish-eye  Stone  Tesselite  (fr  FarOer)  Brewster,  Ed.  Phil.  J.,  1,  5, 1819. 
Oxhaverite  (fr  Iceland)  Brewsier,  Ed  J.  Sc.,  7, 115, 1827  Xylochlor  (fr.  Sicily)  v.  Walt.,  Vulk. 
Gest ,  1853.  Leucocyclite  fferschel,  Trans.  Cambridge  Phil.  Soc.,  1,  21  (read  May  1,  1820); 
Dx.  Min.,  1,  126,  1862.  Apofillite  Ital. 

Tetragonal.     Axis  6  =  1-251.5;  001  A  103  =  51°  22J'  Miller1. 


Forms'  j 
fl  (001,  0) 

a  (100,  «) 
m  (110,  /) 


y  (310, 
T  (210,  e-2) 

v  (105,  f  0 
9  (108, 


ft  (621,  6-3)* 
a  (311,  3-3)* 
o-  (211,  2-2) 
(533, 


Pigs.  1-3,  Common  forms.    4,  L.  Superior.    57.  Utb,  Sweden,  after  So    auf 


APOPHYLLITE.  567 

On  the  apophyllite  from  the  Seisser  Alp,  Tyrol,  Ploner7  has  determined  tlie  following  forms, 
many  of  which,  however,  are  merely  vicinal  planes.  Of  these  several  had  been  earlier  given  by 
Rumpf,  viz.,  9-9  10,  24-24'25,  51 '51 '50,  108,  106. 

1-0-60,  1-0-40,  1-0  30,  1-0-24,  TO'20,  I'O'IS,  I'O'U,  1'013,  1'0'lfc,  I'O'll,  2'0-21, 1*010, 2-019, 
109,  108,  3  022,  107,  2'0  13,  3'0-19,  106,  3-017,  2-0-11,  3-016,  4'0'21,  3'0'14,  209,  104,  3-0"10, 103, 
807,  504,  302. 

1-1-54,  1-1-45,  1-1-86,  1-1-27,  M'18,  119,  335,  445,  556,  667,  778,  889,  9'9'10,  10-10  ll. 
11-11  12,  13-13-14,  17-17-18,  24  24 -25,  50'50'51,  51 -51-50,  25-25^24,  443,  332,  553,  221,  441,  551. 

13-4-4.  311,  20-7-7,  522,  12'5'5,  744,  855,  322,  755,  433,  544,  655,  766. 

21-7-3,  15  5-3,  12-4-3,  628,  313. 

ay  =  18°  26'  dd'  =f  27°  18*  e/'   =    61*    5'  aa       =  23°    6' 

vo'  =  19°  46'  22'.  =42°    7'  xx"  =    99°  26'  a<r      =  32°  37' 

ss'  =  44°    3if  pp'  =  76°    0'  pp"  =  121°    4'  at       =  87°  3iy 

ee'  =  67°    4'  xx"  =  20°    4'  cp     ~  ?60°  32'  pp"11   =  86°  34' 

vo"  =  28°     6'  dd"  =  38°  59'  ap    =     52°     0'  aa'»  =  35°  42*' 

ss"  =  64°    4'  #0"  =  53°  39'  ap    -    19"  45'  <rer»  =  49°  49' 

ee"  =  102°  45' 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  p,  rare9.  Habit  varied;  in  square  prisms  («)  usually  short  and 
terminated  by  c  or  by  cp,  and  then  resembling  a  cube  or  cubo-octahedron;  also 
acute  pyramidal  (p)  with  or  without  c  and  a\  less  often  thin  tabular  ||  c.  Faces  c 
often  rough;  a  bright  but  vertically  striated;  p  more  or  less  uneven..  Also  massive 
and  lamellar;  rarely  concentric  radiated. 

Cleavage:  c  highly  perfect;  m  less  so.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  —  4'5-5, 
G.  =  2-3-2-4.  Luster  of  c  pearly;  of  other  faces  vitreous.  Color  white,  or  grayish; 
occasionally  with  a  greenish,  yellowish,  or  rose-red  tint,  flesh-red.  Transparent; 
rarely  nearly  opaque.  Doufile  refraction  weak;  usually  +,  also  — .  Often  shows 
anomalous  optical  characters,  cf.  Mid.9  Indices: 

&?r  =  1-5309  Li  6r  =  1  5332  GJ,  =  1-5337  Na  €T  =  1-5356  Luedecke8. 

A  division  <Jf  a  basal  section  into  biaxial  parts  with  varying  optical  orientation  is  commoli  (cf; 
Mid.,  Klein,  et  at.);  thus  there  may  be  a  central  diagonal  square  and  four  lateral  sectors  bounded 
by  Hues  parallel  to  the  axes,  and  sometimes  four  others  between  these  last,  corresponding  in 
position  to  the  planes  e  (101). 

Doelter  found  that  apophyllite  became  uniaxial  at  about  260°  C.,  the  temperature  at  which, 
ll  loses  its  water  of  crystallization. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary.  Usually  in  crystals,  as  above  described;  the  pearly  basal  cleavage  is  & 
c6nspicuous  character.  G.  =  2-335,  Iceland,  Haid.;  2*359,  Thomson. 

Hnuy's  Mesotype  epointee  was  an  Iceland  Variety;  Fuchs  and  Gehlen  in  1816  ascertained  ltd 
identity  with  apophyllite. 

The  name  Oxhaverite  was  applied  to  a  pale  green  crystal  found  in  petrified  wood  at  the 
Oxhaver  Springs,  near  Husavic  in  Iceland.  Albine  of  Werner  (named  from  albus,  white)  is  in 
small  nearly  cubic  crystals,  opaque  white  in  color,  from  Aussig,  Bohemia;  it  is  partly  decom- 
posed and  consists  largely  of  calcite.  Xylochlore,  from  Iceland,  is  olive-green,  and  has  G.  =  2'290; 
it  owes  its  color  to  the  presence  of  a  little  iron. 

Tesselile,  from  the  Filroer,  is  a  cubical  variety,  exhibiting  a  tessellated  structure  in  polarized 
light. 

Leucocyclile,  when  sections  parallel  to  the  base  are  examined  in  polarized  light,  sh'owa 
a  black  cross  with  rings  that  are  alternately  white  arid  violet-black  (whence  the  name 
from  Aef/cys,  white,  and  KVK\O$.  circle),  instead  of  the  ordinary  colored  rings — a  peculiarity 
observed  iu  crystals  from  the  Seisser  Alp,  Andreasberg  (part  of  those  of  this  locality),  Skye, 
Faroer,  Iceland,  Uto,  and  Pooua  in  India.  The  above  are  optically  -f-.  Some  crystals  from, 
UtO  and  Cziklowa,  similarly  examined,  exhibit  a  black  cross  on  a  deep  violet  ground,  and  are 
optically  — .  These  different  optical  phenomena  may  be  presented  by  contiguous  plates  of  the 
same  crystal,  cf.  Dx. 

Comp.— H,KCa4(Si03)8  +  4JH30  or  Ka0.8CaO,16Si03.16H20.  =  Silica  53-7, 
lime  25-0,  potash  5 '2,  water  16'1  =  100.  A  small  amount  of  fluorine  replaces  part 
of  the  oxygen. 

The  above  formula  (Rg..  Groth)  differs  but 'little  from  H2CaSi3O«  -{-  H2O,  in  which  potas- 
sium replaces  part  of  the  basic  hydrogen.  The\  form  of  ten  accepted,  Ha(Ca,K)SiaO«  -^  HaO,, 
corresponds  less  well  with  the  analyses. 

Rg  writes  the  formula,  accepted  above,  4(H2CaSi2O6  +  HsO)  +  KP. 

Anal.— 1,  Stromeyer,  Ri?.,  Min  Ch.,  505,  1860.  2,  3,  Rg.,  ibid.  4,  Haughton,  Phil.  Mag., 
32,  223,  1866.  5,  J.  L.  Smith,  Dana's  Min.,  304,  1854.  6.  Mattesdorf,  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  32, 1876. 
7.  Hersch,  Inaug.  Diss.,  p.  25,  Zurich,  1887-  8,  Hillcbrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  132,  1882.  9,  B. 


668 


SILICATES. 


Sadtler,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  4,  357,  1883.     10,  Knerr  and  Schonfeld,  ib.,  6,  413,  1885.     11    Eyerman 
N.  Y.  Acad.  Sc.,  Jan.  14,  1889.     Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  415. 


1.-  Ut5,  Sweden 

2.  Andreasberg 

3.  Radauthal 

4.  Bombay 

5.  L.  Superior 

6.  Fassalhal 

7.  Bergen  Hill 

8.  Table  Mt.,  Col. 

9.  Fritz  Is.,  Perm. 

10.  French  Creek,  Penn. 
11. 


G. 


2-37 
2-360 

2-5 

2-30 

2'35 


SiO2      CaO    K2O 
51-85    25-22    5'30 
51-33    25-86    490 
52-69    25-52    4'75 
51-60    2508    5-04 
52-08  '25-30    4'93 
52-78    25-25     3'79 
52-24  '25-03    4'88 
51-89    24-51    3  81 
51-02    24-40    5-87 
51-88    25-31    6-30 
51-63    25-42    6-27 
^her  determination  £ 

Na20   H2O 
—      16-90 
—    [16-73] 
—      16-73 
0-63     16-20 
—      15-92 
0-69     16-98 
—      16-61 
0-59    16-52 
—      16-75 
—      1680 
—      16-58 
rave  I1  65  F. 

F 

l-18a 
0-46 
0-97 
0-96 
tr. 
2-21 
1-70 
0-40 

A] 

Al 
Fc 

99-27 
100 
100-15 
a03  0-24. 
99-19 
99-49 
100-97 
2O31  54, 
2O3  1-49 
100-29 
99-90 

MgO  0-08 
[=  99-84 

[=  100-69 
Fe2O30-13 
=  99-93 

Rg.  found  that  no  water  was  lost  over  sulphuric  acid,  nor  at  100°;  the  first  is  ex  pel  led  at  200", 
and  at  260°  the  loss  corresponds  to  about  4  p.  c.  which  is  reabsorbed  and  is  heuce  regarded  as 
water  of  crystallization.  Doelter  gives,  as  follows:  Loss  of  water  at  240°,  after  2  hours,  8 '04  p.  c.; 
after  4  hours  heating  at  a  red  heat  9'20;  for  Fassathal  at  260°  after  2  hours,  9'59  p.  c.,  which  was 
gradually  absorbed  again  on  exposure  to  moist  air,  but  only  after  3586  hours.  These  determina- 
tions by  Unterweissacher,  Jb.'Min.,  1,  120,  1890.  Hersch  (1.  c.)  obtained  the  following  results, 
after  2  hours  heating,  in  each  case: 


Temp, 
H2O 


100° 
O'll 


160° 
0-38 


200° 
0-77 


240° 
2-03 


275° 
5-08 


300° 
9-91 


red  ht. 
16-61 


p.c. 


etc. — In  tlie  closed  tube  exfoliates,  whitens,  and  yields  water,  which  reacts  acid.  In 
the  open  tube,  when  fused  with  salt  of  phosphorus,  gives  a  fluorine  reaction.  B.B.  exfoliates, 
colors  the  flame  violet  (potash),  and  fuses  to  a  white  vesicular  enamel.  F.  =  1'5  (Kobell). 
Decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  with  separation  of  slimy  silica. 

Obs. — Occurs  commonly  as  a  secondary  mineral  in  basalt  and  related  rocks,  with  various 
zeolites,  also  datolite,  pectolite,  calcite;  also  occasionally  in  cavities  in  granite,  gneiss,  etc. 
Greenland,  Iceland,  the  FarSer  Islands,  and  British  India  afford  fine  specimens  of  apophyllite  in 
amygdaloid.  The  Indian  mineral  is  of  unrivaled  size  and  beauty,  the  crystals  sometimes  3  to  4 
inches  across,  often  associated  with  salmon-pink  stilbite,  etc.  It  has  been  found  in  connection 
with  the  Deccan  trap  area,  at  Poona  near  Bombay  during  the  sinking  of  wells  and  in  the 
Western  Ghats,  obtained  abundantly  during  the  construction  of  the  Great  Indian  Peninsular 
Railway  (Mallet).  Also  occurs  at  Andreasberg,  sometimes  of  a  delicate  pink,  in  silver  veins, 
traversing  si  ate;  Radauthal  in  the  Harz;  Montecchio  Maggiore,  Italy;  at  Orawitza,  Cziklowa, 
and  Szaska  in  Hungary,  associated  with  wollastonite;  in  Fifeshire,  with  magnetic  iroti;  at  Puy 
de  la  Piquette  in  Auvergne,  in  a  Tertiary  limestone,  near  intruded  basaltic  rocks;  at  Finbo, 
Uto,  and  Hallesta,  Sweden;  in  Tyrol,  on  the  SeisserAlp;  also  the  Fassathal;  near  Nerchinsk, 
Siberia;  in  Australia;  Guanajuato,  Mexico,  often  of  a  beautiful  pink  color  implanted  upon 
amethyst. 

In  theTJ.  S.,  large  crystals  occur  at  Bergen  Hill,  N.  J.,  associated  with  analcite,  pectolite, 
stilbite,  datolite,  etc.,  some  of  them  3  inches  across.  It  is  also  found  at  Gin  Cove,  near  Perry, 
Maine,  with  prehnite  and  analcite  in  amygdaloid;  in  N.  York,  at  the  Tilly  Foster  iron  mine, 
Brewsteu  but  rare;  in  Penn.,  at  the  French  Creek  mines,  Chester  Co.,  also  at  Fritz  Is.,  in  the 
Schuylkill;  at  the  Cliff  mine,  Lake  Superior  region;  Table  Mt.  near  Golden,  Col.;  in  California, 
in  large  crystals  at  the  mercury  mines  of  New  Almaden  with  bitumen,  and  often  stained  brown 
by  it-. 

It  has  been  found  at  Peter's  Point  and  Partridge  Island, un  the  Basin  of  Mines,  Nova 
Scotia,  both  massive  and  crystallized,  presenting  white,  reddish,  and  greenish  colors,  and  asso- 
ciated with  laumontite,  jthomsonite,  and  other  zeolites;  also  at  Chute's  cove,  Cape  d'Or,  Isle 
Haute,  Swan's  Creek,  arid  Cape  Blomidon. 

Apophyllite  was  so  named  by  Haily  in  allusion  to  its  tendency  to  exfoliate  under  the  blow- 
pipe, from  and  and  tf>vA.Xov,  a  leaf.  Its  whitish  pearly  aspect,  resembling  the  eye  of  a  fish 
after  boiling,  gave  rise  to  the  earlier  name  Ichthyophthalmite,  from  zfjrQu'?,./^,  6<f>QaXn6s,  eye. 

Alt. — Occurs  altered  to  pectolite  near  Tiexno  on  Monte  Baldo,  along  with  unchanged  crys- 
tals. Altered  apophyllite  from  Table  Mt.,  near  Golden,  Colorado,  has  been  analyzed  by  Hille- 
"brand  (1.  c.);  it  is  pearly-white  in  color  with  a  finely  foliated  structure  and  forms  the  exterior  of 
crystals  which  within  are  often  perfectly  fresh.  The  material  (which  lost  water  over  sulphuric 
acid)  after  drying  at  100°  gave: 


Si03 
67-96 


A120, 

8-48 


Fe2O3 
1-04 


CaO 

5-47 


MgO 
0-53 


Na,0 
[074] 


123 


H20 
14-55    = 


100 


APOPHYLLITE.  569 

Artif.— Crystals  have  been  obtained  by  Wohler  from  heated  waters,  and  he  inferred  that  a 
temperature  of  180°  was  necessary  to  the  result,  He  stated  that  when  heated  in 'water  to  this 
temperature  under  a  pressure  of  10  to  12  atmospheres,  it  forms  a  solution  which  crystallizes  on 
cooling.  Pearly  radiated  crystals  were  formed  by  Becquerel  through^the  action  of  a  solution  of 
potassium  silicate  on  plates  of  calcium  sulphate  (gypsum).  Daubree  has  detected  crystals  of 
apophyllite  in  the  Roman  works  at  the  hot  springs  of  Plombieres. 

Also  obtained  by  Doelter  (1.  c.)  by  recrystallization,  the  powdered  mineral  being  digested 
for  3  weeks  in  a  closed  tube  at  150°-160°  with  water  containing  carbon  dioxide;  minute  tetrago- 
nal crystals  were  the  result.  Again  from  okenite  by  heating  with  potassium  silicate  and  car- 
bonated water  at  200°  for  30  days. 

By  the  fusion  of  apophyllite  and  slow  crystallization  the  hexagonal  CaSiO3  (p.  373)  Wa3 
obtained. 

Ref.—2  Mm.T436.  1852;  also  accepted  by  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  125,  1862.  2  Cf .  Levy,  Min.  Heti- 
land,  2,  271,  1837;  Schrauf,  Ber.  Ak.  Wieu,  62  (1),  700,  1870,  Atlas  xxi;  Seligmaun,  Jb.  Min.,  1, 
140,  1880.  Rumpf,  who  makes  the  species  monoclinic,  adds  several  forms  mostly  vicinal,  Min. 
Mitth.,  2,  369,  1879;  Ploner  (ref.  below)  also  adds  many  forms,  chiefly  vicinal ;  all  of  these  are 
given  above^  Bgr.  notes  on  the  apophyllite  from  the  islands  of  the  Langesund  fiord  the  proba- 
ble forms:  1-012,  &03,  326,  321,  Zs.  Kr.,  1.6,  644,  1890. 

3  Dx.,  1.  c.  4  J.  D.  D.,  L.  Superior,  Min.,  4th  Ed..  304,  1854;  cf.  also  Slg.,  Uto,  Sweden, 
1.  c.;  Cesaro,  Bull.  Soc.  Miu.,  12,  62,  1889.  5  Slg.,  Uto,  1.  c.  6  Schrauf,  I.e.  '  Ploner,  Seisser 
Alp,  Zs.  Kr..  18,  337,  1890.  *  Luedecke,  Anclreasberg,  Zs.  Kr.,  4,  626,  1880. 

9  Optical  anomalies,  see  Mid..  Ann.  Mines,  10,  121,  1876,  also  Klocke,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  11  ref., 
1880;  Klein,  ib.,  1.  253,  1884;  Doelter,  ib.,  1,  123,  1890;  also  Rumpf,  1.  c.  On  percussion- 
figures,  Mgg..  Jb.  Min.,  1,  59,  1884.  Etching,  Rinne,  ib.,  2,  19,  1885.  Pyroelectricity,  Hankel, 
Pogg.,  157,"  163,  1876. 


The  following  are  imperfectly  defined  hydrous  calcium  silicates,  several  of  them  approximat- 
ing to  okenite  and  gyrolite. 

CENTRALLASSITE  How,  Ed.  N.  Phil:  J.,  10,  84,  1859;  Phil.  Mag.,  1,  128,  1876.  Radiated 
massive,  the  fibers  or  columns  lamellar  and  separable.  Brittle.  H.  =  3*5;  G.  =  2'45-2'46. 
Luster  pearly.  Color  white  or  yellowish  white;  thin  laminae  transparent;  graduating  into  an 
opaque  white  variety,  subresinous  in  luster.  The  mineral  was  found  in  a  nodule  from  amygda- 
loid, near  Black  Rock,  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  constituted  the  portion  between  a  thin  outer  layer, 
"  cerinite,"  and  an  inner  bluish  mass,  called  "cyanolite."  How  obtained: 

1.  |  SiOa  58-86    A13O3  114    CaO  27'91    MgO  016    K2O  0-59    H2O  11-41  =  100'07 

2.  54-72  2-19  31  "53  —  0'76  11'58  -  100'78 

B.B.  fuses  easily,  with  spirting,  to  an  opaque  glass.     It  is  near  okenite  in  composition. 
Two  analyses  of  the  so  called  cyanoltte  gave: 

Si02       A12O3       CaO      MgO      K2O       H20 

G.  =  2-495  74-15      .0'84        17'52        tr.        0'53        7'39     =     100-43 

72-52        1-24        18-19        tr.        0'61        6'91     =      99-47 

Probably  the  same  mineral  with  centrallassite,  impure  with  much  more  silica;  or  it  is  chal- 
cedony, impure  with  centrallassite.  The  name  alludes  to  the  color. 

Cerinite  gave  SiO2  5813.  A12O3  12-21,  Fe2O3  I'Ol,  CaO  9'49,  MgO  1'83,  K2O 0'37.  H2O  15'96 
=  99-00 

XONOTLITE.  Xonaltit  Rammelsberg,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  18,  33,  1866.  Xonotlit  Min.  Ch.,  380, 
1875. 

Massive.  Fracture  splintery.  Very  hard.  G.  =  2-71-2-718.  Color  white  to  bluish  gray; 
pink.  Tough.  Optically  like  okenite,  Lex.  Comp.— Perhaps  4CaSiO3  +  H2O  =  Silica  49'8, 
lime  46-4,  water'3'8  =  100.  Anal.— 1.  2,  Rg.,  1.  c.  3,  Heddle,  Mm.  Mag.,  5,  4,  1882. 

G.  Si02  FeO   MnO  CaO  MgO  H2O 

I.Mexico,  white    2-710  49'58  1-31     1'79  43'56  —  3'70  =     99'94 

2.  "        gray     2'718  50'25         2'28  43'92  0'19  4'07  =  100-71            fO'22  =  100'?6 

3.  Scotland            2-605  48-91  2-97    2-27  40-39  0  56"  417  A12OS  Oil,   K2O  116,  Na2O 


Yields  water>    Decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid  with  separation  of  pulverulent  silica. 
irs  at  Tetela  de  Xonotla,  Mexii 
Described  by  Heddle  (1   c  )  as 
>site  Oronsay,  and  on  the  nortl 
is  closely  associated  with  gyrolite. 


Occurs  at  Tetela  de  Xonotla,  Mexico,  in  concentric  layers,  with  apophyllite  and  bustamite. 

Described  by  Heddle  (1   c  )  as  occurring  near  Kiltinuichan,  Loch  Screden,  Mull;  at  Gribon, 
opposite  Oronsay,  and  on  the  north  shore  of  Loch  na  Keal.     It  resembles  a  pink  chalcedony  and 


570  SILICATES. 

TOBERMORITE  Heddle,  Mm.  Mag.,  4,  119,  1880.  Massive,  fine  granular.  G.  =  2'423.  Color 
pale  pinkish  white.  Translucent.  Anal. — 1,  Tobermory;  2,  north  of  Tobermory,  toward 
Bloody  Bay. 

SiO2    A12O3  Fe2O3  FeO     CaO     MgO    K2O   Na2O    H,O 

1.  46-51     2-40     1-14     1-85     33'40     0'47     1'45     0'36     12-61  =  100-19 

2.  G.  =  2-423        46-62     3'90    0'66     1'08     33'98      —      0'57     0'89     12'11  =  99'81 

Occurs  filling  cavities  in  the  rocks  near  Tobermory,  Island  of  Mull.     Near  gyrolite. 

CHALCOMORPHITE.     Chalkomorphit  Rath,  Pogg.  Erg.,  6,  376,  1873. 

Hexagonal.  Axis  c=  1*9091,  c/>  =  *65°  36'.  In  minute  acicular  prisms  with  c,  m,  p; 
ppf  =  54°  10^'.  Cleavage:  c  distinct,  H.  =  5.  G.  =  2'54.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  white. 
Anal.— Rath,  on  0'26  gr. 

SiO2  25-4  A1203  4-0  CaO  447  H20(&  C02)  16'4  loss  (incl.  Na20)  9'5  =  100 

Gives  water  in  the  closed  tube,  becoming  white  and  lusterless.  B.B.  fuses  with  difficulty 
on  the  edges,  curling  up  like  scolecite.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  with  the  separation  of 
gelatinous  silica.  From  the  Laacher  See,  also  from  Niedermendig  in  the  Eifel,  occurring  in 
cavities  in  limestone  inclusions  in  the  lava. 

PLOMBIERITE  Daubree,  C.  R.,  46,  1088,  1858,  Ann.  Mines,  13,  244,  1858.  A  gelatinous 
substance  which  hardens  in  the  open  air,  formed  from  the  thermal  waters  of  Plombieres.  It 
becomes,  on  hardening,  opaque  snow-white.  It  afforded  after  drying  at  100°  C. :  SiO2  40'6, 
A12O3  1-3,  CaO  34-1,  H2O  23'2  =  99'2,  corresponding  to  the  hydrated  calcium  silicate:  CaSiO3-f- 
2H2O  =  Silica  39'5,  lime  36'8,  water  237  =  100. 

Chabazite  and  apophyllite  in  fine  crystals  are  other  results  of  the  action  of  the  waters  of 
Plombieres  on  the  brick  and  mortar  of  an  old  Roman  aqueduct,  besides  hyallite,  aragonite,  and 
perhaps  scolecite  and  harmotome. 

LOUISITE  Honeymann,  Proc.  Nova  Scotia  Inst.  Nat.  Sc.,  5,  15,  1878.  A  transparent,  glassy, 
leek-green  mineral;  streak  white;  fracture  splintery.  H.  =  6'5.  G.  =  2*41.  Gelatinizes  with 
hydrochloric  acid.  An  analysis  by  H.  Louis  gave:  SiO2  6374,  A12O3  0'57,  FeO  T25,  MnO  tr., 
CaO  17-27,  MgO  0'38,  K2O  3'38,  Na2O  0'08,  H2O  12-96  =  99'63.  This  corresponds,  but  only 
approximately,  to  CaO.3SiO2.2H2O,  which  requires  Silica  66'2,  lime  20'6,  water  13'2=100. 

It  needs  further  examination,  especially  by  the  microscope,  with  reference  to  the  possibility 
of  admixed  silica.  Named  for  H.  Louis,  Esq.,  of  Londonderry,  N.  S. 


2.  Zeolites. 

The  ZEOLITES  form  a  family  of  well-defined  hydrous  silicates,  closely  related  in 
composition,  in  conditions  of  formation,  and  hence  in  method  of  occurrence.  They 
are  often  with  right  spoken  of  as  analogous  to  the  Feldspars,  like  which  they  are 
all  silicates  of  aluminium  with  sodium  and  calcium  chiefly,  also  rarely  barium  and 
strontium;  magnesium,  iron,  etc.,  are  absent  or  present  only  through  impurity  or 
alteration.  Further,  the  composition  in  a  number  of  cases  corresponds  to  that  of 
a  hydrated  feldspar;  while  fusion  and  slow  recrystallization  result  in  the  forma- 
tion from  some  of  them  of  anorthite  (CaAl^Si^Os)  or  a  calcium-albite  (CaA^SieOie) 
as  shown  by  Doelter.  The  Zeolites  do  not,  however,  form  a  single  group  of  species 
related  in  crystallization,  like  the  Feldspars,  but  include  a  number  of  independent 
groups  widely  diverse  in  form  and  distinct  in  composition.  A  transition  in  com- 
position between  certain  end  compounds  has  been  more  or  less  well  established  in 
certain  cases,  but  unlike  the  Feldspars,  with  these  species  calcium  and  sodium 
seem  to  replace  one  another  and  an  increase  in  alkali  does  not  go  with  an  increase 
in  silica. 

Like  other  hydrous  silicates  they  are  characterized  by  inferior  hardness,  chiefly 
from  3'5  to  5*5,  and  the  specific  gravity  is  also  lower  than  with  corresponding  an- 
hydrous species,  chiefly  2'0  to  2'4.  Corresponding  to  these  characters,  they  are 
rather  readily  decomposed  by  acids,  many  of  them  with  gelatinization.  The 
intumescence,  B.B.,  which  gives  the  name  to  the  family  (from  ^eiv}  to  boil,  and 
Az'$o»,  stone)  is  characteristic  of  a  large  part  of  the  species. 

The  Zeolites  are  all  secondary  minerals,  occurring  most  commonly  in  cavities 
and  veins  in  basic  igneous  rocks,  as  basalt,  amygdaloid,  diabase,  etc. ;  less  frequently 


ZEOLITES. 


571 


in  granite,  gneiss,  etc.  In  these  cases  the  lime,  and  in  part  the  soda,  has  been 
chiefly  yielded  by  the  feldspar,  the  soda  also  by  elasolite,  sodaljte,  etc.,  potash  bjr 
Jencite,  etc.  The  different  species  of  the  family  are  often  associated  together,  and 
<also  with  pectolite  and  apophyllite  (sometimes  included  with  the  zeolites),  datolite,. 
prehnite  and,  further,  calcite. 

The  constitution  of  the  Zeolites,  particularly  with  reference  to  the  part  played  by  the  water, 
has  been  discussed  by  many  authors.  See  Damour,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  53,  438-459, 1858.  Malaguti 
and  Durocher,  Ann.  Mines,  9,  325,  1846.  Kg.,  Miu.  Ch.,  1860,  1875.  Lemberg  (artif.),  Zs.  G. 
Oes.,  28,  535  et  seq.,  1876.  Streng  (chabazite  group),  Ber.  Oberhess.  Ges.,  16,  74-123,  1877. 
Fresenius  (phillipsite  group),  Zs.  Kr.,  3,  42,  1879.  Jannasch  (heulandite,  etc.),  Jb.  Min.,  2,  269, 
1882.  Friedel  and  Sarasin,  Bull.  Soc.  Ch.,  42,  593,  1884.  Hersch,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Zurich,  1887. 
Doelter  (artif.).  Jb.  Miu.,  1,  118,  1890. 

On  the  effect  of  loss  of  water  upon  the  optical  properties,  see  Rinne,  Jb.  Min.,  2, 17-38, 1887. 
arid  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  1163,  1890.  Rinne  shows  that  sections  after  having  been  heated  until  they 
became  opaque  may  be  made  transparent  again  and  suitable  for  optical  examination  by  immer- 
sion in  oil;  important  molecular  changes' are  thus  shown  to  accompany  the"  loss  of  water,,  in 
some  cases  they  serve  to  explain  the  anomalous  optical  characters  often  observed  in  natural 
•crystals  (cf.  chabazite,  analcite,  etc.).  See  also  Doelter,  1.  c.,  and  other  authors  noted  beyond.  A 
summary  of  the  optical  relations  of  the  various  species,  with  reference  to  the  means  o*  disfinguish- 
iug  between  them  by  the  microscope,  is  given  by  Lex.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  8,  321  et&eq.,  1885. 

The  species  are  arranged  on  the  same  method  as  the  anhydrous  silicates,  first  the  highly  acid 
species,  Ptilolite  and  Mordenite,  then  the  metasilicates,  including  much  the  larger  part  of  the 
ffamily,  and  finally  the  normal  orthosilicates.  For  the  most  part  the  species  fall  in  definite 
groups. 


436.  Ptilolite 

437.  Mordenite 


Mordenite  Group. 

(Ca,K2,Na2)Al3Si10034  +  5H,0 

(Ca,tf  a8,K3)Al8Si10024  -f  6fHaO  Monoclinic 

a  :  I  :  6  =  0-4.010  :  I  ;  0-4279    ft  =  88°  30' 


438.  Heulandite 

439.  Brewsterite 


Heulandite  Group.     Monoclinic. 

a:  I:  6  ft 

H4CaAl2(Si03)6  +  3H20  0-4035  :  1  :  0-4293  88°  34J' 

H4(Sr,Ba,Ca)Als(Si03)(l  +  3H2O    0-4049  :  1  :  0*4204  86°  20' 


440.  Epistilbite          H4CaAT2(Si03)6  +  3H.O 


0  5043  :  1  :  0-5801     54°  53' 


Phillipsite  Group.     Monoclinic. 


441.  Phillipsite 

442.  Harmotome 

443.  Stilbite 


(K,,Ca)Al,Si4019  -f  4|H20 


a  :l:6  ft 

0-7095  :  1  :  1-2563     55°  37' 


H2(K2,Ba)Al2Si6015  +  5H20          0-7032  :  1  :  1*2310     55°  10' 


(Naa,Ca)  Al2Sie016  +  6H20 


0'7623  :  1  :  1-1940     50°  50' 


444.  Gismondite          CaAi.(Sia3)4  +  4H20  ?        Monoclinic.     Pseudotetragonal. 


445.  Laumontite         H4CaAl2Si4014  — *2H20  Monoclinic. 

wp  : .1  :  d  =  1-1451  :  1 :  0-5906    ft  =  68°  46' 

446.  .Laubanite  CaaAl2(Si03)5 


SILICATES. 

Chabazite  Group.      Rhombohedral. 

rr'  d 

447.  Chabazite     (Ca,Na7)Al,Si«0,,  +  6H20,  pt.       85°  14'  1-0860 

448.  Gmelinite     (Na,Ca)Al2Si4012  +  6H.O*             68°    8'  0-7345  or  f<~  M017 

449.  Levynite       CaAl2S)30)0  4-  5H,0                      73°  56'  0-8357            =1-1143 


450.  Analcite  NaAl(Si03)2  +  H20  Isometric.    ' 

451.  Faujasite  H^CaAl^SiO1.),.  +  18HS0     Isometric. 

452.  Edingtonite          BaAl2Si30IO  +  3H,0  Tetragonal.  6  =  0-6725 


Natrolite  Group.     Ortlrorhombic  and  Monoclinic. 

a -.1 -6 

453.  Natrolite  Na,Al2Si30JO  +  2H20  0-9785  :  1 :  0-3536 

a  :  I  :  c  ft 

454.  Scoleoite  Ca(A10H)2(Si03)3  -»-  2H20  0-9764  :  1  :  0-3434    89°  18 

455.  Mesolite  j  S^Sf^cJ1  +  2it°01 


Thomsonite  Group. 

&  \l  :6 

456.  Thomsonite   (Na,,Ca)Al2(Si04)2  +  2£H20    Orthorhombic.     0-9932  :  1  :  1-0066 

457.  Hydronephelite         HNa2Al3(Si04)3  -f-  3H20  Hexagonal. 

Ranite  (Na,,Ca)Al,(SiOJ,  +  2H20 


Mordenite  Group. 

436.  PTILOLITE   W.  Cross  and  L.  G.  Eakins,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  32,  117,  1886. 

In  short  capillary  crystalline  needles,  aggregated  in  delicate  tufts  or  forming 
loose  spongy  masses. 

Cleavage  perhaps  basal.  Luster  vitreous.  Colorless,  white  in  the  mass. 
Transparent.  Extinction  parallel. 

Comp.— RA12S]10024  +  5H2OorRO.Al203.10Si02.5H20.  Here  R  =  Ca  :  K2 :  Naa 
=  6:2:1  approx.,  which  requires:  Silica  70'0,  alumina  11*9,  lime  4 '4,  potash  2 "4, 
soda  0-8,  water  10'5  =  100. 

Anal.— Eakins.  1.  c.  on  air-dried  material: 

Si02  A12O3  CaO  K2O  Na2D  H2O 

70-35  11-90  3-87  2'83  0'77  1018  =  99-90 

The  loss  of  water  beginning  at  100°  C.  goes  on  steadily  up  to  300°  or  350°,  when  all  is 
expelled, 

Pyr.,  etc. — Fuses  B.B.  to  a  clear  glass.  Gradually  decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid,  but 
hardly  acted  upon  by  hydrochloric  acid,  even  wheu  boiling. 

Obs. — Occurs  upon  a  bluish  chalcedony  in  cavities  in  a  vesicular  augite-andesyte  which  is 
found  in  fragments  in  the  conglomerate  beds  of  Green  and  Table  mountains,  Jefferson  Co.. 
Colorado. 

Named  from  nrl\o^,  wing,  down,  in  allusion  to  the  light  downy  nature  of  the  aggregates. 


MORDENITE  GROUP— MORDENITE. 
437.  MORDENITE.    How,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  17,  100,  1864. 


573 


Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-40099  :  1  :  0-42792;    ft  =  88°  29f-'  =  001  A 
100  Pirsson1. 

100  A  HO  =  21°  50'  36",  001  A  101  ~  46°  3'  37",    001  A  Oil  =  23°  9' 35". 

Forms :  b  (010,  i-l),     c  (001,  0),     I  (450,  *-$),     t  (201,  -  2-1),     s  (201,  24). 

Angles:  «'"  =  53°  14',   U  =  63°  23'    ci  =  *63°  40',    cs  =  66°  8',    to'  =  *50°  12',    It  =  35°  46', 

Is  =  *  36°  7  . 

The  form  approximates  very  closely  to  that  of  heulandite  (p.  574),  if  the  occurring  prism 
is  made  450,  as  above. 

In  minute  crystals    tabular  ||  b,  resembling  heulandite  in  habit  and  angles. 
Crystals   in   groups    by    growth  ||  #;     also    radially    arranged. 
In  small  hemispherical,  reniform,  or   cylindrical   concretions. 
Structure  fibrous. 

Cleavage:  b  perfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  3-4. 
G-.  —  2-08  How;  2-15  Pirsson.  Luster  vitreous;  on  b  pearly; 
in  fibrous  forms  highly  silky.  Color  white,  yellowish,  or  pinkish. 
Translucent  on  the  edges.  Ax.  pi.  and  a  J_  b.  Double  refrac- 
tion weak.  Extinction  inclined  about  15°  to  a,  or  c  A  &  =  — 
73°  30'.  Axial  angle  large. 

Comp.— 3RAlQSi10024  +  20H20  where  R  =  K2  :  Na2 :  Ca  =     Wyoming,  Pirsson. 
1:1:1.   Percentage  composition :  Silica  67'2,  alumina  11  *4,  lime 
2-1,  soda  2-3,  potash  3'5/water  13'5  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  How,  1.  c.     2,  Pirsson,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  232,  1890. 


SiO2       A12O3       CaO       Na2O      K2O       H2O 

1,  f    68-40        12-77        3-46        2'35»        —         1302=100 

2.  66-40        11-17        1-94        2'27        3'58        13  31  Fe2O3  0'57,  MgO  0'17  =  99*41 

a  Incl.  0  09  to  0-23  K2O. 


The  powdered  mineral  loses  3  to  6  p.  c.  after  an  hour's  exposure  to  a  temperature  of  100°. 

Pyr. — B.B.  fuses  with  some  difficulty  and  without  intumescence  to  a  white  enamel.  Not 
perfectly  decomposed  by  acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  near  Morden,  King's  Co.,  Nova  Scotia,  in  trap,  with  apophyllite,  barite,  and  a 
prelmite-like  mineral;  at  Peter's  Point,  eight  miles  west,  with  gyrolite.  Also  in  western 
Wyoming  near  Hoodoo  Mt.,  on  the  ridge  forming  the  divide  between  Clark's  Fork  and  the 
East  Fork  (Lamar  R  )  of  the  Yellowstone  river;  it  occurs  in  cavities  in  a  decomposed  amygda- 
loidal  basalt  in  crystals  and  in  spherical  concretions. 

Named  after  the  original  locality  in  Nova  Scotia. 

Ref.— '  Wyoming,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  232,  1890. 

STEELEITE  How,  Min.  Mag.,  2,  134,  1878.  A  partially  altered  mordenite,  found  as  red  or 
reddish  pink,  or  chalk- white,  balls,  varying  in  size  from  one  to  two  and  a  half  inches  in  diameter, 
embedded  in  a  red  clay  in  cavities  in  trap.  Also  in  other  forms,  closely  associated  with  stilbite. 
lu  part  soft  and  chalk-like;  in  part  hard  and  unaltered.  Gelatinizes  with  acids.  Locality 
Cape  Split,  13  miles  west  of  Cape  Blomidon,  N.  S.  Named  after  the  collector,  Mr.  Joseph 
Steele  of  Scot's  Bay,  N.  S. 

PSEUDONATROLITE  Grattarold,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  4,  229,  1879;  Boll.  Com.  G.,  284,  1872. 
In  minute,  ucicular  crystals.  H.  =  5-6.  Luster  vitreous  to  pearly.  Colorless,  white  in  the 
mass.  Extinction  parallel. 

Mean  of  three  analyses  : 

SiO2  62-64     A12O3  14-76     CaO  S'54     MgO  tr.      Alk.  1-00     H2O  14'82  =  101 '76. 

B.B.  fuses  less  readily  than  natrolite.  Partially  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid.  From  the 
granite  of  San  Piero.  Elba,  where  it  occurs,  associated  with  stilbite,  in  slender  crystals  showing 
six  planes  in  the  prismatic  zone;  they  are  not  terminated,  being  attached  at  both  extremities  to 
the  walls  of  the  cavities  in  which  they  are  found.  The  mineral  was  originally  described  by  the 
author  (1872)  as  uatrolite,  from  which,  however,  he  showed  it  to  differ  widely  in  composition;  it 
needs  further  examination. 


574 


SILICATES. 


Heulandite  Group.     Monoclinic. 

438.  HEULANDITE.  Biattriger  Zeolith  Meyer,  Beschaft.  Ges.  N.  Fr.  Berlin,  4,  1779; 
Hoffm.,  Bergm.  J.,  430,  1789.  Blatter-Zeolith  (var.  of  Z.)  Wern.,  1800,  Ludw.  Min.,  49,  1803 
Stilbite  pt.,  Stilbite  anamorphique,  H.,  Tr.,  3,  1801.  Euzeolith  Breith.,  Hoffm.  Min.,  4,  b,  40, 
1818.  Heulandite  Brooke,  Ed.  Phil.  J.,  6,  112,  1822.  Lincolnite  Hitchcock,  Rep.  G.  Mass., 
1833,  437,  1835,  662,  1841.  Beaumontite  Levy,  Inst.,  455,  1839,  and  Ann.  Mines,  17,  610,  1840. 

Monoclinic.     Axes: 
100  Des  Cloizeaux1. 

100  A  HO  =  21°  58',  001  A  101  =  46 

Forms2  :  c   (001,  0) 

a  (100,  i-l)  m  (110,  /) 

b  (010,  i-l) 

1.  2. 


:  I  :  6  ='  0-40347  :  1  :  0-42929;   ft  =  88°   34}'  =  001  A 
',  001  A  Oil  =  23°  13J'. 


t  (201,  -  2-1) 
s  (201,  2-i) 


x  (021,  24) 
z  (052,  f-i)? 


u  (111,  1) 
9  (221,  2)3 


\ 


Figs.  1,  Campsie  Hills,  after  Greg.    2,  Beaumontite,  Jones's  Falls.    3,  4,  Montecchio 

Maggiore,  Artini. 


mm'"  =  *43°  56' 

ct  =  *63°  40' 

cs  =  *66°    0' 

ts  =  129°  40' 


xx'  =  81°  17' 

ex  =  40°  38V 

zz'  =  94°    2' 

cw  =  88°  41' 


cu    =  49°  40V 
cv    =  67°  34 
uu'  =  33°    9' 


'  =  40°  28' 
*  =  32°  44' 
S'  =  33°  7' 


Twins :  tw.  pi.  0.  Crystals  sometimes  flattened  |j  I,  the  surface  of  pearly  luster; 
form  often  suggestive  of  the  orthorhombic  system,  since  the  angles  cs  and  ct  differ 
but  little.  Crystals  often  made  up  of  subindividuals  in  nearly  parallel  position. 
Faces  usually  undulating;  I  often  deeply  depressed,  the  orthodomes  bright  but 
striated  ||  b.  Also  in  globular  forms;  granular. 

Cleavage :  b  perfect.  Fracture  subconchoidal  to  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =3'5-4. 
Gr.  =  2 '18-2 -2 2.  Luster  of  b  strong  pearly;  of  other  faces  vitreous.  Color  various 
shades  of  white,  passing  into  red,  gray,  and  brown.  Streak  white.  Transparent 
to  subtranslucent. 

Optically  +.  Double  refraction  weak.  Ax.  pi.  and  Bxa  _[_  b.  Ax.  pi.  and 
Bx0  for  some  localities  nearly  ||  c\  also  for  others,  nearly  J_  c  in  white  light  (Dx.). 
Bx0  A  c  =  +  57J°  Riniie,  etc.,  see  below.  Dispersion  p  <  v,  when  ax.  pi.  ||  c; 
p  >  v,  when  J_  c;  also  crossed  very  strong;  the  ax.  planes  for  red  and  blue  in- 
clined from  7°  to  12°.  Axial  angle  variable,  from  0°  to  92°;  usually  2Er  =  52°, 
2Ebl  =  53°  Dx4.  Also,  Artini4 : 


Montecchio  Maggiore 
Also  2E  =  92°  46' 

Indices: 

a  =  1-498 


2Ey  =  81 


14'        2E7  =  94°  27'        2E7  =  89°  54' 
and  at  150°  2E  =  103°  50'  in  white  light. 


=  1-499 


y  =  1-505  Levy-Lex.4 


Rinne  found  for  crystals  from  Andreasberg  the  inclination  of  the  ax.  pi.  to  a  =  -f-  34* 
(i.e.  in  obtuse  angle  of  d  and  c);  hence  Bx0  A  c  =  -j-  57^°;  for  others  from  Viesch,  these  angles 
were  6°  and  85V  respectively;  for  Berufiord  -f-  8°  and  83V;  Fassathal  32°  and  59f .  Levy-Lex, 
give  Bx0  A  c  =  -\-  85°  30'.  For  Turkestan  crystals,  the  ax.  pi.  is  inclined  0°  30'  to  c  (001)  Erem., 
and  2Er  =  52°  30',  2Ebl  =  53°  20'.  For  crystals  from  the  Serra  de  Botucatii.  Brazil,  the  »*-pL 
makes  an  angle  of  19°  35'  with  c  (or  dV  sections  I  b  show  tw.  lamellae  ||  c,  Hussafc,  i.  c. 


HEULANDITE  GROUP— HEULANDITE. 


575 


For  Montecchio  Maggiore,  Negri  found  the  ax.  pi.  inclined  about  -f-  34°  to  d,  and  hence 
nearly  normal  to  t  (201)  or  Bx0  /\  c  =  -\-  57^°;  Artini  made  this  angle,  for  the  same  locality, 
—  34°,  and  the  ax.  pi.  nearly  normal  to  s  (201),  but  obviously  by  error  (cf .  Negri). 

Sections  f  b  are  described  by  Mid.  as  having  a  division  into  four  sectors  for  all  of  which 
Bxa  J_  b,  but  the  ax.  pi.  and  the  ax.  angle  are  variable.  In  crease  of  temperature  to  150°  changes 
these,  but  they  return  to  the  original  condition  upon  the  reassuinption  of  the  water.  Heated  to 
180°  the  sections  become  opaque'aud  the  change  is  permanent5. 

This  subject  has  been  later  studied  by  W.  Klein  and  particularly  by  Rinne;  the  latter 
describes  the  presence  of  five  sectors,  more  or  less  sharply  defined  in  polarized  light,  in  sections  |  b, 
bounded  externally  by  the  usually  occurring  planes,  that  bounded  by  s  (201)  having  an  hour- 
glass form.  These  sectors  show  a  rather  wide  variation  in  the  position  of  the  ax.  plane. 

Increase  of  temperature  (Rinue)  causes  the  axial  angle  to  diminish  and  at  150°  the 
division  into  sectors  no  longer  exists;  further  we  have  ax.  pi.  |  b,  and  a  ±  c  (001);  the  structure 
then  is  that  of  an  orthorhombic  crystal.  If  the  heating  is  carried  on  till  the  crystal  loses  its 
transparency,  further  change  goes  on,  the  sectors  reappear,  the  ax.  pi.  is  JL  b  and  c  becomes 
JL  (201).  If  strongly  heated,  the  orientation  remains  the  same  but  the  division  into  sectors  dis- 
appears and  the  double  refraction  before  strong  becomes  weak,  and  the  bright  polarization- 
colors  are  changed  to  a  bluish  gray.  Finally  by  ignition  on  a  platinum  foil  the  double  refraction 
almost  entirely  disappears.  The  changes  are  obviously  connected  with  the  loss  of  the  water,  two 
molecules  of  which  go  off  at  150°  and  a  third  at  180°,  all  being  water  of  crystallization;  this 
water  is  reabsorbed  in  moist  air. 

Comp.— H4CaAl2Si6018  +  3H20  or  5HaO.CaO.Al203.6Si02=  Silica  59-2,  alumina 
16-8,  lime  9'2,  water  14'8  —  100. 

Strontium  is  usually  present,  sometimes  up  to  3 '6  p.  c.  as  shown  by  Jannasch. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Lemberg,  Zs.   G.   Ges.,   28,  558,   1876.     3,  Jannasch,  Jb.  Min.,   2,  275,  1882. 

4,  5,  Id.,  ibid.,  2,  39, 1887,  and  Ber.  Ch.  Ges.,  20,  346,  1887.     6,  Biltz,  ibid.,  p.  44.     7,  Igelstrom, 
ib.,  361,  1871.     8,  Hersch,  Inaug.  Diss.,  20,  Zilrich,1887.     9,  Cohen,  ib.,  116,  1875.     10,  Sansoni, 
Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  4,  175,  1879.    11,  L.  Gonzaga  de  Campos,  quoted  by  Hussak,  Bol.  Comm.  Geol. 

5.  Paulo,  No.  7,  1890.    12,  Knerr  &  Schoenfeld,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  6,  413,  1884.    Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  445. 


G. 

1.  Fassathal 

2.  Berufiord 

3.  "  2-20 

4.  Andreasberg  2 '247 

5.  Fassathal  2 '196 

6.  Teigarhorn 

7.  Lunddorrsfjall 

8.  Djupivogur  2'207 

9.  Orange  Free  State 

10.  S.  Piero,  Elba 

11.  Botucatu 

12.  Adainstown,  Pa.     2 -2 

a  Incl.  Fe2O3. 

The  red  color  of  the  Fassa  crystals  is  due,  according  to  Kenngott,  to  minute  crystalline 
grains  of  another  mineral,  probably  iron  oxide. 

According  to  Damour,  the  Faroer  mineral  loses  part  of  its  water  in  dry  air,  which  it  retakes 
in  ordinary  air;  the  loss  of  the  mineral  is  2-1  p.  c.  at  100°  C.,  and  8*7  p.  c.  between  100°  and  150" 
C.;  and  this  is  restored  again  after  24  hours  in  the  air.  At  190°  the  loss  is  12*3  p.  c. ;  and  by  the 
end  of  two  mouths  all  is  regained  but  2'1  p.  c. 

Januasch  found  for  Berufiord  heulandite.  Jb.  Min.,  2,  269, 1884,  also  later,  ibid.,  2,  39,  1887: 


Si02 

A12O3 

CaO 

Na2O 

K20 

H2O 

60-24 

15-53* 

6-39 

1-91 

0-39 

15-54 

=  100 

56-65 

17-39 

8-03 

1-36 

0-50 

16-07 

=  100 

[100 

•40 

57-71 

16-42 

6-96 

1-50 

0-35 

16-86 

SrO  0  55, 

Li2O  0-05 

— 

56-10 

17-65 

4-26 

3-32 

0-27 

16-28 

SrO  3-64,  L] 

iaOtfr.  =101 

•02 

60-07 

15'37b 

4-89 

2-36 

0-44 

15-89 

SrO  1-60  = 

100-62 

58-43 

16-44 

7-00 

1-40 

0-21 

16-45 

SrO  0-35  = 

100-28 

57-00 

1625 

8-90 

— 

— 

17-40 

=    99-55 

58-18 

16-35 

7-21 

2-07 



16-34 

=  100-15 

59-53 

16-82 

6-95 

1-42 

0-32 

15-30 

=  100-34 

57-15 

17-72 

953 

tr. 

tr. 

16-80 

=  101-20 

58-10 

16-67 

5-90 

0-61 

3-26 

16-16 

=  100-70 

57-68 

17-05 

6-78 

tr. 

1-13 

16-61 

MgO  0-69  =  99-94 

>3. 

"  Incl. 

,  0-62 

p.  c.  Fe2O3. 

Temp. 
H2O 


100°-110°        150°-160°        200°         250°          300°         340°-350° 
3-33  5  97  8-05         8'89          12'66  13'45 

a  Over  the  blast-lamp. 


'82  p.  c. 


Hersch  obtained  the  following  results  (see  anal.  8)  after  two  hours'  heating  at  each  temper- 
ature. 


Temp. 
H30 


100° 
2-64 


145° 
6-14 


195° 

7-47 


250° 
10-97 


290' 
12-06 


red  ht. 
16-34  p.  c. 


Pyr.— As  with  stilbite,  p.  584. 

Obs. — Heulandite  occurs  principally  in  basaltic  rocks,  associated  with  chabazite,  stilbite, 
and  other  zeolites;  also  in  gneiss,  and  occasionally  in  metalliferous  veins. 


576  SILICATES. 

The  finest  specimens  of  this  species  come  from  Berufiord,  and  elsewhere  in  Iceland;  thi 
Fiiroer;  in  British  India,  near  Bombay,  on  the  islands  of  Elephanta  and  Caranja;  also  in  rail- 
road cuttings  in  the  Bhor  and  TTral  Ghuts,  and  at  other  points.  It  also  occurs  in  the  Kilpatrick 
Hills,  near  Glasgow;  on  the  I.  of  Skye;  in  the  Passat  nal,  Tyrol;  Andreasberg,  Harz;  near  Semil 
and  Rodisfort,  Bohemia;  Poremba,  Poland;  Marscheudorf,  Moravia;  Neudorfel,  near  Zwickau, 
Saxony;  Siberia,  at  Nerchinsk,  etc.;  in  the  amygdaloid  of  Abyssinia;  in  augite  porphyrite  of 
Serra  de  Botucatii,  Brazil.  Red  varieties  occur  at  Cnmpsie  in  Stirlingshire,  with  red  stilbite;  also 
in  Fassathal,  Tyrol;  also  on  the  southern  slope  of  the  Ak  Burchan  Mts.,  Turkestan;  brown  in 
ore  beds  at  Arendal. 

In  the  United  States,  with  stilbite  and  chabazite  on  gneiss,  at  Hadlyme,  Ct.,  and  Chestei 
Mass.;  with  these  minerals  and  datolite,  apophyllite,  etc.,  in  amygdaloid  at  Bergen  Hill,  Ne\* 
Jersey;  sparingly  at  Kipp's  Bay,  New  York  Island,  on  gneiss,  along  with  stilbite;  atMcKinuey'a 
quarry,  Rittenhouse  Lane,  near  Philadelphia,  sparingly;  on  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior, 
between  Pigeon  Bay  and  Fond  du  Lac;  in  minute  crystals,  seldom  over  half  a  line  long,  with 
haydenite,  at  Jones's  Falls,  near  Baltimore,  on  a  syenitic  schist  (Levy's  beaumontite,  which  is 
crystallographically  and  optically  identical  with  heulandite). 

At  Peter's  Point,  Nova  Scotia,  it  occurs  in  amygdaloid,  presenting  white  and  flesh-red 
colors,  and  associated  with  laumontite,  apophyllite,  thornsonite,  etc.;  also  at  Cape  Blomidon,  in 
crystals  an  inch  and  a  half  in  length;  at  Martial's  Qove,  Isle  Haute,  Partridge  Island,  Swan's 
Creek,  Two  Islands,  Hall's  Harbor,  Long  Point. 

Named  after  the  English  mineralogical  collector,  H.  Heuland,  whose  cabinet  was  the  basis 
of  the  classical  work  (1837)  of  Levy. 

Artif.— Obtained  by  Doelter  by  recrystallization  after  digesting  the  powdered  mineral  for 
11  days  in  water  containing  carbon  dioxide  at  170°  in  a  closed  tube.  The  crystals  were  of  char- 
acteristic form.  An  analysis  gave  Unterweissacher:  SiO2  58  90,  A12O3  14'02,  CaO  8'53,  Na2O 
3 '36,  H2O  15'19  =  100.  Also  by  digesting  pulverized  auorthite  with  fresh  precipitated  silica  in 
carbonated  water  for  14  days  at  200°.  Jb.  Min.,  1,  128,  1890. 

Lemberg  shows  that  by  digestion  in  a  potassium  or  sodium  chloride  solution  for  a  week 
these  alkali  metals  may  be  made  to  replace  the  calcium,  forming  a  potash-  or  soda-heulandite 
(Kalistilbit,  Natron stil bit).  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  28,  558,  1876. 

Ref.— l  Min.,  p.  425,  1862;  the  results  of  Ererneyev  agree  closely,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  13,  389, 
1878.  The  vertical  axis  has  here  (as  with  Mir.)  half  the  length  assumed  by  Dx.  and  some  authors, 
with  whom  t  =  101,  s  =  101,  u  =  112,  etc.  With  N.  Z.,  0  =  101,  t  =  100,  c  =  001,  etc.  Cf. 
also  Rinne,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  25,  1887.  Breithaupt  made  it  triclinic,  Min.,  3,  449,  1847;  cf .  Rath,  Jb. 
Min.,  517,  1874. 

8  Cf.  Mir.,  Min.,  p.  438,  1852;  Greg,  Min.,  166,  1858;  Dx.,  1.  c.,  who  gives 'Greg's  plane,  z, 
the  symbol  097,  or  in  the  position  here  taken,  0-18-7. 

3  Erem.,  Turkestan,  1.  c.  4  Dx.,  1.  c.;  Rinne,  1.  c.;  Levy-Lex.,  Min.  Roches,  310,  1888; 
Artini,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  4,  536,  1888;  Negri,  Riv.  Min.  Ital.,  7,  90,  1890. 

5  On  the  effect  of  heat,  Dx.,  1.  c.,  and  N.  R.,  136,  1867;  Mid.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  5,  255,  1882; 
W.  Klein,  Zs.  Kr.,  9,  54,  1884;  Rinne,  1.  c.,  and  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  p.  1183,  1890. 

ORYZITE.     Orizite  Grattarola,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  4,  226,  1879. 

In  monoclinic  crystals,  somewhat  resembling  rice-grains.  Habit  prismatic,  with  m  (110), 
g  (Oil),  and  rarely  b  (010).  Measured  angles  (approx.):  mm'"  =  40°  30',  gg1  =  22°  30',  mg  =  81" 
10'.  H.  =6.  G.  =  2 -245.  Luster  vitreous  to  pearly.  Color  white.  A  triclinic  form  was 
earlier  suggested.  Composition,  like  heulandite.  Analyses,  Grattarola,  1.  c. 

G.  =  2-245  Si02  59 -54        AlaO3  16-79**      CaO    8'67        Alk.  tr.        H2O  14-84  =  99-84 

59-20  15  71  10-31  tr.  14-38  =  99'60 

a  With  some  CaO. 

Obvserved  in  granite  blocks  from  Fonte  del  Prete,  Elba.  Named  from  opv^a,  rice.  It  was 
made  dimorphous  with  heulandite,  but  it  maybe  identical  with  it  (cf.  Groth,  Zs.  Kr.,  4,  641, 
1880). 

439.  BREWSTERITE.  Brooke,  Ed.  Phil.  J.,  6,  112,  1822.  Diagonit  Bretth.,  Char.,  118, 
1832. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  d  :  I  :  6  ==  0-40486  :  1  :  0-42042;  ft  =  *80°  20'  =  001  A 
100  Brooke1. 

100  A  HO  =  22°  0',  001  A  101  =  44°  29f ',  001  A  Oil  =  22°  45J'. 

Forms:  a  (100,  i-l),  b  (010,  i-l\  c  (001,  0);  m  (110,  J),  t  (120,  «-2);  e  (016,  $-1). 
Angles:  mm'"  =  *44°  0',  «'  =  102°  7',  ee'  =  *8°  0',  cm  =  86°  36'. 

Crystals  prismatic,  flattened  ||  #;  faces  m,  t  vertically  striated. 

Cleavage:    b    perfect;    a  in    traces.      Fracture  uneven.     Brittle.     H.  =  5- 


EPISTILBITE.  577 

G.  =  2'45  Drar.     Luster  vitreous;  on  ~b  pearly.     Color  white,  inclining  to  yellow 

and  gray.     Transparent  to  translucent.  

Optically  -f-  .  Ax.  pi.  and  Bxa  J_  b.  Extinction-angle  or 
Bxor  A  t  =  H-  22°.  Dispersion  p  >  v  weak;  crossed  dis- 
tinct, the  ax.  planes  inclined  1°  to  2°  for  red  and  blue. 
Axial  angles : 

2E,  =  94°,  2Ebl  =  93°.     Again  2E  =  102°-103°  for  white  light,  Dx.* 

The  axial  angle  increases  somewhat  on  heating,  from  2Er  =  93° 
43'  at  8° -8  to  95°  26'  at  105°  "5.  Further  the  axial  plane  for  red  is 
turned  through  an  angle  of  4°  54  between  21° '5  and  146°  "5. 

Sections  |  b  show  a  division  into  three  sectors:  a  central  wedge-shaped  portion  whose  sides 
make  angles  of  17°  and  13°,  respectively,  with  the  front  and  back  prismatic  edges;  this  has  also 
an  extinction-angle  of  -j-  22°.  Further,  two  triangular  lateral  sectors  in  which  this  angle  is 
40°,  Dx.2 

Comp — H4(Sr,Ba,Ca)Al2Si6018  +  3H20  or  (Sr,Ba,Ca)O.Al203.6Si02.5H20.  If 
Sr  :  Ba  :  Ca  =  4  :  2  :  1,  this  requires:  Silica  54*3,  alumina  15 '4,  strontia  8'9,  baryta 
6-6,  lime  1-2,  water  13'6  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Connel,  Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.,  10,  35,  1830.  2,  Thomson,  Min.,  1,  348,  1836.  3,  J.  W. 
Mallet,  Phil.  Mag.,  18,  218,  1859. 

SiO2       A12O3       BaO        SrO       CaO         H20 

1.  Strontian  53'67        17-49        6'75        8'32        1-35        12'58  Fe2O3  0'29  =  100'45 

2.  "  53-04        16-54        6'05        9'01        0'80        14-74  =  100*28 

3.  "  |  54-42        15-25        6'80        8'99        1'19        13'22  =     99'87 

According  to  Damour,  loses  water  in  uuheated  dried  air,  experiencing  a  loss  of  weight  of 
1-65  p.  c.  in  the  course  of  a  month.  At  100°  C.,  after  2  hours,  the  loss  is  0'2  p.  c.,  but  at  130°  C. 
7-7  p.  c.,  when  the  mineral  while  still  hot  is  electric,  the  crystals  mutually  attracting;  they  have 
become  opaque  and  pearly;  by  48  hours'  exposure  to  ordinary  air,  the  loss  is  reduced  to  2*7  p.  c. 
At  190°  C.,  the  loss  is  8'2  p.  c.;  this  is  reduced  to  zero  after  48  hours'  exposure;  and  at  270°, 
the  loss  is  lO'l  p.  c.,  which  is  reduced  to  1*2  p.  c.  after  8  days'  exposure.  At  a  dull  red  heat  the 
loss  is  12'8  p.  c.,  and  at  a  bright  red,  13-3  p.  c. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  swells  up  and  fuses  at  3  to  a  white  enamel.  Decomposed  by  acids  without 
gelatinizing. 

Obs. — First  observed  at  Strontian  in  Argyleshire,  with  calcite.  Occurs  also  at  the  Giant's 
Causeway,  coating  the  cavities  of  amygdaloid;  in  the  lead  mines  of  St.  Turpet;  near  Freiburg 
in  Breisgau;  at  the  Col  du  Bonhomme,  S.W.  of  Mont  Blanc,  on  a  quartz  rock;  near  Bareges, 
in  the  Pyrenees,  in  a  calcareous  schist;  and  it  has  been  reported  from  the  department  of  the  Isere 
in  France. 

Named  after  Sir  David  Brewster  (1781-1868). 

Ref.— J  Ed.  Phil.  J.,  6,  112,  1822.  Cf.  Haid,  Min.  Mohs,  3,  80,  1825 ;  Pogg.,  5,  161,  1825. 
The  angle  fi  =  86°  56'  of  most  recent  authors  is  based  upon  what  is  apparently  a  misprint  in  Dx., 
Min.,  1,  p.  421,  1862.  *  Dx.,  1.  c.,  also  N.  R.,  124,  1867. 


440.  EPISTILBITE.  Epistilbit  G.  Ease,  Pogg.,  6,  183,  1826.  Monophan  Breith.,  Char., 
279,  1823.  Parastilbite  8.  von  Waltershausen,  Vulk.  Gest.,  251,  1853.  Reissite  K.  v.  Fritzsch, 
Hbg.,  Min  Not.,  9,  22,  1870. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  a  :  1 :  6  =  0-50430  :  1  :  0-58006;  /?  =  54°  53'  =  001 A 100 
Kose-Tenne1. 

100  A  HO  =  22°  25',  001  A  101  =  29°  31J',  001 'A  Oil  =  25°  23'. 

Forms2:  a  (100,  i-l)  as  tw.  pi.,  b  (010,  i-i),  c  (001,  0);  m  (110,  7);  e  (101,  1-1);  u  (Oil,  14); 
*  (112,  i),  p  (111,  1). 

mm"  =  *44°  50'  cs      =    38°  13'  pp'  =  50°  46'?  mu  =    49°  55' 

uu      =  *50°  46'  cp     -    72°  12'  ss'    =  32°  21'  cc    =  *70°  14' 

ce        =     70°  13'  cm'   =  122°    7V  bs    =  73°  49£' 

Crystals  uniformly  twins;  habit  prismatic:  (1)  tw.  pi.  a,  common;  also  (2)  tw. 
pi.  m.  The  crystals  sometimes  cruciform  penetration-twins.  Faces  s  rounded, 
b  brilliant.  In  radiated  spherical  aggregations;  also  granular 


578 


SILICATES. 


Cleavage:  b  very  perfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle. 
G.  =  2*25.  Colorless  to  white,  yellowish.  Luster  vitreous. 
||  b.  Bxa  A  c  =  -f  8i  to  9£.  Axial  angles,  Teniie: 


2Er  =  73°  30'  Li 
Also,  Klein : 
2Er  =  69°  12' 


2Ey  =  75°  35'  Na 
2Ey  =  70°  45' 


H.  =  4-4-5,  on  b  3-5. 
Optically  — .     Ax.  pi. 

=  76°  40'  Tl 

=  71°  55' 


Rinne  shows  that  with  increase  of  temperature  the  axes  c  (=  Bxa)  in  the  twinned  crystals 
approach  each  other  and  finally  unite,  whfen  the  twinning  disappears  and  the  crystals  are  ortho- 
rhombic  with  a  =  to,  b  =  a,  c  —  C.  Exposed  to  the  air  the  water  expelled  is  slowly  reabsorbed 
and  the  original  optical  and  crystallographic  characters  reassumed:  the  orthorhombic  characters, 
however,  are  retained  if  the  crystals  are  embedded  in  Canada  balsam.  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  1181, 
1890. 

1.  2. 


5H 


Fig.  1,  Reissite,  Luedecke.    2,  Iceland,  Hintze.    3,  4,  Trechinaun. 

Comp.— Probably  like  heulandite,  H4CaAl2Si6018  +  3H20  or  CaO.Al203.6Si02. 

20  =  Silica  59 -2,  alumina  16'8,  lime  9'2,  water  14-8  =  100.  A  little  sodium 
replaces  part  of  the  calcium. 

Anal.— 1,  G.  Rose,  I.e.  2,  Hersch,  Inaug.  Diss.,  p.  20,  Zurich,  1887.  3,4,  Jannasch, 
Henniges,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  262,  274,  1882.  Also  ib.,  1,  50,  1880. 

The  formula  is  also  written  (Groth)  H,Ca«AU8iO,)i,  +  7H20  which  requires:  Silica  571, 
alumina  17 '6,  lime  9'7,  water  15'6  =  100. 


1.  Berufiord 

2.  Djupivogur 

3.  Berufiord 

4.  Loc.  unknown 


G. 

2-250 
2-207 
2-250 
2-247 


Si03 
58-59 
58-18 
57-63 
56-65 


A1203 
17-52 
16-35 
17-43 

18-68 


CaO  Na2O  H2O 

7-56  1-78  14-48  =     99'93 

7-21  2-07  16-34  =  100-15 

8-08  1-57  15-32  K2O,Li2O  0  05  =  100'OS 

8-68  1-47  15-60  =  101 '08 


A  zeolite,  probably  epislilbite,  from  Lunddorrsf  jail  gave  Igelstrom:  SiO2  58'35,  AlaO3  16'67, 
CaO  10  63,  H2O  13;76  =  99-41.     Jb.  Min.,  361,  1871. 
Jannasch  obtained  further  (anal.  4): 


Temp. 
H2O 


100°-105C 
1-76 


150°-160fl 
3-58 


200° 
4-48 


260°-280° 
10-22 


300°-350° 
12-13 


Rd.  ht. 
15-52 


Cf.  also  Jannasch,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  206,  1884;  Bodewig,  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  611,  1884,  10,  276,  1885.^ 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  intumesces  and  forms  a  vesicular  enamel.  Soluble  with  difficulty  or  im- 
perfectly in  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid  without  gelatinizing. 

Obs.— Occurs  with  scolecite  at  the  Berufiord  in  Iceland;  the  Faroer;  at  Poona  in  India;  in 
small  flesh-colored  crystals  at  Skye;  in  small  reddish  crystals,  nearly  or  quite  opaque,  with  stil- 
bite,  at  Margaretville,  N  Scotia,  7  m.  E.  of  Port  George.  Reported  as  occurring  with  stilbite, 
apophyllite,  etc.,  at  Bergen  Hill,  N.  J.  With  heulandite,  stilbite,  etc.,  at  Viesch  in  the  Valais, 
Switzerland. 

Parastilbite  (cf.  Tenne.  1.  c.)  is  from  the  Borgarfiord,  Iceland.  Reissite  (cf .  Luedecke,  1.  c.) 
is  from  Santorin. 

Ref.— *  Pogg.,  6,  183,  1826,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  43,  1880;  the  angles  are  quite  uncertain  as  shown 
later  by  Trechmann,  ib.,  2,  260,  1882,  who  gives  a  comparative  table  for  epistilbite,  reissite, 
parastilbite.  The  monoclinic  character  was  also  recognized  by  Dx.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  2,  161, 
1879;  it  had  earlier  been  regarded  as  orthorhombic. 

3  Cf.  authors  noted  above.  Also  on  reissite,  Hbg.,  Min.  Not.,  9,  22. 1870;  Luedecke,  Jb.  Min., 
1,  162,  1881.  On  parastilbite,  Teune,  Jb.  Min.,  2, 195,  1881.  Also  Hintze,  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  605, 1884. 


PHILLIPSITE  GEOUP—PHILLIPSITE. 


579 


441.    Phillipsite. 


Phillipsite  Group.     Monoclinic. 
442.    Harmotome. 


443.     Stilbite. 


These  three  species  have  not  only  nearly  the  same  axial  ratios  (p.  571),  but  they  are  also 
closely  related  in  habit  and  method  of  twinning,  as  explained  under  the  description  of  each. 
The  relation  is  particularly  close  between  phillipsite  and  harmotome. 

Fresenius  has  shown  that  the  species  of  this  group  may  be  regarded  as  forming  a  series,  in 

ii       m 

which  the  ratio  of  R  :  R2  is  constant  (=  1  :  1),  while  the  silica  and  water  both  vary  between 
certain  limits.     The  end  compounds  assumed  are: 


RA12SU016 

RaAl4Si4O16 


6H2O 
6H2O 


Here  R  =  Ca  chiefly,  in  phillipsite  and  stilbite,  and  Ba  in  harmotome;  also  in  smaller  amounts 
Na2,K2.  The  first  of  the  above  compounds  may  be  regarded  as  a  hydrated  calcium  albite,  the 
second  as  a  hydrated  anorthite.  The  subject,  however,  requires  further  study;  the  formulas  given 
on  p.  571  and  beyond  are  those  corresponding  to  reliable  analyses  of  certain  typical  occurrences. 


441.  PHILLIPSITE.  Levy,  Ann.  Phil.,  10,362,1825.  Lime-Harmotome.  Kalk-Harmo- 
U>m  Germ.  Kalk-Harmotom,  Normalin,  Breith.,  Schw.  J.,  50,  327,  1827,  Uib.,  32,  1830,  Char., 
126,  1832.  Christianite  Dx.,  Ann.  Mines,  12,  373,  1847. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-70949  :  1  :  1-2563;  /3  =  *55°  37'  =  001  A  100 
Strong1, 

100  A  HO  =  30°  21',  001  A  101  =  *90°  0',  001  A  Oil  =  46°  2'. 

Forms :  a  (100,  i-i),  b  (010,  t-i),  c  (001,  0}\  m  (110,  I),  n  (120,  t-2);  d  (501,  -  5-1),  /  (101, 
1-i);  e  (Oil,  14). 

Angles:    mm'"  =  *60°  42',    nri  =  80°  59*',    af  =34°  23',    cd  =  50°  86*',    cm  =  60°  50', 


1. 


Figs.  1,  2,  Sirgwitz,  Trippke.     3,  4,  After  Kohler. 

Crystals  uniformly  penetration-twins,  but  often  simulating  orthorhombic  or 
tetragonal  forms.  Twins  sometimes,  but  rarely,  simple  (1)  with  t\v.  pi.  c,  and 
then  cruciform  so  that  diagonal  parts  on  I  (f.  1)  belong  together,  hence  a  four- 
fold striation,  |  edge  b/m,  may  be  often  observed  on  b.  (2)  Double  twins,  the 
simple  twins  just  noted  united  with  e  (Oil)  as  tw.  pi.,  and,  since  ee'  varies  but 
little  from  90°,  the  result  is  a  nearly  square  prism,  terminated  by  what  appear  to 
be  pyramidal  faces  each  with  a  double  series  of  striations  away  from  the  medial 
line  (cf.  f.  2).  These  twins  may  have  the  prism  formed  either  by  I  with  its  char- 
acteristic striations,  with  or  without  the  reentrant  angle;  or  the  external  faces 
may  belong  to  c  (f.  2)  when  b  appears  in  the  reentrant  angle  only  (if  this  is  shown) ; 
or  still  again  the  reentrant  angle  may  be  absent  and  the  crystals  interpenetrate 


580  SILICATES. 

each  other  irregularly,  so  that  an  external  face  is  formed  in  part  by  b,  in  part  by  c. 
Barely2  this  double  twin,  showing  a  square  prism  formed  by  the  faces  b,  b,  may  be 
terminated  by  the  unusual  form  a  (100)  with  four  reentrant  angles  of  about  47j°. 
Finally  (3),  three  double  twins  of  the  ordinary  type  may  be  united  to  a  single 
complex  form  with  m  as  tw.  pi.  (f.  3,  4).  This  last  may  yield  forms  appearing  like 
a  rhombic  dodecahedron,  with  or  without  a  depression  at  the  extremity  of  the 
octahedral  axes;  each  rhombic  face  may  then  be  divided  into  four  fields  by  striations 
diverging  from  the  center  and  parallel  to  the  position  that  would  be  occupied  by  a 
plane  on  the  octahedral  solid  angle  of  the  dodecahedron  (cf.  f.  3). 

Faces  b  often  finely  striated  as  just  noted,  but  striations  sometimes  absent  and 
in  general  not  so  distinct  as  with  harmotome;  also  m  striated  ||  edge  b/m\  further, 
#,  c,  and  d  (501)  more  or  less  distinctly  ||  edge  a/c.  Crystals  either  isolated,  or 
grouped  in  tufts  or  spheres  that  are  radiated  within  and  bristled  with  angles  at 
surface. 

Cleavage:  c,  b,  rather  distinct.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  4-4-5. 
Gr.  =  2'2.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  white,  sometimes  reddish.  Streak  uncolored. 
Translucent  to  opaque. 

Optically  +.  Ax.  pi.  and  Bx0  _[_  b.  The  ax.  pL  lies  in  the  obtuse  angle  of 
a  6,  and  is  usually  inclined  to  c  (that  is,  to  a)  about  15°  to  20°,  or  75°  to  70°  to  the 
normal  to  c.  The  position,  however,  is  variable,  as  also  the  axial  angles.  Dx.  ob- 
tained : 

Richmond        Dyref.       Oberwinter  C.  d.  Bove      Soinrna         Marburg        Annerd. 
tc  -  H-  60°  11'  71°  36'  72°  73°  15'  73°  21'  74°  51f          75°    0' 

Bxa  A  c  =  -  85°  26'       -  74°    1'      -  73°  37'      -  72°  26'      -  72°  17'      -  70°  45f      -  70°  37' 

Richmond  2Ha.r  =  84°    8£'        2H0.r  =  103°  21'        2Hay  =  84°  54f        2Hoy  =  103°  5' 

Mte.  Somma          2Ha.r  -  69°  55'          2H0.r  =  112°  33' 

Marburg  2Ha.r  =  70°  50'          2H0.r  =  129°  15'        Dyrefiord        2H0.r  =  98°  13' 

Fresenms  found  for  Nidda  crystals  the  axial  angle  inclined  about  10°  to  c  (hence  a  c  =  80° 
and  Bxa  A  c  —  —  65°  37');  for  yellow  this  angle  is  about  1°  greater  than  for  red. 

According  to  Langemann3  the  individuals  which  form  the  complex  twins  of  phillipsite  are 
strictly  trjcliiiic  since,  for  example,  sections  |/(101)  show  a  deviation  of  the  planes  of  vibration 
from  the  b  axis,  amounting  in  the  Nidda  phillipsite  to  12^°;  further,  sections  |  c  show  a  division 
into  sectors  with  in  one  case  a  deviation  for  adjacent  sectors  of  some  18°.  Rinne3  finds  that 
heating  (cf.  p.  571)  does  not  change  this  triclinic  character  and  the  twinning  structure  is  also 
retained;  the  ax.  pi.,  however,  approaches  c  (001)  by  some  10°  and  the  double  refraction  loses  in 
strength. 

Comp. — In  some  cases  (Rg.)  the  formula  is  (K..,Ca)Al2Si4012  -f-  4iH20  =  Silica 

48-8,  alumina  20'7,  lime  7'6,  potash  6*4,  water  16-5  =  100.     Here  Ca  :  K2  =  2  :  1. 

Anal.— 1,  Ricciardi  [Gaz.  Ch.  Ital.,  11,  369]  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,Erg.,  179,  1886.     2-6,  Fresenius, 

Zs.  Kr.,  3,  42,  1878.     7,   Schafarzik,  Zs.   Kr.,   17,   522,  1890.     8,  Pittman,  Ulrich,  Contr.  Min. 

Victoria,  1870. 

G.  SiOQ    A12O3  Fe2O3  CaO    BaO  MgO  Na2O  K2O    H2O 

99-55 
10019 

99-97 
100-20 
100-33 

99-97 

99-96 
100-95 

According  to  Damour,  the  Kaiserstuhl  crystals  (mixed  with  a  little  fau jasite)  lose  8  p.  c.  after 
a  month  in  dried  air,  and  regain  all  again  in  ordinary  air  in  24  hours.  Heated  to  50°  C.  for  an 
hour,  the  mineral  loses  12'3  p.  c.,  and  recovers  nearly  all  in  24  hours'  exposure  to  ordinary  air, 
but  becomes  a  powder  and  opaque  (the  faujasite  remaining  transparent).  Heated  to  150°  C.,  the 
loss  is  16  p.  c.,  and  only  0'8  p.  c.  after  exposure  again  to  the  air  for  4  days.  At  250°  C.,  the  loss 
is  18*5  p.  c.,  part  of  which  is  due  to  the  fau  jasite;  "it  is  reduced  to  9  p.  c.  in  the  free  air. 

Fresenius  found  that  phillipsite  began  to  be  opaque  at  150°  and  to  fair  to  pieces;  the  amount 
of  water  gradually  diminishes  with  rise  in  temperature  and  increases  as  it  falls,  each  temperature 
corresponding  to  a  definite  amount. 


G. 

SiO2 

A12O3 

Fe203 

CaO 

BaO 

MgO 

Na2O 

K2O 

H2O 

1. 

Aci  Castello 

48-16 

23-92 

tr. 

2-81 

— 

0-95 

2-03 

4-50 

17-18 

2. 

«        <« 

2-140 

|  46-89 

21-38 

0-15 

3-62 

tr. 

0-07 

7-14 

2-66 

18-28 

8. 

Nidda 

2-160 

|  47-65 

21-26 

0-15 

8-05 

tr. 

— 

0-64 

5-41 

16-81 

4. 

Annerod 

2-152 

51-72 

18-95 

0-53 

5-19 

1-34 

0-11 

0-96 

4-41 

16-99 

5. 

" 

51-79 

19-00 

0-24 

7-03 

0-03 

0-15 

0-52 

3-94 

17-63 

6. 

Limburg 

2-150 

f  51-68 

18-17 

0-24 

5-37 

0-39 

0-30 

0-94 

4-67 

18-21 

7. 

Somosko 

2-201 

49-65 

21-88 

— 

6-99 

— 

— 

•  tr. 

5-28 

16-16 

8. 

Kyueton,  Victoria 

46-62 

2360 

— 

4-48 

— 

— 

5-10 

6-39 

14-76 

PHILLIPSITE  GROUP— HARMOTOME.  581 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  crumbles  and  fuses  at  3  to  a  white  enamel.  Gelatinizes  with  hydrochloric 
acid. 

Obs. — In  translucent  crystals  in  basalt,  at  the  Giant's  Causeway,  Ireland;  in  small  colorless 
crystals,  and  in  spheroidal  groups,  in  leucitophyre,  at  Capo  di  Bove,  near  Rome;  in  crystals  and 
radiating  masses  at  Aci  Castello  and  elsewhere  in  Sicily;  among  the  lavas  of  Mte.  Somma;  at 
Stempel,  near  Marburg;  Habichtswald,  near  Cassel;  Auuerod,  near  Giessen;  near  Eisenach,  in 
Saxe  Weimar;  Petersberg,  in  the  Siebengebirge;  Nidda  in  Hesse;  Laubach;  in  the  basalt  of  the 
Limbacher  Kopf  near  Asbach;  in  the  Kaiserstuhl,  with  faujasite;  at  Hiirtlingen,  Nassau;  Salesl, 
Bohemia,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Elbe;  in  the  ancient  lavas  of  the  Puy-de-D6me  at  Cap  de 
Prudelles  near  Roy  at,  and  other  points;  also  at  Verrieres,  Loire;  on  the  west  coast  of  Iceland,  the 
shores  of  Dyren'ord.  Very  small  transparent  crystals,  of  recent  formation,  in  the  masonry  at 
the  hot  baths  of  Plombieres,  France,  observed  by  Daubree;  also  at  Bourbonne-les-Bains  and 
elsewhere. 

Found  in  minute  crystalline  aggregates  and  irregular  spherical  groups  bristling  with  crystals 
in  the  deep-sea  dredging  by  the  ' '  Challenger  "  from  the  bottom  of  the  central  Pacific  Ocean,  south 
of  the  Sandwich  Islands.  They  are  embedded  in  a  red  clay  with  ferro-manganesian  nodules  (cf. 
p.  259),  chondrules  of  enstatite,  etc. ;  they  are  believed  to  have  been  formed  at  the  ocean  bottom 
by  the  decomposition  of  an  augitic  lava.  An  analysis  by  Renard  gave: 

SiO2       A12O3     Fe2O3    MnO     CaO       MgO       K2O      Na2O  H2O(125°)  ign. 

48-70        17-58        6-17        tr.        1'70        1'02        4'83        3'75        7'95        9'47  =  10117 

The  iron  is  due  to  impurity.  See  Rep.  Challenger  Ex. ,  vol.  1,  774,  815,  816,  1885  ;  John 
Murray  in  Encycl.  Brit.,  18,  125,  1885;  for  the  description  of  the  forms,  etc.,  Renard,  Bull.  Ac. 
Belg.,  19,  88,  182,  1890;  a  general  account  is  given  in  Proc.  R.  Soc.  Edinb.,  12,  474,  1884. 

Named  after  the  English  mineralogist,  W.  Phillips  (d.  1828).  The  name  christianite  was 
given  by  Des  Cloizeaux  (after  Christian  VIII.  of  Denmark)  to  the  Marburg  harmotome  and  crys- 
tals from  Iceland;  and  in  his  Min.,  1862,  he  places  all  of  phillipsite  under  his  name  christianite. 

Ref. — J  Jb.  Min.,  585,  1875.  The  monoclinic  character  of  the  species  was  first  assumed  bv 
Groth  and  definitely  proved  by  Streng.  Cf.  Kohler,  Pogg.,  37,  560,  1836;  Strens:,  Jb.  Min.", 
561,  1874;  Groth,  Tab.  Ueb.,  pp.  62,  104,  1874;  also  Trippke,  Jb.  Min.,  681,  1878;  Fresenius, 
Zs.  Kr.,  3,  42.  1879;  Zeph.,  Zs.  Kr.,  5,  96,  1880;  Stadtlander,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  122,  1885;  Lange- 
mann,  ib.,  2,  110,  1886.  2  Rath,  Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  p.  234,  Nov.  7,  1887.  °  Optical  characters,  see 
Dx.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  6,  305,  1883,  7,  138,  1884;  also  Trippke,  Fresenius,  Langemann,  1.  c. 

SPANGITE  P.  Mantovani.  Separate  publication  dated  Rome,  April  10,  1872.  An  imperfectly 
described  zeolite,  stated  to  be  a  variety  of  phillipsite  from  the  lava  of  Capo  di  Bove  near  Rome. 
An  analysis  of  Postempski  gave: 

Si02  49-00        A12O3  19-50        CaO  4-85        MgO  3'70        K2O  6'33       H2O  16*75  =  100-13 
Named  after  Mr.  Norman  Spang  of  Pittsburg. 

442.  HARMOTOME.  Spatum  calcarium  cryst.  dodecaedrum  album,  opacum,  et  lamellis 
quatuor  erectis,  etc.  (fr.  Zellerfeld),  v.  Born,  Lithoph.,  2,  81,  Tab.  I,  f.  1;  figura  hyacinthica, 
etc.:  hae  crystal)!  non  sunt  calcarese,  sed  siliceae,  Bergm.,  Opusc.,  2,  7,  1780.  Hyacinte  blanche 
Demeste,  Lett.  417,  var.  5,  1779.  Hyacinte  blanche  cruciforme  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  2,  299,  pi.  iv,  f. 
119,  1783.  Kreuzkristalle  Heyer,  v.  Trebra's  Erfahrungen,  etc.,  89;  dell's  Ann.,  1,  212,  1789. 
Kreuzstein  Wern,  Karsten,  Lempe's  Mag.,  2,  58.  59,  1786.  Andreasbergolite  Delametherie, 
Sciagr.,  1.  267,  1792.  Andreolite  Delameth.,  T.  T.,  2,  285,  1797.  Staurolite  Kirwan,  1,  282, 
1794.  Ercinite  Napione,  Elem.  Min.,  239,  1797.  Harmotome  Hauy,  Tr.,  3, 1801.  Pierre  cruci- 
forme Brochant,  1,  311,  1808.  Morvenite  Thorn.,  Min.,  1,  351, 1836.  Baryt- Harmotome.  Baryt- 
kreuzstein  Germ. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  G'70315  :  1  :  1-2310;  ft  =  *55°  10'  =  001  A  100 
Des  Cloizeaux1. 
.         100  A  HO  =  29°  59J',  001  A  101  =  35°  41$',  001  A  Oil  =  45°  17|-'. 

Forms  ! : 

a  (100,  i-l)  c  (001,  0)  w  (520,  *-f)  t  (101,  -  1-*)  /(101,  1-i) 

b  (010,  i-l)  v  (410,  £4}  m  (110,  /)  €  (702,  -  £-i)  e  (Oil,  14)  as  tw.  pi. 

mm'"  =  *59°  59'  vow"  =  26°    0'  ce  =    48°  11'  cm  =  60°  21' 

w'"     =     16°  25'  at       =  19°  28'  cf  =  *90°    0'  ee'  =  90°  36' 

Crystals    uniformly  cruciform   penetration-twins   with   c   as   tw.  pi. ;   either 
(1)  simple  twins  (f.  1)   or  (2)  united   as  fourlings  with  tw.  pi.  e.     These  double 


582  SILICATES. 

twins  often  have  the  aspect  of  a  square  prism  with  diagonal  pyramid,  the  latter 
with  characteristic  feather-like  striations  from  the  medial  line. 
Also  (3)  in  more  complex  groups  of  three  double  twins,  with 
m  as  tw.  pi.  (cf.  f.  4,  p.  579);  see  further  under  phillipsite, 
where  the  forms  are  more  fully  described. 

Cleavage:  b  easy,  c  less  so.  Fracture  uneven  to  subcon- 
choidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  4-5.  G-.  =  2-44-2-50.  Luster  vitreous. 
Color  white;  passing  into  gray,  yellow,  red,  or  brown.  Streak 
white.  Subtransparent  to  translucent.  Optically  -f-.  Ax.  pi. 
and  Bxa  _[_  b.  Ax.  pi.  in  obtuse  angle  a  6  and  inclined  about  65° 
to  a  and  60°  to  6}  more  exactly  (Dx.),  Bxor  A  &  =  +  60°  32', 
Bx0.bl  A  o  =  +  59°  55'.  Axial  angle  2Ha.r  =  87°  2',  Dx.  In- 
dices: 

a  =  1-503        y  -  1>508  Levy-Lex.         ft  =  1-516  Dx.2 

According  to  Langemann1*,  barmotome  in  a  manner  similar  to  phillipsite  deviates  optically 
from  the  requirements  of  the  mouoclinic  system,  as  shown  in  sections  j_  b  and  c.  Rinne2  shows 
that  by  heating  (see  p.  571)  these  optical  characters,  which  refer  the  simple  crystals  of  harmo- 
tome  strictly  to  the  triclinic  system,  are  not  changed,  but  the  ax.  pi.  has  approached  c  (001)  by 
some  50°,  while  the  double  refraction  has  increased  in  strength. 

Comp.-In  part  H2(K2,Ba)Al2Si&01B  +  4H20  or  (K2,Ba)O.Al203.5Si02.5H20  = 
Silica  47-1,  alumina  16-0,  baryta  20-6,  potash  2-1,  water  14-1  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  3,  Kg.,  Pogg.,  110,  624,  1860.  2,  Hersch,  Inaug.  Diss.,  18,  Zurich,  1887. 
4,  Reynolds,  Q.  J.  G.  Soc.,  27,  374,  1871.  5,  Fresenius,  Zs.  Kr.,  3,  42,  1878.  6,  Dmr.,  Ann. 
Mines,  9,  345,  1846. 

G.  SiOa    A12O3    BaO    Na2O  K2O    H2O 

1.  Andreasberg  48'49    16'35    20'08      tr.      2'07    13 '00  =    99'99 

2.  "  45-72    16-79    22'34      —       —      15-18  =  100'03 

3.  Strontian  2'354  47-52    16-94    20  25    1-09    I'OO    13-45  =  100*25 

4.  "  48-02    17-42    20'17         0'62          13-77  =  100 

5.  Oberstein  2'402  47'42    15-89*  18'98    1-71     0'48    15-14  MgO  013  =  99'75 

6.  Strontiau,  Morvenite      2'498  47  60    17'04b  20-86    0-74    0  81    14-16  =  101 '21 

*  Incl.  0-09  FeaO8.  b  Inch  0'65  Fe2O3. 

According  to  Damour,  the  Scotch  harmotome  loses  4-3  p.  c.  by  6  months'  exposure  to  dried 
air.  Heated  to  100'  C.  it  loses  1-8  p.  c. ;  between  100°  and  150°,  99  p.  c. ;  between  100°  and  190*, 
13-5  p.  c. ;  and  after  24  h.  exposure  to  the  ordinary  air,  what  is  lost  is  restored.  At  a  dull  red 
heat  the  loss  is  14 '65  p.  c.,  and  the  mineral  is  disaggregated;  the  total  loss  at  a  bright  red  heat  is 
14-70  p.  c. 

Hersch  (ref.  p.  571)  obtained  for  the  loss  of  water,  after  two  hours'  heating  in  each  case: 

Temp.  100°  150°  203°  252°  295°  red  ht. 

H20  2-74  5-74  9'23  10-67          12-42          15-29  p.  c. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  whitens,  then  crumbles  and  fuses  without  intumescence  at  3' 5  to  a  white 
translucent  glass.  Some  varieties  phosphoresce  when  heated.  Decomposed  by  hydrochloric 
acid  without  gelatinizing. 

Obs. — Harmotome  occurs  in  basalt  and  similar  eruptive  rocks,  also  phonolyte,  trachyte; 
not  infrequently  on  gneiss,  and  in  some  metalliferous  veins. 

Occurs  at  Stroutian,  in  Scotland,  in  fine  crystals,  some  an  inch  through;  in  a  metalliferous 
vein  at  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz;  at  Rudelstadt  in  Silesia;  at  Oberstein,  implanted  on  agate  in 
siliceous  geodes;  at  Kongsberg  in  Norway;  in  quartz  syenite  of  Tonsenas  near  Christiania; 
with  analcite  in  the  amygdaloid  of  Dumbartonshire. 

In  the  U.  8.,  in  small  brown  crystals  with  stilbite  on  the  gneiss  of  New  York  island  (4th 
Av.  tunnel  excavations).  From  a  mine  near  Rabbit  Mt.,  22  miles  W.S.W.  of  Port  Arthur  or 
the  north  shore  of  L.  Superior,  Ontario.  The  crystals  are  chiefly  implanted  upon  calcite,  which 
is  associated  with  amethyst,  fluorite,  etc. 

Named  from  dpJLidt,  joint,  and  re/uretr,  to  cut,  alluding  to  the  fact  that  the  pyramid  (made 
by  the  prismatic  planes  in  twinning  position)  divides  parallel  to  the  plane  that  passes  through  the 
terminal  edges. 

The  name  Andreolite  of  Delame"therie  (derived  from  the  locality  at  Andreasberg)  has  the 
priority  ,  and  also  Ereinite  of  Napione;  but  Haiiy  substituted  liarmolome,  of  no  better  significa- 
tion, and  all  subsequent  mineralogists  have  followed  him. 


PHILLIPSITE  GROUP— STILBITE. 


583 


Ref.— '  Ann.  Mines,  9.  339,  1846;  lie  unites  morvenite  and  barraotome;  alsoMin.,  1,  412, 
1862,  Aim.  Ch.  Phys.,  13,  417,  1868;  Rg.,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  20,  589,  1868;  Kloos,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  212, 
1885.  Also  earlier  Kohler,  Pogg.,  37,  561,  1836. 

2  On  the  optical  characters  see  Dx.,  1.  c. ;  Mid.,  Ann.  Mines,  10,  153,  1876;  Baumhauer,  Zs. 
Kr.,  2,  113,  1878;  Freseuius,  1.  c.;  Lex.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  8,  94,  1885;  Langemann,  Jb.  Min.,  2, 
83, 1886;  Rinne,  Abh.  Ak.  Berlin,  1179,  1890. 


443.  STILBITE.  Zeolit  pt.  Cronst.,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1756;  Zeolites  cryst,  crystalii  ad 
centrum  tendentes  (fr.  Gustafsberg,  etc.),  Cronst.,  102,  1758.  Z.  facie  Selenitica  lamellaris, 
Blattricher  Zeolit  pt..  Wall.,  Min.,  1,  313,  1772.  Strahliger  Zeolith  Wern.,  Ueb.  Cronst.,  242, 
1780.  Strahl-Zeolith  (var.  of  Z.)  Wern.,  1800,  Ludwig.,  1,  49,  1803.  Radiated  Zeolite.  Zeolite 
uacree,  Stilbite,  Delameth.,  TT.,  2,  305,  1797.  Stilbite  (Heulaudite  iucl.)  H.,  J  Mines,  3,  6i>, 
1798,  Tr.,  3,  1801,  1822;  =  Strahl-Zeolith  Hoffm.,  Min.,  2,  237,  1812.  Desmiue  [=  Stilbite  with 
Heul.  excl.]  Breith.,  Hoffra.  Min.,  4.  b,  40,  1818;  =  Stilbite  Brooke,  Ed.  Phil.  J.,  6,  112.  1822. 
Sphoerostilbite  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  120,  1832.  Syhedrite  Sliep.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  110, 1865.  Syhadrite. 

Puflerit  Bukeisen,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  24,  286,  1857;  Hypostilbite  Dana,  Min.,  p.  441,  1868. 

Monoclinic.    Axes:  a  :  I  :  c  =  0-76227  :  1  :  1-19401;  ft  =  50°  49£'  =  001  A  100 
Lasaulx1. 

100  A  HO  =  30°  344',  001  A  101  =  89°  30',  001  A  Oil  =  42°  47^'. 

Forms1:  a  (100,  i-i),  b  (010,  i-i),  c  (001,  0);  m  (110,  /);  r  (250,  e-f)3?  t  (130,  t- 
f  (101,  l-l);  e  (Oil,  1-i). 

Angles:  a'f  =  39°  40',  mm"'  =  *61°  9f,  TT'  =  68°  11',  it'  =  58°  51',  cm  =  *57° 
ee  <=  85°  35'. 


1. 


2. 


3. 


(,  Sheaf-like  crystal.     2-4,  Lasaulx:  2,  ideal  simple  crystal;  4,  section  |  b  in  polarized  light. 

Crystals  uniformly  cruciform  penetration-twins  with  tw.  pi.  c,  analogous  to 
ehillipsite  and  harmotome.  The  apparent  form  a  rhombic  pyramid  (f.  2)  whose 
laces  are  in  fact  formed  by  the  planes  m  and  m*  the  vertical  faces  being  then  the 
pinacoids  b  and  c.  Usually  thin  tabular  ||  b.  These  compound  crystals  are  often 
grouped  in  nearly  parallel  position,  forming  sheaf-like  aggregates  (f.  1)  with  the 
side  plane  (b),  showing  its  characteristic  pearly  luster,  often  deeply  depressed. 
Also  divergent  or  radiated;  sometimes  globular  and  thin  lamellar-columnar. 

Cleavage:  b  perfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  3-5-4.  Gr.  =  2-094- 
2-205;  2-161  Haid.  Luster  vitreous;  of  b  pearly.  Color  white;  occasionally 
.yellow,  brown,  or  red,  to  brick-red.  Streak  uncolored.  Transparent  to  trans- 
lucent. 

Optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bxa  inclined  5°  to  axis  a  in  obtuse  angle  a  c\  hence 
Bxa  A  6  —  —  55°  50'.  Ax.  angle  approx.  52°  to  53°  (blue  glass)  Lsx.  Indices: 


Kilpatrick 


a  =  1-494 


ft  =  1-498 


y  =  1*500  Levy- Lex.4 


Langemann4  shows  that  strictly  considered  Stilbite  must  be  regarded  as  composed  of  triclinic 
individuals.  Sections  ||  101  show  sectors  with  the  extinction  inclined  5°  to  the  edge  formed  with 
the  plane  b;  sections  |  b  (f.  4,  Lsx.)  show  four  sectors,  whose  extinction- directions  are  inclined  to 
one  another  10°,  separated  by  radiating  portions  of  variable  extinction;  sections  |  c  show  a 


584 


SILICATES. 


central  portion  with  parallel  extinction  and  strips  at  the  side  in  which  it  is  inclined  2|°  to  the 
b  edge. 

Riune4  found  that  in  sections  ||  b,  which  showed  four  sectors  with  the  extinction  inclined  10* 
to  each  other  (the  axis  a  coinciding  with  the  direction  of  elongation),  after  being  strongly  healed 
and  made  transparent  in  oil  (p.  571),  the  axes  c  and  fc  became  respectively  ||  and  JL  to  edge 
c  (001).  The  effect  of  increase  of  temperature  had  been  to  give  it  the  molecular  structure  of  an 
orthorhombic  crystal,  the  ax.  pi.  becoming  ||  c  and  Bxa  (=  c)  coinciding  with  the  axis  a. 

Comp — For  most  varieties  H4(Na2,Ca)Al2Si6018  .+  4H20  or  (Na2,Ca)O.Al203. 
6Si02.6H20  =  Silica  57'4,  alumina  16-3,  lime  7'7,  soda  1-4,  water  17-2  =  100. 
Here  Ca  :  Naa  =  6  :  1. 

Some  kinds  show  a  lower  percentage  of  silica,  and  these  have  been  called  hypostilbite,  Dana. 
Min.,  p.  441,  1868;  cf.  anals.  22-25. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  E.  E.  Schmid,  Pogg.,  142,  115,  1871.     3,  Lemberg,  Zs.  G.  Ges..  28,  559,  1876. 

4,  Heddle,  Min.  Mag.,  1,  91,  1877.     5,  Hersch,  Inaug.  Diss.,  p.   21,  Zurich,  1887.     6,  Petersen, 
Ber.  Offenb.  Ver.,  14,  102,  1873.     7,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.  Erg.,  181,  1886.     8,  Cossa,  Ace.  Line.  Trans., 

5,  86, 1881.     9,  Brun,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  389,  1882.     10,  Haughtou,  Phil.  Mag.,  13,  510, 1857.    11.  Id    ib 
32,  224, 1866.    12,  Id.,  J.  G.  Soc.  Ireland,  2, 113,  1868.     13,  Sansoni,  Att.  Ace.  Tosc.,  4,  173,  1879. 
14.  Hussak,    Bol.   Comm.   S.   Paulo,   No.  7,   7,   1890.       15,  Young,  Ch.   News,  27    56    1873 
16,  How,  Phil.  Mag.,  1,134,  1876.     17,  Fiebelkorn,  Cleve's  Geol.  W.  I.  Is.,  30,  1873.     18  Hille- 
brand,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Bull.  20,  23,  1885.     19.  Davidson,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  6,  414,  1884.     20,  Hos- 
kinson  &  Brunner,  ibid.     21,  Eyerman,  N.  Y.  Acad.,  Jan.   14,   1889.     22,  Haughton    Phil 
Mag.,  13,  510,  1837.     23,  Id.,  ibid.,  32,  224,  1866.     24,  Bukeisen,  1.  c.     25,  Darapsky  Vh.  Ver. 
Santiago,  No.  6,  247,  1888. 


G. 

1.  Farder,  StromO  2*16 

2.  "       Vaag5 

3.  " 

4.  "        Bordo  2-103 

5.  Helgustadir  2'155 

6.  Seisser  Alp  2'167 

7.  Striegau 

8.  Miage  Glacier 

9.  Viesch  Glacier 

10.  Narbada 

11.  Poona 

12.  Bhor  Ghat 

13.  Elba 

14.  Brotas,  Brazil  2 '24 

15.  Long  Craig  2'167 

16.  Annapolis  Co.,  N.  C. 

17.  St.  Mary's  Pt.,  St.  John, 

W.I. 

18.  Table  Mt,  Col. 

19.  Rautenbush,  Pa. 

20.  Fegley's  mine,  Pa. 

21.  French  Creek,  Pa. 

22.  Skye 

23.  Bombay 

24.  Puflerite  2-21 

25.  Curico 

•  Fe203  tr. 


SiO2 

A12O3 

CaO 

Na2O  K20 

H2O 

56-88 

16-70 

7-69 

1-39 

— 

17-24 

MgO  0-03  = 

99-93 

56-30 

17-63 

7-50 

2-09 

— 

17-36 

MgO  0-05  = 

10093 

55-26 

17-36 

7-55 

1  93 

— 

18-62 

=  100-72 

58-79 

14-61 

9-53 

032 

0-23 

17-30 

Fe2O3047  = 

:  101-25 

56-91 

15-59 

7-47 

1-14 

— 

18-73 

=    99-84 

55-61 

15-62 

7-33 

2-01 

0-47 

1819 

=    99-23 

56-12 

16-83 

7-55 

1-34 

— 

17-57 

=    99-41 

56-47 

17-09 

7-74 

tr. 

— 

18-26 

=    99-56 

57-44 

15-43 

8-71 

— 

— 

18-03 

=    99-61 

56-59 

15-35 

5-88 

1-45 

0-89 

17-48 

MgO  0-82  = 

98-46 

58-20 

15-60 

8-07 

0-49 

0-92 

18-00 

=  101-28 

57-00 

17-10 

7-95 

0 

32 

18-03 

=  100-40 

52-34 

16-94 

9'22 

1- 

80 

19-23 

MgO  0-41  = 

99-94 

60-82 

16-67 

4-25 

1 

73 

18-12 

=  101-59 

57-82 

15-30* 

8-12 

0-83 

— 

17-85 

=    99-92 

57-32 

17-28 

7-57 

2-10 

— 

16-52 

=  100-79 

56-02 

17-23 

5-68 

2-15 

__ 

1942 

=  100-50 

54-67 

16-78 

7-98 

1-47 

— 

19-16 

=  100-06 

58-08 

13-11 

9-48b 

tr. 

0-42 

18-53 

=    99-62 

57-54 

12-67 

7-85 

tr. 

1-09 

18-97 

MgO  1-72  =* 

99-84 

58-00 

13-40 

7-80 

tr. 

1-03 

18-30 

MgO  1-40  =2 

9993 

52-40 

17-98 

9-97 

1-40 

0-03 

17-83 

MgO  0-36  == 

99-97 

52-80 

17-12 

7-89 

2-35 

0-07 

18-52 

=    98-75 

52-84 

16-30 

11-79 

— 

— 

17-16 

=    98-09 

52-67 

19-80 

11-25 

— 

— 

16-29 

=  100-01 

blncl.  MgO  1-38  p.  c. 


According  to  Damour,  loses  1-8  p.  c.  at  100°  C.;  13  p.  c.  between  100°  and  150°  C.;  regain- 
ing  all  lost  but  31  p.  c.  after  5  days'  exposure  to  the  ordinary  air;  at  170°  C.  the  loss  is  16^2  p.  c., 
which  is  reduced  to  9*2  p.  c.  after  15  days'  exposure. 

Hersch  (1.  c.)  obtained  for  the  loss  of  water,  after  two  hours'  heating  in  each  case  : 


Temp. 
HaO 


104° 
3-84 


150° 
8-71 


210° 
12-16 


250° 
13-60 


290C 
14-78 


red  ht. 
18-63  p.  c. 


Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  exfoliates,  swells  up,  curves  into  fan-like  or  vermicular  forms,  and  fuses  to 
a  white  enamel.  F.  =  2-2 -5.  Decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  without  gelatinizing.  The 
sphmrostilbite  gelatinizes,  but  Heddle  says  this  is  owing  to  a  mixture  of  mesolite  with  the 
stilbite. 

Obs.— Stilbite  occurs  mostly  in  cavities  in  amygdaloidal,  basalt,  and  similar  rocks.  It  is  also 
found  in  some  metalliferous  veins,  and  in  granite  and  gneiss. 

Abundant  on  the  Fiiroer  Islands,  in  Iceland,  and  on  the  Isle  of  Skye,  in  amygdaloid}  also 


PHILLIPSITE  GROl'P— STILBITE.  585 

found  on  the  Isle  of  Arrau,  Scotland;  in  Dumbartonshire,  at  Long  Craig  and  at  Kilpatrick, 
Scotland,  in  red  crystals:  at  Kincardine,  Kilmalcolin,  Campsie,  Scotland;  at  the  Giant's 
Causeway  and  in  the  Mourne  Mts.,  etc.,  Ireland;  at  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz,  and  Kongsberg 
and  Areudal  in  Norway,  with  iron  ore;  on  the  Seisser  Alp  in  Tyrol  and  at  the  Purler-loch  (pufler- 
ite);  on  the  granite  of  Striegau,  Silesia;  a  brown  variety  on  granite,  at  the  copper  mines  of 
GustJifsberg,  near  Falun  in  Sweden.  A  common  mineral  in  the  Deccan  trap  area  of  British  India, 
often  in  large  beautiful  sheaf-like  forms  of  a  salmon-pink  color  associated  with  apophyllite;  fine 
crystals  come  from  the  Bhor  and  Thul  Ghats,  also  Pooua,  the  island  Elephanta,  Bombay  harbor, 
etc.  (Mallet,  Min.  India,  p.  123,  1887).  In  augite-porphyrite  in  the  Serra  de  Brotas,  northeast  of 
Botucatii,  Brazil. 

In  North  America,  sparingly  in  small  crystals  at  Chester  and  the  Somerville  syenite 
quarries,  Mass.;  at  the  gneiss  quarry,  Thachersville,  Conn.,  in  crystals  lining  cavities  in  coarse 
granite;  at  Hadlyme,  in  radiated  forms  on  gneiss,  associated  with  epidote,  garnet  and  apatite; 
at  Phillipstown,  N.  Y.,  in  crystals  or  fan-like  groups;  opposite  West  Point,  in  a  vein  of  decom- 
posing bluish  feldspar,  intersecting  gneiss,  in  honey-yellow  crystals;  in  the  greenstone  of  Pier- 
niont,  in  minute  crystals;  in  scopiform  crystals  of  a  dull  yellow  color,  near  Peekskill,  N.  Y.; 
and  at  Bergen  Hill,  New  Jersey,  in  small  but  bright  crystals;  also  at  the  Michipicoteu  Islands, 
Lake  Superior. 

At  Partridge  Island,  Nova  Scotia,  forming  a  perpendicular  vein  from  3  to  4  inches  thick,  and 
from  30  to  50  feet  long,  intersecting  amygdaloid,  its  colors  white  and  flesh-red;  also  at  Isle  Haute, 
Digby  Neck,  Gulliver's  Hole,  Black  Rock,  Cape  Blomidon,  Hall's  Harbor,  Long  Point. 

The  name  stilbite  is  from  crriA./3j?,  luster;  and  desmine  from  decrju^,  a  bundle.  The  species 
stilbite,  as  adopted  by  Haiiy,  included  Strahlzeolith  Wern.  (radiated  zeolite,  or  the  above),  and 
Blatterzeolith  Wern.  (foliated  zeolite,  or  the  species  heulandite,  p.  574).  The  former  was  the 
typical  part  of  the  species,  and  is  the  first  mentioned  in  the  description;  and  the  latter  (made  the 
variety  stilbite  anamorphique]  he  added  to  the  species,  as  he  observes,  with  much  hesitation.  In 
1817  Breithaupt  separated  the  two  zeolites,  and  called  the  former  desmine  and  the  latter  euzeolite, 
thus  throwing  aside  entirely,  contrary  to  rule  and  propriety,  Hatty's  name  stilbite.  which  should 
have  been  accepted  by  him  in  place  of  desmine,  it  being  the  typical  part  of  his  species.  In 
1822  Brooke  (apparently  unaware  of  what  Breithaupt  had  done)  used  stilbite  for  the  first,  and 
named  the  other  heulandite.  In  this  he  has  been  followed  by  the  French  and  English  mineral- 
ogists, while  the  Germans  have  unfortunately  followed  Breithaupt. 

Alt. — Stilbite  has  been  observed  changed  to  quartz. 

Artif.,  etc. — Lemberg  shows  that  by  digestion  with  potassium  chloride  for  13  days,  stilbite 
is  transformed  into  a  corresponding  potassium  compound  (Kalidesmin),  while  by  a  calcium 
chloride  it  is  transformed  back  again,  or  with  sodium  chloride  into  a  corresponding  sodium 
compound  (Natrondesmin).  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  28,  559,  1876. 

Doelter  remarks  that,  like  heulandite,  stilbite  fused  and  slowly  cooled  yields  clusters  of 
needles  of  a  pyroxenic  mineral,  also  often  anorthite  with  amorphous  ground-mass.  Jb.  Min.,  1, 
132,  1890. 

Ref.— '  Zs.  Kr.,  2  576,  1878;  cf.  also  Langemann,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  132,  1886.  2  Heddle,  meas. 
bt  -  27°-30°,  calc.  29°  25£',  Min.  Mag.,  4,  44,  1880.  3  Mallet,  Min.  India,  125,  1887. 

4  On  the  optical  characters,  Dx.,  Miu.,  1,  416,  1862;  Lsx.,-1.  c. ;  Langemann,  Jb.  Min.,  2, 
126,  1886;  Rinne,  Abh.  Ak.  Berlin,  1175,  1890. 

FORESITE  Rath,  Pogg.,  152,  31,  1874. 

In  form  and  habit  like  stilbite.  -In  crystalline  crusts  on  tourmaline  or  lining  cavities. 
Cleavage:  b  distinct,  with  pearly  luster.  G.  =  2'405.  Like  stilbite  in  the  position  of  the  ax. 
pi.  and  bisectrix  (Dx.,  Jb.  Min.,  640,  1876). 

Anal.— 1,  Rath,  1.  c.  2,  Bechi,  D'Achiardi,  Min.  Tosc.,  2,  236,  1873.  3,  Pulle  &  Capacci, 
quoted  by  D'Achiardi,  Boll.  Com.  G.,  5,  311,  1874.  4,  Sansoni,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  4,  317,  1879. 

1. 

2. 
3. 
4. 

D'Achiardi  calls  the  mineral  analyzed  by  Bechi  cookeite  (cuccheite). 

B.B.  expands  and  melts.  With  difficulty  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  even  after  igni- 
tion. The  water  goes  off  in  part  at  100°  to  110°  C.,  after  continued  heating  at  800°  the  mineral 
loses  5  to  53-  p.  c.,  and  to  drive  off  the  whole  amount  present  (15'06  p.  c.  and  15*09  in  two  trials) 
a  strong  red  heat  was  required. 

Found  at  San  Piero  in  Campo,  Island  of  Elba,  in  cavities  in  the  granite,  with  tourmaline, 
lepidolite,  quartz,  feldspar.  It  occurs,  as  a  secondary  product,  along  with  heulandite  and  stil- 
bite, covering  these  minerals. 

Named  after  G.  F.  Forresi  of  Porto  Ferrajo  in  Elba. 


SiO2 

A1203 

MnO 

CaO 

MgO 

Na2O 

Ka20 

BeO 

H20 

49-96 

27-40 

— 

5-47 

0-40 

1-38 

0-77 

— 

15-07  = 

100-45 

44-60 

36-00 

1-02 

5-50 

0-02 

2-33 

0-72 

0-71 

9-18  = 

100-08 

44-60 

38-00 

1-02 

5-50 

0-20 

3-33 

0-72 

0-71 

6-00  = 

100-08 

49-97 

24-12 

— 

8-33 

tr. 

— 

0-46 

— 

17  06  = 

99-94 

586  SILICATES. 

444.  GISMONDITE.  Zeagonite  Gismondi,  Osserv.  Min.  di  Roma,  1816,  Tascli.  Min.,  11, 
164,  1817.  Gismondin  Leonh.,  ib.,  168.  Gismondine.  Abrazite  Breislak,  Instit.  Geol.,  3,  198 
Aricite. 

Monocliiiic;  pseudo-tetragonal  by  twinning1  Apparent  form  a  square  octa- 
hedron with  a  terminal  angle  of  61°  30'  and  an  angle  over  the  basal  edge  of 
87°  30'  Mgc.;  61°  4'  and  88°  8'  Rath.  Crystals  twinned  somewhat  analogous  to 
phillipsite.  As  explained  by  Rhine,  the  pyramid  is  formed  by  two  sets  of  clino- 
dornes  e  (Oil),  twinned  parallel  to  a  prism  of  nearly  90°,  each  set  being  separately 
twinned  parallel  to  the  basal  plane  o  (001).  The  edge  of  the  pyramid  corresponds 
in  position,  consequently,  to  the  clino-'diagonal  axis.  Faces  rough  and  composite, 
often  formed  of  many  subindividuals.  < 

Fracture  subconchoidal.  H.  =  4-5.  G.  =  2'265.  Luster  vitreous.  Color- 
less or  white,  bluish  white,  grayish,  reddish.  Transparent  to  translucent. 

Optically  — .  Bxa  _L  b  (010)  and  Bx<>  sensibly  J_  a  (100).  Sections  ||  base  of 
pyramid  show  four  sectors,  divided  by  diagonal  lines,  of  which  the  two  opposite 
have  like  extinction,  while  for  the  two  adjacent  the  extinction-directions  are  in- 
clined 5°.  Sections  ||  -pyramidal  edge  show  parts  J_  to  both  Bxa  and  Bx0.  Axial 
angles,  Rinne: 

2Ha.r    =  86°  58'  Li  2H0>r    =  104°  11'  .-.    2Vr  =  82°  11'  /Jr  =  1-5348 

2Ha.y    =  87°  34'  Na  2H0.y    =  103°  38'  .'.    2Vy   =  82°  43'  /5y  =  1-5385 

2Ha.gr  =  88°  10'  Tl  2Ho.gr  =  102°  54'  /.    2Vgr=  83°  19'  /?gr  =  1-5409 

The  form  was  made  orthorhombic  by  Credner;  also  by  Lang,  who  regarded  the  crystals  as 
made  up  of  110  and  Oil,  with  110  A  110  =  89°  10',  Oil  A  Oil  =  93°  41',  110  A  Oil  =  65°  18'. 
Irregularities  of  angle  led  Schrauf,  and  of  optical  character  Lasaulx,  to  assume  a  twinning  of 
triclinic  individuals.  Des  Cloi/eaux,  however,  while  proving  the  forms  to  be  penetration -twins, 
shows  that  the  directions  of  extinction  vary  somewhat  widely,  probably  as  caused  by  the 
irregular  grouping  but  not  so  as  to  confirm  Lasaulx's  assumption  of  triclinic  individuals.  The 
later  observations  of  Rinne  are  given  above. 

Rinne  finds  that  on  increase  of  temperature  the  variations  in  the  extinction  disappear  and 
the  crystals  become  orthorhombic  in  structure;  further  the  ax.  pi.  becomes  parallel  to  a  diagonal 
and  the  bisectrix  coincides  withe.  Also  2Ha.gr  —  24°  57'.  Optically  — ;  double  refraction 
weak. 

Comp. — Uncertain;  corresponds  nearly  to  CaAl2Si4012  +  4H20  =  Silica  34'3, 
alumina  29*1,  lime  16*0,  water  20*6  =  100.     Potash  replaces  some  of  the  lime. 
Anal.— 1,  Marignac,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  14,  46,  1845. 

SiO2       A12O3        CaO        K2O        H2O 
1.  CapodiBove    G.  =  2'265  35'88        27-23        13-12        2'85        2110    =     100-18 

The  following  analyses  2,  3,  are  referred  to  phillipsite  by  Dx. ;  they  have  been  regarded  as 
mixtures  of  gismondite  and  phillipsite,  while  by  some  authors  they  are  called  zeagonite  and  as- 
signed the  formula  (K2,Ca)Al2Si3O10.4H2O  =  Silica '42-6,  alumina  24-1,  lime  88,  potash  7'4, 
water  17'0  =  100.  The  mineral  of  anal.  4  is  stated  positively  to  be  gismondite. 

Anal.— 2,  3,  Mgc.,  1.  c.,  p.  41.     4,  Kbl.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  18,  105,  1839. 

Si02  A12O3  CaO            K2O  H2O 

2.  Local                                      43-25  24-69  7'45             9'78  15'25  =  100'42 

3.  Vesuvius                                43'95  24'34  5'31  11 '09  15'31  =  IGO'OO 

4.  Capo  di  Bove                        42'72  25'77  7'60             6'80a  17'66  =  100-55 

a  A  single  determination. 

Pyr.,  etc.— At  100°  C.  yields  one-third  of  its  water,  and  becomes  opaque.  B.B.  whitens, 
intumesces  much,  and  melts  to  a  milky  glass.  Easily  dissolves  in  acids  and  gelatinizes, 

Obs. — Occurs  in  the  leucitophyre  or  leucitic  lava,  of  the  region  of  Mt.  Albano,  south-east  of 
Home,  at  Capo  di  Bove,  and  elsewhere,  associated  with  pyroxene,  magnetite,  mellilite,  phillips- 
ite, wollastonite,  etc. ;  on  the  Gorner  glacier,  near  Zermatt  (Kenngott),  in  cavities  in  a  coarse, 
frauular,  reddish  brown  garnet-rock,  with  epidote,  calcite,  chlorite,  and  genthite;  also  in  the 
al  di  Noto,  Sicily  (Scacchi),  in  white  mammillary  concretions,  fibrous  within.  Other  localities 
are:  the  Frauenberg  near  Fulda;  Schiffenberg  near  Giessen  in  basalt  in  part  altered  to  a  clay- 
like  substance;  on  the  Hohenberg  (Hamberg)  near  Buhne  in  Westphalia,  in  a  nephelite-basalt  in 
octahedral  crystals  of  relatively  large  size  (f  cm.  on  the  edge);  Schlauroth  near  Gorlitz  in  Silesia; 
Salesl,  Bohemia. 


LA  UMONTITE.  587 

A  mineral  near  gismondite  in  form  and  like  it  in  its  complex  grouping  occurs  with  other 
zeolites  on  Fritz  Island  in  the  Schuylkill  river,  Penn. 

Zeagonite  is  from  £eiv,  to  boil,  and  ayovoS,  barren;  and  abrazite,  from  a,  privative,  and 
fipa^elv .  to  boil,  has  about  the  same  meaning. 

Ref.— '  On  the  form,  etc.,  see  Mgc.,  1.  c.;  Rath,  Pogg.,  132,  549,  1867;  Lang,  Phil.  Mag., 
28,  505,  1864;  Streng,  Jb.  Min.,  578,  1874;  Slg.,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  336,  1877;  Schrauf,  ibid.,  596; 
Lsx.,  ib..  4,  172,  1879;  Dx.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  6,  301,  1883,  ib.,  7,  135,  1884;  Rinne,  Ber.  Ak. 
Berlin,  1027,  1890. 


445.  LAUMONTITE.  Zeolithe  efflorescente  H.,  Tr.,  4,  1801.  Laumonite  H.,  Tabl. 
Comp.,  1808.  Lomonit  Wern.,  Karst.,  Tab.,  1808.  Schneiderite  Meneghini,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14, 
(54,  1852.  Leonhardite  Blum,  Pogg.,  59,  336,  1843.  Caporcianite  Sam,  Mem.  cost.  fis.  Toscana, 
2,  53. 

Monoclinic.      Axes  a  :  2  :  c  =  1-1451  :  1  :  0*5906;    ft  =  68°  46±'  =  001  A  100 
Miller1. 

100  A  HO  =  46°  52',  001  A  101  =  22°  3£',  001  A  Oil  =  28°  50'. 

Forms2:  b  (010,  t-i)  m  (110,  /)  e  (201,  24)  r  (111,  -  1) 

a  (100,  i-i)  c  (001,  0)  d  (201,  -  2-i)3  /(601,  6-i)3  u  (111,  1) 

ram"'  =  *93°  44'  cf    =     92°  23f  br   =  66°  44'  ww'  =  60°  28' 

cd       -    35°    0'  cr    =     31°  38'  bu  =  59°  46'  md  =  55°  22' 

ce        =    56°  55'  cm  =  *75°  40'  rr'  =  46°  32'  m'e  =  66°  30' 

a'e       =  *54°  19'  cu   =    41°  57' 

The  form  of  laumontite  approximates  somewhat  closely  to  that  of  the  pyroxenes. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  a.     Common  form  the  prism  m  with  oblique  termination  e. 
Also  columnar,  radiating,  and  divergent. 

Cleavage:  b  and  m  very  perfect;  a  imperfect.  Fracture 
uneven.  Not  very  brittle.  H.  =  3-5-4.  G.  =  2-25-2-36. 
Luster  vitreous,  inclining  to  pearly  upon  the  faces  of  cleavage. 
Color  white,  passing  into  yellow  or  gray,  sometimes  red.  Streak 
uncolored.  Transparent  to  translucent;  becoming  opaque  and 
usually  pulverulent  on  exposure. 

Optically  -.  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bxa  A  c  =  +  65°  to  70°.  Dis- 
persion large,  p  <  v;  inclined  slight.  Axial  angles,  Dx. : 

Huelgoet  2Er  =  52°  24'  2Ebl  =  56°  15'  Huelgoet,  Dx. 

Comp.,  Tar.— H4CaAl2Si40]4  +  2H20  =  4H2O.CaO.Al203.4Si02  =  Silica  51-1, 
alumina  21-?,  lime  11'9,  water  15-3  =  100. 

Leonhardite  is  a  laumontite  which  has  lost  part  of  its  water  (to  one  molecule),  and  the  same 
is  probably  true  of  caporcianite.  The  former  occurs  in  white  or  yellowish  crystals  like  ordinary 
laumontite,  also  columnar  and  granular;  caporcianite  in  pearly  flesh-red  monoclinic  crystals. 
Schneiderite  is  laumontite  from  the  serpentine  of  Monte  Catini.  Italy,  which  has  undergone 
alteration  through  the  action  of  magnesian  solutions.  It  occurs  with  sloanite  in  the  gabbro  rosso 
of  Tuscany.  Named  after  Sign.  Schneider,  director  of  the  mine  of  Monte  Catini.  The  ^Edel- 
forsite  of  Retzius,  or  the  Red  Zeolite  of  ^Edelfors,  is  referred  here  by  N.  J.  Berlin,  who  considers 
it  impure  from  mixed  quartz.  Bischof  has  analyzed  a  pseudomorph  of  laumontite  after  ortho- 
clase. 

Anal.— 1,  Sjogren,  Pogg.,  78,  415,  1849.  2,  Traube,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  67,  1887.  3,  4,  Gericke, 
Lieb.  Ann.,  99,  110,  1856,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  808,  1860.  5,  Mallet,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  22,  179,  1856. 
6,  How,  ib.,  26,  34,  1858.  7,  Bechi,  Trans.  Ace.  Line.,  3,  114,  1879.  8,  Liversidge,  Min.  Mag., 
1,  54,  1876.  9,  10,  Hillebrand,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Bull.  20,  16,  1885.  11,  Delffs,  Pogg.,  59,  339, 
1843.  12,  Barnes,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  15,  440,  1853.  13,  Smita,  Min.  Mitth.,  268,  1877  (material  dried 
over  H2SO4).  14,  Bechi,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  62,  1852. 

G.  SiO,  A12O3  CaO  H2O 

1.  Upsala,  red  51  "61  19-06  12-53  14'02  Fe2O3  2-96  =  100-18 

2    Striegau,  wh.                    2'28  51-09  21'36  11  76  15-35  =  99'56 

8.  Sarnthal                           2'28  |  51  58  20'63  ll'SO  15'10  Fe2O3  0'26,  Na,O  1'57  =  100'64 

4.  Plauen  Grund                 2'310  53'16  22'76  9'33  11 '90  FeaO3  0'15,  Na2O  3'32  =  100'62 


588 


SILICATES. 


5.  Skye,  red 

6.  Port  George,  N.  S. 

7.  Moute  Catini 

8.  Cox  R.,  N.  S.  W. 

9.  Table  Mt.,  Col. 

10.  "        "       " 

11.  Schemuitz,  Leonliardite  2 

12.  Copper  Falls, 

13.  Floitenthal. 


G. 

2'252 


14.   Caporcianite 


2'374 

2  '47 


Si02 
53-95 
51-43 
5378 
53-27 
51  43 
5207 
56-13 
55-50 
52-92 
52-02 

A12O2 
20-13 
21-64 
19-28 
22-83 
21-52 
21-30 
22-98 
21-69 
22-44 
22-83 

Cao 

12-86 
1207 
8-34 
11-00 
11-88 
11-24 
9-25 
10-57 
12-23 
9-68 

H20 

12-42  K2O,Na20    0'87,    MgO    tr.    = 
15-26  =  100-40  [100-23 

15-00  FeaOs  3-13,  MgO  0  52  =  100  05 
12  65  MgO  0-48  =  100'23     [=  100'12 
13-81  FeaO8  0-94,  Na2O  0-19,  K2O  0«35 
14-58  Na2O  0'48,  K2O  0'42  =  100'09 
[11-64]=  100 
11-93=    99-69 

12-38  =    99-97  [=  100-17 

13-17  MgO  1-11,  Na2O  025,  K2O  I'll 


Laumoutite  loses  its  water  of  crystallization  very  readily  and  hence  is  often  found  with  less 
than  the  normal  amount.  Malaguti  and  Dufocher  (ref.,  p.  571)  give  the  following: 

Temp.  100°  200°         300°  red  ht.  Also     in  vac.  H2SO4 

H2O  3-17  p.  c.        6-08         7-28         remainder  2-26  p.  c.  3'85 

Leonhardite  loses  over  sulphuric  acid  l'7-l-9  p.  c.  water,  and  has  then  the  composition  of 
laumontite  dried  at  100°,  Smita,  1.  c. 

Doelter  finds  that  laumontite,  when  fused  and  cooled  very  slowly,  forms  a  semi-crystalline 
mass  in  which  anorthite  is  prominent,  also  a  pyroxenic  mineral  in  acicular  forms  with  an  amor- 
phous ground-mass.  Jb.  Min.x  1,  130,  1890. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  swells  up  and  fuses  at  2 '5-3  to  a  white  enamel.  Gelatinizes  with  hydro- 
chloric acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  the  cavities  of  basalt  and  similar  eruptive  rocks:  also  in  porphyry  aud 
syenite,  and  occasionally  in  veins  traversing  clay  slate  with  calcite.  It  was  first  observed  in 
1785,  in  the  lead  mines  of  Huelgoet  in  Brittany,  by  Gillet  Laumont,  after  whom  it  is  named. 

Its  principal  localities  are  the  Faroer  Islands;  Disco  in  Greenland;  in  Bohemia,  at  Eule  in 
clay  slate;  St.  Gothard  in  Switzerland;  the  Fassathal,  in  large  masses  with  radiated  structure; 
Saruthal,  near  Botzen,  Tyrol;  the  Plauenscher  Grund,  near  Dresden;  Hartfield  Moss  in  Renfrew- 
shire, accompanying  analcite;  the  amygdaloidal  rocks  in  the  Kilpatrick  hills,  near  Glasgow;  the 
basaltic  rocks  of  the  Hebrides,  aud  the  north  of  Ireland.  In  India,  in  the  Deccan  trap  area,  at 
Poona  and  in  the  Western  Ghats. 

Peter's  Point,  Nova  Scotia,  affords  fine  specimens  of  this  species.  It  is  there  associated 
with  apophyllite,  thomspuite,  and  other  species  of  this  family;  also  at  Port  George,  N.  S.,  in 
veins  sometimes  3  in.  thick,  and  at  Margaretville,  colored  green  by  copper;  also  at  Digby  Neck 
and  Long  Point.  Also  found  in  good  specimens  at  Phippsburg,  Maine;  also  sparingly  at 
Bradleysville,  Litchfield  Co.,  Conn.,  near  a  paper-mill  in  narrow  seams  in  gneiss;  and  at  South- 
bury,  Conn.,  a  little  east  of  the  village,  on  the  land  of  Mr.  Stiles;  also  sparingly  at  West  Rock, 
New  Haven.  Abundant  in  many  places  in  the  copper  veins  of  Lake  Superior  in  trap,  and  on 
I.  Royale;  on  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  between  Pigeon  Bay  and  Fond  du  Lac.  Found 
also  at  Bergen  Hill,  N.  J.,  in  diabase,  with  datolite,  apophyllite,  etc.;  sparingly  at  Phillipstown, 
N.  Y.,  in  feldspar  with  stilbite;  at  the  Tilly  Foster  iron  mine,  Brewster,  N.  Y.;  at  Columbia 
bridge,  near  Philadelphia. 

Leonhardite  occurs  in  a  trachytic  rock  at  Schemuitz  in  Hungary;  at  Pfitsch  in  an  earthy 
chlorite,  and  near  Predazzo  in  the  Fleimsthal,  Tyrol,  in  a  melaphyre;  in  the  Floitenthal.  Also 
at  Copper  Falls,  Lake  Superior  region,  a  variety  which  alters  but  little  on  exposure.  Capor- 
cianite occurs  in  geodes  with  calcite  in  the  gabbro  rosso  of  Monte  de  Caporciano  at  PImpruneta, 
and  other  places  in  Tuscany.  It  is  sometimes  accompanied  by  native  copper. 

Ref.—1  Mir.,  Min.,  p.  452,  1852;  he  made  x  =  102,  u  =  Oil,  r  =  111.  The  position  here 
taken  is  that  of  Dx.  (Min.,  1,  p.  492,  1862),  but  the  vertical  axis  has  half  the  length  assumed  by 
him.  *  Cf.  Mir. ,  Dx.  1.  c.  3  J.  D.  D.,  on  schneiderite  from  Mte.  Catini,  Min.,  p.  400,  and  f. 
381,  p.  399,  1868. 

446.  LAUBANITE.    H.  Traube,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  64,  1887. 

In  fine  fibrous,  sometimes  spherical,  bundles  with  eccentric  radiated  structure; 
resembles  stilbite. 

H.  =  4-5-5.     G.  =  2-23.     Luster   dull.     Color  snow-white,  superficially  pale 
yellow  with  iron  oxide.     Transparent  to  translucent. 

Comp.— Ca2Al2Si5016  +  6H20   or  2CaO.Ala03.5SiOa  +  6H30  =  Silica  48'2, 
alumina  16-4,  lime  18'0,  water  17'4  =  100. 
Anal.— Traube,  1.  c. 

SiO2  AlaO8  CaO  MgO  H20 

f  47-84  16-74  1617  1'35  17'08    FeO  0'56  =  99'74 

Pyr.— B.B.  fuses  to  a  blebby  glass.  Decomposed  by  warm  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid 
with  separation  of  gelatinous  silica. 

Obs. — Occurs  implanted  upon  phillipsite  crystals  in  basalt  at  Lauban,  Silesia. 


CHABAZITE  GROUP— CHABAZITE. 


589 


447.     Chabazite. 


Chabazite  Group.     Ehombohedral. 

448.     Gmelinite.  449.    Levynite. 


The  fundamental  rhombohedrons  of  the  species  of  the  Chabazite  Group  have  different  angles, 
but,  as  shown  in  the  axial  ratios  on  p.  572,  they  are  closely  related,  since,  taking  the  rhombohedron 
of  Chabazite  as  the  basis,  that  of  Gmelinite  has  the  symbol  f  (2023)  and  of  Levynite  f  (3034). 

The  variation  in  composition  often  observed  in  the  first  two  species  has  led  to  the  rather 
plausible  hypothesis  that  they  are  to  be  viewed  as  isomorphous  mixtures  of  the  feldspar-like 
compounds 

(Ca,!N"a2)Al2Si2O8  +  4H2O 
(Ca,Na2)Al2Si6O16  +  8H2O 


447.  CHABAZITE.  Zeolithus  albus  cubicus  Islandise  0.  Born,  Lithoph.,  1,  46,  1772. 
Zeolite  en  cubes  Faujas,  Vole.  Viv.,  126,  1778;  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  2,  40,  1783.  Chabazie  (fr.  Ober- 
stein)  Bosc  d' Antic,  J.  d'Hist.  N.,  2,  181,  1788.  Wurfelzeolith  pt.  (rest  analcite)  Wern.,  Emmer- 
ling,  Min.,  1,  205,  1793.  Chabasie  (rhombohedral  form  recognized)  H.,  Tr.,  3,  1801.  Chabasiu 
Karst.,  Tab.,  30,  1808.  Schabasit  Wern.,  Hoffm.  Kuboizit  Weiss,  Hoffm.  Min.,  4,  b,  41,  1818, 
Mag.  Ges.  N.  Fr.,  Berlin,  7,  181,  1816.  Adipite  Renevier,  Bull.  Soc.  Vaud.,  16,  15,  1879. 
Cabasite  Ital. 

PhakolitBreith;  Tamnau,  Jahrb.  Min.,  653,  657.  1836.  Haydenite  Cleaveland,  Min.,  478, 
1822.  Acadialite  Alger  &  Jackson  (without  publication)  =  "No  Chabasie"  E.  Hoffmann,  Am. 
J.  Sc.,  30,  366,  1836;  =  Acadiolite  Thomson,  Phil.  Mag.,  22,  192,  1843;  Hayes.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  1, 
122,  1846.  Herschelite  Levy,  Ann.  Phil.,  10,  361,  1825.  Seebachite  Bauer,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  24,  391, 
1872. 

Rhombohedral.    Axis^  =  1-0860;  0001  A  1011  =  51°  25}'  Phillips1. 

Forms2:  c  (0001,  0)  rare;  a  (1120,  t-2);  r  (1011,  E);  e  (0112,  —  i),  s  (0221,  -  2);  t  (1123,  f-2); 
o(2134,  i3);  t'(12'l-13-14,  H")?- 

On  phacolite  also  p  (0223,  —  f)  which  corresponds  in  angle  to  the  fundamental  rhombo- 
hedron of  gmelinite. 


1. 


Figs.  1,  2,  Common  forms;  2.  penetration -twin.     3,  Faroer,  Tamnau.    4,  Bohemia,  Sbk. 
5,  6,  Phacoliie,  Richmond,  Victoria,  Rath. 


cr  =  51°  26' 
ce  =  32°  5' 
tp  =  39°  54' 


cs  =  68°  16' 
ct  =  35°  54' 
ee'  =  54°  47' 


rr'  =  *85°  14' 
er  =  42°  37' 
pp  =  67°  20' 


s*'  =  107°  7' 
it'  =  34°  6' 
M>  =  5°  55' 


590  SILICATES. 

Twins:  (1)  tw.  axis  ^penetration-twins  (f.  2,  3,  4)  very  common.  (2)  Tw. 
pi.  r,  contact-twins,  rare.  Form  commonly  the  simple  rhombohedron  varying  little 
in  angle  from  a  cube;  also  r  and  e.  Faces  r,  i,  e  striated  ||  intersection-edges;  also 
a  ||  edge  a/r.  Also  amorphous. 

Cleavage :  r  rather  distinct.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.=4-5.  G.  =  2'08 
-2*16.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  white,  flesh-red;  streak  uncolored.  Transparent 
to  translucent.  Optically  — ;  also  -f-  (Andreasberg,  also  haydenite).  Double  re- 
fraction weak.  The  interference-figure  usually  confused ;  sometimes  distinctly 
biaxial;  basal  sections  then  divided  into  sharply  defined  sectors  with  different 
optical  orientation.  These  anomalous  optical  characters  probably  secondary  and 
chiefly  conditioned  by  the  variation  in.  the  amount  of  water  present.  Mean  refrac- 
tive index  1*5,  Levy-Lex. 

The  optical  characters  of  chabazite  have  led  Becke3  to  a  hypothesis  of  a  twinning  of 
triclinic  individuals.  On  this  view  the  chabazite  rhombohedron  is  formed  of  six  or  more 
individuals,  each  cleavable  in  three  directions,  corresponding  to  the  rhoinboliedral  planes,  but 
to  be  taken  as  the  piuacoids  of  a  triclinic  crystal,  100,  010,  001.  The  angles  a,  ft,  y  formed 
on  each  of  these  faces,  respectively,  between  the  diagonal  and  the  extinction-directions  vary 
for  the  diiferent  localities,  but  in  a  typical  example  (Faroer)  were  as  follows:  a  =  22°  '8, 
ft  =  5° '8,  y  —  12° '3.  The  following  angles  were  also  obtained  on  the  cleavage  form:  100  A 010 
=  83°  42',  100  A  001  =  85;  31  f,  010  A  001  =  85°  5'. 

These  six  or  more  individuals  are  regarded  as  united  into  double  twins  according  to  two 
twinning  laws,  the  tw.  planes,  110  and  110  (corresponding  to  faces  of  the  prism  of  the  second 
series),  inclined  118'5°  to  each  other.  Three  types  are  distinguished,  according  as  to  whether  the 
faces  taken  as  100,  010,  or  001  form  the  exterior  of  the  pseudo-rhombohedral  crystal.  These 
three  types  are  recognized  by  the  angle  formed  by  the  extinction-directions  in  the  two  halves  of 
a  rhombohedral  face  on  either  side  of  the  diagonal  line.  In  the  first  type  this  angle  is  about  46°; 
in  the  second  small,  about  11°;  in  the  third  about  24°.  A  basal  section  shows  six  sectors  with 
an  arrangement  of  the  extinctions  in  the  different  parts  corresponding  to  these  types,  of  which, 
however,  the  second  is  rare  and  not  positively  identified. 

The  herschelite  of  Sicily  and  seebachite  of  Richmond  differ  from  chabazite  in  showing  a 
small  axial  angle  through  the  terminal  plane;  moreover,  the  individuals  here  are  referred  to  the 
monoclinic  system,  twinned  in  a  manner  more  or  less  closely  analogous  to  that  characterizing 
the  chabazite  proper. 

Klein  has  described  phacolitefrom  Annerod,  a  basal  section  (|  c)  of  which  showed  in  parallel 
polarized  light  an  optical  division  into  six  sectors;  while,  further,  each  sector  was  divided  into 
two  parts  with  extinction  (||  c)  inclined  in  each  symmetrically  6°  to  7°  to  the  6-axis  between  them. 
This  direction  was  further  the  ax.  plane  with  Bxa  (=  a)  J_  c  the  plane  of  the  section;  hence  op- 
tically — ;  2E  =  75-80°  approx.  These  last  semi-sectors  were  more  or  less  sharply  separated  by 
a  feather-like  area  between  them.  Different  crystals  and  different  parts  of  the  same  crystal 
showed  wide  variation  in  the  arrangement  and  in  the  strength  of  the  double  refraction,  and  it  is 
inferred  that  these  differences  are  connected  with  a  loss  of  the  water  of  crystallization.  This 
is  confirmed  by  the  behavior  of  a  section  on  being  heated  :  the  heating  serves  to  increase  the 
strength  of  the  double  refraction,  calls  out  the  optical  areas  where  they  did  not  exist  before  or 
develops  them  in  extent  and  distinctness.  There  is,  however,  no  return  to  the  original  condition 
on  cooling. 

Rinne  has  investigated  the  effect  of  heat  further  and  concludes  that  the  optically  positive 
chabazites,  by  heating  and  consequent  loss  of  water,  gain  the  optical  characters  of  the  negative 
varieties.  Further  heating  changes  both  kinds  to  those  with  strong  positive  double  refraction. 
The  distinction  between  the  optically  +  and  —  kinds  in  nature  is  hence  probably  connected 
with  amount  of  water  present. 

Var.— 1.  Ordinary.  The  most  common  form  is  the  fundamental  rhombohedron,  in  which 
the  angle  is  so  near  90°  that  the  crystals  were  at  first  mistaken  for  cubes.  Acadialite,  from  Nova 
Scotia  (Acadia,  of  the  French  of  last  century),  is  only  a  reddish  chabazite;  sometimes  nearly 
colorless.  In  some  specimens  the  coloring  matter  is  arranged  in  a  tessellated  manner,  or  in 
layers,  with  the  angles  almost  colorless.  For  chabazite  from  Oberstein  G.  =  2 -092,  from  Aussig 
2-093  Streng. 

Haydenite  is  a  yellowish  variety  in  small  crystals  from  Jones's  Falls,  near  Baltimore,  Md.; 
the  crystals  are  often  twinned  parallel  to  R. 

A  gelatinous  substance  (adipite)  having  the  composition  of  chabazite  (anal.  12)  has  been 
noted  by  Renevier  filling  cavities  between  calcite  crystals  in  veins  in  the  molasse  at  Cre"t- 
Meilloret  near  Lausanne. 

2.  PJiacolite  is  a  colorless  variety  occurring  in  twins  of  mostly  a  hexagonal  form,  and  often 
much  modified  so  as  to  be  lenticular  in  shape  (whence  the  name,  from  0o-K"oS,  a  bean);  the 
original  was  from  Leipa  in  Bohemia. 

Here  belongs  also  herschelite  (seebachite)  from  Richmond,  Victoria;  the  composite  twins  of 
great  variety  and  beauty.  Probably  also  the  original  herscbelite  from  Sicily  made  orthorhombic 
by  v.  Lang  (pseudo-hexagonal  by  twinning).  It" occurs  in  flat,  almost  tabular,  hexagonal  prisms 
with  rounded  terminations  divided  into  six  sectors. 


CEABAZITE  GROUP— CHABAZITE. 


591 


Comp. — Somewhat  uncertain,  since  a  rather  wide  variation  is.  often  noted 
even  among  specimens  from  the  same  locality.  The  ratio  of  (Ca,Na.2,K2)  :  Al  is 
nearly  constant  (=  i  :  1),  but  of  Ala  :  Si  varies  from  1  :  3  to  1  :  5;  the  water  also 
increases  with  the  increase  in  silica.  The  composition  usually  corresponds  to 
(Ca,Naa)Ala-Si40JQ  -f-  6H20  which,  if  calcium  alone  is  present,  requires:  Silica  47 '4, 
alumina  20-2,  lime  ll'-l,  water  21-3  =  100.  If  Ca  :  Na,  =  1:1,  the  percentage 
composition  1st  Silica  47*2,  alumina  20*0,  lime  5*5,  soda  6*1,  water  21*2  =  100. 

Potassium  is  also  present  iu  small  amount,  and  the  Oberstein  mineral  contains  both -barium 
and  strontium  (0'48  BaO,  0'32  SrO  Schroder).  Streng  (Ber.  Oberhegs.  Ges.,  16,  74,  1877)  explains 
the  supposed  facts  most  satisfactorily  by  the  hypothesis  that  the  members  of  the  group  are  iso- 
morplious  mixtures,  analogous  to  the  feldspars  of 

m(Ca,Na2)Al2Si2O8  -f-4H2O 
ft(Ca,Na2)Al2Si6O16-j-8H2O 

If  m  :  n  =  1  : 1,  this  is  equivalent  to  the  formula  above  given. 

Anal. — 1-3,  Burkhardt  and  Hammerschlag  (Streng,  1.  c.).  4,  Lemberg,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  28, 
556.  1876.  5.  6,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.  Erg.,  pp.  57,  61,  1886.  7,  8,  Hersch,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Zurich,  1887. 
9.  Mean  of  three  closely  agreeing  analyses  by  Holmquist.  Steenberg,  Ferre,  quoted  by  Widman, 
G.  For.  Forh.,  12,  25,  1890.  10,  Sausoni,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc..  4,  316,  1879.  11,  Koch,  Zs.  G.  Ges., 
28,  304,  1876.  12,  Bischoff,  quoted  by  Renevier,  1,  c.  13,  Hayes,  Am.  J  Sc.,  1,  122,  1846 
14,  Hillebraml,  U  S.  G  Surv.,  Bull.  20,  23,  1885.  15,  Sadtler,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  4,  356,  1882 
16,  Morse  and  Bayley,  ib.,  6,  24,  1884. 

17,  Rg.  Pogg.,  62,  149,  1844.  18,  Burkhardt  and  Hammerschlag,  1.  c  19,  Kerl,  Zs.  G. 
Ges.,  24,  393,  1872.  20,  Lepsius,  ib.,  25,  351,  1873.  21-23,  Pittman,  Ulrich,  Contr.  Miu. 
Victoria,  65,  1870.  24,  Rath,  Pogg.,  158,  397,  1876.  25,  Hersch,  1.  c.  26,  Dmr.,  Ann.  Ch. 
Phys.,  14,  97,  1845.  27,  Walt,,  Vulk.  Gesteine,  261,  1853.  28,  Lemberg,  Zs.  G.  Ges  ,  28,  547, 
1876.  29,  Lsx.,  Zs.  Kr.,  5,  341,  1881.  30,  Helms,  Liversidge  Miu.  N.  S.  W.,  189,  1888. 


5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 

17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 
27. 

28. 
29. 
30. 


Niddft 

Anuerod 
Alteubuseck 

Aussig 

Obersteia 
Faroer 

Elba 

Csodiberg 
Lausanne,  Adipite 
N.  Scotia,  Acadialite 
Table  Mt,,  Coi 
Fritz  Is.,  Pa. 
Baltimore,  Haydenite 

Leipa,  Phacolite 
Annerod     ' ' 
Richmond,  SeebacMte 


G. 

SiO2 

A1203 

CaO 

Na2O  K2O 

2-133 

§  46-35 

20-52 

10-83 

— 

0-21 

f  48  93 

18-19 

6-64 

0-92 

2-06 

|  50-75 

16-06 

6-65 

1-38 

2-27 

47-50 

20-00 

10-20 

0-23 

1-24 

f  48  32 

18-81 

10-24 

— 

1-92 

50-10 

16-45 

8-69 

0-30 

1-06 

2-081 

49-28 

18-52 

9-36 

0-72 



2058 

f  47-36 

20-13 

8-09 

1-99 



2-092 

|  45-85 

19-83 

8-86 

2-35 

0-63 

2119 

49-49 

20-35 

7-50 

tr. 

tr. 

2-05C 

<9-% 

18-53 

7-80 

1 

•96 

2-09 

48  89 

20-49 

3-57 



2-79 

5?  02 

17-88 

4-24 

4-07 

3-03 

|   i?  52 

19-48 

10'06b 

0-52 

0-36 

2-8 

§C28 

17-83 

696 

2-43 

2-40 

49-24 

18-07 

5-16 

— 

3-00 

2-116 


|  46-31 

21  '87 

10-40 

0-95 

1-29 

f.  46-82 

19-29 

10-29 

0-70 

0-40 

43-7 

21-8 

8-5 

3-5 

tr. 

44-77 

22-10 

7-51 

8-18 



45-33 

22-22 

7-11 

5-54 

0-97 

46-05 

22-07 

7-06 

5-48 

0-72 

46-26 

23-04 

7-02 

5-96 

0-09 

46-08 

21-09 

5-75 

4-52 

1-77 

4384 

20-99 

5-89 

5-78 

1-83 

|  47-39 

20-90 

0-38 

8-33 

4-39 

47-03 

20-21 

4-66 

4-82 

2-03 

2-135 
2-162 
Aci  Castello,  Herschelite  2-06 


46-46    20-24      1:03 
47-15    21-42      5-34 

Invernell,  N.  S.  W.          210      f  47'70    19-31     10'85 
*  In  desiccator  3-64  (=  1  H2O),  at  red  heat  18'62  p, 


8-95    3-87 

[669] 
0-39    1-18 
c. 


H20 

22-09  =  100 

22-04  Fe203   1'22  =  100 

21-46  Fe203    1'43  =  100 

21-40  =  100-57 

21-48  =  100-77 

2 1-07  BaO  1  89  =  99-56 

22-02  BaO,  SrO  ^.=99-90 

22-54  =  100-11 

22-26*=    99-78 

2062=    97-96 

20-77-    99-02 

21-62  MgO  3-14  =  100 

18  30  s    99-54 

22-11  =  100-05 

20-21  MgO  0-22  =  100 -33 

21  -31  BaO  1  -47,  FeO2O8 
[084,  MgO  0-86  =  99-95 

[19-16]=  100 

22-36  Fe203  0--14  =  100 

22-2    =    99-7 

22-07  =    99-63 

18-67  =    99-84 

19-25  =  100-63 

18-52  =  100-89 

21-08  =  100-29 

21  97  =  100 '30 

17  84  =    99-23 

17-86  Fe203  1'14,  MgO 
[0-50  =  98-25 

19-45  =  100 

19-40  =  100 

20 -67  MgO  0-43  =  100 -53 
b  Inch  SrO  0-43. 


Richmond  phacolite  loses  2  molecules  H2O  over  calcium  chloride  after  a  week,  Hiutze  Zs 
Kr.,  10,  .276,  1885. 

According  to  Damour,  crystals  from  Dyrefiord,  Iceland,  and  Riibendorfel,  Bohemia,  lost 
7'2  p.  c.  after  5  mouths  in  dried  air:  after  some  mouths  in  the  free  air.  again  regained  this, 
and  also  an  excess  of  015  p.  c  Heated  for  1  hour  to  100°  C.,  the  loss  was  2'75  p.  c.;  to  180°,  14 


592  SILICATES. 

p.  c.;  to  230°,  17  p.  c.;  to  300°,  19  p.  c.;  this  loss  was  reduced  to  zero  in  3  days;  at  a  dull  red 
heat,  the  loss  was  21  p.  c.,  and  the  mineral  was  no  linger  hygroscopic;  at  a  bright  red,  it  lost 
22  '4  p.  c.,  intumesced,  and  was  partially  fused. 

Phacolite  lost  7  p.  c.  after  7  months  in  dried  air;  and  4  months  after,  in  an  atmosphere 
saturated  with  moisture,  it  had  an  excess  of  12'5  p.  c.,  which  it  lost  very  nearly  again  in  ordinary 
air.  Heated  to  100°  C.,  the  loss  was  3'7  p.  c.;  to  210°,  15*7  p.  c.;  to  290°-360°,  18  p.  c.;  and 
after  48  hours'  exposure  to  the  free  air,  the  amount  lost  was  restored.  At  a  dull  red  heat,  the 

and  the  material  was  fused  to  a  blebby  enamel. 


by  Burkhafdt  and  Hammerschlag  (ruoted  by  Streng,  1.  c.)  are: 

100°  200°  300°  ign.  strong  ign. 

4-73  9-53  14-55  21-03                  2239 

3-99  10-90  14-93  20'13                   21-78 

4-06  11-31  15-02  21-24                   22'50 

4-69  11-82  15-16  '  21-14                  22'62 

Hersch's  results  after  2  hours'  heating  in  each  case  are  as  follows  : 

For  Chabazite: 

Temp.          102°          125°          155°         195°         240°          260°          290°  red  ht. 

HaO  5-77          6-51          9-22        11-29        13'55        14'44        14'81        2247  p.  c. 

For  Phacolite: 

Temp.        100°  150°          195°  240°  285°  320  red  ht. 

H2O  6-21  9-81          13-78          17-61          18'78          18'91        21  -97  p.  c. 

Pyr.,  etc.—  B.B.  intumesces  .and  fuses  to  a  blebby  glass,  nearly  opaque.  Decomposed  by 
hydrochloric  acid,  with  separation  of  slimy  silica. 

Obs.—  Chabazite  occurs  mostly  in  basaltic  rocks,  and  occasionally  in  gneiss,  syenite,  mica 
schist,  hornblendic  schist. 

Occurs  at  the  Faroer  Islands,  Greenland,  and  Iceland,  associated  with  chlorite  and  stilbite; 
at  Aussig  in  .Bohemia,  in  a  kind  of  greenstone  (the  graustein  of  Werner);  at  Obersteiu,  with 
uarmotome;  "at  Annerpd,  near  Giessen;  at  the  Giant's  Causeway,  Antrim,  Kilmalcolm, 
Renfrewshire  (some  an  inch  across);  Isle  of  Skye,  etc.;  Poona,  near  Bombay,  India,  but  rare. 

Phacolite  occurs  at  Leipa  in  Bohemia;  also  at  Salesl  and  Wannow,  in  Bohemia;  in  Antrim, 
Ireland,  at  Giant's  Causeway. 

Herschelite  accompanies  phillipsite  in  a  lava  at  Aci  Castello,  near  Aci  Reale,  Sicily;  also 
at  Cyclops,  Catania;  in  basalt  near  Richmond,  Victoria,  Australia  (seebachite),  the  crystals  in 
mode  of  twinning  and  in  optical  properties  like  the  Sicilian. 

Both  massive  and  incrusted  at  the  Paugatuck  stone-quarry,  Stonington,  Conn.,  with 
scapolite,  titanite,  and  apatite;  also  yellowish  red  in  North  Killingwortb,  on  the  Essex  turnpike; 
at  Hadlyme,  Conn.,  on  gneiss;  sparingly  at  Branchville  in  a  pegmatyte  vein  with  chlorite,  etc.; 
in  syenite  at  Somerville,  Mass.,  also  at  Chester,  Mass.,  in  amygdaloid;  at  Bergen  Hill,  N.  J., 
in  small  crystals;  in  the  same  rock  at  Piermont,  N.  Y.  ;  in  fissures  in  hornblendic  gneiss  at 
Jones's  Falls,  near  Baltimore  (haydenite),  with  heulaudite.  Phacolite  has  been  reported  from 
New  York  Island. 

In  Nova  Scotia,  wine-yellow  or  flesh-red  (the  last  the  acadialite),  associated  with  heulaudite, 
analcite,  and  calcite,  at  Five  Islands,  Swan's  Creek,  Digby  Neck,  Mink  Cove,  William's  Brook. 

At  Husavic,  Iceland,  fossil  clam  shells  (Venus)  occur  in  a  recent  deposit,  lined  within  with 
small  rhombohedrons  of  chabazite.  Daubree  states  that  crystals  occur  at  the  warm  springs  of 
Luxeuil,  Dept.  of  Haute  Saone,  France,  as  well  as  at  those  of  Plombieres,  under  conditions  which 
indicate  that  they  were  formed  through  the  agency  of  the  warm  waters;  the  temperature  at 
Luxeull  is  115°  F.,  and  at  Plombieres  163°  F.  Also  a  recent  formation  at  Bourboune-les-Baius 
and  at  Oran,  Algiers. 

The  name  Chabazite  is  from  xafi<x£io$,  an  ancient  name  of  a  stone.  HerscJielite  after  Sir  John 
P.  W.  Herschel  (1792-1871).  Seebachite  after  Karl  von  Seebach,  a  German  mineralogist  (1839-1878). 

Alt.  —  The  haydenite  is  often  covered  with  chlorite,  and  sometimes  chlorite  takes  the  place 
of  the  crystal. 

Altered  crystals  from  the  Vogelsgebirge  have  been  analyzed  by  Suckow,  5th  Ed.,  p.  436. 

Doranite  of  Thomson  may  be  altered  chabazite,  if  the  analysis  is  not  an  incorrect  one  of  th6 
•unaltered  mineral.  Found  in  basalt,  2  m.  W.  of  Carrickfergus,  Co.  Antrim.  Cf.  5th  Ed., 
p.  436. 

Artif.,  etc.—  Obtained  by  Doelter  (1)  by  recrystallization  in  water  containing  carbon  dioxide; 
the  powdered  mineral  was  digested  in  a  closed  tube  for  9  days  at  150°,  and  minute  rhombohedral 
crystals  obtained.  (2)  Also  with  similar  result  by  direct  synthesis  of  freshly  precipitated  silica, 
alumina,  also  calcium  hydrate  placed  in  carbonated  water  and  kept  for  a  long  time  at  200°  in  a 
sealed  tube.  By  the  fusion  and  slow  cooling  of  chabazite,  anorthite  was  obtained.  Jb.  Min.,  1, 
124,  189Q 


CHABAZITE  GRO  UP—  G MELINITE. 


593 


Lemberg  describes  the  conversion  of  normal  chabazite  into  the  corresponding  barium 
and  potassium  compounds  by  slow  digestion  with  solutions  of  barium  chloride  and  potassium 
chloride;  also  the  resubstitutiou  by  the  action  of  calcium  chloride,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  28,  556,  1876. 

Ref. — *  Min,,  138,  1823,  this  augle  varies  somewhat  widely,  and  seldom  admits  of  exact 
measurement.  *  Cf.  Tamnau,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Stuttgart,  1836.  Also  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  407,  1862; 
Streug,  Oberhess,  Ges.,  16,  74,  1877;  Becke,  Miu.  Mitth.,  2,  391,  1879;  Gdt.,  Index,  1,  407, 1886. 
Gdt.  with  .Streng  includes  also  gmelinite  and  levynite.  The  symbol  of  the  striated  vicinal 
scaleuohedron  i  (Ph.)  is  doubtful. 

On  the  form  of  phacolite,  herschelite,  seebachite,  see:  Lang,  Phil.  Mag.,  28,  506,  1864' 
Ulrich,  Contrib.  Min,  Victoria,  1870;  Rath,  Pogg.,  158,  387,  1876;  Lsx.,  1.  c. 

3  On  the  optical  phenomena,  cf.  Brewster,  Phil.  Trans.,  p.  93,  1830,  Phil.  Mag.,  9,  170,  1836, 
Johnston,  ifj.,  p.  166  ;  Dx.,  1.  c.;  Streng,  1.  c.,  Lang,  Rath,  1.  c.;  Becke,  Min.  Mitth.,  2,  391, 1879. 
Also  Lsx.,  Sicilian  herschelite,  Zs.  Kr.,  5,  338,  1881  ;  Klein,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  703,  1890,  and 
Jb.  Min.,  1,  96,  1891 ;  Rinne,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  1192,  1890. 


448.  GMELINITE.  flareolite  Vauq.>  Ann.  Mus.,  9,  249,  1807,  11,  42.  Hydrolithe  Leman. 
Cat.  Min.  de  Dree,  18,  1811.  Gmelinite  Brooke,  Ed.  J.  Sc.,  2,  262,  1825.  Ledererite  C.  T.  Jack- 
son, Am.  J.  Sc.,  25,  78,  1834.  Natronchabazit  Germ. 

Pthoinbohedral.     Axis  6  =  0-7345;  0001  A  1011  =  40°  18^'  Pirsson7. 

Fornls2 :  a  (1120,  *-2)  r  (1011,  K)  q  (3032,  f  )4  tw.  pi.  X  (5166,  |i)« 

c  (0001,  G)  mre         I  (5270,  ^-|)4  p(0111,  -  1)  £  (1122,  1-2)  0  (4377,  f/ 

w  (1010,  /) 


1. 


5. 


Figs.  1,  2,  Cape  Blomidon,  N.  Scotia.     3-6,  Pinnacle  Is.,  N.  Scotia,  Pirsson;  these  are  drawn 

with  p  (0111)  in  front. 


cr  =  40°  18' 
mr  -  49°  42' 
c£  =  36°  18' 
c^  =  38°  6' 


c0  =  36°  23 
rr1  =  *68°  8' 
rp  =  37°  44' 
41'  =  34°  26' 


XX"    =  H°    2' 
00v  =  29°  2-li' 
r(p     =  16°    4i' 
P<p    =21°  40' 


rx  =    6°    2' 

PX  =  31°  42' 
cq  =  51°  57 


Twins:  (1)  tw.  pi.  /  (3032)  which  corresponds  in  angle  to  the  fundamental 
rhombohedron  of  the  related  species  chabazite,  see  f.  6.  (2)  tw.  axis  6,  penetration- 
or  contact-twins  (f.  5)  analogous  to  those  of  chabazite. 

Crystals  usually  hexagonal  in  aspect:  sometimes  p  smaller  than  r,  and  habit 
rhombohedral;  m  often  horizontally  striated ;  p  of  ten  enclosed  by  the  striated  OB 


594  SILICATES. 

channeled  faces  of  tfie  scalenohedron  0  as  in  f.  5 ;  sometimes  in  oscillatory  com- 
bination with  r  as  in  f.  3.  Faces  £  striated  ||  edge  ZJr  and  often  grooved, 
similarly  to  0. 

Cleavage:  m  easy;  c  sometimes  distinct.    Fracture  uneven.    Brittle.    H.  =  4*5, 

0.  =  2'04-2*17.      Luster   vitreous.      Colorless,   yellowish   white,   greenish  -white, 
reddish  white,  flesh-red.     Transparent  to  translucent.     Optically  positive,  Cyprus, 
also  negative,  Andreasberg,    the   Vicentine,    and    Glenarm,   N.    Scotia.      Double 
refraction  very  weak.       Interference-figure   often   disturbed,   and   basal   sections 
divided  optically  into  section  analogous  to  chabazite^     Refractive  indices,  Pirsson  ': 

Nova  Scotia        coy  =  1-4760  1-4646  1-4770  Na 

ey  =  1-4674  1-4637  1-4765 

Montecchio  Maggiore    <*>y  =  1-48031  ey  =  1-47852  Negri.8 

Comp.— In  part  (Na2,Ca)Al2Si4012  + 6H20.  If  sodium  alone  is  present  this 
requires:  Silica  46'9,  alumina  19'9,  soda  121,  water  21-1  =  100. 

The  above  corresponds  to  anal.  1  (in  which  some  lime  ic  also  present);  other  analyses  show 
more  silica  which  has  been  ascribed  to  the  presence  of  free  silica,  but,  as  Pirssou  shows,  is  ex- 
plained by  Streng's  hypothesis  (p.  591),  the  albite-like  compound  being  present  in  relatively  large 
amount. 

Anal.— 1.  Rg..  Pogg.,  49,  211,  1840.  2,  Lemberg,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  28,  547,  1876.  3-5,  Howe, 
Am.  J.  .Sc.,  12,  270>  1876.  6,  7,  Pirsson,  ibid.,  42,  62.  1891. 

O.  SiO2    A1203    CaO  Na2O  K20    H2O 

1.  Glenarm  §4648    20-64    378    719    1'74    20*41  =  100'24 

2.  "  4790    2047    0'83  lO'OO    1-87    18-87  =  100 

3.  Two  Islands.  N.  S.  f  51 '36  1781  5-68  3'92  0'23  20'96  Fe2O3  0'15  =  100'lJ 

4.  Five  Islands,  N.  S.  f  50'45  18'27  1'12  9'79  0'20  20'71  Fe2O3  0'17  =  100'7l 

5.  Bergen  Hill,  N.  J.  4867  18'73  2'60  9'14      tr.  21  "35  Fc.Os  O'lO  =  100'58 

6.  Five  Islands,  outer  shell  2'037        50'35  18'33  I'Ol  9'76  0'15  20'23  Fe2O2  0'26  =  100'09 

7.  "         "        nucleus       2'037        50-67    18'50    1'05    9'88    0-16    20-15  Fe203  0'15  =  100-56 

A.cording  to  Damour,  the  Cyprus  gmelinite  loses  6  p.  c.  in  dried  air;  at  100°  C.  loss  13  p.  c., 
and  the  amount  is  regained  rapidly  in  free  air;  at  230°  C.  loss  20  p.  c. ;  at  a  bright  red  heat  21  '5 
p.  c.,  and  the  grains  become  soldered  together.  The  Irish  crystals  lose  7'25  p.  c.  in  dried  air, 
-which  in  six  months  increases  to  9'3  p.  c. ;  -the  loss  is  reduced  to  1-5  p.  c.  after  a  few  days  of 
exposure.  In  the  closed  tube  crumbles,  giving  off  much  water 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  easily  (F.  =  2'5-r3)  to  a  white  enamel.  Decomposed  by  hydrochloric 
acid  with  separation  of  silica. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  flesh-ied  crystals  in  amygdaloidal  rocks  at  Montecchio  Maggiore  (sarcolite 
of  Vauquelin)  and  at  Castel,  in  the  Vicentine;  at  Andreasberg,  in  argillaceous  schist,  with 
analcite  aud  heulandite;  in  Transylvania;  at  Glenarm  and  Port-rush  in  Antrim,  Ireland;  the 
island  of  Magee,  some  crystals  %  in.  across;  near  Larne,  flesh-colored;  at  Talisker  in  Skye, 
in  large  colorless  crystals;  on  the  I.  of  Cyprus,  near  Pyrgo,  of  a  pale  reddish  color,  and 
G.  =  2-07. 

In  the  United  States  in  fine  white  crystals  at  Bergen  Hill,  N.  J.  At  Cape  Blomidon  in 
Nova  Scotia  (ledererite)  on  the  north  coast,  at  a  point  nearly  opposite  Cape  Sharp,  in  geodes, 
with  analcite  and  quartz,  often  implanted  on  the  latter  mineral;  also  at  Two  Islands  and 
Pive  Islands., 

Named  Q-melinile  after  Prof.  Ch.  Grnelin  of  Tubingen  (1792-1860);  Hydrolite  from  the  water 
present;  Ledererite  after  Baron  Lederer,  Austrian  Consul  at  New  York  (d.  1842).  The  name 
hydrolite  has  the  priority,  but  is  objectionable  because  the  mineral  is  not  so  eminently  hydrous 
as  to  make  it  deserving  of  the  appellation. 

Ref.— !  Pirsson,  Nova  Scotia,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  57,  1891.  Des  Cloizeaux  gives  for  crystals 
from  Audreasberg  mr  =  50°  3',  rr  ~  67°  34',  Min.,  1,  p.  396, 1862.  Streng  (1.  c.)  shows  .that  the 
forms  may  be  referred  to  the_  chabazite  rhombohedron  (rr'  =  85°  16'),  since  c  (chabazite)  =;  |</ 
gmelinite;  r  then  becomes  2023  (|J?).  Notwithstanding  the  close  relation  of  the  two  species  it 
is  most  unnatural  to  merge  them  in  one. 

2  Cf.  also  Tamnau,  Inaug.  Diss.,  1836;  Guthe,  Hannover  Nat.  Ges.,  20,  52,  1871.  3  Negri,, 
Montecchio  Maggiore,  Riv.  Min.  Ital.,  2,  3,  1887.  4  Pirsson,  Five  Islands,  N.  Scotia,  1.  c. 

GRODDECKITE.  Arzruni,  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  343,  1883.  Near  gmelinite  in  form  and  composition. 
Axis  c  =  0-7252.  In  rhombohedral  crystals,  mr  =  50°  3£',  rr'  =  67°  33';  showing  also  a  scaleno- 
liedron  with  terminal  angles  67°  1'  and  4°  30'.  Cleavage:  m  indistinct.  H.  =  3-4.  Luster 
vitreous.  Colorless,  transparent.  An  analysis  on  Or056  gr.  gave  Broockmann: 

SiOa51'2      AU)3l2-0      FeaO3  77      CaO  11      MgO  3'3      NaaO  [4'5]      HaO  20'2  =  100 


CHABAZITE  GROUP— LEVYNITE.      ANALCITE.  595 

Known  from  a  single  specimen  only,  obtained  at  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz,  in  1867;  the  small 
crystals  cover  calcite  crystals. 

Named  after  von  Groddeck,  director  of  the.Bergakademie  at  Clausthal. 

449.  LEVYNITB.  Levyne  Brewster,  Ed.  J.  Sc.,  2,  832,  1825.  Mesolin  Berz.,  Ed.  PhiL 
JT..  7,  6,  1822. 

Khombohedral.     Axis  6  =  0-8357;  0001  A  lOll  =  43°  58}'  Haidinger.' 

Forms1 :  c  (0001,  0),  r  (1011,  B);  s  (0221,  -  2),  h  (0331,  _  3).  cs  =  62°  37',  ch  =  70°  57 . 
&  =  *100°  31',  hh'  =  109°  53  ,  rs  =  50°  16',  rr'  =  73°  56'. 

Twins:  tw.pl.  c,  as  penetradon-twins.  Faces  r,  s  striated  edge  r/s;  c  uneven 
and  usually  rounded.  Crystals  often  in  druses. 

Cleavage-  s  indistinct.  Fracture  subconchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  4-4'5.  G.= 
2'09-2'16,  Luster  vitreous.  Colorless,  white,  grayish,  greenish,  'reddish,  yellow- 
ish. Transparent  to  translucent.  Optically  negative.  Double  refraction  strong. 

Comp.— CaAljSijO^  4-  5HaO  -  Silica  49-2,  alumina  10*9,  lime  11 '5,  water 
18-4  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Damour,  Ann,  Mines,  9,  333,  1846.  2,  3,  Hillebrand,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Bull.  2O, 
87,  1885. 

SiO2     A120S      CaO      Na2O     K2O      H2O 

1.  Iceland  i  44-48      23'77       10'71       1  38      1-61       17*41  =     99'36 

2.  Table  Mt.,  Col  .  cryst.  4676      2T91       1112       T34      0"21       18'65  =     99'99 

3.  "        "         "     fibrous  46-97      22'39       10-85      0'79       1'17       18-03  =  100'20 

Iceland  crystals,  according  to  Damour,  lose  4  p.  c.  in  dried  air,  and  regain  all  again  soon  in 
the  free  air.  When  heated,  begin  to  lose  water  at  70°  C. ;  at  225°  the  loss  is  12  to  13  p.  c.;  remain 
hygroscopic  up  to  360°.  The  loss  is  completed  at  a  white  heat,  when  the  mineral  is  a  white 
bleb  by  glass. 

Pyr.,  etc.— RB.  mtumesces  and  fuses  to  a  white  blebby  glass,  nearly  opaque.  Gelatinizes 
with  hydrochloric  and  nitric  acids. 

Obs. — Lines  cavities  in  amygdaloid,  and  is,  with  rare  exceptioif.  the  "sole  tenant  of  its 
druses,  even  though  these  druses  be  within  3.  quarter  of  an  inch  of  others  containing  chabazite 
associated  with  half  a  dozen  other  zeolites"  (Heddle);  it  shows  thus  its  distinctiveness  from 
chabazite. 

Found  at  Gleuarm  and  at  Island  Magee,  Am  rim,  near  Dungiven,  Magilligan,  and  elsewhere 
in  Londonderry,  Hartfield  Moss,  near  Glasgow,  at  Dalsnypen,  Fiiroer  (the  original  locality)  and 
on  the  Island  Waago,  at  Godhavn,  Disco  Island,  Greenland;  at  Onundarfiord,  Dyrefiord,  and 
elsewhere  in  Iceland.  In  the  basalt  of  Table  Mountain  near  Golden,  Colorado 

Mesolin  is  a  white  granular  mineral  from  the  Farder,  which  may  be  chabazite;  it  fills  small 
cavities  in  amygdaloid. 

Named  after  the  mineralogist  and  crystallographer  A.  Levy,  author  of  the  work  on  the 
Heuland  Cabinet. 

Ref.— '  Ed.  J.  Sc.,  2,  332,  1828.  The  form  may  be  referred  to  the  chabazite  rhombohedron 
(rr'  =  85°  16'),  since  c  (chabazite)  =  |c  levynite  approx.,  then  r  =  3034  (f  J2),  s  =  0332  (-  f  M\ 
h  =•  0994  ( —  %  jR). 


450.  ANALCITE.  Zeolite  dure  (fr  Etna)  Dolomieu,  F.  de  St.  Fond  Min.  des  Volcans  198, 
1784.  Wilrfelzeolitb  pt.  [rest  Chabazite]  Emmerling,  Min.,  205, 1793,  Lenz,  1,  241,  1794.  [Form, 
f.  9,  described.]  Zeolite  cubique,  Z.  leucitique,  Delameth.,  T.  T.,  2,  307,  308,  1797.  Analcime 
H.,  Tr.,  3,  1801  Analcite  Gallitzin,  Diet.  Min.,  12,  1801.  KnbizitWern. ,  1803,  Ludwig's  Min., 
2,  210,  1804.  Analzim  Wern.,  Letzt.  Min.  Syst.,  6.  Kuboit  Breith.,  Char.,  153,  1832  (Analzim, 
p.  127).  Eutalith  Esmark.  Euthalite  Dx.,  Min.,  2,  p.  xxxix,  1874.  Euthallite,  Eudnophifc 
Weibye,  Pogg.,  79,  303,  1850., 

Isometric.     Observed  forms1 : 

a  (100,  i-i)    d(110,  »)    o(lll,l)    T  (332,  f)5    n  (211,  2-2)    ca  (Till,  m-m)\ 

Usually  in  trapezohedrons  (f.  1);  also  in  cubes  with  planes  n  (f.  3);  again  the 
cubic  faces  replaced  by  the  vicinal  trisoctahedron  GO.  Sometimes  in  composite 
groups  (f.  2)  about  a  single  crystal  as  nucleus  (f.  4).  Also  massive  granular;  com- 
pact with  concentric  structure. 

Cleavage:    cubic,  in  traces.     Fracture  subconchoidal.     Brittle.     H.  =  5-5-5^. 


596 


SILICATES. 


G.  =  2-22-2-29;  2-278  Thomson.  Luster  vitreous.  Colorless,  white;  occasionally 
grayish,  greenish,  yellowish,  or  reddish  white.  Transparent  to  nearly  opaque. 
Often  shows  weak  double  refraction  which  is  connected  with  loss  of  water  and 
consequent  change  in  molecular  structure.  Refractive  index:  nr  =  1-4874,  Cyclo- 
pean Is.,  Dx.3 


1. 


3. 


•Elg.  1,  Common  form.    2,  4,  Phoenix  mine,  L.  Superior,  Penfield.    3,  Cyclopean  Is.,  Fassathal. 


The  question  of  the  optical  anomalies  of  analcite  (early  noted  by  Brewster)  and  the  system 
•to  which  it  should  be  referred,  has  been  discussed  by  many  authors4.  Schrauf  on  crystallographic 
grounds  referred  crystals  from  Friedeck,  Bohemia,  to  the  orthorhomhic 
system,  describing  them  as  complex  twins,  analogous  to  leucite.  Mal- 
lard described  in  detail  the  optical  anomalies  of  the  species,  and  ex- 
plained  them  by  assuming  that  a  crystal  was  formed  by  the  interpene- 
tration  of  three  pseudo-tetragonal  individuals,  each  one  formed  of  two 
orthorhornbic  crystals,  with  nearly  equal  axes;  these  24  orthorhombic 
crystals,  composing  a  single  pseudo-isometric  crystal,  would  correspond 
to  the  24  planes  of  a  tetmhexahedrou. 

The  whole  subject  was  exhaustively  reviewed  and  further  investi- 
gated by  Ben  Saude.  He  described  the  results  of  an  optical  examina- 
tion of  sections  of  many  crystals  cut  parallel  to  the  cubic,  octahedral, 
dodecuhedral,  and  trapezohedral  planes,  and  showed  that  they  do  not 
correspond  with  Mallard's  hypothesis,  but  can  be  explained  on  the  sup- 
position of  internal  tension.  He  found,  further,  that  gelatine  cast  into 
moulds  corresponding  to  the  crystalline  forms  acquired  on  solidifying  similar  optical  characters. 
He  further  showed  that  the  effect  of  heat  was  to  increase  the  strength  of  the  double  refraction  or 
fo  call  it  out  in  parts  before  isotropic.  Klein  went  far  to  explain  this  fact  and  the  double  refrac- 
tion in  general  by  proving  that  heated  in  an  atmosphere  of  water  vapor  or  in  hot  water  analcite 
became  isotropic,  while  dry  heat  increased  the  double  refraction.  The  optical  anomalies,  then, 
are  immediately  connected  with  the  loss  of  water  and  the  change  in  molecular  arrangement  re- 
sulting from  that. 

Rinne  has  also  investigated  the  effect  of  heat;  he  calls  the  form  resulting  from  ignition  a 

riclinicsoda-leucite;  optically  determined,  each  of  the  pseudo-quadratic  chief 'sectors,  whose  axes 

oincide  with  the  cubic  axes,  is  made  up  of  four  sectors  with  the  bisectrix  (— )  of  each  inclined 

about  4°  to  these  axes.    An  analogy  is  suggested  in  optical  character  and  molecular  symmetry 

"between  ordinary  potash-leucite  and  this  soda-leucite  on  the  one  hand,  and  mouoclinic  potash 

feldspar  and  triclinic  soda  feldspar,  albite,  on  the  other. 

Comp.— NaAlSi206  +  H20  =  Na2O.Al203.4SI02.2H20  =  Silica  54-5,  alumina 
23-2,  soda  14-1,  water  8-2  =  100. 

Doelter  writes  the  formula  H2NaAlSi2O7  or  NaAlSiO4  4-  2H2SiO3,  arguing  that  the  water 
cannot  be  water  of  crystallization. 

Picranalcime  of  Meneghini  and  Bechi  (Am.  J.  Sc..  14,  62,  1852),  supposed  to  contain  10 
p.  c.  MgO,  is  nothing  but  ordinary  analcite  as  shown  by  Bamberger,  anal.  7. 

Anal.— 1,  Ricciardi  &  Speciale  [Gazz.  Ch.  Ital.,-359, 1881],  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  309, 1883.  2,  3,  Niko- 
layev  [Russ.  Benr.-J.,  2,  376,  1881],  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  392,  1886,  4,  Sauer,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  412,  1886. 
5,  Lemberg,  Zs.  G.  Ges..  28,  539,  1876  6,  Preis  &  Vrba,  Ber.  Bohm.  Ges..  467,  1879.  7,  Barn- 
Merger,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  32.  1881.  8.  Luedecke,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  91.  1882.  9,  Lorenzen.  Medd.  Gronl.,  7, 
1884.  10,  Paijkull,  Inaug.  Diss.,  p.  14,  Upsala.  1875.  11,  Johnsson,  quoted  by  Bgr.,  Zs.  Kr., 
16,  53.4,  1890.  12,  Lauglet,  ibid.  13,  Bgr.,  1.  c.  14,  Hersch,  Inaug.  Diss.,  p.  19,  Zurich.  1887. 
15-17,  Young,  Cb.  News,  27,  56,  1873.  18,  Hillebrand,  U.  S.  G.  Snrv..  Bull  20,  29,  1885. 
19,  Harrington.  Geol.  Canada,  45  G,  1878.  20,  Pisani,  Dx.,  Min.,  2,  p.  xxxix,  1874.  21,  Borck, 
Smd  22.  Berliu,  Pogg.,  79,  304,  1850.  23,  Damour.  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  4,  239,  1881. 


ANALCITE, 


597 


G. 
2-21 

2-277 

Si02 
54-39 
54-42 

AJ,0, 

22-86 
2289 

CaO 
1-67 
0-87 

Na2O 
10  -56' 
1300 

K20 

2-00 

H20 

8-18 
813 

MgO  0-38  =  100-04 
Fe2O3  0-40,    MgO   tr.  = 

[9971 

2-481 

55-28 

21 

•21 

3-70 

893 

2-73 

501 

Fe 

203  0  93,  MgO  0-39  = 

[98-18 

2-259 

54-72 

23 

12 

0-36 

12-30 

079 

825 

Fe 

203  0  60  =  100-14 

56-32 

22 

•00 

0-51 

13  19 



880 

— 

10082 

54-76 

23 

•64 

0-33 

13-52 



8-53 

CO,  0-12  =  100-90 

2-222 

57-08 

21 

•51 



13-63 

0-32 

8-32 

—  . 

10086 

2-343 

53-92 

24 

•60 

— 

12-23 

130 

850 

= 

100-55 

54-80 

2361      — 

14-52 

— 

825 

— 

101-18 

53-39 

23 

•17 

— 

14-52 

0-12 

9-02 

Fe 

2O3  0  35  =  100-57 

53-70 

24 

•10 

044 

1506 

— 

8-35 

-: 

101-65 

5300 

23 

•59 

0-02 

1522 



8-00 

— 

9983 

53-19 

24-77      — 

14-63 

— 

826 

= 

10085 

2-311 

53-58 

24 

•07 

0-85 

1360 



8-29 

= 

10039 

2-153 

54-85 

22 

•59 

0-89 

12-58 

— 

9-06 

— 

9997 

2-271 

5448 

28 

01 

— 

14-00 

— 

8-28 

— 

99-77 

2-259 

55-54 

22 

•27 

— 

13-75 



8-55 

— 

100-11 

|  55-81 

22 

•43 

— 

13-47 

— 

837 

— 

100-08 

2-255 

53-29 

23 

•33 

0-64 

1454 

— 

8-47 

= 

100-27 

55-8 

24 

•1 



12-8 

__ 

8-8 

— 

101-5 

54-93 

23 

59b 

— 

14-06 

— 

8-29 

— 

10087 

55/06 

23 

•12 

— 

14-06 

— 

8-16 

— 

100-40 

2-277 

5400 

24 

•00 

— 

13-51 

— 

8-38 

— 

99-89 

1.  Etna 

2.  Blagodatsk,  Cuboite  2'277 

3.  "          fnass. 

4.  Wiesent-hal 

5.  Fassathal 

6.  Kuchelbad 

7.  Mte.  Catiui 

8.  Heldburg 

9.  Kangerdluarsuk 

10.  "Brevik" 

11.  Lille  Aro 

12.  •'      " 

13.  Eikaholm 

14.  Cyclopean  Is. 

15.  Crofthead 

16.  Mugdock 

17.  Barrhead 

18.  Table  Mt.,  Col. 

19.  Montreal 

20.  Brevik,  Euthallite 

21.  Lamo,  Eudnophite 

22.  " 

23.  " 

a  Given  as  K2O  10'56,  Na2O  2'00. 
b  In  original  25'59,  which  makes  the  sum  102'87,  while  that  given  is  100'87. 

Hersch  (1.  cj  has  determined  the  loss  of  water  on  heating  (after  tw6  hours  in  each  case)  as 
follows: 


Temp. 
H20 


100° 


150° 
0-20 


195° 
0-75 


2459 
213 


295" 
561 


Ved  ht. 
8-29  p.  c. 


Euthallite  of  Esmark  is  a  compact  analcite,  often  in  nodular  form  with  concentric  structure, 
the  successive  layers  greenish  or  grayish  white  in  color.  It  results  from  the  alteration  of  elaeolite. 
Occurs  on  the  islands  Lille  Aro,  Sigteso,  and  at  other  points  on  the  Langesund  fiord,  southern 
Norway.  Cf.  Dx.,  1.  c.,  Pisani,  anal.  20;  also  Bgr..  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  223,  1890.  Named  from  evt 
well,  aud  OaAAoi,  a  green  twig,  in  allusion  to  the  color. 

Eudnophite  of  Weibye,  from  the  island  Laveu  in  the  Langesund  fiord,  Norway,  has  been 
regarded  as  dimorphous  with  analcite,  belonging  to  the  orthorhombic  system.  The  description 
given  is  as  follows:  Crystals  in  six-sided  prisms  (b,  m)  terminated  by  a  macrodome,  e,  wiih  the 
angles  mm''  =  60°,  me  =  50°.  .-.  ee  —  95°  50'.  Commonly  massive,  cleavable  Cleavage,  c 
perfect;  a,  b,  less  so.  H.  =  5*5.  G.  =  2  27.  Luster  weak,  a  little  pearly  on  ihe  cleavage-faces. 
Color  white,  grayish,  brownish.  Streak  white.  Translucent;  in  thiu  lamina;  transparent.  Op- 
tically biaxial,  negative.  2E  =  70°  approx.  Cf.  Weibye,  1.  c.;  Dx.,  Min  .  1,  395,  1862;  Btd., 
Bull.  Soc  Mill.,  4.  239,  1881;  Dx.,  ibid.,  7,  78,  1884:  Lex.,  ibid.,  8,  359,  1885. 

Brogger  (Zs.  Kr..  16,  565  et  seq.,  1890)  has  thoroughly  investigated  this,  supposed  species, 
especially  on  the  optical  side,  and  concludes  that  it  is  nothing  but  ordinary  analcite,  characterized 
by  more  than  usually  strong  double  refraction;  cf.  above. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Yields  water  in  the  closed  tube.  B..B.  fuses  at  2'5  to  a  colorless  glass.  Gela- 
tinizes with  hydrochloric  acid. 

pbs.— The  Cyclopean  Islands,  near  Catania,  Sicily,  afford  pellucid  crystals;  also  the  Fassa- 
thal  in  Tyrol;  other  localities  are,  in  Scotland,  in  1he  Kilpatrick  Hills;  Bowling,  pseUdomorphs 
after  laumontite;  Glen  Farg;  near  Edinburgh;  at  Kilmalcolm;  the  Campsie  Hills. etc. ;  Co. 
Antrim,  etc  ,  in  Ireland;  the  Fiiroer  Islands,  Iceland;  the  Vinceutine,  with  prelmite,  chabazite, 
apophyllite,  etc.;  Wessela.  near  Aussig,  Bohemia;  at  Arendal,  in  Norway,  in  beds  of  iron  ore; 
at  Andreasberg,  in  the  Harz,  in  silver  mines;  Kangerdluarsuk,  Greenland;  Kerguelen  Is  On 
the  islands  of  the  Laugesund  fiord,  Norway,  in  part  as  a  result  of  the  alteration  of  elaeolite;  also 
Of  aegirite. 

Euthallite  (see  above)  is  from  Lille  Aro,  Sigteso,  and  other  points  in  the  Langesund  fiord, 
southern  Norway.  Eudnophite  (see  above)  is  from  the  island  Laven  (Lamo)  m  the  same  region 
and  occurs  with  catapleiite,  leucophanite,  mosandrite,  etc.  Named  from  evdro&ot,  obscurity, 
in  allusion  to  the  cloudiness  of  the  mineral. 

Occurs  at  Bergen  Hill,  New  Jersey;  in  gneiss  near  Yonkers,  Westchester  Co.,  N.  Y. ;  at 
Perry,  Maine,  with  apophyllite,  in  greenstone;  abundant  in  fine  crystals,  with  prehnite,  datolite, 
•and  calcite,  in  the  Lake  Superior  region;  in  the  gangue  of  the  copper,  at  Copper  Falls  and  North- 
western mines,  and  at  Michipicotou  Island,  and  also  at'otber  mines  not  now  worked.  At  Table 
Mt.  near  Golden,  Colorado,  with  other  zeolites. 


5£8  SILICATES. 

Nova  Scotia  affords  fine  specimens  at  Martial's  Cove,  Five  Islands,  Cape  d'Or,  Swan's  Creek, 
and  Cape  Blomidon. 

The  uarae  Analcime  is  from  ava\.KiS,  weak,  and  alludes  to  its  weak  electric  power  when 
heated  or  rubbed.  The  correct  derivative  is  analcite,  as  here  adopted  for  the  species. 

Alt.— Sauer  describes  analcite  altered  from  leucite  and  changed  further  to  feldspathic  pseudo- 
morphs.  Analcite  altered  to  a  mixture  of  calcite  and  hydrous  silicate  of  aluminium  has  been 
observed  by  Tschermak.  Also  occurs  altered  to  prehnite;  to  lithomarge. 

Artif. — Obtained  by  de  Schulten  in  trapezohedral  crystals,  showing  double  refraction  like 
the  natural  mineral;  the  method  employed  consisted  in  heating  to  180°-190°  in  a  closed  tube 
sodium  silicate,  or  caustic  soda  with  an  aluminous  glass.  The  crystals  were  trapezohedrous 
(0-1  mm.)  and  gave  on  analysis:  SiO2  54-ft,  A12O3  21 '8,  Na2O  [15'0],  CaO  tr.,  H2O  8'6(  =  100. 
Also  by  heating  in  a  similar  manner,  sodium  silicate  and  aluminate  in  proper  proportion  to  form 
analcite,  with  lime  water;  these  crystals  were  sensibly  isotropic.  The  author  concludes  that  a 
concentrated  alkaline  solution  gives  trapezohedrons,  under  other  conditions  cubes  arc  formed. 
Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  3,  150,  1880,  5,  7,  1882. 

Lemberg  (1.  c.)  shows  that  a  soda  solution  changes  leucite  (anal.  1)  into  analcite,  while  the 
product  so  formed  (anal.  2)  may  be  altered  back  again  into  leucite  (anal.  3).  A  similar  result  was 
obtained  with  natural  analcite. 

SiOa  A120,  CaO  K2O  Na2O  H2O 

1.  Leucite,  nat.               56'04  23'38  0'20  18'90  1'41  0'32  =  100  25 

2.  Analcite,  artif.            55'30  22'91  0'29  0'68  12'96  7'86  =  100 

3.  Leucite,       "               55'50  23'27  0'25  19'03  0'85  MO  =  100 

Ref.— »  Mir.,  Min.,  446,  1852;  Schrauf,  Atlas,  Tf.  ix,  1864.  *  Lasp.,  Kerguelen  Is.,  Zs,  Kr., 
1,  204,  1877,  3  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  392,  1862.  4  On  optical  anomalies,  etc.,  see  Brewster,  Trans.  R. 
Soc.  Edinb.,  10,  187,  1826;  Dx.,  1.  c.,  N.  R.,  5,  1867;  Schrauf,  Auz.  Ak.  Wien,  1876;  Mid., 
Ann.  Mines,  10,  111,  1876;  Lsx.,  Jb,  Min.,  510,  1878.  Zs.  Kr.,  5,  330,  1881;  Schulten,  Bull.  Soc. 
Min.,  3,  150,  1880;  Arzruni  &  Koch,  Zs.  Kr.,  5,  483,  1881;  Ben^Saude,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  41,  1882 
(Inaug.  Diss.);  Pfd.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  30,  112,  1885;  Klein,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  250,  1884,  2,  101,  1885,  1, 
93,  1891;  Stadtlander,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  101,  1885;  Brauus,  Vh.  Ver.  Rheinl.,  510,  1887;  Brogger, 
Zs.  Kr.,  16,  5$5etseg.,  1890;  Rinne,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  1188,  1890. 

The  Gluthalite  of  Thomson  (Min.,  1,  339,  1836)  occurs -in  flesh-red  vitreous  crystals  in 
amygdaloid  at  the  Kilpatrick  Hills.  H.  =  3'5.  G.  =  2166.  Opaque  or  subtranslucent. 
Fragile.  Analysis  afforded: 

SiO2  A12O3  Fe2Os  NaaO  MgO  H2O 

51-27  23-56  7'31  5*13  1'23  10'55  =  99'05. 

It  may  be  altered  analcite.    From  Clutha,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  the  valley  of  the  Clyde, 
Cf.  Btd.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  4,  239,  1881. 

451.  PAUJASITB.    Damour,  Ann.  Mines,  1,  395,  1842. 

Isometric.  In  octahedrons;  also  a  trisoctahedron  perhaps  655  (|-|)'.  Twins: 
tw.  pi.  of  usually  penetration-twins.. 

Cleavage:  o  distinct.  Fracture  uneven.  Fragile.  H.  •=  5.  Gr.  =  1*923. 
Luster  vitreous;  .sometimes  adamantine.  Colorless,  white;  brown  externally. 

Exhibits  anomalous  double  refraction,\ which  has  given  rise  to  doubt  as  to  ita 
true  form. 

Rinne'2  shows  that  it  is  normally  isotropic,  but  a  loss  of  a  little  water  disturbs  the  'molecular 
Structure  and  the  octahedron  is  then  divided  into  eight  uniaxial  individuals,  optically  +.  At 
about  150°  C.,  after  losing  twelve  molecules,  it  is  again  isotropic,  while  a  further  loss  of  water 
makes  it  unia*xial  and  negative.  On  taking  up  water  again  it  returns  to  the  positive  uniaxial 
condition 

Comp.— Perhaps  H4NaaCaAl4Si,0038  -f  18H80  -  Na2O.Ca0.2Al,08.10Si0.20HaO 
=  Silica  46-8,  alumina  15-9,  lime  4-4,  soda  4'8,  water  28-1  =  100. 
Anal.— 1,  Damour,  1.  c.;  2,  id.,  ib.,  14,  67,  1848. 

SiO2       A1203       CaO      Na20      H2O 

1.  Kaiserstuhl  4936        16-77        5'00       4'34       22-49  =  97'96 

2.  46-12        16-81        4-79       5  09        27'02  =  99-83 

According  to  Damour,  loses  15  p,  c.  of  water  when  exposed  for  one  month  to  dry  air,  but 
regains  almost  all  of  it  in  onlinary  air  in  24  hours.  Heated  at  50°-55°  C.  for  one  hour 
loses  15-2  p.  c.;  at  60°-65°.  10'4  p.  c.:  at  70°-75°,  19'5  p.  c.,  which  is  almost  entirely  regained  by 
exposifre  to  air  for  a  few  weeks. 

Jauuasch  found  that  the  loss  over  fused  CfiCU  wns  1*83  p.  c.  in  24  hours,  T72  in  48  hours; 


EDINGTONITE.  699 

over  H2SO«  4'69  in  54  hours,  6'75  in  78,  6'52  in  100,  5'84  in  106;  over  P2O4  7"44  in  118,  9"04.in 
•142,  10  19  iu- 166,  10*88  in  190  hours.  From  here  on  the  weight  became  constant.  Again,  the 
loss  after  heating  several  hours  from  105°  to  110°  was  10'88  p.  c.;  at  150°,  16'83,  corresponding1 
to  12  molecules  of  water,  and  this  was  reabsorbed  by  the  air.  Further  at  160°  the  loss  was  18'66 
p.  c.;  200°  to  205°,  21 '41;  250°  to  260°,  22'67;  over  a  gas  burner  27"02  and  over  a  blast  lamp  27*59. 
Jb.  Min.,  2,  24,  1887. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  with  intumescence  to  a  white  blebby  enamel.  Decomposed  by 
hydrochloric  acid  without  gelatin ization. 

Obs.— Occurs  with  augite  in  the  lirnburgyte  of  Sasbach  in  the  Kaiserstuhl,  Baden.  Also 
stated  to  occur  at  Annerod  near  Giessen;  Pflasterkaute  near  Eisenach;  probably  also  Stempel 
near  Marburg  (Koenen).  The  adamantine  luster  sometimes  observed  is  attributed  to  a  thiu 
bituminous  coating.  Named  by  Damour  after  Faujas  de  Saint  Fond. 

Ref.— '  Knop,  Lieb.  Ann.,  Ill,  375,  1859.     2  Jb.  Min.,  2,  17,  1887. 

452.  EDINGTONITE.  Haidinger.  firewater's  Ed.  J.  Sc.,  3,  316,  1825.  Antiedrit  Breith., 
Char.,  164,  1832. 

-Tetragonal,  with  sphenoidal  hemihedrism.  Axis  d  =  0'6725;  001  A  101  — 
33°  55}',  Haid1. 

Forms1 :  m  (110,  /);  sphenoids  p  (111,  1),  *  (113,  $)*,  n  (110,  ±). 

Angles :  mp  =  46°  26',  m?n  =  64°  34',  m's  -  72°  25'  (meas.  72°),  pp'  111  A  111  =  87°  7i'  (meas, 
87°19'),  nri  (112  A  112)  =  *50°  52',  ss'  =  35°  11'. 

Form  as  in  the  figure.  Crystals  minute  (not  above  f  in.  across)  and  incon- 
spicuous. Faces  s  rare  and  slightly  curved.  Also  massive. 

Cleavage :  m  perfect.  Fracture  subconchoidal  to  un- 
even. Brittle.  H.  =  4-4-5.  G.  =  2-694  Heddle;  2'71 
Turner.  Luster  vitreous.-  White,  grayish  white,  pink. 
Translucent  to  opaque.  Optically  negative,  Dx. 

Comp.— Perhaps  (Kg.)  BaAlaSi3010  +  3HaO  or  BaO. 

Ala03.3Si02.3H20   =   Silica  36  ;8,   alumina  20'9,  baryta  Haidinger. 

31-3,  water  11-0  =  100. 

Anal.— Heddle,  Phil.  Mag,,  9,  179,  1855. 

Si02  36  98       AljO3  22  63       BaO  26'84       CaO,KaaO  tr.       HaO  12-46  =  98'91. 

Turner's  original  analysis  (1825)  was  incomplete  and  incorrect;  a  new  investigation  is 
needed. 

Fyr.?  etc. — Yields  water,  and  becomes  white  and  opaque.  B.B.  at  a  high  heat  fuses  to  a 
colorless  mass.  Affords  a  jelly  with  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  the  Kilpatrick  Hills,  near  Glasgow,  Scotland,  associated  with  harmotome, 
another  barium  mineral,  and  also  analcite,  prehoite,  calcite,  etc.  Haidinger  states  that  the 
crystals  examined  by  him  occurred  on  thornsonite,  an  association  not  observed  by  Heddle. 

Named  after  Mr.  Edington,  who  found  it  in  1823  on  Lord  Blantyre's  estate  near  Old  or 
West  Kilpatrick,  Dumbartonshire.  It  has  since  been  found  at  several  quarries  in  the  neighbor- 
hood but,  perhaps  in  part  because  so  inconspicuous,  it  is  a  very  rare  mineral  in  collections. 

Artif.— Lemberg  mentions  a  silicate  obtained  by  digesting  an  artificial  natrolite  12  days  with 
barium  chloride,  which  is  near  edingtonite;  ifyielded:  SiOa  37'50,  A1SO,  21'85,  BaO  25'38, 
CaO  1-17,  Na2O  1'04,  H2O  13  06  -  100.  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  28,  553,  1876. 

Ref.—1  1.  c.,  also  Pogg.,  5,  193,  1825.     *  Greg.  Min.,  191, 1858. 


to  be  cubic."    H.  =  3*5;  G.  =  2'18;  luster  vitreous.     Thomson  obtained,  1.  c.: 


Si03  A12O,  Fe2O,  CaO  HaO 

3701  1631  0-50  13-93  21'25    =    99'OQ 

Heddle  states  (Phil.  Mag.,  9,  181,  1855)  that  it  is  probably  edingtonite  mixed  with  harmotorne, 
•mentioning  that  Thomson's  mineral  came  from  the  same  locality  with  the  ediugfbnite,  and  from 
the  same  dealer  that  furnished  him  with  the  edingtonite  for  his  analysis.  In  the  mineralogy  of 
Greg  and  Lettsom  (p.  171,  1858)  it  is  stated  to  be  chabazite  occurring  in  small  aggregated  and 
irregular  crystals,  somewhat  resembling  phacolite. 


600 


SILICATES. 


453     Natrolite. 


Natrolite  Group. 

454     Scolecite. 


455.     Mesolite. 


The  Natrolite  Group  includes  the  sodium  silicate,  Natrolite,  with  the  empirical  formula 
Na?Al2Si3O10.2H2O;  the  calcium  silicate,  Scolecite,  CaAl2Si3O,0.3H20;  also  Mesolite  inter- 

mediate  between  these  aud  correspondiug  to 

These  three  species  agree  closely  in  angle,  though  varying  in  cry-stalline  system;  Natrolite  is 
orthorhombic  usually,  also  rarely  monoclinic;  Scolecite  is  monoclinic,  perhaps  also  in  part  tri- 
clinic;  Mesolite  seems  to  be  both  monoclinic  and  triclinic. 


453.  NATROIiITfi.  Zeolit  pt.,  Zeolites  crystallisatus,  prismaticus,  capillaris  (fr.  Gustafs- 
berg),  Cronst.,  Min.,  102,  1758;  Z.  albus  fibrosus,  capillaris,  etc.  (fr.  Iceland  and  Gustafsb.), 
0.  Born,  Lithoph.,  46,  1772;  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  1772,  1783.  Mehl-Zeolith,  Fasriger-Z. ,  Wern.,  Ueb. 
Cronst.,  243,  1780;  Faserzeolith,  Nadelzeolith,  Wern.  Mealy  Zeolite,  Fibrous  Zeolite,  Needle 
Zeolite.  Zeolite,  Mesotype,  pt,,  H.,  Tr.,  3,  1801.  Natrolith  (fr.  Hogau)  Klapr.,  N.  Schrift  Nat. 
Ges.  Fr.  Berlin,  4,  243,  1803,  Beitr.,  5,  44,  1810.  Hogauit  8elb.,  Schrift,  ib.,  395  Natrolite  H.. 
Cours  de  Min.,  1804,  Lucas  Tabl.,  1,  338,  1806.  Natron-Mesotype.  Soda^Mesotype. 

Krokalith  (Crocalite)  (fr.  Felvatza)  Esiner,  Min.,  2,  pt.  2,  559,  1797.  Bergmaunit  (fr. 
Fredriksvarii)  Schumac7ier,  Verz.  diiu.  Foss.,  46,  1801.  Spreustein  Wern.,  1811,  Hoffin.  Min., 
2,  b,  303,  1812.  Radiolith  Esmark,  Huuefeld,  Schw.  J.,  52,  361,  1828.  Brevicil  (fr.  Brevik)P. 
Strom,  Jahresb.,  14, 176, 1834.  Lehuntite  Thomson,  Min.,  1,  338, 1836.  Eiseu-Natrolith  C.  Berge- 
mann,  Pogg.,  84,  491,  1851;  Iron-Natrolite.  Savite  MenegJiini,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  64,  1852. 
Galaktit  Haid.,  Kenng.  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  12,  290,  1854,  16,  157,  1855.  Fargite  Heddle,  Phil. 
Mag.,  13,  50,  1857.  Palaeo-Nalrolith  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  108,  416,  1859. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  'd  :  1 :  6  =  0*97852  :  1  :  0-35362  Brogger . 
100  A  110  =  44°  22f ',  001  A  101  =  19°  52£',  001  A  Oil  =  19°  281'. 


Forms2  : 
a  (100,  »'-*) 
b  (010,  i-i) 
c  (001,  0)3 

I  (610,  *-6)4 


d  (310,  £3)6 
v  (740,  i-\V 
m  (110,  /) 
A.  (590,  £|)» 
n  (120,  »-2)3 


D  (101,  1^)* 

u  (301,  3-i)3 
«  (601,  6-i)2 
e  (Oil,  14) 


h  (031,  34) 

o  (111,  1) 
d(221,  2) 
2  (331,  3)3 
n  (551,  5) 


t  (511,  5-5)«.« 
s  (311,  3-3> 
V  (131,  3-3) 
/  (391,  9-3> 


Also  the  following  vicinal  planes:    //(31-300)5;    GO  (12'12'5)5;    cr  (31-31 '30)B;    r  (44'40'43)5; 
(54-50-54)5;  x  (lllO'll);  C  (21-20-21);  77(34'36'1). 


3. 


1 


Figs.  1,  2,  Common  forms.    3,  "Brevik,"  Lang-Bgr. 


II'" 

88' 

mm'" 

nn' 

DD' 

uu' 


18°  32' 

36°  87 

88°  45V 

54C  8' 

39°  44' 

94e  37' 

130°  29' 


38°  57' 

93°  23' 

63°  11' 

44°  41' 

33°  24' 

21°  35' 

oo'    =-*37°  37J' 


hh'   = 

mo  = 
mq  = 
mz  = 
mit  = 


dd'  •==  61°  5' 

zef   =  73°  16' 

yy>  =  27°  51' 

ff'    =  36°  0' 

at    =  30°  25' 

as    =  44°  22£ 

ao   =  71°  11' 

oo"  —  53°  39' 


ay 

oo'" 
dd'" 
zz'" 

88'" 


=  76°    4| 

=  *36°  47i 

=  59°  39' 

_  rj-jo     2?, 

=  26°  58' 

=  89°  52' 

=  130°  16' 


NATROLITE  GROUP— NATROLITE. 


601 


Also  iu  part  monoclinic  with  the  axial  ratio  a  :  b  :  c  —  1'0165: 1:0'S5991;  ft  =  89°  54f 
Brogger1. 

Forms:  a  (100,  i-l),  b  (010,  i-l),  n  (210,  i-2),  m  (HO;  /),  e  (101,  14),  D  (Oil,  I -I),  o  (111,  -1), 
o'  (111,  1),  d  (221,  2),  z  (331,  3),  y  (311,  3-3),  0  (131,  3-3),  *  (151.  5-5),  77(36-34-1,  86-fif).  ^ 

The  crystals  are  regarded  as  monoclinic  twins  with  a  as  tw.  plane;  the  axes  d  and  b  corre- 
spond respectively  to  b  and  a  of  the  orthorhombic  type.  The  optical  orientation  is  sensibly  the 
same  for  both  types. 

SttxdUander3  has  described  complex  natrolite  crystals  from 
Marburg  whose  grouping  may  be  explained  by  assuming  a 
twinning  with  the  prism  as  tw.  pi.  and  c  as  comp.  face,  the 
horizontal  axes  thus  crossing  at  angles  of  nearly  90°.  Further  a 
twinuing  about  the  front  piuacoid  is  also  suggested,  but  with 
some  question.  Luedecke*  notes  a  variation  in  extinction  of 
5°-7°  with  the  prismatic  edge  in  natrolite  of  Aussig  and  Salesl. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.3  u  (301),  cruciform  twins,  rare;  the 
crystals  crossing  nearly  at  right  angles— this  may  per- 
haps have  been  an  accidental  association.  Crystals 
prismatic,  usually  very  slender  to  acicular  and  termi- 
nated by  the  pyramid  o  (111),  then  closely  resembling 
tetragonal  forms;  often  with  more  or  less  distinct  vici- 
nal planes;  the  faces  in  the  prismatic  zone  vertically 
striated.  Crystals  frequently  interlacing,  divergent,  or 
in  stellate  group.  Also  fibrous,  radiating,  massive, 
granular,  or  compact. 

Cleavage:  m  perfect;  £  imperfect,  perhaps  only  a  plane  of  parting 
Fracture    uneven.     H.  =  5-5-5.     G.  =  2-20-2-25;    2-249,    Bergen    Hill,    Brusl 
Luster  vitreous,  sometimes  inclining  to  pearly,  especially  in  fibrous  varieties.    Color 
white,  or  colorless;  to  grayish,  yellowish,  reddish  to  red.      Transparent  to  trans- 
lucent. 

Optically  -f- .     Ax.  pi.  ||  b.     Bx  _L  c.     Indices  and  axial  angles: 


Monte  Baldo,  after  Artini. 


Auvergne 
Also 

Bombiano 

Samte 

Stoko 


/?r  =  1-4797 
2Er  =  93°  2 


2Ha.y 
2Ha.y 

2Ha.r 

2Ha.y 


=  62< 

=  62' 


32' 
44' 


2H 

2H 


=  62°  31' 

=    62°   44' 


2Ha.gr  =  63°      Of 

ar    =  1-47287 

tty   =  1-47543 

agr  =  1-47801 


^o.y 

2H0.r 
2H0.y 

2Hr>  or 


=  1-4887    .-.  2Vr  =59°  29'    2Er  =  94°  27'  Dx. 
2Ebi  =  95°  41' 

.-.    2Vy    =  62°  0'    Artini 
.-.    2Vy  =  62°  6' 


=  119°  28' 
=  119°  38' 

=  119°  35V 
=  119'  4' 
=  118°  37' 


fir  =  1-47631 
(37  =  1-47897 
/U  =  1-48172 


.  2Vr  =  61°  56' 
.  2Vy  =  62°  15' 
.  2Vgr=  62°  34' 

yr  =  1-48534 
y7  =  1-48866 
*„  =  1-49161 


Bgr. 


(calc.) 


Also  calc.  (a,  fi, 


2V  r  =  61°  3' 


2Vy  =  62°  10' 


2Vgr  =  62°  19' 


Sections  of  crystals,  regarded  as  monoclinic,  gave: 

2H0.P  =  121°  1' 
2H0.y  =  120°  47' 
2Ho.gr  =  120°  24' 


2Ha.r    =  61' 

2Ha.y     =    61' 
2Ha.gr   =    61' 


37' 
46' 


2Vr   =  60°  51' 

2Vy     =    61°       0*' 

2Vgr  =  61°  13*' 


Bgr. 


Dispersion  horizontal,  probably  shown  iu  sections  ±  Bxa  (Bxa  g  'c  approx.);  but  crossed  dis- 
persion not  observed  in  sections  JL  Bx0. 

Other  determinations  of  indices  and  axial  angles  are  given-by  BrOgger,  quoted  from  Lorenzen; 
further  the  latter  found:  2E  =  98°  58'  at  15d,  97°  6'  at  108°,  96°  13'  at  150%  93°  21'  at  229|% 
90°  55'  at  308°.  'Cf.  also  Dx.,  N.  R.,  74,  1867. 

Rinne(cf.  p.  571)  shows  that  with  increase  of  temperature  and  the  accompanying  loss  of 
water  natrolite  is  converted  into  a  monoclinic  substance,  called  by  him  metanatrolite.  >,  A  section 
B  c  with  extinction  parallel  the  diagonals  (a  |  <~t  and  t  |  6)  showed,  .after  heating,  fields  with  the 
extinction  (a)  inclined  to  each  other  15°  in  adjacent  parts  about  the  lateral  axis;  furlhei\.to  cor- 
respond with  the  new  molecular  structure,  the  former  vertical  axis  must  be  made  the  axis  of 


602 


SILICATES. 


symmetry,  and  the  prismatic  faces  orthodomes  101  and  101,  with  twinning  about  100  (or  001)* 
No  change  in  geometrical  form  accompanied  the  change  in  molecular  structure. 

Var. — Ordinary.  Commonly  either  (a)  in  groups  of  slender  colorless  prismatic  crystals, 
varying  but  little  in  angle  from  square  prisms,  often  acicular,  or  (b)  in  fibrous  divergent  or 
radiated  masses,  vitreous  in  luster,  or  but  slightly  pearly  (these  radiated  forms  often  resemble 
ithose  of  thomsonite  and  pectolite);  often  also  (c)  solid  amygdules,  usually  radiated  fibrous,  and 
somewhat  silky  in  luster  within;  (d)  rarely  compact  massive. 

Oalactite  is  ordinary  natrolite,  occurring  in  colorless  acicular  crystallizations  in  southern, 
Scotland,  instituted  as  a  species  on  an  erroneous  analysis.  It  may  contain  a  few  per  cent  of  lime 
and  hence  is  intermediate  between  pure  natrolite  and  mesolite  (p.  605).  Fargite  is  a  red  natrolite 
from  Glen  Farg,  containing,  like  galactite,  about  4  p.  c.  of  lime. 

Radiolite,  bergmannite,  spreustein,  brevicite,  palceo-natrolite,  are  James  which  have  been  given 
to  the  natrolite  from  the  augite-syeuite  of  southern  Norway,  on  the  Langesund  fiord,  in  the 
"Brevik"  region,  where  it  occurs  fibrous,  massive,  and  in  long  prismatic  crystallizations,  andl 
from  white  to  red  in  color. 

Radiolite  as  originally  described  occurred  in  radiated  masses,  and  compact  fibrous  nodules, 
of  a  grayish  color;  the  name,  however,  is  often  used  to  include  also  the  well  crystallized  forms 
from  the  same  region. 

Bergmannite  or  Spreustein  is  a  secondary  mineral  in  the  augite  syenite.  Various  views  in 
regard  to  its  origin  have  been  expressed;  for  example  Scheerer  regarded  it  as  a  paramorph  after 
an  original  mineral  which  he  called  palceo-natrolite;  other  authors  have  suggested  elasolite, 
cancrinite,  a  feldspar,  etc., -as  the  parent  mineral.  Brogger,  however,  shows  that,  in  the  first 
place,  it  is  more  or  less  lacking  in  homogeneity  and,  further,  includes  kinds  which  have  the  com- 
position of  natrolite  (Natrolith-spreustein,  Bgr.)  and  others  of  hydronephelite  (Hydronephelit- 
spreusteiu,  Bgr.).  The  natrolite  spreusteiu  has  arisen  chiefly  from  the  alteration  of  sodalite,  also 
in  less  extent  from  cancrinite.  A  similar  change  of  sodalite  to  uatrolite  (spreustein)  has  also 
been  noted  in  connection  with  the  sodalite-syeniteof  Kangerdluarsuk,  Greenland. 

Breoicite  is  the  same  as  spreustein,  though  the  name  has  also  been  used  as  synonymous  with 
radiolite.  The  original  analysis  (anal.  27),  showing  nearly  7  p.  c.  CaO,  was  probably  not  made 
on  homogeneous  material,  cf.  anals.  19,  28.  Crocalite,  from  the  Ural,  is  a  red  zeolite,  like  the 
bergmanuite  of  Laurvik;  occurs  in  small  amygdules,  and  is  fibrous  or  compact. 

Savite,  according  to  Sella  (N.  Cimento,  1858)  is  natrolite,  occurringin  slender  colorless  prisms. 
It  comes  from  a  serpentine  rock  at  Mte.  Caporciano,  Italy,  and  specimens  are  ordinarily  not  pure 
from  serpentine.  Its  identity  with  natrolite  has  been  confirmed  by  Dx.  (N.  R.,  75,  1807);  also 
more  fully  by  Artiiii*.  Cf.  anal.  5. 

Iron-natrolite  (Ehenu&trotith  Bergm.,  Jerunatrolith  Siced)  is  a  dark  green  opaque  variety, 
either  crystalline  or  amorphous,  from  the  Brevik  region;  probably  from  the  islands  Lovft  and 
Sigteso.  It  was  supposed  to  have  the  alumina  to  a  considerable  extent  replaced  by  iron  sesqui- 
oxide,  cf.  anal.  31.  BrOgger  shows,  however,  that  the  iron  is  due  to  the  presence  of  inclusions 
of  a  mineral  probably  related  to  stilpuomelaue. 

Comp.— Na..Al2Si3010  -f  2H80  or  Na20.  Al208.3SiO,  +  2H20  =  Silica  47'4: 
alumina  26'8,  Na20  16-3,  water  9'5  =  100. 

Groth  writes  the  formula  as  a  basic  metasilicate,  Na2(AlO)Al(SiO3)3  -f-  2HQO. 

Anal.— 1,  Lemberg,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  28,  550, 1876.  2,  Hersch,  Inang.  Diss.,  p.  13,  Zurich,  1887. 
3.  Kleppert,  Jb.  Min.,  88,  1875.  4,  Fuchs,  Schw.  J..  18,  8,  1816,  also  other  anals.  5..  Mattirolo, 
Att.  Ace.  Torino,  21,  848,  1886.  6,  Luzzatto,  Riv.  Min.  Ital.,  4,  54,  1889.  7-10,  Necri,  ibid., 
7,  16,  1890.  11,  G.  J.  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  31,  365,  1861.  12,  O.  C.  Marsh,  Dana  Min.  428, 
1878.  13,  Genth,  priv.  coutr.  14,  Young,  Ch.  News,  27,  56,  1873.  15,  17.  Ileddle.  Phil. 
Mag..  11.  272,  1856.  16,  Hylaud.  Sc.  Proc.  R.  Dublin  Soc.,  411,  1890  (read  Feb.  10). 
18,  Eckenbrecher.  Min.  Mitth.,  3,  30,  1880.  19,  G.  LindstrOm,  G.  For  F<3rh.,-  9.  436,  1887. 
20-22.  Paijkull,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Upsala,  1877.  23-26,  Quoted  by  Bgr.,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  619,  1890  (Fn 
A.  v.  Hall,  E.  Wickstrom,  E.  Knutsen,  etc.).  27,  Sonden,  Berzelius,  Jahrcsb.,  14,  17(5,  1834, 
Pogg.,  33,  112,  1834.  28,  Paijkull,  quoted  by  Bgr.,  1.  c.,  p.  640.  29.  30,  Lorcnzen.  Medct 
Gronl.,  7,  p.  11  (sep.),  1884.  31,  Bergemanu,  1.  c. 


1.  Hohenlwiel 

2.  Jakuben 

3.  Stempel 

4.  Fassathal 

5.  Monte  Catini,  Samte 

6.  Mte.  Baldo 

7.  Salcedo 

8.  Montecchio  Magglore 

9.  Lugo 

10.  Alta  Villa 

11.  Bergen  Hill 


G.           Si03 
47-61 
2-283    |  46-12 
47-59 

48-63 

48-07 
47-16 
(47-21 
46-97 
47-23 
47-71 
2'249       47-31 

A1Z08 
27-31 

28-22 
25-23 

24-82 

27-05 
26-76 
27-01 
27-12 
27-21 
27-89 
26-77 

CaO 
0-26 

0-28 
0'4i 

NaaO 
15-88 
15-87 
13-87 

15-69 

16-56 
16-18 
15-99 
15-95 
14-80 
16-99 
15-44 

K20    H20 

9'96 
—       9-91 
1-12    10-50 
[MgOO 
—       9-60 

—       9-62 
—       9-57 
—       9-5& 
0-40      9-42 
0-41      9-70 
—       9-69 
0'35     9-84 

=•  100  76 
=  100-12 
Fe203039, 
24  =  99-20 
Fe2O3  0  21 
{=  98-95 
=  101-30 
=    99-95 
=    99-76 
=    99-86 
=    99-35 
=  102-28 
=  100-13 

NATROLITE  GROUP— NATROLITZ. 


603 


G. 

12.  C.  Blomidon 

13.  Magnet  Cove  2'243 

14.  Loch  Thorn 

15    Bisuoptou,          Oalactite,  white 

16.  Kenbane  Head,         "  2'26 

17.  Glen  Farg,  Fargite,  red 


18. 
19. 
20. 

21. 
22. 

23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 
27. 

28. 
29. 


Brevik,  Spreustein  21! 

"       Brevicite 
Bergmannite 

Lamansskar,  light  red,  radiated 
Stoko,  white 

L.  Aro,  Radiolite,  monoclinic 
ii  «<  <> 

"  "         orthorhombic 

Ovr   Ar5      " 
Brevicite 

Kangerdluarsuk,  pseud.,  redrad. 
"  "      cry st.  rad. 


SiOa 

A12 

03 

CaO 

Na30 

K20 

H2O 

45-74 

28' 

38 

027 

14-23 

1-16 

10-11 

=    99-89 

47-97 

26 

51 



1598 

— 

9-81 

=  100-27 

46-29 

27' 

10 

0-72 

15-37 

— 

10-43 

=    99-91 

47-60 

26 

60 

0-16 

15-86 



9-56 

=    9978 

|  46-50 

27-55 

259 

13-28 

— 

10-10 

=  100-02 

47-84 

27' 

11 

4-31 

11-30 

— 

10-24 

=  100-80 

46-81 

27 

•33 

tr. 

15-69 

__ 

10-20 

=  100-03 

47-92 

26 

•80 



16-25 

0-26 

9-51 

=  100-74 

47-34 

26 

•92 

1-19 

14-41 

— 

10-48 

Fe,O3  0-62 

[=  100-96 

48-34 

25 

•27 

tr. 

[16-48] 

— 

8-89 

Fe2O3  0-75, 

[MgO 

0-27  =  100 

|  47  16 

26 

•84 

0-04 

15-41 

—  , 

9-48 

Fe2O3  0-10 

[=  99-03 

47-29 

27 

•00 

0-18 

15-39 

0-90 

9-44 

=  100-20 

47-33 

26 

•82 

015 

15-41 

1-17 

9-43 

•=  100-31 

47-60 

27 

•12 

.  — 

15-68 

— 

9'50 

=    9990 

47-92 

26-80      — 

1625 

0-26 

9-51 

=  100  74 

43-88 

28 

•39 

6-88 

10-32 

— 

9-63 

MgO    0-21 

[=i  99-31 

46-72 

26 

•59 

ir 

16-82 

— 

9-73 

=    9986 

46-54 

27 

•16 

0-89 

15-52 

_ 

965 

FeO  1-17, 

fCl.  tr.  =  100-93 

47-07 

27 

•02 

0-11 

16-05 

•#» 

9'56 

FeO  0-58  = 

[100-39 

G. 

81.  Eisennatrolith    2 -353 


SiO2    A1203 
46-54     18-94 


Fe203  FeO   MnO  Na2O  H20 
7-49    2-40    0-55    14-04    9'37  =  99'33 


The  Auvergne  natrolite  undergoes,  according  to  Damour  (ref.,  p.  571),  no  loss  in  dried  air. 
At  240°  C.  it  loses  nearly  all  its  water  and  becomes  milky  and  opaque;  and  if  afterward  exposed 
to  the  free  air,  it  regains  all  it  had  lost,  excepting  its  transparency  and  firm  texture;  if  again 
heated,  it  loses  its  water  at  about  90°  C. 

Hersch  (1.  c.)  obtained,  after  heating  two  hours  at  each  temperature: 


Temp. 
H20 


105° 
0-14 


130'- 
0-17 


160° 
0-19 


195° 
027 


225° 
0-37 


2403 
0-64 


265° 
0-77 


290° 
2-51 


red.  ht. 
9-81  p.  c. 


Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  whitens  and  becomes  opaque.  B.R  fuses  quietly  at  2  to  a 
colorless  glass.  Fusible  in  the  flame  of  an  ordinary  stearine  or  wax  candle.  Gelatinizes 
with  acids. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  cavities  in  amygdaloidal  basalt,  and  other  related  igneous  rocks;  sometimes 
in  seams  in  granite,  gneiss,  and  syenite. 

It  is  found  in  the  graustein  of  Aussig  and  Teplitz  in  Bohemia;  in  fine  crystals  at  Puy  de 
Marman  and  Puy  de  la  Piquette  in  Auvergne;  at  Alpstein,  near  Sontra  in  Hesse;  Fassathal,  Tyrol; 
Monte  Baldo  on  Lago  di  Garda,  Montecchio  Maggiore,  and  other  points  in  Venetian  Italy;  Kapnik 
in  Hungary;  Dellys  in  Algeria;  Hogauin  Wilrteraberg  (the  Faserzeolith  W.),  in  yellowish  radiated 
masses;  etc.  In  red  amygdules  (crocalite)  in  amygdaloid  of  Ireland,  Scotland,  and  Tyrol;  the 
amygdaloid  of  Bishopton  (galactite),  acicular  crystals,  several  inches  long;  at  Glen  Farg 
in  Fifeshire;  in  Dumbartonshire;  at  Glenarm  in  the  county  of  Antrim;  at  Portrush;  and  at 
Magee  Island,  near  Larne,  Ireland.  Common  in  the  augite  syenite  of  the  Langesuud  fiord,  near 
BreVik,  southern  Norway,  in  tine  crystallizations,  also  in  radiated  forms  and  as  the  secondary 
spreusteiu  (see  further  above). 

In  North  America,  natrolite  occurs  in  the  trap  of  Nova  Scotia,  at  Gates's  mountain,  Cape 
d'Or,  Swan's  Creek,  Cape  Blomidon,  Two  Islands.  At  Bergen  Hill.N.  J. ;  sparingly  at  Chester, 
Ct. ;  at  Copper  Falls,  Lake  Superior,  in  crystals,  sometimes  on  native  copper;  also  on  New  York 
Island;  at  Magnet  Cove,  Arkansas  (anal.  13). 

Named  Mesotype  by  Haily,  from  ue&oS,  middle,  and  rvrtoS.  type,  because  the  form  of  the 
-crystal — in  his  view  a  square  prisni — was  intermediate  between  the  forms  of  stilbite  and  analcite. 
Natrolite,  of  Klaproth,  is  from  natron,  soda;  it  alludes  to  the  presence  of  soda,  whence  also  the 
name  soda-mesotype,  in  contrast  with  scolecite,  or  lime-mesotype.  Schumacher's  n&me jbergmannite. 
after  Bergman n  (1735-1784),  dates  from  the  same  year ,(1801)  with  Hauy's  mesotype. 

Artif.— Obtained  by  Doelter  by  recrystallizatiori  of  the  powdered  mineral  in  water  contain- 
ing carbon  dioxide  in  a  closed  tube  at  160°.  Further  by  digesting  nephelite  in  a  closed  tube'at 
200°  with  alkaline  carbonates  and  carbonated  water,  analcite  was  obtained  in  distinct  crystals, 
and  also  prismatic  crystals  which  were  inferred  to  tie  natrolite.  Jb.  Min.,  1,  134,  1890. 

Lemberg  shows  that  the  slow  (5  mouths)  action  of  potassium  carbonate  on  natrolite  causes 
an  exchange  of  potassium  for  sodium,  which  action  is  reversed  by  sodium  carbonate.  The 


604  SILICATES. 

action  of  calcium  chloride  brought  about  a  partial  change  toward  scolecite  in.  natural  natrolite, 
but  complete  in  the  artificial  substance.     Zs.  G.  Ges.,  28,  551,  1876. 

Ref.— '  Aro,  Langesund  fiord  (?),  Zs.  Kr.  3,  478,  1879,  also1  below;  cf.  Luedecke,  Jb.  Min., 
2,  7,  1881.  Artini  and  Brogger  also  obtained  the  axial  ratios: 

&         I         h 

Mte.  Baldo  0*97962  :  1  :  0-34991  Artini. 

Norway  0'98194  :  1  :  0'35345  Bgr. 

9  See  Seligmann,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  338,  1877,  for  early  authorities,  list  of  forms,  etc.     3  Lang, 
Phil.  Mag.,  25,  43,  1863.     4  Bgr.,  1.  c.,  1877.     6  Pal  la.  Salesl,  Zs.  Kr.,   9,  386,  1884;  some  of 
these  are  very  doubtful.     6  Artini,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  Mte.   Baldo,   36,  245,   1887.     Also  sarnie 
Bombiano,  4a,  51,  1888,  Bombiano,  5a,  37,,  1889.     ''Bgr..  G.  For.  Forh.,  9,  266,  1887,  Zs.  Kr., 
16,  596  et  seq.,  1890.     8  Stadtlander,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  113,  1885;  Luedecke,  ib.,  2,  7,  1881. 

ELLAGITE  A.  Nordenskiold,  Beskrifn.,  etc.,  118,  1855.  H.  =  25-30.  Occurs  in  yellow, 
brownish,  or  reddish  yellow  crystalline  masses,  cleavable  in  two  directions  with  the  intersections 
near  90°;  subtranslucent  to  opaque;  luster  pearly  on  a  cleavage  surface.  Igelstrom,  1.  c., 
obtained:  SiO2  47'73,  A12O3  25'20,  FeO  5  92,  CuO  8'72,  H2O  12'81  =  100'38.  B.L.  fuses  and 
forms  a  white  enamel.  Occurs  with  fine  crystals  of  epidote  at  Aland,  Finland. 

454.  SCOLECITE.  Skolezit  Qehlen  &  Fucks,  Schw.  J.,  8,  361,  1813.  Mesotype  pt. 
Fibrous  Zeolite  pt.  Lime-Mesotypo.  Poonahlite  Brooke,  Phil.  Mag.,  10,  110,  1881. 
Punahlit  Germ. 

Monoclinic,     Axes    a:  1 :  6  =  0-97636  : 1  :  0-34338;  fi  =  89°  18'  =  C01  A  100 
Flink1. 

100  A  HO  =  44°  18f ',  001  A  101  =  19°  18',  001  A  Oil  =  18°  57'. 

t  (531,  -  5-|)3 
u  (1811-1,  -  13-}?)3 
p  (131,  -  3-3) 
g  (474,  -  H)4 


U'"      =    52°    2'  mv  =  33°  59'  a'e  =    72°  12'  ri  =  26°  25£' 

mm'"  =  *88°  37£'  m'e  =  64°  14'  oo'  =  *35°  46'  pp'  -  88°    8V 

kk'      =    54°  14'  oe'    =  52°  21'  w'  =    70°  19'  ee'  =  36°    If 

mo      =    63°  25'  ao    =  71?  20' 

It  is  shown  by  Luedecke  that  part  of  the  scolecite  deviates  optically  from  the  requirements 
of  the  monoclinic  system;  here  belongs  the  mineral  from  the  Schattige  Wichel,  etc. 

Crystals  slender  prismatic,  twins  with  a  as  tw.  pi.,  showing  a  feather-like 
striation  on  Z>,  diverging  upward  at  15°-22°  Zeph.  (24°-26°  Dx.); 
a^so  as  penetration-twins.  Faces  m  often  delicately  striated  hori- 
zontally.  Crystals  in  divergent  groups.  Also  massive,  fibrous  and 
radiated,  and  in  nodules. 

Cleavage:    m   nearly   perfect.      H.  =  5-5'5.      G.  =  2'16-2'4. 
Luster  vitreous,  or  silky  when  fibrous.     Transparent  to  subtrans- 
lucent.    Pyroelectric  :   on  heating,  the   end  with  oc  -f-?  also  a  -f-, 
* 


Forms2  : 

I   (210,  i-2) 

<?  (111,  -  1) 

w  (551,  -  5)3 

a  (100,  i-l) 

m(110,  I) 

z  (332,  -  |)4 

e  (111,  1) 

b  (010,  i-i) 

k  (120,  £2)3 

y  (1212-5,  -  V-)4 

r  (551,  5)4 

c  (001,  0) 
n  (510,  a-5)4 

A  (470,  i-f)4 
d  (101,  -  14) 

*>  (331,  -  3) 
*  (441,  -  4)*        - 

«  (311,  -  3-3)8 

m. 


prsms 

Opticallv  —  .     Double  refraction  weak.       Ax.  pi.  and  Bx~J_  b. 
Bxa  A  t  =  15°-16°.     Axial  angles,  Schmidt5: 

Iceland    2Har   =.32°  26'  Li  2Hor  =  124°    1'        .-.     2Var=35°22' 

Iceland,  Flink.                         2Ha  y  =  33°  48'  Na  2Hoy  =  123°    0'        .%     2Vay  =  36°  26' 

2Ha.gr  =  34°  10'  Tl  SHo.gr  =  121°  26'        .  '.     2Va.Rr  =  37°  14' 

Also  measured             £Ey  =  55°  44'               .-.    /S  =  .1-4952 

Comp.—  CaAl2Si30IO  +  3H20  or  CaO.Al303.3SiO,.3H,0  =  Silica  45-9,   alumina 
26-0,  lime  14  -3,  water  13-8  =  100. 

Anal.—  1,  IgelstrSm,  Jb.  Min.,  361,   1871.      2,  Hersch,  Inaug.  Diss.,  p.  12,  Zurich,  1887. 
3.  Lemberg,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  28,  551,  1876.     4,   Petersen,  Jb.  Min.,  852,  1873.     5,  E.  E.  Schmid, 


NATROLITE  GROUP— MESOLITE. 


605 


3er.  Ges.  Jena,  14,  p.  62,  June  9,  1880.  6,  Luedecke,  Jb.  Miu.,  2,  19,  1882.  7,  Bechi,  Boll. 
Com.  G.,  541  1879.  8,  Hillebrand,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Bull.  20,  36,  1885.  9,  J.  T.  Donald,  Eng. 
Mug.  J.,  51,  474.  April,  1891.  10,  Darapsky,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  66,  1888.  11,  Hussak,  Bol.  Comm. 
Geol.,  S.  Paulo,  No.  7,  p.  8,  180. 


1.  Lunddorrsfjall 

2.  Bulaudstindr 

3.  Iceland 

4.  Poonahlile 

5.  Etzlithal 

6.  Fellinenalp 

7.  Casarza 

8.  Table  Mt.,  Col. 

9.  Black  L.,  Quebec 

10.  Chili 

11.  TuberSo 


G. 

2-256 

2-296 

2-27 

2-27 


2-15 


SiO, 
46-56 
46-12 
46-27 
46-91 
4570 
46-43 
46-65 
46-03 
46-24 
47-69 
45-96 

A1203 
25-75 
26-25 
26-16 
26-03 
27-46 
25-89 
25-82 
25-28 
2603 
2545 
26-03 

CaO 

1500 
14-37 
13-70 
13-33 
14-29 
14-07 
14-44 
12-77 
14-09 
14-05 
1353 

Ka3O 

0-43 
022 
0-11 
0-49 

1-04 

H2O 

13-30  =  100-61 
13-89  =  100  63 
13-89  =  100-45 
13  83  K2O  0-08  =  100-40 
13-45  FeiO30-:[6,MgOO-06=101 
13-24  =  100-13 
13  00  MgO  0-11  =  100-02 
[14-48]K2O  0-13,  Fe2O8  0-27=  100 
13-88  =  100-24 
13-25  MgO  tr.  =  100'44 
13-67  -  99  19 

•23 

According  to  Damour,  Iceland  columnar  masses  lost  nothing  in  dried  air;  nothing  until  the 
heat  applied  exceeded  100°  C.;  at  300°  it  had  lost  5  p.  c.,  which  it  regained  in  moist  air;  at  a 
dull  red  heat  the  loss  was  12  p.  c.,  and  it  was  no  longer  hygroscopic;  at  a  bright  red  it  lost 
13*9  p.  c.,  and  became  after  intumescence  a  white  enamel. 

Hersch  (1.  c.)  has  obtained  the  following  results,  after  two  hours'  heating  in  each  case: 


Temp. 
H,0  p.  c. 


105" 


130° 
0-14 


160° 
1  13 


195e 

3-98 


225° 
4-39 


290° 

478 


red  ht. 
13-86  p.  c. 


Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  sometimes  curls  up  like  a  worm  (whence  the  name  from  o-KooA.^,  aworm, 
•which  gives  scolecite,  and  not  scolesite  or  scolezite);  other  varieties  iutumesce  but  slightly,  and  all 
fuse  at  2-2-2  to  a  white  blebby  enamel.  Gelatinizes  with  acids  like  natrolite. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  the  Berufiord,  Iceland,  where  fcfae  crystals  often  exceed  two  inches  in  length, 
and  are  occasionally  a  quarter  of  an  inch  thick.  It  has  also  been  met  with  in  amygdaloid  at 
Staffa;  in  the  Isle  of  Mull;  in  Skye,  at  Talisker;  near  Eisenach  in  Saxony;  near  the  Viesch 
Glacier,  Valais;  common  in  fine  crystallizations  in  the  Deccan  trap  area,  in  British  India, 
near  Poona,  and  from  railroad  tunnels  and  cuttings  in  the  Bhor  Ghat;  in  Greenland;  at  Pargas, 
Finland;  iuAuvergne;  the  valley  of  Cachayual,  in  Chili;  the  Serra  de  Tuberao,  Santa  Catharina, 
Brazil. 

In  the  United  States,  in  Colorado  at  Table  Mountain  near  Golden  in  cavities  in  basalt. 

In  Canada,  at  Black  Lake,  Megantic  Co.,  Quebec,  in  a  granite  dike  in  the  serpentine  region. 

Artif. — Obtained  by  Doelter  in  a  manner  analogous  to  other  zeolites  by  recrystallization  in  a 
closed  tube  at  150°.  See  Jb.  Min.,  1,  135,  1890.  Lemberg  shows  that  scolecite  may  be  con- 
verted into  natrolite  (and  mesolite)  by  the  slow  action  of  soda  solutions,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  28,  551, 1876. 

Ref.— '  Ak.  H.  Stockh.  Bihang.  13  (2),  No.  8,  1887;  cf.  also  Zeph.,  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  588,  1884; 
and  earlier,  Rose,  Pogg  ,  28,  427.  1833;  Luedecke,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  1,  1881;  the  latter  gives  the  early 
.literature.  Further,  Luedecke,  Zs.  Nat.  Halle,  63,  42,  1890. 

2  Cf.  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  386,  1862,  Luedecke,  1.  c.  3  Zeph.,  Iceland,  1.  c.  «  Flink,  1.  c.,  also 
several  doubtful  planes.  5  Schmidt,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  587,  1886;  cf.  Dx.,  Luedecke,  Flink,  1.  c.,  also 
Wyrouboff,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  9,  266,  1886. 

On  pyroelectricily,  Rose  and  Riess,  Pogg.,  59,  368,  1843;  Han-kel,  Abh.  Sachs.  Akad.,  12, 
35,  1878,  and  Wied.  Ann.,  6,  56,  1879;  Friedel  and  Gramont,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  8,  75,  1885. 


455.  MESOLITE.  Fuchs  &  Gelilen,  Schw.  J.,  8,  353,  1813,  18,  16,  1816.  Mesotype  pt. 
Fibrous  Zeolite  pt.  Me'hl-Zeolith  pt.  Lime-and-Soda  Mesotype.  Antrimolite  Thorn.,  Min.,  1, 
326,  1836.  Harringtonite  Thorn.,  ibid.,  328. 

Monoclinic  and  triclinic1  In  prismatic  crystals  near  scolecite  in  form  and 
angles,  and  twinned  like  them.  Prismatic  angle  about  88°.  Lateral  planes  often 
vertically  striated.  In  more  or  less  divergent  groups  or  tufts,  often  very  delicate. 
Also  massive;  nodules  or  masses  usually  silky  fibrous  or  columnar;  often  bristled 
with  capillary  crystals;  sometimes  consisting  of  interlaced  fibres;  rarely  stalactitic, 
radiated  fibrous  within;  occasionally  cryptocrystalline,  porcelain-like. 

Des  Cloizeaux  describes  crystals  which  are  twins  and  show  variations  in  extinction-directions 
which  throw  them  into  the  triclinic  system,  Min.,  1  388.  1862.  Brazilian  crystals,  examined  by 
Hussak,  are  also  complex  twins  and  apparently  triclinic. 

Cleavage:  prismatic,  perfect.  Brittle,  but  tough  when  cryptocrystalline. 
H.  =5.  G.  =  2'2-2'4;  2'39,  Iceland.  Luster  of  crystals  vitreous;  of  fibrous 
masses  more  or  less  silky,  Color  white  or  colorless,  grayish,  yellowish.  Trans- 
parent to  translucent;  opaque,  when  amorphous. 


606 


SILICATES. 


Var.— Besides  (a)  the  ordinary  acicular  and  capillary  crystallizations,  divergent  tufts  (less 
delicate  commonly  than  those  of  natrolite,  but  sometimes  downy),  and  fibrous  nodules  or  masses, 
mesolite  occurs  (b)  in  fibrous  stalactites,  with  the  fibers  radiating  from  the  center— the  variety 
called  Antrimolite  by  Thomson,  from  Antrim,  Ireland,  having  H.  =  35-4,  G.  =  2'096;  also 
(c)  amorphous,  chalk- white,  like  an  almond  in  luster,  opaque  and  tough,  with  H.  =  5-5*5,  and 
G.  =  2-21,  the  variety  named  Harringtonite  by  Thomson,  also  from  Antrim;  G.  =  2174, 
Haughton. 

Galaclite\\>.  602)  is  intermediate  between  natrolite  and  ordinary  mesolite. 

Com  p. — Intermediate  between  natrolite   and  scolecite  and   corresponding  to 

aAl  Si  0  3HO  ^^e  ra^io  ^etweeu  t^iese  two  compounds  varies  somewhat. 
If,  sts'dften,  Naa-.  Oa  =  1  :  2,  the  percentage  composition  is:  Silica  46*4,  alumina 
26-3,  lime  9'6,  soda  5 -3,  water  12 -4  =  100. 

Anal.— 1-3,  Schmid,  Pogg.,  142,  121,  1871.  4,  Lemberg,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  28,  552,  1876, 
5.  Luedecke,  Jb.  Min.f  2,  33,  1881.  6,  Pisani,  C.  R.,  73,  1448,  1871.  7,  O.  C.  Marsh,  Dana 
Min.,  431,  1868.  8,  Hillebrand,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Bull.  20,  35,  1885.  9,  Sadtler,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  4, 
357,  1883.  10,  Hussak,  Bol.  Comm.  G.,  S.  Paulo,  No.  7,  5,  1890.  11,  12,  Darapsky,  Jb.  Mm.,  1, 
66,  1888.  13,  Heddle,  Phil.  Mag.,  13,  148,  1857.  14,  C.  v.  HSuer,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  12,  294, 
1854.  15,  Haughton,  Phil.  Mag.,  32,  225,  1866. 


1.  Stroma 

2.  Iceland 
3. 

4. 

5.  Pflasterkaute 

6.  Gignat 

7.  0.  Blomidon,  N.  S. 

8.  Table  Mt.,  Col. 

9.  Fritz  Is.,  Pa. 

10.  Botucatu 

11.  Atacama 

12.  Coquimbo 

13.  Ireland,  Antrimolite 

14.  "       Harringtonite 

15.  Bombay,  " 


G. 

2-16 
2-18 
2-18 

2-232 


2-174 


SiOa 

A1203 

CaO 

Na2O 

H20 

47-40 

27-05 

9-16 

4-69 

1335 

MgO  0-06 

=  101-71 

47-13 

26-52 

10-37 

450 

13-19 

MgO  0-03 

=  101-74 

46-58 

27-57 

Q-ll 

3-64 

12-94 

MgO  0-08 

=    99-92 

45-96 

26-69 

9-47 

5-99 

12-78 

=    99-99 

43-83 

29-04 

7-84 

7-80 

11-75 

=  100-26 

42-3 

28-1 

100 

67 

14-1 

K20  tr. 

=  101-2 

4589 

2755 

9-13 

5-09 

12-79 

K20  0-48 

=  100-98 

46-17 

26-88 

8-77 

619 

12-16 

=  100-17 

4329 

25-02 

12-15 

3-40 

16-01 

=    99-87 

47-61 

26-80 

7-08 

7-80 

12-11 

=  101-40 

46-74 

25-99 

9-11 

5-23 

12-41 

=    U9-48 

45-15 

26-53 

11-86 

2-24 

1381 

K2O  0  45 

=  100-04 

45-98 

26-18 

10-78 

4-54 

13-00 

=  100-45 

45-07 

26-21 

11-32 

3-75 

14-34 

*=  100-69 

45-60 

27-30 

12-12 

2-76 

12-99 

K2O  0-63, 

MgO  tr.  =101  -40 

At  100°  1-41  p.  c. 


Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water  in  the  closed  tube.  B.B.  becomes  opaque,  swells  up  into  vermicular 
forms,  but  not  in  so  marked  a  manner  as  scolecite,  fusing  easily  to  a  blebby  enamel.  Gelatinizes 
with  hydrochloric  acid  (Fuchs). 

Obs. — Occurs  in  amygdaloid  and  related  rocks.  The  fibrous  kinds,  especially  the  coarser, 
are  usually  a  little  less  smoothly  or  neatly  fibrous  than  those  of  uatrolite.  On  Skye,  in  delicate 
interlacing  crystals  called  cotton-stone,  and  in  feathery  tufts,  and  in  solid  masses  consisting  of 
radiating  crystals;  in  downy  tufts  and  other  forms  at  NaalsO,  Faroer;  also  with  chabazite  in 
Eigg;  near  Edinburgh  and  Kinross,  and  at  Hartfield  Moss,  in  Scotland;  in  Antrim,  at  the  Giant's 
Causeway,  in  acicuhir  crystallizations;  also  at  Ballintoy  in  Antrim,  stalactitic  (antrimolite), 
investing  yellow  calcite,  or  chabazite;  in  Antrim,  in  veins  of  amorphous  mesolite  (harringtonite), 
at  Port  rush  and  at  the  Skerries;  and  at  Magee  Island,  and  Agnew's  Hill,  5  m.  W.  of  Larne.  In 
cavities  in  the  basalt  of  the  Pflasterkaute,  near  Eisenach  (Credner,  Jb.  Min.,  59,  I860,  Luedecke, 
1.  c.)  with  Ihorasonite,  gismondite,  phillipsite,  etc.  In  augite-porphyryte  in  the  Serra  de 
Botucatu,  Brazil;  also  at  other  localities,  as  stated  above. 

In  the  United  States  with  other  zeolites  on  Fritz  island  in  the  Schuylkill  R.,  Penn.;  in  the 
basalt  of  Table  Mt.  near  Golden,  Colorado,  with  other  zeolites.  In  the  North  Mountain  of 
King's  Co.,  and  Gates's  Mountain,  of  Annapolis  Co.,  N.  Scotia,  with  far5elite,  in  masses, 
sometimes  large  (one  reported  as  large  as  a  man's  head),  usually  within  fine  fibrous,  radiated, 
and  somewhat  plumose;  also  at  Cape  Blomidou. 

Ref.— J  Made  triclinic  by  Dx.  on  optical  grounds  (Min.,  1,  p.  388),  the  crystals  being  pene- 
tration-twins and  a  section  |  c  being  divided  into  four  sectors  with  extinction-directions  inclined 
11*  to  15*  in  those  adjacent,  but  alike  for  those  opposite.  Luedecke  (Jb.  Min.,  2,  28,  1881;  Zs. 
Nat.  IlaHe,  63,  42,  1890)  has  attempted  to  establish  an  orthorhombic,  a  monoclinic,  and  a 
triclinic  variety;  the  first  being  galactite  from  Bishoptown  (which,  however,  is  more  naturally 
placed  under  natrolite);  the  second  the  inesolite  from  Iceland  and  Pflasterkaute;  the  third  the 
crystals  from  an  unknown  locality  described  by  Des  Cloizeaux.  Schmidt  (Zs.  Kr.,  11,  594, 1886), 
however,  argues  that  it  is  probably  monoclinic  like  scolecite. 


THOMSONITE  GROUP— THOMSONITE. 


607 


456.  Thomsonite 

457.  Hydronephelite 

Ranite. 


Thomsonite  Group. 

Orthorhombic 
Hexagonal 


456.  THOMSONITE.  Mesotype  pt.  H.,  Tr.,  1801.  Thomsonite  (fr.  Scotland)  Brooke. 
Ann  Phil  16,  193,  1820.  Comptonite  (fr.  Somma)  Brewster,  Ed.  Phil.  J.,  4,  181,  Ib21. 
Mesole  Berz.,  Ed.  Phil.  J  ,  7,  6,  1822.  Triploklas  Breith.,  Char.,  1832.  Chalilite  T.  Thomson, 
Min.,  1,  324,  1836.  Scoulerite R.  D.  Thomson,  Phil.  Mag.,  17,  408,  1840.  Ozarkitc  (fr.  Arkan- 
sas) Shep.,  Am.  J  Sc..  2,  251.  1846.  Karphostilbit  «.  Walt..  Vulk.  Gest, ,  272,  1853.  Faroelile 
(=  Mesole)  Heddle,  Phil.  Mag.,  13,  50,  1857,  15,  28,  1858.  Tousouite  Ital 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  d  :  I  :  6  =  0*99324  :  1  :  1-00662  Brogger1. 

100  A  110  =  44°  48f,  001  A  101  =.45°  23',  001  A  Oil  =  45°  11£'. 


Forms2: 
a  (100,  i-l) 
b  (010,  «) 
c  (001,  0) 


ro(110,  /) 

r  (101,  14) 
d  (401,  .44)? 
e  (801,84)? 


x  (0-1  -48, 
y  (012, 
p  (in.  l) 


i. 


The  axial  ratio  (as  noted  by  Bgr.)  deviates  but  little 
from  the  isometric  system;  cf.  the  angles  for  p  below. 


mm 
rr' 
ar 
dd' 


=  89°  37' 
=  90°  46' 
=  *44°  37' 
=  152°  17' 
=  165°  56' 
=  2°  24' 
=  53°  26' 
=  *26°  43' 


pp'    =  71°    4f 

pp"    =  110°    Of 

pp'"  =  70°  31' 

<pjt*  =  69°  59V 

ap     =  54°  28' 

bp     =  54°  44' 

cp      =  55°    0' 


Fig.  1,  Kilpatrick,  Greg  &  Lettsom. 
2,  Norway,  BrSgger. 


Distinct  crystals  rare;  in  prisms"  with  prismatic  faces  strongly  striated  verti- 
cally. Commonly  columnar,  structure  radiated;  in  radiated  spherical  concretions; 
also  closely  compact. 

Cleavage:  b  perfect;  a  less  so;  c  in  traces.  Fracture  uneven  to  subconchoidal. 
Brittle.  H.  =  5-5  -ft.  G.  =  2'3-2'4.  Luster  vitreous,  more  or  less  pearly.  Snow- 
white;  reddish,  green;  impure  varieties  brown.  Streak  uncolored.  Transparent 
to  translucent.  Pyrcelectric.  Optically  +.  Ax.  pi.  ||  c.  Bx  J_  b-  Dispersion 
p  >  v  strong.  Axial  angles,  Dx.  : 


Dumbarton  2£r     =  82°-82°  18'  2Ebl  =  84°  ll'-84<f  42' 

Seeberg  2Ha.r  =  55°  22'  2H0.r  =  132°  26'  .'.  2Vr  =  53°  50'  2Er  ^=  85°  47' 

Mte.  Somma  2Er     =  86°  2Ebl  =  89°  53' 

Fassathal  2E,     =.93°  25'  2EW  =  96°  53' 


=  l'503Dx. 


Var.—  1.  Ordinary,  (a)  In  regular  crystals,  usually  more  or  less  rectangular  in  outline, 
prismatic  in  habit,  (b)  Prisms  slender,  often  vesicular  to  radiated,  (c)  Radiated  fibrous. 
(d)  Sphencal  concretions,  consisting  of  radiated  fibers  or  slender  crystals.  Also  massive,  granular 
to  impalpable,  and  white  to  reddish  brown,  less  often  green  as  in  lintonite,  anal.  15,  16. 
The  spherical  massive  forms  also  radiated  with  several  centers  aud  of  varying  colors,  hence  of 
much  bear.ty  when  polished. 

Ozarkite  is  a  white  massive  thornsonite  (as  shown  by  Smith  and  Brush),  either  granular  or 
compact,  with  G.  =  2-24,  from  Arkansas. 

2.  Mesole  (Fardelite  of  Heddle),  the  original  from  the  F£r5er,  occurs  in  spherical  concretions, 
consisting  of  lamellar  radiated  individuals,  pearly  in  cleavage.     It  occurs  with  mesolite  and 
apophyllite,  and  contains  a  little  more  silica  than  normal  thorn  sonite      Mesole  was  long  since 
referred  to  thomsonite  by  Haidinger. 

Scoulerite  R.  D.  Thomson,  from  Portrush.  Antrim,  is  mesole  in  structure. 

3,  Clialilite  Thomson  is  a  compact  variety,  of  a  reddish  brown  color,  from  the  Donegore 
Mts..  Antrim,  cf.  5th  Ed.,  p.  425. 


608 


SILICATES. 


Comp.— (Naa,Ca)AlaSi208  +  |H30  or  (Na,,Ca)0.  Ala03.2Si03.4H.,0.     The  ratio 
of  Na,  :  Ca  varies  from  3  :  1  to  1  :  1.     Percentage  composition: 


Ca  :  Na2  =  3  :  1 

"=2:1 

"        "     =1:1 


Si02 
37-0 
36-9 
36-8 


A1203 
31-4 
31-4 
31-3 


CaO 

12-9 

11-5 

8-6 


Na2O 
4:8 
6-4 
9-5 


H2O 

13-9  =  100 

13-8  =  100 

13-8  =  100 


Mesole  shows  a  little  more   silica,  and  the  same   is  true  of  some  other  varieties,  and  ie 
does  not  seem  possible  to  explain  this,  in  all  cases,  by  the  assumption  of  free  quartz. 

Anal.— 1,  3,  Rg.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  59,  349,  1853.  2,  Pogg.,  46,  286, 1839.  4,  5,  Lemberg,  Zs.  G. 
Ges.,  28,  556,  554,  1876.  6,  7,  Hersch,  Inaug.  Diss.,  p.  22,  Zurich,  1887.  8,  Haushofer,  J.  pr. 
Ch.,  103,  305,  1868.  9,  Svehla,  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  24,  1882.  10,  John,  ib.,  304,  1875,  after 
deducting  19  p.  c.  CaCO3.  11,  Luedecke,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  88,  1S82.  12,  Young,  Ch.  News.  27,  56,. 
1873.  13-15,  Miss  L.  A.  Linton,  quoted  by  Peckham  and  Hall,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  122,  1880. 
14a,  recalculated  (to  SiOa  =  40*45)  on  the  assumption,  of  the  presence  of  free  silica.  16,  F.  L. 
Sperry,  priv.  contr.  17,  Smith  and  Brush,  ib.,  16,  50,  1853.  18-20,  W.  F.  Hillebrand,  U.  S. 
G.  Surv.,  Bull.  20,  pp.  19,  25,  1885. 


1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
14a 
15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 


Dumbarton 
Seeberg,  Comptonite 
Haueustein 
Kil  patrick 
FarOer,  Faroelite 

Hauenstein,  Mesole 

Seisser  Alp 

Eulenberg 

Monzoni 

Pflasterkaute 

Mugdock 

Grand  Marais,  opaq.  wh. 


Lintonite 
it         <i  * 

Ozarkiie 

Table  Mt.,  Col.,  spherules 


G. 

Si03 

A120S 

CaO 

Na2O 

K2O 

H2O 

2-383 

38-09 

31-62 

12-60 

4-62 



13-40 

=  100-33 

2-37 

38-74 

30-84 

13-43 

3-85 

0-54 

13-10 

=  100  50 

2-357 

39-63 

31-25 

7-27 

8-03 

— 

13-03 

=    99-21 

37-21 

31-72 

13-60 

4-20 



13-27 

=.100 

39-98 

29-62 

11-77 

4-87 

__ 

1376 

=  100 

2-252 

41-56 

28-23 

11-39 

4-20 

— 

14-98 

=  100-36 

2-196 

|  39-87 

29-40 

8-15 

8-26 



14-52 

=  100-20 

2-309 

39-60 

31-55 

11-98 

4-10 



13-10 

=  100-33 

38-44 

31-48 

13-60 

3-53 



12-93 

=    99-98 

3924 

27-90 

1245 

7-95 

0-60 

11-86 

=  100 

2-295 

36-86 

30-46 

18-70 

0-46 

— 

13-22 

=    99-70 

2-380 

36-84 

31-57 

13-54 

4-31 

— 

1354 

=    9980 

|  40-45 

29-50 

10-75 

4-76 

0-36 

13-93 

Fe2O3  0-23= 

99 

•93 

|  46-02 

26-72 

9-40 

3-76 

0-39 

12-80 

Fe2O3  0-81  = 

99 

•90 

40-45 

29-37 

10-43 

4-28 

0-42 

13-93 

Fe203  0-88= 

99 

•76 

40-61 

30-21 

10-37 

4-06 

0-49 

13-75 

FeO  0-40  = 

99-89 

|  44-53 

27-36 

990 

5'92a 

— 

13-08 

MgO  0-26  = 

101 

•05 

36-85 

29-42 

13-95 

3-91 

— 

13-80 

Fe2O3  1-55= 

99 

•48 

'es 

40-52 

29-22 

12-43 

4'31 

— 

12-79 

Fe2O3  0-79=100 

•06 

40-88 

29-68 

11-88 

4-72 

___ 

12-91 

=  100-07 

|  40-69 

29-93 

11-91 

4-44 

— 

12-86 

=    99-83 

Probably  a  little  too  high. 


The  Mittelgebirge  mineral  changes  but  slightly  in  moist  or  dry  air,  according  to  Damourr 
after  two  hours  at  280°  C.  it  loses  6*1  p.  c.,  and  very  slowly  regains  the  water  lost  in  the  open. 
air,  the  loss  being  reduced  to  1'5  p.  c.  after  forty  hours.  At  a  red  heat  the  loss  is  13'3  p.  c.,  and 
the  mineral  becomes  fused  to  a  white  enamel. 

Hersch  (1.  c.,  anal.  6)  obtained  the  following  results  after  two  hours'  heating  in  each  case : 


Temp. 
H2O 


100° 
1-61 


150° 
3-68 


Also  for  "  mesolith,"  anal.  7: 

Temp.  100°  160° 

H2O  2-43  3-19 


195° 

4-84 


.200° 
4-93 


240° 
5-58 


250° 
5-99 


305e 
7-95 


300° 
7-92- 


red  ht. 
14-98  p.  c. 


red  lit. 
14-50  p.  c. 


Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  with  intumescence  at  2  to  a  white  enamel.  Gelatinizes  with  hydro- 
chloric acid. 

Obs.— Found  in  cavities  in  lava  and  other  igneous  rocks,  sometimes  with  elseolite  as  a  result 
of  its  alteration. 

Occurs  near  Kilpatrick,  and  at  Kihnalcolm  and  Port  Glasgow,  Scotland,  in  amygdaloid;  in 
t**e  lavas  of  Somma  (comptonite);  in  basalt  at  the  Pflasterkaute  in  Saxe  Weimar;  at  Seeberg  and 
elsewhere  in  Bohemia,  in  the  cavities  of^phonolyte;  iu  the  Cyclopean  islands,  Sicily,  with  anal- 
cite  and  phillipsite;  on  the  islands,  Laven,  Aro,  etc.,  in  the  Langesund  fiord,  also  Klokker- 
holtnen  near  Brevik,  Norway;  in  the  Fa"roer;  in  phonolyte  at  Hauenstein,  Bohemia;  in  Hungary, 
near  Schemnitz;  at  Theiss,  Tyrol;  at  Mt.  Monzoni,  Fassalhal;  in  straw-yellow  needles  (carpho- 
stilbite)  at  the  Berufiord,  Iceland,  G.  =  2 '362 


TEOMSONITE  GROUP— HYDRONEPHELITE.  609 

Long,  slender,  prismatic  crystallizations,  of  a  grayish  white  color,  are  obtained  at  Peter's 
Point,  Nova  Scotia,  where  it  is  associated  with  apophyllite,  mesotype,  Imimontite,  and  other 
related  minerals.  In  the  U.  S.,  occurs  fibrous  radiated  and  massive  (ozarkite)  at  Magnet  Cove,  in 
the  Ozark  Mts.,  Arkansas,  in  cavities  in  elaeolite  (from  the  alteration  of  which  it  has  apparently 
resulted),  with  slender  prisms  of  apatite.  Also  in  the  amygdaloid  of  Grand  Marais,  L.  Superior, 


In  the  basalt  of  Table  Mt.  near  Golden,  Colorado. 

Mesole  is  from  the  cave  of  Nalso,  island  of  Faro;  Disco  I.,  Greenland;  Annaklef,  Sweden, 
a  few  miles  west  of  C.  Blomidon,  Bay  of  Fundy,  near  the  small  village  of  Ft.  George. 

Alt.— The  Mte.  Somma  comptonite  is  partially  altered,  involving  a  loss  of  water,  assumption, 
of  CaCO3,  and  a  change  in  the  amounts  of  silica  and  alumina.  Analyses  by  E.  Scacchi  gave: 

SiO2  A12O3  CaO          Na2O         H2O  CO2 

41-18  1222  38-01  2'04  1'79  1'79    =    9995 

39-17  35-99  14'65  2'87  5'77  [1'55]  =  100 

Ace.  Napoli,  Dec.  12,  1888,  the  analyses  corrected  by  Cathrein,  Zs.  Kr.,  18,  101,  1890. 

Lemberg  has  shown  that  solutions  of  potassium  and  sodium  carbonate  in  3£  months 
accomplished  an  exchange  of  potassium  and  sodium  respectively  for  most  of  the  calcium,  but 
more  rapidly  in  the  former  case.  Further  the  potash  compound  so  formed  is  largely  reconverted 
into  the  original  mineral  by  treatment  with  calcium  chloride.  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  28,  555,  1875. 

Doelter  shows  thnt  by  slow  cooling  after  fusion,  a  crystalline  mass  is  obtained,  consisting  of 
distinct  anorthite  crystals,  chiefly  twins.  This  corresponds  with  the  formula  above  accepted 
(Rg-)  by  which  it  is  essentially  a  hydrate  of  anorthite. 

Ref.— »  Laven,  Langesund  fiord,  Norway,  16,  641,  1890;  also  earlier,  Zs.  Kr..  2,  289,  1879. 
^  See  Bgr.,  1.  c.,  cf.  also  Greg,  Min.,  158,  1859,  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  374,  1862.  Also  perhaps  705, 
Phillips,  but 'doubtful;  cf.  Gdt.,  Index,  3,  205,  1891.  Luedecke,  1.  c.,  gives  0-1'50(=-  x)  on 
thomsonite  from  the  Ptiasterkaute.  Twins,  resembling  harmotome,  are  mentioned  by  Guthe, 
JB.  Ges.  Hann.,  14,  ,47,  1864. 

PICROTHOMSONITE  Meneghini  &  Bechi,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  63,  1852.  Picrotonsonite  Ital. 
Like  thomsonite  in  form,  and  near  it  in  composition.  The  soda  is  replaced  by  magnesia,  and 
possibly  as  a  result  of.  alteration.  Occurs  in  radiated  masses,  laminated  in  structure;  H.  =  5;' 
G.  =  2-278;  luster  pearly;  white;  transparent  in  small  fragments,"  very  fragile.  Analysis,  Bechi: 

SiOa  40-36     Al2O331-25     MgO  6'26     CaO.10'99     Nu2O,K20  0'29     H20 10'79  =m>-94 

B.B.  fuses  to  a  white  enamel,  with  intumescence.  Dissolves  in  cold  acids  and  gelatinizes. 
Occurs  with  caporciauite  in  the  gabbro  rosso  of  Tuscany.  The  name,  from  nixpoS,  bitter,  and 
thomsonite,  alludes  to  the  magnesia  present. 

457.  HTDRONEPHELITE.    F.  W.  Clarke,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  31,  265,  1886. 
Ranite.    Raiiit  S.  R.  Paijkull,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Ber.  Ch.'Ges.,  7,  1334,  1874.    Rauite  wrong 
orthog.  Hydronephelit-spreusteiu  Brogger,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  234,  1890. 

Probably  hexagonal.     In  massive  forms,  with  radiated  structure. 

H.  =  4-5-6.  G.  =  2-263  Clarke;  2 -4^  Paijkull.  Luster  vitreous.  Color 
white;  also  dark  gray  to  grayish  black.  Translucent  to  nearly  opaque.  Optically 
uniaxial,  positive. 

Comp.,  Var.— For    hydronephelite   HNa2Al3Si3012  +  3HaO   or  2Na30.3Al30, 
6Si02.7H2Q  =  Silica  39'3,  alumina  33-4,  soda  13'5,  water  13'8  =  100. 

Jlanite   is   (Na2,Ca)Al2Si2O8  +  2H2O,  which  is  equivalent  to,  R3Al3Si3O12-  +  3HaO  like 
hydronephelite.     Calcium  is  present  with  the  sodium. 
Anal.— 1,  F.  W.  Clarke,  1.  c,     2,  Paijkull,  1.  c. 

G.         SiOa   A1203    CaO   Na2O   K2O    H2O 

1.  HydronepheUte    2'263       38'99    33-62    0'07    13'07    1'12    12-98  =  99-85 

2.  Ranito  2-48   .     ,39^1    31'79    5*07    H'55     —     11-71  Fe3O3  0*57  =  99'90 

Other  analyses  of  hydronephelite  on  material  slightly  impure  gave  results  similar  to  those 
qupted. 

Pyr.,  etc — Fusible  easily  to  a  white  enamel.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  with, 
gelatin  ization. 

Obs. — Hydronephelite  is  from  Litchfield,  Maine,  where  it  occurs  intimately  mixed  with 
sodalite,  from  the  alteration  of  which  it  has  been  derived. 

Ranite  occurs  on  the  island  Laven  (also  called  Lamo)  in  the  Langesund  fiord,  Norway,  where 
it  has  been  formed  from  the  alteration  of  elseolite.  iSTamed  for  the  old  Norse  sea-god,  Ran. 
Brogger  shows  that  it  includes  part  of  what  has  passed  under  the  name  of  spreustein,  see  also 
p.  602. 


610  SILICATES. 


APPENDIX  TO  ZEOLITES. 

CHLOBASTROLITE  C.  T.  Jackson;  J.  D.  Whitney,  J.  Nat.  Hist.  Boston,  5,  488,  1847. 
Shown  by  Hawes  not  to  be  a  homogeneous  mineral.  An  analysis  gave: 

SiOa  37-41,  A1203  24-62,  Fe203  2-21,  FeOl'81,  MgO3'46,  CaO  22*20,  Na2O  0'32,  H2O  7'72 
=  99-75,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  10,  25,  1875. 

Referred  by  Hawes  to  prehnite,  but  by  Lacroix  to  thomsonite  on  optical  grounds,  Bull.  Soc. 
Min.,  10,  147,  1888.  It  occurs  in  small  rounded  pebbles  with  finely  radiated  or  stellated 
structure  and  of  a  light  bluish  green  color.  H.  =  5'5.  G.  —  3'180.  Found  on  the  shores  of 
Isle  Royale,  Lake  Superior,  derived  from  the  trap.  Named  from  ^A&jpd?,  green,  acrrpor,  star, 
Ai'QoS,  stone. 

ZONOCHLOKITE  A.  E.  Foote,  Rep.  Amer.  Assoc.,  65,  1873;  App.  n,  63.  Similar  to 
chlorastrolite.  Hawes  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  10,  24,  1875)  obtained  from  an  analysis  of  a  dark  green 
specimen:  SiO2  35'94,  A12O3  19'41,  Fe2O3  6'80,  FeO  4'54,  MgO  2'48,  CaO  22'77,  Na2O  tr., 
H2O  8  40  —  100-34.  Microscopic  examination  showed  the  presence  of  green  earthy  particles  as 
impurities  disseminated  through  a  white  mineral.  From  the  amygdaloid  of  Neepigon  Bay, 
Lake  Superior. 

DOLIANITE  EnglisJi  collectors;  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  435,  1862.  A.  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  8,  356, 
1885.  A  doubtful  zeolitic  mineral,  stated  to  come  from  Knock  Station,  Ayrshire,  Scotland. 
Occurs  in  cone-shaped  masses  with  fan-shaped  lamellar  structure;  cleavage  basal,  easy;  soft; 
luster  pearly;  color  white.  Optically  uniaxial,  negative. 

B.B.  fuses  with  some  difficulty  to  a  white  enamel.     Analysis,  author  unknown: 

Si02  53-24        A1203  35*46        CaO  5'73        MgO  0'02        H,O  4'04  =  98'49 

EPISPHARITE  A.  Knop,  Zs.  Kr.,  18,  668,  1891.  An  undetermined  zeolitic  mineral  occurring 
in  white  spherical  forms  with  radiated  fibrous  structure  on  natrolite  in  the  phonolyte  of 
Oberschaft'hauseu,  Kaiserstuhl, 

SASBACHITE  (Saspachite)  J.  ScMll,  Jb.  Min.,  452.  1846,  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  420,  1862.  A  zeolitic 
mineral  from  Sasbach  in  Kaiserstuhl,  afforded  J.  Schill:  SiO2  51'50,  A12O3  16'51,  CaO  6 '20, 
K2O  6'82,  MgO  1-93,  H2O  17  00  —  99'96.  Occurs  in  tufts  of  fibers  and  concretions;  G.  =  1'465; 
H.  =  4-5;  white  or  colorless;  luster  silky  to  vitreous.  Easily  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 
Occurs  in  doleryte  in  cavities,  and  is  often  overlaid  by  faujasite  and  apophyllite. 

SLOANITE  MenegMni  &  Bechi,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  64,  1852.  Orthorhornbic.  Cleavage: 
prismatic  (75°)  very  distinct.  In  radiated  masses  with  transverse  fracture.  H.  —  4'5. 
G.  =  2-441.  Luster  pearly.  White.  Opaque. 

Analysis,  Bechi,  1.  c. : 

SiO2  42-19    A12O3  35-00    CaO  8*12    MgO  2-67    Na2O  0'25    K2O  0'03    H2O  12'50  =  100*76 

B.B.  fuses  without  intumescence  to  a  white  enamel.  Dissolves  in  acids  even  in  the  cold, 
and  gelatinizes.  From  the  gabbro  rosso  of  Tuscany.  Named  after  Mr.  Sloaue,  proprietor  of 
the  Mte.  Catini  mine. 

UNKNOWN  ZEOLITE  0.  Beyer,  Min.  Mitth.,  10,  31,  1888.  In  spherical  forms  and  crusts, 
showing  minute  crystals  (hexagonal?).  H.  =  45.  G.  =  2'162.  Analysis,  O.  Beyer: 

SiO2  57*50     A12O3  IS'll     CaO  4*63     MgO  1*20     K2O  6'98     Na2O  2'40     H2O  10-48  =  101.30 

Only  slightly  attacked  by  acids.  Occurs  in  amygdaloidal  cavities  in  slag-like  inclusions  of 
the  basalt  of  the  Grossdehsaer  Berg. 


II.  Mica  Division. 

The  species  embraced  under  this  Division  fall  into  three  groups :  1,  the  MICA 
GROUP,  including  the  Micas  proper;  2,  the  CLINTONITE  GROUP,  or  the  Brittle 
Micas;  3,  the  CHLORITE  GROUP.  Supplementary  to  these  are  the  Vermiculites, 
hydrated  compounds  chiefly  results  of  the  alteration  of  some  one  of  the  micas. 

All  of  the  above  species  have  the  characteristic  micaceous  structure,  that  is, 
they  have  highly  perfect  basal  cleavage  and  yield  easily  thin  laminae.  They  belong 
to  the  monoclinic  system,  but  the  position  of  the  bisectrix  in  general  deviates  but 
little  from  the  normal  to  the  plane  of  cleavage;  all  of  them  show  on  the  basal  sec- 
tion plane  angles  of  60°  or  120°,  marking  the  relative  position  of  the  chief  zones  of 
forms  present,  and  giving  them  the  appearance  of  hexagonal  or  rhombohedral 
symmetry;  further,  they  are  more  or  less  closely  related  among  themselves  in  the 
jingles  of  prominent  forms. 


MICA  GROUP. 


611 


The  species  of  this  Division  all  yield  water  upon  ignition,  the  micas  mostly 
from  4  to  5  p.  c.,  the  chlorites  from  10  to  13  p.  c.;  this  is  probably  to  be  regarded 
in  all  cases  as  water  of  constitution,  and  hence  they  are  not  strictly  hydrous  sili- 
cates. 

More  or  less  closely  related  to  these  species  are  those  of  the  Serpentine  and 
Talc  Division  and  the  Kaolin  Division  following,  many  of  which  show  distinctly 
a  mica-like  structure  and  cleavage  and  also  pseudo-hexagonal  symmetry. 


1.  Mica  Group.     Monoclinic. 


458.      Muscovite 


459. 
460. 
461. 


Paragonite 

Lepidolite 

Zinnwaldite 


Potassium  Mica  H2KAl3(Si04)3 

a:i:6  =  0-57735  :  1  :  3-3128      ft  =  89°  54' 
Sodium  Mica  HaNaAl8(Si04); 

Lithium  Mica  KLi[Al(OH,F)2]Al(Si03)3  pt. 

Lithium-iron  Mica         (K,Li)3FeAl3Si5Ol6(OH,F)2? 

n  m 

Magnesium-iron  Mica      (H,K)a(Mg,Fe)2(Al,Fe)2(Si04)3  pt. 

a  :  I  :  6  =  0-57735  :  1  :  3'2743         ft  =  90°  0' 

(H,K,(MgF))3Mg3Al(Si04)3 
Magnesium  Mica;  usually  containing  fluorine,  nearly  free  from  iron. 
462B.    Lepidomelane  Annite 

Iron  Micas.     Contain  ferric  iron  in  large  amount. 


462,      Biotite 


462A.    Phlogopite 


The  species  of  the  MICA  GROUP  crystallize  in  the  monoclinic  system1,  but  with 
a  close  approximation  to  either  rhombohedral  or  to  orthorhombic  symmetry;  the 
plane  angles  of  the  base  are  in  all  cases  60°  or  120°.  They  are  all  character- 
ized by  highly  perfect  basal  cleavage,  yielding  very  thin,  tough,  and  more  or  less 
elastic  laminae.  The  negative  bisectrix,  a,  is  very  nearly  normal  to  the  basal  plane, 
varying  at  most  but  a  few  degrees  from  this;  hence  a  cleavage  plate  shows  the 
axial  interference-figure,  which  for  the  pseudo-rhombohedral  kinds  is  often  uni- 
axial  or  nearly  uniaxial.  Of  the  species  named  above,  biotite  has  usually  a  very 
small  axial  angle,  and  is  often  sensibly  uniaxial;  the  axial  angle  of  phlogopite  is 
also  small,  usually  10°  to  12°;  for  muscovite,  paragonite,  lepidolite  the  angle  is 
large,  in  air  commonly  from  50°  to  70°. 

The  Micas  may  be  referred  to  the  same  fundamental  axial  ratio  with  an  angle 
of  obliquity  differing  but  little  from  90° ;  they  show  to  a  considerable  extent  the 
same  forms,  and  their  isomorphism  is  further  indicated  by  their  not  infrequent 
intercrystallization  in  parallel  position,  as  biotite  with  muscovite,  lepidolite  with 
muscovite,  etc. 

A  blow  with  a  somewhat  dull-pointed  instrument  on 
a  cleavage  plate  of  a  mica  develops  in  all  the  species  a 
six-rayed  percussion-figure^  (f.  1),  two  lines  of  which  are 
parallel  to  the  prismatic  edges,  the  third,  which  is  the 
most  strongly  characterized  (Leitstrahl  Germ.),  is  parallel 
to  the  clinopinacoid  or  plane  of  symmetry.  The  micas 
are  often  divided  into  two  classes,  according  to  the  position 
of  the  plane  of  the  optic  axes.  In  the  first  class  belong 
those  kinds  for  which  the  optic  axial  plane  is  normal  to 
b  (010),  the  plane  of  symmetry  (f.  1) ;  in  the  second  class  the 
axial  plane  is  parallel  to  the  plane  of  symmetry.  The 
percussion-figure  serves  to  fix  the  crystallographic  orienta- 
tion when  crystalline  faces  are  wanting.  A  second  series 
of  lines  at  right  angles  to  those  mentioned  may  be  more  or  less  distinctly  developed 


612  SILICATES. 

by  pressure3  of  a  dull  point  on  an  elastic  surface,  forming  the  so-called  pressure- 
-figure;  this  is  sometimes  six-rayed,  more  often  shows  three  branches  only,  and 
sometimes  only  two  are  developed.  In  f.  1  the  position  of  the  pressure-figure 
is  indicated  by  the  dotted  lines.  These  lines  are  connected  with  gliding-planes 
inclined  some  67°  to  the  plane  of  cleavage  (see  beyond). 

The  micas  of  the  first  class  include:  Muscovite,  paragonite,  lepidolite,  also 
some  rare  varieties  of  biotite  called  anomite. 

The  second  class  embraces :  Zinnwaldite  and  most  biotite,  including  lepidom- 
elane  and  phlogopite. 

Chemically  considered,  the  micas  are  silicates,  and  in  most  cases  orthosilicates, 
of  aluminium  with  potassium  and  hydrogen,  also  often  magnesium,  ferrous  iron, 
and  in  certain  cases  ferric  iron,  sodium,  lithium  (rarely  rubidium  and  caesium); 
further,  rarely,  barium,  manganese,  chromium.  Fluorine  is  prominent  in  some 
species,  and  titanium  is  also  sometimes  present.  Other  elements  (boron,  etc.)  may 
be  present  in  traces.  All  micas  yield  water  upon  ignition  in  consequence  of  the 
hydrogen  (or  hydroxyl)  which  they  contain. 

The  composition  of  the  micas  is  still  involved  to  a  greater  or  less  degree  in  uncertainty,  and 
although  much  light  has  been  thrown  upon  the  subject  in  recent  years,  it  is  impossible  to  give 
general  formulas,  for  all  the  different  species,  which  do  not  rest  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  upon 
hypothesis4. 

Tschermak  explains  the  composition  of  the  micas  by  regarding  them  as  isomorphous  mixtures 
of  the  following  fundamental  molecules:* 

K  =  H2KAl3Si3O12  M  =  Mg6Si3O12  S  =  H4Si5O12 

Of  these,  K  corresponds  to  ordinary  muscovite;  M  is  a  hypothetical  polymere  of  chrysolite, 
and  S  a  hypothetical  silicon  hydroxide  which  may  also  take  the  form  Si5Fi2O4.  In  K  other 
ratios  may  exist  between  the  hydrogen  and  potassium,  e.g.,  K"  =  HK2Al3Si3Oi2,  etc.;  also  the 
potassium  may  be  replaced  by  sodium  and  lithium;  further,  the  aluminium  by  ferric  iron  (and 
chromium).  Also  the  magnesium  in  M  may  be  replaced  by  ferrous  iron  and  manganese.  As 
briefly  summarized  by  the  author  the  composition  is  as  follows: 

Ordinary  Muscovite,  as  already  stated,  corresponds  to  the  simple  orthosilicate  formula, 
H2KAl3Si3Oi2.  Some  kinds,  however,  are  more  acidic  and  are  interpreted  as  equivalent  to 
3H2KAl3Si3Ol2  -f  H4Si5O12. 

Lepidolite  corresponds  to  3K3Al3Si3Oi2  -f-  Si&FJ2O.4,  with  the  potassium  one-half  replaced 
by  lithium  and  the  fluorine  by  hydrogen. 

Zinnwaldite  is  (K,Li)3Al3Si3O12,Fe6Si3O12,Si5(F,H)12O4  in  the  ratio  of  10  :  2  :  3. 

Ordinary  Biotite  ("Meroxene")  is  HKAl2Si2O8  and  Mg4Si2O8  in  the  ratio  of  1  :  1,  2  :  1,  and 
intermediate  ratios. 

For  the  "  Auomite"  analyzed  the  composition  is  assumed  HK2Al3Si3Oi2,Mg6Si3O]2,  also  in 
the  ratios  from  1  :  1  to  2  :  1. 

Lepidomelaue  is  H2KAl3Si3Oi2  and  Mg6Si3Oi2,  with  the  aluminium  largely  replaced  by 
ferric  iron. 

Phlogopite  is  regarded  as  containing  the  molecules  K3Al3Si3Oi2,Mg6Si3Oi2,H4Si5Oi2  (or 
Si4F,2O4),  often  in  the  ratio  3:4:1. 

For  the  fuller  discussion  of  the  subject  and  the  process  of  calculation  by  which  these  sup- 
posed fundamental  molecules  are  deduced,  reference  is  made  to  the  original  memoirs. 

Rammelsberg4  regards  the  micas  as  containing  the  three  silicates  K2SiO3,  R4SiO4,  R6SiO5  in 
various  molecular  relations,  e.g.,  Muscovite  is  R4SiO4  +  Al4Si3Oi2;  the  more  acidic  kinds  are 

R14Si4Ol5  =  R2Si03  -{-  3R4Si04,  which  is  further  written  wR14Si4O16  +  ™R7Si4O15  +  pR14SiI2O45, 
in  which  m  :  n  :  p  =  5  :  1  :  5,  7  :  1  :  7,  9  :  1  :  9  in  different  cases.  Similarly  the  other  micas  are 
resolved  into  the  same  three  silicates,  and  the  ratios  in  which  they  enter  are  calculated.  That 
this  method  of  calculation  is  applicable  to  any  silicate,  however  complex,  is  obvious,  but  it  is 
difficult  to  believe  that  the  results  reached  really  give  the  true  constitution  of  the  compounds. 

Clarke4  proposes  to  regard  all  the  orthosilicate  micas  (as  indeed  other  aluminous  ortho- 
silicates)  as  substitution  derivatives  of  Al4(SiO4)3,  in  which  the  aluminium  is  more  or  less  com- 
pletely replaced  by  other  metals,  the  possible  types  being: 

1.  2.  3. 

R3Al3(Si04)3  R6Al2(Si04)3  R9Al(SiO4), 

Of  these  2  is  not  essential,  since  it  may  be  resolved  into  equal  molecules  of  1  and  3.     Here 

*  As  written  by  Tschermak,  these  have  the  double  form,  K  =  H4K2Al6Si6O24,  etc.,  and 
similarly  beyond. 


MICA   GROUP.  613 

R  represents  a  univalent  metal,  as  H,K,Na,Li,  or  a  univalent  radical,  as  MgF,AlF2,  A1O.  Further, 

i  n  n  n 

type  1  is  obviously  equivalent  to  RRAls(SiO4)3,  or  again  to  R3AI6(SiO4)«,  where  R  =  Mg,Fe,Mn, 
etc.  ;  similarly  for  the  others. 

Under  these  types  may  be  embraced,  then,  all  the  orthosilicate  micas,  those  with  fluorine 
being  assumed  to  contain  the  group  MgF  (or  A1F2),  and  those  with  an  excess  of  oxygen  the 
univalent  group  AID. 

For  the  more  acid  micas,  the  assumption  is  made  that,  analogous  to  the  feldspars,  they 
contain  polysilicic  acid,  H4Si3O8,  which  is  tetrabasic  like  orthosilicic  acid.  For  this  there  would 
be  types  similar  to  these  above,  so  that  the  composition  of  a  given  mica  would  be  expressed: 

1.  2.  3. 

wR3Al3(Si04)3  j  ™R6Ala(Si04),  j  wR9Al(SiO4)3  etc. 

wR3Al3(Si308),  |  wR6Al2(Si308)3  (  wR9Al(Si3O8)3 

Or  representing  SiO4  and  Si»O8  by  X,  the  micas  then  would  fall  within  the  limits  of  R3  Al3Xi 
and  R9A1X3. 

The  application  to  muscovite  will  explain  this:  Ordinary  muscovite  is  H2KAl3(SiO4)3  con- 
forming to  type  1  above  where  R3  =  H2K;  the  acidic  muscovites  (phengite  of  Tschermak)  are 
regarded  as  molecular  mixtures  of 

H2KAl3(SiO4)3      and     H2KAl8(Si3O8), 

Again  normal  lepidolite  is  a  metasilicate,  but  (p.  311)  metasilicic  acid  is  equivalent  to  com- 
bined molecules  of  ortho-  and  polysilicic  acid:  2H2SiO3  =  H4SiO4  +  H4Si3O8. 

Further,  since  the  Li  and  A1F2  vary  somewhat  with  the  silica  and  hence  seem  to  be  con- 
nected with  Si3O8,  normal  lepidolite  is  resolved  into 

HKLiAl3(SiO4)3  +  (AlF2)3K3Li3Al(Si3O8)3 

The  view  of  Clarke  has  the  advantage  that  it  assumes  only  one  hypothetical  molecule, 
which,  moreover,  is  analogous  to  known  compounds  which  play  an  important  part  in  the 
Feldspar  Group. 

Artif.—  The  artificial  formation  of  some  of  the  micas  has  been  recently  accomplished  by 
several  methods.  Early  statements  on  the  occurrence  of  mica-like  minerals  in  slags  are  more  or 
less  questionable;  more  recently  Vogt  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  Bih.  9,  1,  39,  1884)  describes  mica  in  the 
slags  of  Kafveltorp,  see  also  Id.,  Arch.  Math.  Nat.,  13,  90,  1889.  Hautefeuille  and  St.  Giles 
(0.  R.,  104,  508,  1887)  by  fusing  the  constituents  of  iron-mica  mixed  with  ^  of  fluoride  of 
silicon  and  potassium  obtained  on  cooling  (when  some  3  to  4  p.  c.  of  fluorine  still  remained)  a  mass 
of  thin  hexagonal  tables,  which  were  uniaxial,  highly  pleochroic  (pale  and  deep  brown).  Similar 
mica  scales  of  colorless,  green,  or  brown  were  obtained  when  a  small  amount  of  potassium  arsenate 
was  added,  and  hydrogen  allowed  to  act  on  the  fused  mass.  Khrushchov  in  1888  (Bull.  Soc. 
Min.,  11,  173)  announced  the  formation  of  biotite,  margarite,  and  muscovite(?)  by  fusing  together 
different  substances  (as  magnesia,  baryta,  cryolite)  with  lepidolite  or  a  magma  having  its  com- 
position with  an  excess  of  silica,  alumina  and  alkaline  fluorides.  Cf.  also  Min.  Mitth.  ,  9,  55,  1887, 
in  which  place  the  same  author  earlier  describes  an  artificial  magnesium  mica.  Doelter  (Min. 
Mitth.,  10;  67,  1888,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  178,  1888)  has  also  found  several  of  the  micas  by  fusing  various 
natural  silicates  (hornblende,  actinolite,  glaucophaue,  audalusite,  garnet,  etc.)  with  the  fluor- 
ides of  sodium  and  magnesium;  micas  corresponding  to  biotite,  phlogopite,  muscovite,  zinn- 
waldite  were  obtained. 

Pliny  probably  included  the  mineral  mica  with  the  Lapis  specularis  (36,  45)  or  Seknite;  and 
the  shavings  or  scales  of  Lapis  specularis  strown  over  the  "Circus  Maximus,"  to  produce  an 
agreeable  whiteness,  were  probably  those  of  a  soft  silvery  mica  schist.  His  Hammochrysos  also 
(37,  73,  named  from  djujuoS,  sand,  XPVO"<>$>  gold)  was  probably  sand  from  a  yellowish  mica 


schist,  which  abounds  by  the  roadside  in  many  mica-schist  regions.  Agricola  speaks  of  the 
deceptive  character  of  this  silvery  and  golden  dust,  as  cited  below.  This  silvery  and  golden 
mica  in  scales  is  the  Cat-stiver  and  Cat-gold  of  mediaeval  Europe  (Katzengold,  Katzensilber,&5rw., 
Or  (Argent)  des  chats  Fr.  ). 

The  following  is  the  synonymy  of  the  mineral  since  the  time  of  Pliny: 

Mica,  Ammochrysos,  colore  argeuto  ita  simile  sit,  ut  pueroset  rerum  metallicarum  imperitos 
decipere  possit,  Germ.  Glimmer,  Katzen-Silber,  Agric.,  Foss.,  254,  447,  Interpr.,  466,  1546. 
Specularis  lapis  adulterinus  flexilis  sexangulorum  Capeller,  Prodr.  Cryst.,  26,  1723.  Mica  [Talc 
not  included],  Vitrum  Muscoviticum.  V.  Rutheniticum,  Skimmer,  YAR.  alba  (Kattsilver),  flava 
(Kattgull),  rubra,  viridis  [Chlorite  fr.  Sahlberg].  nigra.  squamosa.  radians,  fluctuans,  hemi- 
sphevica,  Wall.,  Min.,  129,  131,  1747.  Mica  pt.  [rest  "Talc,  Chlorite],  Verre  de  Moscovie,  etc., 
Fr.  Trl.  Wall.,  1,  241,  1753.  Mica,  Glimmer,  Vitrum  Muscoviticum  (in  plates),  Mica  squamosa 
(in  scales)  Cronst.,  Min.,  88,  1758.  Isinglass  (in  large  plates),  Glimmer  or  Mica  (in  small  scales) 
pt.  (rest  Talc,  Chlorite)  Hill,  Foss.,  10,  13,  1771.  Glimmer  [Chlorite  and  Talc  excluded]  Wern.t 
Bergm.  J.,  37,  1789. 

The  word  mica  has  been  said  to  come  from  the  Latin  mica,  a  crumb  or  grain,  as  it  was 


614 


SILICATES. 


formerly  applied  especially  to  the  mineral  in  scales.  It  is  usually  derived,  however,  f^om  the 
Latin  micare,  signifying  (like  the  German  name  Glimmer]  to  shine. 

Ref. — *  On  the  crystallization  of  the  micas,  see  Tschermak,  who  first  proved  them  to  be  all 
monoclinic,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  76  (1),  97,  1877,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  14,  1877;  also  Koksharov,  Mem. 
Ac.  St.  Pet.,  24,  1,  1877,  Min.  Russl.,  7,  167,  et  seq.,  8,  1,  etc.;  cf.  also  references  under  the 
individual  species  beyond.  *  Reusch  ("  Kornerprobe"),  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  428,  July  9,  1868,  83, 
Feb.  4,  1869,  440,  May  29,  1873.  3  Bauer,  percussion-  and  pressure-figures,  Pogg.,  138,  337,  1869; 
Zs.  G.  Ges.,  26,  137,  1874.  See  also  Reusch,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  530,  1869,  on  the  effect  of  super- 
imposed mica  plates  with  axes  inclined  60°  in  producing  elliptically  polarized  light;  also 
Cooke,  Mem.  Am.  Ac.  Boston,  35,  1874.  Etching-figures,  Baumhauer,  Zs.  Kr.,  3,  113,  1878; 
Wiik,  Ofv.  Finsk.  Soc.,  22,  1880.  Elasticity  investigated,  Coromilas,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Tubingen, 
1877  (Zs.  Kr.,  1,  411,  1877). 

4  On  the  composition  of  the  group,  see  Tschermak,  1.  c.,  and  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  78  (1),  5,  1878, 
or  Zs.  Kr.,  3,  122,  1878.  Also  Rainmelsberg,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  616,  1878,  248,  833.  1879;  Zs.  G. 
Ges.,  31,  676,  1879;  Wied.  Ann.,  7,  136,  1879,  9,  113,  302,  1880;  Min.  Ch.  Erg.,  112  et  seq.,  1886. 
The  analyses  of  Rarnmelsberg,  quoted  in  the  following  pages,  are  in  general  taken  from  the  last- 
named  source.  The  whole  subject  has  been  more  recently  reviewed  by  the  same  author  in  Abh. 
Ak.  Berlin,  1889  (read  Feb.  14).  See  also  Clarke,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  38,  384,  1889.  40,  410,  1890;  also 
earlier  papers  noted  under  the  several  species  beyond,  as,  ibid.,  32,  353,  1886,  34, 131,  1887. 


458.  MUSCOVITE.  Common  Mica;  Potash  Mica;  Biaxial  Mica;  Oblique  Mica.  Glimmer, 
Kaliglimmer,  Zweiaxiger  Glimmer,  Germ.  Muscovite  Dana,  Min.,  356,  1850.  Pheugit  KbL, 
Taf.,  62,  1853. 

DAMOURITE.  Hydromica.  Gilbertite  Thomson,  Min.,  1,  235,  1836.  Nacrite  (fr.  Maine) 
Thorn.,  Rec.  Gen.  Sc.,  3,  332,  1836.  Talcite  (fr.  Wicklow)  Thomson,  Rec.  Gen.  Sc.,  3,  332,  1836 
[not  Talcite  Kirwan  =  massive  scaly  talc].  Margarodit  Schafhautl,  Lieb.  Ann.,  46,  336,  1843. 
Damourite  Delesse,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  15.  248,  1845.  Adamsite  Shep.,  Hitchcock's  Rep.  G.  Vt., 
1,  484,  1857.  Sterliiigite  J.  P.  Cooke,  Mem.  Am.  Ac.  Boston,  39, 1874.  SericitZ^.  Lieb.  Ann., 
81,  257,  1852.  Metasericit  Sandberger,  Unt.  Erzg.,  77,  1882.  Hydromuscovite  A.  Johnstone, 
Q.  J.  G.  Soc.,  45,  363,  1889.  Onkosin  Kobell,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  2,  295,  1834.  Onkophyllit  Sandberger, 
Ber.  Ak.  Milnchen,  18,  480,  1888. 

Didymit  (Didrimit)  SchajMutl,  Lieb.  Ann.,  46,  330,  1843.  Didrimit,  Id.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  76, 
136,  1859.  Amphilogite  Schafhautl.  Lieb.  Ann.,  46,  330,  1843.  Leucophyllite  Starkl,  Jb.  G. 
Reichs.,  33.  653,  1883.  Pyknophyllit  Starkl,  ibid.,  649,  1883.  Lepidomorphit  Sandberger,  Unt. 
Erzg.,  344,  1885. 

Fuchsite,  Chromglimmer  pt.,  Schafhautl,  Lieb.  Ann.,  44,  40,  1842.  (Ellacherite  Dana, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  44,  256,  1867.  Sandbergerite  Heddle,  Enc.  Brit,,  16,  413,  1883. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  G'57735  :  1  :  -3-3128;  ft  =  89°  54|'  =  001  A  100 
Tschermak1. 

100  A  110  =  30°  0',  001  A  101  =  80°  12J',  001  A  Oil  =  73°        ' 


Forms:  e   (023,  fl)  g  (O'17'l,  17-1) 

b  (010,  i-i)  r   (Oil,  14)?  o  (112,  -  £) 

c  (001,  0)  y    (043,  f-i)  n  (334,  -  f)? 

Also  p  (205,  f-i),  C  (135,  -  f-3),  gliding-planes. 


M  (221,  -  2) 
V  (111,1) 


JV(261,  -  6-3) 
x  (131,  3-3) 


1. 


2. 


3. 


^^^               c 

^* 

—  A*  _ft  *x 

M                  M            L 

b 
M 

b      fell          ,M 

Figs.  1-3,  Tschermak:  1,  Soboth;  2,  Rothenkopf ;  3,  Abiihl. 


cp 
ce 
cr 
cy 

CO 


=  66°  32' 
=  65°  38' 
=  73°  12' 
=  77°  15' 
=  73°  7*' 


en   =    78°  32V 

cM  =  *85°  36' 

cp  =  *81°  30' 
ex    -     85°     4' 

cN  =    87°  27V 


cC  =    66°  25' 

oo'  -    57°  10' 

MM1  =     59°  48' 

fin'  •=     59°  16V 

xx'  -  119°  16' 


NN'  =  119°  48' 
K'  =  105°  4' 
bx  =  30°  22' 
bN  =  30°  6' 
bcM  =  *60°  0' 


Twins  common  according  to  the  mica-law :  tw.  plane  a  plane  in  the  zone  cM 
normal  to  c,   the  crystals  often  united  hy  c  and  chiefly   left-handed  twins  (see 


MICA   GROUP—  MUSCOVITE.  615 

further  under  biotite,  and  f.  3,  4,  p.  628).  Crystals  rhombic  or  hexagonal  in  outline 
with  plane  angles  of  60°  or  120°.  Habit  tabular,  passing  into  tapering  forms  with 
planes  more  or  less  rough  and  strongly  striated  horizontally;  vicinal  forms  common. 
Folia  often  very  small  and  aggregated  in  stellate,  plumose,  or  globular  forms;  or  in 
scales,  aud  scaly  massive;  also  crypto-crystalline  and  compact  massive. 

Cleavage:  basal,  eminent.  Also  planes  of  secondary  cleavage  ||  b  and  several 
undetermined  pyramids  in  the  unit  series  as  shown  in  the  percussion-figure,  which  is 
a  six-rayed  star  with  rays  ||  m,  in'  and  #,  see  p.  611.  Parting  by  pressure  further 
developed  ||  the  gliding- planes  p  (205)  and  C  (135)  inclined  about  66^-°  to  c\  natural 
plates  hence  often  yield  narrow  strips  or  thin  fibers  ||  axis  b,  and  less  distinct  in 
directions  inclined  60°  to  this;  the  traces  of  these  planes  of  parting  on  c  give  the 
pressure-figure  (p.  612).  Thin  laminae  flexible  and  elastic  when  bent,  very  tough, 
harsh  to  the  touch,  passing  into  kinds  which  are  less  elastic  and  have  a  more  or 
less  unctuous  or  talc-like  feel.  Etching-figures  on  c  monoclinic  in  symmetry. 

H.  =  2-2-5.  G-.  =  2-76-3.  Luster  vitreous  to  more  or  less  pearly  or  silky. 
Colorless,  gray,  brown,  hair-brown,  pale  green,  and  violet,  yellow,  dark  olive-green, 
rarely  rose-red.  Streak  uncolored.  Transparent  to  translucent. 

Pleochroism  usually  feeble;  distinct  in  some  deep  colored  varieties  (see 
beyond).  Absorption  in  the  direction  normal  to  the  cleavage  plane  (vibra- 
tions ||  b,  c)  strong,  much  more  so  than  transversely  (vibrations  ||  a);  hence  a 
crystal  unless  thin  is  nearly  or  quite  opaque  in  the  first  direction  when  translucent 
through  the  prism.  Optically  — .  Double  refraction  rather  strong.  Ax.  pi.  _[_  b 
and  nearly  J_  c.  Bxa  (=  o)  inclined  about  —  1°  (behind)  to  a  normal  to  c.  Dis- 
persion p  >  v.  Axial  angle  variable,  usually  about  70°,  but  diminishing  to  50°  in 
kinds  (phengite)  relatively  high  in  silica.  The  axial  angle  also  diminishes  somewhat 
with  increase  of  temperature.  Axial  angles,  Tschermak : 

Bengal  2Er   =  69°  12'         2Ey  =  68°  54'          2Egr  =  68°  30'          2Ebi  =  67*  54' 

Abiihl  2Er  =63°     1'         2Ey  =  62°  46'          2Egr  =  62°  15' 

Rothenkopf  2Er  =  60°  38'         2Ey  =  60°  12'          2Egr  =  60°    6' 

Also,  Scharizer: 

Schiittenhofen  2Er  =  74°  50'  2Ey  =  73°  52'  /3  =  1'5135  y  =  1'5261 

2Er  =  70°  40'  2Ey  =  70°    4' 

A  large  number  of  measurements  of  the  axial  angle  are  given  by  Silliman,  also  others  by 
Grailich,  these  are  quoted  in  5th  Ed.,  pp.  312-314. 
Refractive  indices: 

tty  =  1-5609  Na  ft?  =  1-5941  y?  =  1-5997  Kohlrausch 

o-r  =  1-5566  Li  fir  =  1-5899  yr  =  1'5943  Pulfrich 

ay  =  1-5601  Na  fty  =  1'5936  yy  =  1-5977 

ttgr=  1-5635  Tl  ftgr=  1-5967  y^  =  1-6005 

Measurements  showing  variation  of  axial  angle  with  temperature,  Dx.: 

N.  Hampshire  2Er  =  70°  29'  at  12°    68°  56'  at  95° -5    68°  17'  at  146° -5    68°    5'  at  185° '8 

Goshen,  rose-red  2E    =  76°  35'  at  12°     76°    7'  at  95° -5    75°  30' at  146° '5    75°  10'  at  170°  -8 

Tschermak  found  the  apparent  angle  between  Bxa  (=  a)  and  the  normal  to  c  for  crys 
tals  from  Abiihl,  —  1°  42';  Bengal,  —  1°  40';  East  Indies,  —  0°  31'. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary  Muscovite.  In  crystals  as  above  described,  often  tabular  fl  c,  also  tapering 
with  vertical  faces  rough  and  striated:  the  basal  plane  often  rough  unless  as  developed  by 
cleavage.  More  commonly  in  plates  without  distinct  outline,  except  as  developed  by  pressure 
(see  above);  the  plates  sometimes  very  large,  but  passing  into  fine  scales,  arranged  in  plumose  or 
other  forms.  In  normal  muscovite  the  thin  laminae  spring  back  with  force  when  bent,  the  scales 
are  more  or  less  harsh  to  the  touch,  unless  very  small,  and  a  pearly  luster  is  seldom  prominent. 

2.  DAMOURITE.  Including  margarodite,  gilbertite,  hydro-muscovite,  and  most  hydro-mica 
in  general.  Folia  less  elastic  and  luster  somewhat  pearly  or  silky  and  feel  unctuous  like  talc. 
The  scales  are  usually  small  and  it  passes  into  forms  which  are  fine  scaly  or  fibrous,  as  sericite, 
and  finally  into  the  compact  crypto-crystalline  kinds  called  oncosine,  including  much  piuite. 


616  SILICATES. 

Axial  angle  for  damourite  chiefly  from  60°  to  70°;  for  Pontivy  10°-12°  Dx.  Named  after  the 
French  chemist,  Damour.  Often  derived  by  alteration  of  cyanite,  topaz  (anal.  21,  22),  corundum 
(anal.  27).  Although  often  spoken  of  as  hydrous  micas,  it  does  not  appear  that  damourite  and 
the  varieties  following  necessarily  contain  more  water  than  ordinary  muscovite;  they  may, 
however,  give  it  off  more  readily. 

Sterlingite,  Cooke,  is  a  variety  of  damourite  from  Sterling,  Mass.,  associated  with  spodumene 
in  the  vein  of  a  large  boulder  rock.  It  differs  from  the  damourite  of  Poutivy  only  in  having  a 
large  axial  angle  (70°),  which,  however,  has  proved  to  be  characteristic  of  most  damourite. 

Margarodile,  as  named  by  Schafhautl,  was  the  talc-like  mica  of  Mt.  Greiner  in  the  Zillerthal 
(anal.  86);  granular  to  scaly  in  structure,  luster  pearly,  color  grayish  white.  By  various  authors 
(Greg  &  Lettsom,  Keungott,  Dana,  5th  Ed.,  et  al.)  the  name  has  been  used  for  kinds  of  musco- 
vites  now  more  commonly  embraced  under  the  head  of  damourite.  Named  from  juapyapirr/s, 
a  pearl,  in  allusion  to  the  luster. 

Tschermak  notes  that  the  original  margarodite  has  something  of  the  brittleness  of  paragonite 
and  margarite;  he  regards  it  as  a  mixture  of  these  micas  with  muscovite. 

Gilbertite,  as  originally  described  by  Thomson,  was  in  whitish,  silky  forms  from  the  tin 
mine  of  Stenna-Gwynn  (Stonagwyu),  St.  Austell,  Cornwall,  with  tiuorite  in  granite.  Named 
after  Davies  Gilbert,  a  President  of  the  Royal  Society.  Frenzel  describes  the  same  mineral  from 
the  tin  mines  of  the  Erzgebirge  (Saxony  and  Bohemia),  Ehreiifriedersdorf ,  Zinnwald,  etc. 

It  has  a  greenish  to  yellowish  white  color;  translucent.  H.  =  1.  G.  =  2'65-2*72.  It 
occurs  massive,  with  a  dense  to  crystalline  structure,  filling  cavities  between  the  cassiterite  and 
wolframite.  A  second  variety  occurs  in  spherical  or  stellate  forms,  and  also  in  groups  of  six- 
sided  tabular  crystals.  It  is,  moreover,  found  pseudomorph  after  scheelite  and  apatite.  H.  =  3. 
G.  =  2'82.  Greg  &  Lettsom  (p.  201)  include  gilbertite  and  also  Thomson's  nacrite  and  talcite 
under  margarodite. 

Talcite  is  from  Wicklow,  Ireland,  where  it  invests  crystals  of  andalusite;  called  by 
Thoirson  crystals  of  nacrite. 

Aiamsite  of  Shepard  is  a  greenish  black  mica,  constituting  a  micaceous  schist  or  rock  in 
Derby,  Vt.  It  contains,  according  to  G.  J.  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  34,  216,  1862):  SiO2  47*76, 
AlaO*8(FeaO,)  36-29,  CaO  0*24,  MgO  1'85,  alkalies  [8-77],  ign.  5 '09  =  100.  It  has  all  the 
ordinary  characters  of  common  mica;  it  is  referred  by  Brush  to  margarodite. 

Mgtite  T.  D.  Rand,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  142,  1868.  In  films  and  seams  in  massive  cryolite 
from  Greenland.  Granular,  approaching  micaceous.  H.  =  2-2 '5.  G.  =  2 '05.  Color  pale 
yellowish  green  to  yellow.  Analysis:  Si62  36*49,  A12O3  24*09,  Fe2O3  7*54,  Na2O  16*03,  F0'75, 
H2O  3-42,  loss  11-68  =  100.  See  Hagemann,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  47,  133,  1869,  and  Min.,  App.  i,  p.  7; 
also  Johnstrup,  who  refers  it  to  gilbertite,  Forh.  Skand.  Nat.,  12,  240,  1883. 

Sericite  is  a  tine  scaly  muscovite  united  iu  fibrous  aggregates  and  characterized  by  its  silky 
luster  (hence  the  name  from  err/pi KO 5,  silky}.  It  was  described  from  the  silky-schist  (sericite- 
schist)  of  the  Nerothal  near  Wiesbaden,  and  shown  to  have  a  somewhat  wide  distribution  in  the 
Taunusaud  elsewhere.  Its  essential  identity  with  muscovite,  earlier  suggested,  has  been  insisted 
upon  by  Laspeyres  (Zs.  Kr.,  4,  244,  1879),  and  later  by  others.  It  is  shown  that  the  material 
analyzed  has  usually  been  more  or  less  impure.  According  to  Laspeyres  the  original  sericite 
was  derived  from  the  alteration  of  feldspar. 

Metasericite  of  Saudberger  is  a  greenish  white  fine  scaly  substance  with  a  soapy  feel.  It 
occurs  as  an  alteration-product  of  oligoclase  in  granular  gneiss  of  the  Wildschapbach-Thal  in 
Baden.  See  anal.  45. 

Lepidomorphite,  also  of  Sandberger,  is  a  fine  scaly  product  of  the  alteration  of  oligoclase  in 
the  granite  of  Wittichen,  Badeu.  It  has  the  high  silica  of  the  pheugite  varieties  of  muscovite; 
anal.  46. 

Pycnophyllite  forms  spherical  or  elongated  masses  with  quartz  in  mica  schist.  Feel  greasy, 
talc-like.  Color  leek-green,  apple-green,  sea-green.  From  Kohlgraben  (anal.  47),  also  from 
Aspaug,  in  the  Klein-Pischingbach-thal  in  Austria  (anal.  48). 

Leucophyllite  forms  masses  resembling  sericite  from  the  Anna-Kapelle,  northwest  of  Wies- 
math  (anal.  49),  and  from  Ofenbach  near  Frohsdorf  on  the  Leitha,  Austria  (anal.  50). 

3.  ONCOSINE.  Forms  rounded  aggregates,  compact  in  structure  and  of  a  light  green  color, 
embedded  iu  dolomite  of  Passeckeu  near  Tamsweg,  Salzburg.  It  has  been  referred  to  pinite 
and  is  probably  to  be  taken  as  a  compact  form  of  muscovite  (cf.  Tschermak). 

Named  from  oyKoocriS,  a  swelling  up,  in  allusion  to  its  intumescence  B.B.  A  compact  form 
of  muscovite  from  South  Africa  has  been  described  by  Cohen,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  123,  1887,  and  anal. 
51,  52.  See  further  p.  621  for  other  substances  referred  to  pinite,  which,  so  far  as  they  are 
homogeneous,  probably  belong  here  with  muscovite. 

Oncophyllite  is  a  name  proposed  by  Sandberger  for  the  secondary  compact  tnica,  like 
Oncosine,  derived  from  the  alteration  of  feldspar. 

Didymite  (didrimite,  amphilogite)  is  mica  in  fine  scales  of  a  greenish  or  grayish  white  color, 
occurring  in  the  chlorite  schists  of  the  Zillerthal.  and  supposed  to  be  peculiar  in  containing  cal- 
cium carbonate;  this,  however,  is  probably  due  to  impurity.  Named  didymite  from  didv/uoS, 
twin;  amphilogite  from  au(piA.oyoS,  doubt,  in  allusion  to  the  uncertain  composition. 

The  following  are  peculiar  in  composition: 

FUCHSITE.  Chromglirnmer  Germ.  A  mica  characterized  by  the  presence  of  chromium 
sesquioxide.  The  original  was  from  Schwarzenstein  in  the  Zillerthal  (anal.  53);  other  varieties 
nave  since  been  noted  from  other  points.  Named  from  the  chemist,  J.  N.  v.  Fuchs. 


MICA   GROUP— MUSCOVITE. 


617 


A  chromium  mica  from  the  Ural,  examined  by  Arzruni  (anal.  56),  gave 
2Er  =  71°  34'.  2Ey  =  68°  35  ,  2Egr  =  67°  17'. 

A  i-» /-it  I »*-*t»  -fvrkiii     \FMM  tnrrumit'Ar  (  *t\        "\TciTTrla  rirl      AYSimiiipH    "hv    A       O      ^lill    ^Qn«.l 


the  axial  angles: 


Another  from 


Montgomery  Co.,  Maryland,  examined  by  A.  C.  Gill  (anul.  58),  was  strongly 
pleochroic:  c  bluish  chrome-green;  fo  yellowish  green;  a  robin's-egg  blue.  Axial  angles: 
2Er  =  71°  24  Li,  2E  =  68°  16'  Na. 

The  variety  from  Ouro  Preto,  analyzed  by  Gorceix  (anal.  60)  gave  Des  Cloizeaux  2E  =  69° 
to  70  ,  dispersion  p  >  v. 

AVALITE  Losanitsch,  Ber.  Chem.  Ges.,  17,  1774,  1884.  Occurs  in  earthy  aggregates  of  thin 
crystalline  scales  in  the  quartzyte  of  Mt.  Avala  near  Belgrade.  Analysis  of  material  freed  by 
decautation  and  boiling  in  aqua  regia  from  impurities,  except  some  sand  and  chromite: 


SiO2 
5613 


Cr203 
14-59 


A12O3     Fe2O3 
14-37       1-10 


MgO 
0-43 


K20 
354 


ign.       H2O 

5  38       2-39  chroraite  1'68  =  99 '61 


Two  other  analyses  of  less  pure  material  gave  about  the  same  results.  It  apparently  belongs 
near  the  above  chromium  micas,  but  the  material  examined  was  too  impure  to  allow  of  a  decision 
in  regard  to  its  exact  composition. 

OELLACHERITE  including  part  of  the  so-called  barium  mica  (other  kinds  belong  to  biotite), 
contains  several  per  cent,  of  BaO.  G.  =  2 "884-2 '994.  2Er  =  79°  21  ,  2Eb,  =  78°  45',  Dx.  The 
original  occurs  near  Keinmat  in  the  Pfitschthal,  Tyrol.  Occurs  also  in  the  mica  schist  of  the 
Habachthal,  Salzburg,  Saudberger,  Jb.  Min.,  624,  1875,  367,  1879.  See  auals.  61-63. 


water  4'5  =  100. 

Some  ki 
they  are 
nally  by 
regarded  as  molecular  mixtures  of  H2KAl3(SiO4)3  and  H2KAl3(Si3O8)?, 

Iron  is  usually  present  in  small  amount  only;  barium  is  rarely  present  as  above  noted,  also 
chromium  in  some  cases. 

Anal.— 1,  S.  Blau,  quoted  by  Tschermak,  1.  c.  2,  L.  Sipocz,  ibid.  3,  4,  Scharizer,  Zs.  Kr., 
13.  459,  461,  1888.  5,  Sch wager.  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  257,  1885.  6,  Riggs,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  32,  356,  1886. 
7,  F.  W.  Clarke,  ib.,  34.  131,  1887.  8,  Rg.,  Miu.  Ch.,  514,  1875.  9,  A.  Becker,  Zs.  Kr.,  17,  131, 
1889.  10-12.  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  Erg.,  113,  1886.  13,  14,  Schlaepfer,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  8  ref.,  1891. 
15  L.  Sipocz,  1.  c.  16,  Lobisch,  quoted  by  Tschermak,  1.  c.  17,  18,  Willfing,  Ber.  Ch.  Ges., 
19,  2433,  1886.  19,  Foullon  and  Goldschmidt,  Jb.  G.  Reichs,  37,  12.  1887. 

20,  Delesse,  1.  c.  21,  22,  Chatard,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  28,  21,  1884.  23,  F.  W.  Clarke,  ib.,  32,  354, 
1886  24,  Schwarz,  quctsd  by  Tschermak,  Ber,  Ak.  Wien.  58  (1),  17,  1868.  25,  Sharpies  and 
Koenig,  Am  Phil.  Soc.,  13,  384,  1873.  26,  Genth,  ib.  27,  Koeniir,  ib.  28,  Cooke,  Mem.  Am. 
Ac.  Boston,  39,  1874.  29,  30,  Smith  and  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  46,  1853.  31,  Id.,  ibid.,  15, 
210,  1853.  32  Lehunt,  quoted  by  Thomson,  Min.,  1,  236,  1836.  33-35,  Frenzel,  Jb.  Miu.,  794, 
1873.  36,  Schafhiiutl,  1.  c.,  Lieb.  Ann.,  46,  325,  1843.  37,  Hlasiwetz,  Kenng.  Ueb.,  67,  1858.  38, 
Laspeyres,  Zs.  Kr.,  4,  249, 1879,  after  deducting  19  p.c.  insol.  39,  Groddeck.  Jb.  Min.;  Beil.,  2,  90, 
1883.  40,  41,  Schwaeer  [quoted  by  Gumbel.  G.  Beschr.  Fichtelgebirge,  126,  1879],  Hiutze,  Min., 
2.  634,  1891.  42,  Takayama,  quoted  by  B.  Koto,  J.  Coll.  Sc.,  Japan,  2,  89,  1888.  43,  Sennhofer, 
Min.  Mitth.,  5,  188,  1883.  44,  Schmidt,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.,  4,  429,  1886.  45,  Sandberger,  1.  c., 
46,  Id  ,  ibid.,  p.  344.  47-50,  Starkl,  1.  c  51,  52,  Cohen,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  123,  1887.  53,  Kobell, 
J.  pr.  Ch.,  2,  295,  1834.  54,  Cossa,  quoted  by  Gastaldi,  Att.  Ace.  Torino,  10,  197,  1874. 

55.  Schafhiiutl,  Lieb.  Ann.,  44  40,  1842.  56,  Damour,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  5,  97, 1882,  Zs.  Kr., 
7,  17,  1882.  57,  Cairns,  quoted  by  Chester,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  33,  284,  1887.  58,  Chatard,  quoted  by 
A.  C.  Gill,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circular,  No.  75,  1889.  59,  C.  Klement,  Bull.  Mus.  Belg.,  5, 
164, 1888.  60,  Gorceix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  5,  308,  1882.  61,  Oellacher,  Kenug.  Ueb.  Min.,  49,  1860. 
62,  Rg.,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  14,  763,  1862.  63,  Bergmaun,  quoted  by  Sandberger,  Jb.  Min.,  625,  1875. 


Muscovite. 


1.  Bengal 


5.  Forst,  Tyrol 

6.  Auburn,  Me. 


G. 

2-831 


2.  East  Indies          2*830 

3.  Schuttenhofen    2  "835 


2-854 
2-93 


Incl.  Rb,Cs. 


SiO2     A12O3  Fe2O3  FeO     MgO    CaO      KaO    Na2O  H2O      F 
45-57  3672  0'95   1'28    0-38  0'21    881    0'62  5#5  0'15Li2OO-19 

[=  99-93 

45-71   36-57  1'19  1*07    0'71  0'46    9  22    0'79  4'83  0'12  =  100'67 
43-67  36-70  2'10  0'55      —      —     8'57"  1'95  5'50b  0'35  Li2O    tr. 


[=  99-39 
)-19Li2OO'37 


44-08  36-84  0'48  0'99      —    0-20  11 -10    0'21   6'15  0- 

L=  100-61 

45-28   37-59  M8C   0'17   0'09  10'32    1'20  4'12     —    =    99'95 

44-48   3570   1'09   1'07      tr.     O'lO    9'77    2'41   5'50   0'72  Li2O    tr. 

[=  100-84 
b  Below  300'  1-15.  c  MnO  0'25. 


318 


SILICATES. 


7. 

8. 
9. 

10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 

14. 
15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 
19. 

G. 

Alex.  Co.,N.  C. 

Goshen,  pink           2*859 
Freiberg 

S.  Royalston             2  '947 
Ytterby,  white 
Broddbo, 
Bamle                       2'752 

Haddam                    2-802 
Zillerthal                   2'892 
Soboth 
Rhemwaldhorn        2  '867 

2-895 

Syra,  light  green 

i 

SiO,   A12O3   Fe2O3   FeO   MgO  CaO      K2O  Na2O  H2O 
45-40  33-66  2'36            1'86    -        8'33  1-41  5'46 

47-0236-83  0'51    l'05aO-26    —      9  80  0'30b  3  90 
46-74  32-56   1'55  0'92   1-18    —    10'37  1'02  3'55 

45-97  30-40  5-11   1-05  2  03    —      9'92  0'59  4'00 
45-21  33-40  2  78  2'00   1-58    —    10-71  0-42  3'95 
4713  30-60  481   0'61    1-30    —    10'26  0'74  4-02 
4538  30-16  3-65  0'86  1-20    —    10-49  1-83  5'99 

45-05  3057   M4  1-73  0'97    —    10-23  2-13  6'19 
45'87  30-86  5-70  1'69   1-56  0'23    9'07  0'54  4'60 
48  76  29-9i    4'24  0'41    2'63  0'33    6'83  2-31  4'60 
47-69  28-30  1  02   3'88  2'72    —     9'06  1-87  4'07 

47-72  25-96  1-76  6-55  2'30    -  -    10'18  1'70  3'42 

49-34  23-69  6'84        •    2'97  1'25  10'74  0'78  4'40 
*  MnO.                          *  Inch  Li2O. 

F 
0-69  TiO2  1-10 
[=  100-27 
0-52  =  100-19 
—  TiO2l-52 
[  =  99-41 
0-74  =    99  81 
0-94  =  100-99 
0-64  =  100-11 
-  TiO2l-48 
[=  10104 
1-26  =    99  27 
—    =  100-12 
—    =  100-02 
—  TiOaO-11 
[=  98-72 
—  TiOaO-18 
[=  99-77 
—   =  100-01 

Damourite. 

Q. 

Si02 

A1203 

Fea03 

FeO 

MgO 

CaO 

KaO 

Na2O 

H,0 

20. 

Pontivy                       2'792 

f  45-22 

37-85 

tr. 





tr. 

11-20 



5-25  =  99-52 

21. 

Stoueham,  Me. 

45  :9 

3332 

— 

4-25 

0-36 

— 

11-06 

1-57 

4-48  MnOO-58 

[=  100-81 

22. 

i  «             « 

45-34 

u3-9C> 

— 

396 

o-io 

0-22 

10-73 

1-49 

4'78MnOO-51 

[=  101-09 

23. 

Hebron,  Me.              2*87 

43-90 

3871 

v58 

0-25 

0-41 

0-05 

10-92 

1-05 

4-25  MnOO-04 

[=  100-16 

24. 

Salzburg                     2  '806 

45-48 

38-15 

h. 



0-17 

0-76 

925 

1-12 

4-69  =  99-62 

25. 

Uuionville,  Pa.           2*851 

43-03 

39-06 

1-48 

_ 

0-30 

tr. 

10-05 

0-58 

5-40  =  99-90 

26. 

Laurens  Co.,  S.  C. 

45-71 

34-12 

3-45 

_ 

0-71 

0-48 

10-36 

0-49 

467  =  99-99 

27. 

Culsagee  Mine,  N.C.  2-867 

45-62 

35-93 

2-93 

__ 

0-34 

tr. 

9-40 

0-71 

4-93  =  99-86 

28. 

Sterling,  Mass. 

43-87 

36-45 

336 

_ 





10-86 



5-19  =  99-73 

29. 

Monroe 

46-50 

33-91 

2-69 

— 

0-90 

— 

7  32 

2-70 

4-63     F  0-82, 

TCI  0-31  =  99-78 

30. 

<« 

45-70 

33-76 

311 

— 

1-15 

— 

7-49 

2-85 

4-90  F  0  82. 

[Cl 

0-31  =  100-09 

31. 

Litchfield 

44-60 

36-23 

1-34 

— 

0-37 

0-50 

6-20 

4-10 

5-26  =  100-60 

Oilbertite. 

32. 

Cornwall                     2  '65 

45-15 

40-11 



2-43 

1-90 

4-17 





4-25  =  98-01 

33. 

Ehrenfriedersdorf 

48-96 

30-96 

— 

2-24 

1-97 

0-26 

8-47 

1-65 

383F  1-04 

34. 

Pobershau 

48-10 

32-30 

_ 

3-30 

1-12 

0-40 

10-02 

[=  99-38 
4-09  F  0-81 

[=  100-14 

35. 

Ehreufriedersdorf     2'82 

48-10 

31-55 

— 

3-10 

1-33 

1-30 

8-62 

2-14 

3-52  F  0-88 

[=  100-54 

Margarodite. 

36. 

Zillerthal 

47-05 

34-90 

1-50 

— 

1-95 

— 

7-96 

4-07 

1-45  =  98-88 

37. 

Pfitschthal 

45-48 

3380 

6-25 

— 

— 

0-48 

7-31 

6-22 

0-36  =  99-90 

Sericite. 

38. 

Hallgarten                  2  '809 

45-36 

32-92 

2-05 

1-76 

089 

0-50 

11-67 

0-72 

4-13  =  100 

39. 

Werlau                        2  "875 

45-58 

36-76 

1-13 

0-03* 

0-85 

— 

9-29 

1-36 

516=  100-16 

40. 

Fursten  stein 

54-00 

26-23 

3-81 

— 

083 

052 

4-41 

4-00 

4-31TiO2l-51 

[=  99-62 

41. 

Durrberg     » 

55-80 

27-72 

3-07 

— 

0-53 

0-14 

562 

151 

4-03  =  98-42 

42. 

Otakisan 

53-01 

34-70 

tr. 

— 

0-50 

0-27 

6-05 

1-01 

4-67  =100-21 

43. 

Wiltau 

41-35 

19-28 

17-87 

— 

2-06 

0-37 

8-29 

3-48 

6-16  C  0-18 

[=  99-04 

44. 

Windgalle 

51-83 

28-77 

263 

1-91 

0-54 

0-63 

8-63 

0-98 

3-77  =  99-69 

45. 

Metasericite                 2'67 

52-58 

23-56 

— 

5-76 

2-43 

065 

952 

— 

5-94  =100-44 

46. 

Lepidom  orphite 

58-90 

25-28 

2-30 

— 

1-49 

065 

5.^0 
1C 

1-37 

4-14  =  99-86 

47. 

Pycnophyllite             2'796 

48-89 

29-37 

2-38 

0-51 

2-67 

1-25 

6-52 

3-34 

4  63  =  99-56 

48. 

« 

50-09 

26-48 

3'67 

— 

3-93 

0-45 

10 

77 

4-61  =100 

CuO. 


MICA   GROUP— MUSCOVITE. 


619 


49 
50. 
51. 

52. 
53. 
54. 

G. 

Leucopliyllite              2  -723 

Griqualand  West 
comp.  2-832 
2-856 
Oncosine 
Fenestrelle 
a  Below  300% 

Si02 
57-11 

52-81 

45-39 
42-70 
52-52 
47-96 
0-57  p. 

A1203 
19-80 
2321 

38-72 
29-98 
30-88 
31-03 
c. 

Fe2O3 

2-99 
3-51 

0-61 
7-62 

FeO     MgO  CaO    K2O     Na20    H2O 

—  8-85  0-49    3-39    1'42  6'30  =100'35 

—  8*90  0-45        [4-181      6'94  =100 

I  =  101-00 

0-17  0-45    7-51     1-69  5'48*TiOoO-98 

tr.  0-37  10-57     1'52  4'96b  =  99'29 

382  —     6-38         -    4-60  =  99  00 

3-42  1-07  10-44    4'08  2'41  =100*41 


1-57 
0-80 


Chrome-mica. 

G. 

55.  Tyrol,  Fuchsite 

56.  Sysersk,  green  2 -88 
57    Aird  Is. ,  L.  Huron 

58.  Montgomery  Co.,  Md. 
59    Salm  Chateau  2 '819 


b  Below  300°,  0-18  p.  c. 


SiO2    A12O3    Fe2O3  Cr2O3    MgO      CaO     K2O      Na2O    H2O 


47-953445^1-80    395    071     0'59  10'75 


46-17  29-71 
45-49  31  08 
42  21  34-55 
45-68  34-17 


2-03 

tr. 

1-03 

2-35 


60    OuroPreto 


2-78 


465 


37-2 


3-51 
309 
2-03 
0-84 

09 


2-28 
3-36 
3-13 
384 


0-51 
0-47 
0-27 


10-40 
9-76 
9-16 

4-47 


—     7-9 


0-37    —       F  0-36 

[=100-93 

—    5-42  =  99-52 

0-90  5-85  =100-04 

0-82  6-77  =100-17 

2-23  4-65  Li20  tr. 

[=  98  50 

1-3    4-7     =  99-3 


Oellacherite. 


G.  SiO2    A12O3      FeO      BaO     MgO      CaO     K2O     Na3O  H2O 

61.  Pfitschthal  2'894        42'59  30'18    1-74    4'65    4  85    1  03    7-61     1'42  4-43  Fe2O3 

[0-91,  CuO  0-31,  MnO  0'12,  SrOO'09  =  99-93 

62.  Sterzing  42'90  32'40    2'40    5'82    3'10    0'80    7'47    1'73  3'02  =  99'64 

63.  Habachthal  2'83         49'44  26'05    2'31a  5'76    3'03    1'81    7'54      —    4 -24  =100'18 

•  Incl.  0-29  p.  c.  MnO. 

The  rose-colored  mica,  of  Goshen,  Mass,  (erroneously  called  lepidolite),  afforded  Mallet: 
K20  9-08,  Na20  0'99,  Li2O  0'64,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  23,  180,  1857.  Cf.  also  anal.  8. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  water,  which  with  brazil-wood  often  reacts  for  fluorine. 
B.B.  whitens  and  fuses  on  the  thin  edges  (F.  =  5'7,  v.  Kobell)  to  a  gray  or  yellow  glass.  With 
fluxes  gives  reactions  for  iron  and  sometimes  manganese,  rarely  chromium.  Not  decomposed  by 
acids  Decomposed  on  fusion  with  alkaline  carbonates. 

pbs. — Muscovite  is  the  most  common  of  the  micas.  It  is  one  of  the  essential  constituents  of 
granite,  gneiss,  mica  schist,  and  other  related  rocks,  and  is  occasionally  met  with  in  granular  lime- 
stone; in  volcanic  rocks  it  is  rare;  it  occurs  also  disseminated  sparingly  in  many  fragmental  rocks. 
The  crystallized  forms  are  most  common  in  cavities  in  granite,  associated  with  adularia,  albite, 
tourmaline,  etc.  Coarse  lamellar  aggregations  often  form  the  matrix  of  topaz,  tourmaline, 
and  other  mineral  species  in  granitic  veins.  The  varieties  with  unctuous  talc-like  feel  and 
pearly  or  silky  luster  are  characteristic  of  much  mica  ("  hydro-mica  ")  schist  which  has  often  been 
erroneously  called  talcose  schist.  Muscovite  is  frequently  of  secondary  origin,  being  derived 
from  the  alteration  of  other  species,  e.g.,  topaz,  cyanite  (damourite),  feldspar  (oncosine),  etc.,  cf. 
also  piuite,  beyond;  muscovite  forms  with  albite  the  mineral-aggregate  called  cymatolite,  derived 
from  spodumene,  cf.  p.  368. 

Muscovite  often  encloses  flattened  crystals  of  garnet,  tourmaline,  also  quartz  in  thin  plates 
between  the  sheets;  further  not  infrequently  magnetite  in  dendrite  like  forms  following  in  part 
the  directions  of  the  percussion-figure,  also  those  of  the  pressure-figure  (f.  1,  p.  611).  These  mark- 
ings were  erroneously  referred  by  Rose  to  hematite;  their  true  nature  was  shown  by  Brush  (Am. 
J.  Sc.,  48,  361,  1869).  Rose's  argument  against  their  being  magnetite,  based  upon  their  want  of 
opacity,  has  no  force,  since  even  the  native  metals  are  translucent  in  sufficiently  thin  layers. 

Many  localities  of  muscovite,  and  of  the  different  varieties,  have  been  given  in  the  preceding 
pages.  Some  of  the  best  known  localities,  more  especially  those  which  have  furnished  well 
crystallized  specimens,  are:  Abiihl  in  the  Sulzbachthal,  with  adularia;  similar  on  the  Rothen- 
kopf  in  the  Zillerthal,  Tyrol;  Soboth,  west  of  Eibiswald  in  Styria,  also  St.  Radegrund;  St. 
Gothard,  Binnenthal,  and  elsewhere  in  Switzerland;  Mourne  Mts.,  Ireland;  Cornwall;  Ut6, 
Fin  bo,  Falun,  Sweden;  Skutterud,  Norway.  In  the  region  of  Ekaterinburg,  at  Alabashka  near 
Mursinka,  in  cavities  in  granite  and  at  other  points  in  the  Ural,  sometimes  in  large  plates;  also 
in  the  llmen  Mts.  on  the  east  side  of  L.  Ilmen;  San  Domingo,  Brazil.  Also  obtained  in  large 
plates  from  Greenland. 

Exported  in  large  quantities  from  the  East  Indies  and  most  of  it  from  the  Hazaribagh  dis- 
trict in  Bengal;  also  obtained  in  large  plates  in  the  granite  veins  of  Mysore,  and  at  Wangtu 
bridge  on  the  Sutlej  in  the  Punjab  Himalayas  (Mallet,  Min.  India,  97,  1887). 

In  Maine,  at  Mount  Mica  in  the  town  of  Paris;  at  Buckfield,  in  fine  crystals;  also  at  East 
Woodstock;  Rumford;  at  Unity,  of  a  green  color,  on  the  estate  of  James  Neal  (Thomson's 
nacrite,  wrongly  referred  to  Brunswick).  In  N.  Hamp.,  at  Acworth,  Graf  ton  and  Alstead,  in 
granite,  the  plates  at  times  a  yard  across  and  perfectly  transparent;  also  in  Groton  (Valencia 
mine);  at  Nashua;  Hoyt  hill  in  Orange.  In  Mass.,  at  Chesterfield,  with  tourmaline  and  albite, 
sometimes  pink;  at  Barre  and  South  Royalston,  in  two  localities,  with  beryl;  at  Mendou  and 


620  SILICATES. 

Brimfield;  at  Chester,  Hampden  Co.,  faint  greenish;  at  Goshen,  rose-red  (anal.  8,  sometimes 
misnamed  lepidolite);  prismatic  mica,  at  Russell.  In  Conn.,  at  Monroe,  of  a  dusky  brown  color, 
having  internal  hexagonal  bands  of  a  darker  shade;  at  Glastonbury,  with  feldspar;  at  Trumbull, 
at  the  topaz  vein  in  coarse  radiated  aggregations;  at  Litchfield,  with  cyanite,  colorless  and  pearly; 
in  brown  hexagonal  crystal  at  the  Middletown  feldspar  quarry;  at  Haddam,  pale  brownish,  with 
columbite,  and  also  similar  at  another  locality  with  garnets;  at  Branchville,  with  albite,  micro- 
cline,  spodumene,  etc.,  both  in  large  sheets  and  in  aggregates  with  curved  concentric  structure; 
New  Milford,  with  feldspar,  green  and  yellow  beryl,  etc. 

In  .N.  York,  6m.  S.E.  of  Warwick,  crystals  and  plates  sometimes  afoot  in  diameter,  in  a 
vein  of  feldspar;  a  mile  N.W.  of  Edenville,  in  six-sided  and  rhombic  prisms;  silvery,  near  Eden- 
ville;  in  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  8  m.  from  Potsdam,  on  the  road  to  Pierrepont,  in  plates  7  in.  across; 
town  of  Edwards,  in  large  prisms,  six-sided  or  rhombic;  Greenfield,  near  Saratoga,  in  reddish 
brown  crystals  with  chrysoberyl ;  on  the  Croton  aqueduct,  near  Yonkers,  in  rhombic  prisms  with 
a  transverse  parting. 

In  Penn.,  in  line  hexagonal  crystals  of  a  dark  brown  color  at  Peunsbury,  near  Pennsville, 
Chester  Co.;  at  Unionville,  whitish;  Delaware  Co.,  at  Middletown,  smoky  brown  with  hexagonal 
internal  bands,  which  are  due  to  magnetite;  at  Chesnut  Hill,  near  the  Wissahickon,  a  green 
variety;  at  Leiperville,  Delaware  Co.,  faint  greenish.  In  JV.  Jersey',  in  crystals  at  Newton  and 
Franklin.  In  Maryland,  at  Jones's  Falls,  a  mile  and  three-quarters  from  Baltimore;  the  plates 
show  by  transmitted  light  a  series  of  concentric  hexagons,  the  sides  of  which  are  parallel  with 
the  sides  of  a  hexagonal  prism;  it  has  been  mined  in  Howard  and  Montgomery  Cos.  In  Vir- 
ginia, at  Amelia  Court  House,  with  albite,  microlite,  beryl,  monazite,  helvite;  also  in  Grayson, 
Henry,  Patrick,  Carroll  Cos.  In  No.  Carolina,  extensively  mined  at  many  places  in  the  western 
part  of  the  state,  and  often  obtained  in  very  large  sheets,  at  times  more  than  3  feet  in  diameter; 
there  are  numerous  localities  in  Macon,  Jackson,  Haywood,  Buncombe,  Ashe,  McDowell, 
Mitchell,  Yancey,  Alexander,  Cleveland,  and  other  counties;  the  chief  mines  are  in  Mitchell, 
Yancey,  Jackson,  and  Macon  Cos.  The  mica  mines  have  also  afforded  many  rare  species,  as 
columbite,  samarskite,  hatchettolite,  uraninite,  etc.  A  pink-colored  muscovite  occurs  at  Ray's 
mine  in  Yancey  Co.,  and  at  the  Flat  Rock  mine,  Mitchell  Co.  Occurs  in  fine  crystals  at  the 
spodumene  (hiddenite)  locality  in  Alexander  Co.,  the  crystals  often  dusted  over  with  a  chloritic 
coating  giving  them  a  bronze  appearance;  with  magnetite  at  Buckhorn,  Chatham  Co.;  with 
quartz  at  Hickory,  Catawba  Co.;  with  pyrite  in  Stokes  Co.  Compact  to  fibrous  or  scaly 
varieties  occur  at  various  points  with  corundum  in  Macon  Co.,  and  elsewhere;  also  a  kind  in 
yellow  or  white  pearly  scales  as  a  result  of  the  alteration  of  cyanite  at  Crowder's  and  Clubbs' 
mountains;  similarly  in  Yancey  Co.,  and  other  points.  Soft  pseudomorphous  crystals  having 
the  form  of  staurolite,  from  Cherokee  Co. ,  are  referred  to  muscovite  by  Genth.  In  8.  Carolina, 
muscovite  deposits  occur  in  Anderson,  Oconee,  and  Pickens  Cos. ;  also  in  Georgia  and  Alabama. 

Mica  mines  have  also  been  worked  to  some  extent  in  the  Black  Hills,  in  Custer  and  Penuing- 
ton  Cos.  of  South  Dakota;  in  Washington,  at  Rockford,  Spokane  Co.;  in  Colorado,  at  Turkey 
Creek,  35  miles  from  Denver;  near  Pueblo;  also  from  the  neighborhood  of  Fort  Collins.  In 
New  Mexico,  at  the  Cribbensville  mines,  Petaca,  Rio  Arriba  Co.  In  California,  at  Salmon  Mt. 
Siskiyou  Co. ;  deposits  also  occur  at  Gold  Lake,  Plumas  Co.;  El  Dorado  Co.;  Ivanpah  distr. , 
San  Bernardino  Co. ;  Susanville,  Lassen  Co. ;  Kern  Co.  It  is  a  common  mineral  at  many  points 
in  the  granite  of  the  western  United  States. 

The  production  of  mica  in  the  United  States  was  70,500  pounds  in  1887,  valued  at  $142,250; 
2000  tons  of  mica  waste  were  ground  worth  $15,000.  The  amount  mined  in  1888  was  much 
smaller,  while  in  1882,  1883,  1884,  the  amount  varied  from  100,000  pounds  to  147,410  pounds 
(Mm.  Res.  U.  S.). 

Muscovite  was  so  named  by  J.  D.  Dana  in  1850,  from  Vitrum  Muscoviticum  or  Muscovy- 
glass,  formerly  a  popular  name  of  the  mineral.  The  derivations  of  the  names  of  prominent 
varieties  are  given  in  the  preceding  pages. 

Alt. — Mica  at  times  becomes  hyd rated,  losing  its  elasticity  and  transparency,  and  often  some 
portion  of  the  potash;  and  at  the  same  time  it  may  take  up  magnesia,  lime,  or  soda.  These 
changes  may  be  promoted  by  waters  containing  carbonates  of  these  bases.  It  occurs  altered  to 
steatite  and  serpentine,  and  cases  of  alteration  to  amphibole  and  stilpnosiderite  have  been 
mentioned.  It  sometimes  passes  by  alteration  into  a  form  of  "  vermiculite. "  Cf.  p.  664. 
A  mica  from  Leon  Co.,  Texas,  has  been  examined  by  G.  W.  Leighton,  which  is  characterized 
(J.  P.  Cooke)  as  an  early  stage  in  this  alteration.  Opaque;  laminae  brittle;  luster  pearly; 
B.B.  swells,  the  lamina?  separate  and  fuses  at  5  to  6.  Analysis,  Leighton,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  32,  317, 
1886: 

Si03         A12O3       Fe2O3       MgO        CaO         K2O         Na2O        H2O 

48-95          25-17          9'40          1'69  tr.  ll'QS  tr.  4'31  =  100'60 

Artif.— See  p.  613. 

Ref.— !  Rothenkopf,  Zillerthal,  1.  c.  (ref.  614).  For  crystals  from  Abiihl  Tschermak  cal- 
culates 001  A  201  =  84°  9'.  Cf.  also  Marignac,  Bibl.  Univ.,  6,  300,  1847;  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  485, 
1862;  Kk.,  Min.  Russl.,  2,  121  etseq.,  7,  225  et  seq.  (Mem.  Akad.  St.  Pet.,  1877,  read  May  17), 
8,  5,  1878.  See  also  Kk.,  ibid.,  7,  301-344,  for  valuable  abstracts  of  early  papers,  literature,  etc. 
On  vicinal  planes  on  the  muscovite  of  Abiihl,  Rothenkopf,  see  Tschermak,  1.  c. 

The  position  here  taken  is  that  finally  adopted  by  Tschermak  (priv.  coutr.,  May,  1891)  as 


MICA   GROUP— MUSCOVITE.  621 

taost  satisfactorily  showing  the  relation  to  the  other  micas,  the  chlorites,  etc.  Tschermak  (1.  c., 
1877,  and  Min.,  1883)  earlier  made  M  =  110,  e  =  Oil,  p  =  102,  C  =  133,  etc.;  for  this  the 
fundamental  angles  on  p.  614  give  the  axial  ratio: 

d  :  t  :  c  =  0-5775  :  1  :  2'2175  /3  =  84°  55'. 

This  position  has  certain  obvious  advaatages  in  simplicity  of  symbols,  etc.,  to  the  one 
adopted.  Of.  also  p.  614.  Muscovite  was  earlier  regarded  as  orthorhornbic  with  rnonoclinic 
hemihedrism. 

On  percussion-figure,  pressure-figure,  etc.,  see  references  on  p.  614.  Etching-figures  Baum 
hauer,  Ber.  Ak.  Miinchen,  245,  1874,  99,  1875;  Wiik,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  187  (ref.),  1882.  Elasticity 
Coromilas,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Tubingen,  1877,  abstr.  in  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  411,  1877. 

Refractive  indices,  see  Bauer,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  p.  693,  Nov.  27,  1877;  Min.  Mitth.,  1,  14, 
1878;  Kohlrausch  [Vh.  Ges.  Wilrzburg,  12,  1877] ;  Matthiessen,  Zs.  Kr.,  3,  330  (ref.),  1879- 
Pulfrich,  Wied.  Ann.,  3O,  499,  1887;  Scharizer,  Zs.  Kr.,  12,  8,  1886;  Hecht,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.,  6, 
271,  1889.  Axial  angles,  Tschermak,  1.  c.;  Sillimau,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  10,  372,  1850;  Grailich,  Ber. 
Ak.  Wien,  11,  46,  1853;  Bauer,  Pogg.,  138,  350,  18G9  et  al.;  Dx.,  1.  c.,  and  N.  R.,  75-81,  1867. 

Electrical  conductivity,  inductive  power,  etc.,  J.  Curie,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  17,  385,  1889,  18, 
229,  1889;  Schultze,  Wied.  Ann.,  36,  655,  1889;  Bouty,  C.  R.,  110,846,  1890. 

Finite.  A  general  term  used  to  include  a  large  number  of  alteration-products  of  iolite, 
spodumene,  nephelite,  scapolite,  feldspar,  and  other  minerals.  In  composition  essentially  a 
hydrous  silicate  of  aluminium  and  potassium  corresponding  more  or  less  closely  to  muscovite, 
of  which  it  is  probably  to  be  regarded  as  a  massive,  compact  variety,  usually  very  impure  from 
the  admixture  of  clay  and  other  substances. 

Characters,  as  follows:  Amorphous;  granular  to  cryptocrystalline.  Rarely  a  submicaceous 
cleavage.  H.  =  2  5-3'5.  G.  =  2  6-2  85.  Luster  feeble,  waxy.  Color  grayish  white,  grayish 
green,  pea-green,  dull  green,  brownish,  reddish.  Translucent  to  opaque. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  minerals  classed  as  pinite  (cf.  also  p.  616).  They  are  further 
referred  to  under  the  original  minerals  in  the  several  cases;  typical  analyses  are  given  below;  for 
others,  see  5th  Ed.,  pp.  481,  482. 

PINITE.  Speckstein  [fr.  the  Pini  mine  at  Aue,  near  Schneeberg]  Hoffmann,  Bergm.  J.,  156, 
1789;  Kieselerde  -j-  Thonerde,  etc.,  Klapr.,  ib.,  227,  1790.  Pinit  Karsten,  Tab.,  28,  73,  1800. 
The  original  pinite  is  in  6-  to  12-sided  prisms;  color  brown;  occurs  in  granite,  pseudomorphous 
after  iolite. 

GIGANTOLITE  Nordenskwld,  Act.  Soc.  Sc.  Fenn.,  1,  2,  377,  1540.  From  gneissoid  granite 
of  Tammela,  Finland,  in  large  6-  and  12-sided  prisms,  with  basal  cleavage;  H.=  2'5;  G.  =  2'862- 
2*878;  luster  somewhat  waxy;  color  greenish  to  dark  steel-gray,  sometimes  approaching  sub- 
metallic  in  luster,  owing  to  the  alteration  of  the  original  iolite  and  the  presence  of  uncombined 
oxide  of  iron.  Iberite  Svauberg  (Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1,  219,  1844),  from  Moutalvan,  near  Toledo, 
Spain,  is  the  same  mineral  in  characters;  H.  =  2'5;  G.  =  2*89.  Both  are  a  result  of  the  altera- 
tion of  iolite. 

GIESECKITE  (fr.  Greenland,  Allan,  Ann.  Phil.,  2,  1813).  In  6-sided  prisms,  pseudomorphous 
after  nephelite.  Brought  by  Giesecke  from  Akulliardsuk  and  Kangerdluarsuk,  Greenland, 
where  it  occurs  in  compact  feldspar.  Also  from  Diana,  N.  Y.  See  nephelite,  p.  426. 

LYTHRODES  Karsten,  Mag.  Ges.  Fr.  Berlin,  4,  78,  1810;  John,  Ch.  Unt.,  1,  171;  Splittriger 
Wernerit  Hausm.,  520,  1813,  is  from  the  zircon-syenite  of  Fredriksviirn  and  Laurvik.  It  is 
regarded  as  altered  nephelite. 

LIEBENERITE  Marignac,  Bibl.  Univ.,  6,  193,  1848,  is  essentially  the  same;  from  a  porphy- 
ritic  feldspathic  rock  of  Mt.  Viesena,  in  the  Fleimsthal;  it  occurs  in  6-sided  prisms. 

DYSYNTRIBITE  Shepard,  Proc.  Am.  Assoc.,  311,  1851,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  209,  1851.  Essentially 
the  same  with  the  gieseckite  from  Diana  and  elsewhere,  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. ;  it  constitutes  masses 
or  a  rock,  sometimes  slaty  in  structure,  and  somewhat  resembles  serpentine,  though  more  waxy 
in  aspect;  H.  =  3-3'5;  G.  —  2'76-2'81;  colors  often  mottled,  usually  greenish,  sometimes  reddish 
or  spotted  with  red.  Associated  with  phlogopite,  etc. 

PAROPHITE  T.  S.  Hunt,  Rep.  G.  Can.,  1852,  1863.  Similar  to  dysyntribite,  but  less  pure; 
it  is  regarded  by  Hunt  as  a  rock,  and  not  a  simple  mineral;  the  name  alludes  to  a  resemblance 
to  serpentine.  It  constitutes  a  schistose  rock  at  St.  Nicholas  and  Famine  R.,  Can.;  also  in 
Stanstead,  on  the  E.  shore  of  L.  Memphremagog,  with  chloritic  schist;  and  at  Pownal, 
Vermont. 

ROSITE  Svanberg  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1840).  '  A  granular  red  mineral,  occurring  in  granular 
limestone  at  Aker  in  Sodermanland;  H.  =  2'6;  G.  =  2'72.  G.  Rose  and  others  make  it  altered 
anorthite. 

POLYARGITE  Svanberg,  1.  c.  Occurs  in  reddish  lamellar  masses  at  Tunaberg,  Sweden; 
H.  =  4;  G.  =  2'768;  named  from  noX-uS,  much,  and  dpyo^,  sparkle.  Cf.  Palmgren,  G.  F6r. 
Forh.,  1,  188,  1873.  The  name  Pyrrholite  has  been  given  to  a  reddish  lamellar  mineral  from 
Tunaberg,  which  is  very  similar  to  polyargite  (Dx.,  Min.,  1,  302,  1862);  it  has  H.  =  3-4;  and 
cleavage  surfaces  inclined  together  about  87°;  and  is  apparently  anorthite  less  altered  than  in 
rosite  and  polyargite. 

PINITOID  A.  Knop  (Jb.  Min.,  558,  1859).  A  rock,  like  dysyntribite  in  characters,  and  a 
schist  called  "  pinitoid  schist"  approaches  parophite.  Pinitoid  has  H.  —  2'5;  G.  =  2'788;  color 


SILICATES. 

leek-,  oil-,  and  grayish  green.  Occurs  in  the  region  between  Freiberg  and  Chemnitz,  Saxony, 
pseudomorphous  after  feldspar,  in  a  half-decomposed  granitic  porphyry,  constituting  about  25 
p.  c.  of  the  rock.  Also  from  other  localities,  cf.  Cohen,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  405,  1882. 

HYGROPHILITE  Laspeyres,  Miu.  Mitth.,  147,  1873.  A  pinite-like  substance,  at  least  in  part 
derived  from  feldspar.  G.  =  2 '670.  From  Halle-an-der-Saale.  A  similar  mineral  occurs  as  the 
result  of  the  alteration  of  oligoclase  in  the  gneiss  of  the  Wildschapbach-Thal,  Baden  (Sandberffer 
tint.  Erz.,  59,  1882. 

WILSONITE  T.  S.  Hunt,  Rep.  G.  Can. ,  1853,  1863.  A  pseudomorph,  with  the  form  and 
cleavage  of  scapolite;  H.  =  3  5;  G.  —  2'76-2'78;  luster  somewhat  pearly;  color  rose-red;  frag- 
ments translucent.  It  is  from  Bathurst.  Can.,  where  it  was  first  fouud  by  Dr.  Wilson;  also  St. 
Lawrence  Co.,  N.  Y.  See  also  p.  473.  Terenite  (p.  473),  from  Antwerp,  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  may 
be  the  same. 

KILLINITE  Thomson,  Min.,  1,  330,  1836.  From  Killiney  Bay,  Ireland,  pseudomorph  after 
spodumene,  see  p.  368. 

Grattarola  describes  a  pinite  formed  from  andalusite  from  San  Piero,  Elba  Boll.  Com 
Geol.,333,  1876. 

The  pinite  of  Stolpen  near  Neustadt,  called  micarel  by  Freiesleben  (p.  473),  is  according  to 
Wichmann  not  a  pseudomorph  after  iolite,  Zs,  G.  Ges.,  26.  701,  1874. 

AGALMATOLITE  (Agalmatolithus,  Bildstein  (fr.  China),  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  2,  184,  1797. 
Pagodite  Napione.  J.  Phys.,  46,  220,  1798).  Like  ordinary  massive  pinite  in  its  amorphous 
compact  texture,  luster,  and  other  physical  characters,  but  contains  more  silica,  which  may  be 
from  free  quartz  or  feldspar  as  impurity.  The  Chinese  has  H.  =  2-2*5;  G.  =  2-785-2'815,  Klapr. 
Co-lors  same  as  for  piuite,  usually  grayish,  grayish  green,  brownish,  yellowish. 

A  similar  mineral  in  composition  comes  from  Nagyag  in  Transylvania,  and  Ochsenkopf  near 
Schwarzeu berg  in  Saxony.  Agalmatoiite  was  named  from  ayahjua,  an  image,  and  pagodite 
from  pagoda,  the  Chinese  carving  the  soft  stone  into  miniature  pagodas,  images  etc.  Part  of  the 
so-called  agalmatolite  of  China  is  true  pinite  in  composition,  another  part  is  compact  pyrophyl- 
lite,  and  still  another  steatite  (see  these  species). 

OOSITE  (Oosit  Marx,  ib.,  3,  216,  1834),  is  near  oncosine  (p.  616);  it  is  white  to  reddish  or 
brownish  red,  and  occurs  in  6-  and  12-sided  prisms;  it  is  from  the  Oos  valley,  Baden,  occurring 
in  what  is  called  piuite- porphyry. 

Gongylite  (Gongylit  Thoreld,  Act.  Soc.  Sc.  Fenn.,  3,  815,  A.  Nord.,  Beskrifn.  Finl.  Min., 
146,  1855)  is  yellowish  or  yellowish  brown,  and  has  cleavage  in  two  directions;  with  H.  =  4-5; 
G.  =  2'7.  From  a  schist  called  talcose  schist  at  Kimsamo  in  Finland. 

Anal.— 1,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.  835,  1860.  2,  Hauer.  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  5,  76,  1854.  3,  Brush,  Am. 
J.  Sc.,  26,  641,  858.  4,  Hauer,  1.  c.,  147,  1853.  5,  Smith  and  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  50,  1853. 
6,  T.  S.  Hunt,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  484,  1863.  7,  Laspeyres,  1.  c.  8,  Killing,  quoted  by  Sandberger, 
Unt.  Erz.,  58,  1882.  9,  10,  Quoted  by  Crosby,  Tech.  Q.,  248,  1889.  11,  C.  L.  Reese,  Chem. 
News,  50,  209, 1884.  12,  C.  H.  Slaytor,  ibid. 

SiO2  A12O8  Fe2O3  FeO  MgO  CaO  K2O  Na2O  H2O 

1.  Penig,  Pinite                        47  00  28'36    7  86      —  2-48  0'79  10'74  1-07  3'83  =102-13 

2.  Greenland,  Oieseckite       \  45'88  26  93      —      6'30  7'87      —  4'84  6'82  =  98'64 

3.  Diana,                "               f  45'66  31'53    0'27    0'77  3  48  2'20  8'21  0  88  6'97  =  99'97 

4.  Fleims,  Liebenerite                 44  45  38'75          2'26  tr.  1'58  6'45  2'79  [4-75]=101-03 

5.  Jefferson  Co.,  Dysyntr.        44'80  84'90    3'01     0"30»  0'42  0'66  6"87  3'60  5'38  =  99  94 

6.  St.  Nicholas,  Parophite        48'46  27'55      —      5'08  2-02  2'05  5'16  2  35  7'14  =  99'81 

7.  Halle,  Hygrophilite           f  48'42  32*06      —      326  1-72  115  5'67  1'37  9'02  =102'67 

8.  Wildschapbach                     48'60  32'82      —      2'76  237  084  4'08  132  8-83=101-62 

9.  E.  Massachusetts,  Pinite      54'04          36 '83           —  1'30  0'43  lO'Ol  0'72  4'76 

10.  "  ••          44-51          34-71  —     0-56    0'17      7'95    0'16    4'31 

11.  Madison  Co.,  N.  C.,  "          47'28    36'47      —       —       tr.      0'28    11-40    0'74    4-39=100-56 

12.  "          "        "       "          47-31     38-11      —       —       —       —      13-37      —      1-05=99-84 

»MnO. 

The  finite  of  anal.  9  is  described  by  Crosby  (1.  c.,  also  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  116,  1880)  as 
common  in  eastern  Massachusetts,  especially  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston,  where  it  occurs  as  a  soft, 
greenish,  unctuous  mineral,  both  in  the  felsyte  and  the  conglomerate.  In  the  latter  it  makes  up 
much  of  the  pebbles  and  the  enclosing  paste,  and  is  referred  for  its  feldspathic  origin  to 
Primordial  times. 

CATASPILITE.  Kataspilit  Igelstrom,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  24,  14,  1867.  Pseudomorphous  after 
folite,  and  presenting  its  forms. 

H.  =  2-5.     Luster  pearly.     Color  ash-gray.     Subtranslucent.     Analysis,  Igelstr5m  (1.  c.): 

SiOa        AlaO3(Fe2O3)        MgO  CaO  Na2O  K2O  ign. 

40-05  28-95  8'20  7'43  5'25  6'90  [3'22]     =     100 

From  a  gray  chlorite  rock  at  Langban,  in  Wermland,  Sweden,  distributed  through  it  in 
druses  as  large  as  peas.  Named  from  KaTao-itiXri-feiY  in  allusion  to  this  mode  of  occurrence. 


MICA   GROUP— PARAGONITE. 


623 


334,   1843.     Pregrattit 
Soda  mica.     Cossaite 


459.  PARAGONITE.  Paragonit  Schafhautl,  Lieb.  Ann.,  46, 
L.  Liebener,  Kenng.  Ueb.,  53,  1861,  1862.  Natron  glimmer  Germ. 
Gastaldi,  Att.  Ace.  Torino,  10,  189,  1874. 

Massive,  sometimes  consisting  distinctly  of  fine  scales;  also  compact. 

Cleavage:  basal,  eminent.  H.  =  2-5-3.  G.  =  2-78-2-90;  2'78  Schafhautl. 
Luster  strong  pearly.  Color  yellowish,  grayish,  grayish  white,  greenish,  light 
apple-green.  Translucent;  single  scales  transparent.  Optically  -  Orientation 
and  ax.  angle  (70°)  as  in  muscovite.  Dispersion  p  >  v.  Tschermak. 

Comp. — A  sodium  mica,  corresponding  to  muscovite  in  composition 
H2NaAl3Sis01Q  or  2H2O.Na20.3Al203.6Si02  =  Silica  47*1,  alumina  40' 1,  soda  8*1, 
water  47=  100.  A  little  potassium  is  often  present. 

Anal.— 1,  Rg.,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  14,  761,  1862.  2,  (Ellacher,  Kenng.  Ueb.,  1.  c.  3,  Genth,  Am. 
Phil.  Soc..  13,  390,  1873.  4,  Kobell,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  107,  167,  1869.  5,  6,  Cossa,  Att.  Ace.  Torino, 
1.  c.  7,  Piolti,  ibid.,  23,  257,  1888. 


G. 
1.  Mte.  Campione 
2.  Pregratteu 
Pr'egrattite     2  '895 
3    Ochseukopf 
4.  Virgenthal         2  "9 

SiO2    A12O3 
|  46-81    40-06 

44-65    40-41 
45-14    40-91 
48-00    38-29 

Fe2O3   FeO  MgO  CaO 
tr.       —     0-65    1-26 


0-68 
0-91 


0-84 


0-37 

—  tr. 

—  0-36 


0-52 
0-58 


K2O  Na2O  H2O 
tr.      6-40    4-82  =  100 

[=  100  70 

1-71     7-06    5-04  Cr203  0-10 
0-96    6-74    4-99  =  100 
1-89    6-70    2-51  =    98-66 


Cossaite 

5.  Borgo  franco 

6.  Mt.  Blasier 

7.  Bousson 


2-896 
2-890 
3075 


46-67  39-02  2'01  — 
46-68  39-88  T06  — 
46-49  40-68  2'68  — 


—  1-36    6-37    4-91  =  100'34 

—  0-84    6-91    5-08  =  100'45 

—  1-34    4-75    4-57  Li2O    tr. 

[=  100-51 


Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fusible  with  difficulty.  The  pregrattite  exfoliates  somewhat  like  vermiculite, 
and  becomes  milk-white  on  the  edges. 

pbs.— Paragon ite  constitutes  the  mass  of  the  rock  at  Monte  Campione  near  Faido  in  Canton 
Tessin,  Switzerland,  containing  cyanite  and  staurolite;  called  paragonite-schist.  The  rock  also 
contains  garnet  and  black  tourmaline.  Also  from  the  Ochsenkopf ,  Schwarzenberg,  Saxony, 
and  the  Virgenthal;  also  forms  the  compact  ground-mass  resembling  soapstpne  enclosing 
actiuolite  in  the  Pfitschthal  and  Zillerthal.  From  the  Island  of  Syra  with  iolite,  staurolite, 
cyanite.  Pregratten  in  the  Pusterthal  (Pregrattite),  Tyrol. 

Cossaite  is  a  compact  variety,  showing  but  little  micaceous  structure,  first  identified  in  an 
antique  ring  or  bracelet,  dug  up  in  the  neighborhood  of  Turin;  also  found  at  the  mines  of 
Borgofranco,  near  Ivrea,  and  at  Mt.  Blasier.  Named  for  Professor  Cossa,  who  gave  the  first 
description.  Also  (anal.  7)  from  the  Colle  di  Bousson,  Valle  di  Susa,  in  compact  form  with 
apple-green  color  forming  layers  between  limestone  layers. 

Named  from  Ttapayeiv,  to  mislead. 

EUPHYLLITE  B.  Silliman,  Jr.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  381,  1849.  A  sodium-potassium  mica  appa- 
rently intermediate  between  muscovite  and  paragonite,  but  more  basic.  Structure  as  in  mica, 
but  laminae  not  as  easily  separable.  Laminae  rather  brittle. 

H.  =  3-5-4-5.  G.  =  2-963-3  008  Silliman;  2'83  Smith  and  Brush.  Luster  of  cleavage 
surface  bright  pearly,  inclining  to  adamantine.  Color  white  to  colorless;  sides  faint  grayish 
sea-green  or  whitish.  Transparent  to  translucent;  at  times  opaque  or  nearly  so.  Biaxial;  axial 
angle  71|°,  Silliman. 

Tschermak  identified  in  a  specimen  from  Union ville,  showing  euphyllite  and  tourmaline, 
scales  like  paragonite;  others  with  large  axial  angle  referred  to  margarite,  and  still  others  with 
a  very  small  axial  angle.  That  the  original  material  was  similarly  heterogeneous  is  not  so 
clear. 

Anal.— 1-4,  Smith  and  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  15,  209,  1853. 


1.  Unionville 

2. 

3. 

4. 


G. 

2-83 


Si02 

A1203 

Fe2O, 

MgO 

CaO 

K2O 

Na2O 

H2O 

40-29 

43-00 

1 

•30 

0-62 

1-01 

5-16 

3-94 

5-00 

— 

100-32 

39-64 

42-40 

1 

•60 

0-70 

1-00 

5-16 

3-94 

5-08 

— 

99-52 

40-21 

41-50 

1 

•50 

0-78 

1-88 

4-26 

325 

5-91 

— 

99-29 

40-96 

41-40 

1 

•30 

0-70 

1-11 

4-26 

3-25 

6-23 

— 

99-21 

The  specimen  for  analysis  2  by  Smith  and  Brush  was  from  the  original  one  described  by 
Silliman.  Their  results  show  that  the  earlier  analysis  of  Crooke  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  381,  1849)  and 
those  of  Erni  and  Garret  (Dana  Min.,  3d  Ed.,  362,  1850)  are  erroneous.  Erni's  and  Crooke's 
specimens  were  from  the  same  that  afforded  the  material  for  analysis  2  of  Smith  and  Brush. 

Occurs  associated  with  tourmaline  and  corundum  at  Unionville,  Delaware  Co. ,  Pa.    The 


624  SILICATES. 

impression  of  tne  crystals  of  tourmaline  on  the  lateral  surface  of  the  euphyllite  leaves  a  very 
smooth,  hard-looking  surface.  Also  in  the  same  vicinity  in  aggregated  laminae,  or  scales,  01 
compact  masses. 

Dr.  Smith  refers  to  euphyllite,  with  a  query,  a  mica  found  by  him  with  the  emery  of  Asia 
Minor  and  the  islands  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago  which  afforded  him  the  following  results 
(Am.  J.  Sc.,  11,  62,  1851,  15,  210,  1853): 

SiO2       A12O3      Fe2O,     MgO      CaO  K3O(littleNa2O)  H2O 

1.  Gumuch-dagh  42'80        40'61        1'30         tr.         3*01  undet.  5-62 

2.  Kulah  43  62        38'10        3'50        0'25        0'52  7'83  5  51  =  99'33 

3.  "  42-71        37-52        2'32         tr.          1-41  undet.  5'95 

4.  Nicaria  42'60        37'45    :   1-70         tr.         0'68  9*76  5'20  =  97*39 

An  emerald-green  mica  from  Pipra,  South  Rewah,  India,  is  referred  here  by  Mallet  (Min. 
India,  130,  1887)  It  is  similarly  associated  with  corundum  and  tourmaline.  An  analysis  by 
Tween  gave: 

SiO2  43-53      A12O3  43'87      Cr2O3  0'91      CaO  1-45      K2O  7'80      HaO  4'60  =  102-16 

460.  LEPIDOLITE.  Violetfarbigen  Zeolith  (fr.  Rozena)  v.  Born,  Crell's  Ann.,  2,  196, 
1791.  Lilalith  (ib.)  v.  Born.  Schuppeustein  Germ.  Lepidolith  Klapr.,  Schrift.  Ges.  Berl.  11, 
59,  1794,  Bergm.  J.,  2,  80, 1792,  Beitr.,  1,  21,  279,  1795,  2,  191.  Lepidolite  Kirw.,  1,  208,  1794. 
Lithionglimmer  C.  Gmelin,  Gilb.  Ann.,  64,  371,  1820.  Lithia  Mica.  Lithionit  KbL,  Taf.,  54, 
1853.  Rabenglimmer,  Siderischer  Fels-Glimmer  (fr.  Altenberg),  Breith.,  Char.,  1823,  1832, 
Handb.,  404,  1841. 

In  aggregates  of  short  prisms,  often  with  rounded  terminal  faces.  Crystals 
sometimes  twins  or  trillings  according  to  the  mica  law1.  Also  in  cleavable  plates, 
but  commonly  massive  scaly-granular,  coarse  or  fine. 

Cleavage:  basal,  highly  eminent.  H.  =  2 '5-4.  Gr.  =  2*8-2-9.  Luster  pearly. 
Color  rose-red,  violet  gray  or  lilac,  yellowish,  grayish  white,  white.  Translucent. 

Optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  usually  J_  b\  rarely  |  b  Scharizer.  Bxa  (a)  inclined 
1°  47'  red,  and  1°  33^'  yellow  (Na)  to  normal  to  c.  Axial  angle  large,  from  50°-72°, 
Elba,  Tschermak.  Also  Scharizer1 : 

Schiittenhofen    2Er  =  83°  16'  •      Siberia    2Er  =  72°  42'        Wolkenburg    2Er  =  57°  13' 
2Ey  =  84°    r  "         2Ey  =  73°    2'  "  2Ey  =  57°  10' 

Indices  /Jy   =  1-5975  yy  =  1-6047 

Comp.— In  part  a  metasilicate  R3Al(Si03)3  or  KLi[Al(OH,F)JAl(Si03)3.  The 
ratio  of  fluorine  and  hydroxyl  is  variable. 

Following  in  the  line  of  Clarke's  suggestion  (p.  612),  typical  lepidolite  may  be  considered 
as  having  the  formula 

R6Ala(Si04)3  +  R6Al2(Si3O8)3.     R  =  K,Li,(AlF2),(Al(OH)a),  also  Rb,Cs. 
Clarke,  however,  prefers  to  consider  it  as  consisting  of  equal  molecules  of 
HKLiAl3(SiO4)3    and    K3Li3(AlF2)3Al(Si3O8)3. 

See  Clarke,  1.  c.  (p.  613),  and  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Bull.  42,  1887;  also  earlier  Am.  J.  Sc.,  32, 
357,  1886;  further,  Tschermak,  1.  c.,  and  Scharizer,  Zs.  Kr.,  13,  464,  1887.  Scharizer  regards 
lepidolites  as  isomorphous  mixtures  of  muscovite  R3Al3Si3Oi2  and  the  silicate  ("  lithionitsilicat  ") 
(OH,F)3R4Al3Si6O15. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Berwerth,  quoted  by  Tschermak,  1.  c.  3,  Rg.  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  624,  1878. 
4,  Scharizer,  Zs.  Kr.,  13,  464,  1888.  5-11.  R.  B.  Riggs,  quoted  by  Clarke,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  32,  356, 
1886. 

G.  Si03    A12O8  Fe2O3  FeO    MnO     K2O     Li2O  Na2O  HaO      F 

1.  Paris  2-855        50'39    28'19      —       —       —       12-34      5'08      —     2'36    5'15 

[=  103-51 

2.  Rozena  2'839        50'98    27'80      —     0'05      —       10'78      5'88      —      0'96    7'88 

[P20ft  0-05  =  104-38 

3.  Yushakova  50'26    21  47      —       —      5  36*    11-08     4'88    054    0'66    8-71 

FC11-16  =  104-12 


MICA   GROUP— LEPIDOLITE. 


4.  Schiittenhofen 

5.  Rumford,  purple 

6.  Paris,  foliated 

7.  Hebron,  granular 

8.  Auburn,  border 

9.  "        granular 
10.  Norway,  white 
11. 


G. 

2-825 


SiO2  A12O3  Fe2O3  FeO  MnO 

49-25  25-27  0'84  0'85 

51-52  25-96  0'31  —  0'20 

50-92  24-99  0'30  0'23  tr. 

48-80  28-30  0'29  0'09  «'08 

4962  27-30  0'31  0'07  0'55 

51-11  25  26  0-20  0'07  0'17 

49-52  28-80  0'40  0'24  0'07 

50-17  25-40  0-87  0'45  023 


Incl.  MgO. 

eRb2Ol-29, 


Incl.  Rb,Cs. 
Cs20  0  45. 


c  Rb2O,Cs2O  0-77. 
Rb2O  3-73,  Cs2O  0'08. 


K2O     Li20  Na20  H2O      F 
13-85b    5-38    0-35     1'76    5'68 
[Sn02  0-06  =  103-29 
11-01      4-90    1-06    0-95    5 '80 

[CaO,MgO  0-18  =  101-89 

11-38     4-20    2-11     1-96    6'29 

[=  102-38 

12-21C    4-49    0-74    1'73    4'96 

[CaO,MgO  0-17  =  101-86 

ll-19d    4-34    2-17     1-52     5'45 

O  102-52 

12-256    4-98    1-43    0'94    6'57 

[CaO.MgO  0-13  =  103-11 
12'63f     3-87    0-13    1'72    5-18 

[CaO,MgO  0-15  =  102-71 
13-40*    4-03      —     2-02    5'05 

[C&OMgOund.  =  101-62 

d  Rb2O  2-44,  Cs2O  0'72. 
s  Also  Na2O. 


Page  (Ch.  News,  48,  109,  1883)  found  in  a  lead-gray  lepidolite  from  the  greisen  at  Pihra, 
Hazaribagh,  Bengal  (anal,  by  Tween,  Rec.  G.  Surv.  India,  7,  43,  1874),  the  alkalies: 

K2O8-60  Li2Ol-75  Na2O  0'61  Rb20  0'07  Cs2O  tr.t 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  water  and  reaction  for  fluorine.  B.B.  fuses  with  intu- 
mescence at  2-2  "5  to  a  white  or  grayish  glass,  sometimes  magnetic,  coloring  the  flame  purplish 
red  at  the  moment  of  fusion  (lithia).  With  the  fluxes  some  varieties  give  reactions  for  iron  and 
manganese.  Attacked  but  not  completely  decomposed  by  acids.  After  fusion,  gelatinizes  with 
hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  granite  and  gneiss,  especially  in  granitic  veins,  and  is  associated  sometimes 
with  cassiterite,  red,  green,  or  black  tourmaline,  amblygonite,  spodumene,  etc.  It  is  often 
associated  with  muscovite  in  parallel  position  (cf.  Scharizer). 

Found  near  Uto  in  Sweden;  at  Altenberg,  Chursdorf,  and  Penig  in  Saxony;  Eulenlohe  in 
the  Fichtelgebirge;  Yushakova  in  the  Ural;  lilac  or  reddish  violet  at  Rozena  (or  Rozna)  in 
Moravia;  near  Chanteloubs,  Dept.  Haute  Vienne,  France;  at  Campo  on  Elba;  brown  at  St. 
Michael's  Mount  in  Cornwall;  Argyll  in  Scotland;  Tyrone  in  Ireland.  In  the  granite  of  Hazari- 
bagh, Bengal,  India,  with  muscovite. 

In  the  United  States,  common  in  the  western  part  of  Maine,  in  Hebron,  Auburn,  Norway, 
Paris,  Rumford;  both  granular  and  a  broad  foliated  varieties  are  found,  often  associated  with 
rubellite,  also  with  spodumene  and  amblygonite;  at  Chesterfield,  Mass., with  red  tourmaline  in.  the 
town  of  Peru;  reported  from  Pownal,  Durham,  Yarmouth,  and  Freeport;  granular  near  Middle- 
town,  Conn.  The  rose  mica  of  Goshen,  Mass.,  is  muscovite  (anal.  8,  p.  618).  Lepidolite  also 
occurs  with  rubellite  eight  miles  from  San  Diego,  California. 

Lepidolite  occurs  near  Barkevik,  Langesund  fiord,  as  a  part  of  the  so-called  pterolite  which 
has  resulted  from  the  alteration  of  barkevikite  (p.  403). 

Named  lepidolite  from  Xenis,  scale,  after  the  earlier  German  name  Schuppemtein,  alluding 
to  the  scaly  structure  of  the  massive  variety  of  Rozena. 

Ref.-1  See  Scharizer,  Zs.  Kr.,  12,  5,  1886;  13,  22,  464,  1887. 

OOOKEITE  G.  J.  BrusJi,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  41,  246,  1866. 

In  minute  scales,  and  in  slender  six-sided  prisms,  sometimes  vernacularly  bent.  Often  as  a 
coating.  Cleavage,  basal,  perfect.  Scales  flexible,  inelastic.  H,  =  2 '5.  G.  =  2 '70.  Luster 
pearly  on  plane  of  cleavage.  Color  white  to  yellowish  green.  In  thin  scales  transparent. 

Approaches  a  hydrous  lithia  mica  in  composition.     Anal. — P.  Collier,  1.  c.: 

Si02       A1203       Li2O       K20         H2O        SiF4 
|34-93        44-91        2'82        2'57        13'41        0'47  H2O  exp.  at  100°  0*38  =  99-49 

Three  determinations  of  the  silica  obtained  35  04,  34-05,  35'71  p.  c.  The  alumina  contained 
a  little  oxide  of  iron. 

B.B.  exfoliates  like  vermiculite,  and  colors  the  flame  intense  carmine-red.  In  the  closed 
tube  yields  water,  which  is  at  first  neutral,  then  becomes  acid  by  decomposing  the  fluoride  of 
silicon  evolved,  while  a  ring  of  silica  is  deposited.  Tube  slightly  etched.  Fusible  on  thin  edges, 
and  gives  blue  color  with  cobalt  solution.  With  phosphorus  salt  gives  skeleton  of  silica.  Par- 
tially decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid. 

Occurs  with  tourmaline  and  lepidolite  at  Hebron  and  Paris,  Me. ,  often  as  a  pearly  coating 
on  crystals  of  rubellite,  of  which  it  appears  to  be  a  product  of  alteration.  Probably  similarly 
associated  at  Elba.  Also  at  Padar,  Kashmir,  with  sapphire,  green  tourmaline,  spodumene  (La 
Touche,  Rec.  G.  Surv,  Ind.,  23,  59,  1890). 

Named  after  Prof.  J.  P.  Cooke,  of  Cambridge. 


626 


SILICA  TES. 


1. 


461.  ZINNWALDITE.  Haidinger,  Handb.,  521,  1845.  Lithionit  wn  Kobell,  Taf.,  54, 

1853.  Rabenglimmer  BreitJi.  Lithionglimmer  pt.  Lithioneisenglimmer  Germ. 

Cryophyllite  /.  P.  Cooke,  Am.  J.  tic.,  43,  217,  1867.  Polylithionit  Lorenzen,  Zs.  Kr.,  9, 
251,  1884.  ' 

Monoclinic.     In  form  near  biotite  (meroxene). 

Forms  :  b  (010,  i-i),  c  (001,  0);  H  (201,  -  24),  o  (112,  -  i),  M  (221,  -  2),  ju  (111,  1), 
a;  (131,  3-3). 

Measured  angles:  cH=  85",  cM  =  85°,  co  =  73°  19',  CJLI  =  81°  to  82°,  bx  —  30°  30'. 

Twins:  according  to  the  mica^  law,  with  c  as  comp.-face.     Faces  #,  c  often 

bright,  the  others  dull.  A  fine 
wrinkling  common  on  the  cleavage 
surfaces  normal  to  the  edges  of  the 
1}  planes  (f.  2,  twin).  Crystals  often 
in  fan-shaped  groups;  in  rosettes. 

Cleavage :  basal  perfect.  Laminae 
tough  and  flexible.  H.  =  2-5-3. 
C!.  =  2-82-3-20.  Luster  often  pearly. 
Color  pale  violet,  or  yellow  to  brown 
and  dark  gray.  Successive  layers  of 
different  colors. 

Pleochroism    distinct     in    some 
kinds:    in  dark  varieties,  c  and  b, 
Figs,  1,  2,  Zinnwald,.  Tschermak.  dark  brown,  a  yellowish   brown  or 

reddish;   in  light  colored  kinds,  c, 

b  brownish  gray,  tt  nearly  colorless.  Absorption  c  >  b  >  a  (Rosenbusch).  Opti- 
cally — .  Ax.  pi.  ||  1.  Bxa  nearly  J_  c.  Apparent  an^le  a  c  =  —  1°  18'  red,  —  1°  4' 
Na,  —  0°  57'  Tl.  Axial  angles: 


Zinnwald 
Siberia 


2Er  =  50°  36' 
2Er  =  65°  28' 


2Ey  =  50°  25' 
2Ey  =  65°  19' 


2Egr  =  50°  5'  Tl 
HC    =    4°  4'  and  4° 


2'  Tschermak 


Var. — Ordinary.    As  described  above. 

Rabenglimmer  from  Alteuberg  is  a  ferruginous  zinnwaldite,  Tsch.  Color  dark  gray.  Axial 
angle  nearly  zero.  G.  =  315-3-19  Breith.  Turner  found  19'78  p.  c.  Fe2O3)  7  "49  K2O, 
3  06  Li2O. 

Cryophyllite  from  Rockport,  Mass.,  is  naturally  referred  here,  although  of  rather  different 
composition.  Crystals  mostly  simple.  G.  =  2 '909.  Color  emerald-green  axially;  brownish  red 
laterally  (Cooke).  Optical  characters  as  with  zinnwaldite;  2Ey  =  56°.  Strongly  pleochroic: 
C  violet,  t  greenish  gray. 

Polylithionite  is  a  lithium  mica  from  Kangerdluarsuk,  Greenland.     It  is  related  to  zinn- 


waldite, but  contains  more  silica  and  alkalies,  less  alumina,  and  almost  no  iron, 
obtained; 


Lorenzen 


2Er  =  67°  13'  Li 
a  c  =    0°  18' 


2Ey  =  67°  19' 

0°  5'  to  8' 


2Egr  =  67°  51' 
0°  13' 


Comp.,  Tar. — Approximates  empirically  to  (K,Li)3FeAl3Si5016(OH,F)2  as  given 
by  Groth.  Clarke  calculates  H2K4Li4Fe3Al8F8Si]4042.  Cf.  also  p.  612.  Analysis 
1  gives  Li,0  :  K20  :  H20  :  FeO  :  A1203  :  Si02  :  F  =  1  :  1-1  :  0-5  :  1  ~ 


2-1 

Cryophyllite  is  somewhat  different,  namely,  R6(AlF2)Al(SiO3)5  Clarke.  Polylithionite  gives 
the  empirical  formula  (Li,Na,K)16F6Al4Sii6O43. 

Anal.— 1,  Berwerth,  Min.  Mitth.,  346,  1877.  2,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  121,  1886.  Earlier  analyses 
gave  discordant  results,  5th  Ed.,  p.  315  (under  lepidolite). 

3,  Cooke,  Am'.  J.  Sc.,  48,  217,  1867.     4-6,  Riggs,  ib.,  32,  358,  1886. 

7,  Lorenzen,  Medd.  Gronland,  2,  1884,  and  Min.  Mag.,  5,  65,  1882.     8,  Id.,  ibid.,  7,  1884. 


Zinnwaldite. 

G. 

SiO2 

A1203 

Fe2O3 

FeO 

MnO 

K20 

Li2O 

Na2O 

H20 

F 

1.  Ziunwald 

45-87 

22-50 

0-66 

11-61 

1-75 

10-46 

3-28 

0-42 

0-91 

7-94 

P205  0-08 

[=  105-48 

2. 

46-44 

21-84 

1-41 

10-06 

1-89 

10-58 

336 

0-54 

— 

7-62 

=  103"74 

MICA   GROUP— BIOTITE. 


627 


G.  SiO2    A12O3 

Cryopliyllite 
3.  Cape  Ann  2-909      51*49    16*77 


Polylithionite 
7.  Kangerdluarsuk 
8. 


FeO    MnO    K2O    Li2O  Na2O  H2O 

7' 


1-97      7-98    0-34a  13-15    4'06      tr.        —     3'42bMgOO'76, 

[Rb20  tr.  =  99-94 
51-96    16-89    2-63      6*32    0'24    10'70    4'87    0'87    1*31    t>'78  CaO,MgO 

[0-15  rr   102*72 

51-46    16*22    2-21      7*63    0*06    10*65    4*81    0'89    M2    7'44  MgO  0*17 

[=  102-66 
52-17    16-39    4-11      5*99    0*32    10-48    4'99    0'63    1'46    7*02  =  103'56 


SiO2    A1203  Fe203  FeO    K2O  Li2O  Na2O  H2O     F 
58-93    12-83    1-11      —      5'37    9'07    7'63          4-99        =     99'93 
f  59-25    12-57      —      0'93    5*37    9*04    7'63      —     7'32  =  102-11 


Mn2O3. 


SiF4. 


Pyr.,  etc.—  Nearly  as  -with  lepidolite,  but  more  fusible  and  reacts  for  iron. 

Cryopliyllite  fuses  in  the  flame  of  a  candle;  and  B.B.,  with  some  intumescence  to  a  grayish 
enamel  (F.  =  1*5-2),  giving  a  lithia  reaction.  In  fine  powder  decomposed  by  the  dilute  acids,  the 
silica  separating  as  a  powder.  The  fluorine  is  not  expelled  even  at  a  red  heat. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  at  Zinnwald  and  Altenberg  (Rabenglimmer}  in  the  Erzgebirge  in  connection 
with  tin  deposits;  similarly  in  Cornwall,  at  St.  Just,  and  elsewhere.  In  the  granite  of  the 
Mourne  Mts,,  Ireland,  showing  a  zonal  structure,  the  center  dark  green  with  an  axial  angle  of 
44°  4';  the  border  giving  52°  6'  (Sollas).  Also  from  Siberia,  exact  locality  unknown. 

Cryophyllile  occurs  in  the  granite  of  Cape  Ann,  with  danalite  and  aunite.     Named  from 

oS,  ice,  and  <pvA.A.ov,  leaf,  in  allusion  to  its  easy  fusibility  and  foliated  structure. 

Polylithionite  is  from  Kangerdluarsuk,  Greenland,  where  it  occurs  embedded  in  albite  with 
SBgirite,  steenstrupine,  analcite. 

PROTOLITHIONITE  F.  Sandberger,  Unt.  Erzg.,  169,  1885.  A  lithium-iron  mica  from  the 
granite  of  the  Erzgebirge,  Fichtelgebirge,  etc.  Color  dark.  Optically  nearly  uniaxial.  The 
typical  occurrence  is  that  in  the  tourmaline-granite  of  Eibenstock,  Saxony.  Sandberger  regards 
it  as  the  source  of  the  zinnwaldite,  hence  the  name.  Anal.  —  1,  Schroder,  1.  c.,  and  Jb.  Min.,  2, 
93,  1883.  2,  Memeyer,  ibid. 


G.        SiO2  TiOa  Al203Fe2O3FeOMnOMgOCaO  K2ONa2OLi2O      F     H2O 

1.  Eibenstock  2'98      39*04    0*57    23*56  6*10  12*42    —    0'97  0'78    8'51  0'71  3'39  undet.  3'25 

[Sn02  0*22  =  99-52 

2.  Geyer  2'88      37'83    0'30    24'35  7*59  11*78  0'27  0*44  0*20  10*03  2:24  1'73    4'28    1*23 

[SnO2  tr.  =  102*27 


462.  BIOTITE.  Magnesia-Mica  pt.,  Hexagonal  Mica,  Uniaxial  Mica.  Astrites  meroxenus 
(fr.  Vesuv.)  Breith.,  Handb.,  382,  1841.  Rubellan  =  Astrites  trappicus,  Breith.,  ib.,  379.  Biotit 
Hausm.,  Handb.,  671,  1847.  Rhombenglimmer  (fr.  Greenwood  Furnace)  Kenngott,  Pogg.,  73, 
661.  Euchlorite  G.  If.  Shepard,  Pisani,  C.  R.,  83,  167,  1876.  Meroxen,  Anomit  Tschermak, 
Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  76  (1),  1877,  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  14,  1878.  Haughtonite  Heddle,  Min.  Mag.,  3,  72,  1879.' 
Siderophyllite  R.  C.  Lewis,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  254,  1880.  Manganophyllite.  Manganophyll 
Igelstrom,  JD.  Min.,  296,  1872.  Manganofyll  Steed. 

Monoclinic;    pseudo-rhombohedral.     Axes  a  :  I  :  c  =  0*57735  :  1  :  3*27432  •; 
ft  =  *90°  =  001  A  100  Rath1. 

100  A  HO  =  30°  0',  001  A  101  =  80°  0',  001  A  Oil  =  73°  1'. 

Forms2 : 
a  (100,  i-i) 
I  (010,  i-l) 
c  (001,  0) 

m  (110,  /)? 
Q  (130,  *-3) 

or  (104,  i-i) 
P  (205,  f*) 
x  (102,  i-l) 

The  forms  a  (104),  p  (205),  £  (135),  and  perhaps  K  (2 -6*15)  are  gliding-planes. 


r 

(101, 

1-i) 

<t> 

(061,  6-1) 

€ 

(332,  - 

f) 

n 

(223,  |) 

i 

e 

(013, 
(023, 

H) 

M) 

a 

k 

(1-1-12, 
(118,  - 

-TV) 
i) 

M 
f 

(221,  - 
(331,  - 

2) 
3) 

z 

(in,  1) 

(998,  |) 

/pert  A     K\ 

W 

(Oil, 

14) 

Z 

(113,  - 

w 

(119,  £) 

K 

ry 

(554,  f  ) 

y 

(043, 

H) 

h 

(225,  - 

t) 

V 

(117,  \) 

o 

(551,  5) 

2 

(032, 

f-D 

0 

(112,  - 

t 

(116,  i) 

K 

(2615, 

-  f-5)? 

^ 

(0-12 

•7,  ¥-4) 

u 

(7*7*10, 

—  ^) 

3 

(115,  i) 

r 
^ 

(135,  - 

f-3)? 

a 

(021, 

2-1) 

V 

(334,  - 

1) 

q 

(114,  i) 

d 

(134,  - 

1-3) 

ft 

(052, 

f-D 

W  (9-9-10,  -  &) 

i 

(558,  f  ) 

z 

(132,  - 

f-3) 

V 

(041, 

4-1) 

628 


SILICATES. 


ccr 
cp 
ex 
cr 


ce 
cW 


°/ 

48' 
13' 


j=     70" 


=  47°  30' 

=  65°  23' 

=  73°  1' 

=  77°  6' 

=  78°  29| 

=  81°  19' 

1. 


ck 
cZ 

ch 

CO 

cv 
ce 
cM 
tf 


83°     2' 

85°  32' 
87°  5' 

39°  18' 
62°  7' 
69°  6' 
73°  V 

78°  29V 
84°  11' 
85°  38' 
87° ,  5' 


cv  =  43°    5! 

ct  =47°  30' 

cs  =  52°  38' 

cq  =  58°  35' 

en  =  77C 

en  =  81C 

CK  =  83C 


6' 

19' 

2' 


cS  =  88°  15' 

cC    =  66°  13' 
cz    =  80°     0' 

M'  =  55°  42' 
oo'  -  57°    8' 


MM'  = 

88'  = 

qq'  = 

mi  = 

fJifJL1  = 

K'  = 

zz'  = 

bo  = 

bM  = 

bju  = 

bz  = 


59°  48i 
46°  50'" 
50°  31' 
58°  20' 
59°  14| 
104°  50' 
117°  3' 
61°  26' 
60°  6' 
60°  23' 
31' 


bcM  =  *60C 


3. 


a 


Figs.  1-5,  Tscbermak:  1,  2,  Vwh^ius,  simple  crystals;  3,  4,  twins;  5,  Greenwood  Furnace,  part- 
ing foMM.  with  the  gliding-planes  p  (205),  C  (135). 

Common  forms  c,  b,  o  (112),  /*  (111);  c  usually  brilliant,  also  the  others  some- 
what less  so,  but  o,  /*,  often  striated  ||  c,  and  c  also  finely  striated  ||  edge  b/c.  Habit 
tabular  or  short  prismatic;  the  pyramidal  faces  often  repeated  in  oscillatory  combi- 
nation. Vicinal  forms  not  uncommon.  Crystals  often  apparently  rhombohedral  in 
symmetry  since  r'(101)  and  z  (132),  z'  (132),  which  are  inclined  to  c  at  nearly  the 
same  angle,  often  occur  together;  further,  the  zones  to  which  these  faces  belong 
are  inclined  120°  to  each  other,  hence  the  hexagonal  outline  of  basal  sections. 

Twins3,  according  to  the  mica  law,  tw.  pi.  a  plane  in  the  prismatic  zone  J_  c, 
sometimes  contact-twins  with  the  tw.  pi.  also  the  comp.-face,  and  either  symmetri- 
cally or  unsymmetrically  situated.  Also  comp.-face  c  one  crystal  above  the  other, 
Jand  either  right-handed  (f.  3)  or  left-handed  (f.  4).  Often  in  disseminated  scales, 
sometimes  in  massive  aggregations  of  cleavable  scales. 

Cleavage:  basal,  highly  perfect;  planes  of  separation  ||  b  and  /*  (111)  and  other 
less  definitely  determined  pyramids  (112,  111,  114)  in  the  unit  series,  as  shown  in 
the  percussion-figure,  Tsch.  Gliding-planes  p(205),  C  (135)  shown  in  the  pressure- 
figure  inclined  about  66°  to  c;  also  cr  (104)  inclined  55°  to  c,  and  perhaps  (104). 
These  gliding-planes  yield  pseudo-crystalline  forms  (f.  5)  which  are  especially 
prominent  with  anomite.  Etching-figures  in  general  hexagonal  in  form.  H.  —  2 -5 
-3.  G.  =  2-7-3*1.  Luster  splendent,  and  more  or  less  pearly  on  a  cleavage  sur- 
face, and  sometimes  submetallic  when  black ;  lateral  surfaces  vitreous  when  smooth 
and  shining.  Colors  usually  green  to  black,  often  deep  black  in  thick  crystals,  and 
sometimes  even  in  thin  laminae,  unless  the  laminae  are  very  thin;  such  thin  laminae 
green,  blood-red,  or  brown  by  transmitted  light;  also  pale  yellow  to  dark  brown; 
rarely  white.  Streak  uncolored.  Transparent  to  opaque. 

Pleochroism  strong;  absorption  b  =  c  nearly,  for  a  much  stronger.  Hence  sec- 
tions ||  c  (001)  dark  green  or  brown  to  opaque;  those  J_  c  lighter  and  deep  brown  or 
green  for  vibrations  ||  c,  pale  yellow,  green  or  red  for  vibrations  J_  c.  Pleochroic  halos 
often  noted,  particularly  about  microscopic  inclusions.  Optically  — .  Double  refrac- 
tion strong.  Ax.  pi.  usually  ||  b,  rarely  J_  b.  Bxa  (=  a)  nearly  coincident  with  the 


MICA   GROUP— BIOTITE.  629 

normal  to  c,  but  inclined  about  half  a  degree,  sometimes  to  the  front,  sometimes 
the  reverse.  Axial  angle  usually  very  small,  and  often  sensibly  uniaxial;  also  up 
to  50°. 

Tschermak  obtained  on  a  yellow  crystal  from  Vesuvius  (meroxene)  for  the  apparent  angle 
between  Bx^  (=  a)  and  the  normal  to  c,  —  32'  red  glass  (Na same):  on  a  brown  crystal  -f-  43  red, 
43'  Na,  42'  Tl;  again  on  a  black  crystal  7'  Na,  3'  greeu  glass.  On  anomite  from  Greenwood 
Furnace  the  same  angle  was  —  35  Na. 

He  also  gives  the  following  axial  angles  (cf.  anals.  beyond)  for  meroxene: 

Morawitza,  olive-green  2Er  =     0°  to  4°  [2Egr=  9°  24' 

Vesuvius,  yellow  2Er  =     6°  16'  2Ey  =  6°  24'    brown  2Er  =  7°  59'  2Ey  =  8°  10' 

deep  brown    2Ey  =     7°  51'  2Egr=  8°  18'  2Er  =  9e  21'  2Ey  =10°  23' 

dark  green   2Er  =  12°  22'  2Ey  =12°  48'  2Egr=13°  18'    also2Ey  =37°  30' 

Cherbarkul,  black         2Ey  =  20°  Albani  Mts.,  black        2Ey  =  56° 

Anomite,  L.  Baikal  2Er  =  12°  44'  and  16°.  Also  2Egr  =  15°  42'  and  12°  20'  on  different 
parts  of  the  same  specimen.  Again,  2Er  =  12°,  14°  12',  the  axial  angle  diminishing  with  increase 
of  iron. 

Greenwood  Furnace        2Er  =  12°  55'  red  glass     2Ey  =  12°  40'  Na     2Egr  =  12°  35'  green  glass 

Comp.,  Tar. — In  most  cases  an  orthosilicate,  and  as  shown  by  Tschermak  chiefly 
ranging  between  (H,K)2(Mg,Fe)4(Al,Fe),Si4016  and  (H,K),(Mg,Fe)2Al2Si3012.  Of 
these  the  second  formula  may  be  said  to  represent  typical  biotite.  The  amount  of 
iron  varies  widely  as  shown  in  the  analyses  which  follow. 

Biotite  is  divided  into  two  classes  by  Tschermak: 

I.  MEROXENE.  Axial  plane  |  b.  II.  ANOMITE.  Ax.pl.  ±b.  Of  these,  meroxene  includes 
nearly  all  ordinary  biotite,  while  anomite  is,  so  far  as  yet  observed,  of  restricted  occurrence,  the 
typical  localities  being  Greenwood  Furnace,  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y.,  and  L.  Baikal  in  E.  Siberia  (see 
also  beyond).  An  attempt  was  made  by  Tschermak  to  establish  a  separate  composition  for 
anomite,  but  the  observations  are  too  few  to  establish  this,  if  indeed  a  uniform  difference  really 
goes  with  the  change  in  optical  character,  which  seems  improbable.  Meroxene  is  Breithaupt's 
name  early  given  to  the  Vesuvian  biotite.  Anomite  is  from  arojuoS,  contrary  to  law. 

Bttrytbiotite,  of  Knop,  is  a  kind  of  biotite  from  Schelingen  in  the  Kaiserstuhl,  containing  7'3 
p.  c.  baryta,  anal.  28. 

A  chrome  magnesia  mica  (Ghromglimmef)  of  a  green  color,  from  Schwarzenstein,  in  Ziller- 
thal,  afforded  Schafhautl  (Lieb.  Ann.,  46,  325,  1843)  over  5  p.  c.  of  oxide  of  chromium.  He 
obtained:  SiO2  47'68,  A12O3  15'15,  Cr2Os  5  90,  Fe2O3  5'72,  MnO  1'05,  MgO  11'58,  Na2O  117, 
K3O  7-27,  H2O  2-86  =  98'38. 

Siderophyllite  of  Lewis  is  a  black  mica  from  the  Pike's  Peak  region,  in  which  the  magnesium 
is  chiefly  replaced  by  ferrous  iron;  cf.  anal.  31,  which  gives  the  formula  3H2O.6(K,Na,Li)aO. 
21FeO.10Al2O3.30SiOa. 

Haughtoniie  is  also  characterized  by  the  large  amount  of  iron  replacing  magnesium.  G.  =» 
2'96-3-13.  Fuses  with  difficulty  to  a  black  magnetic  globule.  Color  dark  brown  to  jet  black. 
Axial  angle  small.  Occurs  mostly  in  granitic  and  gneissoid  rocks,  also  in  dioryte,  at  various 
Scottish  localities,  as  from  hornblendic  gneiss  of  Roueval;  the  hill  of  Capval;  Nishibost;  from 
the  shore  of  Loch-na-Muilne;  Fionaven  in  Sutherland;  Ben  Stack;  Rispond;  Clach-an-Eoin; 
Kinnaird's  Head,  Aberdeenshire;  Cove  near  Aberdeen;  Lairg,  in  Sutherland;  Portsoy  in  Banff- 
shire.  Cf.  anal.  30.  Named  after  Dr.  Samuel  Haughton  of  Dublin. 

ManganopJiyllite  occurs  in  crystals,  thick  tabular  |  c;  also  tabular  \  b  with  m  and  o  strongly 
developed.  Forms:  b,  c,  m,  e,  o,  ju,  z  (p.  627).  Angles  (meas.,  Flink):  ce  =  65°  33',  co  =  72*  45', 
cju  =  81°  29',  bo  =  61°  38',  bju  =  60°  23'. 

In  aggregations  of  thin  scales.  Color  bronze-  to  copper-red.  Streak  pale  red.  Translucent 
and  rose-red  in  thin  scales.  Pleochroism  strongly  marked,  but  varying  with  the  composition: 
|  c  (ft,  c)  colorless  or  pale  yellowish  red;  ±c  (a)  deep  reddish  brown.  Absorption  in  some  varieties 
a  maximum  for  rays  with  vibrations  j_  c  unlike  other  micas.  In  others,  which  contain  most 
manganese,  absorption  normal,  like  biotite,  here  a  red-brown,  ft  and  c  dark  brown.  Certain 
intermediate  kinds  show  no  pleochroism  (Hamberg). 

In  composition  manganophyllite  is  a  manganesian  biotite,  but  varying  widely  in  the  relative 
amounts  of  manganese  and  other  elements.  Cf.  anals.  33-36. 

Anal.— 1,  John,  Min.  Mitth.,  242,  1874.  2,  Hamm,  Min.  Mitth.,  32,  1873.  3,  Smith  & 
Brush.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  45,  1853.  4,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  Erg.,  118,  1886.  5,  Rumpf,  Min.  Mitth., 
177,  1874.  6,  7,  Rg.,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  227,  1885.  8,  Pisani,  C.  R.,  83,  167,  1876.  9,  Berwerth, 
Min.  Mitth.,  112,  1877.  10,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  Erg.,  118,  1886.  11,  Zellner.  12-19,  Rg.,  1.  c. 
20,  Becker,  Zs.  Kr.,  17,  130,  1889.  21,  Clarke  &  Riggs,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  34,  135, 1886.  22,  Schlaepfer, 
Recherches  sur  la  comp.  d.  micas,  etc.,  1889.  23-28,  Knop,  Zs.  Kr.,  12,  604,  1887.  29,  Hawes, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  11,  431,  1876.  30,  Heddle,  Min.  Mag.,  3,  72,  1879;  also  numerous  other  analyses, 
ibid.,  p.  81,  and  4,  221,  1881.  31,  Lewis  &  Genth,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  Jan.  28, 1878.  32,  Clarke  & 


630 


SILICATES. 


Riggs,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  34,  136,  1887.     33,  Igelstrom,  1.  c.     34,  Flink,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  Bihang,  13 
(2),  7,  70,  1888.     35,  36,  Hamberg,  G.  For.  Forh.,  12,  567,  1890. 

G.  Si02    A1203  Fe20,  FeO    MgO    CaO    K2O  Na2O  H2O     F 


1. 

Lake  Baikal 

2-870 

40-00 

17-28 

0-72 

4-88 

23-91 

— 

8-57     1-47    1-37    1-57 

[=  99  77 

2. 

Greenwood  F. 

2846 

4081 

16-47 

2-16 

5-92 

21-08 

— 

9-01     1-55    2-19      tr. 

[=  99-19 

3. 

tt 

39-88 

14-99 

7-68 

— 

23-69 

— 

9-11     1-12    1-30    0-95 

[Cl  0-44  =  99  16 

4. 

Monzoni,  drk.  grn. 

41-70. 

16-86 

2-23 

2-74 

24-70 

— 

8-93    0-28    1-14    0-53 

[=  99-11 

5. 

Morawitza 

2-75 

40-16 

15-79 

2-53 

4-12 

26-15 

tr. 

7-64    0-37    3-5b      — 

[=  100-34 

6. 

Branchville,  black 

2-898 

44-94 

31-69 

4-75 

3-90 

— 

— 

8-00    0-59    3-85    0-93 

[Li2O  0-21  =  98-86 

7. 

n 

3-030 

38-47 

24-27 

7-65 

11-87 

— 

— 

9-64    1-13    2-88    2*43 

[Lia01-38  =  99-72 

8. 

Chester,  Mass., 

[=  100 

Euchlorite 

2-84 

39-55 

15-95 

7-80 

— 

22-25 



10-35         4-10      — 

9. 

Vesuvius 

2-86 

39-30 

16-95 

0-48 

8-45 

21-89 

0-82 

7-79    0-49    4-02    0'89 

[=  101-08 

10. 

Arendal,  black 

38-89 

14-53 

4-58 

8-92 

20-28 

— 

10-08    0-40    0-94    1-49 

[=  100-11 

11. 

Chebarkul 

3-00 

38-49 

14-43 

5-44 

14-75 

16-34 

— 

8-12    0-53    0-89      tr. 

[=  98  99 

12. 

Miask,  black 

32-49 

12-34 

656 

25-13 

5-29 

— 

9-59    0-88    2-42    1'61 

[Ti02  4  03  =  100-34 

13. 

Filipstad 

38-20 

15-45 

8-63 

9-59 

16-58 

1-50 

9-17    0-18    1-94    1-15 

[=  102-39 

14. 

Sterzing 

39-82 

1925 

2-62 

573 

20-00 

1-41" 

8-33    0-66    1-69     tr. 

[=  99-51 

15. 

Persberg 

37-77 

1596 

6-63 

14-43 

12-26 

— 

8-23    0-27    2-67    0'44 

[TiOa  2-12  =  100-78 

16. 

Renchthal 

37-67 

18-79 

6-48 

15-28 

9-72 

— 

8-93    1-92    2-33      tr. 

[=  101-12 

17. 

Hittero,  green-browi 

i 

39-01 

15-44 

9-37 

13-67 

11-30 

— 

8-62    0-14    293    1'29 

[=  101-77 

18. 

St.  Dennis 

37-93 

24-89 

7-85 

14-87 

0-28 

— 

8-64    0-40    1-54    4  -23 

19. 

Brevik,  green 

32-97 

11-88 

16-48 

24-36* 

1-08 

__ 

[=  100-63 
8-03    0-30    3-35    1-29 

[TiO2  2-42  =  102-16 

20. 

Freiberg 

34-70 

17-17 

2-11 

19-55* 

9-52 

— 

8-91     1-24    3-56    0*20 

[Ti024-58  =  101-54 

21. 

Auburn,  Me. 

34-67 

30-09 

2-42 

16-99* 

1-98 

— 

7-55    1-67    4-64    0'28 

[=  100-29 

22. 

Miask 

3-084 

33-24 

14-90 

5-92 

24-52* 

5-15 

0-40 

7'77    1-45    2-19      — 

[TiO2  4'73  =  100-27 

G. 

SiOa 

A1203 

Fe2O3  FeO 

MgO 

CaO 

KaO  Na20  H20  TiO, 

23. 

BOstenbach 

37-60 

19-68 

2-29 

15-04 

13-24 

— 

6-18    0-71     3-42    1-67 

[Cr203  0-18  =  100-01 

24. 

Freiersbach 

32-83 

18-40 

1-46 

19-90 

11-56 

— 

7-53    2-09    3-05    3'30 

f=  100-12 

25. 

Easton,  Pa. 

34-82 

16-91 

4-19 

15-96 

13-98 

— 

7-48    2'49    1-79    2'00 

[=  99-62 

26. 

Hochberg 

36-42 

17-92 

2-83 

7-04 

2052 

— 

6-54    2-60    2-50    3'99 

[=  100-36 

27. 

Klausenalp 

37-90 

18-83 

4-22 

15-86 

14-20 

— 

6-96    0-59    1-23    0-21 

[=  100-0 
[-  100-21 

35-83    18-82    2'63      —      28-34    7'31C  6 -27    I'Ol      —       — 
2-96      |  35-61    20-03    0-13  23'04»     5-23      —     9'69    0'52    1-87    1'46 

[F  0-76,  Li2O  0-93,  Cl  tr.  =  99 -27 
[=  100-16 
3-03          37-16    15-01    7'69  18'39»     8  88    1-13    818    1'60    2-12 

[Li2O  0  37  =  99-86 

3-1     36-68  20-41  1'55  27'60»  1-14  0'81  9'20  1'09  I'Ol   — 
34-21  16  53  20-15  15'08»  1'34  0'48  6'50  1'43  4'54  0'08 

[=  100-34 

alncl.  MnO,  in  9,  0-59  p.  c.;  in  19.  3'64;  in  20,  0'50;  in  21,  0'85;  in  22,  0'95;  in  29,  M9;  in  30, 
1-04;  in  31,  2'10;  in  32,  0'9l.  b  BaO.  e  BaO  6'84,  SrO  0'47. 


28.  Schelingen 

Barytbiotite 

29.  Middletown,  Ct. 

30.  Roneval, 

Haughtonite 

31.  Pike's  Peak 

SideropTiyllite 

32.  Pike's  Peak 


MICA    GROUP— BIOTITE. 


631 


Manganophyttite. 

33.  Pajsberg 

34.  Laugbau 

35.  Pajsberg,  red-brn. 


SiO2     A12O3  Fe203  MnO   CaO    MgO    K2O  Na2O  H2O      F 


38-50  11-00  3-78a  21 -40  3'20  15'01  5'51  1'60 
41-36  16-02  4-66  5'41  —  13'27  11  "43  2'09  4'62 
40-64  9-43  3-66  9-68  —  22  31  10'50  0'35  4  30 


darkbrn.   36'42    12'64    4'50b  1713    020    14-73    8'78    0'38    4'60 


FeO. 


0-70  Mn2O: 


—  =100 
0-49=  99-35 
0'30Li2OO-29 

[=  101-46 
0'33Li200'40 

[=  100  11 


Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  a  little  water.  Some  varieties  give  the  reaction  for 
fluorine  in  the  open  tube;  some  kinds  give  little  or  no  reaction  for  iron  with  the  fluxes,  while 
others  give  strong  reactions  for  iron.  B.B.  whitens  and  fuses  on  the  thin  edges.  Completely 
decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid,  leaving  the  silica  in  thin  scales. 

Mauganophyllite  becomes  black  upon  ignition  and  gives  a  strong  manganese  reaction  with 
the  fluxes.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  with  separation  of  silica. 

Obs. — Biotite  is  a  common  constituent  of  the  crystalline  rocks,  granite,  gneiss,  mica  schist, 
etc.,  being  often  associated  with  muscovite  and  sometimes  largely  taking  its  place.  Also  very 
common,  as  muscovite  is  not,  in  eruptive  rocks  of  all  ages,  syenite,  aiidesyte,  trachyte,  etc. 
Further,  it  occurs  as  a  result  of  secondary  action  in  certain  contact  rocks,  and  as  produced  by 
the  alteration  of  a  variety  of  species.  It  is  not  infrequently  associated  in  parallel  position  with 
muscovite,  the  latter,  for  example,  forming  the  outer  portions  of  plates  having  a  nucleus  of 
biotite;  sometimes  in  similar  plates  the  two  species  are  in  twinning  position  with  reference  to 
each  other  (cf.  Lex.,  Jb.  Min.,  630,  1878). 

Some  of  the  prominent  localities  of  crystallized  biotite  are,  as  follow:  first  of  all,  Vesuvius, 
where  it  is  very  common  and  occurs  particularly  in  ejected  limestone  masses  on  Monte  Somma, 
associated  with  augite,  chrysolite,  nephelite,  humite,  etc.  The  crystals  are  sometimes  nearly 
colorless  or  yellow  and  then  usually  complex  in  form;  also  dark  green  to  black.  Occurs  also  in 
the  Albani  Mts. ;  Mt.  Monzoni  in  the  Fassathal,  in  green  or  greenish  black  crystals;  Schwarzen- 
stein  in  the  Zillerthal  and  in  the  Pfitschthal  with  black  tourmaline;  Rezbanya  and  Morawitza 
in  Hungary;  Schelingen  and  other  points  in  the  Kaiserstuhl;  the  Laacher  See;  on  the  west  side 
of  L.  Ilmen  near  Miask,  etc. 

In  the  United  States  ordinary  biotite  is  common  in  granite,  gneiss,  etc.,  but  notable  localities 
of  distinct  crystals  are  not  numerous.  It  occurs  with  muscovite  (wh.  see)  as  a  more  or  less 
prominent  constituent  of  the  pegmatyte  veins  in  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Con- 
necticut, Pennsylvania;  also  similarly  in  Virginia  and  North  Carolina.  Interesting  specimens 
have  been  obtained  at  Litchfield,  Me.;  Acworth,  N.  H. ;  Craftsbury,  Vt.  (nodular  masses  of 
biotite  cemented  by  quartz);  Portland,  Middletown,  Branchville,  Conn.;  St.  Lawrence  Co., 
N.  Y.;  in  N.  Carolina,  in  crystals  at  the  mica  mines  of  Mitchell,  Hay  wood,  Yancey  counties, 
and  especially  Macon  County;  in  the  Pike's  Peak  region  in  Colorado,  where  the  variety  sidero- 
phyllite  was  obtained. 

The  variety  anomite,  as  already  noted,  is  rare.  The  typical  localities  are  L.  Baikal  in 
eastern  Siberia,  where  it  occurs  with  apatite,  diopside,  etc.,  in  a  coarse  granular  limestone  on  the 
river  Sliudianka;  also  at  Greenwood  Furnace,  Orange  Co.,  New  York,  where  it  is  characterized 
by  the  pseudo  crystalline  forms  (f.  5,  p.  628),  often  rhombohedral,  showing  the  gliding-planes 
p,  C-  A  few  other  occurrences  have  been  noted,  as  in  gneiss  at  Steinegg,  Lower  Austria;  the 
nephelinyte  of  the  Katzenbuckel;  kersantyte  of  Michaelstein  near  Blankenburg  in  the  Harz;  in 
melilite-basalt  of  Aluo,  Westernorrland,  Sweden,  etc. 

Manganophyllite  occurs  in  cavities  filled  with  calcite,  with  tephroite,  rhodonite,  richterite, 
less  often  hematite,  magnetite,  garnet,  etc.,  at  the  Harstig  mine  at  Pajsberg,  Wermland, 
Sweden;  also  at  Langban  and  probably  at  Jakobsberg  near  Nordmark.  Named  from  manganese 
and  (t>uA.A.or,  leaf. 

See  further  on  localities  under  the  varieties  above;  also  phlogopite,  lepidomelane,  following, 
which  are  probably  to  be  regarded  as  hardly  more  than  well  characterized  varieties  of  biotite. 

Biotite  is  named  after  the  French  physicist,  Biot  (1774-1862). 

Alt. — Biotite  is  often  altered  by  the  assumption  of  water  and  oxidation  of  the  iron  and  many 
supposed  species  have  been  based  upon  such  products;  a  loss  of  transparency,  a  bronze  luster  on 
the  surface,  etc.,  are  early  changes.  Cf.  below,  and  also  under  the  vermiculites. 

Artif.— See  p.  613. 

Ref.— 'Rath,  Vesuvius,  Pogg.,  Erg.  Bd.,  6,  366,  1873.  He  showed  that  the  angles  cr  and  cz 
are  sensibly  equal;  measurement  gave: 


001  A  101  =  80°  0' 


001  A  132  =  80°  0' 


001  A  132  =  80°  1' 

The  position  of  Tschermak  is  here  followed  (cf.  p.  620).     In  his  original  paper  Tschermak 
assumed  the  fundamental  angles  (Rath)  cr  =  80°  0',  cz  —  80°  0V,  oo'  =  57°  10',  which  give: 

a  :  b  :  c  =  0'5777  :  1  :  3'2772 


or,  if  M  =  110  (Tschermak,  Min.,  1883) 
a  :  b  :  c  =  0-5777 


1  :  2-1932 


=  89°  59f ' 


=  84°  58'. 


632  SILICATES. 

If  the  first  axial  ratio  is  accepted  the  signs  of  the  planes  must  be  changed,  that  is  r  =  101, 
M  =  221,  etc.  It  is  obvious,  however,  that  the  angles  are  not  decisive  in  showing  on  which  side 
the  obliquity  really  lies,  hence  the  position  here  taken,  with  ft  =  90°,  is  to  be  regarded  as  con- 
ventional only.  With  Koksharov  and  some  other  authors  the  position  in  this  regard  is  reversed; 
moreover,  the  axis  c  (Kk.)  has  only  half  the  length  heie  taken,  hence  wilh  him  o  =  111, 
r  =  201  (g),  z  =  131  (d),  etc.  Laspeyres  has  proposed  another  position  for  biotite  to  bring  it  into 
correspondence  with  Koksharov's  position  of  clinochlore.  Cf.'Zs.  Kr.,  17,  541,  1890. 

*  Cf.  Tschermak,  1.  c.,  also  Phillips,  Min.,  103,  1837;  Mgc.,  Suppl.  Bibl.  Univ.,  6,  301, 1847; 
Mir.  Min.,  387,  1852;  Kk.,  Min.  Russl.,  2,  113,  291,  7,  225,  8,  5,  Mem.  Akad.  St.  Pet.,  1877 
(read  May  17);  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  484,  1862;  Hbg.,  Min.  Not.,  7,  15,  1866;  Rath,  1.  c.  Hbg.  (1.  c.) 
discusses  the  earlier  results  and  gives  a  list  of  planes,  noted  by  different  authors,  referred  to  the 
rhombohedral  form.  Some  of  the  forms  deduced  from  early  observations  must  be  regarded  as 
doubtful. 

3  The  mica  law  is  here  and  elsewhere  stated  in  the  form  given  by  Tschermak. 
prefers  to  regard  the  normal  to  c  (001)  as  the  tw.  axis  and  the  angle  of  revolution  120°.     See 
Kr.,  16,  24-41,  1890,  18,  374,  1890;  also  Hamberg,  G.  For.  Forh.,  12,  585,  1890. 

The  following  have  probably  been  derived  from  biotite;  still  other  alteration  products  are 
noted  under  the  vermiculites,  to  which  some  of  these  approximate. 

RUBELLAN  Breith.  is  considered  an  altered  biotite;  it  occurs  in  small  hexagonal  forms,  of  a 
red  color,  in  the  basalt  of  the  Laacher  See  and  elsewhere.  Of.  Hollrung,  Min.  Mitth.,  5,  304, 
1882. 

EUKAMPTITE  Kenngott,  Ueb.,  1853.  58,  1855,  described  under  the  name  ChloritahnUches 
Mineral  in  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  11,  609,  1853.  A  hydrous  biotite,  probably  a  result  of  alteration, 
from  Presburg,  Hungary.  It  is  between  mica  and  chlorite  in  its  characters. 

VOIGTITE  Schmid,  Pogg.,  97,  108,  1856.  Probably  a  hydrated  biotite;  it  occurs  in  a  graphic 
granite  at  Ehrenberg  near  Ilmeuau.  See  5th  Ed.,  p.  486. 

RASTOLYTE  Shepard,  Min.,  1857,  Appendix,  p.  vi;  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  128,  1857.  Similar  to 
voigtite,  from  Monroe.  N.  Y. 

HYDROBIOTITE  H.  C.  Lewis.  A  hydrated  biotite.  The  name  has  been  similarly  but  more 
definitely  used  by  Schrauf,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  381,  1882. 

PSEUDOBIOTITE  A.  Knop.  Zs.  Kr.,  12,  607,  1887.  An  altered  biotite  occurring  in  the 
granular  limestone  of  the  Schelinger  Mdtten  in  the  Kaiserstuhl.  Analysis,  Knop  and  Wagner: 

SiO2       TiO2       A12O3       Fe2O3     Mn2O3     MgO        K2O      Na2O       H2O 
|  35-91        1-15        15-18        10-85        0'89        22  80        2'90         tr.         10-7.7  =  100'45. 

BASTONITE  Dumont,  Dx.  Min.,  1,  498,  1862.  A  mica  in  large  plicated  plates,  of  a  greenish 
brown  color,  greasy  luster,  very  small  optical  angle,  easily  fusible  into  a  black  enamel,  discovered 
by  Dumont  in  a  quartzyte  from  Bastogne,  Belgian  Luxembourg.  The  same  mica  in  small 
pearly  scales  of  a  bronze-like  color  has  been  investigated  by  Klement  and  shown  to  be  a  some- 
what altered  iron  mica.  G.  =  2 -928.  2E  =  10°  45-12°  54'.  Dispersion  p\<  v.  B.B.  exfoliates 
and  fuses  finally  to  a  black  magnetic  glass.  Decomposed  in  hot  acid.  Analysis,  Klement, 
Bull.  Mus.  Belg.,  1,  40,  1882. 

SiO2      A12O3     Fe2O3     FeO     MgO     CaO     K2O     Na2O    H2O 

Libramont         86'91      20'04      20'01      3-73      7'96      0'95      3'07      0'22      6'98a  =  99'87 

a  Below  300°  1-61  p.  c. 

462A.  Phlogopite.    Magnesia-Mica  pt.    Rhombic  Mica.     Rhombenglimmer  pt.   Phlogopit 
(fr.  Antwerp,  N.  Y.)  Breith.,  Haudb.,  398,  1841. 
Monoclinic.     In  form  and  angles  near  biotite. 

Forms:  b  (010,  i-l),  c  (001,  0),  M  (221,  -  2),  o  (112,  -  £),  ju  (111,  1).  Measured  angles, 
cM  -  85°,  co  =  73°,  en  -  81°  30'. 

Twins  as  with  ordinary  biotite  (p.  628)  united  by  c  (f.  1);  also  united  by  a  vertical  plane 
and  then  showing  a  fine  feather-like  striation  j  edge  c/b.  Crystals  often 
large  and  coarse.  Usually  oblong  six-sided  prisms,  more  or  less  tapering, 
with  irregular  sides. 


Cleavage:  basal,  highly  eminent.  Thin  laminae  tough  and  elastic. 
Parting  \\  a  (104)  and  C  (135)  as  with  biotite,  p.  628;  also  \\  134  inclined 
about  71°  to  c;  H.  =  2  5-3.  G.  —  2 '78-2 -85.  Luster  pearly,  often  sub- 
metallic  on  cleavage  surface.  Color  yellowish  brown  to  brownish  red, 

with  often  something  of  a  copper-like    reflection;    also    pale  brownish  yellow,  green,  white. 

colorless.    Transparent  to  translucent  in  thin  folia.    Often  exhibits  asterism  in  transmitted  light, 

due  to  regularly  arranged  inclusions  (see  below). 


MICA   GROUP— BIOTITE. 


633 


Pleochroism  distinct  in  colored  varieties:  c  brownish  red,  6  brownish  green,  a  yellow.  Ab- 
sorption c  >  ft  >  a,  Burgess.  Optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bxa  nearly  j_  c.  Apparent  angle 
ac  =  —  24'  red,  —  9'  green,  Burgess;  also  1°  19'  Natural  Bridge.  Axial  angle  small  but  variable 
even  in  the  same  specimen,  from  0°  to  17°  25'  for  red.  2Er  =  17°  25'  Edwards  (anal.  4).  Disper 
siou  p  <  v.  The  axial  angle  appears  to  increase  with  the  amount  of  iron.  Cf.  Silliman.SthEd., 
p.  303  and  Am.  J.  Sc.,  10,  372,  1850. 

Comp. — A  magnesium  mica,  near  biotite,  but  containing  little  iron.  Potassium  is  prominent 
as  in  all  the  micas,  and  in  most  cases  fluorine.  Typical  phlogopite,  according  to  Clarke,  is 
i  i 

R,Mg3Al(8iCM«,  where  R  =  H,K,MgF.  The  Burgess  phlogopite  corresponds  very  closely  to 
H2KMg3Al(SiO4)3  +  K(MgF)Mg2Al(SiO4)3.  Clarke  and  Schneider,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  410, 
1890.  Analysis  8,  discussed  by  Penn'eld  and  Sperry,  conforms  to  the  orthosilicate  formula, 
H,K»AtgTAl,(8iO«)f.  Cf.  also  Clarke,  1.  c. 

While  phlogopite  cannot  be  sharply  separated  from  biotite,  its  character  and  method  of 
occurrence  are  so  far  constant  and  peculiar  that  it  is  most  naturally  placed  by  itself,  while  per- 
haps not  deserving  the  full  rank  of  an  independent  species. 

Anal.— 1,  Ludwig,  Min.  Mitth.,  240,  1874.  2,  Neminar,  ib.,  p.  241.  3,  Poppovits,  ib. 
4,  Berwerth,  ib.,  quoted  by  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  78  (1),  31,  1878.  5-7,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch., 
Erg.,  117,  1886.  8,  E.  S.  Sperry,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  36,  329,  1888.  9,  10,  Clarke  and  Schneider,  40, 
410,  1890.  11,  12,  Peufield,  priv.  contr. 


G. 

1.  Pargas  2  "867 

2.  Peuusbury,  Pa.?  2'779 

3.  Ratnapura  2 '742 

4.  Edwards,  N.  Y. 

5.  Pargas 

6.  Rossie 

7.  Gouverneur 

8.  Edwards  2'792 

9. 

10.  Burgess 

11.  De  Kalb,  white     2'862 

12.  Rossie,  black         2'950 

*  Incl.  0-08LiaO. 


Si02  A12O3  Fe2O3  FeO    MgO    BaO 

43-43  13-76  016  1'35  27'20    — 

44-29  12-12  1-40  1'44  27 '86    — 

42-26  15-64  0'23  1'52  27'23    — 

40-64  14-11  2-28  0'69  27  97  2'54 

42-55  12-74  1-31  0'49  27'62    — 

43-17  13-43  1-51    —    27'47    — 

43-00  13-27  1-71    —    27'70    — 
44-81  10-87    —    0-31  28'90    — 

45-05  11-25    —    0-14  29'38    — 
39  66  17-00  0-27  0'20  26'49  0'62 

42-06c  13-21  0-16  O'll  28'16  2'08 
40-63  13-04  1-12  7'62  21'47  0'04 

b  Incl.  0-07  Li2O. 


H2O      F 

0-92  4-21  =  100-39 
2-09  1-94  =  100-36 
2  91  2-19  =  100-66 
3-21  0-82  =  101-58 
1-18  4-59  =  100-23 
0-40  5-41  Li2OO-53 

[=  101-04 
0-38  5-67  =  102-35 
5-42  —  ignOOO0) 
[0-96  =  100-13 
5-37  —  =  100  23 
2-99  2-24  Ti,O  0-56 

[=  100-60 
3-10  3-07  =  101-77 
2-47  4-00 TiO2 1-16 

[=  102-26 
c  Incl.  0.38  TiO2. 


K2O 
8-06 
7  "06 
8-68 
8-16 
8-92 
8-73 

Na2O 
1-30 
216 

1-16 
0-83 
0-39 

10-32 
8-40 

0-30 
0-46* 

8-52 
9-97 

0-52b 
0-60 

8-78 
10-14 

1-04 
0-57 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  a  little  water.  Some  varieties  give  the  reaction  for 
fluorine  in  the  open  tube,  while  most  give  little  or  no  reaction  for  iron  with  the  fluxes.  B.B. 
whitens  and  fuses  on  the  thin  edges.  Completely  decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid,  leaving  the 
silica  in  thin  scales. 

Obs. — Phlogopite  is  especially  characteristic  of  serpentine,  and  crystalline  limestone  or 
dolomite.  It  is  often  associated  with  pyroxene,  amphibole,  etc.  Prominent  localities  are:  Pargas, 
Finland,  in  crystalline  limestone  with  diopside,  pargasite;  Aker  and  Sala  in  Sweden;  Campo- 
longo  in  Switzerland  (Tessiu),  in  dolomite;  Ratnapura,  Ceylon,  etc. 

Phlogopite  occurs  also  in  New  York,  at  Gouverneur,  of  a  brownish  copper-red;  at  Pope's 
Mills,  St.  Lawrence  Co.;  Natural  Bridge,  Jefferson  Co;  colorless  at  Edwards, 
N.  Y.;  Oxbow.  Also  at  Sterling  Mine,  Morris  Co.,  N.  J.,  rich  yellowish 
brown,  inclining  to  red,  in  limestone;  at  Suckasunny  mine,  N.  J.,  deep  olive- 
brown,  inclining  to  yellow,  in  limestone;  Newton,  N.  J.,  yellow,  in  limestone; 
Franklin  Furnace;  Lockwood,  Sussex  Co.,  N.  J.,  deep  olive-brown,  like  the 
mica  of  Fine,  N.  Y.,  in  limestone.  The  crystals  at  Clarke's  Hill,  St.  Lawrence 
Co.,  are  very  large,  sometimes  nearly  two  feet  long  (f.  2). 

At  North  and  South  Burgess,  Ontario,  in  fine  crystals,  sometimes  very 
large;  also  in  Grenville,  Buckingham,  Templeton,  and  elsewhere  in  Quebec; 
in  general,  common  in  the  crystalline  limestones  of  the  Laurentian. 

Named  from  (pXoycaTto^,  fire-like,  in  allusion  to  the  color. 

The  asterism  of  phlogopite,  seen  when  a  candle-flame  is  viewed  through 
a  thin  sheet,  is  a  common  character,  particularly  prominent  in  the  kinds  from 
northern  New  York  and  Canada.  It  has  been  shown  to  be  due  to  minute 
acicular  inclusions  arranged  chiefly  in  the  direction  of  the  rays  of  the  pressure- 
figure  (f.  1,  p.  611),  producing  a  distinct  six-rayed  star;  also  parallel  to  the 
lines  of  the  percussion-figure,  giving  a  secondary  star,  usually  less  prominent 
than  the  other. 

The  nature  of  these  inclusions  is  uncertain,  and  the  same  mineral  may 
not  always  be  the  cause.  Rose  suggested  cyanite,  but  later  referred  them  to 
a  imiaxial  mica;  rutile  needles  have  been  noted  by  Sandberger,  and  also  by 
Lacroix;  further  tourmaline  by  Rosenbusch.  Cf.  the  following  authors: 


634  SILICATES. 

G.  Rose,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  614,  Oct.  30,  1862.  Sandberger,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  192,  1882.  Lex., 
Templeton,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  8,  99,  1885;  Ceylon,  12,  341,  1889.  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien, 
76  (1),  125,  1877.  llosenbusch,  Mikr.  Phys.,  487,  1885.  Lindgren,  quoted  by  Clarke,  Am.  J. 
Sc.,  40,  411.  1890. 

Alt. — The  phlogopites  are  quite  liable  to  change,  losing  their  elasticity,  becoming  pearly  in 
luster,  with  often  brownish  spots,  as  if  from  the  hydratiou  of  the  oxide  of  iron.  In  some  cases 
an  alteration  to  steatite  and  serpentine  has  been  observed.  A  number  of  different  "vermicu- 
lites  "  derived  from  phlogopite  have  been  described,  as  noted  be3^ond. 

ASPIDOLITE.     Aspidolith  F,  ID.  Kobell,  Ber.  Ak.  Miinchen,  March  6,  1869. 

An  olive-green  mica,  brownish  yellow  in  thin  leaves,  with  pearly,  submetallic  luster.  Occurs 
in  aggregations  of  prismatic  crystals.  Axial  angle  11°  55'.  Analysis  gave: 

SiO2       A12O3       MgO        FeO      Na2O      K2O       H2O 
G.  =  2-72  46-44        10-50        26-30        9'00        4'77        2'52        1'33  =  100'86 

The  composition  approaches  that  of  a  soda  phlogopite,  but  it  needs  further  examination. 

B.B.  exfoliates  like  verrniculite,  giving  water  in  the  closed  tube.  In  the  forceps  difficultly 
fusible  to  a  dirty  gray-white  glass.  Entirely  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  leaving  the  silica 
In  pearly  scales. 

Found  in  the  Zillerthal,  in  Tyrol,  associated  with  chlorite. 

462B.  Lepidomelane.    Hausmann,  Gel.  Anz.  Gott.,  945,  1840.     Aunite  Dana,  Min.,  1868. 

In  small  six-sided  tables,  or  an  aggregate  of  minute  scales.  Sometimes  (Bgr.,  Zs.  Kr.,  16, 
189,  1890)  in  distinct  crystals  with  the  forms: 

b  (010,  a),  c  (001,  0),  TC  (201,  -  2-1),  y  (043,  f  1),  o  (112,  -  $),  Jlf  (221,  -  2),  /*  (111,  1). 
Angles  (Bgr.):  cit  =  84°  48',  cM  =  85°  29f ,  en  =  81°  2f ,  MM'"  -  59°  48',  /*//'  =  59°  12'. 

Cleavage:  basal,  eminent,  as  in  other  micas.  Somewhat  brittle.  H.  =3.  G.  =  3'0-3'2. 
Luster  adamantine,  inclining  to  vitreous,  pearly.  Color  black,  with  occasionally  a  leek-green 
reflection.  Streak  grayish  green.  Opaque,  or  translucent  in  very  thin  laminae.  Ax.  plane  |  b. 
Ax.  angle  small,  from  0°  to  8°.  For  anal.  6,  5°-8°. 

Comp. — Chiefly  characterized  by  the  large  amount  of  ferric  iron.  In  part  an  orthosilicate, 
in  part  a  more  basic  compound.  It  can  hardly  be  regarded  otherwise  than  as  a  variety  of  biotite. 
Anal.  6  gives  (H,K)2Fe3(Fe,Al)4(SiO4)6. 

Anal.— 1,  Soltmann,  Pogg.,  50,  664,  1840.  2,  Haughton,  Q.  J.  G.  Soc.,  15,  129,  1859. 

r,  Jb.  1 


8,  Scheerer,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  14,  56,  1862.  4,  Rube,  ibid.  5,  Baltzer,  Jb.  Min.,  654,  1872.  6,  Rg., 
Min.  Ch.,  Erg.,  119,  1886.  7,  Flink,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  191,  1890;  earlier,  Scheerer.  8,  9,  Biggs, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  31,  268,  1886.  10,  Id.,  ibid.,  34,  133,  1887.  11,  Clarke  &  Schneider,  ib.,  40,  410, 
1890.  12,  Cooke,  ibid.,  43,  222,  1867.  13,  Riggs,  ibid.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  32,  359,  1886. 

SiO2  TiO2  A12O3  Fe2O3  FeO  MnO  MgO  CaO    K2O  Na2O  H2O 

1.  Wermland  G.  =  3.00       37'40    —      11 '60    27'66  12*43      —          0  26          9'20      —      0'60 

[=  99-15 

2.  Ballyelin  35'55    —      17'08    23'70    3'55    1'95    3'07    0'61    9'45    0'35    4'30 

[=  99-61 

3.  Freiberg  37"50  3'06    17'87    12'93    9'95    0'20  10'15    0'45    0'83    3"00    3-48 

[=  99-42 

4.  "  36-89  3-16    15'00    16'29    6'95      —     9'65    1'75    6'06      —     4-40 


[=  100-15 
0-03      — 


5.  Adamello    G.  =  3'07      36'43    —     14*40    16  71  17 '40     tr.     6'87    1'66    5-54 

=  99-04 

6.  "Brevik"  32 '97  2 "42    11 '88    16-4820-72    3'64    1-08      —     8'03    Or30    3'35 

[Fl-29  =  102-16 

7.  Langesund  fiord  34'37  4'68      6'84    24'89    7'47    2'41    4*05    0'78    9'03    2'13    2'27 

[=  98-92 

8.  Litchfield,  Me.  32'09    —     18-52    19-4914-10    1'42    I'Ol      —     8'12    1-55    4-62 

[=  100-92 

9.  "  "  32-35    —     17-47    24'22  13'11     1'02      —     0'89    6'40a  0'70    4'67 

[=  100-83 

10.  Baltimore  35'78    —      16'39    14'55  11'02    1-08    8'67      —     7'76    0'56    4'48 

[=  100-29 

11.  Port  Henry  34'52  2'70    13'22      7'80  22'27    0'41     5'82      —     8*59    0'20b  4'39 

[F  0-34,  (Co,Ni)0  0'30  =  100-56 

12.  Annite         G.  =  3'169     39'55    —     16'73    12'07  17'48    0'60C  0'62      —   10-66    0'59d  1-50 

[SiF4  0-62  =  100-42 

13.  "  31'96  3-42  11-93   8'06  30-35  0-21  0'05  0'23  8  46  1'54  4'25 

[=  100-46 

a  In  orig.  6-40  NaaO.  b  Incl.  0*04  Li2O.  «  Mn308.  d  LiaO. 


ROSCOELITE.  635 

Pyr.,  etc.—  B.B.  at  a  red  heat  becomes  brown  and  fuses  to  a  black  magnetic  globule  Easily 
decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  depositing  silica  in  scales;  this  is  an  important  distinguishing 
character. 

Obs.  —  A  scaly-massive  mineral  at  Persberg  in  Wermland,  Sweden,  containing  embedded 
prisms  of  hornblende,  the  scales  half  a  line  or  so  across;  Langesuud  tio'd,  Norway;  mica-like  at 
Abborforss  in  Finland;  in  granite  in  Ireland,  at  Bally  ellin  in  Co.  Carlow,  Leiuster,  at  Ballygihen 
in  Co.  Donegal,  and  at  Canton,  mostly  in  largish  crystals  or  plates  (^  inch  across  and  larger). 
The  Donegal  and  Leinster  micas  are  optically  uuiaxial,  according  to  Haughton.  Similar  iron 
micas  occur  at  Litchfield,  Me.,  Baltimore,  Md.,  etc. 

Annite  occurs  in  the  Cape  Ann  granite,  with  cryophyllite,  orthoclase,  albite,  and  zircon 
(cyrtolite). 

Lepidomelane  is  named  from  A^TTZ'S,  scale,  and  /ze'/ltt?,  black. 

PTEKOLITE  Breithaupt,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  24,  336.  Appears  to  be  an  altered  lepidomelane,  of  a 
pearly  luster,  and  a  color  between  olive-green  and  liver-brown;  scaly  massive  in  texture.  It 
occurs  in  the  Brevik  region,  Norway,  with  astrophyllite,  wohlerite,  aegirite,  etc.  See  further 
p.  403. 

ALURGITE  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  24,  336,  1865.  Massive,  consisting  of  scales,  rarely  having 
an  hexagonal  outline.  Cleavage:  basal  eminent,  as  in  mica.  H.  =  2*25-3.  G.  =  2  984-3 
Luster  pearly  to  vitreous.  Color  purple  to  cochineal-red;  in  thinnest  plates  rose  red;  streak  rose- 
red.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Optically  uuiaxial.  Contains  much  manganese,  but  not 
analyzed.  Occurs  with  manganese  ores  at  St.  Marcel  in  Piedmont.  Named  from  d\.ovpy6$, 
purple.  It  may  be  identical  with  manganophyllite,  p.  629.  • 

HELVETAN  R.  T.  Simmler,  Kenng.  Ueb.,  135,  1865,  1868.  A  micaceous  mineral  forming 
part  of  a  schist  and  quartzyte  in  the  gneiss  formation  (Alpinyte)  of  the  Alps.  H.  —  3-3'5; 
G.  =  2  77-3  '03;  luster  pearly  or  waxy;  color  gray  to  whitish,  reddish,  greenish,  violet,  and 
copper-red;  streak  grayish  white  to  reddish.  In  the  closed  tube  yields  little  or  no  water. 

Analysis,  Simmler,  Jb.  Min.,  348,  1868: 


SiO26707  A12O3  13-05  FeO  4*43  CaO  2  -38  MgO  2'18  K2O  7'37  NaaO  1-69  H8O  1-85=100'02 
It  may  be  muscovite,  impure  with  quartz,  etc. 


463.  ROSCOELITE.    /.  Blake,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  31,  1876.     Genth,  ib.,  p.  32. 

In  minute  scales,  often  in  stellate  or  fan-shaped  groups.     Structure  micaceous. 

Cleavage :  basal  perfect.  Soft.  G.  =  2-92-2-94  Genth.  Luster  pearly.  Color 
dark  clove-brown  to  greenish  brown,  dark  brownish  green.  Translucent.  Optically 
biaxial,  negative.  Bx  J_  c.  Dispersion  p  <  v  Dx. 

Comp. — A  vanadium  mica;  formula  doubtful.  Genth  calculates  H8K(Mg,Fe) 
(Al,V)4(Si03)12. 

Anal.— 1,  Genth  (after  deducting  0'85  gold,  quartz,  etc.),  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  17,  119,  1877; 
also  earlier  on  less  pure  material,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  32,  1876.  2,  3,  Roscoe,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.,  25, 
109,  1876. 

G.         Si02    V2O3   A12O3  Fe803  Mn2O3  FeO  MgO   CaO    K2O  Na2O  Li2O  H2O 

1.  47-69    20'56a  1410      —        —      1'67    2'00      —      7'59    0'19      tr.      4  96=  98'76 

2.  2-902      41-25    28'85»   14'34    1'04    1'45      —      1'96    061     8'25    0'72      —      0'94hygrosc. 

[water  2-12  =  lUl'53 

3.  —       28'36b  1394    T23    0'85      —      2'06    0'62    8'87    0'92      —      l'22hygrosc. 

[water  2 '42 

a  In  the  earlier  analyses  VeOn  was  assumed.  b  V2  O6. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  black  glass.  Gives  with  salt  of  phosphorus  a  dark  yellow 
bead  O.F.,  and  an  emerald-green  bed  R.F.  Only  slightly  acted  upon  by  acids. 

Obs.— Occurs  intimately  mixed  with  gold  in  seams  (TV  to  -^  in.  thick)  in  porphyry,  and  fill- 
ing cavities  in  quartz,  at  the  gold  mine  at  Granite  Creek,  near  Coloma,  El  Dorado  Co.,  California; 
also  from  Big  Red  Ravine,  near  Slitter's  mill,  where  gold  was  first  discovered  in  California 
(Hanks,  Min.  Sc.  Press,  June  25,  1881).  Hanks  remarks  that  at  the  Granite  Creek  locality  some 
400  or  500  Ibs.  of  the  mineral  have  been  discovered,  which  were  wasted  in  the  extraction  of  the 
gold. 

Genth  also  describes  (1.  c.)  a  mineral  occurring  in  the  Magnolia  District,  Colorado,  as  a  thin 
earthy  incrustation,  of  a  grayish  to  olive-green  color  on  calaverite,  also  inclosed  in  quartz,  and 
giving  it  a  green  color.  An  analysis  of  the  quartz  gave  Quartz  79'38,  Te  T05.  Ad-9'03  =  80'46; 
the  balance  (19'5  p.  c.)  is  assumed  to  belong  to  the  green  mineral  which  forms  the  coloring 
matter.  An  analysis  of  this,  after  the  deduction  of  the  quartz,  gave  (mean of  5  partial  analyses): 
SiOa  56-74,  A12O3  19'62,  V2O3  7'78,  FeO  3  84,  MgO  2'63,  Na2O  0'94,  K.,O  8'H  MnG,Li2O  tr., 
HiO  tmdet.  =99  66.  Genth  regards  this  as  probably  closely  related  to  roscoelite,  perhaps  a  variety. 


686  SILICATES. 


2.  Olintonite  Group.     Monoclinic. 

464.  Margarite  H2CaAl4Si20la 

465.  Seybertite  H3(Mg,Ca)Al5Si,018 

Brand  isite 
465A.  Xanthophyllite  H,(Mg,Ca)14Al16Si5062  ? 

a  :  I :  c  =  0-57735  :  1  :  3*2443        /3  =  90° 

466.  Chloritoid  H2(Fe,Mg)Al2Si07  Triclinic? 

467.  Ottrelite  H2(Fe,Mn)Al2Si209? 

The  minerals  here  included  are  sometimes  called  the  Brittle  Micas  (Sprod- 
glimmer  Germ.).  They  are  near  the  micas  in  cleavage,  crystalline  form,  and  optical 
properties,  but  are  marked  physically  by  the  brittleness  of  the  laminae,  and  chemi- 
cally by  their  basic  character. " 

In  several  respects  they  form  a  transition  from  the  micas  proper  to  the  chlo- 
rites.  Margarite,  or  calcium  mica,  is  a  basic  silicate  of  aluminium  and  calcium, 
while  chloritoid  is  a  basic  silicate  of  aluminium  and  ferrous  iron  (with  magnesium), 
like  the  chlorites. 

Seybertite,  brandisite,  and  xuiithophyllite  are  near  one  another,  and  are  regarded  by 
Tschermak  and  Sipocz  as  isomorphous  mixtures  of  a  silicate  and  aluminate 

H2CaMg4Si3O12    and    HaCaMgAl,O12. 

For  xanthophyllite  the  ratio  5  :  8  is  given;  for  brandisite  3  :  4;  for  seybertite  4  :  5.  Ottrelite 
is  sometimes  assumed  to  be  identical  with  chloritoid,  but  recent  analyses  give  it  a  much  higher 
percentage  of  silica.  Tschermak  also  includes  sapphirine  (p.  561)  in  this  group. 

Ref.— Tschermak  &  Sipocz,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  78  (1),  Nov.,  1878,  or  Zs.  Kr.,  3,  496,  1879. 


464.  MARGARITE.  Perlglimmer  (fr.  Sterzing)  Mohs,  Char.,  1820,  Gruudr.,  232,  1824. 
Margarite  Tyrolese  mm.  dealers.  Corundellite  (fr.  Pa.),  Clingmauite  (fr.  N.  C.),  B.  Silliman, 
Jr.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  380,  383,  1849.  Emerylite  (fr.  Asia  Minor)  /.  L.  Smith,  ib.,  8,  378,  1849,  11, 
59,  1851.  Kalkglimmer  Germ. 

Monoclinic.     Axial  ratio  near  that  of  biotite. 

Forms:  b  (010,  i-l),  c  (001,  0),  $  (0-10-9,  -VU),  fc  (116,  -  £)?,  o  (112,  -  |),  q  (114,  ±), 
4(3-310,^),  p(337,  f). 

Angles  with  c  (001)  measured  (Tschermak)  and  calculated  from  the  biotite  axes: 

2(0-10-9)         ft  (116)?  <?(112)  0(114)          q  (3-3-10)  2?  (337) 

Meas.  75°  49°  72°  2l'-73°  58°  22'  63°  8'  69°-70* 

Oalc.  74°  38'  47°  30'  73°     1'  58°  35'  63°  If  70C  23' 

Rarely  in  distinct  crystals;  habit  thin  tabular  \\  c.  The  basal  planes  often 
smooth  and  brilliant,  also  b,  q  (114),  the  others  uneven,  and  striated  \\  o.  Twinning 
common  according  to  the  mica  law,  often  repeated.  Usually  in  intersecting  or 
aggregated  laminae;  sometimes  massive,  with  a  scaly  structure. 

Cleavage:  basal,  perfect.  Lam inae  rather  brittle.  H.  =  3-5-4-5  G.  =  2*99- 
3-08.  Luster  of  base  pearly,  of  lateral  faces  vitreous.  Color  grayish,  reddish 
white,  pink,  yellowish.  Translucent,  sub  translucent. 

Optically  — .  Ax.,  pi.  J_  b.  Bxa  approximately  _L  c,  but  varying  more  widely 
than  other  micas,  a  c  =  -f  6°  27'  Tschermak.  Dispersion  p  <  v.  Axial  angle 
large,  from  100°  to  120°  in  air.  Refractive  index  ft  —  1-64-1-65  Becke. 

Comp.— HaCaAl4Si2012  =  Silica  30'2,  alumina  51-3,  lime  14-0,  water  4-5  =  100. 
On  the  probable  structural  formula,  cf.  Clarke,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  38,  391,  1889. 


CLINTON ITE  GROUP— MARGAIUTE. 


637 


Anal.— 1-3,  J.  L.  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  11,  59,  1851,'  15,  208,  1853.  4,  Id.,  ib.,  42,  90,  1866. 
5.  Smith  &  Brush,  ib.,  15,  209,  1853.  6-12,  Geuth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  13,  399,  1873,  also  other 
auals. ;  further,  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  6,  184,  1873.  13,  14,  Chatard,  quoted  by  Clarke,  ib.  28, 
2-3,  1884.  15,  J.  S.  de  Benneville,  quoted  by  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc  ,  39,  49,  1890.  16,  Id.,  ibid. 
17,  T.  M.  Chatard,  quoted  by  G.  H.  Williams,  ibid.,  36,  263,  1886.  Also  5th  Ed.,  pp.  506,  507. 


G. 


1.  Gumuch-dagh 

2.  Nacaria 

3.  Naxos 

4.  Chester,  Mass. 

5.  Sterzing 

6    Unionville,  Pa. 

7. 


3-012 


Si02 

A1203 

Fe203 

CaO 

MgO 

Na2O 

K20 

H20 

2966 

50-88 

l-78a 

13-56 

0-50 

1 

50 

3-41 

=  101  29 

30-22 

49-67 

l-33a 

11  57 

tr. 

2-31 

512 

=  100  22 

30-02 

49-52 

l-65a 

10-82 

0-48 

1- 

25 

5-55 

=    99-29 

32-21 

48-87 

2-50a 

10-02 

0-32 

1 

91' 

4-61 

Li2O    0-32. 

[MnO  0-20  =  100-96 

28-47 

50-24 

l-65a 

11-50 

0-70 

1 

•87 

tr. 

5-00 

=    9943 

32-19 

49-62 

0-91 

7-81 

0-41 

4 

•78 

0-57 

3-93 

=  100-22 

30-70 

49-33 

0-39 

11-86 

0-76 

0 

96 

0-65 

591 

Li2O    0-36 

[=  100-92 

30-45 

50-86 

0-42 

12-13 

0-37 

1 

•72 

0-25 

4-48 

=  100-68 

30-72 

4983 

0'84 

10-84 

076 

2 

•19 

0-26 

6-21 

=  101-65 

29-63 

51-32b 

0-59 

11-28 

1-09 

1 

•22 

0-20 

4-73 

=  100-06 

32-15 

49-28 

057 

1109 

0-63 

1 

•18 

1-04 

4-16 

=  100-10 

28-71 

52-44 

0-39 

11-52 

0-74 

0-67 

0-20 

540 

Li20    0-38 

[=  100-45 

31-72 

50-03 

tr. 

11-57 

0-12 

2- 

26C 

4-88 

=  100-58 

31-15 

49-51 

— 

11  13 

0-45 

2'74C 

5-68 

=  100-66 

33-38 

46-49 

1-43 

6-02 

— 

2' 

•47 

2-33 

5  '56  gangue  1'70 

|=  99-38 

35-79 

45-95 

1-03 

5-49 

—     2-27 

2-82 

5'40  gangue  2  07 

[==  100  82 

32-73 

46-58 

5-12d 

11-04 

1-00 

undet. 

449 

=  100-96 

.  Cr2O3 

0-13. 

c  Mainly  Na 

20 

d 

FeO 

8.  "  "  3-047 

9.  Cullakenee  M.,  N.  C.  3 '055 

10.  "  "  3-064 

11.  Gainesville,  Ga.  3'004 

12.  Dudleyville,  Ala.  3'085 

13.  Gainesville,  Ga. 

14.  Iredell  Co.,  N.  C. 

15.  Patrick  Co.,  Va. 

16. 

17.  Cruger's  Pt.,  N.  Y.  3'1 

a  Fe2O3.  b  In< 

The  material  of  anals.  15,  16  was  derived  from  the  alteration  of  andalusite  and  probably 
contained  other  micas  besides  margarite. 

Corundellite  and  clingmanite  were  based  on  an  incorrect  determination  of  the  silica  in  the 
analyses. 

Diphanite  of  Nordenskiold  (Bull.  Ac.  St.  Pet.,  5,  17)  is  only  margarite.  It  occurs  in  hex- 
agonal  prisms  with  perfect  basal  cleavage.  H.  =5-5 '5  G.  =  3-04-3-97.  Color  white  to  bluish. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Yields  water  in  the  closed  tube.  B.B.  whitens  and  fuses  on  the  edges.  Slowly 
and  imperfectly  decomposed  by  boiling  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — Associated  commonly  with  corundum,  and  in  many  cases  obviously  formed  directly 
from  it;  thus  at  the  emery  deposits  of  Gumuch-dagh  in  Asia  Minor,  the  islands  Naxos,  Nicaria, 
etc.  Similarly  in  the  U.  S.,  as  noted  below. 

Occurs  in  chlorite  from  the  Mt.  Greiner,  Sterzing  in  Tyrol,  where  first  found;  at  different 
localities  of  emery  in  Asia  Minor  and  the  Grecian  Archipelago;  with  the  corundum  of  Ekaterin- 
burg, Ural.  Diphanite  is  from  the  emerald  mines  of  the  Ural,  with  chrysoberyl  and  phenacite. 

In  the  U.  S.,  at  the  emery  mine  at  Chester,  Mass.;  at  Cruger's  Point,  near  Peekskill,  N.  Y., 
as  a  result  of  contact  metamorphisin  in  mica  schist  with  staurolite,  tourmaline,  etc.  (2E  —  114^°), 
corundum  is  similarly  associated  in  the  same  region;  with  corundum  at  Village  Green,  Delaware 
Co.,  Pa.;  coating  corundum  crystals  at  Unionville,  Chester  Co.,  Pa.  (corundellite);  with  corundum, 
andalusite,  etc.,  at  Bull  Mt,,  Patrick  Co.,  Va.;  at  the  corundum  locality  in  Madison  Co.,  North, 
Carolina  (clingmanite);  rare  at  the  Culsagee  mine  near  Franklin,  Macon  Co.;  in  fine  laminated 
crystals  at  the  Cullakenee  mine  near  Buck  Creek  in  Clay  Co.;  at  Gainesville,  Hall  Co.,  Georgia, 
surrounding  a  nucleus  of  corundum;  at  Dudleyville,  Alabama. 

Named  Margarite  from  juapyapir^,  pearl.  The  name  is  attributed  to  Fuchs,  but  he 
nowhere  published  it.  Von  Leonhard  (Handb.,  766,  1826)  gives  it  as  "  the  current  name  among 
the  Tyrolese  dealers  in  minerals. " 

This  species,  according  to  Dr.  Krantz  of  Bonn  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  44,  256,  1867),  is  the  original 
margarite.  The  specimen  from  Sterzing  analyzed  by  Smith  &  Brush  was  one  received  so  labeled 
from  Dr.  Krantz. 

Alt.— DUDLEYITE  Genth,  from  Dudleyville,  Alabama,  is  a  result  of  the  alteration  of  marga- 
rite, see  p.  668. 

An  earthy  mineral  is  associated  with  and  forms  the  matrix  of  the  margarite  of  Gainesville, 
Georgia.  Structure  fine  granular;  soft;  color  between  isabel-yellow  and  flesh  color.  Analysis 
of  material  containing  a  little  margarite,  Genth,  1.  c. 

SiO2    A12O3  Fe2O3   CaO    MgO  Na2O  K2O     ign.  quartz 
G.  =  2-851        28-84    39'65    2'12    14*75    1'26    0'48    1'60    10'41    2'17  =  101'28 

Formula  nearly  4CaO.15AUO3.12SiO2.7H2O. 

Ref.— '  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  76  (1),  July,  1877;  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  501.  1862. 


638  SILICATES. 

465.  SEYBERTITE.  Bronzite  (fr.  Amity)  /.  Finch,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  185,  1829.  Clinton- 
ite  (fr.  Amity)  Mather,  1828,  but  unpublished;  Mather's  Rep.  G.  N.  Y.,  467,  1843.  Seybertite 
(fr.  Amity)  Clemson,  Ann.  Mines,  2,  493,  1832,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,171,  1833.  Clintonit  "in  Handel" 
[=  of  the  trade"!.  Chrysophau  (fr.  Amity)  Breith.,  Char.,  92,  1832,  Holmite  (from  Amity) 
Thomson,  Rec.  Gen.  Sc.,  3,  335,  1836.  Xanthophyllit  G.  Rose,  Pogg.,  50,  654,  1840,  Reis, 
Ural,  2,  120,  514,  527. 

BRANDTSIT  Liebener,  in  Haid.  Ber.,  1,  4,  1846.  Disterrit  Breith.,  in  v.  Kobell,  J.  pr.  Ch., 
41,  154,  1847. 

Monoclinic,  near  biotite  in  form.     In  tabular  crystals,  sometimes  hexagonal 
in  outline;  also  foliated  massive;  sometimes  lamellar  radiate. 
Crystals  usually  complex  twins' according  to  the  mica  law. 

SEYBERTITE.— Forms1:  c  (001,  0),  tf  (027,  f-i),  ?r(056,  f-i),  y  (052,  f-i),  q  (114,  i),  p  (337,  f), 
I  (221,  2). 

Angles  on  c  (001)  measured  (Tschermak)  and  calculated  from  the  biotite  axes: 

*(027)  ?r(056)          y(052)  g  (114)  p  (337)  I  (221) 

Meas.  43°  70°     2'  83°  59°  70°     8'  85°  20' 

Calc.  43°  5'  69°  52'  83°  2'  58°  35'  70°  23'  85°  38' 

BRANDISITE.— Forms1:  b  (010,  i-i),  c  (001,  0),  u(Q12,  |-i),  y  (052,  f-i),  g  (091,  9-i),  p  (337,  f), 
n  (667,  f ),  Z  (221,  2). 

Angles  on  c  (001)  measured  (Tschermak)  and  calculated  as  above: 

u  (012)  y  (052)  g  (091)  p  (337)  w  (667)  I  (21)2 
Meas.  58°  30'  83°  9'  88°  70°  8'  80°  41'  85°  42' 
Calc.  58°  35'  83°  2'  88°  3'  70°  23'  79°  54'  85°  38' 

The  position  of  the  forms  above  is  that  adopted  [by  Tschermak;  if,  however,  the  4-  and  — 
quadrants  be  reversed,  then  I  (221)  corresponds  to  the  characteristic  form  M (221)  of  biotite,  but 
q  (114)  no  longer  finds  a  corresponding  form  as  now. 

Cleavage:  basal,  perfect.  Structure  foliated,  micaceous.  Laminae  brittle. 
Percussion-  and  pressure-figure  correspond  in  position  respectively  to  the  pressure- 
and  percussion-figure  of  mica.  H.  —  4-5.  G.  =  3-3-1.  Luster  pearly  subme- 
tallic.  Color  reddish  brown,  yellowish,  copper-red.  Streak  uncolored,  or  slightly 
yellowish  or  grayish. 

Pleochroism  rather  -feeble.  Optically  — .  Double  refraction  strong.  Ax.  pi. 
_L  I  seybertite  ;  \  b  brandisite.  Bxa  nearly  _[_  c.  Axial  angles  variable,  but  not 
large,  see  below. 

Var.— 1 .  The  Amity  seybertite  (called  also  clintonite,  holmite,  and  chrysophari)  is  in  reddish 
brown  to  copper- red  brittle  foliated  masses;  the  surf  aces  of  the  folia  often  marked  with  equilateral 
triangles  like  some  mica  and  chlorite.  G.=3'148  Brush.  Pleochroism:  c  pale  brownish  yellow; 
b  do. ;  a  colorless.  Ax.  plane  ±b.  Axial  angle  3°-13°  Tschermak.  Indices: 

a  =  1-646  (3  -  1-657  y  =  1'568    Levy-Lex. 

2.  Brandisite  (called  also  disterrite],  from  the  Fassathal,  Tyrol,  is  in  hexagonal  prisms  of  a 
yellowish  green  or  leek-green  color  to  reddish  gray;  H.  =  5  of  base;  of  sides,  6-6"5.  G.  =3*042- 
3-051  Kobell;  3'013-3'062  Hauer;  3'01-3'06  Liebener.  Ax.  plane  |  b.  Axial  angle  15°-80"  Dx.; 
18°-35°  Tschermak.  Some  of  it  pseudomorphous,  after  fassaite. 

Comp.— For  seybertite  H3(Mg,Ca)5Al5Si2018  =  3H20.10(Mg,Ca)0.5Al203.4SiO, 
c=  Silica  19-3,  alumina  40  -9,  magnesia  23-3,  lime  12-2,  water  4-3  =  100.  Here 
Mg  :  Ca  =  8  :  3. 

As  stated  on  p.  636,  Tschermak  regards  these  minerals  as  isomorphous  mixtures  of 
H2CaMg4Si3Oi2  and  HaCaMgAleOja  in  the  ratio  of  4  :  5  for  seybertite,  of  3  :  4  for  brandisite,  and 
perhaps  of  5  :  8  for  xanthophyllite. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Brush,  Dana,  Min.,  505,  1854.  3,  4,  Sipocz,  1.  c.  4,  Kobell,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  41, 
154,  1847.  5,  Sipocz,  1.  c. 

Seybertite. 

G.  SiO2    A1203  Fe2Os  FeO    MgO     CaO    H2O      F 

1.  Amity,  N.  Y.  20*24    39*13    3'27      —     20'84    13'69    104      —  alk.1'43,  ZrOaO*75 

f=  100-39 

2.  "          "  20-13    38-68    3'48      —      21-65    13-35    1'05      —  alk.1'43,  ZrO20*68 

[-  100-45 
8.        "          "      3-102        19-19    39-73    0'61     1-88    21 '09    13'11    4'85    1'26  -  101*72 


CLINTONITE  GROUP— SEYBERTTTE. 


Brandisite. 


4.  Monzoni 
5. 


G.  Si02    A1203  Fe2O3  FeO    MgO     CaO 

3-047        20-00    4322    3'60      —      25 '01      4  "00 
3-090        18-75    39-10    324    1'62    20'46    12'14 


H2O      F 

3-60      —  K2O  0-57  =  100 

5-35      —   =  100-66 


Pyr.,  etc.— Yields  water.  B.B.  infusible  alone,  but  whitens.  In  powder  acted  on  by  con- 
centrated acids. 

Obs. — Seybertite  occurs  at  Amity,  N".  Y.,  in  limestone  with  serpentine,  associated  with  am- 
phibole,  spinel,  pyroxene,  graphite,  etc. ;  also  a  chlorite  near  leuchtenbergite  (Tschermak). 

The  seybertite  was  discovered  in  1828  by  Messrs.  Finch,  Mather,  and  Horton,  and  named 
clintoniie  by  them  on  the  spot,  after  De  Witt  Clinton,  as  stated  by  Mather  in  his  Rep.  Geol.  N.  Y., 
1843.  But  the  name  was  not  published  at  the  time  by  either  of  the  discoverers;  and  Finch,  the 
next  year,  1829  (1.  c.),  announced  the  mineral  under  the  name  of  bronzite.  Clemson's  name  sey- 
bertite, after  H.  Seybert  (1832,  1.  c.),  has  therefore  priority  of  publication,  and  must  be  accepted 
as  the  name  of  the  species. 

Brandisite  occurs  on  Mt.  Monzoni  in  the  Fassathal,  Tyrol,  in  white  limestone,  either  dissem- 
inated or  in  grouped  crystals,  in  geodes,  among  crystals  of  fassaite  and  black  spinel;  it  is  often 
intimately  associated  with  leuchtenbergite. 

Ref.— '  Tschermak,  1.  c.  (ref.  p.  636). 

465A.  Xanthophyllite.  G.  Rose,  Pogg.,  50,  654,  1840.  Rels,  Ural,  2,  120,  514,  527,  1248. 
Waluewite  Koksharov,  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  51,  1877,  Min.  Russl.,  7,  346.  P.  v.  Eremeyev,  Vh.  Min. 
Ges.,  11,  341,  355,  1876.  Walujewit,  Walouewite,  Valuevite. 

Monocliuic.  Axes  d  :  I  :  6  =  0-57735  :  1  :  3-24427;  /3  =  90°  0'  =  001  A  100 
Koksharov1. 

100  A  HO  =  30°  0',  001  A  101  =  79°  54f,  001  A  Oil  =  72°  52'. 


Forms : 
c  (001,  0) 
L  (130,  z-3) 
«  (308,  f-'l) 


x  (102,  ^-l) 

y  (018,  H) 

h  (0-3-16, 
«  (029,  f-i) 


r  (014, 

t   (013, 
w  (119, 

k  (118, 


s  (116, 
G*  (119, 
o  (118, 


»(l-3-24,-f3) 
d  (134,  —  f-3) 


Figs.  1-3,  Waluewite,  Kk.:  2,  with  x  (102)  in  front;  3,  in  normal  position. 


cz  =  64°  37' 

ex  =  70°  24£' 
cy  =  22°    4i' 
ch  =  31°  19' 
cr  =  39°    3' 


ct    =  47°  14' 

ck  =  39°  3' 

cs    =  47°  14|' 

cw  =  35°  47' 

co    =  39°  3' 


en      =    25°    5f 
cd      =  *70°  24A' 
dd"r  =    66°  12' 
kk'     =     66°    7' 
oo'     =     66°     7' 


ko  =  36°  43* 
ox  =  39°  15' 
od  =  39°  15' 
bed  =  *30° 


Crystals  tabular  ||  c,  with  the  faces  x  (102),  d  (134)  prominent;  c  smooth,  the 
other  faces  rough  and  allowing  only  approximate  measurements.  Since  the  angles 
ex,  cd  are  nearly  equal,  the  symmetry  approximates  to  that  of  the  rhombohedral 
system.  Further,  the  form  simulates  the  regular  octahedron,  since  the  angles 
differ  but  little  from  the  octahedral  angle  (70°  32'),  cf.  above.  The  crystals  often 
twins,  according  to  the  ordinary  mica  law,  commonly  made  up  of  three  individuals 
having  the  base,  c,  in  common,  the  position  of  each  differing  120°  in  azimuth  from 
that  of  the  next.  Also  similar  trillings  united  in  twinning  position  with  c  as  comp.- 
face. 

Cleavage :  c  perfect.     Percussion-figure  with  rays  parallel  the  edges  c/x,  c/d, 


640  SILICATES. 

t/d' \  hence  occupying  the  same  position  as  the  pressure-figure  with  the  true  micas; 
while  the  pressure-figure  corresponds  in  position  with  the  percussion-figure  of  mica. 
Etching-figures  on  c  in  the  form  of  an  equilateral  triangle  with  an  angle  directed 
toward  x.  Folia  brittle.  H.  =  4*6.  G.  =  3 '093.  Luster  vitreous;  on  cleavage 
plane  pearly.  Color  leek-  to  bottle-green.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Pleochro- 
isin  rather  feeble:  ||  6  fine  green;  _]_  c  reddish  brown. 

Optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bx  inclined  32'  to  the  normal  to  c,  Bkg.  Inter- 
ference-figures confused,  and  ax.  angle  variable:  20£°  Bkg.;  20°  to  40°  Dx.;  17°  to 
32°  Tschermak.  Dispersion  p  <  v. 

Var. — 1.  The  original  xanthophyllite  is  in  crusts  or  in  implanted  globular  forms,  1^  in. 
through,  which  consist  of  tabular  crystals  about  a  center  of  schist,  which  is  also  the  enclosing 
rock.  Optically  negative.  Ax.  angle  usually  very  small,  or  sensibly  uniaxial,  Dx.;  some- 
times 20°. 

2.  Waluewite.  In  distinct  crystals  showing  the  forms  and  optical  characters  given  above. 
Axial  angle  17°  to  32°. 

Comp.— Perhaps  (Groth)  H8(Mg,Ca)14AlI6Si50M.     Of.  also  p.  636. 
Anal.— 1-3,  Meitzendorf,  Pogg.,  58,  165,  1843.     4,  Nikolayev,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  19,  28,  1884. 
5,  Id.,  quoted  by  Koksharov,  1.  c.     6,  Id.,  ib.,  18,  226, 1883. 

G.  SiO2     A12O3  Fe203  FeO      MgO       CaO      Na2O    H2O 


1.  Xantfiophyllit* 

16-55 

43-73 

— 

2-62 

19-04 

13-12 

0-67 

4-33 

— 

100-06 

2. 

16-41 

43-17 

— 

2-23 

19-47 

14-50 

0-62 

4-45 

— 

100-35 

3. 

16-20 

44-96 



2-73 

19-43 

12-15 

0-55 

4-33 

— 

10035 

4. 

3-090 

15-55 

43-51 

1-72 

tr. 

2097 

13-25 

— 

4-87 

— 

99-87 

5.   Waluewite 

3-093 

16-90 

43-55 

2-31 

033 

17-47 

13-00 

— 

5-07 

— 

98-63 

6. 

3-075 

16-39 

43-40 

1-57 

0-60 

20-38 

13-04 

— 

4-39 

ss 

9977 

Xanthophyllite  was  from  the  Shiskimskaya  Mts.  near  Zlatoust  in  the  Ural. 

Waluewite  is  found  with  perovskite  and  other  species  in  chloritic  schists  in  the  mine  Nikolaye- 
Maximilianovsk,  near  Achmatovsk,  in  the  southern  Ural.  Named  after  the  Russian  minister  P. 
A,  von  Waluew  (Valuev). 

Ref.— *  Kk.,  1.  c.,  and  Min.  Russl.,  9,  273. 

466.  CHLORITOID.  Chloritspath  Fiedler,  Pogg.,  25,  329,  1832.  Chloritoid  O.  Rose,  Reis. 
Ural,  1,  252,  1837.  Barytophyllit  Glock.,  Grundr.,  570, 1839.  Masonite  G.  T.  Jackson,  Rep.  G. 
Rhode  Island,  88,  1840,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  186,  1841.  Sismondine  Delesse,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  9,  385, 
1843.  Striiverite  Brezina,  Anzeig.  Ak.  Wieu,  101,  1876.  Salmite  K  Prost,  Ann.  Soc.  G.  Belg., 
11,  93,  1883-84. 

Monoclinic  ©r  triclinic1.    Rarely  in  distinct  tabular  crystals,  usually  hexagonal 

in  outline  and  twinned  with  the  individuals  turned  in  azimuth  120°  to  each  other. 

Forms:  c  (001,  0),  also  (Tschermak)  the  pyramids  n,  m^,  and  the  clinodomes  e,j. 

Tschermak  shows  that  if  n  =  111,  then  e  =  Oil,  /  =  O'H'2;  rax  =  332.     If,  however,  the 

forms  are  referred  to  the  biotite  axes,  the  symbols  and  angles  (on  c)  are  taken  as  follows : 

e  (0-9-10)  .;(051)  w  (9-9-10)  wx  (443) 

Mea*,  71°  86°  30'  80°    6'  83°  25' 

Calc.  71°  15  86°  30'  80°  22'  83°  28' 

The  form  mv  however,  may  correspond  to  M  (221)  of  biotite  which  gives  cM  =  85°  38'. 

Crystals  grouped  in  rosettes.  Usually  coarsely  foliated  massive;  folia  often 
curved  or  bent;  and  brittle;  also  in  thin  scales  or  small  plates  disseminated  through 
the  containing  rock. 

Cleavage:  basal,  but  less  perfect  than  with  the  micas;  also  imperfect  parallel 
to  planes  (mz)  inclined  to  the  base  nearly  90°  and  to  each  other  about  60°; 
I  difficult.  Lamina*  brittle.  H.  =  6'5.  G.  =  3-52-3-57.  Color  dark  gray, 
greenish  gray,  greenish  black,  grayish  black,  often  grass-green  in  very  thin  plates. 
Streak  uncolored,  or  grayish,  or  very  slightly  greenish.  Luster  of  surface  of 
cleavage  somewhat  pearly. 

Pleochroism  strong:  c  yellow-green,  b  indigo-blue,  a  olive-green.  Optically  -f. 
Double  refraction  feeble.  Ax.  pi.  nearly  ||  I.  Bxft  inclined  a  few  degrees  to  the 
normal  to  c  (001),  12°  Tschermak.  Dispersion  p  >  v,  large,  also  horizontal. 
Axial  angles  large,  in  air  100°  to  118°,  see  below. 


CLINTONITE  GROUP— CHLORITOID. 


641 


1.  The  original  chloritoid  (or  Chloritspath)  from  Kosoibrod,  near  Ekaterinburg  in  the  Ural, 
is  in  large  curving  laminae  or  plates,  grayish  to  blackish  green  in  color,  often  spotted  with  yellow 
from  mixture  with  limouite;    G.  =  3'55  Fiedler,  3-557^Breith. 

2.  The  sismondine  is  from  St.  Marcel;  it  occurs  also  with  glaucophane  at  Zermatt  in  the 
Valais,   Switzerland,  and  similarly  in  the  Val  de  Chisoue,  Piedmont.     Des  Cloizeaux  shows  that 
the  form   is  probably  tricliuic,  since   the  plane  angles  measured  on  c  between  the  cleavage- 
directions  of  the  60°  pyramid  (mj  and  that  of  b  (010)  differ  by  some  4°;  thus: 

St.  Marcel  62°  30',  58°,  Zermatt  62°  44',  57°  27',  Chisoue  62°,  58°. 

The  sum  of  these  angles  is  sensibly  120°.     Further  the  ax.  plane  is  not  exactly  f  b,  but  makes 
An  angle  of  1°  to  1°  30  with  this  direction.     Axial  angles: 


St.  Marcel 
Zermatt 

Val  de  Chisone 


2Ha.r 
2Ha.r 

2Er 

2Ha.r 
2Er 


=  64°  34'  to  74°  6' 
=  67°  1'  to  71"  17' 
=  111°  50'  to  117°  48' 
=.  64°  33' 
=  101°  26' 


2Ha.gr  =  57°  to  65°  38' 
2Ha.gr  =  62°  39'  to  64°  37' 
2Egr  =  108°  44' 

2Ha.gr  =      57°  54' 

2Egr     =    91°  22' 


Of  the  above  the  angles  in  air  (2E)  were  measured  directly;  those  in  oil  (2H)  are  the  sum  of 
the  angles  wiih  the  normal  to  c,  viz. : 

2Ha.r     =  29°  34'  -f  35°       =  64°  34';    also  35°    4'  4-  39°    2'  =  74°    6',  etc. 
2Ha.gr   ='  25°    0'  -f  32°  0'  =  57°    0'  33°  14'  +  32°  24'  =  65°  38'. 

The  fact  that  the  dispersion  is  greater  for  one  axis  than  for  the  other  confirms  the  triclinic 
form. 

3.  Salmite  is  a  mauganesian  variety  occurring  in  irregular  masses,  having  a  coarse  saccha- 
roidal  structure  and  grayish  color.  G.  =  3'38. 

3.  Masynite,  from  Natk  k,  R.  I.,  is  in  very  broad  plates  of  a  dark  grayish  green  color,  but 
bluish  green  in  very  thin  laminae  parallel  to  c,  and  grayish  green  at  right  angles  to  this; 
G.  —  3*529  Keungott;  c  (001)  on  plane  of  cleavage  =  85°.  Dx.  It  is  evidently  impure,  and 
this  must  have  been  true  of  the  material  analyzed  by  Jackson  (anal.  15).  Named  after  Mr. 
Owen  Mason. 

The  Canada  mineral  is  in  small  plates,  one-fourth  inch  wide  and  half  this  in  thickness, 
disseminated  through  a  schist,  and  also  in  nodules  of  radiated  structure,  half  an  inch  through; 
G.  =  3'513  Hunt.  That  of  Gumuch  dagh  resembles  sismondine,  is  dark  green  in  thick  folia  and 
grass-green  in  very  thin;  G.  =  3 '52  Smith. 

Comp.— Empirical  formula  for  chloritoid  H2(Fe,Mg)Al2Si07.  If  iron  alone  is 
present,  this  requires :  Silica  23*8,  alumina  40*5,  iron  protoxide  28*5,  water  7*2  =  100. 

In  salmite  manganese  is  present  replacing  the  ferrous  iron. 

Anal.— 1,  Bonsdorf,  quoted  by  Rose,  1.  c.  2,  Kobell,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  58,  40,  1853.  3,  Sipocz, 
quoted  by  Tschermak.  4,  Renard.  quoted  by  Barrois,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  7,  42, 1884.  5,  6,  Heddle, 
Min.  Mag.,  3,  28,  1879.  7,  Prost,  1.  c.,  after  deducting  15'06  p.  c.  quartz  (Rg..  Min.  Ch.,  Erg., 
71,  1886).  8,  Suida,  quoted  by  Tschermak.  9,  10,  Damour,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  7,  80,  1884. 
11,  J.  Lawrence  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  11,  64,  1851.  12,  T.  S.  Hunt,  ibid.,  31,  442,  1861,  Rep.  G. 
Canada,  194,  1854.  13,  Genth.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  39,  50,  1890.  14,  J.  D.  Whitney,  Proc.  Nat.  Hist.' 
Soc.,  Boston,  3,  100,  1849.  15,  C.  T.  Jackson,  Rep.  G.  Rh.  Island,  88,  1840. 


G, 

Si02 

A1203 

Fe20 

3FeO 

MnO 

MgO 

CaO 

H2O 

1. 

Kosoibrod 

3-55 

27-48 

35-57 



27-05 

0-30 

429 

— 

6-95 

=  101-64 

2. 

« 

23-01 

40-26 



27-40 



397 



6-34 

=  100-98 

3. 

Pregratten 

3-538 

24-90 

40-99 

0-55 

24-28 



3-38 



7-82 

=  101-87 

4. 

He  de  Groix 

24-90 

40-36 



26-17 



2-54 

— 

6-23 

=  100-20 

5. 

Shetland,  clove-b?'own 

3-356 

25-36 

41-74 

3-90 

13-93 

0-92 

682 

0-90 

6-57 

=  100-14 

6. 

'  '         dark  green 

3-39     . 

24-47 

41-34 

0-38 

18-52 

0-91 

6-80 

0-30 

6-98 

=    99-70 

7. 

Vielsalm,  Salmite 

3-38 

22-52 

39-60 

397 

15-35 

8-40 

2-10 

0-35 

7-44  CoO  0-05 

[=  99-78 

8. 

St.  Marcel,  Sismondine 

3-42 

26-03 

42-33 

4-09 

14-32 



7-30 

0-35 

6-56 

Alk.  tr. 

f=  100-98 

9. 

it                   (t 

3-49 

25-50 

38-13 



23-58 

, 

5-19 



690 

'—    99-30 

10. 

Zermatt 

3-36 

24-40 

42-80 



19-17 



6-17 



6-90 

=    9944 

11. 

Asia  Minor 

3-52 

23-91 

39-52 



28-05 





7-08 

=    98-56 

12. 

Leeds,  Canada 

3-513 

26-30 

37-10 



25-92 

0-93 

3-66 

__ 

6-10 

=  100-01 

13. 

Patrick  Co.,Va.,  blk.  grn. 

3-614 

25-03 

39-75 

— 

22-92 

1-30 

332 

0-21 

6-64 

Alk.  0-14 

[=  99-31 

14. 

R.  Island,  Masonite 

28-27 

32-16 



33-72 



0-13 

— 

5-00 

=    99-28 

15. 

ft                n 

3450 

33-20 

29-00 

— 

25-93 

6-00 

0-24 

— 

4-00 

=    98-37 

The  Kosoibrod  chloritoid  is  associated  with  mica  and  cyanite.      Sismondine  occurs  at  St. 
Marcel  in  a  dark  green  chlorite  schist,  with  garnet,  magnetite,  and  pyrites-  ~ 


642  SILICATES. 

Valais;  Pregratten,  Tyrol;  Val  de  Chisone,  Piedmont.  Other  localities  of  chloritoid  are  He  le 
Groix  (Morbihan);  embedded  in  large  crystals  at  Vanlup,  Shetland;  Ardennes  (relatively  large 
scales)  in  schists  with  true  ottrelite;  Rhode  Island  (masonite)  in  an  argillaceous  schist;  Chester, 
Mass.,  in  schist,  with  emery,  diaspore,  etc.  ;  at  Bull  Mt.,  Patrick  Co.,  Va.,  with  corundum,  cyanite, 
etc.;  Canada,  at  Broine  and  Suttou,  Brome  Co.,  in  micaceous  schist,  and  at  Leeds,  MegauticCo., 
Quebec,  in  argillaceous  schist;  at  Gumuch-dagh,  Asia  Minor,  with  emery. 

Fyr.,  etc.  —  In  a  matrass  yields  water.  B.B.  nearly  infusible;  becomes  darker  and  magnetic. 
Completely  decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid.  The  masonite  fuses  with  difficulty  to  a  dark  green 
enamel. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  commonly  in  metamorphic  schists,  micaceous  or  argillaceous  (phyllytes)  in 
embedded  crystals  or  scales,  often  grouped  in  fan-shaped,  sheaf-like  forms,  also  in  irregular  or 
rounded  grains.  Most  of  what  has  been  called  ottrelite  probably  belongs  here,  for  the  two  min- 
erals are  closely  related,  although  they  cannot  at  present  be  united. 

Named  Chloritoid  by  Rose  from  the  resemblance  to  chlorite.  The  name  Chloriespath,  or  in 
English  Chlorite  Spar,  has  the  precedence  in  time,  but  it  is  objectionable  in  form  and  significa- 
tion, and  has  rightly  been  superseded  by  chloritoid  Sismondite  was  named  for  P*-of.  Sismonda 
of  Turin. 

Ref.—  '  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  78  (1),  Nov.,  1878.  Becke,  Min.  Mitth.,  1,  269,  1878; 
Foullon,  Jb.,  G.  Reichs.,  33,  220,  1883.  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  463,  1862;  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  7,  80,  1884. 
Barrois,  ibid.,  7.  37;  Lex.,  ibid.,  9,  42,  1886. 

467.  Ottrelite.  Des  Cloizeaux  and  Damour,  Ann.  Mines,  51,  357,  1842.  Phyllite  Thorn 
son,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.,  3;  47,  1828.  Newportite  Totten,  Shepard's  Min.,  1,  161,  1857.  Venas 
quite  Damour,  Bull.  Soc.,  Min.,  2,  167,  1879. 

Mouocliuic  or  triclinic1.  In  hexagonal  crystalline  scales,  showing  c(001,  0),  6(010,^), 
tt(lll),  and.;  (O'll'S).  Measured  angles  en  —  79°  50'.  Cf.  chloritoid,  p.  640.  Twins  as  with 
chloritoid;  simple  crystals  also  common. 

Cleavage-    basal,    rather  perfect.     H.  =  6-7.     G.  -  3'3.     Color  blackish    gray,  greenish 
irrav   black-  streak  grayish,  greenish.     Pleochroism  not  strong  as  with  chloritoid  (Dx.). 
'      Optically  +.     Double  refraction  weak.     Ax.  pi.  ||  b.     Bxa  inclined  to  the  normal  to  c  (12 
Tschermak).     Axial  angle  variable.     Dispersion  sometimes  p  <  v,  also  p>  v. 

Comp.--For  ottrelite  perhaps  H2(Fe,Mn)Al2Si2O9  =  Silica  38'5,  alumina  32'7,  iron  protoxide 
23-0  water  5'8  =  100  The  formula,  however,  is  doubtful,  because  of  the  difficulty  of  obtaining 
pure  material,  free  from  inclusions,  for  analysis.  The  formula  H6(Fe,Mn)3Al4Si6O24  requires: 
Silica  43'2,  alumina  24'5,  iron  protoxide  25-8,  water  6'5  =  100. 

For  venasquite  the  formula  is  given:  EUFeAl.SisO,,  =  Silica  48'4,  alumina  27"4  iron 
•nrotoxide  19'3  water  4*9  =  100.  It  occurs  in  masses  having  a  lamellar  and  radiated  crystalline 
structure  H.'=5'5.  G.  =  326.  Color  grayish  black.  Streak  gray.  Optically  +.  Axial 


na-  •  '         '       '  ' 

1882.     4,  Renard,  ibid.,  p.  46.  5,  Klement,  ibid.,  p.  47.     6,  Damour,  1.  c. 

G.          SiOa    A120,    Fe2O3  FeO    MnO  MgO    CaO  H2O 
Ottrelite  43'34    24'63        —      16'72    8-18      —       —     5'66  =    98'53 


3,40  2,6S  17,2  ,96    .-     -    4,0  =  100,6 

3'266    ^1  SS  SS  ZS  1%  ft  Vf[^=^,o 

6.    Kruite  .326          44-7929-71        -     2075  0-62  4-93  =  100-80 

Fyr   etc.-Yields  water  in  the  closed  tube.    Difficultly  fusible   to   a   magnetic  globule. 

^r-Occr  «  oflbUloeng,  shining  scaies  or  plates,  more  or  less  hexagonal  ^  ,  argiUa 
«eous  schist  near  Ottrez  on  the  borders  of  Luxembourg,  and  from  the  Ardennes.  Ot  relite  also 
occurs  nSS  ^Serravezza,  Tuscany  (D'Achiardi).  Ottrelite  schists  have  also  been  described  from 
SgeTTn  Cornwall  (Hutchings,  Geol.  Mag.,  6,  214,  1889).  Venasquite  is  from  Venasque  m 

in  the  schist  of  Sterling,  Goshen,  Chesterfield  Plain 


,  , 

field  etc  ^  in  Massachusetts  and  Newport,  R.  I.,  and  the  rock  in  consequence  of  it  is  called  by 
Hitchcock  (Rep  GM^s.,  4to,  594,  1841)  »  Spangled  Mica  Slate,"  the  phyllite  being  the  mica  of 
the  S/  Themineral'm  embedded  scales,  which  is  characteristH3  of  these  New  England 
schists  is  shown  however,  by  Wolff  to  be  in  part  ilmenite  (see  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  16,  159, 
1890)  PhyHUe  may  prov;  to  belong  to  chloritoid  (masonite),  although  the  only  analysis  given 


J5?S  separate  chloritoid  and  ottrelite  widely,  and  the  assumption 

that  this  is  due  to  impurity  of  the  material  analyzed  does  not  appear  justified.     At  present  it  is 
impossible  to  decide  to  which  species  much  so-called  ottrelite  belongs 

Ref.-'  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  372,  1862,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  7,  85,  1884;  Renard  and  Poussin    Ann. 
Soc   G  Belg    6,  51,  1879.     Rosenbusch,  Mikr.  Phys.,  591,  1885.     Lex.,  Bull.  boc.  Mm.,   9, 


42.  1886. 


CHLORITE  GROUP.  643 


3.  Chlorite  Group.     Monoclinic. 

a  il  :c  ft 

468.  Clinochlore      )  0-57735  :  1  :  2*2772  89°  40' 

H8(Mg,Fe)BAl2Si3018 
468 A.    Penninite        )  Pseudo-rhombohedral  6=  3-4951 

469.  Prochlorite  H^F^Mg^A^Si^O..  Tscb. 

470.  Corundophilite         H20(Fe,Mg)MAl8Si604B  Tsch. 

Amesite  H4(Mg,Fe)2Al2Si09  Tsch. 


471.  Daphnite  H66Fe27Al20Si180121 

472.  Cronstedtite  H6(Fe,Mg)3Fe2Si2013 

473.  Thuringite  H18Fe8(Al,Fe)8Si604l 

474.  Stilpnomelane 

475.  Strigovite  H4(Fe,Mn)2(Fe,Al)2Si2Ou 

476.  Diabantite  Hl8(Mg,Fe)18Al4Si.O4i 

477.  Aphrosiderite  H10(Fe,Mg).Al4Si40M 

478.  Delessite  H10(Mg,Fe)4Al4Si4023 

479.  Kumpfite  H28Mg7All6Silo065 

The  CHLORITE  GROUP  takes  its  name  from  the  fact  that  a  large  part  of  the 
minerals  included  in  it  are  characterized  by  the  green  color  common  with  silicates 
in  which  ferrous  iron  is  prominent.  The  species  are  in  many  respects  closely 
related  to  the  micas.  They  crystallize  in  the  monoclinic  system,  but  in  part  with 
distinct  monoclinic  symmetry,  in  part  with  rhombohedral  symmetry,  with  corre- 
sponding uniaxial  optical  character.  The  plane  angles  of  the  base  are  also  60°  or 
120°,  marking  the  mutual  inclinations  of  the  chief  zones  of  forms.  The  mica-like 
basal  cleavage  is  prominent  in  distinctly  crystallized  forms,  but  the  laminae  are 
tough  and  comparatively  inelastic.  Percussion-  and  pressure-figures  may  be 
obtained  as  with  the  micas  and  have  the  same  orientation.  The  etching-figures 
are  in  general  monoclinic  in  symmetry,  in  part  also  asymmetric,  suggesting  a 
reference  to  the  triclinic  system. 

The  group  includes  a  number  of  species  which  occur  ordinarily  in  distinct 
crystals  or  plates;  these  are  called  the  ORTHOCHLORITES  by  Tschermak;  also  others 
which  are  more  commonly  in  fine  scales  or  indistinctly  fibrous  forms  called  LEPTO- 
CHLORITES  by  Tschermak. 

Chemically  considered  the  chlorites  are  silicates  of  aluminium  with  ferrous 
iron  and  magnesium  and  chemically  combined  water.  Ferric  iron  may  be  present 
replacing  the  aluminium  in  small  amount;  chromium  enters  similarly  in  some 
forms,  which  are  then  usually  of  a  pink  instead  of  the  more  common  green  color. 
Manganese  replaces  the  ferrous  iron  in  a  few  cases.  Calcium  and  alkalies — charac- 
teristic of  all  the  true  micas — are  conspicuously  absent,  or  present  only  in  small 
amount.  The  chlorites  often  occur  as  secondary  minerals  resulting  from  the 
alteration  of  other  species,  as  pyroxene,  amphibole,  biotite,  garnet,  vesuvianite,  etc. 

The  exact  interpretation  of  the  composition  of  the  chlorites  is  difficult,  as  is  also  the  assign- 
ment of  strict  lines  of  division  between  them.  The  empirical  formulas  given  above  are  in  the 
first  part  of  the  group  those  of  Tschermak;  in  the  second  part  chiefly  those  of  Groth. 

The  ORTHOCHLORITES,  including  Penninite,  Clinochlore,  Prochlorite  Corundophilite,  form 
a  distinct  series  characterized  by  a  nearly  constant  water  percentage,  while  the  decrease  in  silicon 
and  magnesium  (incl.  ferrous  iron)  is  accompanied  by  an  increase  of  aluminium.  This  is  explained 
by  Tschermak  by  the  assumption  of  isomorphous  mixtures  in  varying  proportions  of  a  magnesium 
silicate,  H4Mg3Si2O9,  having  the  composition  of  serpentine,  and  an  aluminous  magnesium  silicate, 
H4Mgf  AltSiO*,  which  is  approximately  represented  by  a  little  known  chlorite  near  Corundophil- 
ite, called  by  Shepard  amesite.  On  this  view  the  species  correspond  as  follows- 


641  SILICATES. 

Penuiuite  SpsAta  to  SpAt 

Clinochlore  SpAt  to  SpaAt» 

Prochlorite  Sp3Ats  to  Sp3At7 

Corundophilite  Sp3At7  to  SpAt* 

Also    Amesite  SpAt4  to  At 

To  explain  the  composition  of  the  other  chlorites — the  Leptochlorites— two  other  funda 
mental  molecules  are  assumed  by  Tschermak,  viz.: 

Strigovite  H4Mg2Al2Si2O,,  or  (MgOH)2.H2Al2SiO7.SiO» 

Chloritoid  H2MgAl2SiO7      or  Mg  HaAlaSiO7 

Furthermore,  the  variations  in  Amesite  corresponding  to 

H4Mg2Al2Si09  or  (MgOH)a.  HaAlaSiO,  At 
H4MgAl2Si08  or  H.MgOH.H^AUSiO,  At' 
H4Al2SiO7  or  H2.H2Al2SiO7  At" 

The  theory  here  reaches  a  degree  of  complexity  which  makes  the  assumptions  seen 
artificial  and  difficult  to  accept. 

Thus  of  the  three  divisions  made  among  the  Leptochlorites 

Daphnite  is  regarded  as  (At'At)5Sp4 

Chamosite  (At'At)3Sp4 

Metachlorite  (StAt9)2Sp, 

Klementite  (StAt2)2Sp 

Cronstedtite  and  Thuringite  StAt 

Euralite  St4At3 

Strigovite  St 

Diabantite  Ct4Sp7 

Aphrosiderite  (CtAt)9Sp4      to    (CtAt2)8Sp4 

Delessite  (CtAt)2Sp6      to    CtSp 

Rumpfite  (CtAt")4Sp 

On  the  relation  of  serpentine  to  the  chlorites  see  further  under  that  species. 

On  the  history  of  the  names,  the  following  remarks  may  be  made 

Werner's  name  chlorite  was  shown  to  include  more  than  one  species  by  von  Kobell  in 
1838,  and  the  name  chlorite  was  thereupon  given  by  him  to  the  St.  Gotliard  and  other  chlorites 
having  25  to  27  p  c.  silica,  and  ripidolite  to  that  of  Schwarzenstem  and  Achmatovsk  having  30 
to  33  p  c.  of  silica. 

In  1839,  G  Rose  reversed  the  names  of  v.  Kobell  (see  paper  on  chlorite  by  Varrentrapp, 
Pogg.,  48,  193,  1839)  on  the  ground  that  v.  Kobell's  ripidolite  was  not  so  characteristically  fan- 
shaped  in  aggregation  as  the  other  species.  But  the  change  was  unfortunate,  as  both  species 
are  now  known  to  differ  but  little  in  this  respect,  and  it  has  resulted  in  much  confusion  in  the 
science  Moreover.it  violated  an  older  claim  of  priority;  for  Werner's  bldttriger  Chlorit  (or 
Chlorites  lamellosus),  the  first  crystallized  chlorite  recognized  by  him  (in  1800  or  earlier,  Ludwig's 
Kin.,  1.  118,  1803),  was  the  hexagonal  chlorite  of  St.  Gothard,  and  this  should  therefore,  in  the 
division,  have  retained  the  name  chlorite. 

As  the  term  chlorite  has  become  the  designation  of  a  family  of  minerals,  it  seems  necessary 
that  it  should  have  some  modified  form  for  this  species,  and  hence  the  application  of  prochlorite, 
from  Ttpo,  before,  and  chlorite,  in  allusion  to  its  being  the  earliest  crystallized  kind  recognized. 
Further,  in  view  cf  the  confusion  resulting  from  the  double  use  of  ripidolite,  this  name,  adopted 
in  the  5th  edition,  is  dropped,  and  the  commonly  employed  clinochlore  used  in  its  place. 

Ref.— l  Tschermak,  Die  Chloritgruppe,  I.  Theil,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  99  (1),  174-267,  1890; 
JI.  Theil,  100  (1),  29-107,  1891.  Groth,  Tab.  Ueb.,  1889.  See  also  Clarke,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  405, 
1890,  42,  242.  1891;  Clarke  proposes  to  regard  the  chlorites  as  mixtures  of  the  orthosilicate 
•molecules  R"3(SiO4)2R'4,  where  R"  =;  Mg,Fe,Mn  and  R'  =  H,  MgOH  or  Al(OH)a,  cf.  pp. 
«12,  613. 


468.  CLINOCHLORE.  Chlorite  pt.  early  authors  (for  Syn.,  see  p.  653).  Hexagonal 
Chlorite  pt.  Ripidolith  (fr.  Achmatovsk,  Schwarzenstein)  Kbl,  J.jpr.  Ch.,  16,  1839.  ?  Tabergit 
pt.  Clinochlore  (fr.  West  Chester)  W.  P.  Blake,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  339,  1851.  Klinochlor  Germ. 
Kotschubeit  (fr.  S.  Ural)  Koksharov,  Bull.  Ac.  St.  Pet.,  5,  369,  1861.  Ripidolite  Dana,  Min., 
497,  1868.  Leuchtenbergit  Komonen,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  64,  1842.  Chlorite  blanche  de  Mauleon. 
Delesse,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  9.  396,  1843. 

Monochnic.    Axes:  &:t:6  =  0-57735  :  1  :  2-2772;  ft  =  89°  40'  =  001  A  100 
Koksharov  . 

100  A  110  =  30°  0',  001  A  101  =  75°  27'  37",  001  A  Oil  =  66°  17'  30". 


CHLORITE  GROUP— CLINOCHLORE. 


645 


(034,  |-i)  rj  (4-4-17,  A)      «*  (267,.  -  ?-3) 

p  (397,  -  f-3) 
0  (132,  -  f-3) 
X  (392.  -  f-3) 
g  (261,  -  6-3) 
5  (7-21-8,  - 
*  (133,  1-3) 
e  (265,  f-3) 


Also  the  complex  forms,  in  part  vicinal:    a(320'33),  j(31'0'30),   p  (9  27-20),  0(8-24-17), 
#(9-27-17),  4(11-33-20). 


Forms2  : 
b    (010,  *-i) 
c    (001.  0) 

x  (40-11,  -  T4T4)? 
a    (405,  -  |-i) 
h   (301,  -  3-i) 
y   (205,  f-i) 
a?  (305,  jj-i) 
r    (500,  |-i) 

Jf  (708,  |-i) 
f   (101,  1-i) 
<r  (605,  |-l) 
q  (11-0-4,  ^ 
X  (702,  |-i) 
/  (401,  4-i) 

/?  (0-11-24, 
<5  (059,  f-i) 
0  (O-H'18, 

k 

(Oil, 

1-i) 

ii 

(7-7-25, 

t 

(043, 

H) 

i 

(7-7-20, 

T 

(053, 

Hi 

71 

(225 

.  I) 

U 

e 
d 

m( 

(227,  -  f  ) 
(6-6-17  -  T«T) 
(225,  -  f) 
.  (112,  -  i) 

n 

^ 

<? 

(5-5 
(337 
(112 
(111 

•12, 
'.!) 

2. 


6. 


9. 


Figs.  1-7,  Tschermak:  1,  Pfitsch;  2,  3,  Achmatovsk;  4,  Schwarzenstein  (Hbg.);  5,  Zillerthal, 
twin,  mira  la\v;  6,  do.,  twin,  perminite  law;  7,  Achmatovsk,  trilliug.  8,  9,  J.  P.  Cooke- 
8,  West  Chester:  9,  Texas. 


22  =  72*  7' 

ch  =  84°  50' 

ty  =  57°  52' 

coo  =  67°  22f' 

en  =  74*  9' 

ci  -  76*  5' 

cj  T  «t*  ^ 

c/r  •?  78'  23' 

cf  =  8€*  42' 


cy»  =  46°  13^' 

c5  =  51°  40£' 

cO  =  54°  18' 

CK  =  59°  39' 

ck  =  60°  17i' 

c«    =71°  46' 

CT   =  75°  14' 

cu  =  52°  16f 

cd  =  61°  1'" 


o  =  *66°  3' 

=     61°  27| 

-     66°  32' 

=     77°  53^ 

=     75°  37' 

=     85°  0' 

=     86°  12| 

51°  52' 


en  = 

en  = 

CO  = 

cv  — 

ex  = 

eg  = 

dd'  = 


ww        = 


«/ 
d« 

bs 
be 
bcm<) 


54°  23' 

52°  7' 

=     54°  36' 

=     58°  32' 

=     32°  59' 

=     85°  53' 

=     34°  17' 

=  *60C  0s 


646  SILICATES. 

Crystals  usually  hexagonal  in  form,  often  tabular  ||  c,  also  prismatic  by  develop- 
ment of  w0,  or  again  in  12-sided  prisms  (Ala);  also  triangular  and  rhombohedral 
resembling  penninite  (Zillerthal),  the  zones  001  :  101,  001  :  130,  001  :  130  alone 
developed.  Plane  angles  of  the  basal  section  —  60°  or  120°,  and  since  closely 
similar  angles  are  found  in  the  zones  which  are  separated  by  60°,  the  symmetry, 
as  in  the  case  of  biotite,  approximates  to  that  of  the  rhombohedral  system. 
Further,  a  similarity  in  angle  may  also  exist  in  zones  separated  30°  from  each  other. 
For  example,  the  angles  on  c  (001)  are,  for 

k  (Oil)        n  (112)        Also  w  (267).'      Again  »  (101)        « (132)        Also  r  (053) 

66°  17'        66°  32'  65°  56' '  76°  5'         75°  37'  75°  14'    etc. 

This  similarity  in  angles  in  different  zones  may  lead  to  uncertainty  in  the 
determination  of  the  forms,  particularly  when,  by  twinning,  one  zone  takes  the 
position  of  another.  The  resemblance  to  rhombohedral  symmetry  is  especially 
marked  in  the  Zillerthal  crystals.  Pyramidal  faces  often  striated  horizontally,  and 
repeated  in  oscillatory  combination.  The  planes  often  irregular  in  distribution  and 
rather  corresponding  in  symmetry  of  development  to  the  triclinic  system. 

Natural  size. 


West  Chester,  Pa. 


Twins:  (1)  Mica  laW,ivr.  pi.  J_  c  in  the  zone  cm0;  sometimes  contact-twins 
with  c  as  comp.-face  (f.  5),  the  one  part  revolved  60°  or  a  multiple  of  60°  in  azi- 
muth with  reference  to  the  other;  also  united  by  an  irregular  face,  sometimes  of 
two  individuals,  more  commonly  of  three  (f.  7)  and  either  in  contact  or  inter- 
penetrating each  other;  such  trillings  may  thus  be  formed  of  six  sectors  (figs.  8,  9), 
put  in  general  not  separated  by  sharp  lines.  (2)  Penninite  law,  tw.  pi.  c,  .contact- 
twins  also  united  by  c  (f.  6),  here  corresponding  faces  differ  180  in  position. 


CHLORITE  GROUP-CLINOCHLORE.  647 

Twins  also  occur  in  which  the  tw.  pi.  appears  to  be  a  plane  J_  c  in  the  zone 
001:  130,  but  probably  to  be  explained  as  due  to  the  combined  action  of  the  two 
laws  above  given.  The  face  c  often  shows  a  bending  both  in  the  zone  001  :  100 
and  001  :  130,  usually  at  an  angle  for  adjacent  parts  of  20',  40'  or  a  multiple  of  20'; 
this  can  be  explained  by  twinning  with  a  (100)  as  the  tw.  plane  in  one  case  and 
(130)  in  the  other.  Repeated  twinning  of  this  kind  gives  rise  to  the  often  observed 
rosette,  fan-shaped,  or  vermicular  crystal  groups.  Massive,  coarse  scaly  granular  to 
fine  granular  and  earthy. 

Cleavage:  c  highly  perfect.  Laminae  flexible,  tough,  and  but  slightly  elastic. 
Percussion-figure  and  pressure-figures  orientated  as  with  the  micas  (p.  611). 
Etching-figures  on  c  in  part  monosymmetrie,  in  part  also  asymmetric,  and  then 
suggesting  a  molecular  structure  corresponding  to  the  triclinic  system;  the  former 
triangular  with  vertices  (60°)  directed  forward,  and  other  angles  rounded;  the 
latter  equilateral  trianges  with  one  angle  rounded,  and  either  right- or  left-handed. 
H.  =  2-2*5.  G.  =  2'65-2*78.  Luster  of  cleavage-face  somewhat  pearly.  Color 
deep  grass-green  to  olive-green;  pale  green  to  yellowish  and  white;  also  rose-red. 
Streak  greenish  white  to  uncolored.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Pleochroism 
not  strong,  for  green  varieties : 

8  a  It 

Achmatovsk  dark  green  greenish  yellow 

"  "         "  brownish  yellow 

Texas  emerald-green  '  hyacinth  red 

"  leek-green  yellowish  green 

Pfitsch  "  greenish  yellow 

Ala  olive-green 

Optically  usually  +.  Ax.  pi.  in  most  cases  ||  t>.  Bxa  inclined  somewhat  to 
the  normal, to  c,  forward;  for  Achmatovsk  2°  30'.  Dispersion  p  <  v.  Axial 
angles  variable,  even  in  the  same  crystal,  sometimes  sensibly  uniaxial.  Tschermak 
gives: 

Achmatovsk    2E  =  32°    (0  =  1-588  Levy-Lex.)      .-.    2V  =  20°  and  ct  =  -f  2°  30' 
Also         "  2E  =    1°,  5°,  12°  and  intermediate  values. 

Texas  2E  =  20°  to  60°  Ala  44°  to  65° 

West  Chester  2E  =  89°  41'          [/?  =  1-583]          .'.     2V  =  51°  30'          tc  =5.7°  10' 
Zillerthal         2E  =  83°    0'  .-.    2V  =  48°  30'          tc  =  6°  45' 

The  angles  measured  in  certain  cases,  between  the  optic  axes  (A,  B)  and  the  normal  to  <% 
are  as  follows  (Tschermak): 

West  Chester 


Ac 

cB 

2E 

ft 

58°    5' 
63°  45' 

29°  40' 
31°    9' 

87°  45' 
94°  54' 

1-580  red  glass 
l-593CuSO4 

Ac  =  32°  30' 
Ac  =  34°  16' 

18°  15' 

18°  57' 

2Vr   =  50°  45' 
2VW  =  53°  13' 

ct   =  7°    8'  red 
c  t  =  T  40'  blue 

Indices: 

a  =  1-585  ft  =  1-588  y  =  1'596  Levy-Lex. 

Ax.  pi.  also  rarely  JL  b.  Observed  in  a  crystal  from  Texas  and  from  Pfitsch,  the  latter  with 
2E  =  48°.  Bx  _|_  c.  Other  parts  of  the  same  crystal  gave  ax.  pi.  ||  b,  Bx  oblique  to  c,  and 
2E  =  64. 

Ax.  pi.  also  sometimes  (West  Chester)  abnormally  makes  an  angle  of  90°  or  of  30°  (twin)  with 
its  usual  position,  Bx  1  c  and  2E  —  50°  to  60°  In  some  crystals  parts  with  both  the  normal  and 
this  abnormal  orientation  are  present  and  separated  by  irregular  boundaries.  See  also  below. 

Var.— 1.  Ordinary.;  green  clinochlore,  passing  into  bluish  green;  (a)  in  crystals,  as  described, 
usually  with  distinct  monoclinic  symmetry;  (b)  foliated;  (c)  massive. 

Among  the  varieties  described  by  Tschermak  is  a  "  mimetic  clinochlore"  from  the  Zillerthal 
and  Pfitschjocb.  This  occurs  in  druses  of  tabular  crystals  of  distinct  rhombohedral  habit;  often 
complex  twins  according  lo  both  the  penninite  and  mica  laws;  etching-figures  hexagonal, 


648  SILICATES. 

corresponding  in  Symmetry  to  the  rhombohedral  form;  optically  -f-,  uniaxial  to  distinctly 
biaxial  with  ax.  pi.  |  b,  also  abnormally  1  b.  The  maximum  angle  observed  is  42D  (Ac  =  26°. 
cB  =  16C),  hence  if  ft  —  1'583  (West  Chester),  2V  —  26°,  and  tc  =  3°  Color  emerald-green  to 
leek-green. 

It  is  inferred  that  the  true  character  is  biaxial  with  a  considerable  axial  angle,  while  the 
variations  are  due  to  twinning,  the  successive  biaxial  layers  producing  the  uniaxial  character 
(cf.  p  651).  This  chlorite  hence  occupies  a  place  intermediate  between  ordinary  cliuochlore 
and  peuninite,  but  inclining  to  the  latter.  This  shows,  moreover,  that  no  sharp  line  can  be 
drawn  between  them,  but  they  may  be  considered  as  different  forms  of  the  same  species.  Its 
composition  is  given  in  anal.  1,  under  penninite. 

2.  Leuchtenbergite.  A  variety  containing  usually  little  or  no  iron,  see  anals.  14-19.  Color 
white,  pale  green,  yellowish;  often  resembles  talc.  Commonly  in  hexagonal  tables;  often  twins. 
Optically  -f-.  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Ax.  angle  small,  sometimes  sensibly  uniaxial,  again  2E  =  6°,  also 
(F  to  15°  Ural;  14°,  again  10°  to  29°  Amity;  2°-12°,  22°,  42°  Nasiamsk  (with  waluewite); 
5°-21°  Traversella. 

Named  after  Duke  Maximilian  v.  Leuchtenberg. 

3  Kotschubeile.  A  variety  containing  several  per  cent,  of  chromium  oxide.  Crystals 
rjiombohedral  in  habit.  Color  rose-red,  often  twins,  sometimes  trillings  with  six  sectors,  like 
f.  9  (California).  Pleochroism  strong:  ||  c  (a  fc)  dark  blue-violet;-  j_  c  (c)  bright  carmine  red, 
Ural,  Tschermak;  ||  c  purplish,  J_  c  yellowish  red,  California,  Lindgren.  Optically  -f-  Ax. 
pi.  ||  b  (_L  b  Preudel).  Axial  angle  variable,  sometimes  apparently  uuiaxial  and  like  the 
"mimetic  clinochlore  "  (see  above);  also  2E  =  28°-29°  Prendel;  30°  Lindgren.  Named  after 
the  Russian  Count  P.  Kochubei 

A  part  of  the  so-called  kammererite  from  Texas  belongs  here  (Tschermak),  being  distinctly 
biaxial;  but  this  is  not  significant  since  there  is  the  same  transition  between  the  uniaxial  and 
biaxial  kinds  as  between  the  uniaxial  and  positive  penninite  and  the  biaxial  clinochlore. 

4.  Manganiferous.  Manganchlodt  Hcmberg,  G.  For.  Forh.,  12,  580,  1890.  A  chlorite  from 
the  Harstig  mine  near  Pajsberg,  Sweden,  is  peculiar  in  containing  2*3  p.  c.  MnO  (anal.  9);  it  is 
also  like  the  "  mimetic  clinochlore  "  intermediate  between  clinochlore  and  penniuite.  In  aspect 
resembles  manganophyllite,  with  which  it  occurs,  but  has  a  lighter  reddish  color.  Apparent 
form  a  steep  rhombohedrou  inclined  83°  37'  to  c,  which  referred  to  the  penuiuite  axis  has  the 
symbol  5052  (&),  calc.  84°  20  ;  the  subordinate  forms  c  (0001)  and  0554  (—  f)  also  observed. 
Optically  — .  Bx  almost  _L  c.  Ax.  pi.  nearly  |  b  (010),  but  a  variation  of  8°  was  noted.  Double 
refraction  and  pleochroism  weak.  Examined  microscopically,  some  of  the  lamellae  prove  to  be 
.distinctly  doubly  refracting  and  biaxial,  and  the  conclusion  is  reached  that  the  crystals  are  built 
up  of  lamellae,  corresponding  to  cliuochlore,  in  twinning  position  (revolved  120°)  to  each  other, 
and  strictly  asymmetric  in  optical  character.  The  fact  that  the  etching-figures  on  elinochlore. 
are  often  asymmetric  and  hence  suggest  a  triclinic  form  for  the  species  has  already  been  noted. 

Comp.— Normally  H8Mg6Al2Si3018  =  4H20.5MgO.AL03.3Si02  =  Silica  32-5, 
alumina  18*4,  magnesia  36*1,  water  13*0  =  100.  Ferrous  iron  usually  replaces  a 
small  part  of  the  magnesia,  and  the  same  is  trwe  of  manganese  rarely;  sometimes 
chromium  replaces  the  aluminium. 

On  Tschermak's  view  of  the  composition  of  clinochlore,  see  p.  643.  The  above  formula 
corresponds  to  equal  parts  of  EUMgsSiaOg.and  H4Mg2Al2SiO9  or  SpA.  For  Sp :  At  =  2  :  3,  lie  cal- 
culates: SiO2  30-3,  A12O3  22-0,  MgO  34'7,  H2O  13'0  =  100.  To  this  analyses  4, 14,  approximate 
most  closely.  The  variation,  however,  is  in  any  case  small. 

Clarke  and  Schneider  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  405,  1890)  found  that  on  treating  clinochlore  from 
West  Chester  (anat.  13)  with  dry  hydrochloric  acid  gas  at  383° -412°  for  19  hours  the  amounts  of 
the  oxides  converted  in  chlorides  were  as  follows: 

Clinochlore  MgO  13'46  R2O3  4'24  SiO2  0'92 

Another  determination  gave  13'36  p  c.  of  MgO  (after  58  hours).  This  amount  is  inferred  to 
exist  as  the  group  MgOH,  the  remainder  of  the  hydroxyl  combined  as  A1(OH)2,  and  the  conclu: 
siou  is  reached  that  clinochlore  is  probably  a  mixture  of  the  molecules  Mg2(SiO4)2(MgOH)3H  and 
Mg2(SiO4)2(Al(OH)2)3H  in  the  ratio  of  1 :  1,  for  which  the  required  composition  is  calculated: 
SiOa  31-1,  A12O3  19-8,  MgO  36-3,  H2O  12'8  =  100.  Of  the  water  present  it  was  found  thai 
between  250°-300°,  0'95  p  c.  was  driven  off;  383°-412°,  0'49  p  c.,  at  a  red  heat  11'74;  white 
heat  0' 42.  Hence  the  water  is  essentially  all  water  of  constitution. 

Anal.— 1,  A.  Ortmann,  quoted  by  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wieu,  100(1),  4-1,  1891.  2,  A. 
Hammerschlag,  ibid.  3,  Kbl.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  16,  470, 1839.  4,  Jannasch,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  92,  1885. 
5-7,  Heddle,  Trans.  R.  Soc.  Edinb.,  29,  58,  1879.  8,  Id.,  Min.  Mag.,  3,  26,  1879.  9.  A.  Ham- 
berg,  G.  For.  Forh.,  12,  580,  1890.  10,  Neminar.  Min._Mitth.,  176.  1874.  11,  Burton.  Dana, 
Min  ,  499,  3868.  12,  Breidenbaugh,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  6,  208,  1873.  13,  Clarke  and  Schneider,  Am. 
J.  Sc..  40,  405,  1890. 

14,  Leuchtenberg,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  1,  33,  1866.  15,  Clarke  and  Schneider,  1.  c.  16,  Mgc.. 
Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  10,  430,  1844.  17,  18,  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  40, 13,  1847.  19,  Pclesse  Ann  Ch. 
Phys..  9,  396,  1843.  20.  L.  Sipocz,  quoted  by  Tschermak.  1  c  21.  23,  'Leuchtenberg,  Vh. 
Min.  Ges.,  3,  289,  1868,  and  Min.  Uussl..  5,  369.  2,3,  24,  25,'  Zinin,  ibid.  26,  W.  H.  Melville, 
quoted  by  W.  Lindgren,  Pi-oc.  Cal.  Acad.,  2,  Dec.  1887;  also  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Bull  61,  27,  1890. 


CHLORITE  GROUP— CLINOCHLORE. 


649 


For  earlier  auals.  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  499.  Schlaepfer  (Recherches  comp.  Micas  and  Chlorites, 
Bale,  1889)  gives  analyses  of  clinochlore  from  West  Chester  and  Brewster,  also  of  penninite; 
these,  unlike  other  analyses,  all  show  upwards  of  2  p.  c.  alkalies;  their  accuracy  is  seriously 
impugned  by  Tschermak. 


1.  Achmatovsk 

2.  Kariaet 

8,  Schwarzenstein 

4.  Mussa  Alp 

5.  Hillswick 

6.  C.  Wrath 

7.  Blair  Athol 

8.  Shetland 


G. 

2-648 


2'555 


2-823 


9.  Pajsberg 
10  Chester  Co.,  Pa     2'705 

11.  Willi mantle 

12.  Brewster,  N.  Y. 

13.  West  Chester 


Leuchtenbergite. 

14.  Zlatoust 
15. 

16.  " 

17.  "        white 

18.  " 

19.  Mauleou,  wldte 

20.  Amity 

KotscJiubeite. 

21.  Ufaleisk 
22. 

23.  Lake  Itkul 

24.  •' 

25.  Shushinsk  mine 

26.  Green  Valley,  Cal. 


SiO2 
3131 


A1203 
18-34 


Fe2O3  FeO 
2-10    0-77 


MnO  MgO 
—     34-25 


CaO 

tr. 


30-34  1686  1-86  4'53      —  31-82  0'61 

32-68  14-57  —  5'97  0'28  33'11  - 

29-31  21-31  0-07  3 -24      —  31'28  — 

3255  13-95  0-97  5'28  0'16  32'78  0'79 

31-03  14-85  5-7317-42  100  17'42  0'36 

30-30  19-40  —  823  0'37  2910  — 

32-55  13-95  0'97  5'28  0'16  32'78  0'79 

33-71  13-80  1-64  —  228  35 '88  0'33 

31-08  18-85  1-55  2-33      —  33-50  0'81 

31-86  15-80  —  4-77      —  34'30  1'30 

I  32-33  14  56  —  5 '29      —  33- 74  1  04 

29-87  14-48  5'52  1'93  017»  33'06  — 
*  NiO.' 


H2O 

13-33  NaaO  0'17, 
[K20  0-06  =  100-33 
12-70  Na2O  0-37 
[=  99-09 
12-10  insol.  1-02 


14-58 
13-17 

12-48 
13-07 
1317 

1311 
11-53 

12-72 
12-02 

13-60 


Na2O      0-43 
O  100-22 
Alk.      0-54 
[=  100-19 
=  100-29 
=  100-47 
Alk.      0-54 
f=  100-19 
=  100-75 
CraO,    1-09 
1=  100-74 
=  100-75 
Alk.      1-41 
[=  100-39 
CraO3     156 
[=  100-19 


G. 

Si02 

Aiao3  : 

Fe203 

FeO 

MgO 

CaO 

H20 

2-89      \ 

\  30-46 

19-74 

— 

1-99 

34-52 

0-11 

12-74  = 

99 

•5G 

32-27 

1605 

426 

0-28 

29-75 

6-21 

11-47  = 

100 

•29 

2672 

30-27 

19-89 



4-42 

33-13 



12-54  = 

100-25 

2-603 

30-80 

17-27 

1-37 

— 

37-08 

— 

12-30  = 

98 

-.8:3 

32-35 

18-00 



4.37 

3229 



12-50  = 

99 

•51 

32-1 

18-5 

— 

06 

36-7 

— 

12-1    = 

100 

2-680 

30-28 

22-13 

— 

1-08 

34-45 

— 

12-61  = 

100 

•55 

SiOa    A12 

O3Fea 

0 

3  Cr2O5 

,  FeO 

MgO    H2O 

3273    1343    2'15 

4-19 



35-40 

12-63 

=  100-53 

3331     12- 

60    2-30 

404 

— 

35-62 

12-62 

=  100-49 

32-55 

32-2 
32  5 
31-74 


•74 


13-3 
674 


a  Incl.  NiO  0-49. 


19-5 

2-3      4-0 
—    11-39    1 

*  Above  105' 


35-83    12-61  =  100-73 

36-0      12-6    =  100-3 
35-6      12-6    .-=  100-3 
35-18     12-68bHaO  0'36C,  CaO  0*18 
[=  99-99 

"  At  105° 


Pyr.,  etc.— Yields  water.  B.B.  in  the  platinum  forceps  whitens  and  fuses  with  difficulty  on 
the  edges  to  a  grayish  black  glass.  With  borax,  a  clear  glass  colored  by  iron,  and  sometimes 
chromium.  In  sulphuric  ncid  wholly  decomposed.  A  variety  from  Willimuntic,  Ct.,  exfoliates 
in  worm-like  forms,  like  vermiculite. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  connection  with  chloritic  nnd  talcose  rocks  or  schists  and  serpentine;  some- 
times in  parallel  position  with  biotite  or  phlogopite  (cf.  Tschermak,  1.  c.,  p.  256).  Observed 
as  a  result  of  the  alteration  of  vesuviunite  from  "Zlatoust,  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  49  (1),  348, 
1864. 

Prominent  localities  are:  Achmatovsk  in  the  Ural;  Ala  in  Piedmont;  the  Zillcrthal;  Zer- 
matt  in  Switzerland:  Marienbcrg  in  Saxony;  massive,  granular  at  Z5ptau,  Moravia;  coarse  to 
fine  granular  at  Felling  in  Lower  Austria;  also  chlorite  schists  from  various  localities;  Markt 
Leugast,  Bavaria.  A  manganesian  variety  occurs  at  Pajsberg.  Sweden. 

In  the  U.  States,  at  West  Chester.  Peun.,  in  large  crystals  and  plates;  also  Unionville  and 
Texas,  Penn.;  at  the  magnetic  iron  mine  at  Brewster,  N.  Y.,  in  part  changed  to  serpentine. 

Leuchtenbergite  comes  from  the  Shishimskaya  Mts.  near  Zlatoust  in  the  Ural;  it  is  partly  in 
large  crystals,  and  partly  quite  small,  embedded  in  steatite;  the  crystals  are  mostly  opaque  and 
altered  externally,  and  contain  in  this  outer  part,,  from  9'30  to  10'75  p.  c.  of  water.  The  mineral 


650 


SILICATES. 


contains  minute  garnets  and  some  other  crystals  as  impurities.  A  similar  variety  of  cliuochlore 
occurs  with  amphibole,  phlogopite,  liuorite,  graphite  at  Amity,  N.  Y.;  also  with  the  seyberlite 
of  Amity  and  the  xauthophylliteof  Nasiamsk,  Ural;  with  fassaite  and  brandisite  from  the  Fassa- 
thai;  with  magnetite  at  Traversella.  The  white  chlorite  from  Mauleou  also  belongs  here. 

Kotschubeite  is  from  the  district  of  Ufaleisk  in  the  southern  Ural. 

Ref.  — '  Achmutovsk,  Miu.  Russl.,  2,  7  et  seq.,  1857.  The  position  is  that  of  Tschermak,  and 
the  fundamental  angles  are  those  taken  by  him.  With  Koksharov,  ra0  =  1 10,  o  =  111,  etc., 
and  from  the  fundamental  angles  001  A  HO  =  66°  3',  110  A  110  =  54°  23',  001  A  111  =  77* 
53^  the  axial  ratio  in  this  position  is  calculated,  viz.: 

d  :  b  :  c  -  0'5773S  .   1   .  0-853121; 


ft  =  62°  50f 
Figs.  11-13  show  the  Achniatovsk  cliriochlore  in  the  position  referred  to. 

12. 


13. 


Figs.  11-13,  Achniatovsk,  Kk. 

Naumann  made  m0  =  111  and  o  =  110;  other  positions  have  been  taken  by  Mallard  (cf. 
Tschermak).  Tschermak's  position  brings  out  the  relation  between  the  micas  and  chlorites,  the 
lateral  axes  being  the  same  and  the  vertical  axes  for  biotite  and  cliuochlore  in  the  ratio  of  10  :  7. 

2  Cf.  Tschermak,  1.  c  ,  also  Kk.,  1.  c.,  and  ibid.,  10,  5,  35  (Kotschubeite),  1888.  Cf.  earlier 
Dx..  Alps,  Min.,  1,  442,  1862,  N.  R.,  127,  1867;  Hbg.,  Zillerthal,  Min.  Not.,  7,  28,  1886.  J.  P. 
Cooke,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  44,  203,  1867;  Schrauf,  Min.  Mitth..  161,  1874;  Mallard,  relation  to  pennin- 
ite  (see  beyond),  Ann.  Mines.  10,  151,  1876;  Preudel,  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  81,  1888.  On  the  comparison 
in  form  between  clinochlore  and  biotite  see  Laspeyres,  Zs.  Kr.,  17,  541,  1890. 


468A.  Penninite.  Chlorite  pt.  Flydrotalc  (=  Wasserglimmer  of  Morin)  Necker,  Min., 
1835.  Pennine  J.  Frobel  &  E.  Schweizer,  Pogg.,  50,  523,  1840.  Kammererite  Nd,,  Act,  Soc. 
Sc.  Fenn..  1,  483,  1841,  and  Arsberat.,  193,  1843.  Rhodochrom  Fiedler,  Rose,  Reise  Ural,  2, 
1842,  and  Pogg.,  59,  1843.  Chromchlorit  Herm.,  J.  pr.,Ch.,  53,  21,1851.  Rhodophyllite 
Qenth,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,.118,  121,  1852.  Penninite  Dana. 

Rhombohedral  in  form,  but  strictly  pseudorhombohedral  and  monoclinic 
Mallard,  Tschermak1.  Taken  as  rhombohedral,  axis  6  =  3-4951,  0001  A  1011  = 
*76°  5'  Cooke2: 


Forms': 
c   (0001,  0) 
a  (1120,  f  2) 
0(4-0-413,^) 

Also  p  (1124,  i-2)and 


y  (2025,  |) 

p  (5-0-5-12,  T5S) 
M  (4047,  4) 
^  (9-0-9-10,  T^) 

v  (26  -0-26-27,  ff) 
r  (1011,  E) 
j  (31-0-31-30,  f£) 
$  (33-0-33-31,  f  3) 

s  (9098,  f) 
e  (6065,  f) 
or  (5054,  f  ) 
?}  (21-0-21-4, 

q  (170-17-6,  #) 
Y  (6061,  6) 
07(13-0-13-1,18) 


(1122.  1-2);  z  (1013, 


Further,  on  kammererite,  if  p  =  3031  and  cp  =  *84°  35V:  c  =  3 '0475;  0001  A  1011  =  74* 
8V  Kk. 

Forms:  c,  m,  u  (3034),  x  (5054),  y  (4043),  z  (3032),  p  (3031),  rax  (4041),  s  (5051). 

Referred  to  the  pen^mite  axis,  p  becomes  IS'O'iS'S,  and  the  other  symbols  are  correspondingly 
complex. 

The  penninite  forms,  as  shown  by  Tschermak  (1.  c  ,  p.  70),  may  be  referred  to  the  clino- 
chlore axes.  Thus  r  (1011)  corresponds  to  101.  for  which  we  have:  001  A  101  =  76°  5',  while 
0001  A  1011  =  76°  5'  penninite;  similarly  for  other  forms.  Moreover,  on  peuniuite  forms  occur 
in  the  same  zone  which  in  clinochlore  belong  to  three  different  zones,  as  is  true  of  the 
"mimetic  clinochlore"  from  the  Zillerthal.  Furthermore,  as  all  possible  intermediate  degiees 
are  observed  between  the  distinctly  monoclinic,  biaxial  clinochlore  and  the  apparently  rhoinbo- 


CHLORITE  GROUP— CLINOCHLORE. 


651 


hedral,  uniaxial  penninite,  the  conclusion  is  reached  that  the  two  are  essentially  the  same.  The 
form  and  optical  characters  of  penninite  are  then  due  to  the  twinning  of  lamellae  grouped, 
according  to  the  mica  law,  in  positions  making  angles  of  60°  or  120°  with  one  another. 

The  fact  that  three  sections  of  a  biaxial  mica  placed  one  over  the  other  with  their  axial 
planes  at  angles,  respectively,  of  60°  yield  a  uuiaxial  interference-figure  is  well  known  of.Reuscb. 
Cooke,  ref.  on  p.  614);  a  similar  grouping  will  explain  the  optical  properties  of  penninite. 

As  the  mutter  stands  at  present,  therefore,  although  it  is  convenient  to  discuss  clinochlore 
and  penninite  separately,  they  must  be  regarded  as  essentially  the  same  species.  This  conclusion 
was  earlier  reached  by  Mallard,  but  from  a  somewhat  different  standpoint. 

Tschermak  argues  from  the  facts  stated  that  in  these  chlorites  there  are  present  two  iso- 
morphous  substances,  one  of  which  is  optically  —  with  dispersion  p  >  v,  the  other -f  with 
dispersion  p  <  v;  in  the  optically  —  peuninite  the  former  predominates.  This  optically  negative 
substance  is  regarded  as  probably  serpentine  (see  further  that  species). 


1. 


3. 


Figs.  1,  2,  4,  Texas,  Penn.,  Pirsson.    3,  Zermatt,  Tschermak.    5,  Zillerthal,  Id. 

6,  Kammererite,  Kk. 


c&  =  51°  9' 

cy  =  58°  13^' 

cp  =  59°  16' 

en  =  66°  33*' 


cty  =  74°  36 
cr  =  *76°  5' 
C8  =  77°  35' 
ce  =  78°  20' 


co-  =  78°  47' 
cw  =  85'  17' 
cy  =-.  87°  38' 


coo  =  88° 
cp  =  60°  1 
•ex  =  74°    2' 


Twins  very  common,  according  to  the  penninite  law:  tw.  pi.  c,  cf.  f.  1-4. 
Habit  rhornbo hedral:  sometimes  thick  tabular  with  c  prominent,  again  steep  fhom- 
bohedral;  also  in  tapering  six-sided  pyramids.  Khombohedral  faces  often  hori- 
zontally striated.  Crystals  often  in  crested  groups.  Also  massive,  consisting  of 
an  aggregation  of  scales;  also  compact  cryptocrystalline. 

Cleavage:  c  highly  perfect.  Laminae  flexible.  Percussion-figure  and  pressure- 
figure  as  with  clinochlore  but  less  easy  to  obtain;  not  elastic.  Etching-figures 
hexagonal  or  triangular;  seldom  monosymmetric  or  asymmetric.  H.  =  2-2'5. 
G.  =  2-G-2-85.  Luster  of  cleavage  surface  pearly;  of  lateral  plates  vitreous,  and 
sometimes  brilliant.  Color  green,  emerald-green,  apple-green,  grass-green,  grayish 
green,  leek -green,  olive-green;  also  reddish,  violet,  rose-red,  pink,  grayish  red; 
occasionally  yellowish  and  silver-white.  Transparent  to  subtranslucent. 

Pleuchroism  distinct:  on  olive-green  crystals,  ||  c  emerald-green;  J_c  brownish 
red,  brown,  or  yellow;  on  leek -green  crystals,  blue-green  and  yellow;  on  kammer- 
erite,  ||  c  violet,  J_  c  hyacinth-red,  Tschermak.  Optically  +,also  — ,and  sometimes 
both  in  adjacent  laminae  of  the  same  crystal.  Usually  sensibly  uniaxial,  bui  some- 
times distinctly  biaxial,  occasionally  2E  =  61°.  Dispersion,  when  biaxial,  p  <  v 
for  +  crystals,"  p  >  v  for  —  crystals.  Uniaxial  and  biaxial  portions  seen  in  the 
same  section.  Axial  figure  generally  wanting  in  sharpness,  and  often  quite  indis- 
tinct. Sometimes  a  sharply-outlined  kernel  which  is  uniaxial  while  the  border  ia 
biaxial  with  2E  =  36°,  the  latter  probably  to  be  referred  to  clinochlore. 


Indices 


1-576        and        1-579        Levy-Lex. 


652 


SILICATES. 


Var.— 1.  Penninite.  As  first  named,  it  included  a  green  crystallized  chlorite  from  the 
Pennine  Alps. 

Hydrotalc  of  Necker  is  penninite  from  the  Binnenthal,  in  the  Valais.  Optically  positive,  Dx. 
Most  of  the  penninite  from  Zermatt,  and  that  of  the  Binneuthal  and  Tyrol,  is  optically  negative; 
some  crystals  of  Zermatt,  and  those  of  Ala,  positive;  and  some  plates  from  Zermatt  consist  of 
positive  and  negative  laminae  united,  Dx. 

2.  Kammererite.     In  hexagonal  forms  bounded  by  steep  six-sided  pyramids,  cf.  above. 
Color  kermes-red ;  peach -blossom-  red.   Pleochroism  distinct.  Optically  —  from  Bisersk,  -f-  Texas. 
Uniaxial  or  biaxial  with  axial  angle  up  to  20°.     Crystals  from  Texas  are  often  mixed  with  clino- 
chlore,  and  sometimes  a  crystal  is  traversed  by  a  band  of  clinochlore  whose  optic-axial  angle  is 
60°  to  70°  Dx. 

The  original  kammererite  was  a  reddish  violet  micaceous  mineral  from  L.  Itkul,  Bisersk, 
Perm,  Russia,  partly  in  6-sided  prisms.  Named  after  the  rniniug  director  A.  Kammerer  of 
St.  Petersburg. 

Rhodophyllite  of  Genth  and  chrom- chlorite  of  Hermann  are  the  same,  from  Texas,  Pa. 
G.  =  2  617-2-62.  Rhodochrome  is  a  compact  or  scaly-granular  variety,  originally  from  L.  Itkul, 
Siberia,  having  a  splintery  fracture,  with  G.  =  2-66-2'67.  Color  deep  green;  but  violet,  rose 
or  peach-blossom-red  in  thin  splinters,  whence  the  name/. 

3.  Loganite  of  Hunt  (=  Pseudophite  of  Kenugott)'is  near  penninite  in  composition.     It 
comes  from  Calumet  Falls,  Canada,  and  has  the  form,  angles,  and  cleavage  of  amphibole  (see  p. 
398);  G.  =  2-60-2-64;  color  clove-brown  to  chocolate-brown;  luster  dull  (anal.  18). 

Psemhph  ite  of  Kenngolt  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  16,  1855)  has  the  composition  of  loganite.  but  is 
co.np  ict  massive,  without  cleavage-,  and  resembles  serpentine  (whence  the  name  from  7rcret><5d?, 
false,  and  ophite  or  serpentine);  H.  =  2'5;  G.  =  2'75-2'77;  luster  weak;  color  grayish  green, 
olive-green,  pistachio-green;  feel  unctuous.  It  forms  the  gangue  of  enstatite,  Berg  Zd jar  in 
Aloisthal,  Moravia.  In  the  occurrence  of  a  massive  form,  penninite  is  thus  like  talc,  pyropbyl- 
lite,  and  other  related  species. 

Pseudophite  also  occurs  as  a  pseudomorph  after  feldspar  (anal.  16,  17).  The  material  of 
anal.  19  was  a  light  green  compact  chlorite,  easily  fusible;  it  was  from  the  Zoutpans  Mts., 
Griqualand  West. 

Comp. — Essentially  the  same  as  clinochlore,  H8(Mg,Fe)5Al2Si30I8  =  Silica  32 -5, 
alumina  18  -4,  magnesia  36 '1,  water  13 '0  =  100 

Tschermak  places  penninite  at  the  beginning  of  the  series,  varying  from  Sp  :  At  =  3  :  2  to 
SpAt.  The  latter  corresponds  to  the  empirical  formula  above;  the  former  requires:  SiO2  34'8, 
A1203  14  6,  MgO  37-5,  H2O  12-4  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Lndwig,  quoted  by  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  100(1),  16,  1891.  2,  Rumpf, 
Min.  Mitth.,  33,  1873.  3,  Hamm,  ib.,  260,  1872.  4,  5,  Fellenberg,  Jb.  Min.,  746,  1868. 
6,  7,  Hedclle,  Trans.  R.  Soc.  Ediub..  29,  60,  1879. 

8,  9,  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch..  53,  22,  1853.  10,  11,  Smith  &  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  47,  1853; 
also  Genth,  1.  c.  12,  13,  Heddle,  Trans.  R.  Soc.  Edinb.,  29.  62,  1879. 

14,  Hauer,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  16,  170,  1855.  15,  Van  Werweke,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  510,  1877. 
16,  Drasche,  Min.  Mitth.,  125,  1873.  17,  Gintl,  ib.,  7,  1874.  18,  Hunt,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  491, 
1863.  19,  Van  Riesen,  quoted  by  Cohen,  Jb.  Miu.,  2,  11  ref.,  1888. 


G. 


SiO2    A12O3    Fe2O3    FeO    MgO    CaO    H2O 


2678 

2693 
2-649 
3-099 

33-83 
34-24 
33-71 
I  33-12 
33-97 
30-41 

12-95 
12-62 
12-55 
1325 
11-66 
11-58 

2-25 
1-64 
2-74 
1-52 
2-49 
2-34 

3-02 
3-35 
3-40 
4-69 
1-81 

34-94 
34-86 
34-70 
34-04 
37-60 
30-63 

0-30 
0-66 

1.  Zillerthal 

2. 

3.  Zermatt 

4. 

5. 

6.  Scalpa 

7,  GlenLochy      2'895        34'31    13'64      0'36    10  53b  18-04    897 


Kammererite. 
G. 

8.  L.  Itkul,  cryst. 

9.  Rhodochrome     2 '65 
10.  Texas 


11.  " 

12.  Unst,  mass. 

13.  "     cryst. 


3-099 


1 

SiO2 
30-58 
34-64 
33-28 

Al,0, 

15-94 
10-50 
10-60 

Fe2Os 
2-00 

Cr2O3 
4-99 
5-50 

4-72 

FeO 
3-32 

1-60 

MgO 
33-45 
35-47 
36-00 

CaO 

32-98 

11-11 

— 

6-85 

1-29 

35-22 

— 

29-89 

1293 

— 

5-97 

1-96 

2993 

3-54 

32-31 

7-50 

_ 

7-89 

2-08 

32-15 

3-83 

13-11  =  100-10 
14-14  =  101-15 
12-27  =  100-03 
12-87  Cr2O3  0-60  =  100'07 
13  57  =  101  10 
ll-74XaoO      1-3-3       O'Ol 
[K2O  =  99-92 
12-41  Na2OO-13K2O  1  36 
[=  99-75 


H20 

12-05  =  100  33 
12-03  =  100-14 
12-95  Alk.  0-35  = 
[99-50 

13-12  Alk.  0-38  = 
[100-95 

13  27  Na2O  0'97, 
[K20  M6.  =  99-62 
14-25  =  100.01 


Incl.  1-19  MnO. 


0-23  Mno. 


CHLORITE  GROUP—  PROCHLORITE.  653 

Pseudophite. 

G.  Si03  A12O3  FeaO3.FeO  MgO  CaO  HaO 

14.  ZdjarMt.                         |  33'42  15-42  -  2'58  34-04  -  12-68  =  98'14        [100'18 

15.  Markirch  32'84  17'34  3'29  1-04  30'48  0'75  12-16  hygr.   HaO  2'28  = 

16.  Plaben,  pomd.  34'63  17'13  —  1-61  33'38  —  13-93=100-68 

17.  Ckyn         "  35'31  18-28  1'26  0'83  31  -61  —  IB'26  =  100'55 

18.  Loganite                2'62  33  28  13'30  1'92  —  35'50  —  16'00  =  100 

19.  S.  Africa             2'647  32'38  18'75  0'80  2'39  31'64  tr.  14'15  =  IQO'15 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  yields  water.  B.B.  exfoliates  somewhat  and  is  difficultly 
fusible.  With  the  fluxes  all  varieties  give  reactions  for  iron,  and  many  varieties  react  for 
chromium.  Partially  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  and  completely  by  sulphuric  acid. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  with  serpentine  in  the  region  of  Zermatt,  Valais,  near  Mt.  Rosa,  especially  in 
the  moraines  of  the  Findelen  glacier;  crystals  from  Zermatt  are  sometimes  2  in.  long  and  lj  in. 
thick;  also  at  the  foot  of  the  Simplon;  at  Ala,  Piedmont,  with  clinochlpre;  at  Schwarzenstein  in. 
Tyrol;  at  Taberg  in  Wermlaud;  at  Snarum,  greenish  and  foliated,  called  steatite  of  Snarum. 
In  the  green  schists  of  the  Hohenzug  which  separates  the  Zillerthal  from  the  Pfitschthal  in 
Tyrol. 

Kammererite  is  found  at  the  localities  already  mentioned;  also  near  Miask  in  the  Ural;  at 
Haroldswick  in  Unst,  Shetland  Isles.  In  large  crystals  up  to  2  cm.  in  length  enclosed  in  the 
talc  in  crevices  of  the  chromite  from  Kraubat,  Styria.  Abundant  at  Texas,  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa., 
along  with  cliuochlore,  some  crystals  being  embedded  in  clinochlore,  or  the  reverse.  Also  in 
N.  Carolina,  with  chromite  at  Culsagee,  Macou  Co.;  Webster,  Jackson  Co.;  Hampton's,  Mining 
Creek,  Yancey  Co.;  Bakersvilte,  Mitchell  Co.,  and  other  points. 

Ref.—  !  Texas,  Penn.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  44,  201,  1867.  Dx.  gives  for  Zermatt  peiminite  cr  = 
76°  10-20';  Tschermak  obtained  766  5'.  2  Dx.,  1.  c.;  Cooke,  1.  c.;  Mallard,  Ann.  Mines,  10,  151, 
1876;  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  99  (1),  240,  18^90;  Pirsson,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  408,  1891.  Cf. 
also  Mid.  (ref.  p.  650)  on  the  relation  of  clinochlore  and  penninite. 

TABERGITE  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  71,  448,  1847.  From  Taberg,  Wermland  (Blue  talc  of  Werner, 
and  called  also  mica-chloritej;  a  bluish  green  or  green  chlorite  near  penninite.  According  to  Des 
Cloizeaux's  optical  observations,  it  is  in  part  uniaxial  and  positive  like  true  penninite.  But  in 
other  cases  uniaxial  and  biaxial  plates  are  combined  and  negative  and  positive  also;  and  the  axial 
divergence  of  the  biaxial  plates  varies  from  1°  to  33°.  Tschermak  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  99  (1),  262, 
1890)  concludes  that  it  represents  an  intimate  mixture  of  clinochlore  or  penmuite  and  phlogopite. 
Analysis,  A.  Paltauf,  quoted  by  Tschermak,  ib.,  10O  (1),  45,  1891: 

G.          SiO3    A1203    Fe203    FeO    MgO     CaO    Na2O    E2O    H2O     F 
2-79        38  04    12-63      2  53     2"93    29'45     0'48     2'73     4'17     6'25    0-51  =  99'71 


469.  PROCHLORITE.  Mica  pt.,  Telgsten  pt.?,  Lapis  colubrinus  lamellosus  (fr.  Salberg), 
Wall.,  Min.,  130,  1747.  Talgsten  pt.,  Specksten  pt.,  Cronst  ,  Min.,  89,  1758.  Chlorite  pt.  (fr. 
St.  Gothard,  Tolfa,  Alteuberg),  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  1,  376  and  391,  1789.  Blattriger  Chlorit  (fr. 


St.  Gothard)  Wern.,  1800,  Ludwig  Miu.,  1,  118,  1803.  Chlorite  «.  Kobell,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  16,  1839. 
Hexagonal  Chlorite.  Ripidolite  G.  Rose,  and  Dana,  Miu.,  1854.  Lophoit,  Ogkoit,  Breith., 
Handb.,  1.  381,  383,  1841.  Helminthe  G.  O.^Volger,  Entw.  Min.,  142,  1854.  Grengesite  (fr. 
Dalarue)  Hisinger,  Suckow's  Erz-  u.  Gesteinlag'er  schwed.  Geb.,  50,  1831  =  Strahlige  Gruneis- 
enerde  v.  Dalarne.  Prochlorite  Dana,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  44,  258,  1867.  Facherstein  Germ. 

Monoclinic.     In  six-sided  tables  or  prisms,  the  side  planes  strongly  furrowed 
and  dull.     Crystals  often  implanted  by  their  sides,  and  in  divergent  groups,  fan- 
shaped,  vermicular,  or  spheroidal.    -Also   in   large  folia. 
Massive,  foliated,  or  granular. 

H.  =  1-2.  G.  =  2-78-2-96.  Translucent  to  opaque; 
transparent  only  in  very  thin  folia.  Luster  of  cleavage 
surface  feebly  pearly.  Color  green,  grass-green,  olive- 
green,  blackish  green;  across  the  axis  by  transmitted  light 
sometimes  red.  Streak  uncolored  or  greenish.  Laminae 
flexible,  not  elastic. 

Pleochroism  distinct:  vibrations  \\  c  yellow-green  ;  J_  c 

brownish.  Optically  -f-  in  most  cases,  rarely  —  (Floitenthal).  Bx  inclined  to  the 
normal  to  c  some  2°.  Axial  angle  small,  often  nearly  uniaxial;  again  2E  =  23°, 
30°.  Dispersion  p  <  v. 

Comp.  —  According  to  Tschermak  to  be  regarded  as  a  molecular  mixture  of 
H4(Mg,Fe)3Si209  and  H4(Mg,Fe)2Al2Si09  in  the  ratio  of  2  :  3  to  3  :  7;  the  empirical 
formula  011  page  643  corresponds  to  the  former  ratio.  Ferrous  iron  is  usually,  but 
not  always,  present  in  large  amount. 


654 


SILICATES. 


Cf.  also  Clarke  &  Schneider,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  405,  1890. 

Anal.— 1,  Egger,  Min.  Mitth.,  244,  1874.  2,  Klement  &  Ludwig,  quoted  by  Tscbermak. 
3,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  538,  1860.  4,  J.  Vuylsteke,  quoted  by  Tschermak,  1.  c.  5,  Fellenberg,  Jb. 
Min.,  746,  1868.  6,  Jacobs  (Tschermak).  7,  8,  Merc.,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  14,  59,  1845, 
9-11,  Heddle,  Trans.  R.  Soc.  Edinb.,  29,  75,  1879.  13,  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  11,  65,  1851. 
13,  Clarke,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  28,  24,  1884.  14,  Clarke  &  Schneider,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  406.  1890. 
15,  M.  Bird,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  7,  181,  1885.  16,  Geuth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  28,  250,  1859.  17,  18,  Id., 
Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  13,  393,  1873.  19,  20,  Chatard,  quoted  by  Geuth,  1.  c. 


1.  Zillertfaal 

2. 

3.  St.  Gothard 

4:  Fusch 

5.  Massaschlucht 

6.  Ascherskoppe 

7.  St.  Cristophe 

8.  Mtn.  Sept  Lacs 

9.  Girdleuess 

10.  Portsoy 

11.  Lude 

12.  Gumuch-dagh 

13.  Washington 

14. 

15.  Virginia 

16.  Montgomery  Co.,  N.  C. 

17   Culsagee 

18. 

19. 

20. 

*  MnO  0-61 


The  Jielminihe  of  Volger  occurs  in  slender  vermiform  crystallizations  like  fig.  1  (whence  the 
name),  transversely  foliated,  penetrating  quartz  and  feldspar.1  The  figure  is  from  a  New  Hamp- 
shire specimen  described  by  O.  P.  Hubbard,  and  may  be  one  of  the  other  species  of  chlorite. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Same  as  for  clinochlore. 

Obg.— Like  other  chlorites  in  modes  of  occurrence.  Sometimes  in  implanted  crystals,  as  at 
St.  Gothard,  enveloping  often  adularia,  etc.;  Mt.'Greiner  in  the  Zillerthal,  Tyrol;  Rauris  in  Salz- 
burg; Traversella  in  Piedmont;  at  Mtn.  Sept  Lacs  and  St.  Cristophe  in  Dnuphine;  in  Styria, 
Bohemia.  Also  massive  in  Cornwall,  in  tin  veins  (where  it  is  called  peach};  at  Areudal  in  Nor- 
way; Salberg  andDannemora,  Sweden;  Dognacska,  Hungary.  Occasionally  formed  from  amphi- 
bole  (Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  53  (1),  521,  1866).  In  Scotland  at  various  points  (anal.  9-11); 
other  specimens  (1.  c.)  with  but  24  p.  c.  SiO2  approximate  to  corundophilite. 

In  the  U.  States,  near  Washington  (anal.  13,  14);  on  Castle  Mt.,  Balesville,  Va.,  a  massive 
form  resembling  soapstone,  color  grayish  green,  feel  greasy;  Steele's  mine,  Montgomery  Co., 
N.  C  ;  also  with  corundum  at  the  Culsagee  mine,  in  broad  plates  of  a  dark  green  color  and  fine 
scaly;  it  differs  from  ordinary  prochlorite  in  the  small  amount  of  ferrous  iron. 

Chloritic  alteration-products  of  pyrope  described  by  Lemberg  (Zs.  G.  Ges.,  27,  531,  1875) 
are  referred  by  Tscherraak  (1.  c.,  p.  87)  to  penninite.  Lemberg's  analyses  are  as  follows:  1,  un- 
altered pyrope;  2,  enclosing  chloritic  shell;  3-5,  complete  pseudomorphs : 


G. 

SiO2 

A1203 

Fe2O3 

FeO 

MgO 

CaO 

H20 

2-955 

2602 

20-16 

1-07 

28-08 

15-50 

0-44 

965 

=  100-92 

25-84 

19-58 

2-13 

28-05 

13-57 

— 

11-34 

=  100-51 

25-12 

22-26 

1-09 

23-11 

17-41 



10-70 

=    99-69 

2-923 

27-03 

20-07 

4-72 

16-47 

18-90 

—     .11-78  NaaO   0-72, 

[K20  1- 

22  =  100-91 

2-946 

24-85 

20-70 

1-00 

25-00 

15-31 

0-60 

12-05 

TiO2  0-45= 

[99-96 

2553 

20-49 

1-68 

20-85 

18-60 

006 

12-26 

TiOo  0-15, 

[P205  0-08 

,  alk. 

0'16,  organ.  0'04  —  99  '90 

26-88 

17-52 

— 

29-76 

13-84 

— 

11-33 

=    99-33 

27-14 

19-19 

_^ 

24-76 

16-78 



11-50 

=    99-37 

3-038 

24-77 

20-16 

1-38 

27-98* 

13-34 

090 

12-05 

=  100-58 

2-792 

26-71 

20-42 

3-47 

13-99 

23-90 

0-73 

11-17 

=  100-39 

2-852 

24-66 

23-19 

0-64 

20-87" 

17-79 

0-40 

12-12 

=  100-67 

27-20 

18-62 

—  — 

23-21 

17-64 

— 

10-61 

=    97-28 

2-835 

25-45 

17-88 

und. 

24-98 

15-04 

— 

14-43 

Na2O   0-67 

[=  98-45 

25-40 

22-80 

2-86 

17-77 

1909 

— 

12-21 

F  tr.,  MnO 

[0  25  =  100  38 

305 

2352 

22-35 

1-92 

28-78 

1079 

0-39 

11-28 

MnO    0-32 

[=  99-35 

.  C. 

24-90 

21-77 

4-60 

24-21 

12-78 



1059 

MnO    1  15 

[=  100 

27-56 

22-75 

2-56 

5-73* 

28-47 

.   — 

18-80 

=  100-87 

29-48 

2222 

0-70 

5'58b 

30-99 



11-63 

=  100-60 

27-28 

22-11 

2-50 

5'84< 

28-34 

— 

14-50 

=  100-57 

27  17 

22-35 

2-71 

5-69d 

2773 

— 

14-36 

=  100-01 

b  MnO  0-29. 

c  (Ni.Co)O  0-30  p 

.  c. 

d  Do.,  O'll, 

MnO  0  17. 

e  Do.,  041. 

t 

Do.,  0- 

26. 

Si02 
40-60 
33-78 
33-82 
33-19 
33-63 


A13O, 
22-70 
16-76 
13-58 
15-29 
14-17 


1-97 


Fe2O3 

9-34 

8-44 

5-15 

6-04 

5-26 


MgO 
21-47 
28-54 
32-93 
33-13 
33-65 


Ca 
423 
0-52 
037 


H2O 

1-66  =  100 
11-96  =  100 
10  42  =    98-24 
12  64  =  100-29 
13-29  ~  100 


Grengesite  from  Grangesberg  in  Dalarne,  Sweden,  occurs  partly  in  hexagonal  crystallizations* 
more  or  less  rndiately  grouped,  and  probably  results,  Erdmaun  observes  (Larobok  Min..  374, 1853), 


CHLORITE  GROUP— CORUNDOPHILITE.  655 

from  the  alteration  of  pyroxene.    Erdmann  spells  the  name  Qrangesite.     Specific  gravity  31; 
color  dark  green.    An  analysis  by  Hisinger  gave: 

SiO8  27  81         Ala09  14-31        FeO  25'63         MnO  2-18         MgO  14'31         fl,O  12-55  =  96'79 

GROCHAUITE  Websky,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  25,  395,  1873. 

Monocliuic?  In  small  six-sided,  tabular  crystals,  rough  and  allowing  no  measurements,  the 
edges  being  rounded  off  by  irregular  planes.  Cleavage  basal  easy,  forming  thin  soft  plates. 
Optically  biaxial,  axial  angle  20°  to  30°.  Double  refraction  weak,  probably  positive.  In 
composition  near  prochlorite,  but  containing  chiefly  magnesium  instead  of  ferrous  iron.  Websky 
calculates  B3R,AlSiO,.  Cf.  anals.  16-19  above.  Analysis,  Beck,  quoted  by  Websky: 

SiO*  28  20  A1303  24-56  FeO  5'27  MgO  30'94  H«O  12-1.5  =  10M2 

Occurs  mixed  with  a  chromic  spinel  (magnochromite  (p.  228),  also  crystallized  in  cavities  in 
serpentine  at  Grochau,  south  of  Frankenstein,  in  Silesia. 

470.  CORUNDOPHILITE.    Shepard  (fr.  N.  Car.),  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  211, 1852;  (fr.  Chester, 
Mass.)  id.,  ib.,  44,  112,  1865.     Clinochlore  (fr.  Chester)  J.  P..  Cooke,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  44,  206}  1867. 
Amesite  G.  U.  Shepard;  Pisani,  C.  R.,  83,  166,  1876. 

Monoclinic,  Dx.  In  six-sided  or  twelve-sided,  tables  or  low  prisms.  Twins, 
according  to  the  mica  law,  proved  optically. 

Cleavage:  basal,  eminent.  Laminae  somewhat  more  brittle  than  those  of 
clinochlore.  Percussion-  and  pressure-figures  as  with-  clinochlore.  The  former 
show  planes  of  parting  in  the  zone  lc  inclined  64°  to  c  (089)?,  and  in  the  zone  ami 
inclined  at  the  angles  71°  (223),  75°  (445),  37°  (Il6),  62°  (225)1  Etching-figures 
monosymuetric  in  form.  H.  =  2'5.  G-.  =  2'90j  Chester,  Brush.  Luster  of 
cleavage  surface  somewhat  pearly.  Color  olive-green,  leek-green,  grayish  green* 
Transparent  to  nearly  opaque.  Laminae  flexible,  somewhat  elastic. 

Optically  -f .  Ax.  pi.  \\  b.  Bx  somewhat  oblique  to  c.  Dispersion  p  <  v. 
Axial  angle  rather  large. 

Ac  =  56°        Be  =  24°        2E  =  80°    f/J  =  1'583J        .-.    2V  =  46°  40'       c  c  =  8°  2(X 
Also  64°  59' and  68°  at  200°    Dx.  32°,  45°,  71|°,  fe|d    Cooke 

Comp. — As  interpreted  by  Tschermak,  a  molecular  mixture  of  H4Mg3Si209  and 
H4Mg2Al2Si09  in  the  ratio  of  1  :  4  giving  the  empirical  formula  H20MgnAl8Si6045, 
which  requires:  Silica  23*&,  alumina  27'1,  iron  protoxide  17'5,  magnesia  19'5,  water 
12-0  =  100.  Here  Fe  :  Mg  =  1  :  2. 

Anal.— 1,  Eaton,  quoted  by  Shepard,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  46,  257,  1868.  2,  Pisani,  ibid.  3,  Ober- 
mayer,  quoted  by  Tschermak,  1.  c. 

G.  SiO2  AlaO3  Fe2O3  FeO  MgO  H2O 

3.  Chester,  Mass.      2'83  24-77  25'52  —  15-19  21-88  11-98  =  99-34 

2.        "            "  24-0  25-9  —  J4-8  22-7  11-9  =  99'3 

8.        "                     2-87  23-84  25'22  2'81  17-06  19'83  11-90  =  100-66 

Obs.— Occurs  with  corundum,  or  emery;  its  low  percentage  of  silica  accords  with  this  asso- 
ciation. The  species  was  instituted  on  a  chlorite  found  with  the  corundum  of  Asheville,  N.  C., 
whence  the  name,  from  corundum,  and  0zAo?:,  friend.  The  above  description  is  from  specimens 
occurring  abundantly,  and  sometimes  in  large  and  small  crystals,  at  the  emery  mine  of  Chester, 
Mass.,  which  Shepard  has  referred  to  corundophilite;  the  chlorite  occurring  with  the  corundum 
of  North  Carolina  is  higher  in  silica  and  is  classed  with  prochlorite  (Genth),  though  containing 
relatively  but  liule.irou,  cf.  anals.  17-20,  p.  654. 

AMESITE  C.  U.  Shepard,  Pisani,  C.  R.,  83,  166.  1876. 

In  hexagonal  plates,  foliated,  resembling  the  green  talc  from  the  Tyrol  H.  =  2-5-3. 
G.  =  2-71.  Color  apple-green.  Luster  pearly  on  cleavage  face.  Optically  -+-,  sensibly  uniaxial. 
Composition  approximating  to  H4(Mg,Fe)2AlaSiO8. 

Anal.— Pisani.  1.  c. 

SiO2  21-4  AlaO3  32-3  FeO  15'8  MgO  19'9  HaO  10  9  =  100'S 

Occurs  with  diaspore  at  Chester,  Mass. 


656 


SILICATE 8. 


471.  DAPHNITE.  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  100  (1),  38,  1891.  Monoclin-ic.  In  small 
spherical  or  botiyoidal  aggregates  showing  a  concentric  and  at  the  same  time  radiate-foliated 
structure. 

Cleavage:  basal,  perfect.  Laminae  somewhat  flexible.  Luster  pearly.  Color  dark  g*een; 
though  the  basal  plane  olive-green,  normal  to  this  direction  yellow.  Streak  green.  Optically 
— ,  nearly  uniaxial. 

Comp.— According  to  Tschermak,  EUeFejTAIaoSiiaO^j.     Cf.  p.  644. 

Anal.— R.  Zeynek. 


G. 


Si03 
23-62 


22-26 


FeO 

38-97 


JVInO 
0-98 


MgO 
1-09 


CaO 
0-29 


Na3O 
1-10 


K2O 

0-28 


H20 

11-16  =  99-75 


Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  becomes  black,  but  does  not  exfoliate  and  fuses  easily  to  a  steel-gray  bead. 
Easily  decomposed  by  warm  hydrochloric  acid  with  the  separation  of  flocculent  silica. 

Obs. — Observed  on  a  specimen  from  Penzance,  Cornwall,  obtained  in  1840;  it  occurs  as  an 
incrustation  on  quartz  and  arsenopyrite 

Named  from  Daphne,  bay  tree,  in  allusion  to  the  form. 

METACHLORITE.  List,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  4,  634,  1852.  Foliated  columnar,  like  chlorite,  vitreous 
to  pearly  in  luster,  color  dull  leek-green.  H.  =  2-5.  Anal. — 1,  List,  1.  c.  2,  Zeynek,  quoted 
by  Tschermak. 


G. 


3-173 


SiO3 
23-78 
24-29 


A1203 
16-43 

17-85 


Fe203 


4-65 


FeO 

40-37 
37-85 


MgO 
3-10 
4-26 


CaO 
0-74 
0-57 


K20 

1-38 
0-09 


0-08 
0-30 


H2O 

13-76  =     99-64 

10-19  =  100-04 


B.B.  fuses  on  the  edges  to  a  dark  enamel.  Gelatinizes  in  the  cold  with  hydrochloric  acid. 
Forms  small  veins  in  b  green  rock  at  Btichenberg  near  Elbingerode,  in  the  Harz. 

KLEMENTITE  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  100(1),  40,  1891. 

In  thin  scales  in  quartz  veins  at  Vielsalm  in  Belgium.  Probably  mouoclinic.  G.  =  2'835. 
Color  dark  olive-green.  Optically  -f-.  Biaxial,  axial  angle  small,  Tschermak. 

Anal.— C.  Element,  Bull.  Mus.  Belg.,  5,  162,  1888. 


G.  =  2-835 


f  27-13 


A1203 

24-70 


Fe2O3 
5-84 


FeO 
972 


MnO 
1-98 


MgO 
20-52 


11-35     =     101-24 


B.B.  exfoliates  and  fuses  to  a  dark  glass.    In  powder  partially  decomposed  by  hydrochloric 
acid  with  the  separation  of  flocculent  silica.     Named  after  Dr.  C.  Klement  of  Brussels. 


«*' 


472.  ORONSTEDTITE.    Cronstedtit  Steinmann,  Schw.  J.,  32,  69,  18&1.     Chloromelan 
Breith.,  Char.,  33,  184,  1823.     Sideroschisolite  Wernekink,  Pogg.,  1,  387,  1824. 

Rhombohedral;   hemimorphic.      Axis  6  =  3-2559;   0001    A  1011  =  75C 
Zepharovich1. 

Forms:    c  (0001,0);     r  (1011,  1),    a?  (2021,  2);    y  (3031,  3). 

Angles:     cr  =  75°  6',     ex  -  82°  25f,     cy  =  *84°  56'. 

Twins:  tw.  ax.  6,  united  symmetrically  by  a  prismatic  face  or  interpenetrating 

and  forming  a  six-rayed  base.  Occurs  m 
hexagonal  pyramids,  tapering  toward  one  ex- 
tremity, or  adhering  laterally,  and  vertically 
striated;  also  in  fibrous  diverging  groups, 
cylindroidal  and  reniform;  also  amorphous. 

Cleavage:  basal,  highly  perfect.  Not 
brittle.  Thin  laminas  elastic.  H.  =  3*5. 
G.  =  3*34-3'35.  Luster  brilliantly  vitreous. 
Color  coal-black  to  brownish  black ;  by  trans- 
mitted light  in  thin  scales  emerald-green; 
also  on  the  edges  brown  or  brownish  yellow- 
Streak  dark  olive-green.  Nearly  opaque. 
Optically  — ;  uniaxial. 

Comp.— Perhaps  H8Fe4Fe4Si3Oao  =  4Fe0.2Fe203.3Si02.4H20  =  Silica  20-9, 
iron  sesquioxide  37'2,  iron  protoxide  33 '5,  water  8*4  =  100.  Magnesium  may  be 
present  in  small  amount. 


Pfibram,  Zeph. 


THURINGITE. 


657 


Kg.  gives  3FeO.Fe2O3.2SiO2.3H3O  =  Silica  21  "8,  iron  sesquioxide  291,  iron  protoxide  39  3, 
water  9 '8  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  E.  Ludwig.  quoted  by  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  100  (1),  1891.  2,  Janovsky,  Ber. 
Ch.  Ges.,  8,  939,  1S75.  3,  Rosam,  Vrba,  Ber.  Ak.  Bohm.,  p.  13,  Jan.  15,  1886.  4,  Maskelyne 
and  Flight,  Ber.  Ch.  Ges.,  3,  938.  1870. 


1.  Pfibram 
2. 

3.  Kuttenberg 

4.  Cornwall 


G.  =  3  351 
G.  =  3  445 


SiO3 

Fe 

203 

FeO 

MnO 

MgO 

H 

20 

f  22 

•21 

37 

•49 

25 

•28 

1-20 

5-23 

8 

•27 

— 

9968 

21 

30 

32 

•34 

29 

•23 

1-25 

4-51 

11 

•90 

— 

100-53 

17 

•34 

43 

•05 

30 

•27 

0-16 

— 

[9 

18] 

— 

100 

18 

•55 

32 

•75 

38 

•57 

— 

— 

10 

13 

— 

100 

An  analysis  by  Field  (Phil.  Mag.,  5,  52, 1878)  of  a  dark  green  compact  mineral  accom- 
panying the  Cornwall  cronstedtite  gave: 


SiO331-72 


Fe2O3 18-51 


FeO  39-46 


H2O  11-02    =    100-71 


Sp.  grav.  =  3.     The  formula  3FeO.FeaO3.3SiO,.3H2p  is  deduced. 

Pyr.,  etc.—  B.B.  froths  and  fuses  on  the  edges,  yielding  in  R.F.  a  magnetic  gray  or  black 
globule..  With  borax  gives  reactions  for  iron  and  manganese.  Gelatinizes  in  concentrated 
hydrocloric  acid. 

Obs.  —  Accompanies  limonite  and  calcite  in  veins  containing^silver  ores  at  Pfibram  in 
Bohemia,  and  also  at  Kuttenberg;  also  at  Wheal  Maudlin  and  in  Cornwall,  in  diverging  groups. 
In  Brazil  at  Conghonas  do  Campo  (sideroschisolite). 

Named  afer  tiie  Swedish  mineralogist  and  chemist,  A.  Frl  Cronstedt. 

Hef.—  'Brazil,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  71  (1),  276,  1875.  Maskelyne  (J.  Ch.  Soc.,  Jan.  1871)  gives 
for  Cornwall  crystals  vy  =  85°  12';  exact  measurements  are  impossible.  Cf.  also  Vrba,  Ber. 

Bohm.  Ges.,  p.  13,  Jan.  15,  1886.    The  doubtful  scalenohedron  ^ai'71816)  is  added  by 
Zepiiarovich. 

473.  THURINGITB.  Thuringit  Breith.,  Char.,  95,  1832.  Owenite  Qenih,  Am.  J.  Sc.i 
16,  167,  1853. 

Massive;  an  aggregation  of  minute  scales;  compact. 

Cleavage  of  scales  distinct  in  one  direction.  Fracture  subconchoidal.  Very 
tough.  Feel  of  powder  greasy.  H.  =  2*5.  Gr.  =  3-15-3  -19;  3*118  Bottcheiv 
Luster  of  scales  pearly;  of  mass  glistening  or  dull.  Color  olive-green  to  pistachio- 
green.  Streak  paler.  Optically  —  .  Uniaxial  to  distinctly  biaxial. 

Comp.—  H18Fe8(Al,Fe)8Si6041  =  8Fe0.4(Al,Fe),09.6SiOa.9H30  =  Silica  22*8, 
alumina  17*2,  iron  sesquioxide  13*5,  iron  protoxide  36*3,  water  10*2  =  100. 

Anal.—  1,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  851,  1860.  2,  J.  L.  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  376,  1854.  3,  Keyser, 
ibid.,  p.  411.  4,  Gintl,  quoted  by  Zepharovich,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  372.  1877.  5,  Genth,  1.  c. 
6,  7,  Smith,  1.  c.  8,  F.  L.  Sperry,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  32,  307,  1886. 


G. 

1.  Thuringite 

2.  " 

3.  " 

4.  ZirmSee  3177 

5.  Harper's  Ferry 


6. 

7.  Arkansas 

8.  L.  Superior 


3191 
3184 


Si02    A12OS  Fe203    FeO   MgO  Na20  K8O    H20 
2235    18'39    14'86    34>34    1'25      —       —       9'81  •=  101 
22-05    16-40    17'66    30'78    0'89         0'14         11-44=    99'36 
|  23-55    15-63    13  79    34'20    1'47     tr.       tr.      10'57  =    99-21 
f  22'65    18'92      812    38'49      —       —       —     10-78=    98'96 
23'2l     15'59    13'89    34'58    1'26    0'41    0'08    10'59   CaO    0'36  — 

[99-97 

23  58    16'85    14'33    33'20    1'52    0'46     tr.      10'45  MnO  0:09  = 

[100-48 

23  70    16  54    12'13    33  14    1--85          0'32         10-90  MnO  116  = 

[99-74 
f  22'35    25'i4      —       34'39    6'41      —       —     11-25  =    99'54 


Pyr.,  etc.—  In  the  closed  tube  yields  water.  B.B.  fuses  at  3  to  an  iron-black  magnetic 
globule.  With  tire  fluxes  reacts  for  iron.  Gelatinizes  with  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs.—  Thuriugite  is  from  .Reichmannsdorf  and  Schmiedeberg,  near  Saalfeld,  in  Thuringia 
(cf.  Loretz,  Zs.  Kr.,  13,  52,  1887):  at  Zirm  See  in  Carinthia(Zeph.,  1.  c.);  Hot  Springs,  Arkansas, 
from  the  metamorphic  rocks  on  the  Potomac,  near  Harper's  Ferry  (owenite);  forms  the  matrix 
(anal.  8)  enclosing  garnet  crystals  altered  to  a  chlorite  near  aphrosiderite  (p.  660)  in  the  Lake 
Superior  iron  region;  at  French  Creek  mines,  Chester  Co.,  Penn.,  the  chalcopyrite  and  pyrite  crys- 
tals are  embedded  in  a  compact  mineral  which  Penfield  suggests  is  probably  allied  to  thuringite 

Oicenite  was  named  after  the  geologist,  Dr.  D.  D.  Owen. 


658  SILICATES. 

CHAMOSITE.  Mine  de  fer  oxyde  en  grains  agglutines  Gueymard,  J.  Mines,  35,  29,  1814- 
Chamoisite  Berthier,  Ann.  Mines,  5,  393,  1820.  Chamosite.  Mineral  de  fer  en  grains  Berlhier 
Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  35,  258,  1827.  Berthierine  JSeud.,  Tr.,  128,  1832.  Bavalite  Hurt,  Min.,  290[ 

Chamosite,  as  originally  described,  occurs  compact  or  oolitic,  with  H.  about  3;  G.  =  3-3 -4; 
color  greenish  gray  to  black;  streak  lighter;  opaque;  feebly  attracted  by  a  magnet.     Berthierine 
is  similar  in  structure,  has  H.  —  2'5;  color  bluish  gray,  blackish,  or  greenish  black;  streak  dark 
greenish  gray;  and  strongly  attracted  by  the  magnet.     Anal.— 1,  Berthier,  1.  c.  2,  id.,  Ann  Ch 
Phys.,  35,258,  1827: 

1.  Chamosite  SiO2  14'3  A12O3  7'8  FeO  60  5  H2O  17'4    =     100 

2.  Berthierine  12'4.  J  7'8  74'7  5*1     =     100 

Chamosite  fuses  easily,  and  also  gelatinizes.  Berthierine  fuses  with  difficulty  to  a  black 
magnetic  globule,  and  gelatinizes.  The  latter  is  mixed  with  50  p.  c.  or  more  of  siderile  and 
calcite  ;  Berthier  found  40 '3  of  the  former  in  the  material  he  examined. 

Chamosite  forms  thick  beds  of  rather  limited  exteut  in  a  limestone  containing  ammonites. 
at  Chamoson,  near  St.  Maurice,  in  the  Valais;  and  a  similar  substance  is  reported  from  Metten- 
berg  in  the  Bernese  Oberlaud;  Banwald  in  the  Vosges;  in  the  Windgalle;  with  iron  carbonate 
and  titanic  iron  at  Schmiedefeld  in  the  Thilringerwald;  in  Bohemia,  from  the  oolitic  iron  ore  of 
Chrustenic  in  dark  bluish  gray  elliptical  grains.  Berthierine  constitutes  a  valuable  bed  of  iron 
ore  at  Hayanges,  Dept.  of  Moselle,  and  also  occurs  in  the  ores  of  Champagne,  Bourgogne, 
.Lorraine. 

The  chloritic  mineral  associated  with  the  iron  ore  of*  Chamoson  has  been  investigated  by 
Boricky,  Loretz,  and  Schmidt  and  shown  to  have  a  composition  approximating  to  thuringite. 
Berthier's  results  above  are  unreliable  as  giving  the  composition  of  the  silicate. 

Anal. — 1,  Boricky,  as  quoted  by  Schmidt,  after  deducting  5'5  p.  c.  Ca.Fe  carbonate.  2,  C. 
Schmidt,  Zs.  Er.,  11,  601,  1886,  also  recalculated.  3.  Loretz,  Zs.  Kr.,  13,  52,  1887. 

SiO2         A12O3       Fe2O3        FeO         MgO          H2O 

1.  Chamosite  25'60          18-72  —  42'31          2'13          11*24    =     100 

2.  25-23          19-97  —  37-51          4'39          12'90     =     100 

3.  Schmiedefeld  27'29         17-13         4'06         39'42  —  13'10    =    100 

An  oftlitic  mineral,  apparently  near  chamoisite,  described  by  Pouillon  Boblaye  (Mem.  Mus., 
15),  has  been  called  Bavalite.  It  has  H.  about4;  G.  =  8*99  Delesse;  color  greenish  black,  bluish, 
or  grayish;  powder  greenish  gray  or  black,  to  reddish  brown;  and  B.B.  fusible  with  difficulty  to 
a  black  magnetic  scoria.  Forms  beds  in  old  schistose  rocks  in  different  parts  of  Brittany, 
especially  in  the  forest  of  Lorges,  a  locality  that  supplies  furnaces  at  Pas  near  Quintin.  in  the 
•vicinity  of  St.  Brieuc,  Dept.  Cotes-du-Nord;  also  at  the  Chapel  St.  Oudon,  near  Segre,  Dept. 
Maine-et-Loire;  and  elsewhere.  Huot  and  others  derive  the  name  bavalite  from  Bavalon,  a 
locality  of  it;  but  Des  Cloizeaux  says  no  such  place  exists  in  Brittany;  but  that  a*  depression  in 
the  region  where  it  is  explored  is  called  the  bas  vallon—au  absurd  origin  for  a  name.  See  6th 
Ed.,  p.  796,  for  analyses. 

474.  STILPNOMELANE.  G  locker,  Zs.  f.  Min.,  Jan.,  1828,  Handb.,  572,  1831.  Chalco- 
AiteShep.,  Rep.  Am.  Assoc.,  6,  232,  1851. 

Foliated  plates,  sometimes  hexagonal,  sometimes  radiated.  Also  fibrous,  or  as 
a  velvety  coating  even  or  tufted. 

Cleavage  easy  in  one  direction.  H.  =  3 -4,  when  in  solid  plates.  G-.  =  2'769 
Breith. ;  2-96,  chalcodite,  Genth.  Luster  of  .cleavage  surface  between  pearly  and 
vitreous,  sometimes  submetallic  or  brass-like.  Color  black,  greenish  black,  yellow- 
ish bronse,  and  greenish  bronze. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinal']/,  in  plates  or  massive.     Glocker  gives  G.  =  3-3*4. 

2.  CJtalcodite,  in  velvety  coatings  of  brass-like  or  submetallic  luster,  consisting  of  minute 
•flexible  scales. 

Comp.— Uncertain,  perhaps  (Brush,  Eg.)  2(Fe,Mg)0.  (Fe,Al)aO,.5Si03.3H20. 

Genth  calculates  for  his  analysis  8(Fe,Mg)O.(Fe,Al)2O3.10SiO2.6H2O. 

Anal.— 1,  Rg.,  Pogg.,  43,  127,  1838,  Min.  Ch.,  880,  1860.  2,  Siegert,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  880. 
1860.  3,  Li  J.  IgelstrSm,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  81,  396,  1860.  4,  G.  J.  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  25,  198, 
1858.  5,  Genth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  23,  44,  1885. 

G.  SiO2  A12O3  FeaO,  FeO  MgO  CaO  K2O  H2O 

1.  Obergnmd  445-96  5'84  —  35"60  1'78  0'19  0'75  8'63  =  98-75 

2.  Weilburg  45'07  4-92  —  37'78  0'94  1'67  —  8  47  =  98'85 

3.  Nordmark  45'61  5'00  —  37'70  3'00  —  —  9'14  =  100-45 

4.  ChakoMte       2'76  |  45-29  3'62  20'47  16'47  4-56  0'28  tr.  9  22  =  99'91 

5.  "  2-957  44-75      4'36        4'99      30-34      5'47        —         —       9'18  =    99'09 


8TRIGOVITE—DIABANTITE. 


659 


Brogger  refers  here  the  mineral  which  in  the  form  of  inclusions  gives  the  abnormal  com 
position  upon  which  the  supposed  variety  of  natrolite  from  the  Brevik  region  called  iron- 
natrolite  (Eisennatrolith)  has  been  based;  cf.  p.  603.  Its  composition  could  not  be  definitely 
settled.  Zs.  Kr.,  16,626,  1890. 

Pyr.,  etc.—  Yields  much  water.  B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  black,  shining,  magnetic  globule- 
With  the  fluxes  gives  the  reactions  for  iron.  Chalcodite  is  completely  decomposed  by  hydro- 
chloric acid. 

Obs.  —  Stilpnomelane  occurs  at  Obergrund  and  elsewhere  in  Silesia/with  calcite  and  quartz* 
sometimes  intermixed  with  pyrite  and  magnetite.  Also  in  Moravia,  near  Brokersdorf;  near 
Sternberg.  in  a  bed  of  Hmonite,  in  a  clay  slate,  probably  of  the  Devonian  age,  and  often  associ- 
ated with  chlorite,  magnetite,  find  calcite;  at  Frederic  mine  near  Weilburg,  Nassau,  in  a  bed  of 
iron  ore;  at  Pen  Mine,  Nordmark,  Sweden,  radiated  foliated  with  actinolite,  in  veins  sometimes 
4  inches  thick. 

Chalcodite  occurs  at  the  Sterling  Iron  mine,   in  Antwerp,  Jefferson  Co.,  K  Y.,  coating 
hematite  and  calcite,  and  sometimes  constituting  pseudomorphs  (anal.  5),  having  the  form  of  • 
hollow  rectangular  tables;  the  yellow  variety  resembles  in  color  mosaic  gold. 

Named  Stilpnomelane  from  (rrtXTtvoS,  shining,  and  //eA^c,  black;    and  Chalcodite  front 
brass  or  bronze.    Melanglimmer  Germ,  includes  this  species,  Cvonstedtite,  etc. 


475.  STRIGOVITE.    Becker  &  Websky,  Jb.  Min.,  236,  1869.     Websky,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  2$. 

388,  1873.* 

In  minute  crystals,  showing  hexagonal  prisms  under  the  microscope;  sometimes  in  balls  of 
aggregated  crystals. 

H.  =  1.  G.  =  3-144.  Color  dark  green  (on  alteration  changing  to  brown).  Streak  green, 
to  grayish  green.  Optically  uniaxial  or  nearly  so. 

Comp.—  H4Fe2(Al,Fe)2Si2O,,  =  2FeO.(Fe,Al)2O3.2SiO2.2H2O  (at  100°),  or  with  3H2O  (air- 
dried). 

Anal.—  1,  Becker,  1.  c.     2,  Websky,  1.  c.  ,  1869.     3,  Websky  (and  Poleck),  1.  c.,  1873  (at  100°), 

G.  Si03  A12O3  Fe2O3  FeO  MnO  MgO  CaO  H2O 

1  3262  16-66  16-04  1674  —  316  2'02  1237  =  9961 

2  2788  3260  14'08  2194  12*47  —  3'82        —  1481  =  99'72 
3.                  3'144  2843  16"60  11-43  26'2l  7'26  0'36  036  931  =  9996 

Fyr.,  etc.  —  Easily  decomposed  by  acid  with  the  separation  of  silica  in  powder.  In  closed 
tube  gives  off  water.  B.B.  fuses  with  difficulty  to  a  black  glass  without  coloring  the  flame. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  as  a  fine  coating  over  the  minerals  in  druses  or  cavities  in  the  granite  west  and 
northwest  of  Striegaujn  Silesia; 


476.  DIABANTITE.   Diabantachronnyn,Z&fo,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  1870.  Diabantite  G.  W. 
Am.  J.  Sc.f  9,  454,  1875. 

Monoclinic?  Massive,  compact,  fibrous  or  with  a  foliated,  radiated,  and  con* 
centric  structure. 

Cleavage:  basal,  perfect.  H.  =  2-2*5.  G-.  =  2-79-2-93.  Color  dark  green. 
to  greenish  black.  Strongly  pleochroic. 

Comp.—  HI8(Fe,Mg)12Al4Si9045  or  12(Fe,Mg)0.2Al203.9Si03.9H20  =  Silica  34.2, 
alumina  12-9,  iron  protoxide  27*4,  magnesia  15*2,  water  10*3  =  100. 

Anal.—  1-5,  Liebe,  1.  c.     6,  7,  Hawes,  1.  c. 


1.  Keinsdorf 

2.  Landesfreude 

3.  Hollethal 

4.  Trilloch 

5.  Grafenwart, 

6.  Farmington 
7. 


G.         SiO,    Al20s  Fe203  FeO    MuO   MgO    CaO  NaaO  E20 


2-83 
2-93 
2-91 

30-27 
29-37 
29-85 
31-25 

11-16 
1200 
9-07 
10-03 

3-47 

26-94 
2563 
26-60 
23-52 

— 

21  22 
21-01 
17-92 
19-73 

— 

— 

10-20=99-79 
11-27=99-28 
15-81=99-25 
11-37=99-37 

31 

•56 

12 

•08 



21-61 



22-44 





1178=99-47 

2-79 

I  33 

•24 

11 

•07 

2-26 

25-11 

0-41 

16-51 

1-11 

0-25 

9-91=99-87 

1  33 

•68 

10 

•84 

2-86 

2433 

0-38 

16-52 

073 

0-33 

10-02=99-69 

.  —  Fuses  easily  on  the  edges,  forming  a  dark  gray  glass  somewhat  magnetic*  Dissolves 
in  hydrochloric  acid,  leaving  a  skeleton  of  silica. 

Occurs  in  the  diabase  of  Voigtland  and  Frankenwald,  and  contributes  to  the  green  color  of 
the  rock.  It  is  found  in  seams  and  clefts,  sometimes  in  amygdules  and  lining  cavities  in  the 
rock.  In  some  occurrences  of  diabase  it  forms  the  chief  binding  or  cementing  material,  and 
is  apparently  a  product  of  the  alteration  of  the  augitic  constituent  of  the  diabase. 

A  similar  mineral  occurs  filling  amygdaloidal  cavities  in  the  diabase  of  the  Farm  ington. 
Hills.  Conn.,  and  at  other  points  in  the  same  region,  as  at  Turner's  Falls,  Mass.,  and  elsewhere* 


660 


SILICATES. 


The  center  cavities  are  often  occupied  by  calcite,  and  this  and  the  associated  prehnite  are  often 
impregnated  by  it;  the  diabantite  was  thus  the  first  product  of  the  decomposition  of  the  diabase 
(Emerson). 

The  diabantite  is  sometimes  altered  by  hydration  and  oxidation  of  the  iron,  forming  masses 
of  a  straw-,  gold  ,  or  bronze-yellow.  It  then  becomes  a  diabantite-vermiculite,  as  it  is  called  by 
Emerson,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  198-201,  1882. 

477.  APHROSIDERITE.    Sandberger,  Ueb.  Geol.  Nassau,  97,  1847. 

Massive;  in  fine  scales,  hexagonal  in  form. 

Soft.     G.  =  2'8-30.     Color  dark  oHve:green.  •  Transparent  to  translucent. 

Comp.— Perhaps  (Websky)  H1oFe6(Fe,Al)4Si4O26. 

Anal.— 1,  Sandberger,  1.  c.  2,  Igelstrom,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  84.  480.  1861.  3,  Erlenmeyer,  JB. 
Ch.,  773,  1860.  4.  Hauer,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  4,  79,  1854.  5,  Nies,  Jb.  Min.,  321,  1873,. after  de- 
ducting CaCO3.  6,  Rg.,  quoted  by  Websky,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  31,  212,  1879.  7,  Woitschach,  Zs.  Kr., 
7,  82, 1882.  8-10,  Pentield  &  Sperry,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  32,  308,  310,  1836.  11,  Niedzwiedzki,  Min. 
Mitth.,  162,  1872. 


1.  Weilburg 

2.  Guistberg 

3.  Bonscheuer 

4.  Styria 

5.  Dillenburg 

6.  Striegau 

7.  Konigshain 


G.         SiO2    Al2O3Fe2O3   FeO     MgO    CaO 
2-8 

2-991 


26-45 

25-0 

25-72 

26-08 
24-63 

24-78 


21-25 

20-6 

20-69 

20-27 

2525 

1869 


4-01 

8-50 
6-45 


44-24 

32-0 

27-79 

32-91 

30-61 

36-17 


1-06 
14-3 
11-70 
10-00 
1-82 
4-52 


27-06     19  56  11  71     28-91      1-18    0  38 


8.  L.  Superior,  garnet  pseud.  321        27-45    19-53    6'26    29-42      604 
9  'c  "         "  29-08    19-94    3-91    30'68a     5'56 


10.  Salida,  Col., 

11.  Saualpe 


28-20    22-31      —      19-11     17'68 

2-98        25-19    21-66    9'09    14*22    18-73 
•  Incl.  MnO  0-20. 


H20 

7-74  =  100-74 

76    =    99-5 

10-05  =    99-96 

10-06=    99-32 

9-19  =  100 

9-09  =    99-70 

9-73  =    98-53 


—  7-50  Na200-42, 
[K2O  2-64  =  99  26 

0-25      6-53  Na200-29, 

[K2O  3-66  =  99-90 

0-48    10-90  Na2OO-72, 

[K2O  1-03  =  100-43 

—  11-53=100-42 


Analyses  8-10,  by  Penfield  &  F.  L  Sperry,  are  of  a  chlorite  forming  the  coating  of  almandite 
garnets  (anal.  6,  7,  p.  441)  and  derived  from  their  alteration.  Color  of  8.  9,  dark  green;  10,  light 
green,  optically  uniaxial.  Anal.  11,  by  .Niedzwiedzki,  is  of  a  similar  chlorite,  forming  a  coating 
about  a  like  garnet  from  the  Saualpe,  Carinthia;  magnetite  may  be  present  in  the  material 
analyzed. 

Obs. — Aphrosiderite  occurs  at  Weilburg,  Nassau,  at  the  Gelegenheit  mine.  A  similar 
mineral,  but  more  magnesian,  has  been  found  in  gneiss  at  Guistberg  in  Wermland;  in  hemaiite 
at  Bonscheuer  near  Muttershauseu,.  Nassau;  at  Bulcluinstein  on  the  Lahr;  and  in  mica  schist 
-with  hematite  at  several  places  in  Upper  Styria,  consisting  of  microscopic  scales  of  a  clear  green 
color. 


478.  DBLESSITE.  Chlorite  ferrugineuse  Delesse.  Ann.  Mines,  12,  195,  1847,  and  16. 
520,  1849.  Delessite  Naum.,  Min.,  1850  Eisenchlorit.  Subdelessit  Weiss,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  31, 
801,  1879 

Massive,  with  a  short  fibrous  or  scaly  feathery  texture,  often  radiated. 

H.  =-2-5.     G.  =  2-89.     Color  olive-green  to  blackish  green.     Powder  gray  or  green. 

Comp.— Perhaps  (Groth)  Hi,(Mg,Fe)t(Al,Fe)4Si4OM. 

Anal.— 1-3,  Delesse,  1.  c.     4-8,  Heddle,  Trans.  R.  Soc.  Ediub  ,  29,  81, 1879.     9,  Weiss,  1.  c. 

H2O 

11-55  =     9930 

12-99  =  100 

12-57  =     99-33 

15-45"=  100-41 

15-46»  =  100-64 

14'69'MnO  0'38  =  99'82 

13-77ftMnO  I'OO,  alk.  1'68 

13-24a=100'02  [=  100-11 

12-25  TiO2  0-18,  alk.  0'52, 


G. 

Si02 

A12O3 

Fe203 

FeO 

MgO 

GaO 

1. 

Mielen 

31-07 

15-47 

17-54 

4-07 

19-14 

0-46 

2. 

Oberstein 

29-08 

42-00             — 

12-23 

3-70 

3 

Zwickau 

29-45 

18-25 

8-17 

15-12 

1532 

0-45 

4. 

Bowling 

2-573 

32-00 

17-33 

1-19 

12-45 

20-42 

1-57 

5. 

Dumbuck 

2-598 

3201 

18-87 

1-18 

12-09 

19-64 

1-39 

6. 

Long  Craig 

2-656 

30-93 

15-32 

3-16 

15-31 

18-65 

1-38 

7. 

Elie 

2-672 

3069 

12-83 

1-63 

18-32 

18-60 

1-59 

8. 

St.  Cyrus 

2-652 

32-69 

13-44 

4-40 

6-62 

28-77 

0-86 

9. 

Subdelessite 

2-836 

28-79 

16-74 

4-83 

18-61* 

16-62 

0-98 

*Loss  at  100°-  4,  5'70  p.  c;  5.  6'30;  6,  4'68;  7,  3'39;  8,  2-77. 


[P2O3,S03)CO2  0-69  =  100-21 
"  Incl.  0-31  MnO. 


RUMPFITE.  661 

Pyr.,  etc.—  In  a  matrass  yields  water  and  becomes  brown.  B.B.  fuses  with  difficulty  on 
the  edges.  Easily  soluble  in  acids,  affording  a  deposit  of  silica. 

Obs.  —  The  original  delessite  occurs  coating  or  filling  the  cavities  of  amygdaloid,  or  amygda- 
loidal  porphyry,  at  Oberstein,  Zwickau,  La  Greve  near  Mielen.  Similar  minerals  occur  at 
various  points  iu  Scotland,  auals.  4-8;  also  in  Nova  Scotia  (How,  Phil.  Mag.,  37,  267,  1869). 

Named  after  Delesse,  of  Paris. 

•Subdelessite  (anal.  10)  is  a  blackish  green  chloritic  mineral,  filling  cavities  in  eruptive  rocks 
in  the  Thuriuger  Wald. 

479.  RUMPFITE.     G.  FirtscJi,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  99  (1),  417,  1890. 

Massive,  granular,  consisting  of  very  fine  scales  from  0'  05-0  15  -in  diameter  and  1  mm.  in 
length.  Form  of  scales  hexagonal,  united  in  vermicular  shapes  resembling  some  kinds  of  clino- 
chlore. 

Cleavage:  basal,  perfect.  H.  s=  1'5.  G.  =  2*675.  Color  greenish  white.  Translucent  on 
the  edges.  Optically  uniaxial  or  nearly  so;  sometimes  2E  =  10°. 

Comp.—  A  basic  silicate  of  aluminium  and  magnesium;  Firtsch  calculates  the  formula: 
H«Mg7Al,,Si,oOes  or  7Mg0.8Al2O3.10SiO2.14H2O. 

Anal.—  Firtsch,  1.  c. 

SiOa  30-75        A12O3  41-66        FeO  1-61    '   MgO  1Z'09        CaO  0'89        H3O  13'12  =  100-12 
The  loss  of  water  was  as  follows: 

150°  200°-360°       red  ht.  (600°)  ign.  (Bunsen  burner.)  ign.  (blast  lamp). 

f  0  16  0  8-73  12-51  12'79 

Fyr.,  etc.—  B.B.  infusible,  but  becomes  brown.  Not  decomposed  by  acids,  but  after 
ignition  the  iron  compound  is  dissolved,  the  rest  not  decomposed. 


Obs.—  Occurs  with  talc  in  crevices  in  the  magnesium  carbonate  rock  (pinolite,  p.  274)  near 

ichael  in  Upper  Styria. 
Named  for  Professor  Johann  Rurnpf  of  Graz. 


SiO, 

A1203 

FeO 

MnO 

MgO 

CaO 

1. 

Traversella 

3845 

11-75 

12-82 

— 

28-19 

— 

2. 

« 

39-81 

12-56 

11-10 

— 

28-41 

— 

3. 

" 

41  84 

11-42 

10-09 

— 

29-67 

— 

4. 

Hillswick 

39-81 

11-43 

7-97 

0-26 

25-65 

2-80 

The  following  are  other  chloritic  minerals,  more  or  less  imperfectly  defined. 

TALC-CHLORITE  OF  TRAVERSELLA  occurs  iu  large  hexagonal  plates  regularly  grouped,  and 
presents,  according  to  Des  Cloizeaux,  the  optical  characters  of  cliuochlore.  The  plates  are 
twins,  consisting  of  six  triangular  sections;  at  center  they  are  translucent  and  blackish  green, 
and  optically  — ,  and  exteriorly  clear  green  and  transparent,  and  optically  -{-•  Marignac  regards 
it  as  between  talc  and  chlorite.  He  obtained,  anal.  1-3,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  14,  60,  1845.  4,  Hed- 
dle,  Trans.  R.  Soc.  Edinb.,  29,  78,  1879. 

H2O 

8-49    =      99-70 
7-79     =      99-67 
7-66     =     100 18 
7-91  Na2O    3 15.  KO 
[1-20-=  100-19-, 

It  may  be  ripidolite  impure  from  mixture  with  talc,  which  view  would  account  for  the  high 
percentage  of  silica.  Occurs  at  Traversella,  Piedmont,  with  magnetite  and  ripidolite;  also  (anal. 
4)  a  similar  mineral  at  Hillswick  iu  Shetland. 

At  Traversella  there  is  still  another  talc-chlorite,  soft  and  of  a  silvery-white  luster,  having  a 
single  optical  axis,  or  two  very  slightly  divergent;  the  hexagonal  plates  are  opaque  at  center  and 
transparent  toward  the  borders.  It  affords  much  water  in  a  matrass,  and  fuses  with  difficulty 
on  the  edges  to  a  white  enamel.  This  may  be  identical  with  the  leuchteubergite,  noted  by 
Tschermak  from  Traversella. 

EPICHLORITE  Rammelsberg,  Pogg.,  77,  237,  1849. 

Fibrous  or  columnar,  between  schiller  spar  and  chlorite  in  its  characters.  H.  =  2-2'5; 
G.  =  2'76;  color  dull  leek-green;  streak  white  to  greenish;  luster  greasy;  in  thin  columns  trans- 
lucent and  of  a  bottle-green  color.  Anal.— 1,  Kg.,  1.  c.  2,  Liebe,  Jb.  Min.,  17,  1870. 

SiO2       A12O3     Fe2O3       FeO         MgO        CaO        H2O 

1.  40-88        10-96        8-72          8'96        20'00        0'68        10-18     =     100'38 

2.  G.  =2-79  41-52          8'60  1926        19-78          —         10-05     =      99-21 

B.B.  fuses  only  in  thin  fibers  with  difficulty.  With  the  fluxes  reaction  for  silica  and  iron. 
Forms  veins  in  a  rock  resembling  serpentine  near  Harzburg.  Named  in  allusion  to  its  being  near 
chlorite  in  characters. 

Ldebe's  mineral  (anal.  2)  is  the  coloring  mineral  in  the  black  titanic-iron  diabase  of  the  Voigt- 


662  SILICATES. 

land  and  Frankenwald.    He  regards  it  as  containing  only  ferrous  iron,  and  argues  the  same  for 
the  mineral  from  the  Harz. 

EURALITE  F.  J.  Wtik,  .Ib.  Min.,  357.  1869.  A  chloritic  mineral  occurring  in  scams  iu  clefts 
of  byperyte  in  the  parish  of  Eura,  Finland.  It  is  apparently  amorphous,  but  breaks  under 
the  hammer  into  prismatic  fragments.  H.  =  2'5.  G.  =  2'62.  Color  dark  green  to  .black. 
B.B  fuses  easily  to  a  magnetic  globule.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid.  Analysis,  -Wiik: 

SiO2  33-68    A12O3  12-15     Fe2O3  6'80     FeO  15  66     MgO  17'92     CaO  1-34    H2O  11-49  =  99'04 

Apparently  related  to  diabantite,  p.  659. 

EPIPHANITE.  Epifanit  Igelstrom,  Of v.  Ak.  Stockh.,  25,  32,  1868.  A  chlorite-like  mineral 
from  Tyaran  in  Wermland.  Sweden.  Analysis,  Igelstrom: 

SiO2  37-11         A1203  21-13         FeO  20'00         MgO  14-03         H2O  7'83         MnO  <r.  =  100  10 

CHLOROPH^EITE  MaccuUocJi,  Western  Isles,  1,  504,  1825. 

Granular  massive,  embedded,  or  as  a  coating  in  geodes,  fissures,  or  amygdaloidal  cavities. 
Cleavage  in  two  directions.  H.  =  1-5-2.  G.  =  2'02,  Macculloch;  2'28  Heddle.  Luster  sub- 
resinous,  rather  dull.  Color  dark  green,  olive-green,  changing  rapidly  to  dark  brown  or  black 
on  exposure.  In  composition  somewhat  near  delessite;  cf.  also  hisingerite.  Anal.— 1,  2.  Heddle, 
Trans.  R.  Soc.  Edinb.,  29.  84, 1879. 

G          SiO2  Al2O3Fe2O3  FeO   MnO  MgO    CaO    H2O 

1.  ScuirMohr  36'00      —     22-80    2'46    0'50    9'50    2-52    26'46  alk.  tr.  =100-24 

2.  Giant's  Causeway  2-278      35-9910-4911-89    163    0-0810-52    5'15    23'20  alk. 1-10=100-04 

H2O  at  100°:  in  1,  19'23;  in  2.  14'16. 

From  the  Western  Isles  of  Scotland,  at  Scuir  Mohr  in  the  island  of  Rum,  and  from  Fifeshire, 
occurring  in  amygdaloid;  also  from  the  Faroer.  Reported  also  as  incrustiug  chalcedony  in 
Antrim,  and  in  small  botryoidal  groups  in  the  amygdaloid  at  Down  Hill.  But  the  chemical 
identity  of  the  original  chlorophaeite  of  Macculloch  from  Scuir  Mohr  with  that  of  the  Faroer  or 
the  other  localities  has  not  yet  been  ascertained.  Named  from  ^AcapoS,  green,  and  cpaioS,  brown. 

HULLITE  E.  T.  Hardman,  Proc.  Roy.  Irish  Acad.,  3,  161,  1878. 

Massive.  H.  =  2.  Color  velvet-black.  Luster  waxy  but  dull.  Near  delessite  and  chloro- 
phaeite,  but  not  a  homogeneous  mineral  (cf.  Lex.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  8,432,1885).  Anal.~ 
1,  Hardman,  1.  c.  2,  Heddle,  Trans.  R.  Soc.  Edinb..  29,  89,  1879. 

SiO2    A1203  Fe203  FeO  MgO  CaO    H2O 

1.  Carnmoney  Hill     39'44    10-35    20'72    3'70    7'47    4'48     13'62  =±  99'78 

2.  Kinkell  38'59    17'34    15'97  undet.  8'65    3'94    13*48  MnO  1 -56,  K20  0'67  =  100'20 

H2O  lost  at  100°  in  2,  8  04  p.  c. 

Occurs  filling  and  coating  vesicular  cavities  in  the  basalt  of  Carnmoney  Hill,  near  Belfast, 
Ireland.  A  similar  mineral  occurs  in  the  basalt  at  Kinkell.  in  Fifeshire,  Scotland. 

MELANOLITE  Wurtz,  Dana,  Min.,  679.  1850.  It  is  black,  opaque,  with  streak  dark  olive- 
green;  H.  =  2;  G.  =  2*69.  Surface  of  the  mineral  often  striated,  or  with  an  imperfectly 
columnar  aspect.  Analysis.— H.  Wurtz,  excluding  12-77  CaCOs: 

SiO2  35-24    A12O3  4'48    Fe2O3  23'13    FeO  25'09    Na2O  1-85    HaO  10-21  =  100. 

From  Milk-Row  quarry,  near  Somerville,  Mass.,  incrusting  the  sides  of  a  fissure.  Cf. 
hisingerite,  p. 

EKMANNITE  L.  J.  Igelstrom,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  22,  607,  1865,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  26,  21,  1867. 

Foliated,  chlorite-like.  Also  foliated  columnar  and  asbestiform,  radiated;  also  granular 
massive,  consisting  of  minute  scales.  Hardness  and  luster  as  in  common  kinds  of  chlorite. 
Color  grass-green,  leek-green,  grayish  white;  also  black. 

Anal.— 1-6,  Igelstrom  :' 

SiO2  A12O3  Fe2O3  FeO  MnO  MgO  CaO  H2O 

1.  Fol.-mass  ,  grass-gn.  34'30  tr.  4'97  35/78  It '45  2'99  —  1051  =  100 

2.  Fol  -col.,  gyh.^w.  36'42  1'07  4'79  24-27  21-56       tr.  tr.  9'91  =  98'02 

3.  Fol.-mass.,  leek-gn.  40'30  508  3'60  25'54  7'13  764  —  10'74  =  100 

4.  GvsM.-mzss.,  grass-gn.  ?7'07  5'85  —              38-20  6'32  2-73  9'71  =  9988 

5.  -Aabc*tif.,0r*w  37-69  -  -  86-07*  14:74  ,-  11-50  =  100 

6.  Frt.-mzss.,  green  36-82  3-63  —  31/09  9*29  7'53  tr.  14)'71  =  9907 

a  With  perhaps  some  alumina. 


SILICATES.  663 

On  heating  yields  water,  becomes  black,  subrnetallic,  and  after  ignition  strongly  magnetic. 
B.B.  fuses  to  a  black  slag.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  with  a  deposition  of  silica. 

From  a  mine  of  magnetite  at  Grythytte,  in  Sweden,  tilling  cavities  in  the  ore,  penetrating 
it  extensively,  and  constituting  nodular  masses  and  beds.  Becomes  black  on  exposure,  through 
oxidation.  Anal.  4  is  of  the  green  interior  of  a  nodule  which  was  black  externally.  Some  of 
it  contains  calcium  carbonate,  and  some  affords  when  heated  a  bituminous  odor.  Named  after 
G.  Ekrnan,  proprietor  of  the  mine,  hence  properly  ekmanite.  See  p.  1033. 

BERLAUITE  A.  Schrauf,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  383,  1882.  An  alteration-product  occurring  at  Krems, 
Bohemia,  at  the  contact  between  serpentine  and  granulyte.  Occurs  in  aggregates  of  small  scales 
of  a  dark  grass-green  color.  Axial  angle  nearly  zero.  On  ignition  does  not  change  form,  but 
becomes  light  yellowish  brown  with  pearly  luster  resembling  mica.  Analysis,  la,  air-dried; 
ib,  dried  at  100°. 

SiO2        A12O3      Fe2O3      FeO        MgO       CaO         ign. 

34-38        12-69        6'33        3'71        23'79        2*59        16'79  Cr2O3,MnO,K2O  tr.  =  100'28 

37-25        13-75        6'86        4'02        25'77        2'81          9'82 

Schrauf  (ibid.)  uses  the  name  paracJdortte  for  chlorites  whose  composition  he  refers  to  the 
orthosilicate  formula  w(AIiSi3O12).7i(R2SiO4).^H2O;  while  he  applies  the  name  protochlorite  to 
those  which  he  explains  as  7W(Al2SiO5).7i(R2SiO4).XH2O). 

STEATARGILLITE  E.  E.  Schmid,  Ber.  Ges.  Jena,  14,  July  9,  1880.  A  doubtful  substance,  fill- 
ing, with  quartz  and  ferrite,  small  amygdaloidal  cavities  in  the  porphyritic  rocks  of  the  Holle- 
Kammerberg,  and  of  the  Tragberg,  at  Langewieseu,  near  Ilmenau.  Massive,  earthy. 


kopf,  at 

H.  —  1-25.  G.  =  2-29-2-46.  Color  white  to  light  green.  Feel  greasy.  B.B.  fuses  to  a  greenish 
gray-black  specked  enamel;  yields  much  water  in  the  tube,  becoming  black,  and  giving  a 
bituminous  odor.  Analyses:  1-3,  after  deducting  6  p.  c.  insol.  from  1,  and  2  p.  c.  from  3. 

G.  SiOa  A12O3  Fe2O3  FeO  MgO  CaO  H2O 

1.  Hollekopf,  grn.     2'287  37'20  8'09  25'56  3'78  15'56  0'98  8'70»  =  99'36 

2.  Tragberg,  wh.        2'465  32'77  1M2  17'73  12'51  14'19  0'91  9'77b  =  99-00 

3.  Hollekopf,  grn.      2'307  38'67  10'69  24'72  0'95  12'95  1'36  9'65C  =  98'99 

«  In  vacuo,  at  ordinary  temperature,  1'91;  at  100°  3'90.        b  Do.  4  '55,  2'52.         c  Do.  0'70,  7'27. 

PATTERSONITE  7.  Lea,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  45,  1867.  A  micaceous  mineral  from  Unionville, 
Chester  Co.,  Penn.  An  analysis  by  Genth  (Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  13,  1873)  gave: 

G.  SiO2        A12O3      Fe2O3      FeO       MgO        K2O      Na2O       ign. 

2-81  29-90        27-59        3'12        9-17        17'10        2'33        0'58        11  '51  =  101  '30 

It  is  hence  near  thuringite.  An  earlier,  less  accurate,  analysis  is  given  by  S.  P.  Sharpies 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  47,  319,  1869. 

A  CHLORITE-LIKE  mineral  from  Webster,  N.  C.,  in  crystals,  micaceous  in  structure,  of  a 
dark  bluish  to  brownish  green  color,  afforded  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  33,  200,  1862: 

SiO2         A12O3        Cr2O3        FeO          NiO          MgO          CaO          K2O          H2O 
f  31-45          13-08          4-16          4'88          0'16          43'10          0'17          0'06          3-29  =  100-35 

It  is  remarkable  for  the  small  amount  of  water  and  iron,  and  the  large  proportion  of  mag- 
nesia; a  constitution  which  may  have  an  explanation  in  its  being  a  mixture  of  talc  and  chlorite. 
It  is  associated  with  talc  which  Genth  found  to  be  nearly  anhydrous. 

CHLORITE-LIKE  MINERAL,  from  the  Keuper  of  Altenburg,  Haushofer,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  99,  239, 
1866.  Color  dark  leek-green.  Stated  to  be  B.B.  infusible.  Analysis  gave:  SiO2  29'51,  A12O, 
11-54,  Fe2O3  18-26,  FeO  25'26,  CaO  0'52,  H2O  14'81  =  99  90. 

BALTIMORITE.  "  Baltimorite,  "  so  called  from  Baltimore,  afforded  Hauer  (Jb.  G.  Reichs., 
1853):  SiO2  27'15,  A12O3  18'54,  CaO  15'08,  MgO  26-00,  H2O  13'23  =  100.  Hermann  found  in 
"Baltimorite"  of  a  bluish  color:  SiO233'26,  A12O3  7'23,  Cr2O3  4'34,  FeO  2  -89,  MgO  38'56, 
H2O  12-44,  CO2  1'30.  Thomson,  who  instituted  the  species  (PM1.  Mag.,  22,  193,  1843)  found 
for  it  the  composition  essentially  of  serpentine  (see  5th  Ed.,  anal.  77,  p.  467).  It  is  a  good 
example  of  the  indefinite  mixtures  that  -exist  between  serpentine  and  allied  minerals. 

DUMASITE  Delesse,  Dufr.  Min.,  3,  790,  1847,  3,  286,  1859.  A  chlorite  lining  cavities  or 
fissures  in  certain  melaphyres  in  the  Vosges;  color  green;  soft,  and  somewhat  resembling  clino- 
chlore. 

PRASILITE  T.  Thomson,  Phil.  Mag.,  17,  416,  1840.  A  leek-green  fibrous  mineral,  soft  as 
Venetian  talc,  from  Kilpatrick  Hills,  the  fibers  loosely  cohering,  with  G.  =  2'311.  Stated  to 
consist  of  silica,  magnesia,  iron  sesquioxide,  and  alumina,  with  probably  soda,  and  18  p.  c.  of 
water.  Analysis  not  given.  Probably  a  chlorite  of  some  kind. 


664  SILICATES. 

GRASTITE  J.  B.  Pearse,  Arn.  J.  Sc.,  37,  221,  1864.  A  chlorite  from  Texas,  Lancaster  Co., 
Peim.,  with  28'62  p.  c.  SiO2;  probably  simply  cliuochlore,  perhaps  impure.  Named  in  allusion 
to  the  color  from  ypdanS,  grass.  See  further  5th  Ed.,  p.  501. 

VIRIDITE  Vogelsang,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  24,  529,  1872.  A  collective  name  proposed  for  all  the 
indeterminate  green  compounds  of  secondary  origin  observed  in  rocks,  to  be  regarded  as  hydrous 
silicates  of  ferrous  iron  and  magnesium.  They  are  generally  in  scaly  or  fibrous  forms  and 
are  often  the  result  of  the  decomposition  of  amphibole,  pyroxene,  chrysolite,  etc.  The  name  is 
also  used  by  Dathe  (ib.,  26,  p.  10),  who  discusses  its  relation  to  Liebe's  diabautachronnyn 
(diabantite,  p.  659)  and  Sandberger's  aphrosiderite  (p.  660);  but  cf.  Rosenbusch,  Mass.  Gesteine, 
183,  1886-87.  "  Viridite,"  as  ordinarily  used,  probably  includes  several  kinds  of  chlorite  and 
perhaps  also  serpentine. 

Giimbel  has  similarly  used  chloropite  for  the  green  chloritic  constituent  of  much  diabase. 


APPENDIX  TO  THE  MICA  DIVISION.— VERMICULITES. 

The  VERMICULITE  GROUP  includes  a  number  of  micaceous  minerals,  all 
hydrated  silicates,  in  part  closely  related  to  the  chlorites,  but  varying  somewhat 
widely  in  composition.  They  are  alteration-products  chiefly  of  the  micas,  biotite, 
phlogopite,  etc.,  and  retain  more  or  less  perfectly  the  micaceous  cleavage,  and 
often  show  the  negative  optical  character  and  small  axial  angle  of  the  original 
species.  Many  of  them  are  of  a  more  or  less  indefinite  chemical  nature,  and  the 
composition  varies  with  that  of  the  original  mineral  and  with  the  degree  of  altera- 
tion. 

The  laminae  in  general  are  soft,  pliable,  and  inelastic;  the  luster  pearly  or 
bronze-like,  and  the  color  varies  from  white  to  yellow  and  brown.  Heated  to  100° 
-110°  or  dried  over  sulphuric  acid  most  of  the  vermiculites  lose  considerable  water, 
up  to  10  p.  c.,  which  is  probably  hygroscopic;  at  300°  another  portion  is  often  given 
oft;  and  at  a  red  heat  a  somewhat  larger  amount  is  expelled.  Connected  with 
the  loss  of  water  upon  ignition  is  the  common  physical  character  of  exfoliation; 
some  of  the  kinds  especially  show  this  to  a  marked  degree,  slowly  opening  out, 
when  heated  gradually,  into  long  worm-like  threads.  This  character  has  given  the 
name  to  the  group,  from  the  Latin  vermiculari,  to  breed  worms.  The  name  was 
first  given  by  T.  H.  Webb,  see  below. 

The  composition  of  the  vermiculites  has  been  discussed  by  Cooke,  Proc  Am.  Acad.,  9,  44, 
1874,  10,  453,  1875.  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  100  (1),  92  et  seq.,  1891.  who  ranks  them  as 
chlorites;  Clarke  &  Schneider,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  452,  1890,  42,  242,  1891.  See  further  beyond, 


480.  JEFFERISITE.  Vermiculite?  G.  J.  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  31.  369,  1861.  Jefferisite. 
id.,  ib.,  41,  248,  1866.  Culsageeite  /.  P.  Cooke,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  48,  1874. 

In  broad  crystals  or  crystalline  plates.  Surface  of  plates  often  triangularly 
marked,  by  the  crossing  of  lines  at  angles  of  60°  and  120°. 

Cleavage:  basal,  eminent.  Flexible,  almost  brittle.  H.  =  1-5.  G.  =  2'30. 
Luster  pearly  on  cleavage  surface.  Color  dark  yellowish  brown  and  brownish 
yellow;  light  yellow  by  transmitted  light;  also  greenish  yellow.  Optically  biax- 
ial, Dx. 

71  II! 

Comp.—  A  hydrated  mica,  formula  (Cooke)  approximately  2RO.R203.5Si02. 
5H20. 

n         m 

Cooke  shows  that  the  oxygen  ratio,  It  -j-  K  :  Si  :  H  =  1  :  2  :  2,  holds  nearly  true  for  a 
number  of  the  vermiculites,  as  dried  at  100°. 

n    in 
Clarke  and  Schneider  deduce  the  empirical  formula  HToKssI^SisTOaes  +  82H2O;  this  is 

interpreted  as  approximately  R3(AlO2)MgSiO4.3H2O  -f-  H2Mg2Al2(SiO4)3.3H2p,  or  u  mixture  in 
equal  ratios  of  a  hydro-clintonite  and  a  hydro-biotite,  both  trihydrated,  i.e.,  taking  the  mineral  as 
air-dried. 

Anal. — 1,  Brush,  1.  c.  2.  Koenig,  quoted  by  Genth.  3.  Chatard,  quoted  by  Genth,  1.  c. 
4,  Clarke  &  Schneider,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  452,  1890.  5,  Koenig,  ib.  6,  Chatard,  ibid.  7,  Cooke, 
1.  c.  8,  Id.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  454,  1875. 


VERMICULITES. 


665 


G. 


1.  West  Chester 

3. 

3. 


Culsageeite. 

5.  Culsagee 

6.  " 

7. 

& 


Pelhamite 


2-16 


SiO, 
37-10 
3335 
34-40 
34-20 


33-93 
33-77 
37-37 
41-27 


A12O3  Fe,03  FeO  MgO  H«O 

17-57  1054  1-26  1965  13'76  CaO  0  56,  K2O  0*43  =  100'87 

17-78  7-32  211  19  26  19'87  =    S9'69 

16-63  8-00  2-lla  19  30  19'03  =    99'47 

1658  741  1-13  20-41  2M4  -  100  87 


17-38      5-42    0-52    23'43    19'17  NiO  0"35  =  100'18 
17-56      5-61     0-50*  22'48    20'30  =  100*22 
19-90      5-95    0-58    25'26    11 -09  =  100'15 
15-19      4-14      —      28-25    11-32  =  100-17 
a  Koenig's  determination. 


Anal.  1  and  7  on  material  dried  over  sulphuric  acid;  anal.  2-6  on  air-dried  material,  deduct- 
ing the  hygroscopic  moisture,  these  analyses  agree  with  1  and  7,  as  shown  by  Cooke. 
Loss  of  water  for  anal.  1  and  4: 


H2SO4 
4-19 

10-56 


100° 
3-74 


220° 
4-17 

250°-300° 
4-20 


red  heat 
5-85 

6-18 


wh.  heat 


0-20 


Clarke  and  Schneider  found  that  gaseous  hydrochloric  acid  at  383°  to  412°  after  32  hours 
removed  3*98  MgO  and  T38  R2O3.  After  strong  ignition  and  subsequent  digestion  in  acid  for 
three  days,  51*08  p.  c.  of  insoluble  residue  remained,  which  gave:  SiO4  45*08,  A12O3  22*82, 
Fe2O3  10-01,  MgO  21-48  =  99*39 

Pyr.,  etc.— When  heated  to  300°  C.  exfoliates  very  remarkably  (like  vermiculite,  see  below); 
B.B.  in  forceps  after  exfoliation  becomes  pearly-white  and  opaque,  and  ultimately  fuses  to  a 
dark  gray  mass.  With  the  fluxes  reactions  for  silica  and  iron.  Decomposed  by  hydrochloric 
acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  veins  in  serpentine  at  West  Chester,  Pa.  Plates  often  several  inches  across. 
Named  after  W.  W.  Jeiferis  of  West  Chester,  Pa. 

Culsageeite  is  from  the  Culsagee  corundum  mine,  near  Franklin,  Macon  Co.,  N.  Carolina. 

Pelhamite  is  from  Pelham,  Mass.,  color  greenish  yellow. 

A  foliated  mineral  similarly  exfoliating  occurs  coarse-granular  massive,  according  to  R. 
Purnpelly,  in  Japan,  in  the  mountains  of  the  peninsula  of  Kadzusa,  S.E.  of  Yedo. 

A  "  vermiculite-granite  "  is  described  by  Parke  as  occurring  in  Walney  Is.,  N.  Lancashire, 
England,  Proc.  Yorkshire  G.  Soc.,  4,  254,  1877. 

VERMTCULITE  T.  H.  Webb,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  7,  55,  1824. 

Occurs  in  small  foliated  scales,  distributed  through  a  steatitic  base,  and  hence  scaly-massive. 
H.  =  1-2;  G.  =  2*756  Crossley;  luster  somewhat  talc-like;  color  grayish,  somewhat  brownish. 
Anal.— Crossley,  Dana  Min.,  3d  Ed.,  291,  1850. 

SiO2  A12O3  FeO  MgO 

35*74  1642  10  02a  27*44 

a  The  iron  is  probably  mostly  present  as  Fe2O3, 


1030    =    99*94 
Cooke. 


When  heated  exfoliates  remarkably,  the  scales  opening  out  into  long,  worm-like  threads, 
made  up  of  the  separate  folia.  Exfoliation  commences  at  500°  to  600°  F.,  and  takes  place  with 
so  much  force  as  often  to  break  the  test-tube  in  which  the  mineral  may  be  confined.  B.B.  fuses 
at  3'5  to  a  grayish  black  glass. 

Occurs  at  Milbury,  near  Worcester,  Mass. 

KERRITE  Oenth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  13,  396,  1873. 

In  tine  scales,  presenting  no  definite  shape  under  the  microscope.  Very  soft.  G.  =  2'303 
Chatard.  Color  pale  greenish  yellow,  with  tint  of  brown;  luster  pearly. 

Anal.— 1,  Chatard,  quoted  by  Genth,  1.  c.     2,  Clarke  &  Schneider,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  452,  1890. 


SiO2 
38-29 
38*13 


A1203 
11*41 
11*22 


Fe2O3 
1*95 

2-28 


FeO 

0-32 

0-18 

CoO  tr. 


(Ni,Co)O 
0-25 
0*48* 


MgO 
26*40 
27-39 


ign. 

21-25  =    99*87 

20-47  =  100-15 


Anal.  2  on  air-dried  material.     Loss  of  water  as  follows: 


H2S04 
9-62 


105° 
0-24 


250°-300° 
4*10 


red  heat 
6*27 


wh.  heat 
0*24 


666  SILICATES. 

For  a  discussion  of  the  composition  see  Clarke  &  Schneider,  1.  c.,  who  show  that  it  is 
essentially  a  trihydrated  phlogopite,  with  alkalies  replaced  by  hydrogen;  over  H2SO4  it  becomes 
monohydrated. 

Exfoliates  upon  heating,  but  not  to  such  an  extent  as  jefferisite.  B.B.  fuses  to  a  white 
enamel.  Decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid  with  separation  of  silica  in  pearly  scales.  Found  as 
an  apparent  result  of  the  alteration  of  chlorite  at  the  corundum  locality,  Culsagee  mine,  near 
Franklin,  Macon  Co.,  N.  Carolina.  Named  from  Prof.  W.  C.  Kerr  (d.  1885),  State  Geologist  of 
North  Carolina. 

LTJCASITE  T.  M.  Chatard,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  32,  375,  1886. 

Foliated,  compact,  and  disseminated;  folia  small.  G.  =  2'613.  Luster  submetallic,  bronze- 
like.  Color  yellowish  brown.  Optically  biaxial.  Axial  angle  small. 

Anal. — Chatard,  1  c.     1,  air-dried  material;  2,  calculated  for  dried  at  110°. 

SiO2      A12O3      Fe2O3    O2O3      FeO       MnO       MgO        CaO       K2O      Na2O  H2O(rd.ht.)  H2O(110°) 
|  39-81     12-99     5-29     0'54      O'll      0'05     24'83      0-14     5-76     0'20        6'98        3'78  =  100'48 
4117    13-43     5-47      0'56      O'll      0'05     25'68      0'14      5'96     0'21        7'22          —   =  100 

Exfoliates  largely  upon  ignition.  Easily  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  leaving  the 
silica  in  pearly  scales.  Occurs  with  actinolite  at  Corundum  Hill,  Macon  Co.,  N.  C.  Named  for 
Dr.  H.  S.  Lucas,  prominently  connected  with  the  development  of  corundum  mines  in  Massa- 
chusetts and  N.  Carolina. 

LENNILITE.     Lernilith  (wrong  orthogr.)  Schrauf,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  350,  1882. 

A  vermiculite  from  Lenni,  Delaware  Co.,  Peun.  Also  a  similar  mineral  from  the  serpentine 
region  of  Bohemia  at  Krems  (or  Kfemze)  is  included  here.  The  Lenni  mineral  is  in  part  silver- 
White  (anal.  3),  also  bronze-brown  (anal.  4),  and  dark  green,  resembling  clinochlore  (anal.  5). 

Anal.— 1,  Schrauf,  1.  c.  2,  Gooch,  quoted  by  Cooke,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  453,  1875.  3-5, 
Clarke  &  Schneider,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  245,  1891. 

SiO2    TiO2  A12O3    Fe2O3  Cr2O3    FeO    MnO  MgO    CaO     H2O 
la.  Krems 
Ib.       " 
2.    Lenni,  Pa. 
3. 

A  «  '< 

5! 

a  Incl.  0-20  NiO.  b  0'19  NiO.  c  BaO. 

Anal,  la,  on  air-dried  material;  11,  dried  at  100°;  3,  4,  5,  on  material  dried  over  H2S04. 

H2SO4  Also  105°  250°-300°  red  ht. 

3.  6-92  6-40                      2-68                      8'69 

4.  5-84  5-70                      1-98                      9'22 

5.  5-21  4-99                      1-60                      9'88 

For  a  discussion  of  the  composition,  see  Clarke  and  Schneider,  1.  c. 

HALLITE  Leeds,  Journ.  Frank.  Inst.,  62,  70,  1871.  J.  P.  Cooke,  Proc.  Am.  Ac.  Boston, 
59, 1874. 

Occurs  in  large  rough  six-sided  prisms  with  easy  micaceous  cleavage.  Color  in  some  varieties 
green,  in  others  yellow.  G.  =  2 '40.  Exhibits  asterism,  and  shows  symmetrically  arranged 
inclusions  under  the  microscope. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  C.  E.  Munroe,  quoted  by  Cooke,  1.  c.  3,  Clarke  and  Schneider,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
42,  244,  1891. 

G.  SiO2  A12O3  Fe203  FeO    MnO  MgO  K2O  H2O 

1.  Green        2-402  f  35'89  7'45      8'78    1'13      —  31-45  0'46  14-33  =  99'49 

2.  Yellow      2-398  f  35'26  7'58      9'68    0'32      tr.  31-51  0'61  14-78  =  99'74 

3.  Bl.  green  35'54  9'74      9'07    0'28a  0'41  30'05  —  14-78  TiO2  und.  =  99'87 

*  Incl.  0-16  NiO. 

In  anal.  3,  H2O  at  105°,  2'64  p.  c.;  250°-300°,  1-23;  red  ht.,  10'91. 

For  a  discussion  of  composition,  see  Clarke  and  Schneider,  1.  c. 

Found  at  East  Nottingham,  3  miles  south  of  Oxford.  Chester  Co.,  Peun.,  in  nests  or  pockets 
in  the  serpentine  formation.  Named  after  Mr.  John  Hall,  of  Philadelphia. 

PATNTERITE  Jefferis;  Clarke  and  Schneider,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  247,  1892. 

Includes  a  dull  green  vermiculite  with  axial  angle  of  25°;  from  the  Corundum  mine  in 
Newlin  township,  Chester  Co.,  Penn.  Also  a  golden  yellow  mineral,  strongly  exfoliating,  found 
on  the  farm  of  James  Painter,  Middletown,  Delaware  Co.,  Penn. 

Anal.— 1-3,  Clarke  and  Schneider,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  248,  1891. 


3583 

38-88 
38-03 

12-39 
13-45 
12-93 

2-97 
3-22 
7-02 

tr. 

2-35 
2-55 
0-50 

= 

26-33 

28-57 
29-64 

0-42 
0-45 

19 
12 
11 

•60  = 

•75  = 
•68  = 

99-89 
99-87 
99-80 

36-72 

0-18 

10-06 

537 

0-26 

0-12 

O'SJa 

29-40 

— 

17 

77  =  100-39 

35-09 

0-58 

12-05 

6-67 

0-46 

o-ii 

0-47a 

27-62 

tr.c 

16 

90  = 

99-95 

34-90 

010 

10-60 

8-57 

0-23 

0-22 

0-36b 

28-21 

— 

16 

•47  = 

9966 

VERMICULITES.  667 

SiO,    A12O3    Fe2O3  FeO  MnO  NiO    MgO     H2O 

1.  Newlin  31*23    17-52      4*84*1*20    0'20    0'33    31 '36    13'63  =  100'31 

2.  Middletown          34'86    11-64      3'78    0*20      —      0*14    31*32    18*42  CaO  0'07  =  100'43 

3.  "  33-95    12-52      4-40    0'20      tr.      0'23    30'56    18'61  =  100-47 

*  Incl.  0-14  Cr2O3. 
Water  determinations: 

105°  250°-300*  ignition. 

1.  1-08  0-40  12-15 

2.  1-64  1-03  15-75 

3.  1-56  059  16-46 

On  the  results  of  treatment  with  HC1  gas  and  a  discussion  of  composition,  see  Clarke  and 
Schneider,  1.  c..  who  show  that  painterite  should  probably  be  classed  as  a  chlorite. 

PHILADELPHITE  H.  C.  Lewis,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  Dec.  22,  1879. 

In  contorted  and  wrinkled  plates,  with  micaceous  structure.  Laminae  inelastic.  H.  =  1*5. 
G.  =  2-80.  Luster  pearly.  Color  brownish  red.  Axial  angle  31°  20'  to  39°  30'. 

Anal. — 1,  Haines,  quoted  by  Lewis.     2,  Lewis,  1.  c. 

G.  SiOs     A12O3   Fe2O3     FeO      MnO  MgO      CaO     Na2O    K2O      H2O 

2-87  |  38-79    14-78    20-30      2'04        —      11-40      1'03      0'77      6*75      4'27  =  10013 

2-80  |35-73    15-77    19'46      2*18      0-64*  11-56      146      0-90      6'81      4-34  TiO2    1-03, 

[V2O5  0-37,  P2O5  0-11  =  100-36 
*  Incl.  0-06  (Ni,Co)O,  0'08  CuO. 

Material  for  above  dried  at  100°;  hygroscopic  water  3'28  in  1,  and  3*24  in  2. 

B.B.  exfoliates  largely;  on  heating ^(150°-1600)  expanded  to  ten  times  its  volume;  a  small 
fragment  exfoliating  raised  50,000  times  its  own  weight.  Slowly  dissolved  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

From  the  hornblendic  gneiss  near  Philadelphia  on  Germantown  Avenue  near  Wayne 
Station. 

PROTOVERMICULITE  G.  A.  Konig,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad. ,  269,  1877. 

Micaceous  structure.  H.  =2.  G.  =  2*269.  Color  yellowish  silvery  to  bronze.  Optic- 
axial  angle  small.  From  Magnet  Cove,  Arkansas;  a  similar  hydrobiotite  from  Henderson  Co., 
N  Carolina,  has  been  examined  by  Clarke  and  Schneider. 

Anal.— 1,  Koenig,  1.  c.    2,  3,  Clarke  and  Schneider,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  242,  1891. 

SiO2    TiO2   A12O3  Fe2O3  FeO    MnO  MgO    CaO    K2O    H2O 

1.  Magnet  Cove  33'28      tr.      14-88      6'36    0'57      tr.      21'52      —       —     23'90  =  100*51 

2.  "  34*03    und.    14-49      7'71    0-14    0'09    20'89    1-88      —      21-19  =  100*42 

3.  Henderson  Co.         38-18    1*68    14'02    13'02    2'22    0'38    14-62    0  23a  5  88b  10*52  =  100-75 

alncl.  006BaO.  b  0  48  Na2O. 

Anal.  1,  on  air-dried  material  which  lost  20*54  over  H->SO4.  The  material  of  2  and  3  dried 
over  H2SO4  having  lost:  2,  11 '34  p.  c.  3,  3*20  p.  c.  Also 

105°  550--300'  Above  300° 

2.  11*23  4*55  5*41 

3.  3*20  2-52  4-80 

Clarke  and  Schneider  conclude  that  protovermiculite  is  essentially  a  trihydrated  hydro- 
phlogopite  and  hydroclintonite  in  the  ratio  of  1  :  1.  The  Henderson  Co.  mineral  is  a  biotite 
about  half  way  transformed  into  a  vermiculite. 

VAALITE  Maskelyne  and  Flight,  Q.  J.  G.  Soc.,  30.  409,  Nov.,  1874. 

In  hexagonal  prisms.  Axial  angle  very  small.  Bx  nearly  J_  c.  Color  drab,  in  spots  fine 
blue.  Analysis*. 

8iO2         A12O3      Fe2O3        MgO         Na2O        H2Oa        CO2       Cr3Os 
40*83          9*80          6-84          31*34          0'67          9*72  tr.  tr.  =  99 '20 

a  Lost  at  a  low  red  heat;  also  from  125°-130°,  1*95  p.  c. 

Expands  on  heating  on  a  platinum  foil  to  six  times  its  original  size;  in  powder  no  expansion 
at  all.  Loses  no  water  at  100°  C.  Occurs  in  an  altered  peridotyte  from  the  diamond-diggings, 
called  Du  Toil's  Pan,  S.  Africa  (cf.  p.  5).  Named  after  the  Vaal  river. 

M ACONITE  Genth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  13,  396,  1873. 

In  irregular  scales,  resembling  a  variety  of  jefferisite.   Soft,  but  slightly  harder  than  kerrite. 


668  SILICATES. 

G.  =  2-827  Chatard.      Color  dark  brown;   luster  pearly,  inclining  to  sub-metallic.      Anal.— 
Chatard  and  Genth,  1.  c. 

SiO2     A12O3     Fe2O3     FeO.  (Ni,Co)O   MgO      K2O    Na2O    Li2O      ign. 
f  34-22      21-53      12-41      0'32        0*12        14-46      5'70      0'51        tr.       11-85  =  101-12 

Exfoliates  largely  on  beating,  and  fuses  with  difficulty  to  a  brown  glass;  easily  decomposed 
by  hydrochloric  acid,  with  separation  of  silica  in  scales. 

Contains  numerous  fragments  of  corundum,  and  some  microscopic  reddish  brown  crystals 
which  may  be  titanite.  Found,  as  an  apparent  result  of  the  alteration  of  chlorite,  at  the  corun- 
dum locality,  Culsagee  Mine,  near  Franklin,  Macon  Co.,  N.  Carolina. 

DUDLEYITE  Geutti,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  13',  404,  1873. 

Has  the  form  of  margarite,  from  tLe-  alteration  of  which  it  has  been  made.  Color  soft 
bronze,  or  brownish  yellow;  luster  pearly.  Anal. — Genth,  1.  c. 

SiO2       A12O3      Fe2O3      FeO       MgO       Li2O      Na2O       K2O        ign. 

32-42        28-42        4'99        1'72        16'87        0  19        1'52        0*56        13 '43  =  10012 

Exfoliates  slightly  on  heating,  and  fuses  with  difficulty  to  a  brownish  yellow  blebby  mass. 
Easily  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid  with  separation  of  silica  in  scales.  Found  at  the 
Cullakenee  Mine,  Clay  Co.,  N.  Carolina,  and  in  larger  quantity  with  margarite  at  Dudley ville, 
Alabama. 

PYROSCLERITE.     Pyrosklerit  v.  Kobell,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  2,  53,  1834. 

Cleavage:  basal  eminent  or  micaceous;  in  a  transverse  direction  at  right  angles  to  the  former, 
in  traces.  H.  =3.  G.  =  2*74.  Luster  of  cleavage  surface  weak  pearly.  Color  apple-  to 
emerald-green. 

Anal.— 1,  Kobell,  .1.  c.     2,  Leeds,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  6,  22,  1873. 

G.             Si02      A1203      Fe203  FeO  MgO  Alk.  H2O 

I.Elba                       2-74           37'03      13'50        l'43a  3'52  31*62  —  11*00  =  98'10 

2.  Bare  Hills,  Md.    2'558      f  35-99        9*52        535  1-08  32*94  0-41  14'60  =  99'89 

a  Cr2O3 

B.B.  fuses  at  3*8-4  to  a  grayish  glass.  With  the  fluxes  reacts  for  chromium  and  iron. 
Decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid  with  gelatiuization. 

Occurs  with  chouicrite,  constituting  seams  in  serpentine,  near  Porto  Ferrajo,  Elba.  It  is 
probably  derived  from  some  form  of  pyroxene  (diallage),  the  cleavage  of  which  it  retains  in  part. 
Named  from  itvp,  fire,  and  cr/cA^po'S,  hard  (refractory). 

A  related  mineral  occurs  at  the  "  Magnesia  mines'"  of  the  Bare  Hills,  Maryland,  in  grayish 
to  bronze-yellow  folia;  optically  biaxial.  Forms  a  vertical  seam  between  deweylite  on  one  side 
and  talc  on  the  other.  Cf.  anal.  2. 

For  analysis  also  of  another  related  mineral  from  St.  Marie-aux-Mines,  Alsace,  see  Knop, 
Jb.  Mm.,  70,  1875. 

ROSEITE.  A  much  altered  mica  found  by  Dr.  Rose  in  East  (or  West)  Nottingham, 
Chester  Co.,  Penn.  Soft,  like  talc;  luster  pearly;  color  nearly  pale  brownish  yellow. 
Analysis,  quoted  by  A.  J.  Moses,  Sch.  Mines  Q.,  12,  73,  1891. 

SiO2  35  38          A12O3  30*30          MgO  14*66          HaO  19*88  =  100'32 


Some  other  alteration-products  of   biotite,  allied  to  the  vermiculites  (voigtite,  etc.),  are 
mentioned  on  p.  632. 


WILLCOXITE  Genth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  13,  397,  1873. 

In  scales  white  to  greenish  or  grayish  white,  with  pearly  luster,  resembling  talc.  Anal. — 
Koenig,  quoted  by  Genth,  1.  c. 

SiO2      A12O3     Fe2O,   FeO     MgO     Li2O    Na2O  K2O     ign.  ' 

1.  Shooting  Creek          28*96      37*49        1*26     2*44      17*35       tr.       6*73     2-46     4*00  =  10069 

2.  Cullakenee  M.  29*50     37*56       1*40     2*38      17*20       tr.       6*24     2*42      3*32  =  100'02 

B.B.  fuses  in  fine  splinters  with  difficulty  to  a  white  enamel,  coloring  the  outer  flame  yellow. 
In  hydrochloric  acid  decomposed  with  difficulty,  with  separation  of  silica  in  scales.  Occurs  as  a 
coating  about  a  nucleus  of  corundum,  and  resulting  from  its  alteration,  at  Shooting  Creek  and 
Cullakeuee  Mine,  Clay  Co.,  No.  Carolina 

Named  after  Col.  Joseph  Willcox. 


SERPENTINE.  669 


III.  Serpentine  and  Talc  Division. 

The  leading  species  belonging  here,  Serpentine  and  Talc,  are  closely  related  to 
the  Chlorite  Group  of  the  Mica  Division  preceding,  as  noted  beyond.  Some  other 
magnesium  silicates,  in  part  amorphous,  are  included  with  them. 

481.  Serpentine  H4Mg3Si209  Monoclinic 

482.  Deweylite  H4Mg4(Si04)3  +  4H30 

483.  Genthite  H4Mg2Ni2(Si04)3  +  4HaO 

Garnierite 

484.  Talc  H2Mg3(Si03)4  Monoclinic 

485.  Sepiolite  H4Mg2Si301 

486.  Connarite  H4Ni2Si301. 

487.  Spadaite  H8Mg6Si6081 


19 


488.  Saponite 

489.  Celadonite 

490.  Glauconite 

491.  Pholidolite  H18K2(Fe,Mg)12Al2Si130M  Monoclinic? 


481.  SERPENTINE.  'O^z'r^s  pt.  Dioscor.,  5,  161.  Ophites  pt.  Vitiiiv.,  Plin.  Ophitse, 
Serpeutaria,  Agric.,  Foss.,  304,  309,  1546.  Marmor  Serpentinum,  M.  Zeblicium,  Serpenstein 
Germanice,  Lapis  Serpentinus,  B.  de  Boot,  1636,  pp.  502,  504.  Telgsten  pt.,  Ollaris  pt.,  Marmor 
Serpentinum,  M.  Zoblizense,  Lapis  Colubrinus,  Wall.,  135,  1747.  Serpentine  Fr.  Trl.  Wall  , 
1753.  Serpentin,  Zoblitzer  S.,  Cromt.,  76,  1758. 

VARIETIES.— Retinalite  Thomson,  Min.,  1,  201,  1836.  Vorhauserite  Kenngott,  Min.  Forsch., 
p.  71,  1856-57.  Bowenite  Dana,  Min.,  265,  1850;  Nephrite  Bowen,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  5,  346,  1822. 
Antigorite  Schweizer,  Pogg.,  49,  595,  1840.  Williamsite  Shepard,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  6,  249,  1848. 
Marinolite  Nuttall,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  4,  19,  1822;  Vanuxem,  J.  Acad.  Sc.  Philad.,  3,  133,  1823. 
Thermophyllite  A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  Beskr.  Fin.  Min.,  160,  1855;  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  73  213, 
1858.  Chrysotile  Kobell.  J.  pr.  Ch.,  2,  297,  1834,  30,  467,  1843;  Schillernder  Asbest,  Amianthus 
pt.  Bostonite.  Picrolite  Hausmann,  Moll's  Efem.,  4,  401,  1808.  Metaxite  Breithaupt,  Char., 
113,  326,  1832.  Baltimorite  Thomson,  Phil.  Mag.,  22,  191,  1843.  Zermattite  N.  Nordenskiold, 
At.  Ch.  Min.  Syst.,  132,  1848. 

Monoclinic.  In  distinct  crystals,  but  only  as  pseud omorphs.  Sometimes 
foliated,  folia  rarely  separable;  also  delicately  fibrous,  the  fibers  often  easily  sepa- 
rable, and  either  flexible  or  brittle.  Usually  massive,  but  microscopically  finely 
fibrous  and  felted,  also  fine  granular  to  impalpable  or  cryptocrystalline;  slaty. 
Crystalline  in  structure  but  often  by  compensation  nearly  isotropic;  amorphous. 

Cleavage  b  (010),  sometimes  distinct;  also  prismatic  (50°)  in  chrysotile  (Brauns). 
Fracture  usually  conchoidal  or  splintery.  Feel  smooth,  sometimes  greasy. 
H.  =  2-5-4,  rarely  5*5.  Gr.  =  2'50-2'65;  some  fibrous  varieties  2*2-2-3;  retinalite, 
2-36-2-55.  Luster  subresinous  to  greasy,  pearly,  earthy;  resin-like,  or  wax-like; 
usually  feeble.  Color  leek-green,  blackish  green;  oil-  and  siskin-green;  brownish 
red,  brownish  yellow;  none  bright;  sometimes  nearly  white.  On  exposure,  often 
becoming  yellowish  gray.  Streak  white,  slightly  shining.  Translucent  to  opaque. 

Pleochroism  feeble.  Optically  — ,  perhaps  also  +  in  chrysotile.  Double 
refraction  weak.  Ax.  pi.  ||  a  (100).  Bx  (a)  JL  b  (010)  the  cleavage  surface;  c  ||  elon- 
gation of  fibers.  Biaxial,  angle  variable,  often  large:  2E  =  16°  to  98°  Tschermak. 
2V  =  20°  to  90°  Levy-Lex.  Dispersion  p  >  v. 

Antigorite,  2E  =  27°,  /3  =  1  "574  Dx. 
Chrysotile    2V  variable,  up  to  30°  Levy-Lex. 

Reichenstein  2E  =  16°  30'  Reusch,  24°  Hare    Amelose  2E  =  50°  Brauns. 
Indices: 

Antigorite    a  =  1*560    /3  =  1'570    y  =  1  571         y  -  a  =  O'Oll  Levy-Lex. 


670  SILICATES. 

Statements  in  regard  to  the  optical  character,  axial  angle,  etc.,  are  somewhat  conflicting,  ct 
Rosenbusch,  Lev}r-Lcx.  et  al.  (ref.  p.  674). 

Hussak  describes  a  pale  green  foliated  mineral  making  up  the  mass  of  the  serpentine  of 
Sprecbensteiu,  Sterziug,  Tyrol,  which  yields  folia  with  basal  cleavage;  pleochroisni  rather 
strong;  optically  — ;  Bx  JL  cleavage-,  axial  angle  small  (20°  Tsch.).  Tschermak  regards  this 
variety  as  intermediate  between  normal  serpentine  and  peuriinite;  chemically  it  contains  3*8 
p.  c.  A12O3,  anal.  32. 

Var. — Many  unsustaiued  species  have  been  made  out  of  serpentine,  differing  in  structure 
(massive,  slaty,  foliated,  fibrous),  or,  as  supposed,  in  chemical  composition;  and  these  now,  in 
part,  stand  as  varieties,  along  with  some  others  based  on  variations  in  texture,  etc. 

A.  In  CRYSTALS — PSEUDOMORPHS.     The  most  common  have  the  form  of  chrysolite.     Other 
kinds  are  pseudomorphs  after  pyroxene,,  ainphibole,  spinel,  chondrodite,  garnet,  phlogopite, 
titauite,  chromite,  etc. 

Thus  at  the  Tilly  Foster  magnetite  mine,  Brewster,  N.  Y.,  serpentine  occurs  on  a  large  scale 
both  massive  and  distinctly  pseudomorphous,  the  latter  after  enstatite,  choudrodite,  amphibole, 
cliuochlore,  biotite,  brucite;  probably  also  after  cal cite,  apatite,  dolomite;  further  in  forms  show- 
ing a  perfect  cubic  parting  (anal.  12,  13),  and  assumed  to  be  pseudomorphous  after  an  unknown 
mineral  (periclase?,  Tschermak).  G.  Friedel  has  examined  these  cubic  forms  (Bull.  Soc.  Miu., 
14, 120,  1891)  and  shows  that  the  serpentine  is  in  part  crystalline  (opt.  — ,  biaxial,  y  —  a  =  0*005), 
in  part  amorphous,  and  argues  that  the  pseudo-cubic  structure  belongs  to  the  serpentine  itself 
and  is  not  due  to  some  other  original  mineral. 

Bastite  or  Schiller  Spar  is  enstatite  (hypersthene)  altered  more  or  less  completely  to  serpen- 
tine. See  description  on  p.  351. 

B.  MASSIVE.      1.  Ordinary  massive,     (a)  Precious  or    Noble    Serpentine  (Edler   Serpentin 
Germ.)  is  of  a  rich  oil-green  color,  of  pale  or  dark  shades,  and  translucent  even  when  in  thick 
pieces;    and  (b)  Common  Serpentine,  when  of  dark  shades  of  color,  and  sub  translucent.     The 
former  has  a  hardness  of  2*5-3;  the  latter  often  of  4  or  beyond,  owing  to  impurities. 

2.  Resinous.     Retinalite.     Massive,  having  honey-yellow  to  light  oil-green  colors,  and  waxy 
or  resin-like  luster  and  aspect.     H.  —  3*5;  G.  =  2-47-2*52,  Grenville,  Hunt,  2  36-2*38,  Calumet 
Id.,  Hunt.     It  much  resembles  deweylite.     It  affords,  on  analysis,  3  p.  c.  more  of  water  than, 
ordinary  serpentine;  and  the  mineral  may  be  a  mixture  of  serpentine  and  deweylite.    Vorkauserite 
is  similar,  though  brown  to  greenish  black  in  color.     H.  =  3*5;  G.  =  2'45.     From  the  Fleims- 
thal,  Tyrol. 

3.  Porcellanous ;  Porcellophite.     The  "  meerschaum  "  of  Taberg  and  Sala  is  a  soft  earthy 
serpentine,  resembling  meerschaum  in  external  appearance  (Berlin,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1840).     This 
variety  is  sometimes  very  soft  when  first  taken  out.     A  variety  resembling  compact  lithomarge 
occurs  at  Middletown,  Delaware  Co.,  Pa.     It  has  a  smooth,  porcelain-like  fracture;    H.  =  3'5; 
G.  =  2-48. 

4.  Bowenite  (Nephrite  Bowen).     Massive,  of  very  fine  granular  texture,  and  much  resembles 
nephrite,  and  was  long  so  called.     It  is  apple-green  or  greenish  white  in  color;  G.  =  2-594-2*787, 
Bowen;  and  it  has  the  unusual  hardness  55-6.     From  Smithfield,  R.  I. 

A  serpentine  from  New  Zealand  is  referred  here  by  Berwerth  (1.  c.  and  anal.  26).  It  is 
bright  green,  translucent;  hardness  =  5'5-6,  on  a  polished  surface;  G.  =  2'60.  Used  by  the 
Maoris  for  objects  of  ornament  and  called  by  them  Tangiwai. 

A  similar  serpentine  is  described  by  C.  A.  McMahon  (Min.  Mag.,  9,  187,  1890)  as  used  at 
Bhera,  in  the  Shahpur  district  of  the  Punjab,  for  the  manufacture  of  various  small  articles;  it  is 
called  in  Persian  Sang-i-yashm.  H.  =  5.  G.  =  2*59.  Color  dark  greenish  gray  to  pale  sea- 
green  mottled  with  white;  also  said  to  be  delicate  apple-green.  Structure  finely  fibrous,  as  seen 
under  the  microscope  and  as  developed  by  digestion  in  sulphuric  acid;  extinction  parallel,  the 
greater  axis  corresponding  with  the  direction  of  the  fibers  (anal.  27).  Occurs  in  place  in  rock 
masses  in  one  of  the  mountain  gorges  which  run  from  the  Safed  Koh  in  the  valley  of  the  Kabul 
river,  Afghanistan. 

C.  LAMELLAR. 

5.  Antigorite.     Thin  lamellar  in  structure,  easily  separating  into  translucent  or  subtrans- 
parent  folia;  H.  =  2'5;  G.  =  2*622;  color  brownish  green  by  reflected  light,  and  leek-green  by 
transmitted;  feel  smooth,  but  not  greasy.     Optical  characters  more  distinct  than  with  most  other 
varieties  (see  above).     Named  from  the  locality,  Antigorio  valley,  Piedmont. 

6.  Williamsite  Shepard.     A  lamellar  impure  serpentine,  of  apple-green  color,  with  H.  =  4'5 
and  G.  =  2-59-2*64,  from  Texas,  Pa.     Graduates  into  a  massive  granular  variety. 

C.  THIN  FOLIATED. 

7.  Marmolite.     Thin  foliated;  the  laminae  brittle  but  easily  separable,  yet  graduating  into  a 
variety  in  which  they  are  not  separable.      G.  =  2*41;    luster  pearly;    colors  greenish  white, 
bluish  white  to  pale  asparagus-green.     From  Hoboken,  N.  J. 

8.  Thermophyllite  occurs  in  small  scaly  crystals  aggregated  into  masses,  with  an  amorphous 
steatite-like  base.     B.B.  crystals  exfoliate  like  vermiculite  or  pyrophyllite.   H.  =  2*5;  G.  =  2-61. 
Luster  of  cleavage  surface  pearly;  color  light  brown  to  silver- white  and  yellowish  brown.   From 
Hopansuo,  Finland. 

D.  FIBROUS. 

9.  Chrysotile.     Delicately  fibrous,  the  fibers  usually  flexible  and  easily  separating;  luster 
silky,  or   silky   metallic;    color   greenish  white,  green,  olive-green,  yellow,   and  brownish; 


SERPENTINE.  671 

i 

G.  =  2-219.  Often  constitutes  seams  in  serpentine.  It  includes  most  of  the  silky  amianthus  of 
serpentine  rocks  and  much  of  what  is  popularly  called  asbestus  (asbestos).  The  Canadian 
chrysotile  is  often  called  in  the  trade  Bostomte.  The  original  chrysotile  was  from  Reichenstein. 

10.  Picrolite.  Columnar,  but  fibers  or  columns  not  easily  flexible,  and  often  not  easily 
separable,  or  affording  only  a  long  splintery  fracture;  color  dark  green  to  mountain-green, 
greenish,  gray,  and  brown.  The  original  was  from  Taberg,  Sweden.  Metaxite,  picrolite,  con- 
sisting of  separable  but  brittle  columns,  of  a  greenish  white  color,  and  weak  pearly  luster; 
H.  =2-2-5;  G.  =  2'52.  From  Schwarzenberg.  Passes  into  a  laminated  variety.  Baltimoriie  is 
picrolite  from  Bare  Hills,  Md.,  of  a  grayish  green  color;  silky  luster,  opaque,  or  subtranslucent, 
with  H.  =  2-5-3. 

F.  SERPENTINE  ROCKS.  Serpentine  often  constitutes  rock-masses.  It  frequently  occurs 
mixed  with  more  or  less  of  dolomite,  magnesite,  or  calcile,  making  a  rock  of  clouded  green, 
sometimes  veined  with  white  or  pale  green,  called  verd- antique,  ophiolite,  or  ophicalcite.  Serpen- 
tine rock  is  sometimes  mottled  with  red,  or  has  something  of  the  aspect  of  a  red  porphyry;  the 
reddish  portions  containing  an  unusual  amount  of  oxide  of  iron.  Any  serpentine  rock  cut  into 
slabs  and  polished  is  called  serpentine  marble.  Verde  di  Prato  is  a  variety  from  near  Florence. 

Microscopic  examination  has  established  the  fact  that  serpentine  in  rock-masses  has  been 
largely  produced  by  the  alteration  of  chrys  >lite,  and  many  apparently  homogeneous  serpentines 
show  more  or  less  of  this  original  mineral.  In  other  cases  it  has  resulted  from  the  alteintion  of 
pyroxene  or  amphibole.  Sections  of  the  serpentine  derived  from  chrysolite  often  show  a 
peculiar  structure,  like  the  meshes  of  a  net;  the  lines  marked  by  grains  of  magnetite,  following 
the  original  cracks  and  cleavage-directions  of  the  chrysolite.  The  serpentine  from  pyroxene 
and  amphibole  commonly  shows  a  characteristic  grating  structure. 

Comp. — A  magnesium  silicate,  H4Mg8SiaO,  or  3Mg0.2Si02.2H20  =  Silica  44 -1, 
magnesia  43-0,  water  12 '9  —  100.  Iron  protoxide  often  replaces  a  small  part  of 
the  magnesium;  nickel  in  small  amount  is  sometimes  present.  The  water  is  chiefly 
expelled  at  a  red  heat  and  hence  must  be  all  chemically  combined,  see  below.  The 
formula  has  also  been  written  H2Mg3Si208  +  H20,  or  as  a  hydrous  orthosilicate. 

Clarke  and  Schneider  obtained  on  the  serpentine  of  analyses  quoted  below,  for  the  loss  of 
water  • 

105°  250°          383°-412°        498°-527°       red  ht.  white  ht 

Anal.  IQa  0'96  0'55  0'27  0'23  12-37  0*28 


2  1-20  0-55  13-01 

"     43  2-04  0-71  0-27  0'56  11 '81  0'25 

"      38  1-53  0-44  0-62  10-58  0'04 

"      18  2-26  1-01  0-98  0'42  11-32  017 

Further  the  same  authors  have  determined  the  amount  of  bases,  MgO  and  R2O3,  removed  as 
chlorides  after  heating  from  41  to  78  hours  at  383°  to  412°,  in  dry  hydrochloric  acid  gas,  thus : 

MgO    10-14      16-73      9-98      11*38      15-25.     Also  of  RaO,    0'43      0'66      051 

It  is  inferred  that  the  magnesium  thus  removed  is  present  in  the  mineral  as  the  group 
MgOH,  and  hence  the  formula  is  written  H»(MgOH)Mg«(8iO4)i.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  308,  1890. 

Tschermak,  however,  argues  for  the  presence  of  two  magnesium  hydroxyl  groups,  giving 
the  formula  H2(MgOH)2MgSi2O7. 

Serpentine  is  closely  related  to  the  chlorites,  both  optically  (as  noted  above)  and  chemically 
as  urged  by  Wartha,  Foldt.  Kozl.,  16,  79,  1886,  Clarke  and  Schneider,  1.  c.,  and  more  particu- 
larly by  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  99  (1),  80,  1890,  100  (1),  32,  1891.  Cf.  also  p.  643  et  seq. 

The  following  are  typical  analyses  commencing  with  the  massive  varieties;  many  others  are 
given  in  5th  Ed.,  pp.  466,  467;  see  also  references  below,  p.  673. 

In  general  the  analyses  agree  remarkably  well  with  the  theoretical  values  considering  the 
pseudomorphous  character  of  the  material.  Alumina  is  often  present,  especially  when  the 
original  mineral  was  aluminous;  it  is  possible,  as  urged  by  Tschermak  in  the  case  of  the 
Sprechenstein  mineral,  that  the  aluminous  kinds  are  sometimes  intermediate  forms  between 
serpentine  and  penninite,  but  this  is  not  as  yet  sufficiently  proved. 

Anal.— 1,  Petersen,  JB.  Ch.,  931,  1866.  2,  Clarke  and  Schneider  Am.  J.  Sc  40,  308  1890 
3,  Helland,  Pogg.,  148,  329,  1873.  4,  Hudleston,  Q.  J.  G.  Soc.,  33,  925.  1877.  5-7,  Collins, 
Q.  J.  G.  Soc.,  40,  467,  1884.  8,  J.  A.  Phillips,  Phil.  Mag,  41,  101,  1871  9  Breidenbaugh 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  6,  210,  1873.  10,  11,  Burt,  ibid.  12,  Allen,  ib.,  8,  375,  1874.  13,  G.  Friedel,  Bull 
Soc.  Min.,  14,  120,  1891.  14,  Hunt,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  483,  1853.  15,  16,  Catlett,  Proc.  U.  S. 
Mus.,  109,  1888.  17,  B.  J.  Harrington,  Can.  Rec.  Sc.,  4,  93,  1890.  16a,  18,  Clarke  &  Schneider, 
1.  c.  19,  Catlett,  quoted  by  Merrill,  Proc.  Nat.  Mus.,  12,  596,  1889.  20,  21,  H.  F.  Keller, 
quoted  by  Genth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  23,  42,  1885.  22-24,  Becker.  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Min.,  13  110, 
111,  1888.  25,  Smith  and  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  15,. 212,  1853.  26,  Berwerth,  Ber.  Ak  Wien  80(1) 
116,  1879.  27,  G.  T.  Prior,  quoted  by  McMahon,  Min.  Mag.,  9,  187,  1890.  28,  Burton,  Dana, 


672 


SILICATES. 


Min.,  467.  1868.  29,  (Ellacher,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  7,  360, 1857.  30,  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24, 128, 1857. 
31,  Kobell,  Ber.  Ak.  Muncben,  4,  166,  1874.  32,  Hussak,  Min.  Mitth.,  5,  68,  1882.  33,  Smith 
and  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  15,  212,  1853.  34,  Garrett,  Dana  Min.,  692,  1850.  35,  Northcote,  Phil. 
Mag.,  16,  263,  1858.  36,  Friederici,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  163,  1882.  37,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  526.  1860. 
38,  Clarke  and  Schneider,  1.  c.  39,  Melville,  quoted  by  Wadsworth,  Bost.  Soc.  N.  H.,  20,  287, 
1879.  40,  Kobell,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  2,  297,  1834.  41,  Brauns,  Jb.  Min.  Beil.,  5,  299,.  1887.  42,  Reakirt, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  410,  1854.  43,  Clarke  &  Schneider,  ibid.,  40,  308,  1890.  44,  Brush,  Dana, 
Min.,  283,  1854.  45,  46,  E.  G.  Smith,  ib.,  29,  32,  1885.  47,  Terreil,  C.  R.,  100,  251,  1885. 
48-50,  J.  T.  Donald,  Eng.  Mng.  J.,  51,  741,  1891. 


. 

G. 

Si02 

A12O3 

Fe2O3  FeO 

MgO 

H20 

1. 

New  bury  port,  prec. 

2-804 

41-76 

tr. 

— 

4-06 

41-40 

13-40 

=  100-62 

2. 

11 

41-47 

1- 

73 

0-09 

41-70 

1506 

=  100-05 

3. 

Snarum 

2-53 

42-72 

— 

0'06a 

2-25 

42-52 

1339 

=  100-94 

4. 

Cadgwith,  black 

2-587 

38-50 

1-02 

4-66 

3-31 

36-40 

12-35 

CaOl-97,NiOO-59, 

riusol..FeS2  1-78  =  100'58 

5. 

Porthalla,  grass-green 

2-65 

38-60 

o-io 

11 

55 

33-62 

12-82 

alk.  and  loss  3'31 

6. 

"          oil-green 

2-56 

37-15 

5-60 

1-10 

8-80 

32-80 

14-16 

[=  100 
CaO  O'lO,  alk.  and 

[loss  0-29  =  100 

7. 
8. 

"          red-brown 
Lizard,  dark  red 

2-545 

39-50 

38-86 

5-08 
2-95 

8-12 
1-86    5-04 

34-65 
34-61 

12-55 
15-52 

alk.  [0  10]  =  100 
Ci-aOs  0-08,    NiO 

[0-28, 

alk.  1-10  =  100-30 

9. 

Brewster,  white 

§  42-28 

0-86 

— 

2-57 

40-29 

12-52 

CaO    1-35,    Na2O 

[0-48  =  100-35 

10. 

green 

|  41-43 

— 

— 

2-10 

40-18 

13-81 

CaO  0-95  =  98-49 

11. 

gray 

2-4 

39-38 

1-56 

— 

13-87 

32-25 

11-90  alk.  0-17  =  99-13  ' 

12. 

cubic  pseud. 

41-87 

2- 

30 

— 

42-43 

13-40 

=  100 

13. 

t(                                U                    If 

2-48 

41-98 

— 

— 

2-87 

41-38 

13-78 

=  100-01 

14.. 

Calumet  Id.,  Retinalite 

41-20 

—          0-80 

43-52 

15-40 

=  100-92 

15. 

Montville,  green 

40-23 

2-18 

4-02 

tr. 

3946 

14-24 

=  100  13 

16. 

"         yellow 

42-38 

0-07 

0-97 

0-17 

42-14 

14-12 

=    99-85 

16a. 

"          green 

42-05 

— 

0-30 

o-io 

42-57 

14-66 

CaO  0-05  =  99-73 

17. 

Coleraine 

2-514 

43-13 

— 

— 

0-37 

42-05 

13-88 

Ca,Mn,NiO  tr.  — 

[99-43 

18. 

Corundum  Hill,  N.  C. 

41-90 

0-71 

0-91 

und. 

40-16 

16-16 

NiO  0-10  =  99-94 

19. 

Port  Henry,  N.  Y. 

42-17 

0-30 

1-57 

0-64 

41-33 

13-72 

=    99-73 

20. 

Berks  Co.,  Pa. 

42-14 

— 

— 

2-06 

41-61 

14-20 

=  100-01 

21. 

«            <  < 

41-46 





0-99 

44-68 

14-07 

=  101-20 

22. 

New  Idria,  Cal. 

41-54 

2-48 

— 

1-37 

40-42 

14-17 

NiO  0-04  =  100-02 

23. 

Sulphur  Bank,  dark 

39-64 

l-59b 

— 

7-76 

37-13 

13-81 

NiO    0-33,    MnO 

[0-12  =  100-38 

24. 

"      light 

41-86 

0-93C 

— 

4-15 

38-63 

14-16 

NiO  tr.,  MnO  0'20 

, 

[=  99-93 

Bowenite. 

25. 

Smithfield,  yellow 

2-57 

|  42-29 

tr. 



1-21 

42-29 

12-96 

CaO  0-63  =  99-38 

26. 

New  Zealand 

2-61 

44-77 

— 

— 

3-35 

39-17 

12-94 

=  100-23 

27. 

Afghanistan 

2-59 

44-73 

0-32 

— 

0-33 

42-64 

12-21 

CaO  tr.  =  100-23 

28. 
29. 

Middletown,  Poi'cellopMte 
Monzoni,  Vorhauserite 

f  44-08 
41-21 

0-30 

— 

1-17 
1-72 

40-87 
39-24 

13-70 
16-16 

CaO  0-37  =  100-49 
MnO  0-30,  apatite 

[0-96  =  99-59 

30. 

Antigora,  Antigorite 

41-58 

2-60 

— 

7-22 

36-80 

12-67 

Cr203,NiO   tr.  = 

[100-87 

31. 

Zermatt,            " 

42-73 

1-33 

— 

7-20 

36-51 

11-66 

Cr2O3,NiO   tr.  = 

[99-43 

32. 

Sprechenstein 

41-14 

3-82 

3-01 

— 

39-16 

11-85 

CaO  0-40  =  99-38 

33. 

Williamsite 

42-60 

tr. 

— 

1-62 

41-90 

12-70 

NiO  0-40  =  99-22 

34. 

Hoboken,  Marmolite 

4232 

0-66 

— 

1-28 

42-23 

13-80 

=  100  29 

35. 

Finland,  Thermophyllite 

2-61 

|  41-48 

5-49 

— 

1-59 

'  37-42 

10-88 

Na2O  2-84  '=  99-70 

36. 

Reichenstein,  Metaxite 

2'549 

42-73 

tr. 

— 

2-79 

40-37 

12-17 

CaO  0-40,  alk.  1-52 

[=  99-98 

Picrolite. 

37. 

Texas,  Pa. 

2-557 

43-79 

— 

— 

2-05 

41-03 

12-47 

=    99-34 

38. 

Buck  Cr.,  N.  C. 

42-94 

1-72 

3-33 

1-88 

36-53 

13-21 

NiO  0-61  =  100-22 

39. 

Florida,  Mass. 

44-22 

0-53 

6-61 

— 

37-54 

ll-62d=  100-52 

a  Mn2O3.            b  Incl. 

0-29  Cr 

203. 

e  Incl.  0-24  Cr2 

03. 

d  At 

100°,  0-36. 

SERPENTINE. 


673 


G. 


40.  Reicheusteiu 

41.  Amelose  2 '604 

42.  Montville,  N.  J. 
43. 

44.  New  Haveu,  Ct.  2 -49 

45.  Shiptoii,  Quebec,  dk.  grn.  2'14 

46.  "  "        yellow     2-29 

47.  Canada  2 '56 

48.  Broughtou 

49.  Templeton 

50.  " Italian" 


Si02  A1,O3  Fe2O3  FeO    MgO     H2O 


43-50 
42-54 
42-62 
42-42 
44-05 
41-84 
42-04 
37-10 
40-57 
4052 
40-30 

0-40 
3-78 
0-38 
0-63 

tr. 
0-90 
2-10 
2-27 

4-75 
0-62 

2-08  40-00  13-80  =    99'78 

5-57  30-48  13-13  =  100-25 

0-27  42-67  14-25  =  100-19 

und.  41-01  15-64  NiO  0'23  =  100'55 

2-53  39-24  13'49  -    99  31 

2-23  41-99  14-28  =  100'34 

3-66  39-54  14-31  =    99'55 

5-73  39-94  16'85  =    99'62 

2-81  41-50  13'55  =    99'33 

1-97  42-05  13-46  =  100-10 

0-87  43-37  13-72  =  100  53 


Paijkull  mentions  a  serpentine  from  Langban  containing  7  8  p.  c.  MnO,  G.  For.  Forh.,  3, 
351,  1877;  Koenig  has  described  a  serpentine-like  mineral  from  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J.,  with 
7-4  MnO,  3-9  ZuO,  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.,  350,  1886. 

A  chrysotile  embedded  in  the  blocks  of  a  lime-breccia  from  Medoux  near  Bagnerres-de- 
Bigorre  gave  Goguel  12'3  p.  c.  CaO  and  5  p.  c.  A12O3,  but  perhaps  from  impurity.  Bull.  Soc. 
Min.,  11,  155,  1888. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  yields  water.  B.B.  fuses  on  the  edges  with  difficulty.  F.  =  6. 
Gives  usually  an  iron  reaction.  Decomposed  by  hydrochloric  and  sulphuric  acids.  From 
chrysotile  the  silica  is  left  in  tine  fibers. 

Obs.— Serpentine,  more  or  less  pure,  often  constitutes  mountain  masses  and  in  this  form  is 
widely  distributed.  It  is  a  metamorphic  rock,  resulting  from  the  alteration  of  other  rocks,  par- 
ticularly of  peridotyte.  Crystals  of  serpentine,  pseudomorphous  after  monticellite,  occur  in  the 
Fassathal,  Tyrol;  near  Minsk  at  Lake  Aushkul,  Barsovka.  Ekaterinburg,  and  elsewhere;  in  Nor- 
way, at  Snarum;  etc.  Fine  precious  serpentines  come  from  Falun  and  Gulsj5  in  Sweden,  the 
Isle  of  Man,  liie  neighborhood  of  Portsoy  in  Bsinff shire,  the  Lizard,  Cornwall  (anals.  4-8), 
Corsica,  Siberia,  Saxony,  etc.  At  Zermatt  (schweizerite).  The  names  of  many  other  localities  are 
given  above. 

In  N.  America,  in  Maine,  at  Deer  Isle,  precious  serpentine  of  a  light  green  color.  In 
Vermont,  at  New  Fane,  Caveuduh,  Jay,  Roxbury,  Troy,  Westfield.  In  Mass.,  tine  at  Newbury- 
port  ;  Blaudford  with  schiller  spar,  and  the  marmolite  variety;  also  at  Westfield,  Middlefield, 
Lynnfield,  Newburyport,  and  elsewhere.  In  R.  Island,  at  Newport;  the  boweuite  at  Smithfield. 
In  Conn.,  near  New  Haven  and  Milt'ord,  at  the  verd-antique  quarries.  In  N.  York,  at  Phillips- 
town  in  the  Highlands;  at  Port  Henry,  Essex  Co. ;  at  Antwerp,  Jefferson  Co.,  in  crystals;  at 
Syracuse,  east  of  Major  Burnet's,  interesting  varieties;  in  Gouverneur,  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  in 
crystals,  and  also  in  Rossie,  two  miles  north  of  Somerville;  at  Johnsburg  in  Warren  Co.;  Daven- 
port's Neck,  Westchester  Co.,  affording  fine  cabinet  specimens;  in  Cornwall,  Monroe,  and  War- 
wick, Orange  Co.,  sometimes  in  large  crystals  at  Warwick;  and  from  Richmond  to  New  Brighton, 
Richmond  Co.  In  N.  Jersey,  at  Hoboken,  with  brucite,  magnesite,  etc  .  and  the  marmolite 
variety;  also  at  Frankfort  and  Bryan;  at  Montville,  Morris  Co.,  silky  fibrous  (chrysotile)  and 
retiualite,  with  common  serpentine,  produced  by  the  alteration  of  pyroxene,  Merrill,  1.  c.  In 
Petin.,  massive,  fibrous,  and  foliated,  of  various  colors,  purple,  brown,  green,  and  gray,  at 
Texas,  Lancaster  Co.:  also  at  Nottingham  and  West  Goshen,  Chester  Co.;  at  West  Chester, 
Chester  Co.,  the  williamsite;  at  Mineral  Hill,  Newtown,  Marple,  and  Middletown,  Delaware 
Co.;  a  variety  looking  like  meerschaum  or  lithomarge  at  [Middletown;  at  Easton,  pseudomor- 
phous after  pyroxene  and  amphibole.  In  Maryland,  at  Bare  Hills;  at.  Cooptown,  Harford  Co., 
with  diallage;  also  in  the  north  part  of  Cecil  Co.  In  California,  at  various  points  in  the  Coast 
Range  (cf.  Becker,  1.  c.). 

In  Canada,  abundant  among  the  metamorphic  rocks  of  the  Eastern  Townships  and  Gaspe 
peninsula,  Quebec;  at  Thetford,  Coleraine,  Broughton,  Orford,  S.  Ham,  Bolton,  Shipton, 
Melbourne,  etc.  The  fibrous  variety  chrysotile  (asbestus,  bostonite)  often  forms  seams  several 
inches  in  thickness  in  the  massive  mineral,  and  is  now  extensively  mined  for  technical  purposes. 
Massive  Laurentian  serpentine  also  occurs  in  Grenville,  Argenteuil  Co.,  Quebec,  and  North 
Burgess,  Lanark  Co.,  Ontario.  In  N.  Brunswick,  at  Crow's  Nest  in  Portland. 

The  names  Serpentine,  Ophite,  Lapis  colubrinus,  allude  to  the  green  serpent-like  cloudings  of 
the  serpentine  marble.  Retinalite  is  from  perivtj,  resin;  Picrolite,  from  niKpoS,  bitter,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  magnesia  (or  Bittererde)  present;  Thermophyllite.  from  Gepn??,  heat,  and  0t>Mov, 
leaf,  on  account  of  the  exfoliation  when  heated;  Chrysotile,  from  xpvo-oS,  golden,  and  r/AoS, 
fibrous;  Metaxite,  from  jueraca,  silk;  Marmolite,  from  ttap/uaipoo,  to  shine,  "in  allusion  to  its 
pearly  and  somewhat  metallic  luster"  (Nuttall). 

Artif. — Formed  by  A.  Gages  in  transparent  amorphous  mass,  by  placing  a  solution  of  gelat- 
inous silicate  of  magnesium  in  a  dilute  solution  of  potash.  It  is  deposited  after  some  months' 
standing.  (Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.,  203,  1863.) 

'On  the  origin  and  occurrence  of  serpentine,  see  the  following- 
Rose,  Pogjr.,  82,  511,  1851.     Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien   56  (1),  261,  283, 1867.     Roth,  Abh., 
Ak.  Berlin,  p.  330,  1869.     Drasche,  Min.  Mitth.,  1,  1871.     Lember<>-  Zs   G.  Ges     27,  531,  1875. 
Weigand,  Min.  Mitth.,   183,   1875.     Bonney,  Lizard,  Q.  J.   G.   Soc..  33,  884.  1877.     Heddle, 


674  SILICATES. 

Trans.  R.  Soc.  Ed.,  28,  45,  1878.  Cossa,  Mem.  Ace.  Line.,  2,  933,  1878.  Hare,  Inaug.  Diss. 
Breslau,  1879.  Hussak,  Min.  Mitth.,  5,  61,  1882.  T.  Sterry  Hunt,  Geol.  Hist.  Serpentine,  1883, 
Origin  of  Ciyst.  Rocks,  1884;  Williams,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  34,  137,  1887.  Merrill,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  105,  1888.  Becke,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Mon.  13,  108,  1888.  For  a  popular  account,  see  the 
recent  work  by  R.  H.  Jones  (London,  1890):  "  Asbestos,  its  properties,  occurrences  and  uses." 

On  the  crystalline  structure  of  serpentine,  see  the  following: 

Websky,  Zs.  G.  Ges..  10,  277,  1856.  Dx.,  Mm.,  1,  IQQetseq.,  1862.  Reusch,  Pogg.,  127, 
166,  1866.  Wiik,  Ofv.  Finks.  Vet.  Soc.,  17,  8,  1874-75.  Hussak,  Miu.  Mitth.,  5,  61,  1883. 
Roseubusch,  Mikr.  Phys.,  557,  1886.  Brauus,  Jb.  Miu.,  Beil.,  5,  275,  1887.  Patton,  Miu.  Mitth., 
9,  85,  1887.  Levy-Lex.,  Min.  Roches,  27&  1888.  Tscherniak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wieu,  99  (1),  253,  1890, 
100  (1),  32,  1891. 

On  the  various  forms  of  serpentine  (derived  from  chondrodite)  at  the  Tilly  Foster  Iron  mine, 
Brewster,  N.  Y.,  see  J.  D.  Dana,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  375,  1874. 

On  the  alteration-products  derived  directly  or  indirectly  from  the  chrysolite  rocks  of  Krems 
(Krenize).  Bohemia,  especially  with  reference  to  the  origin  and  subsequent  changes  in  the  serpen- 
tine, see  Schrauf,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  321,  1882  (see  p.  666,  also  Kelyphite,  p.  447).  He  shows  that  much 
serpentine  is  impregnated  with  opal-silica,  and  includes  such  occurrences  under  the  general  term 
siliciophite.  This  may  be  true  of  aphrodite,  p.  675.  Enophite  is  a  chloritic  serpentine-like  alter- 
ation product;  analysis: 

SiO2         A12O3      Fe2O3        FeO         MgO         CaO         H2O 
G.  =  2-64  38-40         3'71          3'11          4'51          30'46         3*21          17'06  =  100'46 

On  the  alterations  connected  with  the  paleopikryte  of  Amelose  near  Biedekopf,  cf.  R. 
Brauns,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.-Bd.,  5,  275,  1887.  Webskyite  is  an  alteration-product  of  the  serpentine. 
Amorphous.  H.  =  3.  G.  =  1'771.  Color  pitch-black  with  brownish  green  streak.  Analysis. 

|  SiO2  34-92    Fe2O3,Al2O3  9'60    FeO  313    MgO  21'62    H2O  31-04  (below  110°  21  p.  c.)=100'31 
Named  after  Prof.  Martin  Websky  (1824-1886). 


The  following  are  magnesian  silicates  allied  to  serpentine  but  of  somewhat  doubtful 
character: 

TOTAIGITE  Heddle,  Trans.  R.  Soc.  Ed.,  28,  455,  497,  1878.  A  serpeutinous  mineral  appear- 
ing as  a  pseudomorphous  substance  surrounding  malacolite  and  itself  often  enveloped  in  serpen- 
tine. Color  pale  fawn,  sometimes  blue-black.  Soft.  Analysis  of  a  fawn-colored  variety: 

SiO23722      A1203076     FeO  1 -05     MnO  0'23     MgO  44-97      CaO  5'24     H2O  10'64  =  lOO'll 

Occurs  in  a  granular  limestone  at  Totaig,  Ross-shire,  Scotland. 
ZOBLITZITE  Frenzel,  Min.  Lex.  Sachsen,  351,  1874,  Jb.  Min.,  680,  1875. 
Massive.     Slightly  brittle.     Pale  gray  or   yellowish  white.     H.  =  3-4.    Anal. — Melling, 
Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  503,  1875.     2,  3,  Frenzel,  Jb.  Min.,  680,  1875. 

SiO2  A12O3  FeO  MgO  H2O 

1    ZSblitz                                          47-13  2-57  2'92  36*13  11-50  =  100-25 

2.  Hrubschitz                                   42-57  9'12  1'82  3290  13'19  =  99'60 

3.  Kandler       G.  =  2'49                 42'44  4'67  0'91  38'49  13-48  =  99'99 

Occurs  in  serpentine  at  Zoblitz.  similarly  at  Kandler  near  Limbach;  also  as  an  incrustation 
on  cbromite  in  serpentine  at  Hrubschitz,  also  at  Lettowitz,  both  in  Moravia.  Frenzel  finally 
calls  zoblitzite  a  somewhat  impure  white  serpentine. 

METAXOITE  Arppe,  Finsk.  Min.,  Act.  Sc.  Fenn.,  6,  580,  1861,  Holmberg,  Vh.  Min.  Ges., 
145,  1862. 

Massive,  compact;  also  radiated  or  granular  crystalline.  G.  =  2'58-2-61.  Color  white  to 
greenish  blue.  Anal. — 1,  2,  Asp,  and  3,  Hallsten,  Arppe,  Finsk.  Miu.,  1.  c. 

SiO2       A12O3  Fe2O3    Mn2O3      MgO       CaO        H2O 

1  Crystals  38  69        9 "68      4 -70      undet.      15-28      undet.      12 '97 

2  "  37-90        9-78      6  73        2'05        12'23       18  79       12-76  =  100-24 
2.  Amorphous  40'63      10'17      6*78      undet.      11'24       16-03       12-88 

Found  near  Lupikko  in  Finland,  some  versts  south  of  Pitkaranta,;with  serpentine.  Named 
from  its  nearness  to  metaxite. 

HYDROPHITE.  Hydrofit  Svanberg,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  186,  1839.  Jenkinsite  Shepard,  Am.  J. 
Sc.,  13,  392,  1852.  Eisengymnit. 

Massive;  sometimes  in  fibrous  crusts. 


SERPENTINE.  675 

H.  =  2-5-35.  G.  =  2-65,  hydropkite;  2'4-2'6,  jenkinsite.  Luster  feeble,  subvitreous. 
Color  mountain-green  to  blackish  green.  Streak  paler.  Translucent  to  opaque. 

Jenkinsite  is  apparently  an  iron  serpentine;  hydrophite  the  same  with  one  more  molecule  of 
water.  Websky  regards  hydrophite  as  impure  metaxite,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  10,  284,  1858. 

Anal.— 1,  Svauberg,  1.  c.     2,  3,  Smith  &  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  369,  1853. 

Si02  A12O3  FeO  MnO  MgO  H2O 

1.  Hydrophite  3619  2'90  22'73  1T7  21-08  16-08  V2O6  O'll  =  100'2S 

2.  Jenkinsite             38'97  0'53  19'30  4'36  22'87  13  36  =  99-39 
8.          "                     37-42  0'98  20'60  4'05  2275  13'48  =  99'28 

In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  water.  B.B.  blackens  and  fuses  at  about  3  to  a  black  magnetic 
globule.  With  the  fluxes  gives  reactions  for  iron  and  manganese.  Decomposed  by  hydrochloric 
acid. 

Hydrophite  occurs  at  Taberg  in  Smaland,  Sweden;  jenkinsite  at  O'Neil's  mine  in  Orange  Co., 
N.  Y.,  as  a  fibrous  incrustation  on  magnetite.  Named  Hydrophite  in  allusion  to  the  water 
present;  and  Jenkinsite  after  J.  Jenkins  of  Monroe. 

APHRODITE.     Afrodit  Berlin,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  167,  172.  1840. 

A  soft  earthy  mineral  near  sepiolite.  G.  =  2"21.  Color  milk-white.  Opaque.  Perhaps 
H«Mg4Si4Oi5  but  of  doubtful  homogeneity,  cf.  Fischer,  Zs.  Kr.,  4,  368,  1880;  Schrauf,  ib.,  6, 
353,  1882.  Anal.— Berlin,  1.  c.: 

Si02  MgO  MnO  FeO  A12O3  H2O 

51-55  33-72  1'62  0'59  0'20  12'32  =  100 

From  Langban,  Sweden.     Named  from  d(pp6s,foam. 

Another  magnesium  silicate  analyzed  by  Delesse  gave:  Si02  53 '5,  MgO  28'6,  A12O3  0'9 
(Fe2O3  tr.),  H2O  16'4  =  99'4,  corresponding  to  MgO.SiO2.H2O. 

Occurs  in  serpentine,  of  a  white  or  yellowish  color,  with  a  waxy  luster,  and  somewhat  trans- 
lucent. G.  =  2-335. 

Hampshirite  is  a  name  applied  by  Hermann  to  the  steatite  of  certain  steatitic  pseudomorphs 
having  mostly  the  form  of  quartz  described  and  analyzed  by  Dewey  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  4,  274,  5, 
249,  6,  334,  1822,  1823),  who  obtained:  SiO2  50'60,  MgO28'83,  A12O30'15,  FeO  2*59,  MnO  I'lO, 
H3O  15-00  =  98-27.  Probably  not  homogeneous. 

CEROLITE.     Kerolith  Breithaupt,  Char.,  145,  254,  1823.     Cerolith  Glock.,  1831.     Kerolite. 

Massive,  reniform,  compact  or  lamellar. 

Fracture  conchoidal.  Feel  greasy.  H.  =  2-2-5.  G.  =  2-3-2-4.  Luster  vitreous  or  resinous* 
Color  greenish  or  yellowish  white,  yellow,  reddish.  Streak  uncolored.  Transparent  to  trans- 
lucent. 

Anal.— 1,  Kuhn's  scholars,  Lieb.  Ann.,  59,  368,  1846.  2,  Kiihn,  1.  c.  3,  Hermann,  J.  pr. 
Ch.,  95,  134,  1865,  4,  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  33,  203,  1862. 

SiO2  FeO       MgO        H2O 

1.  Frankenstein  47-34  —         29'84        21-04  =    98'22 

2.  "  4696  —         31-26        21 '22  =    99'44 

3.  L.  Itkul,  green    G.  =  2'27  47  06       NiO  2'80        31-81        18'33  =  100 

4.  Harford  Co.,  Md.,  bl.  wh.  51 '09  0'23        28'28        20'91  =  100'51 

B.B.  blackens,  but  does  not  fuse.  From  Frankenstein  in  Silesia,  associated  with  serpentine, 
and  also,  according  to  Kilhn,  brucite.  Similar  minerals  occur  at  L.  Itkul  and  with  the  serpentine 
of  Harford  Co.,  Maryland. 

Named  from  Kijpds,  wax,  and  Az'Qo?. 

LIMBACHITE  Frenzel,  Jb.  Min.,  789,  1873;  Min.  Lex.  Sachsen,  184,  1874.  A  mineral 
resembling  cerolite  occurring  in  the  serpentine  of  Limbach,  Saxony.  Massive.  G.  =  2 '395. 
Luster  greasy.  Color  grayish  to  greenish  white.  Not  hard  nor  brittle.  Does  not  adhere  to  the 
tongue.  Analyses,  Frenzel: 

Si02  A12O3  Fe2O3  MgO  H2O 

41-42  22-09  —  23-67  12-47  =    99'65 

42  03  19-56  1-46  25'61  12'34  =  101 '00 

A  yellowish  apple-green,  massive,  earthy  mineral  from  Webster,  Jackson  Co.,  N.  C.,  gave 
Dunnington,  Ch.  News,  25,  270,  1872: 

G.  =  2-30        SiO2  43-87    A12O3  22  21    FeO  16  14    Na2O  1'05    H2O  16  37  =  99'64 
The  relations  of  the  above  are  uncertain. 


676  SILICATES. 

482.  DEWEYLITE.    Emmons,  Man.  Miu.  and  Geol.,  1826.     Gymnite  Thomson,  Phil 
Mag.,  22,  191,  1843.     Eisengymnit  Hatle  and  Tauss,  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  226,  1887. 

Amorphous,  and  having  some  resemblance  to  gum  arable,  or  a  brownish  or 
yellow  resin.  Brittle,  and  often  much  cracked. 

H.  =  2-3-5.  Gr.  =  2-0-2-2.  Luster  greasy.  Color  whitish,  yellowish,  wine- 
yellow,  greenish,  reddish.  Translucent. 

Comp. — A  magnesian  silicate  near  serpentine  but  with  more  water.  Formula 
perhaps  4Mg0.3Si02.6H20  =  Silica  40'2,  magnesia  35;7,  water  24-1  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Brush,  Dana  Min.,  286,  1854.  2,  Thomson,  1.  c.  3,  CEllacher,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  3, 
222,  1851.  4,  Hatle  and  Tauss,  1.  c.  Also,  Haushofer,  Widtermann,  5th  Ed.,  p.  470. 

SiOa  'MgO  FeO  H2O   Fe2O3 

1.  Texas,  Pa.                                      43 15  35*95  —  20'25      —  A12O3  tr.  =  99*35 

2.  Bare  Hills,  Md.       G.  =  2'22        40*16  36-00  —  21-60    M6  CaO  0'80,  AlaO«  tr.  =  99  72 

3.  Tyrol,  Fleimsthal  G.  =  2'05        40'40  35*85  —  2260    0 '38  apatite  0' 78  =  100 

4.  Kraubath,  Eisengymnite                42'32  30'81  4'89  20'47      —   =  98'49 

Half  the  water  in  4  is  lost  at  110°-120°,  the  remainder  only  at  a  red  heat. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  much  water.  B.B.  becomes  opaque,  and  fuses  on 
the  edges.  Decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  serpentine  in  the  Fleimsthal,  Tyrol;  at  Passau  in  granular  limestone; 
also  at  Texas,  Penii.,  and  the  Bare  Hills,  Md.;  at  Middlefield,  Mass.  Named  after  Prof.  Chester 
Dewey  (1784-1867).  The  gymnite  of  Thomson,  named  from  yv^voS,  naked,  in  allusion  to  the 
locality  at  Bare  Hills,  Md. ,  is  the  same  species. 

Eisengymnite  occurs  intermixed  with  serpentine  and  gymnite  at  Kraubath,  Styria,  of  a  bright 
red  color.  H.  =3.  G.  =  1*986  of  material  not  entirely  pure. 

483.  GENTHITE.      Nickel-Gymuite  Genth,    Kell.   &  Tiedm.   Monatsb.,    3,   487,  1851. 
Genthite  Dana,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  44,  256,  1867. 

Amorphous,  with  a  delicately  hemispherical  or  stalactitic  surface,  incrusting. 

H.  =  3-4;  sometimes  (as  at  Michipicoten)  so  soft  as  to  be  polished  under  the 
nail,  and  fall  to  pieces  in  water.  G.  =  2'409.  Luster  resinous.  Color  pale  apple- 
green,  or  yellowish.  Streak  greenish  white.  Opaque  to  translucent. 

Comp. — A  gymnite  with  part  of  the  magnesium  replaced  by  nickel 
2Ni0.2Mg0.3Si02.6H20  =  Silica  34-8,  nickel  protoxide  28 -8,  magnesia  15-5,  water 
20-9  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Genth,  1.  c.     2,  Hunt,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  507,  1863. 

SiO2     NiO    FeO    MgO    CaO    H20 

1.  Texas,  Pa.  35-36    30'64    0'24    14-60    0*26    19-09  =  100-19 

2.  Michipicoten  Id.         33-60    30-40    2'25      3'55    4'09    17-10  A12O3  8*40  =  99*39 

The  so-called  genthite  from  Webster,  Jackson  Co.,  N.  C.,  gave  Dunnington  (Ch.  News,  25, 
270,  1872):  SiO2  49'89,  MgO  22*35,  NiO  16-60,  FeO  0'06,  H2O  12-36  =  101'26.  Occurs  as  an 
apple-green  incrustation.  G.  =  2*48.  The  same  mineral  has  given  Walker  results  leading  to  a 
sepiolite  formula  (see  p.  681). 

After  drying  at  a  temperature  above  100°  C.,  Hunt  obtained:  SiO2  35*80,  NiO  32*20, 
H20  12*20. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  blackens  and  gives  off  water.  B.B.  infusible.  With  borax 
in  O.F.  gives  a  violet  bead,  becoming  gray  in  R.F.  (nickel).  Decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid 
without  gelatinizing. 

Obs.— From  Texas,  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.,  in  thin  crusts  on  chromite;  on  Michipicoten  Id., 
Lake  Superior,  of  a  greenish  yellow  to  apple  green  color.  Also  reported  from  near  Malaga, 
Spain,  with  chromite  and  talcose  schist;  and  by  Wiser,  from  the  Saasthal  in  the  Upper  Valais. 

Rottisite  Breith.,  B.  .H.  Ztg.,  18,  1,  1859,  may  be  essentially  the  above.  It  occurs  with  phos- 
phate of  oickel  at  Rottis  in  yoigtland,  in  amorphous  masses  and  reniform  incrustations,  apple- 
green  or  emerald-green,  of  little  luster,  translucent  to  subtranslucent,  but  opaque  when  earthy, 
with  H.  =  2-2*25,  and  G.  =  2-358-2*370. 

483A.  GARNIERITE  W.  B.  Clarke,  1874.  Gamier,  Bull.  Soc.  G.,  24,  438,  1867.  A  nevr 
mineral  from  Noumea,  New  Caledonia,  A.  Liversidge,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  12,  613,  July,  1874; 
Noumeite,  Noumeaite,  Id.,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.,  N.  S.  W.,  Dec.  9,  1874;  Sept.  1, 1880;  Min.  N.  S.  W., 
275,  1888.  Numeite. 


GENTHITE, 


677 


Amorphous.  Soft  and  friable.  G.  =  2'3-2-8.  Luster  dull.  Color  bright  apple-green,  pale 
green  to  nearly  white.  In  part  unctuous;  sometimes  adheres  to  the  tongue. 

An  important  ore  of  nickel,  consisting  essentially  of  a  hydrated  silicate  of  magnesium  and 
nickel,  perhaps  H2(Ni,Mg)SiO4  -f-  aq,  but  very  variable  in  composition,  particularly  as  regards 
the  mutual  replacement  of  nickel  and  magnesium,  and  not  always  a  homogeneous  mineral. 
Liversidge  has  attempted  to  distinguish  two  varieties,  one  of  which  is  dark  green  and  unctuous, 
noumeite;  the  other  rarer,  pale  green  and  adhesive  to  the  tongue,  garnierite  (anal.  7). 

Anal.— 1  Danu  (?),  Ber.  uied.  Ges.,  Jan.  7,  1878.  2,  Gamier,  C.  R.,  86,  684,  1878. 
3  Kiepeuheuer,  Ber.  uied.  Ges.,  July  14,  1879.  4,  5,  Liversidge,  1.  c.,  1880.  6.  Id.,  1.  c.,  1874. 
7,  Id.,  Proc.  R.  Soc.  N.  S.  W.,  Dec.  9,  1874.  8,  Dmr.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  1,  29, 1878.  9-11,  Liver- 
sidge, 1  c.,  1880;  also  other  auals.,  in  part  by  Leibius.  12,  Gamier,  white  veins  in  the  green 
mineral,  resembling  sepiolite,  1.  c.  13, 14,  Hood,  Min.  Res.  U.  S.,  1,  404, 1883.  15,  F.  W.  Clarke, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,35,  483,  1888. 


1. 

2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 

N.  Caledonia 

Nakety,  dark  grn. 
Kauala,  grn. 

SiO2 
35-45 
44-40 
37-78 
38-35 
37'49b 

NiO 

4515 
38-61 
33-91 
32-52 
29-72 

MgO 

2-47 
3-45 
10-66 
10-61 

14-97 

H2O    Al,O,,Fe, 

15-55a        0-50 
10  34          1-68 
15-83          1-57 
17  -97*        0-55 
17-60*        0-11 

03 
=    99-12 
FeO  0-43, 
=    99-75 

=  100 
=    99-89 

CaO  1-07 
[=  99-98 

6. 

N.  Caledonia      G.  =2'27 

1  47  24 

24-01 

21-66 

5-27d 

1-67 

CaO  tr.  = 

99-85 

7. 

»«                       <€ 

G.  =  2-58 

47-90 

24-00 

1251 

1273 

3-00 

CaO  tr.  = 

100-14 

8. 

t  <                       11 

G.  =  2-87 

42-61 

21  91 

18-27 

15-40 

0-89 

— 

99-08 

9. 

Ouailon, 

light  grn. 

48-25 

14-60 

16-40 

19-77 

0-55 

—  • 

99-57 

10. 

'« 

pale  grn. 

50-15 

10-20 

17-43 

2165* 

0-57 

= 

100 

11. 

Kanala, 

«      « 

51-94' 

2-32 

21-35 

23-17* 

1-36 

— 

10014 

12. 

N.  Caledonia 

41-80  . 

— 

37-38 

2039 

1-26 

:  — 

100-83 

13. 

Douglas 

Co.,  Oregon 

48-21 

23^88 

19-90 

663 

1-38 

— 

100 

14. 

«  « 

»«          " 

40-55 

29-66 

21-70 

7-00 

1  33 

— 

100-24 

15. 

" 

««           «« 

44-73 

27-57 

10-56 

15-86e 

1-18 

= 

99-90 

*  At  100°  in  (1)  4-05:  in  (4)  6'44;  in  (5)  8'65;  (9)  10'95  (105°);  in  (10)  11'28;  in  (11)  14'30. 
»  Soluble  SiO2  0  70.  c  Do.,  in  (11)  0'13.  d  First  dried  at  100°.  e  At  110°,  8'87. 

Occurs  in  veins  traversing  a  serpentine  rock  near  Noumea,  capital  of  New  Caledonia;  asso- 
ciated with  chromic  iron  and  steatite;  also  at  numerous  other  points  on  the  island.  The  three 
chief  districts  are  the  Kanala-Mere-Kuaua,  Thio-Port  Bouquet,  and  Bourindi  (cf.  Min.  Res. 
U.  S.,  300,  1885) 

The  supply  is  very  large,  and  the  amount  that  can  be  mined  in  general  greater  than  the 
market  calls  for;  it  is  stated  that  for  several  years  1000  tons  of  the  ore  per  annum  have  been 
marketed.  Meissonier  has  reported  the  existence  of  similar  deposits  in  the  province  of  Malaga, 
Spain,  C.  R.,  83,  229,  1876. 

Deposits  of  a  similar  ore,  perhaps  of  large  extent,  occur  at  Riddle  in  Douglas  County, 
southern  Oregon.  Also  at  Webster,  Jackson  Co.,  N.  C.;  in  both  cases  in  connection  with  a 
peridotyte.  Clarke  (1.  c.)  shows  that  the  former  may  owe  their  origin  to  a  nickel-bearing  chryso- 
lite, und  the  North  Carolina  mineral  probably  had  the  same  origin  (Biddle,  Min.  Res.,  170,  1886). 

DE  SAULESITE  Koenig,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  185,  1889 

A  hydrous  silicate  of  nickel  and  zinc,  associated  with  chloanthite  and  a  nickel  arsennte.  It 
is  amorphous,  of  a  yellowish  green,  apple-  or  emerald-green  color,  and  occurs  as  an  incrustation 
or  filling  cavities  in  purple  tiuorite.  Analysis  gave. 


SiOa  NiO  ZnO  FeO          CaO          MgO  H2O 

31-62  38-22  4'00  2'03  0'70  0'42  16  58a 

a  At  100"  9-44  p.  c.;  at  600°  7'14. 


As2O5 
4  77  =  98-34 


From  the  Trotter  mine  at  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J. ;  named  after  the  manager,  Major  A.  B. 
de  Saules. 

The  following  are  other  nickel  silicates,  of  doubtful  character: 

PIMELITE.  Gruner  Chrysopraserde  (fr.  Kosemiitz)  Klapr.,  Schrift.,  Ges.  N.  Berlin,  8,  17, 
1788,  Beitr.,  2,  134,  1797.  Pimelit  Karst.,  Tab.,  28,  72,  1800. 

Massive  or  earthy.  H.  —  2'5.  G.  =  2'23-2'3;  2'71-2'76,  Baer.  Luster  weak,  greasy.  Color 
apple-green.  Streak  greenish  white.  Translucent  to  sub-translucent.  Feel  greasy.  Does  not 
adhere  to  the  tongue.  Anal.— 1,  Klaproth,  I.e.,  and  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  871,  1860.  2,  W.  Baer,  J, 
pr.  Ch.,  55,  49,  1852. 


1.  Chrysoprase  earth 

2.  Hard  Pimelite 


Si02 
35  CO 
35-80 


A1203 

5-00 

23-04 


Fe2O3 
4-58 
2-69 


NiO 
15-63 

2-78 


MgO 

1-25 

14-66 


CaO 

0-42 


H2O 

38-12  =  100 
21-03  =  100 


678  SILICATES. 

Pimelite  gives  water  in  the  closed  tube,  is  infusible  B.B.,  and  with  the  fluxes  reacts  foi 
nickel.  Decomposed  by  acids.  From  Silesia  and  elsewhere.  Named  from  m/ueA.??,  fatness. 

ALIPITE.  Pimelit  Schmidt,  Pogg.,  61,  388,  1844.  Alipit  Glock.,  1845.  Massive;  earthy. 
H.  —  2 '5.  G.  =  1-44-1-46,  Schmidt.  Color  apple-green.  Not  unctuous.  Adheres  to  the 
tongue.  Analysis.— Schmidt. 

SiO3  54-63      A12030'30       MO  32 -66       FeO  1-13       MgO  5'89       CaO  0'16       H2O  5  23  =  100 

From  Silesia.     Named  from  the  Greek  dXntijs,  not  greasy. 

REFDANSKITE  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  102,  405, 1867.  An  earthy  mineral  occurring  in  masses 
which  fall  to  powder  under  slight  pressure.  Adheres  to  the  tongue.  Color  dirty  grayish  green. 
G.  =  2-77.  From  Revdunsk,  Urals.  Aimly>is: 

SiO2  3210     A12O33'25     FeO  12  15     NrO  18'33     MgO  11 '50     H2O  9'50     Sand  13'00  =  99'83 


Foss. 

Lapis 

89,  75,  1758.     Talc.  Soapstone,  Steatite,  Potstone.     Craie  de  Brian  con,  etc.,  Fr.     Pyrallolite  pt! 

Nordensk.,  Schw.  J.,  31,  389,  1820.     Kensselaerite  Emmons,  Rep.  G.  N.  Y.,  152,  1837.     Agalite. 

Orthorhombic  or  monoclinic.  Rarety  in  tabular  crystals,  hexagonal  or  rhombic 
with  prismatic  angle  of  60°.  Usually  foliated  massive;  sometimes  in  globular  and 
stellated  groups;  also  granular  massive,  coarse  or  fine;  fibrous  (pseudomorphous); 
also  compact  or  cryptocrystalline. 

Cleavage:  basal  perfect.  Sectile.  Flexible,  in  thin  laminae,  but  not  elastic. 
Percussion-figure  a  six-rayed  star,  orientated  as  with  the  micas.  Feel  greasy. 
H.  =  1-1-5.  G.  =  2'7-2'8.  Luster  pearly  on  cleavage  surface.  Color  apple-green 
to  white,  or  silvery- white;  also  greenish  gray  and  dark  green;  sometimes  bright 
green  perpendicular  to  cleavage  surface,  and  brown  and  less  translucent  at  right 
angles  to  this  direction;  brownish  to  blackish  green  and  reddish  when  impure. 
Streak  usually  white;  of  dark  green  varieties  lighter  than  the  color.  Subtrans- 
parent  to  translucent.  Optically  negative.  Ax.  pi.  ||  a.  Bx  J_  c.  Axial  angle : 

Rhode  Island  2Er  =  19°  V  2Ebl  =  17°  56'  Dx.1 

Agalite  2E   =  30°-40°  p  —  v,      Scheibe,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  41,  564,  1889. 

Steatite  when  rubbed  with  gun-cotton  or  Kienmayer's  amalgam  or  fur  becomes  negatively 
electrified.  Wied.,  Beibl.,  22,  707,  1889. 

Var. — 1.  Foliated,  Talc.  Consists  of  folia,  usually  easily  separated,  having  a  greasy  feel,  and 
presenting  ordinarily  light  green,  greenish  white,  and  white  colors.  G.  =  2'55-2'78. 

2.  Massive,   Steatite  or   Soapstone  (Speckstein  Germ.),     a.  Coarse  granular,  gray,  grayish 
green,  and  brownish  gray  in  colors;  H.  =  1-2*5.     Pot  stone  or  Lapis  oUaris  (Topt'stein,  Lavez- 
stein,  Giltstein  Germ.}  is  ordinary  soapstone,  more  or  less  impure,     b.  Fine  granular  or  crypto- 
crystalline, and  soft  enough  to  be  used  as  chalk;  as  the  French  chalk  (Craie  de  Briancon),  which 
is  milk-white  with  a  pearly  luster,     c.  Indurated  talc.     An  impure  slaty  talc,  harder  than  ordi- 
nary talc.     Talcose  slate  is  a  dark,  slaty,  argillaceous  rock,  having  a  somewhat  greasy  feel,  which 
it  owes  to  the  presence  of  more  or  less  talc. 

Much  of  the  steatite  is  pseudomorphous  like  the  following. 

3.  PseudomorpJious.     a.   Fibrous,   fine  to  coarse,  altered  from  enstatite.     b.  Kensselaerite, 
cryptocrystalline,  or  wax-like  in  composition,  but  often  having  the  form  and  cleavage  of  salite 
or  pyroxene,  and  evidently  pseudomorphous;  colors  whitish,  yellowish,  grayish,  greenish  white  to 
very  dark,  and  sometimes  pearl-white;  H.  =  3-4;  G.  =  2'874Beck;  2*757,  fr.  Greuville,  2'644, 
fr.  Charleston  Lake,  in  Canada,  Hunt;  usually  translucent  in  pieces  a  fourth  of  an  inch  thick. 
Some  agalmatolite  is  here  included.     Anal.  15  is  of  a  variety  of  talc  produced  from  chrysolite. 

Pyrallolite  is  partly  pseudomorphous  steatite,  after  pyroxene,  like  rensselaerite.  It  varies 
exceedingly  in  composition,  as  shown  by  Arppe  and  others,  and  as  recognized  by  A.  E.  Norden- 
skiOld  in  his  Finland  Mineralogy,  the  silica  ranging  from  49  to  76  p.  c.  It  includes  pyroxene, 
therefore,  in  various  stages  of  steatitic  alteration. 

Comp. — An  acid  metasilicate  of  magnesium,  H2Mg3Si4018  or  H20.3Mg0.4SiO, 
=  Silica  63-5,  magnesia  31*7,  water  4*8  =  100.  The  water  goes  off  only  at  a  red 
heat.  Nickel  is  sometimes  present  in  small  amount. 

Clarke  and  Schneider  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  306,  1890)  have  obtained  the  following  water  deter- 
urinations  (anal.  17):  / 

105°  250°-300°  red  heat  white  heat 

0-07  0-06  4-43  0'35 


TALC. 


679 


Also  when  treated  with  dry  hydrochloric-acid  gas  for  15  hours  at  383°-412°  no  appreciable 
change  of  weight  resulted.  Further,  upon  intense  ignition  over  the  blast-lamp  and  subsequent 
boiling  with  sodium  carbonate  solution  15'36  p.  c.  SiO2  was  given  up  according  to  the  reaction: 

H4Mg3Si4O12  =  3MgSiO3  +  SiOa  +  H2O. 

The  solution,  however,  had  no  effect  upon  the  mineral  before  ignition.  The  stability  with 
acids  and  liberation  of  silica  as  noted  make  it  reasonably  certain  that  the  formula  of  an  acid 
metasilicate,  as  written  above,  is  correct. 

Anal.—  1-12,  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  84,  321  et  seq.,  1851.  13,  Ullik,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  57  (1),  946, 
1868  14  Cohen,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  119,  1887.  15,  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  33,  200,  1862.  16,  Adger, 
Ch.  News,  25,  270,  1870.  17,  Clarke  &  Schneider,  1.  c.  18-20,  Scheerer,  1.  c.  21,  22,  Hunt, 
Rep.  G.  Canada,  470,  1863.  23,  E.  S.  Sperry,  priv.  coutr.  24,  G.  A.  Graves,  priv.  contr. 
25,  Jannettaz,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  14,  66,  1891. 

G. 

1.  Tyrol,  green  2  '69 

2.  "      fol.  schistose  2  "76 

3.  St.  Gothard,  white,  foliated 

4.  "  "     *  radiated 
5  "               •"     fibrous 

6.  Wallis  2-79 

7.  Mauteru  (?) 

8.  Zoblitz,  green  2'80 

9.  Yttre  Sogn,  green,  foliated    2*70 

10.  Raubjerg,  dark  green  2  '79 

11.  RGraas,  green  2'78 

12.  Falun 
13  Greiner 

14.  Griqualand,  Steatite  2'794 

15.  Webster,  N.  C. 

16.  SwayneCo.,  N.  C.  2  '82 

17.  Fairfax  Co.,  Va. 


SiO2 

FeO 

MgO 

H20 

A12O3 

NiO 

62-12 

1-58 

31-15 

4-73 

— 

0-24 

=    99-82 

61-16 

1-40 

31-17 

531 

0-46 

0-39 

=    99-89 

60-85 

009 

32-08 

4-95 

1-71 

— 

CaO  tr.  = 

99-68 

62-15 

0-38 

33-04 

3-21 

1-01 

— 

CaO  0-07  = 

=  99-86 

61  51 

0-12 

30-93 

2-84 

0-83 

— 

CaO  3  70  = 

=  99-93 

6234 

0-61 

31-96 

4-82 

0-35 

— 

=  100-08 

62-37 

065 

32-02 

4-81 

0-32 



=  100-17 

60-31 

2-11 

2994 

5-87 

l-24» 

0-30 

=    99-77 

61-69 

233 

30-62 

4-94 

— 

0-29 

=    9987 

61-63 

1-20 

31-37 

5-13 

0-16 

0-39 

=    99-88 

6203 

1-57 

3062 

5-04 

0-03 

0-32 

=    99-61 

57-10 

1-07 

30-11 

6-07 

5-50" 

— 

=    99-85 

61-51. 

1-38 

30-27 

4-88 

1-08 

1-06' 

*=  100-18 

63-29 

4-68 

27-13 

4-40 

1-40° 



CaO  tr.  = 

100-90 

64-44 

1-39 

33-19 

0-34 

0-48 

0-23 

=  100-07 

57-72 

064 

33-76 

6-01 

2-52 



=  100-65 

62-27 

0-85 

30-95 

4-91 

1-101 

— 

=  100-08 

«  Fe203  0-45.          b  Fe2O3  0-81. 

Pseudomorphous  Talc. 
G. 

18.  Fenestrelles  2'79 

19.  Wunsiedel 

20.  China  2'78 

21.  Canton,  N.  Y.,  Renss. 

22.  Grenville 

23.  Edwards,  fibrous  2'908 
24. 

25  -  Madagascar,  " 


c  Fe2O3  0'16. 


d  Fe8O3  0'95. 


CaO  0'36,  SrO  0'70 


Si02 
62-29 
6235 
62-30 
61-10 
61-60 
60-59 
59-92 
623 

FeO 
1-22 
1-34 
1-62 
1-62 
1-53 
0-21 
0-76" 
2-6 

MgO 
31-55 
31-32 
31-32 
31-63 
31-06 
34-72 
31  37 
29-4 

H20 

4-83 
4-78 
4-89 
5-60 
5-60 
3-77 
6-25 
5-1 

0-15  =  100-04 
tr.    =    99-79 
0-06  =  100-19 

—  =    9995 

—  =    99-79 

0-13  MnO  1-16  =  100-58 

0-50b  CaO  0-57,  Na2O  0'48  =  99'85 

—  =    99-4 

Incl.  Fe2O3. 

Bachman  has  described  (Am.  Ch.  J.,  10,  45,  1886)  a  mineral  from  Webster,  Jackson  Co., 
N.  C.,  occurring  in  minute  micaceous  scales  of  a  pale  yellowish  green  color;  readily  crushed 
to  an  unctuous  powder.  Analysis  gave: 


SiO2         NiO        MgO        H2O      A12O3     FeO 

G.  =  2-31  53  91        15-91        19-39        6'30a       2'65        1'46  = 

*  At  100°  0-80. 


99-62 


This  corresponds  to  a  highly  nickeliferous  hydrated  talc. 

The  steatite  from  GOpfersgrun,  in  which  Klaproth  found  but  59'5  per  cent  of  silica,  along 
with  MgO  30-5,  FeO  2'3,  H2O  5'5(Beitr.,  2,  177, 1797),  is  what  has  been  called  hydrosteatite.  The 
Fenestrelles  (Piedmont)  pseudomorph  had  the  cleavage  of  amphibole;  of  those  of  Wunsiedel 
(from  Gopfersgruu),  19  was  a  pseudomorph  after  dolomite. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  B.B.,  when  intensely  ignited,  most  varieties  yield  water.  In 
the  platinum  forceps  whitens,  exfoliates,  and  fuses  with  difficulty  on  the  thin  edges  to  a  white 
enamel.  Moistened  with  cobalt  solution,  assumes  on  ignition  a  pale  red  color.  Not  decomposed 
by  acids.  Rensselaerite  is  decomposed  by  concentrated  sulphuric  acid. 

Obs. — Talc  or  steatite  is  a  very  common  mineral,  and  in  the  latter  form  constitutes  extensive 
beds  in  some  regions.  It  is  often  associated  with  serpentine,  talcose  or  chloritic  schist,  and  dolo- 
mite, and  frequently  contains  crystals  of  dolomite,  breuunerite,  also  asbestus,  actinolite,  tourma- 
Hne,  magnetite. 


680  SILICATES. 

Steatite  is  the  material  of  many  pseudomorphs,  among  which  the  most  common  are  those 
after  pyroxene,  hornblende,  mica,  scapolite,  and  spinel.  The  magnesian  minerals  are  those 
which  commonly  afford  steatite  by  alteration ;  while  those  like  scapolite  and  nephelite,  which 
contain  soda  and  no  magnesia,  most  frequently  yield  piuite-like  pseudomorphs.  There  are  also 
steatitic  pseudomorphs  after  quartz,  dolomite,  topaz,  chiastolite,  staurolite,  cyauite,  garnet, 
vesuvianite,  chrysolite,  gehleuile  Talc  in  the  fibrous  form  is  pseudomorph  after  eustatite.  On 
pseudomorphs  of  talc  after  quartz,  see  Weiuschenk,  Zs.  Kr.,  14,  305,  1888. 

Apple-green  talc  occurs  at  Mt.  Greiuer  in  the  Zillerthal,  Tyrol;  in  the  Valais  and  St.  Gothard 
in  Switzerland;  also  other  places  above  mentioned;  also  in  Cornwall,  near  Lizard  Point,  with 
serpentine;  in  Scotland,  with  serpentine,  at  Portsoy  and  elsewhere,  on  Unst,  one  of  the  Shetland 
islands;  at  Croky  Head,  Duuglow,  Ireland,  etc.  A.  fibrous  talc  (pseudomorphous)  with  pearly 
luster,  slightly  greenish  color,  and  greasyvfeel,  has  been  described  from  Madagascar  (anal.  25). 

In  N.  America,  foliated  talc  occurs  in  Maine,  at  Dexter.  In  Vermont,  at  Bridgewater, 
handsome  green  talc,  with  dolomite;  at  Athens  or  Grafton,  Westtield,  Marlboro,  Newftine.  In 
New  Hampshire,  at  Francestowu,  Pelham,  Orford,  Keene,  and  Richmond  In  Mass.,  at  Middle- 
field,  Windsor,  Blauford,  Andover,  and  Chester.  In  R.  Island,  at  Smithfield,  delicate  green  and 
white  in  a  crystalline  limestone.  In  N.  York,  at  Edwards,  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  a  fine  fibrous  talc 
(agalite)  associated  with  pink  tremolite;  near  Amity;  on  Slaten  Island,  near  the  quarantine, 
common  and  indurated;  four  miles  distant,  in  detached  masses  made  up  of  folia,  snow-white. 
In  N.  Jersey,  at  Lock  wood,  Newton,  and  Sparta.  In  Penn.,  at  Texas,  Nottingham,  Union  ville; 
in  South  Mountain,  ten  miles  south  of  Carlisle;  at  Chestnut  Hill,  on  the  Schuylkill,  talc  nndalso 
soapstone,  the  latter  quarried  extensively.  In  Maryland,  at  Cooptowu,  of  green,  blue,  and  rose 
colors.  In  N.  Car.,  at  Webster,  Jackson  Co.,  a  variety  supposed  by  Genth  to  be  altered  chryso- 
lite. In  Canada,  in  the  townships  Bolton,  Sutton,  and  Potton,  Quebec,  with  steatite  in  beds  of 
Cambrian  age;  in  the  township  of  Elzevir,  Hastings  Co.,  Ontario,  an  impure  grayish  var.  in 
Archaean  rocks. 

The  so-called  rensselaerite  occurs  in  northern  New  York,  in  the  towns  of  Antwerp  (with  the 
form  of  pyroxene),  Fowler,  De  Kalb,  Edwards  (at  the  iron  mine,  a  white  variety,  from  which 
ink-stands  have  been  made),  Russel,  Gouverneur,  Canton  (in  small  crystals),  Hermon  (in  large 
masses,  crystalline  massive);  and  in  Canada,  at  Grenville,  Charleston  Lake,  near  Brockville, 
Rawdon,  and  Ramsay.  It  is  often  associated  with  crystalline  limestone,  and  graduates  at  times 
imperceptibly  into  serpentine;  its  rock-masses  are  irregular,  and  are  seldom  continuous  for  more 
than  three  or  four  hundred  yards. 

A  white  steatite  of  a  silvery-pearly  luster  was  the  Magnetis  of  Theophrastus— a  stone,  accord! 
ing  to  this  author,  of  silvery  luster,  occurring  in  large  masses,  and  easily  cut  or  wrought.  The 
word  is  the  origin  of  the  modern  magnesia.  Agrjcola,  in  his  "  Interpretatio  Rerurn  Metallicarum'' 
appended  to  his  works  (1546),  gives  as  a  Germ»a  synonym  of  Magnetis.  Talck;  and  he  adds,  as 
other  synonyms,  Silberweiss  and  Katzensilber,  and  also  Glimmer,  the  German  now  for  mica,  evi- 
dently confounding  the  two  minerals.  He  mentions  its  resistance  to  fire,  and  speaks  of  it  as 
lapin  scissilis. 

Other  later  writers  derive  the  word  talc  from  the  Arabic  talk;  and  Aldrovandus  (1648)  states 
that  it  is  of  Moorish  introduction,  adding,  "  Hoc  nomeu  apud  Mauritanos  stellam  significare  dici- 
tur,"  Stella  Terra — Star  of  the  Earth — being  one  old  name  of  the  mineral,  given  it  because  "  like 
a  star  and  with  silvery  luster  it  shines."  Csesius  ("  De  Mineralibus,"  1686)  writes  the  word  in 
Latin,  Talchus,  but  most  other  writers  of  that  century,  Talcum. 

The  word  steatitis  occurs  in  Pliny  as  the  name  of  a  stone  resembling  fat;  but  no  further 
description  is  given  that  can  with  certainty  identify  it. 

Rensselaerite  was  named  after  Stephen  Van  Rensselaer,  of  Albany,  N.  Y. 

Ref.— '  Min.,  1,  97,  1862,  N.  R  ,  99,  1867. 

TALCOID  Naumann  is  a  snow-white,  broadly-foliated  talc  of  Pressnitz,  described  by  Scheerer 
as  neutraler  kieselsaurer  Hydrotalc.  Analyses  by  Scheerer  and  Richter  show  68  p.  c.  SiO2.  It 
may  be  only  common  talc  with  disseminated  quartz. 

485.  SEPIOLITE.  Meerschaum  Germ.,  Wern.  Bergrn.,  I.,  377,  1788.  L'Ecume  de  mer 
Fr.  Keffekill  Kirw.,  1,  144,  1794.  Magnesite  pt.  Brongn.,  Min.,  1807,  Magnesite  id.,  1824. 
Sepiolith  Glock.,  Syn.,  190,  1847. 

Compact,  with  a  smooth  feel,  and  fine  earthy  texture,  or  clay-like;  also  rarely 
fibrous. 

H.  =  2-2*5.  G.  =  2.  Impressible  by  the  nail.  In  dry  masses  floats  on 
water.  Color  grayish  white,  white,  or  with  a  faint  yellowish  or  reddish  tinge,  bluish 
green.  Opaque. 

Comp.— H4Mg2Si30]0  or  2H20.2Mg0.3Si02  =  Silica  GO'S,  magnesia  27'1,  water 
12*1  =  100.  Some  analyses  show  more  water  (2H20),  which  is  probably  to  be 
regarded  as  hygroscopic.  Copper  and  nickel  may  replace  part  of  the  magnesium. 

Anal.— 1-3,  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  84,  361,  362,  1851.  4,  5,  Chester,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  13,  296,  1877. 
6,  P.  H.  Walker,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  10,  44,  1888.  For  other  analyses,  see  5th  Ed  ,  p.  456. 


CONNARITE. 


681 


1.  Turkey 

2.  Greece 


4.  Utah,  white,  fibrous 

5.  ' '      bluish  green 

6.  Webster,  N.  C.       G.  =  2 '53 

*  Inch  0  70  Fe2O3,  314  Mu2O3. 

d  At  100' 


SiO2 

MgO 

FeO 

H2O      . 

61-17 

2843 

0-06 

9-83 

61-30 

28-89 

008 

9-74 

6045 

2819 

0-09 

9-57 

CuO 

52-97 

2250 

0-87 

9-90 

50-15 

18-29 

6-82 

9-30 

NiO 

55-38 

15-62 

17-84 

10-77d 

b 

Incl.  1  02 

Fe2O3,  2-09  Mn2O3. 

5-18  p. 

c. 

'  Fe203. 

A12O3      CO2 
—         0-67    =  100-16 
0-56    =  100-07 
0-11        1-74    =  100  15 

hygr.H.O 

4-70a      8-80c  =    99-74 
5-17b     10'32C  =  100  05 


0-56* 


—     =  100-17 
c  Below  110°. 


19  to  20  per  cent  of  water  were  found  by  Berthier  in  meerschaum  from  Madrid  and  Coulom- 
miers,  and  19'6  p.  c.  by  Kobell  in  that  of  Greece,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  28,  482,  1843.  Dobereiner  and 
Eisenach  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  17,  157,  1839)  also  found  two  molecules  of  water  (instead  of  1)  in  the  meer- 
schaum of  Asia  Minor.  Chester  found  that  of  18  to  20  p.  c.  H2O  about  half  went  off  below  110°, 
the  remainder  only  from  200°  to  a  red  heat. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  first  hygroscopic  moisture,  and  at  a  higher  temperature 
gives  much  water  and  a  burnt  smell.  B.B.  some  varieties  blacken,  then  burn  white,  and  fuse 
with  difficulty  on  the  thin  edges.  With  cobalt  solution  a  pink  color  on  ignition.  Decomposed 
by  hydrochloric  acid  with  gelatinization. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  Asia  Minor,  in  masses  in  stratified  earthy  or  alluvial  deposits  at  the  plains 
of  Eskihi-sher,  where,  according  to  Dr.  J.  Lawrence  Smith,  it  has  proceeded  from  the  decompo- 
sition of  magnesium  carbonate,  which  is  embedded  in  serpentine  in  the  surrounding  mountains. 
He  observes  that  more  or  less  magnesium  carbonate  is  often  found  in  the  meerschaum,  Am.  J. 
Sc.,  7,  268,  1849;  also  found  in  Greece;  at  Hrubschitz  in  Moravia;  in  Morocco;  at  Vallecas  in 
Spain,  in  extensive  beds,  affording  a  light  but  valuable  building  stone.  The  mineral  from 
Morocco,  called  in  French  Pierre  de  sawn  de  Maroc,  is  used  in  place  of  soap  at  the  Moorish  baths 
in  different  places  in  Algeria. 

A  fibrous  mineral,  having  the  composition  of  sepiolite,  occurs  in  a  seam  two  inches  wide  in 
"a  silver  mine  in  Utah;"  auals.  4,  5;  one  variety  is  colored  green  with  copper  which  is  regarded 
as  replacing  the  magnesium.  The  mineral  of  anal.  6  occurs  in  thin  (1-3  mm.)  layers  in  serpen- 
tine at  Webster,  Jackson  Co.,  N.  C. 

The  word  meerschaum  is  German  for  sea-froth,  and  alludes  to  its  lightness  and  color.  Sepio- 
lite. Glocker  is  from  onJTtia,  cuttle-fish,  the  bone  of  which  is  light  and  porous;  and  being  also  a 
production  of  the  sea.  "  deinde  spumam  marinam  significabat,"  says  Glocker. 

Brongniart;.  in  the  first  edition  of  his  Mineralogy  (1807),  included  under  Magnetite  (1)  the 
carbonate,  which  he  calls  Mitchell's  magnesite  (see  under  MAGNESITE);  (2)  the  hydrous  silicate 
or  meerschaum;  and  (3)  the  siliceous  carbonate  from  Baudissero  in  Piedmont,  he  putting 
"Mitchell's  magnesite,"  the  carbonate,  Jfrv*.  Karsteu,  in  his  "Tabellen,"  published  the  next 
year,  separated  from  meerschaum  the  carbonate,  and  adopted  for  it  the  name  magnesite,  and  in 
this  he  has  been  followed  by  all  German  and  most  other  mineralogists.  The  application  of  the 
name  magnesite  to  the  hydrous  silicate,  done  in  the  later  writings  of  Brongniart  and  by  subse- 
quent French  mineralogists,  is  hence  in  violation  of  the  law  of  priority. 


486.  CONNARITE.    Konarit  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  18,  2,  1859.     Conarite,  Comarite  wrong 
orthog. 

Hexagonal?  In  small  fragile  grains  and  crystals,  with  perfect  clinodiagonal 
cleavage,  and  supposed  (Breith. )  to  be  like  vivianite  in  cry  stall  ization. 

H.  =  2*5-3.  G.  =  2*459-2 '619.  Color  yellowish,  pistachio- and  siskin-green, 
olive-green.  Streak  siskin-green.  In  thin  lamellae  translucent.  Optically  uniaxial, 
negative  with  strong  double  refraction1. 

Corap — A  hydrous  nickel  silicate,  perhaps  H4M2Si3010  =  2H20.2NiOa.3SiO, 
v=  Silica  49-3,  nickel  protoxide  40*8,  water  9'9  =  100. 
Anal.— Wiukler,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  24,  335,  1865. 


Si02 
436 


A1203 
4-6 


Fe2O; 
0-8 


NiO 

35-8 


CoO 
0-6 


H2O 
11-1 


P206 

2-7 


As2O5 
0-8 


S03 
tr.  =  100 


Obs.— Occurs  at  the  Harms  Georg  mine,  at  Rottis,  in  Saxon  Voigtland,  with  rottisite  (p.  676) 
which,  it  is  suggested,  may  be  an  amorphous  form  of  connarite. 

Named  from  KowapoS,  an  evergreen  tree;  hence  connarite  is  the  proper  form  and  not 
conarite,  from  KorapoS,  well  fed,  nor  comarite,  from  Ko/napoS,  the  strawberry-tree  (as  suggested 
by  Dx.,  Min.,  2,  XLVI,  1874). 

Ref.— i  Btd.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  5,  75,  1882. 


882 


SILICATES. 


487.  SPADAITE.    Fr.  v.  Kobell,  Gel.  Auz.  Munchen,  17,  945, 1843,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  30,  467, 1843. 
Massive,  amorphous. 

Fracture  imperfect  conchoidal  and  splintery.     H.=2'5.    Luster  a  little  pearly 
or  greasy.     Translucent.     Color  reddish,  approaching  flesh-red. 

Comp.— Perhaps   5Mg0.6Si02.4H20   or    H9Mg§Si.01B  +  3H20  =  Silica   57'0, 
magnesia  31  "(5,  water  11*4  =  100  (Rg). 
Anal.— Kobell: 


SiO,  56-00 


A13O3  0-66 


FeOO-66  MgO  30-67  H2O  11"34  =  99  33 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields'inucli  water  and  becomes  gray.  B.B.  melts  to  a  glassy 
enamel.  Dissolves  in  concentrated  hydrpchloric  acid,  the  silica  easily  gelatinizing. 

Obs.— From  Capo  di  Bove,  near  Rome,  filling  the  spaces  among  crystals  of  wollastouite,  in 
leucitic  lava.  ISamed  after  Sign.  Medici  Spada. 


488.  SAPONITE.  Terra  porcellanea  particulis  impalpabilibus  mollis,  pt.,  Brianzoner 
Krita  pt.,  Smectis,  Engelsk  Walklera.  a  hwit  (Laudseud  i  Cornwall),  Cronst.,  75,  1758.  Seifen- 
stein  (fr.  Cornwall)  Klapr.,  Schrift  nat.  Ges.  Berlin,  7,  163,  1787,  Beitr.,  2,  180,  5,  22.  Steatite 
of  Cornwall  Kirw.,  Mm.,  1,  152,  1794.  Soapstone  pt.  Mountain  Soap  pt.  Pierre  a  Savon  H. 
Saponit  Svanberg,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  153,  1840.  Piotin  Svanberg,  Pogg.,  54,  267, 1841.  Saponite, 
rosite,  Pogg.,  57, 165, 1842.  Thalite  Owen,  J.  Ac.  Philad.,  2,  179, 1852.  Bowlingite /.  B.  Hannay, 
Min.  Mag.,  1,  154,  1877.  Cathkinite  /.  /.  Bobbie,  Trans.  G.  Soc.  Glasgow,  7,  166,  1883-5. 

Massive.     In  nodules,  or  filling  cavities. 

Soft,  like  butter  or  cheese,  but  brittle  on  drying.  G.  =  2 '24-2 '30.  Luster 
greasy.  Color  white,  yellowish,  grayish  green,  bluish,  reddish.  Does  not  adhere 
to  the  tongue. 

Comp. — A  hydrous  silicate  of  magnesium  and  aluminium;  but  the  material 
is  amorphous  and  probably  always  impure,  and  hence  analyses  give  no  uniform 
results. 

Anal.— 1,  Haughton,  Phil.  Mag.,  10,  25?  1855.  2,  Svanberg,  1.  c.  3.  4,  Smith  &  Brush, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  368,  1853.  5,  Harrington,  Can.  Nat.,  7,  179,  1875.  6-17,  Heddle,  also  Trans. 
R.  Soc.  Ed.,  29,  91  et  seq.,  1879.  18,  J.  J.  I>  ;bbie,  1.  c.,  and  Min.  Mag.,  5,  131,  1883.  Also 
other  analyses,  5th  Ed.,  p.  472. 


G. 

SiO2 

A1203 

Fe20s 

FeO 

MgO 

CaO 

NasO  K20 

H20 

1. 

Ky  nance 

42-47 

6-65 

— 

— 

28-83 

— 

—       — 

19-37 

=    97-32 

2. 

Piotine 

50-89 

9-40 

2-06 

— 

26-52 

0-78 

—       — 

11-06 

-  100-71 

3. 

Thalite 

45-60 

4-87 

2-09 



24-10 

1-07 

0-45 

20-66 

=    98-84 

4. 

" 

48-89 

7-23 

2-46 

— 

24-17 



0-81 

15-66 

=    99-22 

5. 

George's  Is. 

2-25 

43-91 

6-47 

1-23 

— 

27-18 

0-59 

—       — 

19-64 

=    99-02 

6. 

Gapol 

2-18 

42-13 

7-25 

6-57 

0-32a 

19-33 

o-ao 

2-09    0-58 

21  07b 

MnOO-13 

[=  100-14 

7. 

Kinneff,  green 

42-10 

5-95 

496 

0-27a 

20-98 

2-15 

0-46    0-28 

22-93b 

=  100-08 

8. 

"         red 

2-28 

42-50 

5-88 

4-91 

0-24* 

20-74 

2-13 

0-46    0-19 

22-75b 

=    99-80 

9. 

Glen  Farg 

2-235 

36-54 

9-40 

2-85 

5-40a 

21-61 

2-50 

—       — 

21-68b 

=    99-98 

10. 

Tay  Bridge 

42-84 

4-83 

6-50 

2-56* 

21-81 

2-16 

—       tr. 

20-701' 

=  101-40 

11. 

Tayport 

2-283 

40-11 

6-49 

5-61 

2-37* 

21-67 

2-01 

0-21     0-32 

21-60b 

=  100-39 

12. 

Cathkin  Hills 

2-279 

41  34 

10-53 

1-86 

3-92a 

21-07 

1-21 

0-37    0-05 

19-48b 

=    99-84 

13. 

«           « 

2-288 

42-22 

8-51 

2-99 

4-95a 

21-23 

0-92 



19'48b 

=  100-30 

14. 

Bowling, 

Bowlingite 

2-308 

38-08 

6-26 

4-36 

520a 

21-46 

2-97 

0-11    0-95 

20'48b 

=    99-87 

15. 

Storr 

2-296 

41-41 

9-08 

2-05 

0-lla 

22-80 

1-86 

—       — 

23-43b 

=  100-74 

16. 

Quiraing 

42-50 

5-05 

0-85 

0-22a 

23-95 

3-27 

0-45    0-17 

23'68b 

=  100-14 

17. 

•  • 

40-33 

8-72 

1-97 

0  13a 

21-71 

2-80 

—       — 

24-34b 

=  100 

18. 

Cathkinite 

2-214 

40-07 

661 

4-16 

8-69 

19-24 

2-67 

tr. 

17-16b 

C02  0-38 

[=  98-98 

a  Incl.  MnO,  in  6,  0'13;  in  7,  0'09;  in  8,  0'12;  in  9,  0  15;  in  10,  0'20;  in  12,  0'09;  in  13,  0'07; 
in  14,  0-23;  in  15,  (HI;  in  16,  0'22;  in  17,  0'13. 

b  Loss  at  100°,  in  6,  15*75;  in  7,  14*09;  in  8,  14'52;  in  9,  12*96:  in  10.  13  87;  in  11,  13'96; 
in  12,  15-61;  in  13,  14-76;  in  14,  12-32;  in  15,  13'65;  in  16,  15'54;  in  17,  15'13;  in  18,  13*02. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  gives  out  water  very  readily  and  blackens;  thin  splinters  fuse  with  difficulty 
on  the  edge.  Decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Lizard  Point,  Cornwall,  in  veins  in  serpentine;    at  various  localities  in 


CELADONITE—GLA  UCONITE.  683 

Scotland,  cf.  Heddle,  1.  c.,  and  anals.  6-17;  at  Svardsjo  in  Dalarne  (piotine  and  saponite);  in  the 
geodes  of  datoliteat  Roaring  Brook,  near  New  Haveu,  Ct.;  in  the  trap  of  the  north  shore  of  Lake 
Superior,  between  Pigeon  Point  and  Fond  du  Lac,  in  amygdaloid  (thalite  of  Owen);  George's 
Is.,  on  north  coast  of  Prince  Edward  Is. 

Bowlingite  is  from  Bowliug  near  Dumbarton  on  the  Clyde;  it  is  shown  to  be  saponite  by 
Heddle;  earlier  analyses  gave  very  discordant  results,  cf.  App.  Ill,  p.  17,  and  Lex.,  Bull.  Soc. 
Mm..  8,  97,  1885.  Cathkinite  is  from  the  Cathkin  Hills. 

Prasilite  of  Thomson  (p.  663)  probably  belongs  here  according  to  Heddle. 

Sapouite  is  from  sapo,  soap;  and  piotine  from 


489.  CELADONITE.    Terre  verte  de  Verone  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  2,  502,  1783.     Grunerde 
Hoffm.,   Bergm.  J.,   519,   1788.     Green  Earth  pt.;  Green  Earth  of  Verona.     Seladonit  Glock., 
Syn.,  193,  1847.     Celadonite  Fr. 

Earthy  or  in  minute  scales.  Very  soft.  Color  deep  olive-green,  celandine- 
green,  apple-green.  Feel  more  or  less  greasy. 

Comp.  —  A  silicate  of  iron,  magnesium,  and  potassium,  formula  doubtful. 
Anal.—  1-4,  Heddle,  Trans.  R.  Soc.  Edinburgh,  29,  102,  1879. 

G.  SiO2  A12O3  Fe2O3  FeO  MnO  MgO  CaO  K2O  Na2O  H2O 

1.  Scuir  Mohr             2'574  57'72    0'33  17"05    3*73  0'08  3'84  0'60  5'55  0'42   10'78=100'10 

2.  Tayport                   2'590  52'69    5'79    9'75    5'37  0'31  8'54   116  6'21   0'39   10'48=  100-69 

3.  Tay  Bridge             2'598  52'54    5'82    9'71     5'40  0'3l  8'31    1-29   6'50  0'64  10-41  =  100'93 

4.  Giant's  Causeway  2'63  56'41     2'14  14'07     5'10  0'23  5  91   0-60  8'83     —      6'80=100'09 

An  early  analysis  by  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  4,  239,  1807)  gave: 
Mte.  Baldo  SiO2  53  Fe2O8  28  MgO  2  K20  10  H2O  6  =  99 

According  to  Klaproth,  and  also  later,  von  Kobell,  not  acted  on  by  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs.  —  From  cavities  in  amygdaloid  at  Mte.  Baldo  near  Verona.  Also  a  similar  mineral  from 
Scotland  (anal.  1-4). 

JSamed  in  allusion  to  the  ordinary  color  of  the  mineral,  celadon  green,  equivalent  in  French 
to  sea-green  (written  Seladon  in  German),  for  which  term  the  English  substituted  celandine- 
green*  Celadon  is  the  name  of  one  of  the  characters  in  a  French  romance  by  d'Urfe,  entitled 
Astree,  published  in  1610.  He  was  a  weak  verdant  lover  of  insipid  tenderness,  and  thence  the 
application  to  the  above  variety  of  green.  D'Urfe  borrowed  the  name  from  Ovid;  it  comes 
originally  from  Ke/\.dScoy,  burning. 

490.  GLAUCONITE.     Glaukonit  Eeferstein,  Deutsch.  geol.  dargest.,  5.  510,  1828,  Olocker, 
Handb.,  832,  1831.     Grlinerde  pt.  Germ.     Green  Earth  pt.     Terre  verte  pt.  Fr.     Chlorophanerit 
Jenzsch,  Jahrb.  Min.,  798,  1855. 

Amorphous,  and  resembling  earthy  chlorite.  Either  in  cavities  in  rocks,  or 
loosely  granular  massive. 

H.  =  2.  G.  =  2*2-2  *4.  Luster  dull,  or  glistening.  Color  olive-green, 
blackish  green,  yellowish  green,  grayish  green.  Opaque. 

Comp.,  Var.  —  Essentially  a  hydrous  silicate  of  iron  and  potassium;  but  the 
material  is  mostly,  if  not  always,  a  mixture,  and  consequently  varies  much  in  com- 
position. 

In  most  of  the  early  analyses  the  state  of  oxidation  of  the  iron  was  not  determined,  but 
according  to  Haushofer  it  is  chiefly  ferric  iron. 
The  kinds  of  glauconite  are: 

1.  Green  earth  of  cavities  in  eruptive  rocks;  to  which  the  chloropJianerite  of  G.  Jenzsch  may 
perhaps  be  added. 

2.  Green  grains  of  sand  beds  or  rocks,  as  of  the  green  sand  of  the  Chalk  formation,  rarely 
found  in  limestones;  called  glauconite  (in  allusion  to  the  grayish  green  color).     H.  =  2;  G.  = 
2'29-2'35;  color  olive-green  to  yellowish  green. 

Anal.—  1-3.  A.  Kupffer,  JB.  Ch.,  1307,  1870;  also  other  anals.  of  Russian  glauconites. 
4,  Haushofer,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  102,  38,  1866,  also  ibid.,  97,  353,  1866;  many  other  auals.  (in  5th  Ed.,  p. 
463).  5,  Dewalque,  Ann.  Soc.  G.  Belg.,  2,  3,  1877.  G,  Bamberger,  Min.  Mitth.,  271,  1877.  7, 
Heddle,  Trans.  R.  Soc.  Edinb.,  29,  79,  1879.  8,  Gumbei,  Ber.  Ak.  Milnchen,  Dec.  4,  1886.  9, 
Kuerr  &  Schoeufeld,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  6,  412,  1884.  10,  11,  T.  S.  Hunt,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  486-488, 
1863.  Earlier  analyses  are  given  in  5th  Ed.,  pp.  462,  463;  also  a  summary  by  Gumbei,  1.  c. 

*  Jameson  has  seladon-green  (from  Werner)  in  his  Treatise  on  the  External  Characters  of 
Minerals,  1805;  and  celandine-green  in  his  System  of  Mineralogy,  1,  466.  1816. 


684 


SILICATES. 


G. 

1.  SvirR.,        Russia 

2.  Ontika, 

3.  Grodno  Valley,  " 

4.  Havre 

5.  Auvers,  Belg. 

6.  Gozzo  Is.  3-314 

7.  Ashgrove  2 '296 

8.  Agulhas  Bank 

9.  French  Creek,  Pa.  22 

10.  New  Jersey 

11.  Red  Bird,  Miss. 


Si02 

A12O3 

Fe2O3 

FeO 

MgO 

CaO 

K30 

Na20 

H20 

49-42 

10-2,3 

16-01 

3-00 

3-78 

0:31 

7-91 

0-26 

8-08      insol. 

[0-80  =  99-80 

51-24 

12-22 

13-44 

3-06 

3-93 

010 

7-50 

0-31 

8-20=100 

49-76 

8-18 

16-00 

3-77 

3-97 

0-41 

7-57 

0-52 

9-82=100 

50-62 

3-80 

21  03 

602 

0-57a 

0'54a 

7-14 



9-14=  99-86 

50-42 

4-79 

1990 

5-96 

2-28 

321 

7-87 

0-21 

5-28  P2O5  tr. 

[=  99-92 

46-91 

7-04 

23-06 

2-64 

4-40 

2-95 

7-31 

0-91 

4-71=  99-93 

49-09 

15-21 

10-56 

3-06 

265 

0-55 

6-05 

1-21 

11-64=100-02 

46-90 

4-06 

27-09 

3-60 

0-70 

0-20 

6  16 

1-28 

9-25=  99-24 

5286 

7-J08 

7-20 

19-48 

2-90 

tr. 

2-23 

tr. 

8-43=100-18 

5070 

8-03 

22 

50 

2-16 

1-11 

580 

0-75 

8-95=100 

46-58 

11-45 

— 

20-61 

1-27 

2-49 

6-96 

0-98 

9-66=100 

a  Carbonates. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  Yields  water.  Fuses  easily  to  a  dark  magnetic  glass.  Some  varieties  are  entirely 
decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  while  others  are  not  appreciably  attacked. 

The  glauconite  grains  are  most  abundant  in  the  "  green  sand,"  of  the  Chalk  formation,  some- 
times constituting  75  to  90  p.  c.  of  the  whole.  They  are  often  casts  of  the  shells  of  llhizopods. 
The  material  has  also  been  found  in  Silurian  rocks,  and  beds  of  other  geological  periods,  and 
even  in  the  shells  of  recent  Rhizopods,  and  in  fragments  of  coral  obtained  in  deep-sea  soundings 
(Am.  J.  Sc.,  22,  281,  1856).  The  glauconite  of  the  Silurian,  analyzed  by  Hunt,  contains  less 
iron  and  more  alumina  than  that  of  the  Chalk  formation. 

For  a  general  discussion  of  the  nature  and  method  of  formation  of  glauconite,  see  Gunibel, 
Ber.  Ak.  Miinchen,  417-449,  Dec.  4,  1886. 

A  green  calcite  from  Central  India  contains  a  skeleton  of  glauconite—  separable  by 
acids—  constituting  about  14  p.  c.  of  the  whole.  Haughton  names  the  rock,  which  is  a  mixture 
of  calcite  and  glauconite,  Hislopite  (Phil.  Mag.,  17,  16,  1859). 


491.  PHOLIDOLITE.     Folidolit  G.  Nordenskiold,  G.  For.  Forh.,  12,  348,  1890. 

In  minute  crystalline  scales  distinctly  bounded  on  two  sides  inclined  to  each  other  60°, 
parallel  to  which  there  are  two  systems  of  fine  cracks  each  making  30°  with  the  medial  line, 
which  is  the  trace  of  the  twinning  plane. 

Cleavage:  basal,  perfect.  G.  =  2'408.  Luster  resinous  to  pearly.  Color  grayish  yellow  by 
reflected  light;  nearly  colorless  under  the  microscope.  Optically  biaxial,  negative.  Ax.  pi.  |  edges 
of  scales.  Ax.  angle  =  20°  approx. 

Comp.—  Corresponds  approximately  to  5H2O.K2O.12(Fe,Mg)O.  Al2O3.13SiOa 

Anal.— 


Si02 
4978 


A1208 
6-31 


FeO 

408 


MnO 
0-12 


MgO 

27-94 


K2O 
593 


H2O 

5-49  =  99-65. 


The  material  analyzed  had  been  dried  at  100°  and  the  remaining  water  goes  off  only  at  a 
red  heat;  the  air-dried  mineral  gives  off  4-77  p.  c.  H3O  over  calcium  chloride  and  0*80  at  100°, 
or  5 '57  in  all,  corresponding  to  another  5H2O. 

Occurs  at  Taberg  in  Werrnland,  Sweden,  with  garnet,  diopside,  etc.  Named  <f>oXidoS— - 
,  scale,  etdo$,form — in  allusion  to  its  micaceous  structure. 


492.  Kaolinite 

493.  Halloysite 

494.  Newtonite 


IV.    Kaolin  Division. 


H4Al2Si,0. 


Monoclinic 

a  :  b  :  6  =  0*5748 :  1  :  1-5997      ft  =  83°  11' 
H4Al2Si209  +  aq  Amorphous 

H8Al2Si2On  -f  aq  Khombohedral 


495.  Cimolite 

496.  Montmorillonite 


H6Al4(Si03)9 


Amorphous 


497.  Pyrophyllite 


H2Als(Si03)4 


Monoclinic  ? 


KAOLINITE. 


685 


498.  Allophane 

499.  Collyrite 

500.  Schrotterite 


AlaSi06.5H20 
Al4Si08.9H30 
Al16Si3030.30H80 


Amorphous 


492.  KAOLINITE.  Talkerde  von  schuppigen  Theilen  (fr.  Sonne  Adit,  Halsbrucke  near 
Freiberg)  Wern.,  Ueb.,  218,  1780.  Erdiger  Talk  Hofmann,  Bergm.  J.,  160,  1789;  Karst.,  Tab., 
32,  1800.  ?Talc  granuleux  H.,  Tr.,  3,  1801.  Nacrile  pt.  Brongn.,  Min.,  1,  505,  1807.  Schup- 
piger  Thon  Karst.,  Tab.,  91.  1808.  Nakrit  Breith.,  Char.,  94,  318,  1832.  Kaolinite  8.  W.  John- 
son, Am.  J.  Sc.,  43,  351,  1867.  Caolino  Ital.  Caolina  Sp. 

Medulla  Saxi,  Germ.  Steinmarck,  pt.,  Agric.,  Interpr.,  466,  1546  =  Lithomarge  pt.  Karnat 
Breith.,  Handb.,  2,  359,  1841  =  Steiumark  vou  Rochlitz  Klapr.,  6,  285,  1815.  Terra  Samia, 
Collyrium,  Aster,  Plin.,  35,  53.  Marga  porcellana,  Leucargilla,  pt.,  Wall.,  22,  1747.  Terra 
Porcellauea  Cronst.,  73,  1758.  Porcelain  Clay.  Kaolin.  Porzellanerde,  Porzellauthon,  Germ. 
Argiles  a  pprcelaine  Fr.  Terre  a  foulon  pt.  Fr.  =  Fuller's  Earth.  Arcilla  Sp. 

Pholerite  Guillemin,  Ann.  Mines,  11,  489,  1825.  Pholerite,  Pelitische  Felsittuffe  von 
Chemnitz,  A.  Knop,  Jb.  Miu.,  540,  1859.  Aucudit  0.  Koch,  Inaug.  Diss.  Jena,  1884. 

Monoclinic.     Axes    a\l\b  —   0-5748  :  1  :  1-5997;    ft  =  83°  11'  Miers1. 
100  A  HO  =  29°  43',  001  A  101  =  76°  22£',  001  A  Oil  =  57°  48J'. 
Forma:    6  (010,  »4),     c  (001,  0),     m  (110,  /),     n  (111,  1). 

Angles  :  mm'"  —  59°  26',  bm  =  *60°  17',  nn'  =  58°  23',  bn  =  60°  48V  (meas  60°  44') 
cm  =  *84°  5',  en  =  *78°  8'.' 

Also  several  doubtful  pyramids. 

If  m  be  made  221  (=  M,  biotite)  the  forms  noted  for  kaolinite  approximate  to  those  of 
biotite  (p.  627);  thus  the  measured  angles  for  kaolinite  as  compared  with  the  angles  calculated 
for  biotite  are : 


Kaolinite 
Biotite 


001  A  221 
84°    5' 
85°  38' 


001  A 

78°    8' 
81°  19' 


111 


221  A  221 
59°  26' 
59°  48V 


111  A  HI 
58°  23' 
59°  14 


Usually  in  thin  rhombic,  rhomboidal,  or  hexagonal  scales  or  plates  with  angles 
of  60°  and  120°  (f.  1),  and  sometimes  twins, 
according  to  the  mica  law,  made  up  of  six 
sectors  analogous  to  clinochlore.  The  scales 
rarely  show  distinct  pyramidal  planes  and 
undetermined  clinodomes;  they  are  often 
grouped  in  fan-shaped  forms.  Also  in  crys- 
tals with  pyramidal  faces  largely  developed 
(f.  2),  frequently  twins  (penninite  law)  with 
tw.  plane  and  comp.-face  c  (001).  Usually 
constituting  a  clay-like  mass,  either  compact, 
friable,  or  mealy. 

Cleavage:  basal,  perfect.     Flexible,  in- 
elastic.   H.  =  2-2-5.    GL  =  2-6-2-63.    Luster 
of  plates,  pearly;    of   mass,   pearly   to  dull 
earthy.     Color  white,  grayish  white,    yellowish,   sometimes   brownish,   bluish,  or 
reddish.     Scales  transparent  to  translucent;  usually  unctuous  aud  plastic. 

Optically  biaxial,  negative.     Bx0  _L  b.     Bxa  and  ax.  pi.  inclined  behind  some 
20°  to  normal  to  c  (001)  Dick.     Axial  angle  large,  approx.  90°.     Dispersion   weak. 
Var. — 1.  Kaolinite.     In  crystalline  scales,  pure  white  and  with  a  satin  luster  in  the  mass. 

2.  Ordinary.     Common  kaolin,  in  part  in  crystalline  scales  but  more  or  less  impure  and 
either  (a)  Argilliform — soft,  clay-like;  (b)  Fariniform — mealy,  hardly  coherent;  or  (c)  Indurated; 
Lithomarge  (Steinmark   Germ.)— firm    and    compact;    H.  =  2-2'5.      When   pulverized,    often 
shows  a  scaly  texture.    G.  =  2'6,  from  Cainsdorf,  solid  var.    Tuesite  of  Thomson  is  a  lithomavge 
from  Scotland,  used  sometimes  for  slate  pencils;  H.  =  25;  G.  =  2 '43-2  56;  color  milk-white. 

3.  Ferruginous;  Carnat  Breith.     A  firm  lithomarge  of  a  reddish  white  or  flesh-red  or  brown- 
ish red  color;    the  color  owing  to  the  presence  of  some   iron   oxide;  H.  —  2-3;  G.  =  2'543. 
Streak  colorless;  smooth  to  the  touch. 

Myeliii  Breith.,  Talksteinmark  Freiesleben  is  simply  kaolin  according  to  Frenzel,  J.  pr.  Ch., 


Johnson  and  Blake.     2,  Anglesea,  Dick. 


686 


SILICATES. 


5,  401,  1872.     Ancudtte  (Koch)  is  an  impure  kaolin  from  Ancud  (S.  Carlos)  on  the  island  Chiloe", 
anal.  7. 

Schlossing  (1.  c.)  finds  in  certain  French  clays  besides  the  crystallized  kaolinite  with  the 
composition  given  below  an  argile  colloidale  which  he  makes  lower  in  alumina  and  higher  in 
silica,  magnesia,  and  potash. 

Comp.— 2H2O.Al203.2Si02  —  Silica  46-5,  alumina  39-5,  water  14-0  =  100.  The 
water  goes  off  at  a  high  temperature,  above  330°  Hillebrand  (also,  Dick). 

Pholerite  has  been  separated  on  the  basis  of  Guillemin's  analyses  who  gave  15  p.  c.  water, 
but  there  can  be  little  doubt  of  its  identity  with  kaolinite,  cf.  de  Koninck,  1.  c. 

Anal. — 1,  Tookey  and  Dick,  Percy's -Metallurgy,  Fuel,  1875,  and  Min.  Mag.,  8,  15,  1888. 
2,  Hillebrand,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Bull.  20,  97,  1885.  3,  Hiortdahl,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  70,  1887.  4-6,  L.  L. 
de  Koninck,  Bull.  Ac.  Belg.,  44,  733,  1877. 

SiO2    A12O3    H2O  Fe2O3 

1.  Anglesea  G.  =  2'62          46'53    38'93    13'87      —    =    99'33 

2.  Red  Mt.,  Col.       G.  =  2'611        46'35    39'59    1393    O'll  F  0*15  =  100-13 

3.  "       "        "  45-57    41-52     13'58      —   =  100'67 

4.  Queuast  45'58  36 '80  14-49  3'68  =  100  55 

5.  St.  Gilles  45-97  4012  13'91  tr.    =  100 

6.  L,a  Chartreuse  46'72  38-32  13  85  0'77  CaO  0  60  =  100-26                 [99-42 

7.  Ancudite  44'56  36'92  15'64  122  CaO  0'31,  MgO  0'41,  CO2  0'36  = 

For  analyses  of  kaolins  from  France  (Allier,  Bretagne,  Bayonne)  and  China,  see  Schlossing, 
C.  R.,  79,  473,  1874.  On  the  kaolins  of  the  Bunt-Sandstein  of  Thuringia  see  Herold,  Inaug 
Diss.  Jena,  1875  (E.  E.  Schmid,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  28,  87,  1876). 

For  analyses  of  samples  of  "China  clay"  see  Macadam,  Min.  Mag.,  7,  76,  1886;  also 
Collins,  ib.,  205,  who  makes  most  of  his  purified  clays  agree  with  the  formula  3H2O.2Al2O3.4SiO2 
=  Silica  48'0,  alumina  41 '2,  water  10'8  =  100.  The  correctness  of  the  formula  given  above  for 
pure  kaoliuite  is  sufficiently  established  by  analyses  1-6. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water.  B.B.  infusible.  Gives  a  blue  color  with  cobalt  solution.  Insol- 
uble in  acids 

Obs.— Ordinary  kaolin  is  a  result  of  the  decomposition  of  aluminous  minerals,  especially  the 
feldspar  of  granitic  and  gneissoid  rocks  and  porphyries.  In  some  regions  where  these  rocks 
have  decomposed  on  a  large  scale,  the  resulting  clay  remains  in  vast  beds  of  kaolin,  usually 
more  or  less  mixed  with  free  quartz,  and  sometimes  with  oxide  of  iron  from  some  of  the  other 
minerals  present.  Pure  kaolinite  in  scales  often  occurs  in  connection  with  iron  ores  of  the  Coal 
formation.  It  sometimes  forms  extensive  beds  in  the  Tertiary  formation,  as  near  Richmond,  Va. 
Also  met  with  accompanying  diaspore  and  emery  or  corundum. 

Occurs  in  the  coal  formation  at  Cache-Apres  in  Belgium;  at  St.  Gilles  and  La  Chartreuse 
near  LiUtich  and  Bagatelle  near  Vise;  Schlan  in  Bohemia,  and  at  Rohe;  in  argillaceous  schist 
at  Lod£ve,  Dept.  of  Uerault,  France;  at  the  Einigkeit  mine  at  Brand,  near  Freiberg,  and  else- 
where in  Saxony:  as  kaolin  at  Diendorf  (Bodenmais)  in  Bavaria;  at  Zeisigwald  near  Chemnitz; 
as  the  gangue  of  topaz  at  Schneckensteiu:  with  emery  and  margarite  at  Naxos;  as  the  gangueof 
diaspore  at  Schemnitz;  as  the  irraterial  of  pseudomorphs  after  prosopite  at  Alteuberg,  showing 
well  the  hexagonal  scales;  with  fiuor  at  Zinnwald,  a  white  powdery  substance  consisting  of 
hexag.  scales;  at  Rochlitz  (carnaf)  in  a  porphyritic  rock;  as  a  cementing  material  in  the  sand- 
stone (Bunt  Sandstein)  of  Thuringia;  in  seams  in  an  argillaceous  rock  on  the  Tweed  (tuesite),  the 
Latin  name  of  which  place  is  Taesis.  In  crystalline  plates  near  Alrnwch  on  the  island  of 
Anglesey.  At  Yrieix,  near  Limoges,  is  the  best  locality  of  kaolin  in  Europe  (a  discovery  of  1765); 
it  affords  material  for  the  famous  Sevres  porcelain  manufactory.  The  dark  colored  clay  of 
Stourbridge,  England,  is  made  up  in  large  part  of  transparent  laminae.  Large  quantities  of  clay 
(kaolin)  are  found  in  Cornwall  and  West  Devon,  England,  as  described  by  Collins  (1.  c.)  who 
gives  the  name  carclazyte  to  a  china-clay  rock  as  at  Carclaze,  Cornwall,  and  petuntzyte  to  a  less 
altered  rock  containing  still  fresh  feldspar. 

In  the  U.  States,  kaolin  occurs  at  Newcastle  and  Wilmington,  Del.;  at  various  localities  in 
the  limonite  region  of  Vermont  (at  Brandon,  etc.),  Massachusetts.  Pennsylvania;  Jacksonville, 
Ala.;  Edgefield,  S.  C. ;  near  Augusta,  Ga. ;  and  Johnson  and  Blake  observed  transparent  hex- 
agonal scales  abundantly  in  a  blue  fire-clay  from  Mt.  Savage,  Md.;  in  the  white  clay  of  Brandon, 
Vt.,  Beekman,  N.  Y.,  Perth  Amboy,  N.  J.,  Reading,  and  a  locality  in  Chester  Co.,  Pa.,  Long 
Island,  and  in  white  and  colored  clays  of  various  other  places.  Near  Richmond,  Va.,  the  mealy 
var.  constitutes  a  bed  of  considerable  extent  in  the  Tertiary  formation;  at  Tamaqua  and  Summit 
Hill  in  Carbon  Co.,  Pa.,  it  occurs  in  the  Coal  formation;  in  a  sandstone  of  the  L.  Silurian,  just 
below  the  Chaudiere  Falls,  filling  seams  or  fissures,  often  |  in.  thick,  having  an  unctuous  feel, 
and  consisting  of  minute  soft  scales.  At  the  National  Bell  mine,  Red  Mountain,  Silverton, 
Colorado,  in  very  pure  form  in  cavities  of  a  quartz  vein  material  enclosed  in  a  large  eruptive 
mass;  also  at  Bedwell  Basin,  Gunnison  Co.,  Col.  (anal,  by  Eakins,  see  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Bull'.  60, 
136,  1890). 

The  kaolin  of  the  Thuringian  Bunt-Sandstein  is  crystalline  but  contains  various  foreign 
substances  as  the  microschorlite  and  microvermiculite  of  Schmid. 


KAOLINITE.  687 

The  name  Kaolin  is  a  corruption  of  the  Chinese  Kauling,  meaning  high-ridge,  the  name  of  a 
hill  near  Jauchau  Fu,  where  the  material  is  obtained;  and  the  petuntze  (peh-tun-tsz)  of  the 
Chinese,  with  which  the  kaolin  is  mixed  in  China  for  the  manufacture  of  porcelain,  is  a  quartz- 
ose  feldspathic  rock,  consisting  largely  of  quartz  (S.  W.  Williams).  The  word  porcelain  was 
first  given  to  the  china-ware  by  the  Portuguese,  from  its  resemblance  to  the  nacre  of  the  sea-shells 
Porcellaiui  (Cypra3as),  they  supposing  it  to  be  made  from  egg-shells,  fish-glue,  and  fish  scales 
(S.  W.  Williams). 

G.  Vogt  has  investigated  the  yeou-ko  of  the  Chinese  and  finds  that  it  is  made  up  of:  Quartz 
52*9  p.  c.,  muscovite  31*3,  sodium  feldspar  13"4,  calcium  carbonate  2*0,  hydrated  silica  I/O  = 
100-6.  C.  R,  110,  43,  1890. 

Ref. — '  Min.  Mag.,  8,  15,  1888,  with  corrected  fundamental  angles  as  later  noted  by  the 
author,  ibid.,  9,  4,  1890.  Cf.  also  Johnson  and  Blake,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  43,  35,  1867;  R,  C.  Hills, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  27,  472,  1884. 

Reusch  (Jb.  Min.,  2,  70,  1887)  makes  the  extinction  in  the  scales  oblique  (12°)  to  an  hexagonal 
edge,  perhaps  because  the  scales  are  often  fan-shaped  aggregates;  the  triclinic  character  does  not 
seem  to  be  confirmed  by  Dick  and  Miers; 

MEEKSCHALUMINITE  Ross.  Simlaite  Schrauf,  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  43,  1870.  A  kind  of  pho- 
lerite  from  near  Simla,  India.  Au  analysis  by  Maskelyne  and  Flight  (Ch.  News,  22,  260, 
1870;  gave: 

Si02  43-15  A12O3  41-07  HaO  15'78  =  100. 

RECTORITE  R.  N.  Brackett  and  J.  F.  Williams,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  16,  1891. 

Monoclinic?  In  leaves  or  plates  resembling  mountain  leather.  Very  soft,  hardness  less 
than  that  of  talc.  Feel  soapy.  Folia  flexible,  inelastic,  and  separating  with  easy  cleavage. 

Luster  pearly.  Color  pure  white,  sometimes  stained  red  with  iron  oxide.  Optically  biaxial, 
Bx  _L  cleavage.  2E  ==  5°  to  15°  or  20°.  Refractive  index  low. 

Composition  for  the  mineral  dried  at  110°,  HAlSiO4  or  Al2O3.2SiO2.H2O  =  Silica  50 '0, 
alumina  42'5,  water  7'5.  Taking  the  water  expelled  at  110°  as  water  of  crystallization  the 
formula  is  2HA18iO4  -f-  a(!>  °r  empirically  like  kaolinite,  from  which  it  differs,  however,  since 
the  latter  mineral  contains  only  water  of  constitution. 

Analysis,  on  material  dried  at  110°: 

SiO2       A12O3      H2O      Fe2O3      CaO       MgO     Na2O       K2O 

1,  52-72        36-60        7'76        0'25        0'45        0  51        2'83        0'26  =  101'38 

2.  52-88        35-51        7'72 

H2O  at  110°  in  1,  8'78  p.  c.;  in  2,  8'33. 

B.B.  infusible,  but  loses  water  and  becomes  brittle. 

Found  in  seams  in  L.  Silurian  sandstone  in  the  Blue  Mountain  mining  district,  Marble 
township,  Garland  Co.,  Arkansas,  about  24  miles  north  of  Hot  Springs. 

Named  after  Hon.  E.  W.  Rector  of  Hot  Springs. 

LEVERRIERITE  P.  Termier,  C.  R.,  108,  1071,  1889;  Ann.  Mines,  17,  372,  1890;  Bull.  Soc. 
Min.,  13,  325,  1890. 

In  vermiculate  aggregates  resembling  helminth.  Crystals  hexagonal  prisms,  perhaps 
orthorhombic,  with  c  (001),  b  (010),  m  (110),  and  mm'"  =  52°  approx.  Form  and  twinning  like 
the  micas. 

Cleavage:  basal,  perfect.  Soft.  H.  =  1'5.  G.  —  2'3-2'4.  Luster  vitreous  to  pearly. 
Colorless  to  brown.  Optically—.  Ax.  pi.  1  b  (010).  Bx  1  c.  Ax.  angle  45°-52°.  /?  —  1'6, 
y  _  a  =  0-0075-0-0082. 

Comp. — A  hydrated  silicate  of  aluminium,  but  formula  doubtful,  as  the  material  is  more  or 
less  mixed  with  clay  and  analyses  fail  to  agree.  The  author  gives  2Al2O3.5SiO2.5H2O  =  Silica 
50-5,  alumina  84'3,  water  15'2  —  100. 

Anal.— 1,  A.  Carnot,  1.  c.;  C.  R.,  108.  2,  3,  quoted  by  Termier,  1.  c.,  Ann.  Mines.  2,  by 
Meunier. 

SiO2  A12O3  Fe2O3  MnO  CaO  MgO  K2O  ign. 

1.  49-30  22-60  0'34  0*40  680  066  1'36  17-90  =  99'36 

2.  46-4  38-4           tr.  —  1-2           —  —  15*0    P2O5  0'5  =  101*5 

3.  46-79  34-47         —          —  4'53         —  —  13'21  =  99' 

Common  in  the  black  carbonaceous  shales  of  the  Departments  de  la  Loire,  France;  thus 
at  Beaubrun,  Rive-de-Gier,  Quartier-Gaillard  near  St.  Etienne  and  other  points;  also  in  eruptive 
rocks  (porphyry)  of  St.  Etienne,  at  La  Gagnerette,  etc.,  Dept.  du  Gard. 

Named  after  the  mining  engineer  Le  Verrier. 


688  SILICATES. 

493.  HALLOYSITE.  Halloysite  Berthier,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  32,  332,  1826.  Galapektit, 
Gummit,  Breith.,  Char.,  99,  1832.  Glagerit  Breith.,  Handb.,  357,  1841.  Smectite  Salvetat,  Ann. 
Ch.  Pbys.,  31,  102,  1851.  Steiumark  or  Lithoinarge  pt.,  Pseudo-Steatite  pt.,  Glossecollite, 
Step.,  Min.,  1857,  App.  to  Suppl.,  p.  iii. 

?Lenzinit  John.,  Chern.  Schrift.,  5,  193,  1816.  ?  Severite  Beud.,  Tr.,  1824,  in  Index,  and 
2,  36,  1832.  ?  Nertschinskite  Razumowki.  Bole  pt.  Milauit  Tietze,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  588,  1870. 
Indianaite  Cox,  Rep.  Geol.  Indiana,  15,  1874,  154,  1878. 

Massive.     Clay-like  or  earthy. 

Fracture  conchoidal.  Hardly  plastic.  H.  —  1-2.  G.  —  2*0-2 '20.  Luster 
somewhat  pearly,  or  waxy,  to  dull.  Color  white,  grayish,  greenish,  yellowish, 
bluish,  i  eddish.  Translucent  to  opaque,  sometimes  becoming  translucent  or  even 
transparent  in  water,  with  an  increase  of  one-fifth  in  weight. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary.  Earthy  or  waxy  in  luster,  and  opaque  massive.  Galapectite  is  halloy- 
site of  Anglar.  Pseudosteatite  of  Thomson  &  Binney  is  an  impure  variety,  dark  green  in  color, 
with  H.  =  2  25,  G.  =  2*469.  Glagerite,  from  Berguersreuth  in  Bavaria,  is  proved  to  be  halloy- 
site  by  Fikenscher;  it  is  white  to  yellowish  white;  G.  —  2'35-2'38;  H.  =  2-2*5. 

Indianaite  is  a  white  porcelain  clay  from  Lawrence  Co.,  Indiana,  where  it  occurs  with 
allopuane  in  beds  four  to  ten  feet  thick.  H.  =  2-2*5.  G.  =  2*31-2'53. 

2.  Smectite  of  Salvetat  is  greenish,  and  in  certain  states  of  humidity  appears  transparent  and 
almost  gelatinous;  it  is  from  Coude,  near  Houdau,  France.     Breithaupt's  Gummite  (Char.,  99, 
1832;  :.$  a  "  gum  like- halloysite,"  not  adhering  to  the  tongue,  from  Auglar,  though  in  his  Hand- 
buch,  where  the  same  locality  is  mentioned,  he  quotes  Berthier's  analysis  of  collyrite  from  the 
Pyrenees.     Glossecollite  is  milk-white  and  earthy,  but  becomes  translucent  on  the  edges  and  a 
little  opaline  in  water.     It  forms  a  seam  1  in.  thick  in  a  siliceous  Silurian  rock  in  Rising  Fawn, 
Dade  Co.,  Georgia.     A  yellow  gum-like  clay  from  near  Budapest  is  referred  to  halloysite  by 
Fr.  Koch,  Zs.  Kr.,  19,  198,  1891. 

3.  Lenzinite  is  earthy,  compact,  white,  translucent,  and  somewhat  opaline,  from  Kail  in  the 
Eifel;   and  brownish,  from  rifts   in  pegmatyte,  at   La  Vilate,   near  Chanteloube,   in  Fiance. 
Leonhard  considered  it  (Handb.,  1826)  a  decomposed  semiopal.     It  is  described  as  not  gelatin- 
izing in  acids.     Named  after  the  German  mineralogist  Lenz.     Nerchinskite  of  Razumovski,  a 
whitish  or  bluish  earth  from  Nerchinsk,  has  been  referred  to  lenzinite.     Severite,  or  lenzinite  of 
St.  Sever,  was  first  noticed  in  1818,  and  analyzed  in  that  year  by  Pelletier  (J.  Phys.,  86,  251, 
1818).     It  has  sometimes  the  semitransparency  of  opal,  a  soft  feel,  adheres  strongly  to  the  tongue, 
and  makes  no  paste  with  water;  it  is  from  the  upper  arenaceous  stratum  in  the  gypsiferous 
Tertiary  at  St.  Sever  in  France.     It  is  not  clear  whether  it  belongs  here  or  to  kaolinite. 

4.  Bole,  in  part,  may  belong  here;  that  is,  those  colored,  unctuous  clays  containing  more  or 
less  iron  oxide,  which  also  have  about  24  p.  c.  of  water;  the  iron  gives  it  a  brownish,  yellowish, 
or  reddish  color;  but  more  investigation  is  needed  before  it  is  known  that  they  are  not  mere 
mixtures.     Oropion  of  Glocker  (Syn.,  188,  1847)  is  a  dark  brown  to  black  bole;  it  is  the  Bergseife 
(—  mountain  soap)  of  Werner  (Ueb.  Cronst.,  189,  1780),  having  a  greasy  feel  and  streak,  and 
H.  =  1-2;  the  color  is  attributed  to  bituminous  matters  present.     It  is  from  Olkutsch  in  Poland. 
Where  it  belongs  is  doubtful.     A  similar  kind  from  Thuringia  has  been  analyzed  by  Bucholz 
(5th  Ed.,  p.  477);  but  its  identity  with  Werner's  Polish  Bergseife  is  not  certain. 

Milanite  is  from  Maidaupek,  Servia. 

Comp. — A  silicate  of  aluminium  (Al203.2Si02)  like  kaolinite,  but  amorphous 
and  containing  more  water;  the  amount  is  somewhat  uncertain  but,  as  shown  by 
Le  Chatelier,  the  formula  is  probably  to  be  taken  as  H4Al2Si209  +  aq,  or 
2H2O.Al203.2Si02  -f  aq  =  Silica  43'5,  alumina  36*9,  water  19'6  =  100. 

Analyses  by  Le  Chatelier  on  material  heated  to  250°  gave  the  following  results  corresponding 
to  the  kaolinite  formula  2H8O.AI2O3.2SiO2;  he  finds  further  that  the  remaining  water  goes  off 
only  above  400°,  the  earlier  amount  at  150°.  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  10,  210,  1887. 

Si02  A1203  H2O                             H20  below  250° 

Angleur  46*3  39'5  14*3  =  100*1  8*5 

Huelgoat  47*9  38'0  14*3  =  100*2  5*4 

Miglos  46*3  38*7  14*0  =  99'0  6*5 

Breteuil  48*3  35*6  14*3  =  982  12'5 

Laumede  48*7  36*5  13'6  =  98'8  4'0 

Eifel  46*6  39-3  130  =  98*9  3*5 

Russia  47-4  38-8  14*0  =  1002  7*0 

The  following  are  analyses  of  indianaite  by  Pemberton  on  air-dried  material: 
Stu,  A12O3  H2O  H2O  at  100°  C.        CaO,MgO  alkalies 

39-00  36*00  14*00  9*50  0*63  0'54     =     99*67 

39*35  36*35  22~*90  0*40  —      =     99*00 

38*90  3740  23*60  undet.  —      —     99'90 


NEWTONITE—CIMOL1TE.  689 

Helmaacker  shows  that  some  halloysites  contain  4£  aq.  and  others  3  aq.  when  dried  over 
sulphuric  acid.  He  gives  analyses  1-3,  by  Hofmann,  Min.  Mitth.,  2,  231,  1879.  G.  =  1-961- 
1'962,  after  exposure  to  dry  air  1'985. 

SiO2  A12O3  H2O  above  100'  H2O  at  100° 

1.  40-19  34-84a  15-27                    8 '08    CaO  2 '55,  MgO  tr.   =  100'93 

2.  36-34  32-34b  18-29                  10'59    CaO  2  31  =  99'87 

3.  35-73  33'83a  17*65                 10'96    CaO  2-58,  CuO  010  =  100'85 

a  Fe2O3,P2O6  tr.  b  Fe2O3  0'27  p.  c. 

Other  analyses  5th  Ed.,  pp.  476,  477. 

Compact  glagente  forming  seams  in  clay  at  Gusevsk,  Ural  (Zs.  Kr.,  17,  628,  1890),  gave: 

Si02  45-85          A1203  36'97          Fe2O3  tr.          CaO  0'64          MgO  0'25          H2O  16'14  =  99'85 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water.  B.B.  infusible.  A  fine  blue  with  cobalt  solution.  Decomposed 
by  acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  often  in  veins  or  beds  of  ore,  as  a  secondary  product;  also  in  granite  and 
other  rocks,  being  derived  from  the  decomposition  of  some  aluminous  minerals  (localities  men- 
tioned above).  The  Halloysite  of  Hotisscha  is  derived  from  graphic  granite. 

The  name  halloysite  is  from  Omalius  a'Halloy  (1707-1789),  who  first  observed  it. 

494.  NEWTONITE.    K  N.  Brackett  and  /.  F.  Williams,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  11,  1891. 
Rhombohedral.     In   soft   compact   masses,   resembling   kaolin,    the    powder 
resolved  under  the  microscope  (X  400  to  500  diam.)  into  minute  rhombs,  nearly 
squares,  but  giving  angles  of  88°  to  89°. 

Soft.     G.  =  2-37.     Color  white.     Extinction  parallel  to  the  'diagonals  of  the 
rhombs. 

Comp.— H8Al1Si,0ll  +  aq  or  Al203.2Si03.5H20  =  Silica  38-5,  alumina  32'7  water 
28-8  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Brackett  &  Williams,  1.  c. 

SiO2        A12O3         H2Oa     Fe2O3        CaO      MgO      Na2O        K2O 

1.  38-86         35  20         23 '69         0'21          0'31          tr.  [1-73]          =  100 

2.  40-22         35  27         22'89         0'21         0  54         tr.         0'99          073  =  100'85 

a  Ignition;  at  110°-115°,  5'53  p.  c.  H2O  in  1;  5'44  in  2. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  infusible;  gives  the  alumina  reaction  with  cobalt  solution.  Only  slightly 
attacked  by  boiling  hydrochloric  acid,  but  almost  completely  decomposed  by  boiling  concentrated 
sulphuric  acid  with  separation  of  silica. 

Obs.— Found  on  Sneed's  Creek  in  the  northern  part  of  Newton  Co.,  Arkansas.  Occurs  in 
lumps  varying  from  a  few  ounces  to  forty  pounds,  embedded  in  a  dark  gray  clay. 


495.  CIMOLITE.  KtnooMa  Theophr.  Cimolia  PKn.\  35,  57.  Cimolit  Klapr  Beitr  1 
291,  1795.  Pelikanit  Ouchakoff,  Bull.  Ac.  St.  Pet.,  16, 129,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  74,  254, 1858  Huuterite 
Haughton,  Phil.  Mag.,  17,  18,  1859,  23,  50,  1862. 

Terra  Lemnia  Dioscor,   Plin.,    etc.     Sphragid  Karst.,    Tab.,    28,    88,   1808.     Ehrenbergit 
Noggerath,  Vh.  Ver.  Rheinl.,  9,  378,  1852.     Anauxite  Breith.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  15,  325,  1838. 
Amorphous,  clay-like,  or  chalky. 

Very  soft.     G.  =>  2'18-2'30.     Luster  of  streak  greasy.     Color  white,  grayish 
white,  reddish.     Opaque.     Harsh.     Adheres  to  the  tongue. 

Comp — A  hydrous  silicate  of  aluminium,  2Al203.9Si02.6H20  =  Silica  63-4, 
alumina  23*9,  water  12'7  =  100.     Perhaps  a  basic  salt. 

Anal.— 1,  Klaproth,  1.  c.  2,  Ilimov  [Ann.  J.  M.  Russ.,  336,  1841]  Rg.,  Min.  Ch  584, 
1860.  3,  v.  Hauer,  Jb.  G.  Reich s.,  5,  83,  1854.  4,  Haughton,  1.  c.  5,  Riggs  Am  J  Sc  32 
355,  1886.  Also  F.  W.  Clarke,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  28,  23,  1884;  Scharizer,  Jb.  G.  Reichs  32  ' 4SS 
491,  1882. 


690 


SILICATES. 


G. 

1.  Argentiera 

2.  Ekaterinovska 

3.  Near  Bilin,  Anauxite  2'376 

4.  Hunterite  2 '319 

5.  Norway,  Me. 


SiO2    A12O3  Fe2O3   H2O 
63-00    23-00    125     12-00  =  99-25 
63-52    23-55      —      12'00  =  99-07 
62-30    24-23      —      12'34  CaO  0'83  =  99'70 
65  93    20-97      —      11-61  MgO  0'45,  CaO  0'30  =  99'26 
66-86    22-23    0'47      8'26  Xa  1-00,  alk.  0'93,  F  0'06  =  99-81 
*  X  =  FeO,MnO,CaO,MgO. 
• 

The  huuterite,  according  to  the  analysis,  contains  a  little  excess  of  silica,  probably  due  tc 
free  quartz,  as  the  material  was  gritty  under  the  pestle. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water.  B.B.  becomes  gray  and  finally  burns  white;  infusible.  With 
cobalt  solution  a  blue  color. 

Obs. — From  the  island  of  Argentiera  (Kimolos  of  the  Greeks);  Berg  Hradischt,  near  Bilin, 
Bohemia  (pseud,  after  augite,  cf.  Scharizer,  1.  c.);  also  from  Ekaterinovska,  district  of  Alex- 
andrpvsk,  Russia;  Government  of  Kiev,  Russia;  Nagpur,  Central  India,  with  orthoclase  in 
granite.  A  related  mineral  (anal.  6)  from  Norway,  Me.,  associated  with  tourmaline. 

A  light  porous  clay-like  mineral  of  a  dull  white  color,  resembling  meerschaum,  has  been 
investigated  by  Liversidge,  Min.  N.  S.  W.,  194,  1888.  H.  =  2-2'5.  Specific  gravity  after 
immersion  1-168.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Analysis: 


SiO2  51-46*     A1203  37-72    Fe203  0-46    CaO  0-34    MgO  1-25    H2O  7- 
a  Soluble  0-11  p.  c. 

From  Richmond  River,  New  South  Wales. 


C0a  1-54  =  100-39 


b  At  100°,  3-28  p.  c. 


496.  MONTMORILLONITE.  Salvetat,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  21,  376,  1847.  Confolensite 
Dufr.,  Min.,  3.  583,  1856.  Delanovit  Kenng.,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  4,  633,  1853.  Delanouite  Dufr., 
Min.,  3,  583,  1856.  Stolpenit  (=  Bole  of  Stolpen)  Kenng.,  Min.,  41,  1853.  Saponite  Nickles, 
Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  56,  46,  1859  =  Pierre  a  savon  (Germ.  Bergseife)  de  Plombieres.  Steargillite 
Meillet,  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  205,  1862.  Erinite  Thomson,  Min.,  1,  341,  1836. 

Massive,  clay-like. 

Very  soft  and  tender.  Luster  feeble.  Color  white  or  grayish  to  rose-red,  and 
bluish;  also  pistachio-green.  Softens  in  water,  and  for  the  most  part  does  not 
adhere  to  the  tongue.  Unctuous. 

Var. — 1.  Montmorillonite  is  rose-red;  from  Montmorillon,  France.  Confolensite  is  paler 
rose-red;  fr.  Confolens,  Dept.  of  Charente,  at  St.  Jean-de-C61e,  near  Thiviers.  Delanouite  is 
similar  in  color,  and  is  from  Millac,  near  Nontron,  France;  stated  by  Kenngott  to  adhere  to  the 
tongue. 

2.  Stolpenite  is  a  clay  from  the  basalt  of  Stolpen.  Steargillite  is  white,  yellow,  and  pistachio- 
green,  subtransluceut,  insoluble  in  acids;  and  is  easily  cut  into  cakes  looking  like  soap  or  wax; 
fr.  near  Virolet  on  the  Rochelle  railroad,  and  at  the  tunnel  of  Poitiers.  Saponite  of  Nickles  is  a 
white,  plastic,  soap-like  clay  from  the  granite  from  which  issues  one  of  the  hot  springs  of 
Plombieres,  France,  called  Soap  Spring;  it  was  named  smegmatite  by  Naumann.  Nickles 
obtained:  SiO2  42'3,  A.12O3  19'2,  H2O  38"5  =  100. 

Erinite  is  a  yellowish  red  clayey  mineral  from  the  Giant's  Causeway;  G.  =  2'04;  opaque;  a 
little  resinous  in  luster;  unctuous;  B.B.  iufusible,  but  whitens.  Named  from  Erin  (Ireland). 

Comp. — Probably  H2Al2Si4012  +  n  aq.  Chatelier,but  analyses  vary  rather  widely. 
Anal.— 1,  2,  Salvetat  &  Damour,  1.  c.  3,  Berthier  [Tr.  Ess.  v.  seche  1,  58],  5th  Ed.,  p.  459. 
4,  Hauer,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  4,  633,  1853.  5,  Salvetat,  1.  c.  6,  Rg..  Pogg.,  47,  180,  1839.  7,  Meil- 
let,  1.  c.  8,  Thomson,  1.  c.  9,  Le  Chatelier,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  10,  209,  1887.  10,  Helmhacker,  Min. 
Mitth.,  2,  251,  1879.  11,  H.  L.  Wells,  Am.  J.  So.,  20,  283,  1880.  12,  Collins,  Min.  Mag.,  2, 
92,  1878. 


1.  Montmorillon,  Mont. 

2.  "  "  f 

3.  Confoleus,  Conf. 

4.  Millac,  Delan. 

5.  St..  J.  de  Cole,  Conf. 

6.  Stolpenite 

7.  Steargillite 

8.  Erinite  G.  =  2'04 

9.  St.  Jean  de  Cole 

10.  Podurusj,  rose-red 

11.  Branchville,  Ct.,  rose-red  \ 

12.  Cornwall 


MnO. 


bFeO. 


Si02 
49-40 
50-04 
49-5 
50-55 
45-55 

45-92 
45-30 
47-04 
49-0 
58-77 
51-20 
479 

A1203 
19-70 
20-16 
18-0 
19-15 
22-60 

22-15 
23-30 
18-46 
23-1 
24-03 
22-14 
27-1 

Fe2O3 
0-80 
0-68 

1-05 

1-21*> 
6-36b 
2-4 
0-52 

1-2 

MgO 
0-27 
0-23 
2-1 
4-40a 
0-30 

l-48a 

473 
3-72 

CaO  (Na,K)2< 
150    1-50 
1-46     1-27 
2-1        — 
0-63      — 
1-66    0-10 

3-90      — 
—      1-70 
1-00      — 
0-5        — 
2-32    0-67 
3-53    0-56 
-    [0-8] 

At  250°,  16-7  p.  c. 


25-67  =  98  84 
26-00  =  99-84 
28-0    =  99-7 
24-05  =  98-78 
26-20  SiO2  gel.  0'96.  qtz. 
[1-04  =  99-46 
25-86  =  97-83 
27-00  =  99-99 
25-28  NaCl  0'9  =  99*04 
23-7c  =  98-7 
10-28d=  101-32 
17-08  MuOO-18,P2O5l-42 
23-0    =100        [=  99-83 
a  At  100°,  2-97  p.  c. 


PTROPHTLLITE.  691 

The  material  of  anal.  11  contained  2-28  p.  c.  apatite;  that  of  anal.  10  had  G.  =  2'172  with 
10*54  hygr.  H2O,  and  G.  =  2 '520  when  dried  over  sulphuric  acid. 

Salvetat  observes  that  sodium  carbonate  separates  a  little  gelatinous  silica,  and  sulphuric 
acid  some  quartz-silica— a  fact  of  great  interest  in  connection  with  the  earthy  hydrous 
aluminous  silicates  generally. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  infusible,  excepting  the  stolpenite,  which  affords  a  yellowish  enamel, 
probably  owing  to  the  4  p.  c.  of  lime  in  the  state  of  silicate  present  as  impurity.  Montmorillon- 
ite  loses  6  p.  c.  of  water  at  100°  C.,  and  delanouite  14  p.  c. 

Severite,  according  to  the  analysis  of  Pelletier  (p.  688),  would  be  identical  nearly  with  the 
mineral  from  Confolens. 

Obs. — Occurs  as  an  alteration-product  at  the  localities  mentioned  above. 

Also  in  the  U.  S.,  at  Branchville,  Conn.,  in  a  soft  pink  form  in  a  vein  of  albitic  granite, 
probably  due  to  the  alteration  of  spodumene. 

RAZOUMOVSKYN.  Razoumoffskin  John.  A  greenish  white  clay-like  mineral  from  Kosemiltz, 
in  Silesia,  near  montmorillonite,  except  in  the  less  amount  of  water.  Zellner  obtained,  Schwgg. 
J.,  18,  340,  1816: 

SiOa  54-50         A12OS  27'25         FeO  0'25         MgO  0'37         CaO  2'00          H2O  14-25  =  98'62 

A  similar  bluish  or  greenish  clay  from  the  old  copper  mines  at  Lading,  west  of  Wolfsberg, 
in  Carinthia,  has  been  investigated  by  Helmhacker,  Min.  Mitth.,  2,  256,  1879.  H.  =  3.  Fract- 
ure subconchoidal.  G.  =  2'022  air-dried,  —  2'285  after  losing'  10  12  p.  c.  hygroscop.  water, 
=  2138  corrected  for  impurities. 

Analyses. — 1,  Helmhacker,  1.  c.     2,  Hofmann,  ibid. 

SiO2  A12O3  CuO  CaO  H2O 


at  100°       above  100° 

1.  43-06  25-26  3'25  0'83  8-44  20'10     =     100'94 

2.  41-94  25-55  5'77  1*80  9'35  15'16    =      99'57 

The  material  analyzed  contained  some  calcite  and  azurite.  The  formula  for  1  is 
Al2O3.3SiO2  -f  6H2O,  or  dried  at  100°,  +  4H2O. 

497.  PYROPHYLLITE.  Pyrophyllit  Herm.,  Pogg.,  15,  592,  1829.  Pyrauxit  Breitii., 
Handb.,  397,  1841.  Agalmatolite  or  Pagodite  pt. 

Monoclinic?  Not  observed  in  distinct  crystals.  Foliated,  radiated  lamellar 
or  somewhat  fibrous;  also  granular  to  compact  or  cryptocrystalline;  the  latter  some- 
times slaty. 

Cleavage:  basal,  eminent.  Laminae  flexible,  not  elastic.  Feel  greasy. 
H.  =  1-2.  G.  =  2*8-2'9.  Luster  of  folia  pearly;  of  massive  kinds  dull  and 
glistening.  Color  white,  apple-green,  grayish  and  brownish  green,  yellowish  to 
ochre-yellow,  grayish  white.  Subtransparent  to  opaque.  Optically  — .  Bx 
J_  cleavage.  Ax.  angle  large,  to  108°,  Dx. 

Var. — (1)  Foliated,  and  often  radiated,  closely  resembling  talc  in  color,  feel,  luster,  and 
structure;  G.  =  2*785  Berlin.  (2)  Compact  massive,  white,  grayish,  and'  greenish,  somewhat 
resembling  compact  steatite,  or  French  chalk;  G.  =  2'81-2'92  Brush;  H.  =  1-5-3.  This 
compact  variety,  as  Brush  has  shown,  includes  part  of  what  has  gone  under  the  name  of  agal- 
matolite,  from  China;  it  is  used  for  slate-pencils,  and  is  sometimes  called  pencil-stone. 

Comp.— H2Al2Si4012  or  H2O.Ala03.4Si03  =  Silica  66'7,  alumina  28'3,  water  5'0 
=  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Rg.,  Pogg.,  68,  513,  1846.  2,  Sjogren,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  5, 110, 1848.  3,  Walm- 
stedt,  ib.,  p.,  111.  4,  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  26,  68,  1858.  5,  Church,  Ch.  News,  22,  220,  1870. 
6,  Tyson,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  34,  219,  1862.  7,  Allen,  ib.  8,  F.  A.  Genth,  ib.,  18,  410,  1854  (also  a 
second  anal.).  9,  Id.,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  18,  259.  1879.  10,  Giimbel,  Ber.  Ak.  Milnchen,  498, 
1868.  11,  Gorceix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  6,  27,  1883.  Also  Igelstrom,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  25,  38, 
1868;  Dewalque,  Bull.  Soc.  G.  Belg.,  6,  150,  151,  1879;  Koninck,  Bull.  Ac.  Belg.,  26,469,  1868; 
and  5th  Ed.,  p.  455. 

G.  SiO2  A1203  Fe203  MgO  CaO  H2O 

1.  Spa,  Belg.  66-14  25  87      —      1'49    0'39  5-59  =    99'48 

2.  Westana,  Sw.  65*61  26'09    0'70    0'09    0'69  708  MnO  0'09=100'35 

3.  China,  Pagodite  66'38  27'95    006    0'06    0'18  5 '20  =    99'83 

4.  "  "  2-81        65-95          2897  —     0-22    5'48  alk,  0'25  =  100-87 

5.  Pagodite  2'8          62'25    31'06    0'82    0'60      —     4'66  =    99'39 

6.  Deep  R.,  N.  C.,  mass.  2'92        65'93         29'54          —       —     5'40  =  100-87 


692  SILICATES. 

G.  SiO2  A12O3  Fe2O3  MgO  CaO  H2O 

7.  Carbonton                                 2-82  66'25  27'91     1'08      —  —  5  25  =  100'49 

8.  Chesterfield  Dist.,  S.  C.,/0J.  66'01  2852    087    0'18  0'23  5'22  =  101 '03 

9.  Mahauoy  City,  Peun.             2'804  66'61  27'63    0'16    O'lO  —  5-43  —    99'93 

10.  Fichtelgebirge  58 -87    34 -87      —       —       _      5-77  —    99-51 

11.  OuroPreto  2'76        65'3      280      1-7*      —     04      5'5    =  100-5 

a  FeO. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water,  but  only  at  a  high  temperature.  B.B.  whitens,  and  fuses  with 
difficulty  on  the  edges.  The  radiated  varieties  exfoliate  in  fan  like  forms,  swelling  up  to  many 
times  the  original  volume  of  the  assay.  Heated  and  moistened  with  cobalt  solution  gives  a 
deep  blue  color  (alumina).  Partially  decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid,  and  completely  on  fusion 
with  alkaline  carbonates. 

Obs. — Compact  pyrophyllite  is  the  material  or  base  of  some  schistose  rocks.  The  foliated 
variety  is  often  the  gangue  of  cyanite. 

Pyrophyllite  occurs  in  the  Ural,  between  Pyschminsk  and  Berezov:  at  Westana,  Sweden; 
the  Horrsjoberg  in  Elfdalen,  with  cyanite;  near  Ottrez  in  Luxembourg;  Ouro  Preto,  Brazil,  in 
foliated  masses  of  considerable  extent. 

Also  in  white  stellate  aggregations  in  Cottonstone  Mtn.,  Mecklenburg  Co.,  N.  C. ;  in 
Chesterfield  Dist.,  S.  C.,  with  lazulite  and  cyanite;  in  Lincoln  Co.,  Ga.,  on  Graves  Mtn.;  in 
Arkansas,  at  the  Kellogg  lead  mine,  near  Little  Rock.  The  compact  kind,  resembling  a  slaty 
soapstone  in  aspect  and  feel,  is  found  in  large  beds  in  Deep  River,  N.  C.,  greenish  to  yellowish 
white  in  color;  similar  at  Carbonton,  Moore  Co.,  N.  C.  In  thin  seams  and  as  petrifying  material 
in  coal  slates  of  Mahanoy  City,  Perm. 

The  compact  pyrophyllite  of  Deep  River,  N.  C.,  is  extensively  used  for  making  slate  pencils 
and  resembles  the  so-called  agalmatolite  or  pagodite  of  China,  often  used  for  ornamental  carv- 
ings. The  term  agalmatolite,  however,  has  been  loosely  used  for  a  variety  of  minerals;  it 
properly  belongs  to  a  kind  of  piuite  (p.  622). 

GtfMBELiTE  F.  wn  Kobell,  Ber.  Ak.  Munchen,  1,  294,  1870. 

In  thin,  short  fibrous  layers  in  clay  slate.  Color  light  greenish  white.  Translucent. 
Luster  pearly.  Soft  and  flexible.  Analyses.— 1,  Kobell,  1.  c.  2,  Giimbel,  Min.  Mitth.,  2,  189, 
1879. 

Si02     AlaO,  Fe203   MgO    K2O    Na2O    H2O 

1.  Nordhalben  50'52      31"04      3'00      1'88      3'18       —       7'00  Xa  1-46  =  98'08 

2.  Tarentaise     G.  =  2'8        49-71      28'62     2'69      1-60     6'80     2'21      7'38b  TiO2  1-04  =  100-05 

a  Undecomposed  mineral.  b  Incl.  C. 

In  the  closed  tube  yields  water.  B.B.  exfoliates  somewhat  like  pyrophyllite.  Fuses  at  4. 
Not  acted  upon  by  acid. 

Found  at  Nordhalben  near  Steben,  in  Oberfranken.  Also  (anal.  2)  as  a  petrifying  material 
of  coal  plants  in  the  Tarentaise. 

A  mineral  similarly  associated  in  Pennsylvania  was  found  by  Genth  to  be  pyrophyllite 
(anal.  9,  above).  Gilmbelite  may  be  an  impure  pyrophyllite. 

NEUBOLITE  Thomson,  Min.«,  1,  354,  1836.  According  to  T.  S.  Hunt  (Rep.  G.  Can.,  485, 
1863)  a  qimrtzose  variety  of  wood- like  agalmatolite.  Thomson  gave:  SiO2  73'00,  A12O3  17'35, 
Fe2O3  0-40,  CaO  3*25,  MgO  1-50,  H2O  4'30  =  99'80.  Hunt's  analysis  afforded: 

SiO2  50-30        A12O3  32-60        FeO  tr.        MgO  1 -20        Na2O,K2O  undet.        H2O  6'50 

It  occurs  at  Stanstead,  Province  of  Quebec,  forming  a  belt  150  feet  wide;  in  some  places 
granular  and  nearly  pure,  in  others  schistose  and  containing  quartz.  A  thin  layer  has  a  banded 
structure,  ligneous  in  appearance,  with  a  shiny  satin  luster.  It  is  translucent,  of  a  wax-  or 
amber-yellow  color;  feel  unctuous.  Named  from.veupor,  a  string  or  tendon  in  allusion  to  the 
fibrous  structure. 

BIHARITE  K.  F.  Peters,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  44  (1),  132,  1861. 

Massive;  fine  granular  or  microcrystalliue. 

H.  =  25.  G.  =  2'737,  yellow  var.  Luster  greasy,  inclined  to  pearly.  Color  yellowish  to 
gret-n,  brownish.  Translucent  to  hardly  subtransluceut.  Feel  a  little  greasy.  Optically  doubly 
refracting. 

Analysis. — Soltesz  (1.  c.),  after  removing  4*68  CaCO3: 

SiOa  41-74    A1303  13-47    MgO  28'92    CaO  4'27    K2O  4 -86    HaO  4-46    Fe2O3,Na2O  tr.  -  97'72 

B.B.  infusible  or  nearly  so. 

Occurs  embedded  in  a  fine  granular  limestone  in  the  Biharberg,  near  Rezbanya  in 
Hungary. 


ALLOPHANE. 

498.  ALLOPHANE.  Allopban  Stromeyer,  Gel.  Anz.  Gott.,  1251,  1816.  Riemarmit 
Breith.,  Hoffm.  Min.,  4  b,  182,  1817.  Elhuyarit  Sack,  Schw.  J.,  65,  110,  1832  (announced,  not 
named),  Jahrb.  Min.,  28,  1834  (mentioned,  not  described). 

Amorphous.  In  incrustations,  usually  thin,  with  a  mammillary  surface,  and 
hyalite-like;  sometimes  stalactitic.  Occasionally  almost  pulverulent. 

Fracture  imperfectly  conchoidal  and  shining,  to  earthy.  Very  brittle.  H.  =  3. 
G.  =  1*85-1*89.  Luster  vitreous  to  subresinous;  bright  and  waxy  internally.  Color 
pale  sky-blue,  sometimes  greenish  to  deep  green,  brown,  yellow,  or  colorless. 
Streak  uncolored.  Translucent. 

Comp. — Hydrous  aluminium  silicate,  Al2Si05  +  5H20  =  Silica  23-8,  alumina 
4O5,  water  35*7  =  100.  Some  analyses  give  6  equivalents  of  water  =  Silica  22*2, 
alumina  3?-8,  water  40-0  =  100. 

Impurities  are  often  present.  The  coloring  matter  of  the  blue  variety  is  due  to  traces  of 
chrysocolla,  and  substances  intermediate  between  allophane  and  chrysocolla  (mixtures)  are  not 
uncommon,  see  chrysocolla.  The  green  variety  is  colored  by  malachite,  and  the  yellowish 
and  brown  by  iron.  Allophane  occurs  at  Richmond,  Mass.,  mixed  intimately  with  part  of  the 
gibbsite  of  that  locality  (Sillimau). 

Anal.— 1,  Rath,  Pogg.,  144,  393,  1871.  2,  E.  F.  Smith,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  5,  272,  1883.  See  alsc 
Gamper,  Vh.  G.  Reiclis.,  354,  1876;  and  for  earlier  analyses  5th  Ed.,  p.  419. 

SiO2        A12O3      CuO      CaO         H2O 

1.  Dehrn  G.  =  2'079        23-53        37'73        —        1-92        36 -86  =  100-04 

2.  Allentown,  Penn.  21'39        35'20        —        1 96a      40'86  =    99'41 

* (Ca,Mg)CO3. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Yields  much  water  in  the  closed  tube.  B.B.  crumbles,  but  is  infusible.  Give* 
a  blue  color  with  cobalt  solution.  Gelatinizes  with  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — Allophane  is  regarded  as  a  result  of  the  decomposition  of  some  aluminous  silicate 
(feldspar,  etc.);  and  it  often  occurs  incrustiug  fissures  or  cavities  in  mines,  especially  those  of 
copper  and  limouite,  and  even  in  beds  of  coal.  It  lines  cavities  in  a  kind  of  marl  at  Grafeuthal, 
near  Snalfeld  in  Thuringia,  where  it  was  first  observed,  in  1809,  by  Riemann,  and  hence  has 
been  called  riemannite.  Found  also  at  Schneeberg  in  Saxony;  at  Gersbach  in  the  Schwarzwald; 
Petrow  in  Moravia,  in  a  bed  of  limouite;  Chotina  in  Bohemia,  at  a  copper  mine  in  alum  slate; 
at  Friesdorf,  near  Bonn,  in  lignite  (the  elhuyarite,  of  a  brownish  or  honey-yellow  color,  with 
G.  =  1-6);  Vise  in  Belgium,  in  the  Carboniferous  limestone;  at  the  Chessy  copper  mine,  near 
Lyons,  France;  in  the  chalk  of  Beauvais,  France,  presenting  a  honey-yellow  color;  at  New 
Charltou,  near  Woolwich,  in  Kent,  England,  in  old  chalk-pits,  of  amber-yellow,  ruby-red,  and 
nearly  opaque  white  colors. 

In  the  United  States  it  occurs  in  a  mine  of  limonite,  with  gibbsite,  at  Richmond,  Mass., 
forming  a  hyaline  crust,  scaly  or  compact  in  structure,  and  brittle;  at  the  Bristol  Copper  Mine, 
Ct.;  at  Morgautowu,  Berks  Co.,  Pa.;  at  the  Friedeusville  zinc  mines,  Pa.;  in  the  copper  mine 
of  Polk  Co.,  Tennv 

Named  from  a/lAo?,  other,  and  (paivecrQai,  to  appear,  in  allusion  to  its  change  of  appear- 
ance under  the  blowpipe. 

A  yellowish  white  earthy  mineral  fromKornwestheim,  between  Stuttgart  and  Ludwigsburg, 
with  G.  -±=  \  '794  and  2-098,  consists  of  allophane  and  aluminite,  and  has  been  called  Kiesel- 
aluminite  (Siliceous  aluminite}  by  Groniugen  and  Oppel.  In  one  of  their  analyses  they  obtained 
(JB.Cb.,  892,  1852,  from  Wuittemb.  Nat.  Jahreshefte,  189,  1851):  SiO2  13  06.  SO3  5'04, 
A12O3  42  59,  ign.  39'32  =  lOO'Ol.  The  sulfatallophan  of  Muck  (Zs.  Berg. -Sal.  Weseu,  28.  192, 
1880)  is  similar;  it  occurs  as  an  earthy,  white  or  pale  wine-yellow  to  greenish  yellow  substance 
in  the  clay  of  the  Schwelm  mine. 

Plumballophane  is  a  variety  of  allophane  in  stalactitic  forms  containing  a  little  lead;  from 
Monte  Vecchio,  Sardinia,  Bombicci  [Att.  Soc.  Itnl.  Sc.  Nat.,  11],  Jb.  Miu.,  750,  1868. 

CAROLATHINE  F.  L.  Sonnenschein,  Zs.  G.  Ges .,  5,  223,  1853  and  J.  pr.  Ch.,  60,  268,  1853. 
Amorphous,  with  a  mammillary  surface,  and  approaching  allophane  in  the  ratio  of  Si  to  Al, 
but  contains  less  water.  H.  =  2'5;  G.  =  1-.515;  color  honey- to  wine-yellow;  subtranslucent. 

Analysis  by  Sonnenschein  gave:  SiO2  29'62,  A12O3  47'25,  H2O  15'10,  C  1'33,  H  0'74, 
O  5-96  =  100. 

B  B.  ignites  without  flame.,  owing  to  the  organic  ingredients  present.  From  the  coal-bed  of 
the  K5nigin-Louise  Mine,  at  Zabrze,  in  Upper  Silesia.  Named  for  Prince  von  Carolath. 

SAMOITE  Dana,  Min.,  288,  1850;  and  Geol.  Rep.  Expl.  Exp..  324,  1849. 

Stalactitic,  with  a  lamellar  structure.  H.  =  4-4*5.  G.  =  l'7-l  9.  Luster  resinous  in  the 
fracture.  Color  white,  grayish,  or  yellowish.  Translucent  to  subtrauslucent,  not  adhering 
to  the  tongue  nor  plastic,  being  too  hard. 

Comp. -Perhaps  2Al2O3.3SiO2.10H2O  =  Silica  31 -9,  alumina  36'2,  water  31 '9  =  100. 

Analyses. — 1,  2,  B.  Silliinan,  1.  c.  3,  Janovsky,  quoted  by  Zepharovich,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien, 
69(1),  32,  1874. 


694  SILICATES. 

Si02    A1203  Fe2O3   H2O   CaC03 

1.  Samrite      G.  =  1-69-1-813        31 '25    37-21      —      30'45    O'Ol  MgO  0'06,  Na2O  0'06  =  99'04 

2.  "  G.  =  1-894  35-14    31'95      —      30-80    1«21  MgO  1 05  =  100-15 
3  Pseud.         G.  =  1-87                  2912    31-46     8'86    30'56      —    =  100 

Gelatinizes  in  acids,  leaving  a  portion  of  silica. 

Forms  stalactites  and  stalagmites;  the  former  low  conical;  the  latter  flattened  hemispherical 
in  shape,  with  a  width  of  3  inches  or  so,  smooth  at  surface.  They  consist  within  of  a  series  of 
thin  plates  closely  adhering.  When  fresh  they  were  soft  enough  to  be  cut  with  a  knife,  but 
hardened  on  exposure.  They  occur  in  a  lava  cavern  on  the  south  side  of  the  extinct  volcanic 
island  of  Upolu,  of  the  Navigator  or  Samoa  group;  the  cavern  was  a  passage  some  hundreds  of 
yards  long,  entered  about  a  mile  and  a  half  from  the  sea  by  a  perpendicular  descent  of  25  feet, 
and  extending  toward  and  beneath  the  sea,  and  also  up  the  mountain  to  an  unascertained  dis- 
tance. Its  sides  and  bottom  were  in  places  covered  with  the  samoite,  which  had  been  formed 
from  the  percolating  waters.  The  overlying  rock  was  about  15  feet  thick. 

Samoite  of  Silliman,  Jr.  (Daua'sExpl.  Exp.  Geol.  Rep.,  732),  is  a  kind  of  feldspar  incorrectly 
analyzed;  probably  labradorite. 

The  material  of  analysis  3  is  an  alteration-product  of  gehleuite  from  Orawitza,  cf .  Zepharo- 
vich,  I.e.  and  this  Min.,  p.  476. 

499.  COLLYRITE.    Das  man  dort  Salpeter  nannte  (fr.  Schemnitz)  Freiesleben,  Lempe's 
Mag.,  10,  99,  1793.     Naturliche  Alaunerde  (fr.  Schemnitz)  v.  Fichtel,  Min.,  170,  1794;  Klapr., 
Beitr.,  1,  257,  1795.     Kollyrit  Karat.,  Tab.,  30,  73,  1800. 

A  clay-like  mineral,  white,  with  a  glimmering  luster,  greasy  feel,  and  adher- 
ing to  the  tongue.     G.  =  2-2*15.     H  =  1-2. 

Comp.— 2Al203.Si02.9H20  ;    or   1  of  allophane  6H20  +  1  of  gibbsite  =  Silica 
14-1,  alumina  47-8,  water  38'0. 

Analysis.— J.  H.  and  G.  Gladstone,  Phil.  Mag.,  23,  461,  1862 . 

Hove        SiO2  14-49    A12O3  47'44    H2O  [36'39]    CaO  0'89    CO2  0'79  =  100 

In  other  specimens  Gladstone  obtained  from  8  to  3  p.  c.  of  silica,  indicating  a  varying 
proportion  of  aluminium  hydrate.  Early  anals.,  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  420. 

Fyr.,  etc. — Yields  water.  B.B.  infusible.  Gives  a  blue  ^  color  when  heated  with  cobalt 
solution.  Gelatinizes  with  nitric  acid.  Does  not  fall  to  pieces  in  water,  or  increase  in  weight. 

Obs. — From  Ezquerra  in  the  Pyrenees;  near  Schemnitz,  Hungary;  near  Weisseufels, 
Saxony;  at  Hove,  near  Brighton,  England,  in  fissures  in  the  upper  chalk,  of  a  pure  white  color 
and  very  soft. 

The  name  collyrium  (Kokkvpior)  was  applied  by  the  Greeks  to  the  "  Samian  earth;" 
Karsten  adopted  it  because  the  description  of  this  earth  by  Dioscorides  answers  well  for  the 
above  mineral. 

DILLNITE  Haidinger,  Hutzelmann,  Pogg.,  78,  577,  1849.  A  related  substance;  the  gangue 
of  the  diaspore  of  Schemnitz,  at  a  place  called  Dilln.  It  is  probably  a  mixture  of  diaspore  and 
kaolinite.  See  further  5th  Ed.,  p.  421. 

500.  SCHROTTERITE.    Opalin-Allophan  Schrotter,  Baumg.  Ztg.,  4,  145,  1837.     Schrott- 
erit  Glocker,  Grundr.,  536,  1839.     Opal  Allophane, 

Resembles  allophane;  sometimes  like  gum  in  appearance. 

H.  =  3-3-5.  G.  =  1-95-2  05.  Color  pale  emerald-  to  leek-green,  greenish  white,  yellowish, 
or  at  times  spotted  with  brown.  Translucent  to  nearly  transparent. 

Comp  — 8A12O3  3SiO2  30H2O  =  Silica  11'7,  alumina  53'1,  water  35'2  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Schrotter,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  11,  380,  1837.     2,  J.  W.  Mallet,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  26,  79,  1858. 

SiO2    A12O3  Fe.,O3  H2O     CaO    CuO 

1.  Styria  11'95    46'30    2'95    36-20    1-30    0'25  SO3  0'78  =  99'73 

S.Alabama      |  10'53    46'48      —     41 '09      —       —    ZnOO'77,  FeO,MgO  tr.,  SO3  0'80=99'67 

Obs. — From  Dollinger  mountain,  near  Freienstein,  in  Styria,  in  nests  between  clay-slate  and 
granular  limestone;  in  Cornwall;  at  the  Falls  of  Little  River,  on  the  Sand  Mtn.,  Cherokee  Co., 
Alabama,  as  an  incrustation  over  half  an  inch  thick  and  partly  stalactitic,  resembling  gum  arabic 
when  broken,  having  H.  =  3'5,  and  G.  =  1'974. 

SCAKBROITE  Vernon,  Phil.  Mag.,  5,  178,  1829.  A  white  clayey  substance,  allied  to 
schrotterite  in  composition  (H2O  =  46'75  Vernon).  It  is  dull,  adhesive  to  moist  surfaces  and  may 
be  polished  by  the  nail.  It  fills  the  veinings  of  a  sandstone,  which  is  much  marked  with  oxide 
of  iron,  or  of  its  septaria,  on  the  coast  of  Scarborough,  Yorkshire,  England. 


APPENDIX  TO   CLAYS.  695 


APPENDIX  TO  CLAYS.. 

The  following  are  other  earthy  hydrous  aluminous  silicates,  all  of  doubtful  character: 

SINOPITE  Hausm.,  Handb.,  1847;  ^ivooTtiSl  Theophr.;  Rubrica  Vitruv.;  Sinopis  Pliny, 
Sinopische  Erde  Klapr.,  Beitr. ,  4,  345,  1807;  Bol  de  Sinopis  Beud.  A  clayey  earth  of  brick-red 
color  dotted  with  white,  adhering  to  the  tongue.  The  material  analyzed  by  Klaproth  was  from 
Anatolia.  Asia  Minor.  The  sinopic  earth  of  the  ancients  was  brought  from  Cappadocia,  and 
used  as  a  red  paint,  and  may  have  been  a  red  ocher.  Theophrastus  speaks  of  two  othei  kinds 
of  sinopic  earth,  one  whitish,  the  other  between  the  red  and  white  in  color,  and  called  the  pure 
kind  because  it  was  used  without  mixing;  besides  also  an  artificial  kind  made  by  burning  a  clay 
— the  clay  becoming  red  owing  to  the  hydrated  iron  oxide  present,  which  was  freed  from  its 
water  by  the  heat.  Anal.  1,  below. 

MELINITE  Glocker,  Syn.,  186,  1847;  Gelb-Erde  pt.  Wern.,  Hoifm.  Min.,  2,  b,  210;  Argile 
ocreuse  jaune  pt.  H. ;  Yellow  ocher  pt.  A  yellow  clayey  material,  looking  like  yellow  ocher, 
more  or  less  lamellar  in  structure,  shining  in  streak,  adhering  to  the  tongue,  and  soiling  the 
fingers;  G.  =  2'24.  The  kind  analyzed,  and  to  which  the  name  especially  belongs,  is  that  from 
Amberg  in  Bavaria.  Other  reported  localities  are  Miinden  and  Schouingen  in  Hanover; 
Wehrau,  Prussia;  Robschutz,  Saxony;  Vierzon  (whence  sometimes  called  Vierzonite),  Dept.  of 
Cher,  and  Pourrain,  Dept.  of  Yonne,  France.  Anal.  2,  below. 

OCHRAN  Breith.,  Char.,  100,  1832.  A  kind  of  "  bole"  of  a  yellow  color  from  Orawitza,  a 
little  greasy  in  feel,  with  H.  =  1-2,  and  G.  —  2'4-2'5;  streak  pale  yellow  to  colorless. 

PLINTHITE.  Plyutbite  Thorn..  Min.,  1,  323,  1836.  A  brick-red  clay  from  Antrim,  Ireland, 
having  G.  =  2-342,  and  H.  =  2'75,  and  not  adhering  to  the  tongue.  Also  from  Quiraing  in 
Skye,  Heddle,  Min.  Mag.,  5,  26,  117. 

Analyses.— 1,  Klaproth,  1.  c.  2,  Kilhn,  Schw.  J.,  51,  466,  1827.  3,  Kersten,  Schw.  J.,  66, 
31,  1832.  4,  Thomson,  1.  c.  5,  Heddle,  1.  c. 


1.  Sinopite 
2.  Melinite 
3.  Ochran 

Si02 
32-0 
33-23 

31-8 

A12O3   FeaO8 
26-5      21-0 
14-21     37-76 
43-0        1-2 

CaO  NaCl  H2O 
—     1-5    17-0    =    98-0 
_      _    13-24  MgO  1-38  =  99-82 
—      —    21-0    =    97 

4.  PlintMte 

30-88 

20-76    \ 

i6-16 

2-60     - 

-    19-60  =  100 

5. 

Skye 

2955 

19-03    \ 

28-01 

2-23     - 

-    17 

•39  FeO 

3-25, 

MnO 

0-84  = 

100-30 

These  ocherous  clays  are  probably  only  mixtures. 

SMECTITE.  Fuller's  Earth  pt.;  Terra  or  Creta  Fullouum  pt.;  Walkthon,  Walkerde  pt. 
Germ.;  Terre  a  Foulon  pt.  Fr.  Walker's  Clay.  Walkerite.  Smectit  Breith.,  Handb.,  344, 1841. 
Malthacit  Breith.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  10,  510,  1837. 

Massive.  Clay-like.  Very  soft.  G.  =  1-9-2-1.  Luster  dull;  of  streak  shining.  Color 
white,  gray,  and  various  shades  of  green  to  mountain-green  and  olive-green,  or  brownish. 
Streak  colorless.  Unctuous.  Does  not  adhere  to  the  tongue.  Softens  in  water. 

Fuller's  Earth  includes  many  kinds  of  unctuous  clays,  gray  to  dark-green  in  color,  and  is 
only  in  part  Breithaupt's  smectite.  Much  of  it  is  kaolinite.  Malthacite  is  described  as  occurring 
in  thin  laminae  or  scales  and  sometimes  massive,  with  the  color  white  or  slightly  yellowish, 
and  thin  plates  translucent:  the  original  is  from  basalt,  at  Steiudorfel,  in  Lausitz;  and  Berauu 
in  Bohemia  is  given  as  another  locality,  Smectite  is  a  mountain-green,  oil-green,  and  grayish 
green  clay,  from  Cilly  in  Lower  Styria. 

The  chemical  species  characteristic  of  these  minerals  is  probably  the  same — a  silicate  of 
aluminium  related  to  cimolite,  but  containing  three  or  four  times  as  much  water. 

Analyses.— 1,  Jordan,  Pogg.,  77,  591,  1849.  2,  Klaproth,  Beitr.,  4,  338,  1807.  3,  O.  Meiss- 
ner,  1.  c. 

SiO2  A1203  Fe203  MgO  CaO  H2O 

1.  Cilly,  Smectite                       51-21  12'25    2'07    4'89    213  27'89  =  100'44 

2.  Reigute,  Fuller's  E.             53'00  1000    9'75    1'25    0'50  24'00  K2O  tr.,  NaCl  O'lO  =  98  60 

3.  Steiudorfel,  Malth.              50'17  10'66    3'15      —     0*25  35'83  =  100'06 

B.B.  malthacite  is  infusible;  but  smectite  and  the  Reigate  fuller's  earth,  owing  to  the 
impurities  present,  fuse  rather  easily.  Decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid. 

RHODALITE  Thomson,  Min.,  1,  354,  1836,  is  a  soft,  earthy  rose-red  mineral;  feel  soapy.  An 
impure  hydrous  silicate  of  iron  and  aluminium.  From  nodules  in  amygdaloid,  in  Antrim, 
northern  Ireland. 

SPHRAGIDITE.  Aiinvia  yrj  Dioscor.  'SQpayiS  X^/nvia.  Terra  lemnia  Plin.,  36.  Sphragid 
Karst.,  Tab.,  28,  88,  1808.  Related  in  composition  to  cimolite  (p.  689),  but  contains  some  alkali. 
Color  yellowish  gray,  brownish,  or  yellowish  white.  Sometimes  mottled  with  rust-like  spots; 
harsh  to  the  touch,  adheres  feebly  to  the  tongue,  and  forms  a  paste  with  water. 


696  SILICATES. 

Klaproth  obtained  for  its  composition,  Beitr.,  4,  333,  1807:  SiO2  66'00,  A12O3  14*50, 
FeaO3  6-00.  MgO  0-25,  CaO  0'25,  Na,O  3'50,  H2O  8'50  =  99. 

From  Stalimene,  the  ancient  Lemnos.  It  was  also  called  Terra  sigillata.  It  was  dug  for 
medicinal  purposes  once  a  year,  cut  into  spindle-shaped  pieces,  and  stamped  with  a  seal,  and 
hence  the  name  sigillata  in  Latin,  and  sphragis  in  Greek.  There  was  also  a  Rubrica  Lemnia,  or 
Lemnian  Reddle,  used  by  painters,  which  is  confounded  by  Pliny  with  the  true  terra  lemnia. 

EHRENBERGIT  Ndggerath,  Vh.  Ver.  Rheinl.,  9,  378,  1857.  Near  the  preceding  in  com- 
position, and,  like  that,  containing  alkali.  It  is  almost  gelatinous  in  the  fresh  state,  and 
becomes  fragile,  pulverulent,  and  opaque  on  drying;  color  rose-red.  Anal. — 1,  Schnabel,  I.e. 
2,  G.  Bischof,  1.  c. 

SiO2        A12O3      Fe2O3     MnO      MgO       CaO   Na2O,K2O     H2O 

1.  56-77        15-77        1-65        086        1'30        2'76        [3'78]        1711  =  100 

2.  64-54          6-04        4'56       4'61        0'41        3'96        [8'llJ          7'77  =  100 

Ehrenbergite  occurs  in  clefts  in  trachyte  at  the  quarries  of  Steinchen  and  Wolkenburg, 
Siebengebirge. 

PORTITE  Meneghini  &  Bechi,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  63,  1852.  Orthorhombic.  In  radiated  masses; 
cleavage  very  distinct  parallel  to  a  rhombic  prism  of  60°  and  120°.  H.  =5.  G.  =  2'4.  Luster 
vitreous  Color  white.  Opaque.  Analysis  by  Bechi,  1.  c.:  SiO2  58'12,  A12O3  27'50,  MgO  4 -87, 
CaO  1-76,  Na2O  0*16,  K2O  O'lO,  H2O  7*92  —  100'43.  B.B.  intumesces  much  and  affords  a 
milk-white  enamel.  Dissolves  in  acids,  even  in  the  cold,  and  gelatinizes.  From  the  gabbrq 
rosso  in  Tuscany.  Named  after  Mr.  Porte  of  Tuscany. 

TERATOLITE  Olocker,  Grundr.,  544,  1839;  Terra  miraculosa  Saxonia?  C.  Richter,  1732;  Sax- 
onische  Wundererde  of  old  Germ,  authors;  Eisensteinmark  Breith.,  Char.,  147,  1823,  301,  1832. 
A.  Knop  holds  (Jb.  Min.,  546,  1859)  that  the  teratolite  is  an  impure  lithomarge-like  pholerite. 
It  is  described  as  having  H.  =  2-25,  and  G.  —  2'49-2-5;  color  varied  with  lavender  and  other 
shades  of  blue,  and  spots  of  red,  and  rarely  pearl-gray.  It  is  from  an  amygdaloidal  rock  over- 
laid by  coal  strata  at  Plauitz  near  Zwickau  in  Saxony.  It  contains  much  oxide  of  iron;  but, 
according  to  Kuop,  probably  is  a  mixture  of  pholerite  with  some  free  quartz,  pulverized 
feldspar,  hydrate  of  iron,  carbonate  of  lime,  and  magnesia. 

CATLINITE  G.  T.  Jackson,  Am.  J.  Be.,  35.  388,  1839;  G.  Catliu,  ib.,  38,  138,  1840.  The 
red  clay  forming  beds  of  considerable  extent  in  Pipestone  county  in  the  southwestern  part*  of 
Minnesota.  It  was  much  used  by  the  Indians  for  pipes,  etc.  It  is  not  a  definite  mineral  species. 
Anal.—  1,  2,  Peckham,  6th  Ann.  Rep.  Minn.,  101,  1877;  cf.  also  ibid.,  p.  98,  and  llth  Rep.,  p.  7, 
1883. 

1.  Red  SiO2  57'43    A12O3  25-94    Fe2O3  8'70    H2O  7'44    MgO, CaO  tr.  =  99'51 

2.  Light  colored  58  25  35 '90  tr.  6 -48     =  100 '63 

Named  after  the  writer  on  the  North  American  Indians,  George  Catlin  (1796-1872). 

KEFFEKILITE  Keifekilith  Fischer,  Mem.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscou,  1,  60,  1811.  A  pearl-gray  to 
grayish  white  Hthomarge,  from  the  Crimea,  having  a  greasy  feel,  and  somewhat  adhering  to  the 
tongue,  with  G.  —  2'40.  John.  Becomes  hard  enough  to  scratch  glass  by  calcination.  It  is 
evidently  merely  a  clayey  mixture. 

Keffekil  Tartarorum  was,  according  to  Cronstedt  (Min.,  79,  1758),  a  yellowish  white  Hthomarge 
from  Tartary,  used  there  as  a  substitute  for  soap.  It  has  been  referred  to  sepiolite. 

ORAVITZITE  Breith.,  Handb.,  366,  1841.  Massive  and  in  nodules,  and  resembling  halloysite, 
but  heavier.  H.  =  2-2'5;  G.  =  2'701;  luster  waxy;  color  greenish  white;  unctuous.  It  is  sup- 
posed to  be  a  hydrous  aluminous  silica  containing  zinc  oxide.  In  the  glass  tube  yields  much 
water.  B.B.  yields,  according  to  Plattner,  with  soda  and  borax  on  charcoal,  a  slag  which 
is  yellow  while  hot  and  white  on  cooling.  The  zinc  oxide  is  probably  present  as  a  mixture 
in  the  clay.  From  Orawitza,  Hungary,  with  calamine. 

HVERLERA  Forchhammer,  Berz.  JB.,  23,  265,  1844.  A  white  or  reddish  clny  resulting  from 
the  action  of  sulphuric  and  carbonic  acids  on  the  ferriferous  clays  of  Krisuvig,  Iceland. 
Analysis:  SiO2  5o-99,  A12O3  7'39,  Fe2O3  21-21,  MgO  19-96,  TiO2  0'46  =  100-01. 

WOLCHONSKOITE  Kammerer,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  420,  1831.     Volchonskoite. 

Amorphous.  Dull  to  shining.  Color  bluish  green,  passing  into  grass-green.  Streak 
bluish  green  and  shining.  Feel  resinous.  Polished  by  the  nail.  Fracture  subconchoidal. 
Adheres  slightly  to  the  tongue.  Very  fragile.  H.  =  2-2'5.  G.  =  2 '2-2  3. 

A  chrome  bearing  clay.  Anal.— 1,  Kersten,  Pogg.,  47,  489,  1839.  2,  Ivanov,  quoted  by 
Kk.,  Min.  Russl.,  1,  145. 

Si2O   A1203  Cr203  Fe2O3Mn2O3  MgO   H2O 

1.  Okhansk        3701     6'47    17-93    10'43    1'66    1-91     21-84    PbO  1-01,  K2O  tr.  =  98  26 

2.  3684    3-50    18'85    17 '85      tr.       —     22'46    CaO  1  '39  =  100'89 

In  the  closed  tube  yields  water.  B.B.  blackens,  but  is  infusible.  With  the  fluxes  gives 
reactions  for  chromium  and  iron.  Gelatinizes  with  hot  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid,  in  which 
half  the  chromium  is  dissolved,  the  rest  remaining  in  union  with  silica. 


icfi  [Laboratory,  1,  237,  1867J  Contrib.  Min.  Victoria,  61.  Massive.    H.=3'5. 
Id  green.      Subtrauslucent.      Fracture  uneven  and  splintery.     Somewhat 


HYDROUS  SILICATES.  697 

From  Okhansk  in  Siberia. 

Named  after  the  Russian  Volchonsky. 

MILOSCHITE.  Miloschin  Herder,  Pogg.,  47,  485,  1839.  Serbian  Breith.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,4  15, 
327,  1838. 

Compact.  H.  =  l'5-2.  G.  =  2-131,  Breith.  Color  indigo-blue  to  celandine-green. 
Approaches  a  chromiferous  allophane  with  half  the  water  of  allophane.  Analyses. — 1,  Kersten, 
Pogg.,  47,  485,  1839.  2,  Bechi,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  62,  1852. 

1.  Ruduiak      SiO2  27-50    A12O3  45'01     Cr2O3  3  61     CaO  0'30    MgO  0'20    H2O  23-30  =    99'92 

2.  Tuscany  28 -36  41  "33  8'11  22-75  =  100'55 

In  a  matrass  yields  water.     B.B.  infusible.     Partly  dissolved  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

From  Rudniuk  in  Servia,  associated  with  quartz  and  brown  iron  ore;  Vol terra,  Tuscany. 
Named  after  Prince  Miloschi. 

SELWYNITE  Ulrich 
G.  =  2-53.      Emerald 
brittle. 

Composition,  according  to  an  analysis  by  Cosmo  Newbery  : 

Si02  47  15        A1203  33-23        Cr2O3  7'61        MgO  4'56        H2O  6'23  =  98'78 

B.B.  becomes,  white  and  fuses  on  the  edges  to  a  grayish  white  blebby  glass.  Only  partially 
soluble  in  strong  acids 

Found  near  Heathcote.  Victoria  (Australia),  in  the  Upper  Silurian.  Named  after  A.  C. 
Selwyu,  director  of  the  geological  survey  of  Victoria. 

Chrome  Ocher.  A  clayey  material,  containing  some  chromium  oxide.  Occurs  earthy  of  a 
bright  green  shade  of  color. 

Anal.— 1,  Drappiez.     2,  Duflos,  Schw.  J.,  64,  251,  1832.     3,  Zellner,  Isis,  637,  1834. 

SiO2  A12O3  Cr2O3  Fe2O3  H2O 

1.  Creuzat,  Fr.         64'0  23'0  10  5          —  —      CaO  and  MgO  2'5  =  100 

2.  Halle  57'0  22'5          5'5  3'5  11-0     =  99'5 

3.  Silesia  58'5        30'0          20  3'0  6'25  =  99'75 

Chrome  ocher  occurs  at  the  localities  above  mentioned;  also  on  Unst,  one  of  the  Shetlands, 
Morten  berg  in  Sweden,  and  elsewhere. 

The  chrome  ocher  of  Halle,  analyzed  by  Wolff  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  34,  202,  1845),  approaches 
selwynite  in  composition,  but  contains  much  more  water.  It  afforded:  SiO2  46'11,  A12O3  30'53, 
Cr2O3  4-28,  Fe2O3  3-15,  H2O  12'53,  Na2O  0-46,  K2O  3'44  =  100'50;  G.  =  2'7,  giving  rather 
closely  the  formula  of  kaolin,  and  may  be  an  impure  kaolinite. 


V.    Concluding  Division. 

501.  Cenosite  H4Caa(Y,Er)2CSi4017  Orthorhombic  (?) 

502.  Thaumasite  CaSi03.CaC03.CaS04.15H20 

503.  Uranophane  CaU1Sr1On.6H10  Orthorhombic 


504.  ChrysocoUa  CuSi03  +  2H20 


505.  Chioropal  Fea(Si03)3.5H20  Amorphous. 

(Fe,Al)2(Si03)3.5H20 

506.  Hisingerite  Hydrated  iron  silicate.  Amorphous. 

Gillingite,  Jollyte. 
Melanosiderite. 


507.  Bementite  2MnSi03.H20 

508.  Caryopilite  MD4Si3010.3H20 

509.  Neotocite, 

Stratopeite 


698  SILICATES. 

501.  CENOSITE.    Kainosit  A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  G.  F5r.  Forh.,  8,  143,  1886. 

Orthorhombic  or  monoclinic;  pseudo-hexagonal.  Known  only  as  a  fragment 
of  a  six-sided  prismatic  crystal. 

Cleavage:  in  one  direction  distinct;  in  two  others,  at  90°  or  nearly  90°,  indis- 
tinct. Fracture  uneven.  H.  =  5*5.  G.  =  3*413.  Luster  somewhat  greasy. 
Color  yellowish  brown.  Semi-transparent.  Optically  biaxial. 

Comp.—  H4Ca2(Y,Er)2CSi4017,  which  may  be  written  Ca(Y,Er)2(Si03)4.CaC03. 
2H20  =  Silica  34-7,  carbon  dioxide  6-4,  yttrium  oxides  37*6  (molec.  wght  =  260'3), 
lime  16-1,  water  5-2  =  100. 

The  true  constitution  is  doubtful;  Nprdenskiold  calls  attention  to  a  possible  relation  to 
cancrinite,  p.  427. 

Anal.  —  Nordenskiold,  1.  c.  : 

SiO2        Y2O3a  Ce2(La,Di)2O3   CaO        MgO       FeO       Na2O      C02        H2O 
|    34-63        37-67  tr.  15-95        0  03        0'26        0'40        5'90        5'26  =  lOO'lO 

Incl.  Y2O3,Er2O3,  etc.,  molec.  weight  260'3. 

Pyr.  —  Gives  off  water  at  a  low  red  heat  and  CO2  on  strong  heating.  B.B.  fuses  with 
difficulty  to  a  white  enamel.  Dissolves  slowly  in  cold  acids,  readily  -if  heated,  with  the  evolution 
of  carbon  dioxide. 

Obs.  —  From  Igeltjern  on  the  island  Hittero,  Norway;  known  only  in  a  single  specimen, 
the  fragment  of  a  large  crystal  resembling  beryl. 

Named  from  KairoS,  unusual,  in  allusion  to  the  composition. 


SiOa 

C02 

S03 

CaO 

H2O 

A1203 

Na20 

K2O 

Cl 

982 

6-90 

13-12 

27-43 

42 

•16 

0-17 

0-18 

0-07 

0-13 

_ 

99-78 

9-70 

6-81 

12-59 

27-17 

41 

•80 

0-17 

0-07 

0-07 

0-14 

— 

98-52 

9-78 

6-88 

13-34 

27-24 

42 

63 

0-13 

0-07 

o-io 

o-io 

— 

100-27 

9-54 

6-84 

13-23 

27-38 

43 

•32 









— 

100-31 

9-54 

7-19 

13-48 

27-12 

43 

•05. 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

100-38 

502.  THAUMASITE.  A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  C.  R,  87,.  31  3,  1878.  G.  Lindstrom,  6fv.s 
Ak.  Stockh.,  35,  No.  9,  p.  43,  1878. 

Tetragonal  or  hexagonal.     Massive,  compact,  crystalline. 

Cleavage  in  traces.  Fracture  subconchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =3*5.  GL  =  1*877. 
Luster  greasy,  dull.  Color  white.  Translucent.  Optically  uniaxial,  negative. 
Kefractive  indices:  GO  —  1-503,  e  =  1-467  Btd.1;  GO  =  1-507,  e  =  1-468  Levy-Lex.1 

Comp.—  CaSiO,.CaC03.CaS04.15H10  =  Silica  9-6,  carbon  dioxide  71,  sulphur 
trioxide  12  -9,  lime  27'0,  water  43'4  =  100. 

Anal.—  1-3,  Lindstrom,  1.  c.  4,  HedstrSm,  quoted  by  Widman,  G.  For.  Forh.,  12,  20, 
1890.  5,  Widman,  1.  c. 

G. 

1.  Bjelke  M. 

2.  "          1-877 
3. 

4.  Kj511and    1'83 
5. 

On  the  question  of  the  nature  of  this  remarkable  mineral,  cf.  Tornebohm  (quoted  by  Lind- 
strom); Btd.,  Bull.  Soc.  Mm.,  3,  159,  1880,  4,  8,  1881;  Nd.,  G.  For.  Forh.,  5,  270,  1880,  ib.,  8, 
146,  1886;  Cohen,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  22  ref.,  1881;  Lex.,  G.  For.  Forh.,  9,  35,  1887,  Btd.,  ib.,  p.  131. 
Thauinasite  is  shown  to  be  essentially  a  homogeneous  substance  consisting  for  the  most  part  of  a 
negative  uniaxial  mineral  with  some  amorphous  matter,  and  small  quantities  of  two  minerals 
optically  biaxial  (Lex.,  Btd.). 

Pyr.  —  B.B.  swells  up,  colors  the  flame  red,  but  infusible.  In  salt  of  phosphorus  a  skeleton 
of  silica.  In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates  and  gives  off  much  water. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  filling  cavities  and  crevices  at  the  Bjelke  mine,  near  Areskuta,  Jemtland, 
Sweden;  at  first  soft,  but  hardens  on  exposure  to  the  air.  Part  of  the  specimens  described  by 
Nordenskiold  and  Lindstrom  were  collected  by  A.  Polheimer  in  1802-05  (anal.  2),  others  in  1859 
(anal.  1),  and  1878  (anal.  3);  that  analyzed  by  Widman  (5)  is  stated  to  have  been  collected  in 
1838  by  Burman  at  KjSlland  in  the  Kail  parish,  Jemtland,  some  13  miles  from  the  Bjelke  mine. 
The  identity  of  these  several  specimens  is  strong  proof  that  the  substance  is  a  homogeneous 
mineral.  Named  from  ^avjua^eir,  to  be  surprised,  in  allusion  to  the  remarkable  composition, 
which  is  without  parallel  among  minerals. 

A  fine  fibrous  chalk-white  mineral  occurs  with  the  thaumasite,  and  is  regarded  as  a  decom- 
position product:  H.  =  l'5-2'5;  analysis,  Lindstrom:  SiO2  11  '85,  CO2  6'86,  SO2  13'31,  CaO  25'74, 
AlaC3(FeaO3)  2-58. 

Ref.—1  Cf.  references  above,  also  Levy-Lex.,  Min.  Roches,  286,  1888. 


URANOPHANE— CHRYSOCOLLA, 


699 


503.  URANOPHANE.  Websky,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  5,  427,  1853,  11,  384,  1859.  Uranotil  E. 
Boricky,  Ber.  Bohin.  Ges.,  36,  1870. 

Orthorhotnbic.  In  minute  acicular  prisms,  in  radiated  or  stellate  aggregations. 
Also  massive  with  fine  fibrous  structure. 

H.  =  2-3.  G.  =  3-81-3-90.  Luster  vitreous,  of  b  pearly.  Color  honey- 
yellow,  lemon-  or  straw-yellow. 

Coinp. — A  hydrous  silicate  of  uranium  and  calcium,  Ca0.2U03.2Si02  +  6H30 
(Genth)  =  Silica  13'9,  uranium  trioxide  67'0,  lime  6 '5,  water  12-6  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Grundmann,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  11,  390,  1859;  recalculated  by  Websky  after  deducting 
impurities  (7  p.  c.),  ib.,  22.  92,  1870.  2,  Boricky,  1.  c.  3,  4,  Wiukler,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  111,  1880. 
5,  Genth,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  1,  88,  1879.  6,  7,  H.  von  Foullon,  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  21,  1883. 

G.  SiO2  U03    A1203  Fe203  CaO  H2O 

1.  Kupferberg  17'08  53*33    6'10      —      507  15'11  MgO  1 '46,  K2O  1 '85=100 

2.  Wolsendorf  3'96  13'78  66'75          0'51          5'27  12'67  P2O5  0'45  =99'43  ' 

3.  Neustadtel  13'02  63'93      tr.      3'03    5'13  14'55  =  99'66 

4.  "  3-856        14-48    62'84      tr.      2'88    5'49     13'79  =  99'48 

5.  Mitchell  Co.,  KC.  3-834    f  13'72    66'67      tr.       tr.      6'67    12-02  PbO  0'60,  BaO  0'28,  SrO 

[013,  P205  0-29  =  100-38 

6.  "          "        "  |  13-24    65  87      —     0'14    7'05    13-11  =  99  41 

7.  "          "        "  13-47    64-36      —     0*47    7'49    13'32  =  99 '11 

A  related  mineral  from  the  Garta  feldspar  quarry  near  Arendal,  Norway,  gave  Nordenskiold 
(approx.):  SiO2  13'0,  ThO2  3'5  (with  Ce  and  Y),  UO3  48 -8,  CaO  14'7,  PbO  1'7,  ign.  18-6=100-3. 
It  is  an  alteration -product  of  cleveite,  G.  For.  Forh.,  7,  121,  1884. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  turns  dark-  and  yields  water.  Soluble  in  warm  hydrochloric  acid  with 
separation  of  flocculeut  silica. 

Obs. —  Uranophane  (anal.  1)  is  from  the  granite  of  Kupferberg,  Silesia;  a  prism  of  34°  and 
macrpdome  of  90°  are  mentioned.  Uranotil  (anal.  2-4)  occurs  at  Wolsendorf,  Bavaria,  in 
cavities  in  quartz  on  fluorite  with  uraninite  (a  prism  of  16°  is  mentioned).  Also  from  the 
Weisser  Hirsch  mine  at  Neustadtel  near  Schneeberg,  Saxony. 

As  an  alteration-product  of  gummite  (from  uraninite)  at  the  mica  mines  of  Mitchell  Co., 
N.  C.  (anal.  5-7);  it  forms  an  incrustation  upon  and  penetrating  the  gummite. 


504.  CHRYSOCOLLA.  Chrysocolla  pt.  Theophr.,  Diosc.,  Plin.  Chrysocolla  pt.,  Cseruleum 
pt.  Germ.  Berggriln,  Agric.,  Foss.,  1546.  Casruleum  moutanum  pt.  Wall.,  Miu.,  280,  1747; 
C.  monlanum,  Viride  montanum  pt.,  Cronst.,  Min.,  172,  1758.  Mountain  Blue  and  Mountain 
Green  pt.  Bleu  de  Montague,  Vert  de  Montague,  Bleu  de  Cuivre,  Vert  de  Cuivre,  Fr.  Kupfer- 
griln  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  382,  1789;  Karst.,  Tab.,  46.  1800,  62,  1808.  Cuivre  carbonate  vert, 
pulverulent,^.,  Tr.,  1801;  Tab!.,  1809.  Kieselkupfer  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  4,  36.  1807.  Vert  de 
Cuivre,  Chrysocolle,  Brochant,  Miu.,  2,  203,  1808.  Kieselmalachit  Hausm.,  Handb.,  1813. 
Kieselkupfer  Leonh.,  Haudb.,  1821.  C.  hydrosiliceux  H.  Cuivre  hydrate  silicifere,  Hydrophane 
cuivreux,  Fr.  Somervillite  (fr.  N.  J.)  Dufr.,  Min.,  3,  147,  1847.  Dilleubvrgite.  Kupferpecherz 
pt.  Hoffm.  Min.,  3,  b,  103,  1816;  Hepatinerz  Breith.,  Char.,  224,  1832;  Pechkupfer  Hausm., 
Handb.,  372,  1847.  Llanca  Chilian  Miners.  Demidovit  N.  Nd.,  Bull.  Soc.  Moscou,  29  (1),  128, 
1856.  Demidofflte.  Asperolite  Herm..  ib.,  39,  68,  1866.  Pilarite  Kramberger,  Zs.  Kr.,  5,  260, 
1880.  Cyanochalcite  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  106,  65,  1869. 

Cryptocrystalline;  often  opal-like  or  enamel-like  in  texture;  earthy.  Incrusting 
or  filling  seams.  Sometimes  botryoidal. 

Fracture  conchoidal.  Rather  sectile;  translucent  varieties  brittle.  H.  =  2-4. 
G-.  =  2-2*238.  Luster  vitreous,  shining,  earthy.  Color  mountain-green,  bluish 

§reen,  passing  into  sky-blue  and  turquois-blue ;    brown  to   black  when   impure, 
treak,  when  pure,  white.     Translucent  to  opaque. 

Comp. — True  chrysocolla  appears  to  correspond  to  CuSi03  +  2H20  =  Silica 
34-3,  copper  oxide  45*2,  water  20*5  =  100,  the  water  being  double  that  of  dioptase. 
Composition  varies  much  through  impurities,  as  with  other  amorphous  substances,  resulting 
from  alteration.  As  the  silica  has  been  derived  from  the  decomposition  of  other  silicates, ^  it 
is  natural  that  an  excess  should  appear  in  many  analyses.  Impure  chrysocolla  may  contain, 
besides  free  silica,  alumina,  black  oxide  of  copper,  oxide  of  iron  (or  limonite),  and  oxide  of 
manganese;  and  consequently  vary  in  color  from  bluish  green  to  brown  and  black,  the  last 
especially  when  manganese  or  copper  is  present.  Other  kinds  are  impure  with  carbonate  or 
sulphate  of  copper;  and  others  with  lead,  antimony,  arsenic,  etc. 

A  kind  from  Dillenburg  containing  carbonate  of  copper  has  been  called  dUlenburgite;  anothei 


700 


SILICATES. 


containing  limouite  is  the  copper  pitch-blende,  Kupferpecherz  or  Hepatinerz  Germ.  These  are 
only  mixtures. 

An  aluminous  chrysocolla  from  Chili  (anal.  7)  has  been  called  pilarite  after  Professor  Pilar 
of  Agraui.  Color  greenish  blue.  G.  =  2  62.  A  similar  mineral  from  Utah  has  been  examined 
by  Santos,  anal.  9. 

Demidomte  occurs  at  Tagilsk,  Ural,  in  mammillated  crusts  of  a  sky-blue  color.  N.  Norden- 
skiold  found  in  it  86  p.  c.  P2O5  (anal.  5).  Cyanochalcite  of  Hermann  from  Nizhni  Tagilsk  is 
similar,  containing  6'9  P2O5  Hermann  (anal.  6).  Massive,  compact.  H.  —  4.  G.  =  2'79. 
Color  azure-blue. 

Asperolite  of  Hermann,  with  27'25  p.  c.  H2O,  is  made  CuSiO3  -f-  3H2O;  from  Tagilsk,  Russia; 
named  in  allusion  to  its  brittleness.  Somermllite  is  made  by  Berthier  CuSiO3  -f-  4H2O,  but  on  insuf- 
ficient grounds;  from  Somerville,  N.  J.  See  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  51,  395,  1832,  and  5th  Ed.,  p.  403. 

Anal.— 1,  Kobell,  Pogg.,  18,  254,  1830.  2,  Freda  [Gazz.  Ch.  Ital.,  14,  339,  1884J,  Zs.  Kr., 
11,  408.  3,  Berthier,  1.  c.  4,  Bowen,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  118,  1824.  5,  N.  Nordeuskiold,  1.  c. 
6,  Hermann,  1.  c.  7,  Kramberger,  1.  c.  8,  Eustis,  Ch.  News,  48,  109,  1883.  9,  Santos  Ch. 
News,  36,  167, 1877.  10,  Jannettaz,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  9,  211,  1886.  11,  Liversidsre,  Yin.  N.  S.  W., 
57,  1888.  12,  13,  Hutchings,  Ch.  News,  36,  18,  1877.  14,  J.  L.  Smith,  Gillis's  Exped.,  2,  92, 
1854.  15-17,  Pellegrini,  Zs.  Kr.,  4,  408,  1880.  18,  Robertson,  Ch.  News,  50,  209,  1884.  Also 
5th  Ed.,  pp.  403,404. 

A1203 

—  gangue  2'10  =  99 '84 
tr.     =  98-56 

—  gangue  1-0  =  100 

—  =  99-42 

0-53  MgO  3-15,  P2O5  8-60  =  100 

—  P2O5  6-95  =  100 
16-9    CaO  2-5  =  98' 7 

—  =  98-95 
10  78  =  99-76 

—  CaO  05,  CuCls  0-9  =  lOO'l 

—  =  99  71 

0-55  Xb  1-53  =  100-19 
3-65  Xc  2-13  =  99-85 
2-83  =  100-28 

•96       CaO  3-08  -  97 -26 
0-42  FeO  1-82,  CaO  2'31  =  96'63 

•23       CaO  3-99  =  97-22 
6'27Mn2O3  2'22  =  9990 

*  At  120°,  11-92.  b  X  =  PbO  0-26,  ZnO  0  09.  CaO  0'81,  MgO  0'37. 

c  X  =  PbO  0-41,  ZnO  O'lO,  CaO  0  80,  MgO  0-82. 

Pyx-.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  blackens  and  yields  water.  B.B.  decrepitates,  colors  the 
flame  emerald-green,  but  is  infusible.  With  the  fluxes  gives  the  reactions  for  copper.  With 
soda  and  charcoal  a  globule  of  metallic  copper.  Decomposed  by  acids  without  gelatinization. 

Obs. — Accompanies  other  copper  ores,  occurring  especially  in  the  upper  part  of  veins. 

Found  in  most  copper  mines  in  Cornwall;  at  Libethen  in  Hungary;  at  Falkenstein  and 
Schwatz  in  the  Tyrol;  in  Siberia;  the  Bauat;  Thuringia;  Schueeberg,  Saxony;  Kupferberg, 
Bavaria;  South  Australia;  Chili,  etc.  In  bluish  green  spherical  forms  in  the  lava  at  Monti  Rossi, 
Etna. 

In  Somerville  and  Schuyler's  mines,  New  Jersey,  at  Morgantown,  Pa.,  and  at  Wolcottville, 
Conn.,  chrysocolla  occurs  associated  with  red  copper  ore,  native  copper,  and  green  malachite; 
in  Pennsylvania,  near  Morgantown,  Berks  Co.;  at  Perkiomen;  at  Cornwall,  Lebanon  Co.;  also 
with  similar  associated  minerals,  and  with  brown  iron  ore,  in  Nova  Scotia,  at  the  Basin  of 
Mines;  also  in  Wisconsin  and  Michigan,  mixed  with  carbonate  of  copper.  In  fine  specimens, 
sometimes  glassy  green,  at  the  Clifton  mines,  Graham  Co.,  Arizona;  also  at  the  Old  Globe  mine, 
Gila  Co.,  and  at  many  other  points.  Emma  mine,  Utah. 

Chrysocolla  is  from  £pv<ro£,  gold,  and  KoXha,  glue,  and  was  the  name  of  a  material  used  in 
soldering  gold.  The  name  is  often  applied  now  to  borax,  which  is  so  employed.  But  much  of 
the  ancient  chrysocolla  was  a  green  stone  containing  copper  as  the  coloring  ingredient,  and  the 
best,  as  Dioscorides  says,  was  that  which  was  xaraKo/jooS  Ttpaai^ovo-a,  or  of  a  fine,  leek-green 
or  prase  color ;  and  the  island  of  Cyprus,  which  was  named  from  its  copper  mines,  was  a 
prominent  locality.  Pliny  says  the  mineral  was  named  after  the  real  chrysocolla.  because  it 
looked  like  it.  It  may  have  included  carbonate  of  copper,  as  was  true  to  some  extent  of  the 
chrysocolla  and  mountain-green  of  the  16th,  17th,  and  18th  centuries.  The  cceruleum  montanum 
of  Wallerius  included  both  chrysocoila  and  an  earthy  variety  of  the  carbonate 

KUPPERBLAU  G.  Bose,  Reis.  Ural,  1,  414,  1837.  Bogoslovskite  Heddle,  Enc.  Brit.,  16,  411. 
1883.  An  impure  copper  silicate  from  the  Bogovslosk,  Ural.  It  yielded  Rose  CO2  when  treated 
with  acid. 


G. 

SiOa 

CuO 

H20  Fe203  . 

1. 

Bogoslovsk 

36-54 

4000 

20-20 

1-00 

2. 

Elna 

3541 

44-43 

18-72 

tr. 

3. 

Somermllite 

35-4 

35-1 

28-5 



4. 

« 

37-25 

45-17 

17-00 



5. 

Demidomte 

31-55 

33-14 

23-03 

— 

6. 

Cyanochalcite             2  -79 

26-90 

49-63 

16-52 

— 

7. 

Pilarite                       2  '62 

|  38-6 

19-0 

21-7 



8. 

I  van  hoe  M.,  Arizona 

34-08 

3322 

31-65 



9. 

Utah 

37-19 

26-03 

25-76 

—      ; 

10. 

California 

49-1 

30-4 

18-0 

1-2 

11. 

N.  S.  Wales 

43-11 

35-28 

21-32* 

tr. 

12. 

L.  California 

67-07 

24-95 

5-82 

0-27 

13. 

«< 

46-45 

39-15 

7-99 

0-48 

14. 

Chili 

31-35 

42-51 

21-62 

1-97 

15. 

Cerro  Blanco 

16-62 

65-30 

730 

4- 

16. 

«          « 

26-69 

3989 

24-00 

1-50 

17. 

«          K 

25-94 

31-91 

26-15 

9-: 

18. 

Gila  Co.,  Arizona      2  '04 

31  58 

30-28 

28-71 

0-84 

CHLOROPAL. 


701 


505.  CHLOROPAL.  Bernhardi  &  Brandes,  Schw.  J.,  35,  29,  1822.  Unghwarit  Glocker, 
Grundr.,  537,  1839.  Nontronite  BertJiier,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  36,  22,  1827.  Pinguite  Breith.t 
Schw  J.,  55,  303,  1829.  Feltbol  Freiesleben,  Mag.  Orykt.  tSachseu,  5,  136.  Gramenite  Krantz, 
Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  Bonn,  March,  1857;  C.  Bergemaun,  Jb.  Miu.,  395,  1857.  Graminite. 

Compact  massive,  with  an  opal -like  appearance;  earthy. 

H.  =  2-5-4-5.  (I.  =  1-727,  1*870,  earthy  varieties,  the  second  a  conchoidal 
specimen;  2'105,  Ceylon,  Thomson.  Color  greenish  yellow  and  pistachio-green. 
Opaque  to  subtranslucent.  Fragile.  Fracture  conchoidal  and  splintery  to  earthy. 
Feebly  adhering  to  the  tongue,  and  meagre  to  the  touch. 

Var. — Chloropal  has  the  above-mentioned  characters,  and  was  named  from  the  Hungarian 
mineral  occurring  at  Unghwar,  whence  Glocker's  name  Uughwarite.  It  is  described  as  breaking 
into  parallelepipeds,  having  opposite  magnetic  polarity  at  opposite  angles. 

Nontronite  is  pale  straw-yellow  or  canary-yellow,  and  greenish,  with  an  unctuous  feel; 
flattens  and  grows  lumpy  under  the  pestle,  and  is  polished  by  friction;  from  Nontron,  Dept.  of 
Dordogne,  France. 

Pinguite  is  siskin  and  oil-green,  extremely  soft,  like  new-made  soap,  with  a  slightly  resinous 
luster,  not  adhering  to  the  tongue;  the  original  from  Wolkenstein  in  Saxony. 

Fettbol  has  a  liver-brown  color,  a  slightly  greasy  luster,  shining  streak,  conchoidal  fracture, 
and  G.  =  2 '249,  Bveith.,  and  is  from  Halsbriicke  near  Freiberg. 

Graminite  has  a  grass-green  color  (whence  the  name),  and  occurs  at  Menzenberg,  in  the 
Siebengebirge,  in  thin  fibrous  seams,  or  as  a  feather  of  delicate  lamellae;  H.  =  1;  G.  =  1'87, 
after  drying  at  212°  F.;  luster  and  feel  somewhat  greasy,  as  in  pinguite. 

Comp. — A  hydrated  iron  silicate,  perhaps  with  the  general  formula  H6Fe2Si3Oia 
+  211,0  or  Fe203.3Si00.5H20  =  Silica  41'9,  iron  sesquioxide  37'2,  water  20'9  =  100. 
Alumina  is  present  in  some  varieties. 

The  water  and  silica  both  vary  much.  The  Hungarian  chloropal  occurs  mixed  with  opal, 
and  graduates  into  it,  and  this  accounts  for  the  high  silica  of  some  of  its  analyses. 

On  the  composition  of  this  and  related  minerals,  cf.  Collins,  Min.  Mag.,  1,  70,  1876. 

Anal.— 1,  Bernhardi  &  Brandes,  1.  c.  2,  Berthier,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  36,  22,  1827. 
3,  Dufreuoy,  Ann.  Mines,  3,  393,  1833.  4,  5,  Mehner,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  49,  382,  1850.  6,  Karsten, 
Schw.  J.,  66,  9,  1832.  7,  Bergemann,  1.  c.  8,  Schrauf,  Jb.  Min.,  255,  1877.  9,  Weibull, 
G.  For.  Forh.,  5,  627,  1881.  10,  Thorpe,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  23,  29,  1870.  11,  Collins,  Min.  Mag.,  1, 
67,  1876.  12,  Liversidge,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  N.  S.  W.,  Nov.  3,  1880.  13-18,  E.  F.  Smith,  Am. 
Ch.  J.,  5,  277,  1883.  19,  L.  N.  Chappell,  Ch.  News,  50,  220,  1884.  Also  other  analyses  5th 
Ed.,  p.  461. 


1.  Unghwar,  earthy 

2.  Noii tr on,  Nontronite 

3.  Villef ranee,       " 

4.  Andreasberg,  greenish 

5.  ' '  black 

6.  Wolfeustein,  Pinguite 

7.  Graminite 

8.  Mugrau 

9.  Starbo,  Sweden 

10.  Heppeuheim 

11.  Smallacombe,  Devon 

12.  Mudgee,  N.  S.  W. 


G. 

SiO2 
45-0 
440 

Fe2O3 
32-0 
29-0 

A1203 
0-75 
3'6 

FeO 

MgO 
2-0 

2-1 

CaO 

H20 
200    =    99-75 
18  7   clay  1-2  - 
[98-6 

2-08 

40-68 

30' 

19 

3-96 

— 

2-37 

23-0    =  100-20 

40-50 

33- 

70 

1  09 

2 

•26 

— 

1 

11 

21-82  =  100-48 

46-21 

36 

•32 

— 

— 

tr. 

— 

20-38  =  102-91 

2- 

315 

36/90 

29 

50 

1-80 

6 

10 

0-45 

25-10  Mn2O3  0-15 

38-39 

25 

4<> 

6-87 

2 

•80 

0-75 

0 

56 

[=  100 
23-36  MnO   0'67, 

[K2O  1-14  =  100 

4293 

2891 

3-19 



2-84 

o 

35 

18-32  =    99-54 

2- 

19 

48-59 

32- 

54 

9-09 

0 

•55 

tr. 

2-09 

7-05  =    99-91 

40-30 

36 

44 

— 

— 

tr. 

2' 

•68 

20-98  =  100-40 

1- 

89 

39-70 

21-94 

1092 

— 

— 

0 

•14 

25-41*  alk.  [1-89] 

[=  100 

1 

•94 

49-66 

29 

•11 

— 

— 

051 

2 

•61 

17-53bNa2OO-60, 

13.  LehighMt.,Pen 
14. 
15. 

u.,drk.yw.                40'  81 
It.  yw.     2-033      42-79 
yw.grn.                41*16 

39-30      —       — 
39-19      —       — 
30-79    2-05    0-21 

16. 
17 
18. 

bi'n. 
white 

41-41 
43-54 
44-52 

35-35    3-04      — 
39-52      — 
11-04  25  95      — 

19.  Albemarle  Co.,  Va. 


2-06        38-64    22-18  20'05    0'04 


tr. 
0-44 


1-09 


[K20  0-17  =  100-19 
19-79  =    99  90 
19-09  =  101-07 
20-79    K2O    4-54 
[=  99-54 
20-45  =  100-25 
17-71  =  100-77 
17-65    K20    0-94 
[=  100-10 
15-71  =  98-15 


Over  H2SO<  11 '58,  at  250°  7 '22. 


b  Combined  5  "22. 


Pyr.,  etc.— Yields  water.     B.B.  infusible,  but  turns  black  and  becomes  magnetic^    With 
the  fluxes  gives  reactions  for  iron.     Chloropal  is  partially  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid; 


702  SILICATES. 

pinguite  is  completely  decomposed,  with  separation  of  pulverulent  silica,  while  nontronite 
gelatinizes  with  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs.—  Localities  are  mentioned  above.  The  locality  of  chloropal  at  Meenser  Steinberg  is 
near  Gottingen;  pinguite  occurs  also  at  Stern  berg  in  Moravia. 

The  Lehigh  Mt.,  Pa.,  locality  is  south  of  Allentown,  near  Mountainville,  where  it  occurs  in 
connection  with  iron  deposits. 

Named  from  ^Aajpd?,  green,  and  opal. 

Chloropal  also  occurs  (Church,  Ch.  News,  2,  71,  1866)  in  a  feldspar  quarry,  near  the  old  tin 
mine  known  as  Carclase,  not  far  from  St.  Austell,  in  Cornwall,  associated  with  fluorite;  it  is  the 
variety  which  has  been  named  graminite. 

GLASURITE.  PROTONONTRONITE  A.  Knop  [Vers.  Oberrh.  G.  Ver.  Stuttgart,  13,  1888],  Zs. 
Kr.,  18,  668,  1891.  Imperfectly  characterized  silicates  occurring  in  amygdaloidal  cavities  in 
the  limburgyte  of  Sasbach  in  the  Kaiserstnhl.  Olasurite  is  a  brownish  yellow  substance  mixed 
with  calcium  carbonate,  etc.,  appearing  in  layers  as  a  glazed  coating  of  the  cavities.  After 
partial  purification  the  results  of  analysis  1  were  obtained. 

Protonontronite  is  a  dark  leek-green  substance  which,  mixed  with  calcium  carbonate,  forms 
a  greenish  white  fatty  mass  filling  the  cavities  entirely.  Composition  of  material  freed  from  the 
carbonate  in  analysis  2: 

SiO2  A12O3          Fe2O3  FeO  MnO          MgO  CaO  H2O 

51-20  8-29  19-62  —  0*25  4'04  —  16'80     =     100-20 

48-52  5-94  600  0'59  24'72  2'79  10'70     =      99'26 

ANTHOSIDERITE  Hausm.  ,  Gel.  Anz.  Gott.,  281,  1841. 

In  tufts  of  a  fibrous  structure,  and  sometimes  collected  into  feathery  flowers.  Resembles 
cacoxene.  H.  =  6  '5.  G.  =  3.  Luster  silky,  a  little  chatoyant  on  a  fresh  fracture.  Color 
•^Cher-yellow  and  yellowish  brown,  somewhat  grayish,  rarely  white.  Powder  brown  to  colorless. 
Opaque  or  slightly  subtransluceut.  Gives  sparks  with  a  steel.  Tough. 

Composition,  2Fe2O3.9SiO2.2H2O  =  Silica  60'3,  iron  sesquioxide  35'7,  water  4'0  =  100. 
Analysis  by  Schnedermann  (1.  c.,  and  Pogg.,  52,  292,  1841)  of  the  yellow  variety: 

|    SiO2  60-08  Fe2O3  34'99  H2O  3'59    =    98*66 

B.B.  becomes  reddish  brown,  then  black,  and  fuses  with  difficulty  to  a  black  magnetic  slag. 
Decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid. 

From  Antonio  Pereira,  in  the  province  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil,  where  it  is  intimately  associated 
with  magnetic  iron.  Named  from  arQoS,  flower,  and  (ridypoS,  iron. 

506.  HISINGERITE.  Hisingerit  (fr.  Riddarhyttan)  Berz.,  Pogg.,  13,  505,  1828.  DegerSit 
Holmberg,  Bidr.  Finl.  Nat.,  1,  4,  Miu.  Ges.  St.  Pet.,  1850,  1851,  N.  Nordenskiold,  Verz.  Finl. 
Min.,  1852.  Skotiolit  Arppe,  Finsk.  Min.,  13,  1857.  Mangauhisingerite  Weibull,  Ofv.  Ak. 
Stockh.,  41,  No.  9,  21,  1884. 

Amorphous,  compact,  without  cleavage. 

Fracture  conchoidal.  H.  =  3.  G.  =  2'5-3O.  Luster  greasy,  inclining  to 
vitreous.  Color  black  to  brownish  black.  Streak  yellowish  brown. 

Comp.  —  A  hydrated  ferric  silicate,  but  of  uncertain  composition,  the  material 
analyzed  being  in  most  cases  of  questionable  homogeneity. 

Var.—  (1)  Hisingerite,  (2)  Degeroite,  G.  =  2'54,  Holmberg;  H.  =  2'5;  color  blackish  green 
to  black.  (3)  Scotiolite;  G.=  3'09;  H.  =  3;  color  dark  green  to  black  (and  named  from  ovrorzoS, 
dark);  contains  much  magnesia,  and  less  water  than  hisingerite. 

Manganhisingerite  from  Vestra  Silfberg,  Sweden,  anal.  i4,  is  an  alteration-product  of 
knebelite,  probably  not  homogeneous.  G.  =  2'469. 

Anal.—  1-10.  Cleve,  Oberg,  LindstrSm,  Nordenskiold,  Thoreld,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  23,  169, 
1866.  11,  Rg.,  Pogg,,  75,  398,  1848.  12,  Thoreld,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  169,  1866.  13,  Arppe, 
1.  c.  14,  Weibull,  1.  c.  15,  Rand,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  304,  1872.  16,  F.  W.  Clarke,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
34,  133,  1887.  17,  Church,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  23,  3,  1870. 


SiO2  A12O3    Fe203  FeO  MnO  MgO  CaO  H2OC  H2O(100°) 

1.  Riddarhyttan                        35-02  1-20    39-46  2'20  —  080  tr.  10'50    11-20     insol. 

[0-95=101-33 

2.  "                                   35-08  1-38    40  28  223  —  0'35  0'36  20*78        =100-46 

3.  Solberg,  Norway                  35  33  —      3214  7'08  —  3'60  —  10  38    11'66=100-19 

4.  "              "                        3755  1-17    30-57  7'00  —  2'91  1-41  7'21     13'll  =  100-93 

5.  Jordasen                                34-90  —     36-00  9'20  —  267  —  9'13      9-83=10123 
6  Langban                                3571  —      27"70  7'52  3'02  1-68  1'48  10'64    12'19=  99'94 

7.  Waldemarsvik                      33-66  —      39*90  2-30  —  2'95  —  11'72      9'37=  99-90 

8.  Orijarvi                                   36'92  —      3187  892  —  206  —  7'59     13-56=100'92 

9.  Tunaberg                              37'14  1'39    30  24  3'02  0'17  6'06  —  10'95    10'61=  99'58 


HISINGERITE.  703 

SiO2     A1203    Fe203      FeO     MnO     MgO     CaO        H2OC  H,O(100°) 

10.  Langban,  Scotiolite  36'73      —      34*97    3'09      tr.      8'75      —       3'20      6*30=  99'04 

11.  Riddarhyttau,  His.  33'07      —      34'78  17'59      —      0*46    2-56     11 '54         -=100 

12.  Degero,  Degeroite  3415    0'75    38'63     1-08      —     2'33    2'70      7'94    11-60      insol. 

|1-64=10082 

13.  Orijiirvi,  Scotiolite  40  97    0'60     18-04  11 '70      —    15'63    0'38      8 -79      7'63=  98'74 

14.  Vestra  JSilfberg  37'09     1-39     34'34      —    15'50a  2*62    192      7 '81       —   =  100'67 

15.  Gap  Mine,  Pa.  35'40      —      27  46  12-53      —       —       —       9'89     14'80=  99*58 

16.  Alex.  Co.,  N.  C.  3116    8'06    35'86*>     —       —      5'43      —      20'50       —    =101 '01 

17.  Lostwithiel  3614      —      52'94      —       —       tr.        —      10'49       —   =  99'57d 

a  Mn2O  .  b  Chiefly  but  not  wholly  FeO.  c  Above  100°.  d  Also  P2O5  0*82. 

A  mineral  from  Ducktown.Tenn.,  pseudomorph  after  calcite,  gave  Genth:  SiO2  24-42,Fe2O3 
49-02,  ZuO  117,  MgO  0'41,  CaO  1'83,  H2O  23  70  =  100-55  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  24,  21,  1887. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  much  water.  B.B.  fuses  with  difficulty  to  a  black  magnetic  slag.  With 
the  fluxes  gives  reactions  for  iron.  In  hydrochloric  acid  easily  decomposed  without  gelatinizing. 

Obs.— Found  at  the  various  localities  mentioned  above.  At  Riddarhyttan  it  occurs  in  reni- 
form  masses  associated  with  pyrite  in  a  copper  mine,  and  is  a  result  of  alteration ;  at  DegerO, 
near  Helsingfors,  Finland,  in  a  silver  mine. 

Named  after  the  Swedish  chemist,  W.  Hisinger  (1766-1852). 

GILLINGITE.  Svart  Stenart  (fr.  Gillinge)  Hisinger,  Afh.,  3,  304,  1810.  Gillingit  Hisinger, 
Min.  Geogr.  Schwed.  (Wohler's),  102,  1826.  Thraulit  (fr.  Bodenmais)  Kbl,  Pogg.,  14,  67,  1828. 
Traulit. 

Amorphous  to  compact.  H.  =3.  G.  =  3'045,  Gilliuge,  Hisinger.  Luster  shining  to  dull; 
surface  of  fracture  earthy.  Color  black  or  blackish. 

Anal.— 1,  Hisinger,  Afh.,  3,  304.  2,  Rg.,  Pogg.,  75,  400,  1848;  also  Hoglund  and  Tamm, 
Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  23,  169,  1866.  3,  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  46,  238,  1849.  4,  Hisinger,  Pogg., 
13,  505,  1828.  5,  Kobell,  1.  c. 

SiO2       A12O3      Fe2O3       FeO       MgO       CaO        H2O 

1.  Gillinge  27'50        5-50        52-27*        —  —  —          11-75  =     97'02 

2.  "  32-18  30-10        8-63        4-22        5'50        19'37  =  100 

3.  Orijarvi  29*51  10'74      37'49        7'78          —         13'00  =     98'52 

4.  Bodenmais,  Thraulite       31 77         —  49'87  —          —         20'00  =  101-64 

5.  "  "  31-28          —         43-42        5'70          —  1912  =     99'52 

•  Incl.  0*77  Mn2O3. 

Yields  much  water.  B.B.  fuses  at  5  to  a  black,  slaggy,  opaque,  magnetic  globule.  Decom 
posed  by  hydrochloric  acid. 

From  Gillinge  mine,  in  Sodermanlaud,  Sweden,  whence  the  name.  Thraulite  (named  from 
&pavA.d$,  fragile)  occurs  at  Bodenmais,  three  leagues  from  Zwiesel,  in  Bavaria,  with  vivianile, 
etc. 

JOLLYTE  Fr.  v.  Kobell,  Ber.  Ak.  Munchen,  168,  1865. 

Compact,  amorphous.  H.  =  3.  G.  =  2  61.  Luster  weak,  greasy.  Color  dark  brown, 
with  greenish  powder.  Analysis. — Kobell. 

SiO2  35-55  A12O3  27'77  FeO  16-67  MgO  6'66  H2O  13-18  =  99-83 

Occurs  at  Bodenmais  in  Bavaria,  with  pyrite,  vivianite,  iolite,  etc.  Resembles  a  hisingerite 
in  which  the  iron  is  replaced  by  alumina.  Named  after  the  physicist,  G.  Jolly. 

MEL ANOSIDE RITE  /.  P.  Cooke,  Am.  Ac.  Sc.,  10,  451,  1875. 

Amorphous;  compact.  H.  =  4'5.  G.  =  8*891.  Luster  vitreous,  inclining  to  resinous. 
Color  black,  with  a  tinge  of  red.  Streak  brownish  to  brick  red.  Subtranslucent. 

If  homogeneous,  a  basic  hydrated  iron  silicate,  having  the  formula  Fe8SiOi4.6H2O  or 
4Fe2O3.SiO2.6H2O  -  SiO2  7 -4,  Fe2O3  79  2,  H2O  13-4  =  100.  Analysis.— W.  H.  Melville,  ibid.: 

|  SiO2  7-42  Fe2O3  75-13  A12O3  4'34  H2O  (above  100°)  7'68,  100°  6'17  =  100'74 

In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates  and  gives  off  water.  B.B.  fuses  at  4i  to  a  magnetic  mass. 
Gelatinizes  with  hydrochloric  acid. 

Locality,  Mineral  Hill,  Delaware  Co.,  Penn.  Named  from  //e'AorS  and  <Ti8i?po<s,  in  allusion 
to  the  black  color. 

Genth  (2d  Rep.  Min.  Pennsylvania,  p.  216,  1876)  suggests  that  melanosiderite  is  only  a 
variety  of  an  iron  hydrate,  probably  a  limonite.  If  the  silica  is  an  impurity  the  composition  is 
exactly  that  of  limonite,  as  Cooke  remarks;  he,  however,  regards  it  as  a  basic  silicate  on  the 
ground  of  its  vitreous  luster,  fusibility,  definite  composition,  and  the  fact  that  it  gelatinizes 
with  acids. 


704  &ILICATES. 

AVASITE/.  Krenner  [Foldt.  £rtesitp,  2,  105,  1881],  Zs.  Kr.,  8.  537,  1883.  Occurs  at  the 
limonite  deposits  of  the  Avasthal,  Comitat  Szathmar,  Hungary,  and  locally  known  as  Eisen 
pecherz.  Massive,  black,  but  in  thin  splinters  translucent,  giving  a  red  color.  Fracture  con- 
choidal, brittle.  Luster  vitreous.  H.  =  35.  G.  =  3'33. 

Composition,  according  to  Loczka,  stated  to  be  5Fe2O3.2SiO2.9H2O.  Acetic  acid  dissolves 
the  iron  and  leaves  the  silica  in  transparent  colorless  and  glassy  particles.  Probably  only  a 
siliceous  limonite. 


507.  BEMENTITE.     G.  A.  Konig,  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.,  310,  1887. 
In    radiated  stellate   masses  with  small  foliated  structure;    resembles   some 
pyrophyllite. 

Cleavage:    perfect,   and   structure   micaceous.      Soft.      G.  =  2-981.      Luster 
pearly.     Color  pale  grayish  yellow. 

Comp. — Approximately  2MnSi03.H20  =  Silica  42'9,  manganese  protoxide  50'?, 
water  6  -4  =  100. 

Anal. — K6nig,  1.  c.: 

SiO2  39-00     MnO  42-12     FeO  [3'75]      ZnO  2'86     MgO  3'83a      H2O  8'44  =  100 

a  CaO  trace. 

Pyr. — Fuses  readily  to  a  black  glass;  reacts  for  manganese  with  the  fluxes.     Water  expelled 
above  100°.     Dissolves  in  hot  hydrochloric  acid  without  gelatinizatiou. 

Obs.— Occurs  closely  associated  with  calcite  at  the  zinc  mines  of  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J. 
Named  after  Mr.  0.  S.  Bement  of  Philadelphia. 


508.  CARYOPILITE.     Karyopilit  A.  Hamberg,  G.  For.  Forh.,  11,  27, 

Massive.  In  stalactitic  and  reniform  shapes,  compact  within,  the  outer  portions  showing  a 
concentric  radiate-fibrous  structure;  forming  a  felted  mass  as  seen  under  the  microscope. 

H.  =  3-3'5.  G.  =  2-83-2  91.  Color  brown  on  the  fracture.  Double  refraction  weak. 
Extinction  probably  parallel. 

Comp.— Approximately  4MnO.  3SiO2. 3H2O. 

Anal.— Hamberg,  1.  c.     The  material  not  entirely  pure. 

SiO2        MnO       MgO       CaO        H2O          PbO      FeaO3 

36-16       46-46        4'80        0-28        9'81a         0'37        1'33  A12O8  0'35,  alk.  0'20,  Cl  0'09  =  99'85 
a  Given  off  between  115°  and  a  low  red  heat. 

Easily  soluble  in  strong  acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  the  Harstig  mine  near  Pajsberg,  Wermland,  Sweden,  with  crystallized 
native  lead,  sarkinite,  brandtite. 

Named  from  xdpvor,  walnut,  and  niXo$,felt. 

509.  NEOTOCITE.     Neotokit  N.  Nordenskiold,  Verz.  Finl.  Min.,  1852.     Wittingit  id.,  ib. 
Vattenhaltigt  Manganoxid-silikat  J.  F.  Bafir,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  7,  240,  1850.     Stratopeit  L.  J. 
Igelstrom,  ib.,  143,  1851  (with  mention  of  "Neotokit"  and  "Wittingit"). 

Amorphous.  H.  =  3-4.  G.  =  2'64-2'8.  Luster  dull,  sometimes  feebly  submetallic. 
Color  black  to  dark  brown  and  liver-brown.  Streak  dark  brown  to  black.  Opaque. 

Comp.— A  hydrated  silicate  of  manganese  and  iron,  but  of  very  doubtful  composition. 

Neotocite  is  included  by  Nordenskiold  along  with  stratopeite,  and  good  authority  appears 
thus  to  be  given  for  setting  aside  the  older  analysis  of  it  by  Igelstrom.  In  stratopeite,  G.  —  2*64, 
according  to  Igelstrom;  in  neotocite  and  wittingite,  G.  =  2'7-2'8,  according  to  N.  Nordenski51d. 

Anal.— 1-4,  Cleve  and  A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  23,  169,  1866.  5,  Norden- 
skiSld,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  100,  122,  1867  and  1.  c.  6,  7,  Bahr,  1.  c. 

G.          Si02  A13O3  Fe3O3    FeO    MnaOa  MnO    MgO    CaO  HaO»  H2O(100°) 
1.  Pajsberg,  Stratopeite  2'73     35'83    —      8'20      —       —    29'37  8'66    —    10'03    6'08       PbO 

[2-13=10030 
2  "  "  3505    —      1-36      —       —    38-49  5'27  0'47    9'81     6'91       PbO 

[3-31  —  100-67 

3.  Gestrikland,  Neotocite  2  70      35'79    —    10-9013-93     —    20  51  2'44  0'52    8'48    7'29=  99'86 

4.  "  "        2-94     34-38  1'57  18'58    2*88     —    22-67  2'50    —      9'30    8'07=  99'95 

5.  Bredvik,  Wittingite  39'72    —      2'06      —        34-76        1'21  0*69  12-25    9'73^100'42 

6.  Klapperud  2'88      36-20  I'll    0'70      —    47-91  4'43  0'61     9'43      —  =100'39 

7.  "  2-98      34-72  1'09  10'45      —    42'64     —    0'36  0'56    9'76      —  =  99'58 

a  Above  100°. 


HYDROUS  SILICATES.  705 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  much  water.  Reactions  with  borax  for  manganese  and  iron.  Difficultly 
fusible  to  infusible. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  rhodonite  at  Pajsberg,  Filipstad,  Sweden  (stratopeite);  Gestrikland 
(neotocite)  in  Sweden;  at  Ingoa  (ib.),  Finlaud;  at  Wittingi  (wittingite)  in  Storkyro,  Finland;  at 
Bredvik  (ib.)  in  West  Gothland;  at  Klapperud  in  Dalecarlia. 

Named  from  reorotco?,  of  recent  origin.     This  name  antedates  stratopeite. 

A  hydrated  manganese  silicate  near  neotocite  and  stratopeite  from  the  Dilleuburg  mining 
region,  Germany,  has  been  investigated  by  A.  Schneider,  Jb.  preuss.  G.  Laudesanstalt,  472  et 
seq.,  1887.  The  manganese  ore  (Kieselmangan)  is  a  heterogeneous  mass  varying  from  yellowish 
brown  to  reddish  brown  in  color.  It  has  been  derived  from  the  alteration  of  a  silicate  of 
manganese  protoxide,  which  last  appears  in  the  ore  in  thin  layers  and  kernels  surrounded  by 
reddish  layers.,  H.  =  3-4.  G.  =  2'465.  Luster  greasy.  Color  amber-yellow;  streak  yellow- 
brown.  Doubly  refracting.  Optically  biaxial,  positive.  Composition  approximately  given  by 
anal.  1  by  Barwald,  but  the  material  not  entirely  pure.  Anal.  2  gives  the  composition  of  dark 
red-brown  portions,  amorphous,  H.  =  4,  G.  =  2*675,  mixed  with  limonite,  calcite,  etc. 

SiO2    A1203    Fe2O3      MnO      CaO     MgO      H2O      CO2 

1.  35-64      259        3'02      3926      1-75      1-31      13*94      0  60  alk.  undet.  =  98*11 

2.  30-21      2-30      12-49      29*16      6'04      0*98      16*62      2*40  =  100'20 

Klipsteinite  is  another  hydrated  manganese  silicate,  but  impure.  See  p.  381.  See  also 
hydrorhodouite,  p.  381,  hydrotephroite,  p.  458,  epigeuite  or  neotesite,  p.  458. 

PENWITHITE  /.  H.  Collins,  Miu.  Mag.,  2,  91,  1878;  3,  89,  1879. 

Massive.  Fracture  couchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  35.  G.  =  2*49.  Luster  vitreous.  Coloi 
dark  amber  to  reddish  brown.  Transparent.  Analysis: 

|  SiO2  36-40      MnO  37  62      FeO  2*52       H2O  21*80       MnO2  tr.       U2O3  0*30       Cu  tr.  =  98'64 

Formula  MnSiO3  -f-  2  H2O.  B.B.  fuses  with  difficulty.  Occurs  with  quartz  and  rhodochrosite 
in  the  district  of  Penwith  (whence  name),  West  Cornwall. 


APPENDIX  TO  HYDROUS  SILICATES. 

ALLOPHITE  Websky,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  25,  399,  1873. 

In  dense,  micro-crystalline  masses,  on  fracture  dull,  and  easily  polished  to  a  greasy  luster 
by  the  hand.  G.  =  2'641  Leffler.  Color  pale  grayish  green.  In  appearance  very  similar  to 
pseudophite;  distinguished  from  serpentine  by  inferior  hardness.  Analysis. — Leffler,  1.  c.: 

SiO2  36-23         A12O3  21-92         Fe2O3  2*18         Cr2O3  0*85         MgO  35 '53         H2O  2'97  =  99*68 

The  water  goes  off  only  at  a  high  temperature.  Occurs  at  Langenbielau,  Silesia;  also  at 
Reichenstein.  From  a  quarry  of  limestone  occurring  in  the  gneiss. 

ANTILLITE  C.  U.  Shepard,  App.  Cat.  Meteorites,  Amherst.  Mass.,  1872. 

Massive  and  crystalline,  presenting  minute  coppery  laminae  with  a  fibrous  cleavage. 
H.=  3-5-4.  G.=  2-52.  Color  dark  greenish  brown.  An  analysis  gave:  SiO2  39'30,  MgO  3612, 
FeO  6'70,  H2O  16 -79,  with  traces  of  Cr2O3,  CaO,  K2O  =  98 '91.  This  composition  approaches 
that  of  serpentine  or  deweylite. 

AQUACREPTITE  C.  U  Shepard,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  46,  256,  1868. 

Massive,  occurring  in  irregular  polyhedral  fragments,  with  flat  or  concave  surfaces. 
H.  =  2'5.  G.  =  2-05-2  08.  Luster  dull.  Color  yellowish  brown.  Streak  orange-yellow. 
Brittle.  Adheres  to  the  tongue.  Falls  to  pieces  in  water,  with  a  crackling  noise.  Analysis. — 
J.  H.  Eaton,  1.  c.: 

G.  =  2-05  Si02  43-03        A12O3  5'56        Fe2O3  12-30        MgO  19*58        H2O  17'40=97'87 

Decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid.     Found  in  a  vein  in  serpentine  at  West  Chester,  Pa. 

ABCTOLITE.     Arktolite  Blomstrand,  "  Ett  hognordiskt  mineral,"  G.  For.  Forh.,  5,  210,  1880. 

Occurs  in  a  crystalline  limestone,  forming  small  irregularly  curved  crystalline  plates,  gener- 
ally compact,  occasionally  showing  prismatic  angles  of  54°-56°,  Sjogren.  H.  =  5.  G .  =  3'03. 
Colorless  or  yellowish  to  greenish.  Analysis: 

SiOa         TiO2         A1203        Fe203          CaO          MgO        Na2O        K2O         H2O 
|  44-93          0-38          23-55  1'24          13'28          10'30          1'73          0-79          3'54  =  99*74 

This  corresponds  to   H2O.(Ca,Mg)O.Al2O3.3SiO2.     B.B.  fuses  with  difficulty  to  a  white 
enamel;  partially  attacked  by  acids  with  the  separation  of  flocculeut  silica 
Found  in  1861  on  Hvitholm.  near  Spitzbergen 


706  SILICATES. 

BALVRAIDITE  Heddle,  Min.  Mag.,  4,  117,  1880. 

Structure  saccharoidal.  H.  =  6.  G.  =  2- 91.  Color  pale  purplish  brown.  Analysis  of 
dark  variety: 

SiOa          A1203        Fe203         MnO         MgO          CaO         Na20         K3O         H2O 
46-04          20-11  2  52  0  79  8'30  13'47          2'72          1*36          4'71  «=  100'03 

B.B.  fuses  with  intumescence  to  a  vesicular  pale  blue  glass. 

Occurs  in  a  granular  limestone  at  Balvraid,  Inverness -shire,  Scotland. 

BARETTITE  Bombicci  [Atti  della  Soc.  Ital.  di  Sc.  Nat.,  11],  Jb.  Miu.,  750,  1868;  Min.,  2, 
773,  1875. 

In  nodular,  radiated,  and  fibrous  masses.  H.  =  2'5.  G.  =  2*5.  Color  apple-green.  Streak 
white.  Feel  soapy.  Analysis  by  Sestini:  SiO2  30'96,  A12O3  1'59,  FeO  7'17,  CaO  33 "67,  MgO 
9-96,  CO2  9-11,  H2O  1-20,  alkalies  with  S03  and  P2O5  634  =  100.  From  Traversella  in  the 
province  of  Ivrea. 

BHRECKITE  or  VRECKITE  Heddle,  Min.  Mag.,  3,  57,  1879. 

Fine  granular,  scaly;  soft  and  friable.  Occurs  as  a  light  apple-green  coating  on  quartz 
crystals.  An  analysis  gave: 

SiO2          A12O3         Fe2O3          FeO          MnO          CaO          MgO          H20          alk. 
34-92  716  12  71  2'11  0'41  16'08          8'26  17'77a          tr.  =  99'42 

a  1-03  at  100°  C. 

Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid.  From  a  cavity  in  a  boulder  of  syenitic  granite,  found  on  the 
hill  of  Ben  Bhreck,  near  Tongue,  in  Sutherland,  Scotland. 

BRAVAISITE  E.  Mallard,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  1,  5,  1878. 

In  tnin  layers  and  schistose  masses  consisting  of  fine  crystalline  fibers,  mostly  parallel  in 
position.  Unctuous  to  the  touch.  Paste-like  when  wet.  H.  =  1-2.  G.  =  2  6.  Color  gray  to 
greenish  gray.  Optically  — .  Extinction  parallel.  Double  refraction  strong;  2E  =  40°.  Analysis.- 

SiO251'4        A12O3  18-9        Fe2O3  4-0        CaO  2'0        MgO  3- 3        KaO  6  5        H2O  13'3  =  99-4 

B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  white  glass.  In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  water  and  becomes  brown. 
Partially  attacked  by  acids. 

Found  in  layers  in  the  coal  and  bituminous  schists  of  Noyant,  Allier  Dept.,  France.  Named 
after  the  Frencircrystallographer,  M.  Bravais.  Starkl  compares  bravaisite  with  the  Weisserde  of 
Anua-Capelle  and  elsewhere  in  Austria,  cf.  p.  616,  and  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  33,  654,  1883. 

CHONICRITE.     Chonikrit  ®.  Kobell,  J.  pr.  Ch. ,  2,  51,  1834. 

Massive,  crystalline  granular,  or  compact.  H.  =  2'5-3.  G.  =  2'91.  Luster  weak  silky, 
to  glimmering  or  dull.  Color  white.  Analysis,  Kobell: 

SiO9  35-69         A1203  17-12          FeO  1 -46         MgO  22 -50         CaO  12 '60         H2O  9'00  =  98'37 

Fuses  with  intumescence  at  3'5-4  to  a  grayish  white  glass,  and  is  decomposed  by  hydro- 
chloric acid,  the  silica  separating  in  powder. 

Forms,  with  pyrosclerite,  seams  in  serpentine  on  Elba.  Named  from  ^K)veia,  fusion,  and 
test,  its  fusibility  distinguishing  it  from  some  allied  minerals. 

Stated  by  Groth  to  be  essentially  decomposed  feldspar  mixed  with  diallage. 

DAVREUXTTE  De  Koninck,  Bull.  Ac,  Belg.,  46,  240,  1878. 

In  aggregates  of  slender  laminae  appearing  like  acicular  crystals;  parallel  extinction; 
resembles  asbestus.  Cleavage  transverse.  Color  white  with  a  tinge  of  flesh-red.  Luster  pearly. 
Analysis  of  material  free  from  impurity,  except  quartz: 

f  SiO,  55-94      A12O3  33-59      MnO  5'25      MgO  1 '10      H2O  4'19      Fe203  or  FeO  tr.   =  100'07 

The  amount  of  quartz  was  determined  as  from  13  to  18  p.  c. ;  in  the  above  analysis  16'63p.  c. 
Slightly  attacked  by  acids.  Occurs  in  quartz  veins  in  the  Ardennes  schists,  at  Ottre,  Belgium. 
Named  after  M.  Ch.  Davreux 

Lacroix  shows  that  davreuxite  is  simply  a  hydrated  mica.  Optically  — .  2E  =  70°.  Bx 
j_  cleavage  (001).  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  9,  5.  1886. 

DERMATIN  Breithaupt,  Char.,  104, 1832.  Massive,  reniforrn,  or  in  crusts  on  serpentine,  of  a 
resinous  luster  and  green  color.  Feel  greasy;  odor,  when  moistened,  argillaceous.  Apparently 
(5th  Ed.,  p.  471)  a  hydrous  silicate  of  iron  and  magnesium  near  deweylite,  but  probably  a  mixt- 
ure. From  Waldhe'im  in  Saxony.  The  name  is  from  depjua,  skin,  alluding  to  its  occurrence 
as  an  incrustation. 

DUPORTHITE  J.  H.  Collins,  Min.  Mag.,  1,  226,  1877. 

In  fibrous  masses  occupying  fissures  in  serpentine.  H.  =2.  G.  =  2'78.  Luster  silky. 
Color  greenish  to  brownish  gray.  Flexible  in  thin  fibers  like  asbestus.  Analysis  gave: 


HYDROUS  SILICATES.  707 

SiOa         A12O3         FeO         MgO          CaO        Na2O         H2O 

49-21          27-26         6'20         11 '14         0'39          0-49          3'90  H2O  hygroscopic  0'68  =  99'27 

About  half  the  water  goes  off  only  at  an  elevated  temperature.  From  Duporth,  near  St. 
Austell,  Cornwall. 

EPHESITE  J.  L.  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  11,  59,  1851,  48,  254,  1869. 

An  alteration-product  of  corundum  into  fibrolite  subsequently  into  potash  mica,  and  con- 
taining more  or  less  of  the  original  mineral.  From  the  emery  locality  at  Gumuch-dagh  near 
Ephesus. 

Lesley ite  of  Lea  (Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  44,  1867)  from  Unionville,  Penn.,  is  a  similar  mixture  of 
damourite  and  corundum.  Of.  S.  P.  Sharpies,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  47,  319,  1869,  and  later  Genth,  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.,  13,  387,  1873. 

FORCHHAMMERITE  Reddle,  Enc.  Brit.,  16,  415,  1883. 

Massive,  granular.  Luster  subresinous  to  dull.  Color  dark  green.  Composition  stated  to 
be  FeSiO3.6H2O.  Faroer  Is. 

GINILSITE  Fischer,  Rg.,  Min.  Chem.,  704,  1875;  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  28,  236,  1876. 

Massive.  Color  grayish  yellow.  G.  =  3'404.  Anal. — 1,  made  in  Rammelsberg's  laboratory; 
2,  Rg.,  1.  c. 

SiO8  A12O8  Fe2O3  MgO  CaO  H2O 

1.  38-75  4-83  16'32  9'48  26'52  3'73    =      99'63 

2.  37-83  7-77  15'63  9'73  26'67  3'30    =     100-93 

Corresponds  (Rg.)  to  8(Ca,Mg)O.2(Fe,Al)2O3.7SiO2,4H2O.  Earlier  analyses  by  Fellenberg 
and  others,  giving  very  different  results  (58  p.  c.  SiO2,  etc.)  are  discarded  by  Rammelsberg. 
B.B.  fuses  on  the  edges  to  a  dark  glass. 

From  Ginilsalp,  Grisons,  Switzerland. 

GROPPITE  Svanberg,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  3,  14,  1846. 

Crystalline,  with  one  distinct  cleavage  affording  a  broad  cleavage  surface,  and  two  others 
less  distinct.  Fracture  splintery.  H.  =  2 '5.  G.  =  2 '73.  Thin  splinters  translucent.  Color 
rose-red  to  brownish  red.  Streak  paler.  Analysis.— Svanberg,  1.  c. : 

Sip,         AlaO3        Fe2O3         MgO          CaO         Na2O         K2O         HaO 

45-01  22-55          3-06          12-28          4'55          0'21  5'23          7'11  insol.  Q'13  =  100'13 

In  a  matrass  yields  water.  B.B.  whitens,  and  on  thin  edges  shows  only  incipient  fusion. 
From  a  limestone  at  Gropptorp  in  Sweden. 

Pisani  found  for  a  related  mineral  occurring  in  green  grains  in  anhydrite,  Bull.  Soc.  G.,  22, 
25,  1864: 

Si02  48-20     A12O3  19.70      FeO  3  38      MgO  12-80      CaO  1'64     alk.  [7'22]      HaO  7'06  =  100 

HYDROSILICITE  Waltershausen,  Vulk.  Gest.,  305,  1853. 

An  amorphous  substance  or  crust  from  Palugouia  and  Aci  Castello,  Sicily,  which  afforded: 

SiO2          A12O3         MgO  CaO          Na2O          K2O  H2O 

44-90  —  4-60  33'32  2'11  1'86  13-21     =     100 

43-32  3-14  8-66  28-70  1'70  1448    =     100 

LEIDYITE  G.  A.  Konig,  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.,  84,  1884. 

In  verruciform  incrustations,  consisting  of  fine  scales  with  silky  luster;  also  stalactitic; 
crystalline  (?).  H.  =  1-2.  Luster  resinous.  Color  grass-,  blue-,  or  olive-green.  Streak  white. 
Analysis: 

SiO2  51-40         A12O3  16  82         FeO  8'50         MgO  3'07         CaO  3'15         H2O  17-08  =  100-02 

B.B.  fuses  with  intumescence  to  a  light  yellow  green  glass.  In  the  closed  tube  gives  off 
water  and  becomes  brown.  Soluble  readily  in  hydrochloric  acid,  with  partial  gelatiuization; 
after  ignition  insoluble. 

Found  with  grossular  garnet,  zoisite,  and  quartz,  at  Leiperville,  Delaware  Co.,  Penn. 
Named  after  Dr.  Joseph  Leidy  (1823-1891). 

LEUCOTILE.     Leukotil  Hare,  Inaug.  Diss.  Breslau,  1879. 

In  fibers  irregularly  grouped  on  serpentine.     Luster  silky.     Color  green.     Analysis: 

SiOa          A12O3        Fe203          MgO  CaO          Na2O         K2O          H2O 

28-98  6-99  8'16  29'78  7  37  1'32  tr.  17  29  =  99'89 


708  SILICATES. 

Easily  soluble  in  hydrochloric  and  sulphuric  acids.  B.B.  fuses  and  becomes  slightly  yellow 
and  yellowish  brown.  From  Reicheusteiu,  Silesia. 

LILLITE  Reuss,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  25,  550,  1857.  From  Pribram,  Bohemia,  with  pyrite,  and 
arising,  apparently,  through  the  agency  of  decomposing  pyrite.  H.  =  2;  G.  —  3'043.  Earthy, 
like  glauconite;  blackish  green.  Analysis  afforded:  SiO2  32'48,  Fe2O3,FeO  54*95,  H2O  10'20, 
CaCOs  1-96,  FeS2  0'63  =  100-22. 

MELOPSITE  Breith.,  Handb.,  2,   360,   1841.     Melopsite  is  translucent,   white,   yellowish, 

frayish,  or  greenish,  has  a  small  couchoidal  fracture,  adheres  a  little  to  the  tongue,  and  resem- 
les  in  texture  the  flesh  of  an  apple  (whence  the  name  from  /nrjXor,  apple,  and  o^or,  meat,  etc.), 
According  to  Plattner,  it  consisted  of  silica,  alumina,  a  little  magnesia  and  iron  oxide  with 
ammonia,  water,  and  some  bitumen.     An  analysis  by  Goppelsroder  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  105,  126,  1868) 
gave: 

SiO244-15   Al2034-95   Fe2O3  0'02   MgO  31 -59   CaO340  H20 11-54(160°)  H2O  4'02(ign.)=99'67 

N^SUMITE  C.  W.  Blomstrand,  5fv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  25,  209,  1868.  A  chalk-white  mineral,  from 
Nasum,  Sweden.  It  occurs  mixed  with  the  phosphate  attacolite.  After  calculating  out  the 
phosphoric  acid  the  analysis  gave: 

Si02  50  91          A12O3  27-86         Fe2O3  1'36         MnO  0'36         CaO  13'82         H2O  4'39  =  98'70 

NEFEDIEFFITE.     Nefediewit  P.  Pusirevsky,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  7,  15,  1872. 

Amorphous,  very  similar  to  lithomarge.  H.  =  1*5.  G.  =  2 '335.  Fracture  conchoidal. 
Color  white  to  rose-red.  Feel  greasy.  A  hydrous  silicate  of  aluminium  and  magnesium,  but  of 
doubtful  composition.  Analysis: 

|  SiO2  60-76         A12O3  20  94         CaO  1'06         MgO  6'80         Na2O  0'40         H2O  9'92  =  99*88 

This  corresponds  to  3H2O.MgO.Al2O3.5SiO2.     Scarcely  soluble  in  acids. 

Occurs  with  fluorite  in  limestone  at  Nerchinsk  in  Eastern  Siberia. 

NEOLITE.     Neolith  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  71,  285,  1847. 

In  silky  fibers  stellately  grouped;  also  massive.  H.  =  1-2.  G.  =  2*77,  after  drying.  Color 
green.  Luster  silky  or  earthy.  Composition  uncertain;  as  the  mineral  is  formed  through  the 
agency  of  infiltrating  waters  through  rocks'coutaining  magnesia,  it  is  not  safe  to  assume  that  there 
are  no  impurities  present.  Anal.— 1,  2,  Scheerer,  1.  c.  3,  Id.,  ibid.,  84,  375,  1851.  4,  Richter, 
ib.,  p.  376. 

SiO2         A12O3       FeO       MnO       MgO       CaO       H2O 

1.  Ar.endal  52'28          7'33        3*79        0'89        31-24        0'28        4-04    =      9985 

2.  "  4735        10-27        7'92        2'64        24'73  6'28     =      9919 

3.  Eisenach  51-35          9-02        0'79  30  19        1-93        6'50     =      99  78 

4.  "  51-44          8-79        0'88*        —         81 '11        2'00        6'50     =     100-72 

aFe2O3. 

Occurs  in  the  iron  mines  of  Arendal,  and  in  cavities  in  basalt  near  Eisenach.  Also  compact 
massive  and  earthy  in  fissures  at  Rochlitz  in  the  Riesengebirge,  Bohemia,  of  a  pistachio-green 
color,  or  brownish;  G.  =  2'625  to  2'837.  Named  from  veol,  new,  and  Az'QoS,  stone. 

NIGRESCITE  F.  Hornstein,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  19,  342,  1867. 

Amorphous.  Fracture  uneven  and  splintery.  H.  =2.  G.  =  2*845.  Color,  when  fresh, 
apple-green;  on  exposure  becomes  gray  to  black;  opaque  and  earthy,  and,  on  drying,  as  light  as 
wad.  Loses  16'5  per  cent  hygroscopic  water.  Analysis: 

f  SiO2  52-29    A12O3  5'14     FeO  15'71     MnO  0'23     MgO  18'11     CaO  2'59     H2O  6'29  =  100'36 

Perhaps  the  product  01  the  alteration  of  a  magnesia-iron  augite  or  amphibole. 

Found  in  rounded  masses  in  basalt,  at  Dietesheim,  in  the  valley  of  the  Main. 

PELHAMINE  G.  U.  Shepard,  Contr.  Min.,  1876.  A  serpentinous  substance  (altered  asbestus) 
forming  irregular  seams  and  masses  at  the  asbestus  mine  at  Pelham,  Mass.,  resembling  a  black 
serpentine.  Color  dark  greenish  gray.  H.  =  5.  G.  =  2'9-3'2.  B.B.  infusible.  Analysis: 
SiO2  38-40,  A12O3  2'80,  FeO  15'52,  MgO  [39'88},  H2O  3'40  =  100. 

PERSBERGITE  Igelstrom,  1860,  also  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  40,  No.  9,  91,  1883. 

Occurs  in  red  or  grayish  green  bladed  crystals  embedded  in  granulyte  at  Persberg,  Sweden. 
Analysis: 
SiO  41-20  AlaO3(Fe2O8)  27'50  MgO,CaO,  etc.  18'22  H20  13-08  =  100 

Stated  to  be  an  alteration-product  of  nephelite. 

PICROFLUITE  Arppe  Act.  Soc.  Fenn.,  6;  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  148,  1852. 

Amorphous.  Luster  greasy  to  dull.  Color  white,  inclining  to  yellow  and  blue.  H.  =  2'5. 
G.  =  2-74.  Probably  a  mixture  of  fluorite  with  a  magnesian  silicate.  Anal.— 1,  Galindo. 
2,  Arppe. 


HYDROUS  SILICATES.  709 

Si02         FeO       MnO       MgO         CaO        H2O          F 

1.  Lupikko  29-00        1'54        0'78        28'79        22-72        8-97        1M6  ^r  102'96 

2.  "  32-16        3-50          —         25-19        19'86        9'08        und. 

B.B.  fuses  easily  with  intumescence.  Completely  soluble  in  acids;  evolves  silicon  fluoride 
with  sulphuric  acid. 

Occurs  at  Lupikko  in  Finland,  some  versts  south  of  Pitkaranta,  with  chalcopyrite  and 
sphalerite. 

PICROSMINE.     Pikrosmiu  Haidinger,  Min.  Mohs.,  3,  157,  1825. 

A  doubtful  magnesian  silicate.  The  mineral  first  described  by  Haidiuger  occurred  with 
magnetic  iron  ore  at  the  iron  mine  of  Engelsberg,  near  Pressuitz  in  Bohemia.  He  mentions  it  as 
massive,  with  cleavages:  perfect  ||  b  (010),  less  so  a  (100),  imperfect  prismatic,  62°  11'.  He  further 
refers  to  a  certain  figure  (25)  as  exhibiting  these  cleavage  forms  with  one  other  form  (o).  On 
the  strength  of  this  statement  Magnus  and  some  later  authors  copied  this  figure  (omitting  the 
form  named)  as  giving  the  crystalline  form  of  picrosmine(!). 

Haidinger  also  gives:  H.  =  25-3.  G.  =  2'66,  cleavable  massive;  2'596,  columnar.  Luster 
of  cleavage-face  pearly,  elsewhere  vitreous.  Color  greenish  white;  also  dark  green,  gray. 
Streak  white.  Subtranslucent  to  opaque.  Odor  bitter  argillaceous  when  moistened.  Dx.  ob- 
tained: double  refraction  strong;  optical  axes  in  the  columnar  variety  in  a  longitudinal  plane; 
bisectrix  negative,  normal  to  the  sides  of  the  columns. 

Named  from  TTZKVJO'S,  bitter,  and  007/77.  odor.  Haidinger  instituted  the  species  on  the 
physical  characters  and  cleavage  of  the  massive  and  fibrous  mineral,  without  a  knowledge  of  the 
chemical  composition,  except  blowpipe  characters  which  suggested  the  presence  of  silica, 
magnesia,  and  water.  He  suggests  tni't  much  of  common  asbestus  may  belong  to  it. 

The  original  locality  is  mentioned  above;  the  talcose  or  chloritic  schist  of  Mt.  Greiner  in 
Tyrol,  and  the  limestone  of  the  vicinity  of  Waldheim,  Saxony,  have  been  reported  as  othei 
localities.  Des  Cloizeaux  obtained  the  above  optical  characters  from  the  Pressnitz  mineral, 
and  also  from  another  from  Zermatt. 

An  analysis  of  the  original  mineral  was  made  in  1826  by  Magnus,  Pogg.,  6,  53: 

SiO2  54  89         A1203  0'79         Fe2O3  1'40         MnO  0'42         MgO  33'35         HaO  7-30  =  9813 

As  corrected  by  Rg.,  this  is:  SiO2  54'88,  A12O3  0'79,  MgO  32 '62,  FeO  1 '26,  MnO  0'42- 
H2O  7-32  =  97-29. 

This  corresponds  approximately  to  H2Mg2Si2O7  or  2MgO.2SiO2.H2O,  which  has  accordingly 
been  accepted  as  the  composition  of  not  only  picrosmine  but  also  of  such  other  substances  a& 
have  with  more  or  less  reason  been  referred  to  it.  The  original  mineral  was  doubtless  a  pseudo- 
morph,  and  the  species  has  a  very  uncertain  claim  to  recognition.  Most  so-called  picrosmiue  is 
simply  serpentine. 

Freuzel  has  given  (Min.  Mitth..  3,  512,  1880)  the  following  analyses  of  a  mineral  which  he 
refers  to  picrosmine  from  the  Plotzbachthal  above  Haslau  near  Zwickau.  Structure  columnar. 
H.  =3.  G.  =  2*80.  Luster  dull,  greasy.  Color  greenish  gray  to  green,  but  on  the  surface 
gray,  brown  to  black. 

Si02  A1203  FeO  MgO  CaO  H2O 

60-45  0-50  6-34  26'01  1-35  5 '05    =      99'60 

59-80  0-12  6-30  2518  3'30  5'40     =     lOO'lO 

B.B.  becomes  white  and  fuses  in  thin  splinters;  gives  the  bitter  odor  like  picrosmine. 

PIHLITE.     Pihlit  Sef strom,  Svanberg,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  155,  1839. 

A  white,  micaceous  mineral  having  about  the  same  composition  as  the  pseudomorphous 
cymatolite,  and  perhaps  like  that  only  a  mechanical  mixture  of  mica  and  feldspar — see  under 
spoduniene,  p.  368.  In  granite  at  Brattstad,  near  Sala,  Sweden. 

PILINITE  A,  von  Lasaulx,  Jb.  Min.,  358,  1876. 

In  very  minute  ("005  mm.  to  "01  mm.)  prismatic  crystals,  having  a  rhombic  section  of  about 
120°  and  60°;  forming  a  fine  felt-like  mass,  the  needles  often  bent;  resembles  asbestus.  Cleavage: 
basal,  perfect;  prismatic,  distinct.  G.  =  2 -263.  Luster  of  needles  silky.  Colorless  to  white. 
Extinction  parallel.  Analysis,  Bettendorf,  1.  c.: 

SiO,  55-70     Al203,Fe2O3  18-64     CaO  19-51     Li2O  [1-18]     H2O  4'97    MgO,Na2O,K2O  *r.=100 

Corresponds  approximately  to  CaO.  Al2O3.5SiO2.H2O.  Fuses  easily  with  strong  intumescence 
to  a  sponge-like  bead.  Insoluble  in  acids,  even  on  boiling. 

Occurs  with  quartz,  epidote,  and  stilbite  in  cavities  in  the  granite  of  Striegau,  Silesia. 
Named  from  itikiv  o5,  made  of  felt. 

PILOLITE  Heddle,  Min.  Mag.,  2,  206,  1879. 

A  name  given  to  some  kinds  of  mountain  cork,  anals.  1-4,  and  mountain  leather,  anals.  5-7. 
Structure  fibrous,  more  or  less  flexible  and  tough.  Color  white  to  pale  buff,  gray,  etc.  They 


710 


SILICATES. 


occur  at  various  localities  in  Scotland,  in  granular  limestone,  in  granite  veins,  and  in  veins  in 
sandstones  and  slates.     Named  from  TrtAof,  felt.    Analyses. — Heddle,  1.  c.,  p.  217: 


SiO2    A12O3  Fe2O3     FeO     MnO      CaO    MgO 


H2O 


1.  Portsoy 

2.  Cabrach 

3.  Tod  Head 

4.  Tay  Port 

5.  Tod  Head 

6.  Lead  Hills 

7.  Boyne  Burn 


above  100 

0  at  100 

0 

51-43 

7-52 

2-06 

2-49 

1-30 

0-58 

9'35 

14-16 

10-88 

_ 

99-67 

51-00 

12-88 

0-09 

2-68 

0-08 

— 

7-54 

14-10 

10-64 

—  - 

99-01 

5161 

663 

— 

2-70 

2-77 

I'll 

10-81 

15-7? 

9-27 

— 

100-63 

54-37 

11-27 

0-21 

1-09 

0-33 

0-98 

9-49 

13-15 

9-26 

__ 

100-15 

52-48 

6-33 

0-60 

2-11 

2-88 

1-34 

11  95 

15-71 

5-99 

= 

99-39 

51-45      7-98      0-97      3'29      1'49      1-97     10'15        15-74        5'96  =    99'00 
51-10      6-81      2-27      2-82      I'Ol      0'86    10'16       14*70        9  20  =    98'93 


The  above  agree  approximately  with  4MgO.Al2O3.10SiO2.15H2O. 

POLYHYDRITE  Breithaupt,  Handb  ,  2,  334,  1841. 

From  St.  Cristoph,  at  Breiteubruun,  in  Saxony.  Amorphous;  H.  =  2-3;  G.  =2 '095-2 '142; 
luster  dull;  color  liver-brown;  streak  lighter,  grayish.  According  to  Plattner  contains 
SiO2,Fe2O3,FeO,  with  some  Al2O3,MnO,  and  29-20  p.  c.  of  water.  Decomposed  in  hydrochloric 
acid. 

PYKNOTROP  Breithaupt,  Char.,  110, 1832.  An  alteration  product  related  to  serpentine,  from 
Waldheim,  Saxony.  Of.  N.-Z.,  Min.,  635,  1885. 

PYROIDESINE  C.  U.  Shepard,  Cat.  Meteorites,  1872.  A  substance  near  serpentine.  The 
mean  of  two  analyses  gave:  SiO2  42'45,  MgO  33-07,  FeO  6-85,  H2O  16-40.  De  Regla,  Cuba. 

QUINCITE  Berthier.  In  light  carmine-red  particles  disseminated  through  a  limestone  deposit. 
Anal.— SiO2  54,  FeO  8,  MgO  19,  H2O  17  =  98.  From  near  the  village  of  Quincy,  France. 
Strong  concentrated  acid  dissolves  the  magnesia  and  iron,  and  leaves  the  silica  in  a  gelatinous 
state.  The  color  is  attributed  to  organic  matter.  Dufr.  Min.,  2,  430,  1856. 

RESTORMELITE  A.  H.  Church,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  23,  166,  1870.  A  massive  grayish  green  agal- 
matolite-like  mineral  from  Restormel  Mine  in  Cornwall.  H.  =2.  G.  =  2'58.  Analysis: 

SiO2  45-66    A12O3  35*10     FeO  1-11     MgO  0'85     K2O  2'30     Na2O  4  39     H2O  11*68  =  101-09 


RUBISLITE  Heddle,  Trans.  Soc.  Edinb.,  29,  112,  1879. 

A  dark  green  compact  granular  or  fine  foliated  aggregate.    G.  —  2'44.     Analysis : 


SiOa 

37-85 


A1203 
10-92 


Fe203 
9-84 


FeO 
9-01 


MnO 
0-46 


CaO 
422 


MgO 
8-00 


K20 
3-33 


H2O 
16-13  = 


Completely  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid.  B.B.  fuses  to  a  browrn  slag.  From  the 
granite  of  Rubislaw,  near  Aberdeen,  Scotland. 

STUBELITE  Breithaupt,  B.  H.  Ztg. ,  24,  322,  1865. 

Reniform  and  botryoidal  massive.  Fracture  conchoidal,  distinct.  Brittle.  H.  =  4-5. 
G.  =  2-223-2-263.  Luster  vitreous,  brilliant.  Color  velvet  to  pitchy  black.  Streak  dark 
brown.  Analysis  by  Stiibel,  1.  c.: 


Si02 
26-99 


A12O3 
5-37 


Fe203 
10-18 


Mn203 

21-89 


CuO 
15-25 


MgO 
1-03 


H2O 

16-85 


Cl 

0-77  =  98  33 


Occurs  at  the  island  of  Lipari.     Named  from  Dr.  Alphonse  Stiibel. 

TALOOSITE  G.  H.  F.  Ulrich,  Contrib.  Min.  Victoria,  Melbourne,  1870. 

In  thin  seams  and  threads  with  scaly  structure.  H.  =  1-2.  G.  —  2"46-2"5.  Luster  pearly. 
Color  silver-white,  faint  greenish,  or  yellowish.  Scales  flexible  but  not  elastic.  Resembles  talc. 
Analysis,  C.  Newbery: 


f  SiO2  49-04 


A12O3  46-03 


H2O  4-36 


Cr2O3,FeO,  etc.  tr.  =  99'43 


Occurs  with  selwynite  at  Mount  Ida  near  Heath  cote,  Victoria. 

VENERITE  T.  S.  Hunt,  Trans.  Amer.  lust.  Mng.  Eng.,  4,  325,  1876. 

Occurs  as  a  greenish,  earthy- looking  "  clay  ore,"  in  irregular  layers  in  the  schists  connected 
with  the  magnetite  of  Jones  mine,  near  Springfield,  Berks  Co.,  Penn.  The  purer  portions  have 
a  pea-green  or  apple-green  color  when  moist;  become  greenish  white  on  drying,  and  fall  to 
powder.  Under  the  microscope  is  seen  to  consist  mostly  of  minute,  shining,  transparent  scales, 
with  some  impurities.  Analysis  by  G.  W.  Hawes,  on  material  purified  by  washing,  gave: 


Si02 
2893 


A1203 
1381 


Fe203 
5-04 


FeO 
0-27 


CuO 
1655 


MgO 

17-47 


H20 

12-08 


insol. 
6  22  =  100-37 


TITANO-SILICATES,   TITANATES.  711 

After  deducting  the  insoluble  portion,  this  becomes:  SiO2  30'73,  A12O3  14'67,  Fe2O3  5'35, 
FeO  0  29,  CuO  17  58,  MgO  18'55,  H2O  12*83  =  100.  It  is  a  heterogeneous  substance,  ap- 
parently a  kind  of  chlorite  impregnated  with  oxide  of  copper.  Named  in  allusion  to  the 
alchemistic  symbol  for  copper. 

XYLOTILE  Glocker,  Synopsis,  97,  1847,  BergJiolz,  of  Sterzing,  and  Ilolzasbest, 
Probably  an  altered  asbestus      It  occurs  delicately  fibrous;  glimmering  in  luster;  wood- 
brown,  light  or  dark,  and  also  green  in  color;  with  G.  =  2'4-2'45  for  the  brown,  and  2*56  for 
the  greenish,  Kenngott.     Hauer  finds  (Ber.  Ak.  Wieu,  11,  388,  1853): 

SiO2  Fe2O3  FeO  MgO  CaO  H2O 

1.  44-31  1774  3-73  8'90  2'27  21  "57  =  98'52 

2.  45-53  18-03  3'36  11 '08  tr.  22"01  =.  lOO'Ol 

3.  47-96  16-05  1'87  12-37  tr.  21'64  =  99'89 

Of  the  water  in  the  analyses,  9  20,  7  90,  and  8'13  p.  c.  passed  off  at  100°  C. ;  and,  excluding 
the  mean  of  these  determinations,  reduces  the  mean  of  the  above  results  to  SiO2  50'43,  Fe2O3 
18*97,  FeO  3'28,  MgO  11 '82,  CaO  0'85,  H2O  14'63  =  99*98.  Kenngott  considers  it  as  probably 
altered  chrysotile. 

Xylite  of  Hermann  is  also  probably  only  a  hydrous  asbestus.  It  has  a  brown  color  and 
asbestiform  structure.  Hermann  obtained  (J.  pr.  Ch..  34,  180,  1845):  SiO2  44'06,  Fe2O3  37'84, 
CaO  6-58,  MgO  5-42,  CuO  1'36,  H2O  4'70  =  99'96.  H.  =  3.  G.  =  2'935. 


TITANO-SILICATES,  TITANATES. 

510.  Titanite  CaTiSi05  Monoclinic 

a  :  b  :  c  =  0-7547  :  0-8543     ft  =  60°  17' 

511.  Keilhauite  15CaTiSi05.(Al,Fe,Y)2(Si,Ti)Oft 

Axial  ratio  like  titanite. 


512.  Guarinite  CaTiSiO,  Orthorhombic 

a  :  I  :    6  =  0-9892  :  1  :  0-3712 

513.  Tscheffkinite 


514.     Astrophyllite  (Na,K)4(Fe,Mn)4Ti(Si04)4  Orthorhombic 

&  :  b  :  6  =  0-9902  :  1  :  4-7101 


The   following    are   closely   related   species,   chiefly    Titano-silicates    of    the 
cerium  metals,  calcium  and  sodium: 

515.  Johnstrupite         Monoclinic         a  :  I  :  c  =  1-6229  :  1 :  1-3911     ft  =  86°  56' 

516.  Mosandrite 

517.  Rinkite  "  a  :  I  :  5c  =  1-5688  :  1  :  1-4610    /3  =  88°  47' 


518.  Perovskite  CaTi03  Isometric 

519.  Dysanalyte  6(Ca,Fe)Ti03.(Ca,Fe)Nb20,  Isometric 

This  section  includes  a  number  of  silicates  which  contain  titanium,  but  whose 
relations  are  not  altogether  clear;  also  the  titanate,  Perovskite,  and  niobo-titanate, 
Dysanalyte,  which  is  intermediate  between  Perovskite  and  the  species  Pyrochlore, 
Microlite,  Koppite  of  the  following  chapter. 


712  SILICATES. 

lu  general  the  part  played  by  titanium  in  the  many  silicates  in  which  it  enters  is  more  or 
less  uncertain.  It  is  probably  in  most  cases,  as  shown  in  the  preceding  pages,  to  be  taken  as 
replacing  the  silicon;  in  others,  however,  it  seems  to  play  the  part  of  a  basic  element;  in  schorlo- 
mite  (p.  443)  it  may  enter  in  both  relations.  Of  the  species  which  follow,  Titanite  is  usually 
taken  as  a  salt  of  meta-disilicic  acid  H2Si2O6,  in  which  one  Si  atom  is  replaced  by  Ti;  it  may, 
however,  be  regarded  as  a  basic  orthosilicate,  Ca(TiO)SiO4.  The  most  satisfactory  formula  of 
Astrophyllite  (see  above)  makes  it  an  orthosilicate  with  the  titanium  as  base,  but  with  no  clear 
relations  to  other  species;  if  this  view  is  maintained  it  would  naturally  be  placed  at  the  end  of 
the  "section  of  orthosilicates  (pp.  529  et  seq.}.  Johnstrupite,  Mosandrite,  Rinkite  are  species  of 
closely  similar  but  complex  composition.  According  to  Brogger's  view  they  are  to  be  regarded 
as  orthosilicates  analogous  to  the  epidotes  to  which  they  are  related  in  form — they  would  then 
follow  the  Epidote  Group,  p.  526;  Grotb,  however,  suggests  for  them  a  metasilicate  formula  (the 
titanium  replacing  silicon)  and  a  relation  'to  the  pyroxenes. 


510.  TITANITE.  Nouv.  substance  minerale  (fr.  Chamouni)  Pictet  J.  Phys.,  31  368 
1787;  =  Pictite  Delameth.,  T.  T.,  2,  282,  1797.  Titanit  (fr.  Passau)  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  1,  245.  1795; 
=  Titaue  siliceo-calcaire  Daubenton,  Tabl.,  1799,  H.,  Tr.,  4,  1801;  =  Braun  Meuaker/  Wern., 
Min.  Syst.,  1808,  Leonh.  Tasch.,  3,  311,  1809.  Schorl  rayonuante  en  gouttiere  [or  channeled 
Actiuolite,  the  cryst.  being  twins  with  a  ree"nt.  angle]  Saussure,  Voy.  Alpes,  4,  103  1796- 
=  Sphene  H.,  Tr.,  3,  1801;  =  Gelb  Meuakerz  Wern.,  1808,  1.  c. 

Semeline  (fr.  Marone,  Dauphine)  Fl.  de  Belleme,  J.  Phys.,  51,  443,  1800.  Spinthere  H., 
Tr.,  4,  1801. 

Ligurite  (fr.  Stura,  Apennines  (Liguria))  Vimanl,  Mem.  Ace.  Genova,  3,  J.  Phys.,  77,  236, 
1813.  Greenovite  (fr.  St.  Marcel)  Dufr.,  Ann.  Mines,  17,  529,  1840.  Lederite  Shep.,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
39,  357,  1840.  Eukolit-titanit  Seheerer,  B.  II.  Ztg.,  7,  389,  1853.  Aspidelite  Weibye.  Grothite 
Dana,  Min.,  386,  1868.  Alshedite  Blomstrand,  Minnesskrift  Fys.  Sallsk.  Lund,  No.  3,  p.  7, 

1878.  Leucoxene  pt.  Gumbel.     Titanomorphite  Lasaulx,  Jb.  Min.,  568,  1879;  Zs.  Kr.,  4,  162, 

1879.  Sfeno  Ital. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-75467  :  1  :  0'85429;  ft  =  *60°  17'  =  001  A  100 
Des  Cloizeaux1. 

100  A  HO  =  33°  14'  30",  001  A  101  =  65°  56'  41",  001  A  Oil  =  36°  34'  23". 


Forms2:  JV(2'0'11,  T2T4)?  ®  (994,  -  f  )  #  (736,  -  f  J)  x  (132,  -  f-S) 

a    (100,  i-i,  P)  X(304,  f4)          v   (331,  -  3)  e    (212,  -  1-2)  u  (131,  -  3-3) 

b    (010,  £4,  q)  «   (101,  14)         &  (661,  -  6)  w  (766>  _  7.^  z  (2-7-14,  _ 

c    (001,  0,  y)  P  (705,  f4)  Z 


0  (720,  f-I)  e  (Oil,  14)  U  (335,  f)  y   (111,  2-2) 

o    (310,  *-3)  s    (021,  24)  U  (558,  f)  G  (943,  3-f)                                       '5> 

m  (110,  /,  r)  0  (083,  f-i)  t3  (223,  f)  *     (312,  f-3)                                 1U'  ~ 

T    (130,  *-3)  C    (041,  44)  t,  (334,  |)  /    (534,  f-f  )                   U  (233,  1-f) 


8   (205,  -  fi)  a  (115,  -  t)  O  (238,  -  H) 

T  (5-0-12,  -  A4)?  k   (114,  -  i)  *  (-     '  ¥j  B  (232,  -  f-|) 

*    (102,  -  M™  •    (US!  -  })  «  (231'  2>  K  (124!  -  I-!)              ' 

F  (101,  -  l-i)  »   (HI,  -  1)  Z  (316,  -  i-8)  ^1  (122,  -  1-2) 

TT    (201,  -  2-1)  7  (221,  -  2)       5   (524,  -  |-|)    ^    (7'15'35,  -  f  -V5-)?         ( 

0  (182,  4-8) 

Also  doubtful  forms  noted  by  Busz  (cf.  Gdt.,  1.  c.,  p.  220): 

(1-1-20),   ^(1-1-10),    Z7  (9-9-16),    t,  (9'9'14),    U  (7-7'10),    ^(772),   Z,  (7'2'12),    J  (17  '8 
),  2(1-21-10),  S,  (465). 


oo"  =     24°  39'  ft  ft'  =  126°  22'  cw  =  92°  50ir  «'<  =  60°  53' 

mm'"  =  *66°  29'  CC'  =  142°  45*'  ce  =  33°  57'  a'l  =  85°  44f 

rr'  =     53°  55'  c^  =  93°  20'  22'  =  30°  16' 

ax  =  *39°  17'  £  =     38=  16'  =  |4I     »*'  ^  ^  gl  ^ 

c«  =     21°  0'  en             49°  IV  c/<-  =  21     19  TW  —  54  18 

rY              ^9°  19'                             S«  QH'  °x  =  43°  32'  «'  =  46°  7|' 

C-*                     ***  1*  CW  =       65      30  Kr,o    1ft'  jj/  cn°  n/ 

c*  =  42°  49'  ww  =  27°  14'  c^  ==  g  19  «  =  69  9 

cJ:  =  51°.  51'  ^  =  40°  34'  cM  =  59  24  «'  =  22  44 


ctt     =     57°  55'  oe     =  94°  15' 

70:  23'  an      =  35°     3| 


=  100 


713 


Fig.  1,  Lederite,  Diana,  N.  Y.  2,  5,  after  Rose.  3,  Eisbruckalp,  after  Busz.  4,  Nordunark, 
Flink.  7,  Rotheukopf,  Hbg.  8,  Fictile,  Dx.  9,  10,  Norway,  Bgr.  11,  A.  C.  Lane. 
12,  Schwarzenstein,  Hbg. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  (1)  a  rather  common,  both  contact-twins  and  cruciform  pene- 
tration-twins; the  former  sometimes  yielding  forms  apparently  hemimorphic  (f.  7). 
(2)  c  rather  rare.   (3)  enclosed  polysynthetic  lamellae3, 
approximately  ||  r)  (221),  f.  13,  sometimes  giving  rise  13- 

to  easy  parting.  Crystals  very  Varied  in  habit;  often 
wedge-shaped  and  flattened  ||  c.  Also  prismatic  by 
extension  of  in  (110);  less  often  n  (111),  f.  6;  s  (021), 
f.  8;  again  I  (112)  and  M  (13_2),  f.  5,  this  the  prismatic 
zone  of  Rose.  Faces  a,  I  (112)  often  striated  ||  their 
intersection  with  m ;  also  s  ||  edge  p/s.  Sometimes 
massive,  compact;  rarely  lamellar. 

Cleavage:  m  rather  distinct;  a,_l  (112)  imperfect; 
in  greenovite,  n  (111)  easy,    t  (111)  less  so  (Dx.). 

Parting3    often    easy  \  rj  (221)    due    to    twinning          Pitcairn  u  H.  Williams3, 
lamellae.    H.=  5-5-5.    G.=  3 -4-3-56;  3-541  Chester, 
Pirsson.      Luster  adamantine  to  resinous.     Color  brown,  gray,  yellow,  green,  rose- 


714 


SILICATES. 


red  and   black.     Streak  white,   slightly   reddish  in  greenovite.     Transparent   to 
opaque. 

Pleochroism  distinct  in  deep  colored  kinds:  c  red  with  tinge  of  yellow; 
b  yellow,  often  greenish;  a  nearly  colorless,  Rosenb.  Optically  -(-.  Ax.  pi.  ||  b. 
Bx  nearly  J_  x  (102),  i.e.,  Bx  A  k  =  -h  51°.  Dispersion  p  >  v  very  large,  and 
hence  the  peculiarity  of  the  axial  interference-figure  in  white  light.  Axial  angles 
and  refractive  indices  for  St.  Gothard  (anal.  4),  Busz: 


Li 

Na 
Tl 


1-8839 
1-8940 
1  9041 


y 

1-9987- 
2-0093. 
2-0232 


2E 

57°  20|' 
52°  29f 

47°  54f 


2V 

29°  30£' 

27°    Oi' 
24°  37*' 


a 
1-8766 

1-8879 
1-8989 


The  axial  angles  vary  widely,  as  shown  in  the  values  quoted  below  with  the  analyses  (Busz); 
the  connection  between  them  and  the  composition  is  not  clear.  Busz  also  gives  refractive 
indices  for  titauite  from  other  localities. 

Var.— 1.  Ordinary,  (a)  Titanite;  brown  to  black,  the  original  being  thus  colored,  also 
opaque  or  subtranslucent.  (b)  Sphene  (named  from  cr0?/K,  a  wedge);  of  light  shades,  as  yellow, 
greenish,  etc  ,  and  often  translucent:  the  original  was  yellow. 

Ligurite  was  an  apple-green  sphene;  SpintJiere  (or  Semeline)  a  greenish;  named  spinthere 
from  its  luster,  and  semeline  from  semen  lini,  flax-seed,  alluding  to  a  common  form.  Lederite, 
brown,  opaque,  or  subtrausluceut,  of  the  form  in  f.  1. 

Titanomorphite  is  a  white  mostly  granular  alteration -product  of  rutile  and  ilmenite,  not 
uncommon  in  certain  crystalline  rocks;  it  was  made  a  calcium  titanate  by  Bettendorif  (Zs.  Kr., 
4,  167,  1879),  but  its  true  nature  was  established  by  Oathreiu  (ib.,  6,  244,  1881).  Here  also 
belongs  most  leucoxene  (see  p.  219). 

2.  Manganesian;  Greenovite.     Red  or  rose- colored,  owing  to  the  presence  of  a  little  manga- 
nese; from  St.  Marcel.     Delesse  found  3'6  p.  c.  MnO;  Mgc.  gives  0'76  Mn2O3. 

3.  Containing  yttrium  or  cerium.     See  grothite,  alshedite,  eucolite-titanite,  below. 

Comp.— CaTiSi05  or  CaO.Ti02.Si02  =  Silica  30-6,  titanium  dioxide  40-8, 
lime  28 '6  =  100.  Iron  is  present  in  varying  amounts,  sometimes  manganese  and 
also  yttrium  in  some  kinds. 

Anal.— 1,  H.  Rose,  Pogg.,  62,  261,  1844.  2-7,  9,  Busz,  Jb.  Mm.,  Beil.,  5,  341,  1887. 
8,  Resales,  Pogg.,  62,  263,  1844.  10,  Harrington,  quoted  by  Busz.  1.  c.  11,  Schrnoger,  Zs.  G. 
Ges.,  27,  204,  1875.  12,  Genth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  23,  46,  1886.  13,  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  41,  398, 
1891.  14,  F.  W.  Clarke,  Proc.  U.  S.  Mus.,  352,  1885. 


Axial  angles  (2E) 


1.  Zillerthal 

2.  Wildkreuzjoch 

3.  Eisbruckalp 

4.  St.  Gothard 

5.  Monroe 

6.  ValMaggia 

7.  Laacher  See 

8.  Arendal 

9.  Renfrew 

10.  Greuville 


Li 

Na 

Tl 

51° 

3' 

45° 

41' 

39° 

53' 

52° 

36' 

47° 

44' 

44° 

23' 

54° 

52' 

50° 

21' 

45° 

27' 

57° 

21' 

52° 

30' 

47° 

55' 

63° 

52' 

60° 

14' 

56° 

29' 

69° 

2' 

63° 

27' 

58° 

31' 

72° 

10' 

68° 

9' 

62° 

53' 

76° 

28' 

71° 

17' 

66° 

24' 

SiOa     TiO2  Fe2O3    CaO 


90°  57'     85°  59'    80°  18' 


11.  Waldheim 

12.  Statesville,  N.  C. 

13.  Magnet  Cove 

14.  Georgetown,  D.  C. 


32-29 
34-57 
30-87 
29-12 
30-92 

30-08 
30-10 
31-20 
30-58 

41-58 
44-92 
42-43 
42-09 
3444 

39-55 
38-12 
40-92 
41-41 

1-07 
tr. 

7-84 

1-86 
5-63 
1-35 

94°  12'    88°  17'    85°  29'         32'09    37'06    1-16" 


26-61  =  101-55 
22  '54  =  102  "03 
27  51  =  100-81 
27-90  MuO  tr.  =  99'11 
23'93  A12O3   2'61,    MnO 
[0  32  =  100-06 
28"26  MnO  1-72  =  99-61 
29  59  =    99'67 
22-25  =  100 

22'55  A12O3   2'55,    MgO 
[0-29  =  98-73 
28'50  =    98-81 


G.  =  3-477 
G.  =  3-457 
G.  =  3-452 


31-37 
29-45 
30-84 
30-10 


37-45    3'13    22'38  Y2O3   0-88,    A12O3 

[4-79  =  100 

38-33    1-61    29*11  MnO,  MgO  fr.,  ign. 

[0  60  =  99  10 

39-35    0-73    28  26  MgO  tr.,  ign.  0'57 
[=  99  75 

4082      tr*    28'08  MgO  0'40,  ign.0'54 

=  99  94 


GROTHITE  is  a  titanite  from  the  Plauen  Grund  near  Dresden,  investigated  by  P.  Groth  (Jb. 
Min.,   44,   1866).     Form  and  angles  like  titanite.      Cleavage  (parting)    distinct.      H.  =  6'5; 


TITAN1TE.  715 

G.  =  3-52-3'60.  Luster  vitreous  to  greasy.  Color  clove  to  blackish  brown;  in  thin  splinters 
reddish  brown  and  translucent.  The  altered  mineral  is  earthy  and  isabella-yellow  to  pale 
yellowish  brown.  Analysis. — Groth: 

f  SiO2  30-51      TiO2  31-16      Fe2O3  5'83    A12O3  -f-  Y2O3  2'44     MnO  1  02      CaO  31'34  .-  102'30 

ALSHEDITE  of  Blomstrand  occurs  in  imperfect  crystals  with  parting  parallel  rj  (221),  two 
faces  at  54|°;  also  massive.  H.  =  3*36.  G.  =  5.  Color  pale  brown  to  ash-gray.  Opaque. 
B.B.  readily  fusible  to  a  black  bead;  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid.  Analyses: 

SiO2      TiO2     SnO,   AlaO,  Fe2O3  Y2O3      CaO     MnO    MgO  K2O,Na2O  H2O 

1.  28-26      36-61      0'47      3'41      4'25      2'78      21 '06      0'98      0'48        0'70        1-20  =  100-20 

2.  30-61      35-86      0'38      3'47      3'61      2'57      20'51      0'82      0'32        0'58        1 '89  =  100 '62 

From  Slattkara  in  Smaland,  Sweden;  occurs  embedded  in  the  quartz  of  a  pegmatyte  vein. 

Eucolite-titanite.  A  variety  of  titanite  from  Norway  in  crystals  prismatic  ||  c,  often  twins 
||  a;  resembling  eucolite  in  color,  luster,  etc.,  and  shown  by  Brogger  and  Lindstrom  to  be 
peculiar  in  containing  the  metals  of  the  cerium  and  yttrium  groups.  Bx  A  c  =  -f  57°.  Disper- 
sion p  >  v;  strongly  marked.  Anal.— G.  LmdstrOm,  quoted  by  Brogger: 

Si02     TiOa    ZrOa  Ce2O3  Y2O3     CaO     FeO   MgO  Na2O  K2O    ign. 

G.  =  3-59          |  30-22    34*78    0-18    2'57*    0'59b    24'38    3'84    0'50    0'86    0'27    0'31  =  98'50 
*  Cerium  oxides.  b  Yttrium  earths. 

Occurs  with  a  whitish  feldspar,  elaeolite,  magnetite,  spreustein,  zircon,  etc.,  on  the  island 
Stoko  and  elsewhere  in  the  Langesund  tiord;  also  from  Fredriksvarn. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  some  ^varieties  change  color,  becoming  yellow,  and  fuse  at  3  with  intu- 
mescence, to  a  yellow,  brown,  or  black  glass.  With  borax  they  afford  a  clear  yellowish  green 
glass.  Imperfectly  soluble  in  heated  hydrochloric  acid;  and  if  the  solution  be  concentrated 
along  with  tin,  it  becomes  of  a  fine  violet  color.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  in  R.F.  gives  a  violet 
bead;  varieties  containing  much  iron  require  to  be  treated  with  the  flux  on  charcoal  with  metallic 
tin.  Completely  decomposed  by  sulphuric  and  hydrofluoric  acids. 

Obs.— Titanite  occurs  in  embedded  crystals,  in  granite,  gneiss,  mica  schist,  syenite,  chlorite 
schist,  and  granular  limestone;  also  in  beds  of  iron  ore,  and  volcanic  rocks,  and  often  associated 
with  pyroxene,  amphibole,  chlorite,  scapolite,  zircon,  apatite,  etc.  Microscopic  examination  shows 
it  to  be  a  common  accessory  constituent  of  many  massive  igneous  rocks.  In  cavities  in  gneiss 
and  granite,  it  often  accompanies  adularia,  smoky  quartz,  apatite,  chlorite,  etc.;  the  crystals  are 
sometimes  coated  with  or  penetrated  by  the  chlorite. 

Occurs  in  crystals  of  a  pale  green  color  and  transparent,  at  various  points  in  the  Grisons, 
Switzerland,  associated  with  feldspar  and  chlorite;  in  tine  crystals  at  Tavetsch;  in  mica  slate  in 
the  St.  Gothard  region;  Zermatt  in  the  Valais;  Maderanerthal  in  Uri;  also  at  Mont  Blanc,  and 
elsewhere  in  the  Alps;  on  crystals  of  calcite  at  Chalanches  and  Maromme,  in  Dauphiue  (the 
spinthere  H.);  in  small  reddish  crystals  in  the  protogine  of  Pormenaz  and  Chamouni  (pictile 
Saus.);  in  large,  broad,  yellowish  or  reddish  green  crystals,  with  colorless  apatite,  in  a  talcose 
schist  at  Ala,  Piedmont  (liguriteY,  in  pale  yellowish  green  transparent  or  translucent  crystals, 
lanceolate  in  forfn,  lining  fissures  in  titanic  iron  at  Arendal,  in  Norway  (aspidelite  Weibye);  with 
magnetite  at  Nordmark,  Sweden;  at  Achmatovsk,  Ural;  at  St.  Marcel,  in  Piedmont,  with  man- 
ganesiau  epidote  and  romeine  (greenomte  Dufr.);  at  Val  Maggia,  Piedmont;  at  Schwarzenstein 
and  Rothenkopf  in  the  Zillerthal,  Pfitsch,  Pfunders,  Tyrol;  Felberthal  in  Pinzgau;  with  epidote 
and  albite  at  Zoptau,  Moravia,  in  crystals  of  varied  habit;  at  Frugard,  in  Finland,  of  a  brownish 
black  color;  in  the  syenite  of  Biellese,  Italy  (containing  yttrium).  Small  crystals  occur  in  syenite 
at  Strontian  in  Argyleshire,  near  Criffel  in  Galloway;  at  Craig  Cailleach  in  Perthshire;  in  Inver- 
ness; near  Tavistock;  near  Tremadoc,  in  North  Wales,  withbrookite;  at  Crow  Hill,»near  Newry, 
Ireland. 

Occasionally  it  is  found  among  volcanic  rocks,  as  at  Lake  Laach  (semeline  of  F.  de  Belle vue); 
and  at  Anderuach  on  the  Rhine. 

In  Maine,  in  fine  crystals  at  Sandford,  also  at  Thurston.  In  Mass.,  good  crystals  in  gneiss, 
in  the  east  part  of  Lee;  at  Bolton  with  pyroxene  and  scapolite  in  limestone;  at  Pelliam;  in 
honey-yellow  crystals  (G.  =  3'541  Pirsson)  with  diaspore  at  Chester.  In  Conn.,  at  Trumbull. 
In  JV.  York,  at  Roger's  Rock  on  Lake  George,  abundant  in  small  brown  crystals,  along  with 
graphite  and  pyroxene;  at  Gouverneur,  in  black  crystals  in  granular  limestone  with  scapolite;  in 
Diana  near  Natural  Bridge,  Lewis  Co.,  in  large  dark  brown  crystals,  among  which  is  the  variety 
lederite  (f.  1);  at  Rossie,  Fine,  Pitcairn  and  Pierrepont,  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  in  pale  red  and  brown 
crystals  with  apatite,  pargasite,  and  feldspar;  in  Macomb  near  Pleasant  Lake;  in  Orange  Co.,  in 
large  crystals  abundant  in  limestone,  near  Duck-cedar  pond,  in  the  town  of  Monroe;  near  Eden- 
ville  in  light  brown  crystals  in  limestone;  five  miles  south  of  Warwick,  in  large  grayish  brown 
crystals,  with  zircon,  hornblende,  and  iron  ore;  also  in  small  crystals  a  mile  south  of  Amity;  in 
Westchester  Co.,  near  Peekskill,  in  an  aggregate  of  feldspar,  quartz,  and  hornblende;  also  neaj 


716  SILICATES. 

West  Farms,  in  small  reddish  brown  prisms;  at  Brewster,  at  the  Tilly  Foster  iron  mine 
in  very  fine  transparent  greenish  crystals,  sometimes  2  in.  long,  often  twins,  with  magnetite, 
apatite,  etc.;  this  occurrence  (discovered  in  1891)  is  similar  to  that  at  Nordmark,  Sweden.  In 
N.  Jersey,  at  Franklin  Furnace,  of  a  houey  -yellow  color.  In  Penn.,  Bucks  Co.,  three  miles 
west  of  Attleboro',  associated  with  wollastouite  and  graphite;  a  small  number  of  tine  large 
crystals  of  a  rich  greenish  brown  tinge,  in  part  symmetrical  cruciform  twins  up  to  2£  inches  in 
length,  have  been  found  at  Bridgewuter  Station,  Delaware  Co.  In  N.  Carolina,  at  Statesville, 
Iredell  Co.,  yellowish  white  with  sunstone;  also  Buncombe  Co.,  Alexander  Co.,  and  other 
points. 

Occurs  in  Canada,  in  amber-colored  crystals,  in  the  granitoid  trachytes  of  Yamaska, 
Shefford,  and  Brome  Mts.;  in  clove-  or  chocolate-brown  crystals,  often  large,  at  Argeuteuil  and 
Greuville,  Argenteuil  Co.;  also  Buckingham,  Templeton,  Wakefield,  Hull,  Ottawa  Co.;  at  N. 
Burgess,  of  a  honey-yellow,  and  N.  ElmsJey,  Lanark  Co.;  near  Eganville,  Renfrew  Co.,  Ontario, 
in  very  large  dark  brown  crystals  with  apatite,  amphibole,  zircon;  similarly  at  other  points  where 
apatite  is  abundant. 

Alt.—  Titanite  occurs  of  little  hardness,  dull  in  luster,  and  hydrated  from  alteration.  Crystals 
of  this  kind,  found  in  a  decomposing  feldspar,  with  zircon  at  Green  River,  Henderson  Co., 
North  Carolina,  have  been  named  by  C.  U.  Shepard  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  22,  96,  1856)  Xanthitane,  see 
below. 

Titanite  (leucoxene,  titanomorphite,  see  above  and  p.  219)  is  a  not  uncommon  alteration- 
product  of  ilmenite  and  rutile.  On  the  other  hand  rutile,  octahedrite,  and  perovskite  have  been 
described  as  derived  from  the  alteration  of  titanite. 

Artif.  —  Formed  in  crystals  by  heating  together  3SiO2,  4TiO2,  and  calcium  chloride;  also 
the  manganesian  (greenovite)  by  adding  manganese  chloride  (Hautefeuille). 

A  stanno-silicate  of  calcium  (CaSnSiO5)  corresponding  to  titanite  has  been  obtained  in  mono- 
clinic  crystals  by  Bourgeois,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  10,  54,  1887. 

Ref.—  '  Min.,  145,  1862;  c  here  (Dx.)  =  2c  Dana,  Min.,  1868;  with  Naumann,  Hbg.,  etc., 
0  =  001,  c  —  101  (y},  m  =  Oil  (r),  x  =  102,  n  =  123;  also  for  hkl  (Dx.)  and  pqr  (N.)  we  have: 


,        ,          . 

3  For  lists  of  forms,  see  Mir.,  Min.,  394,  1852,  also  Trans.  Cambr.  Phil.  Soc.,  7,  210,  1842, 
or  Pogg.,  55,  626,  1852;  Dx.,  1.  c.,  and  2,  xxm,  1874;  Hbg.,  Miu.  Not.,  6,23,  1864;  Zeph.,  Ber. 
Ak.  Wien,  60  (1),  815,  1869;  Hbg.,  1.  c.,  11,  28,  1873;  Busz,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.,  5,  370,  1887  (who 
adds  many  new  forms);  Gdt.,  Index,  3,  215,  1891.  Cf.  also  Rose,  Leonh.  Taschenbuch,  2,  393, 
1821;  Hbg.,  Min.  Not.,  \.c.,etal.;  Zeph.,  Zillerthal,  1.  c.;  Schrauf,  Sulzbach,  Ber.  Ak.  Wieu, 
62  (2),  704,  1870;  Lewis,  Phil.  Mag.,  3,  455,  1877;  Hintze,  Zermatt,  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  310,  1878  (cf. 
Gdt.,  1.  c.,  p.  222);  Erem.,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  16.  254,  1881;  Rath,  Zs.  Kr.,  5,  255,  1880;  Flink, 
Nordmark.  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  Bihang,  12  (2),  2,  69,  1886.  See  also  A.  C.  Lane,  on  the  common 
forms  of  titanite  in  rocks,  Min.  Mitth.,  9,  207,  1887. 

3  On  partinar  produced  by  twinning,  Eremeyev,  Jb.  Min.,  405,  1872;  also  1.  c.,  and  Zs.  Kr., 
5,  500,  1881;  G.  H.  Williams,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  29,  486,  1885;  Mugge,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  98,  1889.  Miigge 
shows  that  the  parting  plane  often  deviates  somewhat  widely  from  77  (221).  Light  absorption 
measured  photometrically,  Pulfrich,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  155,  1881. 

XANTHITANE  C.  U.  Shepard,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  22,  96,  1856.  L.  G.  Eakins,  ibid.,  35,  418,  1888, 
and  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Bull.  60,  135,  1890. 

An  alteration-product  of  titanite.  Color  light  yellow,  friable,  mixed  with  impurities  to  an 
undetermined  extent.  It  is  called  by  Eakins  a  clay  containing  titanium  in  .place  of  silicon. 
Analysis  of  material  from  Green  river,  Henderson  Co.,  N.  C.,  by  Eakins: 

Si02         TiO2         A12O8       Fe2O3       CaO       MgO      P2O6        H2O 
G.  =2-941  176          61-54          17'59         4'46         0'90         tr.         4-17         9-92=100-34 

Material^  of  analysis  dried  at  100°;  the  air  dried  mineral  loses  6'02  p.  c.  at  100°. 

PYROMELANE  C.  U.  SJiepard,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  22,  96,  1856,  Min.,  253,  1857.  In  angular  grains 
from  the  gold-washings  of  McDowell  Co  ,  N.  C.  H.  =  6'5;  G.  =  3*87;  luster  resinous;  color 
reddish  to  yellowish  brown  and  black;  subtranslucent.  B.B.  infusible,  but  becomes  black  and 
opaque  (whence  the  name);  soluble  in  the  fluxes,  giving  reactions  of  titanic  acid  and  iron.  Stated 
to  be  "essentially  a  titanate  of  alumina  and  iron  with  traces  of  lime  and  glucina,"  and  "may 
contain  zirconia  also";  but  the  evidence  of  such  a  composition  is  not  given.  Probably  only  a 
variety  of  titauite. 

CASTELLTTE.  Castellit  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  25,  113,  1866.  Monoclinic.  In  very  small  and 
exceedingly  thin  8-sided  tables,  having  for  the  angles  of  the  rhombic  prism  62°.  Cleavage: 
prismatic?  H.  =  5'5-6.  G.  =  3'150.  Luster  vitreous,  somewhat  adamantine.  Color  wine- 
yellow  to  wax-yellow;  streak  colorless.  Fragile.  According  to  Plattner  it  acts  B.B.  like 
titanite,  giving  evidence  of  the  presence  of  titanic  acid,  lime,  and  silica,  but  with  less  of  the  first 
and  more  of  the  last  than  in  titanite.  Occurs  in  the  phonolyte  of  Holenkluk  Mtn.,  near 
Proboscht,  and  in  that  of  Sollodiz—  a  rock  containing  also  sanidine,  hornblende,  augite, 
ilmenite,  and  apatite. 


KEILHA  UITE—  G  UARINITE. 


717 


511.  KEILHAUITE.    Keilhauit  A.  Erdmann,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  355,  1844.     Yttrotitanit 
Bclieerer,  Pogg.,  63,  459,  1844. 

Monoclinic.     In  habit  and  angles  near  titanite. 

Forms:  a  (100,  i-i),  c  (001,  0);  m  (110,  J),  0(101, 
14);  n  (111,  -  1);  I  (112,  £),  t  (111,  1). 

Forbes1  measured:  am  =  33°,  av  =  55°,  en  =  36° 
30'.     Cf .  also  angles  for  titanite,  p.  712. 

Cleavage:  n  quite  distinct.  H.  =  6*5. 
G.  =  3'52-3'77.  Luster  vitreous  to  resinous. 
Brownish  black;  in  splinters  brownish  red 
and  translucent;  also  dull  brown  and  pale 
grayish  brown.  Streak-powder  grayish  brown 
to  pale  dirty  yellow. 
I  as  in  titanite.  Axial  angles,  Busz2: 


Norway,  Forbes. 
Optically  -f .     Ax.  plane 


2Hr  =     60°  39'  Li 
2Er  =  112°  31' 


2Hy  =    58C 
2Ey  =  108C 


39'  Na  2Hgr  =     57°  28'  Tl  (in  Monobromuaphtalin) 

34'  2Egr  =  106°  37' 


Comp. — A  titano-silicate  of  calcium,  aluminium,  ferric  iron,  and  the  yttrium 
metals. 

Rammelsberg  calculates  for  his  analysis:  15CaSiTiO5.(Al,Fe,Y)2(Si,Ti)O5. 
Anal.— 1,  2,  Rg.,  Pogg.,  106,  296,  1859.     3,  Id.,  Min.  Ch.,  Erg.,  269, 1886.   Also  Erdmann, 
Forbes,  5th  Ed.,  p.  387. 


1.  Buo,  mass. 


G. 
3-716 


2.  "      cry  st.        3 '773 

3.  Naresto,  mass.  3'57 


SiO2     TiO2  A12O3  Fe2O3  Y2O3  Ce203  CaO 
29-48    26-67    5'45    6'75          8'16         20'29 

28-50    27-04    6"24    5'90        1208         17'15 
30-81     36-63      —      1-12    .6'27a     —     25 "03 
a  At.  weight  100-3. 


ign. 

0-54  MgO  0-94,   K2O 
[0-60  =  98-88 
3-59  =  100-50 
1-13  =  100-99 


Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  with  intumescence  easily  to  a  black  shining  glass.  Yields  an  iron- 
colored  glass  with  borax,  which  in  the  inner  flame  becomes  blood-red.  With  salt  of  phosphorus 
gives  an  iron  color  and  a  silica  skeleton,  and  in  the  inner  flaine  a  violet  bead.  Reaction  for 
manganese  with  soda.  Decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid. 

6bs.— Occurs  near  Arendal,  Norway;  on  the  islands  Buo,  Askero,  Alve,  and  Naresto,  in  a 
feldspathic  rock,  both  in  crystal?  and  massive.  Crystals  weighing  2£  Ibs.,  and  masses  of  15  to  20 
Ibs.,  are  mentioned  by  Forbes.  1  dull  brown  massive  kind  from  Alve  gave  G.  =  3'72;  and  a 
pale  grayish  brown  3'603;  a  specimen  from  near  NarestO,  G.  =  3'519.  The  Alve  keilhauite  has 
two  cleavages  inclined  to  one  another  42°.  Also  from  Snarurn,  Norway. 

Named  after  Prof.  Keilhau  of  Norway. 

Ref.— i  Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.,  1,  69,  1855;  also  Forbes  and  Dahll,  Nyt  Mag.,  8,  223,  1855.  *  Jb. 
Min.,  Beil.,  5,  342,  1887. 


512.  GUARINITE.     Guiscardz,  Rend.  Ace.  Napoli,  Mem.  2,  408,  1857,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  10,  14, 


1858. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  b  =  0-9892  :  1  :  0*3712  Lang-Guiscardi1. 
100  A  110  =  44°  41^',  001  A  101  =  20°  36J',  001  A  Oil  =  *20°  22'. 

Forms:    a  (100,  i-i),  b  (010,  i4\  c  (001,  0);  g  (310,  1 3),  /(210,  a-2),  m  (110,  /),  d(120,  z-2), 
k  (011,  1-i),  0(021,  2-i). 

Angles:    gg'"  =  36°  30',  ff"  =  52°  38'  a/=  *26°  19',    mm'"  =  89°  23',    dd'  =  53°  38', 

kk'  =  40°  44',  qq'  =  73'  11'. 

In  minute  thin  tables,  flattened  ||  I  (010),  nearly  tetragonal  in  form. 

H.  =  6.  G.  =  3'487.  Luster  of  cleavage-face  somewhat  adamantine.  Color 
sulphur-yellow,  honey-yellow,  pale  or  dark.  Streak  uncolored,  or  whitish  gray. 
Transparent  to  translucent.  Ax.  pi.  |  c.  Axial  angle  large,  Dx. 


718  SILICA  TES—TITANA  TES. 

Comp.— CaTiSiO,  or  CaO.Ti02.Si02,  same  as  for  titanite  =  Silica  30*6,  titan- 
ium  dioxide  40'8,  lime  28-6  =  100. 
Anal. — Guiscardi,  1.  c. 

SiO2  33  64  TiO2  33'92  CaO  28*01  Fe2O3,Mn2O3  tr.  =  95'57 

Pyr.,  etc. — Same  as  in  titanite. 

Obs.— Found  in  small  cavities  in  a  grayish  trachyte  on  Monte  Somrna,  along  with  glassy 
feldspar  and  uephelite.  The  mass  of  the  trachyte  is  rich  in  glassy  feldspar,  hornblende,  and 
melanite.  In  one  case  in  the  common  rock  of  Somma,  consisting  of  feldspar  and  nephelite,  and 
here  along  with  titanite. 

Ref._i  Lang,  Min.  Mitth.,  81,  1871;  Guiscardi,  1.  c.,  and  Rend.  Ace.  Napoli,  1876;  Brezina, 
Min.  Mitth.,  285,  1874;  Dx.,  Min.,  2,  xxjn,  1874. 

513.  TSCHEFFKINITE.  ? Mineral  de  Coromaudel  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  652,  1832.  Tschew- 
kinit  G.  Rose,  Reis.  Ural,  2,  1842. 

Massive,  amorphous. 

H.  =  5-5-5.  G-.=  4-508-4-549  G.  Rose.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  velvet-black. 
Streak  dark  brown.  Subtranslucent  to  opaque. 

Comp. — Related  to  keilhauite,  but  uncertain.  The  mineral,  as  analyzed,  seems 
to  be  in  all  cases  an  alteration-product,  more  or  less  heterogeneous,  and  the  com- 
position of  the  original  mineral  is  as  yet  very  uncertain. 

Hermann  makes  thoria  present  in  tscheffkinite  from  the  Ural;  Damour  proved  its  absence 
in  the  Indian  mineral. 

Des  Cloizeaux  states  that  the  latter  consists  of  a  brown  material  not  acting  on  polarized 
light,  and  small  colorless  grains  which  are  strongly  doubly  refracting.  The  mineral  has 
H.  =  5'5-6;  G.  =  4'26;  luster  vitreous,  inclining  to  resinous;  color  brownish  black,  subtraus- 
lucent. 

Cross  found  the  mineral  analyzed  by  Eakins  to  consist  mainly  of  a  reddish  and  yellowish 
brown  transparent  amorphous  substance,  probably  the  original  mineral,  traversed  by  cracks 
filled  with  a  secondary  reddish  brown,  opaque,  ocherous  matter;  bands  of  secondary  minerals, 
probably  calcite  and  titanite,  were  also  noted  with  others  not  identified. 

Anal.— 1,  H.  Rose,  Pogg.,  62,  591,  1844.  2,  Hermann,  Bull.  Soc.  Moscou,  39  (1),  57,  1866. 
3,  Damour,  Bull.  G.  Fr.,  19,  550,  1862.  4,  R.  C.  Price,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  10,  38,  1888.  5,  6,  L.  G. 
Eakins,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  36,  1891. 


G.          SiO2    TiO2  ThO2YaO3CeaO3  (La,Di)3O3     Fe2O3  A12O3  FeO   MnO  MgO  CaO  alk.  HaO 
I.Ural  4'53      |  21-04    20'17      —       —  47'29  —         —     11'21    0'83    0'22    3'50  -  0'12 

O  104-38 

2.  "  4*55         20-68    16'07  20'91    3'45  22'80  —         —       917    0'75      —     3'25      —     0'42 

[UO  2-50  =  100 

3.  So.  In-lia  19'03    20-86     —       —  38'38  —       7'72      7'96    0'38    0'27    4'40      —     1*30 

[=  100-30 

4.  Virginia  4'4  23'28    21'16    2'29a    —       11'89         20'34b         5'63       —       5'56     —     0'64    5'48    0'32C  1'90 

[BeO  2-15  =  100-64 

5.  "  4-33         20-21    18-78    0'85    1'82<>    20'05         19'72  1'88      3'60      6'91      —     0'55    4'05    0'06"  0'94 

[Ta205  0'08  =  99-50 

6.  "  4-38         21-49    18-99    0'75    l'64e    19'08         17'16  2'89      3'65      5'92      —     0'48    5'24    0'04«  2'06 

[Ta2O5  0-08  =  99-47 
«  ZrO2.  b  Incl.  15-38  Di2O3,  4'96  La2O3.  c  NaaO.  d  Inch  Er2O3,  molec.  wght.  308.  e  Do.  312. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  glows,  then  intumesces  strongly,  becomes  brown,  and  fuses  to  a  black  glass. 
Gives  with  the  fluxes  reactions  for  iron,  manganese,  and  titanium.  Gelatinizes  with  hydro- 
chloric acid.  The  Indian  mineral  in  a  closed  tube  yields  a  little  water.  B.B.  fuses  with  intu- 
mescence to  a  black  scoria,  feebly  magnetic.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  it  gives  in  R.F.  a  pale 
brown  glass,  opaline,  which  becomes  milky  in  the  O.F.  With  borax  it  affords  a  hyacinth- 
brown  glass,  transparent  in  the  R.F.  and  pale  brown  and  opaque  in  the  O.F.  Attacked  readily 
by  nitric  acid,  especially  if  heated,  depositing  gelatinous  silica  mixed  with  titanic  oxide  and 
black  grams  of  titanic  iron. 

Obs. — From  the  Ilmen  Mountains  in  the  Ural;  only  a  few  specimens  have  been  found;  the 
tscheffkinite  in  collections  is  mostly  uralorlhite  (p.  523),  which  it  much  resembles.  Also  from 
S.  India,  probably  Kanjamalai  Hill,  Salem  distr.  (cf.  Mallet,  Rec.  G.  Surv.  India,  25,  123,  1892). 

An  isolated  mass  weighing  20  Ibs.  has  been  found  on  Hat  Creek,  near  Massie's  Mills, 
Nelson  Co.,  Virginia  (anal.  4  by  Price);  also  found,  south  of  this  point,  in  Bedford  Co.,  in  the 
same  state  (anal.  5,  6  by  Eakins);  at  the  latter  locality  it  exists  in  some  quantity  as  reported  by 
H.  M.  Engle. 

Named  after  the  Russian  general,  Tschevkiu  (Chevkin). 


ASTROPH  TLL ITE, 


719 


514.  ASTROPHYLLITE.     Astropbyilit  Sckeerer,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  13,  240,  1854. 
Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  c  —  0*99025  :  1  :  4-7101  Brogger1. 
100  A  110  =  44°  43f ,  001  A  101  =  78°  7f,  001  A  Oil  =  78°  Of. 


Forms  : 
b    (010,  i-i) 

q  (101,  l-l) 
/?(0'1-50,  fa- 

I (111,  1) 
•*)                 z  (616,  1-6) 

x  (212,  1-2) 
*  (434,  1-f) 

A  (767,  1-|) 
»  (565,  f  |) 

m  (110,  /) 

ff  (038,  f-i) 

mm'"  = 

89°  26' 

11" 

=  163°    OJ' 

zz"f 

=  18°  22' 

to  = 

64°    9' 

qq'       = 
99        = 

156°  15' 
120°  58' 

IV" 
ii' 

=     88°  12' 
=  104°  40' 

XX'" 

AA"' 

=  51°  42' 
=  79°  26' 

bi  = 

53°  59|' 
50°  17' 

bg        = 

*29°  31' 

ii" 

=  160°  50' 

nn'" 

=  98°  37' 

bl   = 

*45°  54' 

U        - 

89°  18' 

ii"' 

=     72°     1' 

bz 

=  80°  49' 

bn  = 

40°  41*' 

Crystals  often  elongated  in  the  direction  ol  6',  or  elongated  ||  axis  a  by  develop 
ment  of  the  brachypinacoid  (||  cleavage).     Faces  strongly  striated 
IJ  intersection-edge  with  £;  I  horizontally  striated.    Also  lengthened 
into  thin  strips  or  blades;  sometimes  arranged  ki  stellate  groups. 

Cleavage:  #  perfect;  c  very  imperfect.  Percussion-figure  on  a 
cleavage  surface  shows  two  rays  crossing  at  angles  of  approx.  90° 
(81°  to  85°),  and  nearly  ||  the  dome  014.  Laminae  brittle,  not 
elastic  like  muscovite.  H.  =  3.  G.  =  3-3-3-4;  3-324  Pisani; 
3 '375,  Colorado,  Koenig.  Luster  submetallic,  pearly.  Color  bronze- 
yellow  to  gold-yellow.  Powder  resembling  that  of  mosaic  gold. 
Translucent  in  thin  leaves. 

Pleochroism  strong:  t  lemon-yellow,  b  orange-yellow,  a  deep 
orange-red.       Absorption  a  >  b  >  C.       Optically  -{-.     Ax.  pi.  ||  c. 
Bxa  _i_  a.     Bx0  J_  cleavage  (b}  or  nearly  so,  but  varying  somewhat  from  secondary 
causes.     Axial  angles  variable : 


Norway        2H0.r  =  122°  18'  Li     2H0.y  =  124°  52'  Bkg.     2H0 
Colorado      2H0.r  =  121°  38'  Li     2H0.y  =  124°  14' 


2Ho.gr  =  125 


=  114°  37^-123°  28'  Bgr. 
6'  Tl  Bkg. 


Indices: 

a  =  1-678 


/5  =  1-703 


y  =  1-733 


—  a  =  0-055  Levy-Lex. 


Comp.— Perhaps   (Bgr.)  an  orthosilicate  R4R4Ti(Si04)4  with  R  =  H,Na,K  and 

R  =  Fe,Mn   chiefly,   including  also  the  Fe203.      This  formula  is  confirmed  by 
Eakins. 

Anal.— 1,  Pisani,  C.  R.,  56,  846,  1863.  2,  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  122,  113,  1864.  3.  Meinecke, 
ibid.  4,  Sieveking,  ibid.  5,  Backstroin,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  509,  1890.  6,  Koenig,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  16, 
509,  1877.  7,  L.  G.  Eakins,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  34,  1891. 


G. 
1.  "Brevik"  3'324 

2. 
3. 
4. 

5.  Eikaholm 

6.  Colorado     3  '375 
7. 


SiO2    TiO2    ZO,  A12O3  Fe2O3  FeO    MnO  MgO  CaO  Na2O  K2O    ign. 
33-23    7-09    4-97    4'00    3'75  23'58    9*90    1'27    1-13    2'51    5'82    1-86 

'[=  99-11 

—  3-02    7-97  21-40  12-63     1'64    211    2'24    3'18    4-41 

[=  99-05 

—  3-46    8-05  18-06  12  68    2'72    1-86    4'02    2'94    4'53 

[=  99-51 

—  3-47    8-51   25-21  10'59    0'05    0'95    3'69    0'65    4'85 

[=  100-44 

33-02  11-11    3-65    0-98    2'53  21-76  11 '96    0'92    1'26    2'77    5'78    3-47 

[F  0  97  =  100-18 

34-68  13-58    2'20    0'70    6'56  26-10    3'48    0'30      —      2-54    5'01    3'54 

[CuO  0-42,  Ta2O5?  0'80  =  99 -81 
3-73  29-02    5-52    0'13    0'22    3'63    5'42    4'18 
[Ta206  0-34  =  100-03 


32-21  8-24 
32-35  8-84 
33-71  8-76 


•23  11-40    1-21      tr. 


Pyr.,  etc.—  B.B.  swells  up  and  fuses  easily  to  a  black  magnetic  enamel.  With  soda  or 
borax,  a  strong  manganese  reaction.  Decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid  with  separation  of 
silica  in  scales. 


720 


SILICA  TES—TITANA  TES. 


Obs. — Occurs  on  the  small  islands  in  the  Langesuml  fiord,  near  Brevik,  Norway,  in  zircon- 
syenite,  embedded  in  lamellar  feldspar,  also  in  leucophanite  and  in  natrolite  (spreustein),  and 
associated  with  catapleiite,  segirite,  large  prisms  of  black  mica,  and  numerous  other  species. 
Similarly  associated  at  Kangerdluarsuk,  Greenland. 

With  arfvedsonite  and  zircon  at  St.  Peter's  Dome,  Pike's  Peak,  El  Paso  Co.,  Colorado. 

Named  from  dorpor,  star,  and  (pvA.A.or,  leaf,  in  allusion  to  the  stellate  aggregation  and 
foliated  micaceous  structure. 

Ref. — *  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  200,  1890;  the  fundamenta.  angles  are  taken  as  corrected  by  Brogger 
(letter  of  April  30,  1890),  further  the  axes  a  and  b  are  exchanged  as  required  by  the  ratio 
obtained;  the  domes  fi,  g  cannot  be  taken  as  macrodomes  unless  the  calculated  ratio  of  the 
lateral  axes  is  regarded  as  of  no  value. 

The  form  was  first  made  ortho rhombic  by  Nordenskiold  (Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  27,  561,  1870) 
and  Des  Cloizeaux  (Min.,  1,  497.  1862),  was  later  made  mouoclinic  by  Bucking,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  433, 
1877,  and  triclinic  by  Brogger,  ibid.,  2,  278,  1878.  Brogger  finally  (1890)  shows,  however,  that 
the  variation  in  angle  and  optical  character  earlier  noted  is  probably  without  significance,  being 
due  to  deformation  produced  by  pressure. 


515.  JOHNSTRUPITE.     W.  C.  Brogger,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  74,  1890. 

Monoclinic.     Axes   a  :  I  :  6  =  1'6229  :  1  :  1-3911;  ft  =  86°  55J'  =  001  A  100 
Brogger. 

100  A  HO  =  59°  19  J',  001  A  101  =  39°  17f,  001  A  Oil  =  54°  15'. 


Forms : 
a  (100,  i-l) 
b  (010,  «) 


t  (710,  *-7) 
k  (410,  £-4) 
rc  (310,  i-3) 
I  (520,  i-l) 


/  (210,  i-2) 
m  (110,  /) 
z   (120,  i-2) 


d  (101,  -  l-l) 
x  (201,  -  2-1) 
e  (301,  -  34) 


d  (101,  l-l) 
£  (201,  2-1) 
e  (301,  3-1) 


Also,  doubtful,  li  (160),  o  (103),  *  (319),  p  (236). 


Wd"  -  44°  6| 
nri"  -  56°  45' 
ff'"  =  78°  2' 


af       =  *39°     1' 
mm'"  =  116°  39' 

zz'       =    34°  18' 


ad  =    47°  38' 
ax  =  *29°  27V 
ae  =    20°  49V 


a'3  =    51°  10V 
a'$  =  *31°     V 

a'e  =    21°  38' 


Des  Cloizeaux  pointed  out  a  similarity  in  form  between  mpsandrite  and 
zoisite,  and  BrOgger  shows  that  johnstrupite,  mosandrite,  and  rinkite,  very  near 
to  each  other  in  composition,  are  all  similar  in  angle  to  both  zoisite  and  epidote. 
He  thus  compares  the  prismatic  zone  of  johnstrupite  with  the  orthodomes  of 
epidote  and  vice  versa  (cf.  also  p.  517): 


Johnstrupite 

Zoisite 

Epidote 


100  A  210  =  39°  1' 

010  A  120  =  38°  58' 
100  A  102  =  42°  5'  I 
100  A  302  =  35°  7'  f 


100  A  101  =  48°  15' 
100  A  101  =  51°  53' 
010  A  021  =  55°  14' 

100  A  HO  =  55°    0' 


Twins  :  with  tw.  pi.  a.  In  crystals  prismatic  J  b  and  flattened  || 
a  (100);  the  prism/  (210)  most  prominent.  Faces  in  prismatic  zone 
vertically  striated. 

Cleavage:  a  distinct.     G.  =  3  -29.     Luster  on  a  vitreous,  on  fracture  surfaces 
resinous  to  greasy.     Color  brownish  green.     Streak  yellowish  green. 

Pleochroism  very  weak:  c  bright  greenish  yellow,  b  brownish  yellow,  a  bright 


yellow.     Absorption  c  >  b  >  a.      Optically 


Ax.  pi.  ||  b.     Bx0  A  t  =  ±  2 


J3xa  nearly  J_  a  (100).     Dispersion  p  >  v,  strongly  marked;    inclined,  hardly  dis- 
tinct (0°  13'  for  red  and  green).     Axial  angles,  Bgr.  : 


Barkevik    2Ha.r  =  79J    5V 

2Ha.y    =  77°  42' 
2Ha.gr  =  75°  59V 


2H0.r  =  125° 
2H0.y  =  127 


40' 
40' 


2Ho.gr  =  131°  11' 


'.  2Vr  =  71°  10V 

'.  2Vy  =  69°  54'    2Ey  =  124°  40'    ft  =  1'546 
.\  2Vgr  =  68°  20'. 


Comp. — A  complex  silicate  of  the  cerium  metals,  calcium  and  sodium  chiefly, 
with  titanium  and  fluorine. 


MOtiANDRITE.  721 

Brogger  calculates  the  following  molecular  ratio: 

I  III  IV 

R2O  CaO  MgO          R2O3  RO2         SiO2  F  H8O 

2-61  11-87  0-98  1-45  3'00  12  7'48  1'87 

rF  g  n  i     n  m 
And  the  formula  is  written,  analogous  to  the  epidotes,          fl3    (RaKRiaRalSiOAij. 

LFuJ 

i  n  m  m  iv 

Here  R2  =  3Na2,lH2;  R  =  12Ca,lMg;  R2  =  l(Ce  +  Y),1(A1  +  Fe);  R  =  Ce;  R  =  fTUZr, 
also  Th  and  Ce.  Further  the  group  in  bracket*  is  regarded  as  corresponding  to  the  bivalent 

group  (ROH)  in  epidote. 

Anal. — Backstrom,  quoted  by  Brogger. 

Si02    TiO2  ZrOa  ThO2  CeO2    Ce2O3  Y2O3  Al2O3Fe3O,  CaO    MgO  Na,O   K2O   H2O     F 
G.  =  3-29        30  50     7-57     2'84     0'?9     0'80     12'71a    111      1'52     0'50     27'76     1'63     6'67     0'12     1'41    598  =  101-91 

•Incl.  La2Os,Di2O3. 

Obs.— Only  known  from  one  of  the  ledges  near  Barkevik  in  the  Langesund  fiord,  Norway; 
it  is  associated  with  wohlerite,  rosenbuschite,  eucolite,  segirite,  fluorite,  elaeolite,  sodalite,  etc. 

Named  after  Prof.  Fr.  Jobnstrup  of  Copenhagen. 

Ref.— Dx.,  Min.,  1,  531,  1862,  Weibye,  Jb.  Min.,  774,  1849,  Bgr.,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  74,  1890. 
Crystals  earlier  described  (Bgr.,  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  275,  1878)  as  mosandrite  proved  to  be  lavenite 
(p.  375). 

516.  MOSANDRITE.    Erdmann,  Berz.  JB.,  21,  178,  1841. 

Crystals  long  prismatic  ||  c  and  flattened  ||  «,  but  without  terminations  so  far 
as  observed;  vertical  faces  strongly  striated.  Forms  noted  in  the  prismatic  zone, 
the  same  as  in  johnstrupite,  and  angles  nearly  the  same. 

Forms :  a  (100,  i-l\  b  (010,  i-l),  t  (710,  i-l),  k  (410,  e-4),  n  (310,  a-3),  I  (520,  *-f),  /(210,  i-2), 
m  (110,  2),  z  (120,  i-2},  h  (160,  z-6). 

Sections  ||  ~b  show  tw.  lamellae  ||  a. 

Cleavage:  a  rather  perfect.  H.  =  4.  Gr.  =  2*93-3*03.  Luster  of  cleavage- 
face  between  vitreous  and  greasy,  of  other  surfaces  resinous.  Color  reddish  brown, 
but  altering 'to  dull  greenish  or  yellowish  brown.  Streak-powder  pale  yellow  or 

Srayish   brown.      Thin   splinters   translucent,    bright  red   by  transmitted   light. 
ptical  characters  as  with  johnstrupite. 
Comp. — Very  near  johnstrupite,  p.  720. 
Brogger  calculates  the  molecular  ratio  as  follows  : 

R2O  RO  R2O3  RO2  SiO3  F  H2O 

1-04  10-18  1'20  4'19  12  2'57  1025 

The  formula  is  written,  also  analogous  to  the  epidotes,       (QH) 

Here  R2  =  6H2,lNa2(K2);    R  =  lOCa  (a  little  Mg,Mn),  R  =  fCe.iY  and  a    little    Fe; 

R  =  |Ti,|Zr,iCe  and  a  little  Th. 

Anal.— 1,  Berlin,  Pogg.,  88,  156,  1853.  2,  BackstrOm,  quoted  by  Brogger,  Zs.  Kr.,  16, 
80,  1890. 

SiO,     Ti02    ZrO2  ThO2  CeO2  Ce2O3    Y2O3  FeaO3  MnO  CaO      MgO    Naa     K8O     H2O      F 

1.  29-93      9-90       —  —     26  56b  1'83       —     19'07      0  75      2'87      0'52      8'90       —  =  100'33 

2.  [30-71a]    5'33      7-43      0  34     6'34    10'45b      3'52      0'56     0'45    22'53      0'63      2'44      0'38      7'70      2'06  =  100'87 

a  A  direct  determination  gave  29'61.  b  Incl.  (La,Di)2O3. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  water.  B.B.  fuses  with  intumescence  at  3  to  a  brown 
glass.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  in  R.F.  gives  a  violet  bead  (titanium),  and  with  borax  in  O.F. 
gives  an  amethystine  bead  (manganese).  Decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  with  separation 


722 


SILICA  TES —  TIT  AN  A  TES. 


of  silica  and  formation  of  a  dark  red  solution,  which,  on  heating,  gives  off  chlorine  and 
becomes  yellow. 

Obs. — Occurs  on  the  small  island  Laven  in  the  Laugesund  fiord,  also  on  the  neighboring 
island  Stoko,  and  on  the  reefs  near  Barkevik;  it  is  associated  with  leucophanite,  eucolite, 
^laeolite,  aegirite,  black  mica.  Readily  undergoes  alteration. 

Named  after  the  Swedish  chemist  G.  G.  Mosander  (1797-1858). 

517.  RINKITE.    Lorenzen,  Medd.  Gronl.,  7,  1884,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  9,  248,  1884. 

Monoclinic.    Axes:  a  :  I  :  6  =  1'5688  :  1  :  0-2922;  ft  =  88°  47i'  =  001  A  100 
Lorenzen. 

100  A  HO  =  57°  28f,  001  A  101  =  10°  30£',  001  A  Oil  =  16°  17'. 
Forms:    a  (100,   i-l),    s  (320,   a-f),    m  (110,  /),    h  (120,  i-2);    n  (101,  -14),    u  (101,   1-1); 
o  (341,  -  4-f). 

The  domes  101,  101  correspond  to  105,  105  of  johnstrupite. 

Angles :  **'"  =  92°  33',  mm'"  =  114°  57f ,  am  =  *57°  28f,  hhf  -  35°  22',  an  =  *78°  16f, 
a'u  =  80°  37',  nu  =  *21°  5f. 

Crystals  flattened  ||  a;  with  a  zonal  structure  parallel  the 
faces,  and  with  twinning  lamellae  ||  a. 

Cleavage:  a  distinct.  H.  —  5.  Gr.  =  3-46.  Luster 
vitreous  to  greasy.  Color  yellowish  brown  to  straw-yellow. 
Pleochroic.  Absorption  c  >  b  >  a.  Optically  +.  Ax. 
pi.  J_  b  and  inclined  7J  to  c.  Bxa  nearly  normal  to  a.  Dis- 
persion horizontal  distinct.,  also  p  >  v. 

Comp. — Near  johnstrupite  and  mosandrite. 


Brogger  suggests  [F8Ti4]Na9CanCe3(SiO4)i2. 
Anal.—! 


-Lorenzen,  mean  of  five  partial  analyses: 


Si02 
29-08 


TiO, 
13-36 


Cea(La,Di)2O3 
21-25 


Y203 
0-92 


FeO 

0-44 


CaO 
23-26 


Na2O 

8-98 


5-82  =  103-11,  less  O  2'45  =  100'66 


Pyr.,  etc. — Fuses  B.B.  rather  easily  to  a  black  shining  glass  with  continued  intumescence. 
Dissolves  in  the  borax  bead,  giving  a  yellow  color  in  the  O.F. ;  with  salt  of  phosphorus,  in  R.F. 
violet  (titanium),  in  O.F.  colorless  but  with  more  of  the  mineral  becomes  enamel-like. 

Easily  decomposed  by  dilute  acids  with  separation  of  silica  carrying  titanium. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  sodalite-syenite  at  Kangerdluarsuk,  Greenland,  with  arfvedsonite,  segirite, 
eudialyte,  lithia  mica,  steenstrupine. 

Named  after  Dr.  Rink,  at  one  time  director  of  the  Danish-Greenland  commerce. 


518.  PEROVSKITE.     Perowskit  G.  Rose,  Pogg.,  48,  558,  1839,  Reis.  Ural,  2,  128,  1842. 
Perofskite. 


a  (100,  i-i) 

d  (110,0' 
o  (HI,  1) 

k  (520,  i-f ) 


Isometric  or  pseudo-isometric.     Observed  forms 

A  (540,  z-f ) 


e    (210,  i-2) 
9  (320,  *-!) 

A  (ii-8-o, 

O  (430,  j- 


P  (221,  2) 
m  (311,  3-3) 
n  (211,  2-2)? 


P  (944,  H) 
ft  (322,  f-f) 

*    (942,  H) 
0  (10-4-3, 


r  (832,  4-t) 
F  (643,  2-f ) 
x  (432,  3-D* 


Crystals  in  general  (Ural,  Zermatt)  cubic  in  habit  and  often  highly  modified, 
but  the  planes  often  irregularly  distributed.  Cubic  faces  striated  parallel  to  the 
edges  and  apparently  penetration-twins,  as  if  of  pyritohedral  individuals.  Again 
(Tyrol)  the  cubic  faces  less  developed  and  the  forms  m  (311),  p  (944)  prominent. 
Also  (Zermatt)  in  reniform  masses  showing  small  cubes. 

Cleavage:  cubic,  rather  perfect.  Fracture  uneven  to  subconchoidal.  Brittle. 
H.  =  5-5.  G.  =  4-017  Achmatovsk,  Rose,  4-03-4-039  Zermatt,  Dmr.  Luster 
adamantine  to  metallic-adamantine.  Color  pale  yellow,  honey-yellow,  orange- 
yellow,  reddish  brown,  grayish  black.  Streak  colorless,  grayish.  Transparent  to 
opaque.  Usually  exhibits  anomalous  double  refraction. 


PEROVSKITE.  723 

Geometrically  considered,  perovskite  conforms  to  the  isometric  system;  optically,  however, 
it  is  uniformly  biaxial  and  usually  positive.  The  molecular  structure  (also  as  developed  by 
etching,  Baumhauer)  seems  to  correspond  to  orthorhoinbic  symmetry.  (See  the  authors  referred 
to  under  *.)  Sections  (||  a)  of  cubic  crystals  from  the  Ural  and  Zermatt  show  tw.  lamellae 
parallel  to  both  sets  of  cubic  edges,  with  diagonal  extinction;  the  bisectrix  is  normal  to  a 
dodecahedral  face,  the  axial  angle  variable  (up  to  90°),  the  character  +,  also  — .  Similar  sections 
from  the  Tyrolese  crystals,  in  which  the  forms  m  (311)  and  p  (944)  often  predominate,  show  fine 
tw.  lamellae  parallel  the  diagonals,  while  the  bisectrix  is  _|_  a,  the  optical  character  -}-.,  the  axial 
angle  small,  sometimes  sensibly  0°. 

In  general  the  form  and  optical  character  are  partially  explained  by  the  assumption  of  an 
orthorhombic  form,  with  a  prismatic  angle  of  90°  (corresponding  to  the  two  pair  of  cubic  faces), 
and  twinned  with  p  (111)  as  tw.  pi.,  and  also  m  (110)  in  some  cases.  It  seems  more  probable, 
however,  as  urged  by  Klein,  especially  as  the  structure  differs  in  specimens  from  different  local- 
ities, that  the  form  was  originally  isometric  and  that  the  optical  anomalies  are  due  to  secondary 
causes,  but  the  subject  stilt  requires  much  elucidation.  The  transformation  of  the  molecular 
structure  to  the  isotropic  condition  by  increase  of  temperature  has  not  been  accomplished, 
although  this  is  readily  done  with  boracite,  to  which  perovskite  is  closely  related  in  structure 
and  optical  characters. 

Comp.—  Calcium  titanate,  CaTi03  =  Titanium  dioxide  58*9,  lime  41'1  =  100. 
Iron  is  present  in  small  amount  replacing  the  calcium. 

Anal.— 1,  Brooks,  Pogg.,  62,  596,  1841.  2.  Jacobson,  ibid.  3,  Brun,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  389,  1882. 
4,  Damour,  Ann.  Mines,  6,  512,  1854.  5,  Mauro,  quoted  by  Struver,  Trans.  Ace.  Line.,  4,  210, 
1880.  6,  Sauer,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  37,  445,  1885.  Also  an  approximate  analysis,  showing  a  large 
amount  of  iron,  by  Kastle,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  34,  141,  1887;  further  by  Eakins,  ib.,  37,  219,  1889. 

G.  TiO2         CaO        FeO 

1.  Achmatovsk,  brown  59-00        36-76        4'79  MgO,MnO  Oil  =  lOO'O? 

2.  "  black  58-96        39  20        2'06  MgO.MnO   tr.    =  100'22 

3.  Zermatt,  yellow         3'974  59*39        39 '80        0'91  =  10010 

4.  "  59-23        39-92        114  =  100'29 

5.  Val  Malenco  3'95  58'66        41-47         —    =  100-13 

6.  Oberwiesenthal  58'66        38'35        2'07  =    99-08 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  forceps  and  on  charcoal  infusible.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  in  O.F. 
dissolves  easily,  giving  a  greenish  bead  while  hot,  which  becomes  colorless  on  cooling;  in  R.F. 
the  bead  changes  to  grayish  green,  and  on  cooling  assumes  a  violet-blue  color.  Entirely  decom- 
posed by  boiling  sulphuric  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  small  crystals  or  druses  of  crystals,  all  of  dark  colors,  associated  with  crys- 
tallized chlorite,  and  magnetic  iron  in  chlorite  slate,  at  Achmatovsk,  near  Zlatoust,  in  the  Ural;  at 
Schelingen  in  the  Kaiserstuhl,  in  white  or  yellowish  granular  limestone,  with  mica,  magnetite, 
and  pyrochlore  or  koppite  (questioned  by  Knop,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  284,  1877);  in  the  valley  of  Zermatt, 
near  the  Findelen  glacier,  where  crystalline  masses  occur,  in  talcose  schist,  as  large  as  the  fist, 
and  the  interior,  if  not  the  whole,  is  of  a  light  yellow  color,  along  with  garnet,  vesuvianite, 
titanite,  zircon,  corundum,  rutile,  titanic  iron,  serpentine,  etc. ;  at  Wildkreuzjoch,  between  Pfitsch 
and  Pfunders  in  Tyrol,  but  rare  (cf.  Hbg.,  1.  c.,  and  Rath,  Pogg.,  144,  595,  1871).  At  Mte. 
Lagazallo,  Val  Malenco,  Sondrio,  northern  Italy,  with  magnetite  and  amianthus.  Rare  on  the 
island  Laven  in  the  Langesund  fiord,  associated  with  leucophanite.  Berr.,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  508, 
1890. 

Sometimes  noted  in  microscopic  octahedral  crystals  as  a  rock  constituent;  thus  in  nephelite- 
and  melilite-basalts;  as  of  Wartenberg  in  Bohemia;  Hochbohl  near  Owen  in  Wiirtemberg;  the 
Saxon  Erzgebirge,  basaltic  lava  of  Scharteberg  in  the  Eifel  (doubly  refracting,  Hussak),  etc.; 
also  in  serpentine  (altered  peridotyte)  at  Syracuse,  N.  Y.  (cf.  Williams,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  34, 137, 1887); 
in  peridotyte  of  Elliott  Co.,  Ky.  (Diller,  ib.,  37,  219,  1889).  Also  noted  as  a  result  of  the  alter- 
ation of  titanite  (Schneidei,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  99,  1889). 

Named  after  von  Perovski  of  St.  Petersburg. 

Artif. — Formed  in  crystals  by  making  lime  act  at  a  high  temperature  on  titanium  silicate 
(Ebelmen);  also  by  Hautefeuille  (cf.  Fouque-Levy,  Synth.  Min.,  176,  1882).  The  artificial  crys- 
tals show  the  optical  characters  of  the  natural  mineral. 

Ref—1  See  Rose,  1.  c.,  also  Dx.,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  13,  338,  1845;  Kk.,  Min.  Russl.,  1,  199, 
1853,  6,  388,  1874,  7,  375,  1878,-  8,  39,  1881;  Mir.,  Min.,  461,  1852;  Hbg.,  Wildkreuzjoch,  Min. 
Not.,  4,  20,  1861,  10,  38,  1871,  11,  1,  1873. 

8  On  the  optical  characters,  see  Dx.,  1.  c.  and  Opt.  Propr.,  2,  81,  1858;  N.  R.,  84,  1867; 
Zs.  G.  Ges.,  26,  932,  1874;  Jb.  Min.,  160,  1877,  43,  372,  1878.  Also  Ben  Saude,  Preisschrift, 
Gottingen,  1882;  Mallard,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  5,  233,  1882;  Klein,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  245,  1884,  and  175 
ref.  (the  latter  a  notice  of  Ben  Saude).  On  the  results  of  etching,  see  Baumhauer,  Zs.  Kr.,  4, 
187,  1879. 


724 


SILICA  TESr—TITANA  TE8. 


519.  DYSANALYTE.    A.  Knop,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  284,  1877.     Perovskite  of  former  writers. 

Isometric;  in  cubes. 

Cleavage:  cubic.  H.  =  5-6.  G.  =  4*13.  Luster  submetallic.  Color  iron- 
black.  Opaque. 

Comp. — A  titano-niobate  of  calcium  and  iron  'approximating  (anal  3)  to- 
6RTi03.RNb206. 

Mar  calculates  for  anal.  4  the  molecular  ratio,  TiOa :  (Nb,Ta)2O8  :  Y2O3  Fe2O3  •  CaO  = 
0-54  :  0-027  :  0'05  :  0'60. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Seneca,  Lieb.  Ann.,  104,  371,  1857.  3a,  Knop,  1.  c.;  36,  same,  deducting  SiO* 
4,  F.  W.  Mar,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  403,  1890. 


G.          Ti02     Nb2O8  Ta205  Y2O3*  FeO    Ce2O3b  CaO    Na2O 


1.  Kaiserstuhl 

2. 

3a. 

36. 


402 


58-95        —         —        — 

59-30        — 

4057    22-73        —        — 


41-47    23-23        —      5 '42    6'24d 


4.  Magnet  Cove  418        4412      4'38      5'08      —      5'66 


6  23        —      35-69      —    =  100  "87 
599        —      35-94      —    =  101-23 
612C      5-58    19-36    3'50  SiO2  2'31,  MgO, 
[K20,A1203,F  tr.  =  100-17 
5-72    19-77    3-57  =  100 
0-10    33  22      —    MgO  0-74,  SiO2 
[0-08,  magnetite  0'73  ==  99 '53 

*  Yttrum  earths.        b  Cerium  oxides.        c  Incl.  0'42  MnO.        d  0'43  MnO.        e  Fe2O3. 

Obs. — Found  in  the  granular  limestone  of  Vogtsburg,  Kuiserstuhlgebirge,  Baden.  The 
mineral  has  previously  been  called  perovskite,  but  is  in  fact  intermediate  between  the  titanate, 
perovskite,  and  the  niobates,  pyrochlore  and  koppite.  Named,  in  allusion  to  the  difficulty  of  the 
analysis,  from  dvcraydA.vro'a,  hard  to  undo. 

A  related  mineral,  which  has  also  long  passed  as  perovskite,  occurs  with  magnetite, 
brookite,  rutile,  etc.,  at  Magnet  Cove,  Arkansas.  It  is  in  octahedrons  or  cubo-octahedrons, 
black  or  brownish  black  in  color  and  submetallic  in  luster.  The  amount  of  niobium  (and 
tantalum)  present  is  much  smaller  than  in  the  mineral  from  the  Kaiserstuhl  and  it  hence  is 
more  closely  allied  to  perovskite.  Ben  Saude  has  shown  that  sections  ||  a  (100)  and  o  (111)  show 
twinning  lamellae  analogous  to  perovskite. 

HYDROTITANITE  Koenig,  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.,  82,  1876.  An  altered  form  of  the  so-called 
perovskite  (dysanalyte)  from  Magnet  Cove,  Arkansas.  G.  =  3*681.  Soft.  Color  yellowish 
gray.  An  analysis  afforded  : 


Ti02  82-82        Fe2O3  7'76        MgO  2'72        CaO  0'80 
This  does  not  correspond  to  any  definite  formula. 


H2O  5-50       V  tr.  =  99' 


Oxygen  Salts. 
3.    NIOBATES,  TANTALATES. 

The  Niobates  and  Tantalates  are  chiefly  salts  of  metaniobic  and  metatan tali c acid, 
RNb206  and  RTa206;  also  in  part  Pyroniobates,  R^Nb^O^etc.  Titanium  is  promi- 
nent in  a  number  of  the  species,  which  are  hence  intermediate  between  the  niobates 
and  titanates.  Niobium  and  tantalum  also  enter  into  the  composition  of  a  few 
silicates,  as  wohlerite,  p.  376,  lavenite,  p.  375,  etc. 

1.  Pyrochlore  Group.      Isometric. 

520.  Pyrochlore  RNb206.R(Ti,Th)03.NaF 

Also  R2Nb207.R(Ti,Th)03.XaF,  etc. 
520A.  Koppite  R2Nb207.fNaF 

521.  Hatchettolite  2R(Nb,Ta)206.R2(Nb,Ta)20,.R  =  U0a,  Ca,  Fe,  etc. 

522.  Microlite  Ca2Ta207  pt. 

2.  Fergusonite  Group.     Tetragonal. 

523.  Fergusonite  (Y,Er,Ce)(Nb,Ta)04  6  =  1'4643 

524.  Sipylite,        essentially  ErNb04  1-4767 

3.  Columbite  Group.     Orthorhombic. 

a\l\b 

525.  Columbite  (Fe,Mn)Nb206 

(Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)206  0*8285  :  1  :  0-8898 

526.  Tantalite  FeTa206 

Manganocolumbite  MnNb206.MnTa208 

Manganotantalite  MnTa206 

526A.  Skogbolite  FeTa206  0-8170  : 1  :  0-6511 

Ixiolite 


527.  Tapiolite  Fe(Nb,Ta)206  Tetragonal  6  =  0-6464 

4.  Samarskite  Group.     Orthorhombic. 

n    in  ui  n 

528,  Yttrotantalite        RaR2(Ta,Nb)4016,  R  =  Y,Er;  also  R  =  Ca,  Fe,  etc. 

&:b:6  =  0-5411  :  1  :  1-1330 
725 


726 


NIOBATES,    TANTALATES. 


529.  Samarskite 

530.  Annerodite 

531.  Hielmite 

532.  JEschynite 

533.  Polymignite 

534.  Euxenite 

535.  Polycrase 


R3R2(Nb,Ta)6031,  R  =  Oa,Pe,UO  ;  R 

a  :  I  :  26 
Pyroniobate  of  uranium,  yttrium,  etc. 


Y,  Ce,  etc. 
0-5456  :  1  :  1-0356 


4R0.3Ta00R? 


&  :  b  :  6  =  0-8257  :  1  :  0*8943 
2d  :  1 :  6  =  0-9290  :  1  :  1-0264 


5.  JEschynite  Group.     Orthorhombic. 
RaNb4013.R3(Ti,Th)6013  d  :  I  :6 

R((Nb,Ta)03)9.5R((Ti,Zr)03)3a  :  I  :  6 

or  6  :  b\  d 

R(Nb03)8,R2(Ti03)3.|H20        d  :  I  :  6 


=  0-4866  :  1  :  0-6737 

=  0-7121  :  1  :  0-5121 
=  0-5121  :1  :  0-7121 


0-364  :  1  :  0-303 
R(Nb03)3.2R2(Ti03)3.3H20       d:b:6  =  0-3462  :  1  :  0-3124 


1.  Pyrochlore  Group.     Isometric. 

520.  PYROOHLORE.  Pyrochlor  (fr.  Fredriksvarn)  Wohler,  Pogg.,  7,  417,  1826. 
Hydrochlor,  Fluochlor,  Herm.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  50,  186,  187,  1850. 

Isometric.     Observed  forms: 

a  (100,  i-i);  d  (110,  i);  o  (111,  1);  m  (311,  3-3),  n  (211,  2-2)? 
Commonly  in  octahedrons;  also  in  irregular  embedded 
grains. 

Cleavage:  octahedral,  sometimes  distinct.  Fracture 
conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  5-5-5.  G.  =  4-2-4-36;  4-32, 
Miask,  Rose;  4-203,  ib.,  Hermann;  4*359,  ib.,  Rg. ;  4-203- 
4-221,  Fredriksvarn,  Hayes;  4-228,  ib.,  Rg.  Luster  vitreous 
or  resinous,  the  latter  on  fracture  surfaces.  Color  brown, 
dark  reddish  or  blackish  brown.  Streak  light  brown, 
Miask,  Kk.  yellowish  brown.  Subtranslucent  to  opaque. 

Com  p. — Chiefly  a  niobate  of  the  cerium  metals,  calcium  and  other  bases,  with 
also  titanium,  thorium,  fluorine.  Probably  essentially  a  metaniobate  with  a 
titanate,  RNb206.R(Ti,Th)03;  the  part  played  by  the  fluorine  in  this  and  the 
following  species  is  doubtful. 

Rammelsberg    (Min.  Ch.,  Erg.,  191,   1886)    calculates    for    the    pyrochlore    from    Miask 
[5KN"b2O6.4R(Ti,Th)O3]  +  4NaF;   for  that  from  "  Brevik  "  [5RNb2O6.2R(Ti,Th)O3]  +  4NaF; 
Fredriksvarn  [R2Nb2O7.RTiO3]  -f  JSTaF.     Brogger    (Zs.  Kr.,  16,   511,  1890)  suggests  that  the 
metaniobate  may  represent  the  original  composition,  the  pyroniobate  be  a  result  of  alteration. 
Anal.— 1-3,  Rg.,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  183,  1871.     Also  earlier  anals.,  5th  Ed.,  p.  513. 


G. 

t.  Miask  4-359 

2.  "Brevik"        4-220 

3.  Fredriksvarn  4'228 


Nb2O5    TiO2       ThO2   Ce2O8   CaO    FeO     UO    MgO    Na2O    F 
f  53-19      10-47       7-56       7'00    14'21     1'84      —     0'22      5'01 

58-27  538  496  5'50  1093  ^53  —  5'31  3'75 

[ign.  1-53  =  101-16 

47-13  13-52  —  7-30  15'94  10'03  —  0'19  3'12  2  90 

[ign.  1-39  =  101-52 


Pyr.,  etc. — Pyrochlore  from  Miask  gives  but  traces  of  water  in  the  closed  tube.  B.B. 
infusible,  but  turns  yellow  and  colors  the  flame  reddish  yellow.  When  ignited  it  glows  momen- 
tarily as  if  taking  fire,  the  same  phenomenon  as  observed  with  gadolinite.  With  borax  and  salt 
of  phosphorus  in  both  flames  gives  a  light  green  bead,  becoming  colorless  on  cooling.  A 
saturated  bead  of  borax  gives  a  greenish  gray  enamel  in  R.F.,  while  that  with  salt  of  phosphorus 
is  reddish  gray.  Decomposed  by  concentrated  sulphuric  acid  with  evolution  of  fluorine 
(G.  Rose).  Pyrochlore  from  Norway  gives  water  in  the  closed  tube,  and  B.B.  fuses  with 


PYROCHLORE  GRO  UP— HA  TCHETTOLITE. 


721 


difficulty  to  a  dark  brown  slaggy  mass.  With  borax  in  R.F.  gives  a  dark  red  bead,  which  by 
flaming'turns  to  a  grayish  blue  to  pure  blue  enamel.  Dissolves  with  effervescence  in  salt  of 
phosphorus,  giving  in  O.F.  a  yellow  bead  while  hot,  becoming  grass-green  on  cooling  (uranium). 
In  R.F.  the  bead  is  made  dark  red  to  violet  (titanium).  Fused  with  soda  gives  a  green  color 
(manganese).  All  varieties  are  decomposed  by  fusion  with  potassium  bisulphate.  Most  speci- 
mens are  sufficiently  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid  to  give  a  blue  color  when  the  con- 
centrated solution  is  boiled  with  metallic  tin;  this  color  disappears  after  a  time,  and  almost 
immediately  if  diluted  with  water. 

Obs. — (Dccurs  embedded  in  elaeolite-syenite  at  Fredriksvarn  and  Laurvik,  Norway,  with 
zircon,  polymiguite,  amphibole,  and  xenotime;  on  the  island  Lovo,  opposite  Brevik;  on  Stoko, 
Lille  Aro,  and  other  points  in  the  Langesund  fiord  (Bgr.,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  509,  1890);  near  Minsk 
in  the  Ural. 

Lacroix  mentions  an  octahedial  mineral  resembling  the  Norwegian  pyrochlore  as  occurring 
with  astrophyllite  and  zircon,  in  the  syenite  of  St.  Peter's  Dome,  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado  (C.  R., 
109,  39,  1889). 

Named  from  Ttvp,  fire,  and  ^AoapdS,  green,  because  B.B.  it  becomes  yellowish  green. 

520A.  Koppite.    Knop,  Jb.  Min.,  67,  1875. 

Isometric;  in  minute  embedded  dodecahedrons,  G.  =  4 '45-4 '56.  Color  brown. 
Transparent. 

Comp.— Essentially  a  pyroniobate  of  cerium,  calcium,  etc.;  formula  as  given  by  Rammels- 
berg  (Min.  Ch.,  Erg.,  191),  5R2Nb2O7.2NaF. 

Anal.— 1,  Knop,  1.  c.  and  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  23,  656,  1871.  2,  G.  H.  Bailey,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  49, 
153,  1886.  An  earlier  analysis  by  Bromeis  is  quoted  by  Knop. 


Nb2O5    TiO2    ZrO2  (Ce,La,Di)2O3  FeO        CaO  MgO  Na2O  K2O  F 

61-90        —        —  10-10  2-20*      16-00        —  7'52  4'23  1-28 

61-64      0-52     3-39  6'89  3'01        16-61  1'62  3'58Na  0-36K  tr. 

*  MnO  0-40. 


Obs. — Occurs  with  apatite  in  a  granular  limestone  near  Schelingen,  Kaiserstuhlgebirge, 
Baden. 

Named  after  Prof.  Hermann  Kopp  of  Heidelberg. 


521.  HATCHETTOLITE.    /.  L.  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  13,  365,  1877.     0.  D.  Allen,  ibid., 
14,  128,  1877. 

Isometric.  In  octahedrons  with  also  the  subordinate  forms  a  (100,  i~i)  and 
m  (311,  3-3). 

Fracture  subconchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  5.  G.  =  4*77-4-90.  Luster  resinous. 
Color  yellowish  brown.  Translucent. 

Comp.— A  tantalo-niobate  of  uranium,  near  pyrochlore,  approximating  to 
R(Nb,Ta)206  -f  H20  with  R  =  U02  :  Ca  =  1-3  and  Nb  :  Ta  =  2  :  1.  The  water 
present  may  be  due  to  alteration. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  3,  Smith,  1.  c.     4,  5,  Alien,  1.  c. 


Ta2O5  Nb2O6     TiO2  WO3  SnO2  UO3    CaO   Y2O3*  FeO    K2O    Na20   H2O 

""  —      5'16    Pb    tr.    = 


1.  66-01  0-75 

2.  6786  0-60 

3.  67-25  0-91 

4.  29-83          34-24  1'61        0'30 


5.       29-60 


35-94 


15-20    7-72    2-00    2'08  0'50 

15-63    7-09    0-86    2'51  1-21 

16-01    7-11    0-64    2-12  undet. 

15-50    8-87      —     2-19  tr. 

—      889      —     2-33  — 
a  With  cerium  oxide. 


—  4-42  =  100-18 

—  5-02  =    99-06 
1-37    4-49    MgO    0-15, 

[Pb  tr.  =  98-55 


From  analysis  4,  Allen  deduces  the  formula  R2(Nb,Ta)2O7  -f-  2R(Nb,Ta)2O6-f  4H2O, 
with  R  =  UO2,Ca,Fe,Mg,Na2.  Allen  calls  attention  to  the  close  relation  to  pyrochlore,  and 
suggests  that  the  original  mineral  in  this  case  may  have  been  anhydrous  and  hence 
analogous  to  it  in  composition.  It  is  united  with  pyrochlore  by  some  authors,  which  species, 
however,  contains  little  or  no  uranium. 

Pyr. — Nearly  the  same  as  for  pyrochlore. 

Obs. — Occurs  associated  with  samarskite,  sometimes  implanted  upon  it  in  parellel  position, 
in  the  mica  mines  of  Mitchell  Co.,  North  Carolina.  Named  after  the  English  chemist,  Charles 
Hatchett  (1765-1847). 


728  NIOBATES,   TANTALATES. 

522.  MICROLITE.     Microlite   C.  U.  Shepard,  Am.  J.   Sc.,  27,  361,  1835,  32,  338,  183? 
43,  116,  1842.     Pyrochlore  Hayes,  ib.,  43,  33,  1842,  46,  158,  1844. 

Isometric.     Observed  forms1  : 

a  (100,   i-i),    d(llQ,  «),    o  (III,   I),    p  (221,  2),   m  (311,  3-3) 
n  (211,  2-2)? 

Habit  octahedral;  crystals  often  very  small. 
Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  5-5.  G.  =5-485- 
5  '562,  the  last  from  a  large  crystal,  Shepard;  5  '405, 
Hayes;  .6:13  Virginia,  Hidden.  Luster  resinous.  Color 
pale  yellow  to  brown,  rarely  hyacinth-red.  Streak  pale 
yellowish'  or  brownish.  Transparent  to  translucent  or 
nearly  opaque. 

Comp.—  Essentially  a  calcium  pyro-tantalate,  Ca./Pa207, 

Amelia  C.H.,  Va.,  but  containing  also   niobium,  fluorine,  and  a  variety  of 

after  leist.  ^^  in  smalfan]ounl 


Dunnington    calculates    3Ca2Ta2O7  +  NbOF3.      Rammelsberg    deduces    from    the    same 
analysis  [R2(Ta,Nb)2O7.2R(Ta,Nb)2O6]  +  3NaF. 

Anal.—  1,  Dunnington,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  3,  130,  1881.     2,  A.  Nordenskiold,  G.  For.  FOrh.,   3, 

282,  1872. 


G.        Ta2O    NbaO5  WO3  SnOa  CaO     MgO    BeO    UO3    Y.O3   (Ce.Di)2O3  FeaO3  MnO  NaaO     F      H,O 

1.  Va.  5-656        68'43      7  74      0'30      1'05    ll'SO     I'Ol     034     1'59     0'23          0'17  0'42a      —      3'15C    2'85    1'17 

[=  100-25 

2.  Uto  5-95  77'3  —      0'8      11'7       1'8        —        —       —  —       7'^      —         —       — 

[=  99-3 
•  Inch  0-13  A12O3.  b  FeO  tr.  »  Incl.  0'29  K.,0. 

Pyr.,  etc.—  B.B.  infusible.  In  salt  of  phosphorus  difficultly  soluble,  givine  in  O.F.  a  bead 
yellow  while  hot,  and  colorless  on  cooling.  In  li.F.  after  long  blowing  yields  a  pale  bluish 
green  bead.  Not  attacked  by  hydrochloric  acid,  but  decomposed  on  fusion  with  potassium 
bisulphate  and  the  solution  of  the  fused  mass  remains  uucolored  when  boiled  with  metallic  tin. 
Slowly  decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid. 

Obs.  —  First  found  at  Chesterfield,  Mass.,  in  minute  octahedrons  in  an  albite  vein,  with  red 
and  green  tourmaline,  spodumene,  columbite,  and  a  little  cassiterite;  similarly  associated  at 
Branchville,  Conn.,  and  at  Uto,  Sweden.  Also  in  fine  crystals  up  to  1  in.  in  diameter,  and  in 
imperfect  crystals  (up  to  4  Ibs.)  at  the  mica  mines  at  Amelia  Court  House,  Amelia  Co.,  Va., 
with  monazite,  columbite,  spessartite,  beryl,  fluorite,  etc.  (cf.  Fontaine,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  25,  335, 
1883);  the  crystals,  embedded  in  smoky  quartz,  are  rarely  clear,  highly  polished,  and  resembling 
pyrope  in  color  (Hidden,  ib.,  30,  82,  1885).  Also  in  the  granitic  veins  of  Elba  (Corsi,  Boll.  Com. 
G.,  564,  1881).  Cf.  pyrrhite,  below. 

Named  from  LiiKpoS,  small,  alluding  to  the  minute  size  of  the  crvstals  at  the  original  locality. 

Ref.—  »  See  Feist,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  255,  1885. 

A  mineral  related  to  microlite,  from  Haddam,  Conn.,  is  called  haddamite  by  C.  U.  Shepard 
(Am.  J.  Sc.,  50,  93,  1870;  Min.  Contr.,  1877).  What  its  true  character  is,  if  it  be  a  distinct 
species,  has  not  been  determined. 

PYRHHITE  G.  Hose,  Pogg.,  48,  562,   1840,  Reis.  Ural.,  2,  1842. 

Isometric;  in  octahedrons.  Cleavage  not  observed  H.  =  6.  Luster  vitreous.  Color 
orange-yellow.  Subtranshicent.  In  composition  probably  a  niobate,  related  to  pyrochlore,  and 
perhaps  identical  with  microlite. 

B.B.  infusible,  but  blackens,  and  colors  the  flame  deep  yellow.  In  fragments  difficultly 
soluble  in  salt  of  phosphorus,  but  in  fine  powder  it  is  readily  taken  up  by  this  salt,  as  well  as  by 
borax,  forming  a  clear  glass  when  cold  if  only  a  small  portion  is  used,  while  if  saturated  it  is 
yellowish  green,  becoming  somewhat  more  intense  in  R.F.  Fused  with  soda  on  charcoal,  it 
spreads  out  and  is  absorbed  by  the  coal,  giving  a  slight  white  coating,  somewhat  resembling 
oxide  of  zinc;  it  yields  no  metallic  spangles  when  the  surface  of  the  coal  is  removed  and  rubbed 
in  the  mortar.  Insoluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  (G.  Rose). 

Pyrrhite  was  found  by  von  Perovski  of  St.  Petersburg  at  Alabashka,  near  Mursinka  in  the 
Ural,  where  it  occurs  in  drusy  feldspar  cavities,  containing  also  lepidolite,  albite,  and  topaz. 
The  largest  crystal  was  but  three  lines  long.  Crystals  from  San  Piero,  Elba,  referred  here  by 
Rath  (Zs.  G.  Ges.,  22,  672,  1870)  are  regarded  by  Corsi  as  microlite,  which  may  also  be  true  of 
the  Uralian  mineral  (ref.  above).  Cf.  also  Schrauf,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  63  (1),  187,  1871. 

Named  from  Ttvppo?,  yellowish  red  or  fire-like. 

To  Rose's  pyrrhite  J.  E.  Teschemacher  refers  small  orange-red,  isometric  octahedrons,  found 
with  albite  on  San  Miguel,  one  of  the  Azores  (J.  Nat.  H.  Bost.,  4,  499,  1844;  Proc.  id.,  2,  108, 
1846),  along  with  tetragonal  octahedrons  of  azorite  (p.  484).  The  crystals  are  a  half  to  two  lines 
long,  and  those  of  minute  size  are  transparent.  They  are  called  azor-pyrrhite  by  Hubbard,  who 


FERG  USONITE  GRO  UP—FERG  USONITE. 


729 


mentions  a  similar  mineral  (G.  =  4'l-4'3)  in  the  sanidiue-bombs  of  the  Laacher  See  (Ber.  nied. 
Ges..  June  7,  1886)  associated  with  titanite  and  uoselite.  Of.  also  Osanu  (Jb.  Min.,  1,  115,  1887, 
1,  117,  1888),  who  has  further  investigated  the  mineral  from  the  Azores  and  'finds  the  hardness 
below  6  and  by  chemical  tests  identities  Nb(Ti?)Ti,  Fe,  Na,  Ca.  It  is  hence,  as  urged  by  him, 
probably  near  pyrochlore,  and  may  be  identical  with  it;  the  specific  gravity  seems  to  be  less 
than  that  of  the  pyrrhite  from  the  Ural  and  Elba. 

The  chemical  and  blowpipe  trials  of  A.  A.  Hayes  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  9,  423,  1850,  detailed  in 
5th  Ed.,  p.  763)  on  specimens  by  Teschermacher  made  the  crystals  consist  of  niobate  of  zirco- 
nium, colored  apparently  by  oxides  of  iron,  uranium,  and  manganese,  but  the  results  are  not 
conclusive. 


2.  Fergusonite  Group.     Tetragonal. 


523,  FERGUSONITE.  HaWnger,  Ed.  Phil.  Trans.,  10,  274,  1826.  Tyrite  Forbes,  Ed 
N.  Phil.  J.,  1,  67,  1855;  Phil.  Mag.,  13,  91,  1857.  Bragite  Forbes  and  Dahll,  Nyt  Mag.,  8,  227, 
1855.  Yttrotantalite  pt.  (yellow). 

Tetragonal;    with   pyramidal   hemihedrism.     Axis  6  =  T4643;  001  A  101  = 
55°  40J'  Miller1. 

Forms2:  c  (001,  0);  g  (320,  £f);  *  (111,  1);  «  (321,  3-f). 

Angles:  cs  =  64°  13^',  a*'  =  *79°  6',  cz  —  79°  W,  zz"'  =  88°  1'. 

The  form  is  near  that  of  the  scheelite  group,  p.  985. 

Crystals  pyramidal  or  prismatic  in  habit,  sometimes  with  basal  plane  prominent 
and  often   showing  the  hemihedral  form,  the  pyramid   of   the 
third  series,  z  (321). 

Cleavage:  s  (111)  in  traces.  Fracture  subconchoidal.  Brittle. 
H.  =  5-5-6.  GL  =  5-838  Allan;  5-800  Turner;  diminishing  to 
4*3  when  largely  hydrated.  Luster  externally  dull,  on  the  frac- 
ture brilliantly  vitreous  and  submetallic.  Color  brownish  black; 
in  thin  scales  pale  liver-brown.  Streak  pale  brown.  Subtrans- 
lucent  to  opaque. 

Comp. — Essentially  a  metaniobate  (and  tantalate)  of  yttrium 

with  erbium,  cerium,  uranium,  etc.,  in  varying  amounts;  also  iron, 

in  in 

calcium,  etc.     General  formula  K(Nb,Ta)04  with  R  —  Y,Er,Ce.          Haidinger. 

Water  is  usually  present  and  sometimes  in  considerable  amount,  but 

probably  not  an  original  constituent;  the  specific  gravity  falls  as  the  amount  increases,  cf.  anals. 
12,  13,  and  Hidden  &  Mackintosh,  1.  c. 

Anal.— 1-9,  Rg..  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  406,  1871,  and  Min.  Ch.,  362,  1875;  2-5,  of  the  so-called 
yellow  (or  brown)  yttrotantalite.  10,  W.  H.  Seamon,  Ch.  News,  46,  204, 1882.  11,  J.  L.  Smith, 
Am.  J.  Sc..  13,  367,  1877.  12,  13,  Hidden  &  Mackintosh,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  38,  482,  1889..  Earlier 
anals.,  5th  Ed.,  p.  525. 

G.       Nb2O5Ta2O5UOa  WO3  8nO2  Y3O3  Er,O,  CeaO3  FeO  CaO  H3O 
1.  Greenland,  Fero  5  577      44'45    6  30    2'58    0'15    0'47    24 '87    9'81     7'63a  0'74    0'61     1-49 

[=  99-10 
28  14  27-04    2-13      —       —     24'45    8'26      —     0'72    4-17    5 12 


2.  Ytterby,  yw. 

3.  "         brn 
4 

5. 

6.   Heile, Tyrite 4 -77- 4'86 
7. 


4-774 
5-056 
4-751 
4-650 


40-16    8-73    1' 


0-91 


•26         — 


[=  100-03 
3'4C 


3-09    3*40    4-47 
[=r  101-00 

39  93    9-53    1-20    0'21    0'28    26'25  11-79    1-79    0'60    3'04    5-20 

[=  99-77 

49-85          —       —       —  38'01  —     2-91     3'29    6*19 

[=  100-25 

45-82      —      6-21      —     0-45    18-69  11 '71    94*  1*00    239    4-88 

[=  100-91 

4560      —     5-38     —     0-45    22'3i  13'97    4'54C  082    205    4'88 

[=  100 

8.       "     Bragite        5'267     43'36    2  04    8-16      —     0*83    22  6tf  13'95    3'33      —     2«21    4-18 

[=  100-74 


730  NIOBATES,    TANTALATES. 

G.       Nb2O5Ta2O5UO2  WO3SnO2  Y2O3  Er203  Ce2O3  FeO    CaO  H2O 

9.  Kararfvet,  [=  99'07 

Yttr.,gry.        4-306      14-4143-44    1'56     —       —     28 '81    1'73    0'47    1-51      —     7'14 

10.  Burke  Co., N.C.  5-6          43'78    4'08    5-81         0'76  37-21        4'15d  1'81    0'65    1-62 

L=  99-87 

11.  Kockport,  Mass.    5'681  48'75        0'25     —      —  46'01        4'23      —       —      1'65 

[=  100-89 
UO3  ThO2 

12.  Llano  Co.,  Tex.    5'67        46'27     —       —     1'54    3'38  42'33e        —     0'98f   014«  2'02h 

[F  0-91,  A12O3  0-09,  PbO  1-43,  ZnO  0  24  =  99  33 

13.  "  "      4-42        42  79      —  ,  3'93    3'12    0'83  31'36k        —     3'75f   2'74   8-19* 

[F  0-50,  A12O3  0-85,  PbO  1'94  =  100 

a  Incl.  5-63  Di2O8,La2O3.  b  Incl.  3'56  Di,O3,La2O3.  c  Incl.  1*51  Di2O3,La2O3.  d  Incl.  3'49 
r>i2O3,La2O3.  e  Incl.  23  95  of  at.  wght.  110'55;  18'38,  at.  wght.  113'3.  f  Fe2O3.  «  Incl.  0'04 
MgO.  h  At  110°  0-04.  i  Do.  0-62.  VAt.  wght.  121-77. 

On  the  absorption  spectra  of  the  rare  earths  in  fergusonite,  see  Krtiss  and  Nilson,  Cfv.  Ak. 
Stockh.,  44,  373,  1887;  on  metallic  acids,  ib.,  p.  267. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Fergusonite  from  Greenland .  gives  in  the  closed  tube  a  little  water.  B.B. 
infusible;  on  charcoal  its  color  becomes  pale  yellow.  With  borax  dissolves  with  difficulty, 
giving  a  yellow  bead  while  hot,  the  insoluble  portion  being  white;  the  saturated  bead  is  yellowish 
red,  and  is  made  opaque  by  flaming.  Slowly  dissolved  by  salt  of  phosphorus,  leaving  a  white 
insoluble  residue;  in  O.F.  the  bead  is  yellow,  while  in  R.F.  it  is  colorless,  or,  if  saturated, 
slightly  reddish,  becoming  opaque  on  cooling;  treated  with  tin  the  bead  remains  uncolored,  while 
the  insoluble  residue  is  made  flesh-red.  Decomposed  by  soda  without  dissolving,  leaving  a 
reddish  slag;  with  soda  on  charcoal  affords  globules  of  metallic  tin  (Berzelius).  When  evapo- 
rated with  sulphuric  acid  yields  a  white  residue,  which,  treated  with  hydrochloric  acid  and 
metallic  zinc,  gives  a  bluish  green  color.  Tyrite  decrepitates  and  yields  much  water  in  the 
closed  tube  (Forbes). 

Obs. — Fergusonite  was  discovered  by  Giesecke,  near  Cape  Farewell  in  Greenland,  dissem- 
inated in  quartz,  and  named  after  Robert  Ferguson  of  Raith.  Also  found  at  Ytterby,  Sweden, 
and  Kararfvet.  In  the  granite  of  K5nigshain,  near  Gorlitz,  Silesia  (Woitschach). 

Tyrite  is  associated  with  euxenite  at  Hampemyr  on  the  island  of  Tromo,  and  Helle  on  the 
mainland;  at  Naskul,  about  ten  miles  east  of  Areudal.  Bragite  of  Forbes  and  Dahll  is  from 
Helle,  Naresto,  Alve,  and  Askero,  Norway. 

Fergusonite  is  found  in  the  U.  S.,  at  Rockport,  Mass.,  in  granite;  on  the  allanite  of  Amelia 
Court  House,  Va.  (?,  sipylite);  in  the  Brindletown  gold  district,  Burke  Co.,  N.  C.,  in  gold  - 
washings,  and  similarly  near  Golden  P.  O.,  Rutherford  Co.;  also  from  near  Spruce  Pine,  Mitchell 
Co.;  with  zircon  near  Storeville,  Anderson  Co.,  S.  Carolina  (Hidden,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  41,  440,  1891). 
At  the  gadoliuite  locality  (p.  511)  in  Llano  Co.,  Texas,  it  occurs  in  considerable  quantity  with 
cyrtolite,  thorogummite,  magnetite,  etc.,  in  masses  sometimes  weighing  over  a  pound,  also  in 
large  rough  crystals;  the  mineral  is  often  hydrated  to  a  greater  or-less  extent,  cf.  anals.  12,  13. 

Ref.— '  Min.,  465,  1852.     Haidinger  gives  79°  32'. 

RUTIIERFORDITE  G.  U.  Skepard,  Am.  Assoc.,  4,  312,  1850,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  209,  1851. 
T.  8.  Hunt,  ib.,  14,  344,  1852. 

In  crystals  and  grains,  without  cleavage.  H.  =  5'5.  G,  =  5*55-5-69.  Luster  vitreo-resmous. 
Color  blackish  brown.  Opaque,  in  thin  fragments  translucent.  Occurs  at  the  gold  mines  of 
Rutherford  Co.,  North  Carolina,  along  with  rutile,  brookite,  zircon,  and  monazite. 

Shepard  later  announced  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  20,  57,  1880)  that  rutherfordite  was  probably  identical 
with  fergusonite,  and  of  the  correctness  of  this  there  seems  little  doubt. 

KOCHELITE  M.  Websky,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  20,  250,  1868. 

Tetragonal?  In  columnar  incrustations  passing  into  rounded,  apparently  square  octahedrons, 
occasionally  showing  prismatic  planes.  Color  brownish  isabel la-yellow  to  honey-yellow.  Trans- 
lucent. Luster  dull  greasy.  H.  =  3-3'5.  G.  =  3'74  (?),  An  incomplete  analysis  gave: 

Nb2O6  ZrO2   ThO2  SiO2    Y2O3    UO3  A12O3  Fe2O3    CaO    H2O 

29-49    1281     1-23    449     17'22    043     1'41     12-48     2'10     6'52  PbO?Na2O?  loss  11'82  =  100 

In  the  closed  tube  yields  water,  and  the  mineral  turns  reddish.  B.B.  in  the  forceps  fuses 
only  on  the  edges  to  a  black  glass,  coloring  the  flame  yellow.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  reacts  for 
iron,  but  in  R.F.  fuses  to  a  clear  bead,  showing  only  a  faint  reaction  for  uranium.  With  soda 
on  charcoal  yields  a  yellowish  white  enamel,  but  no  metallic  globules. 

Occurs  as  an  incrustation  upon  a  mixture  of  titanic  iron  and  crystals  of  fergusonite  in  a 
coarse  granite  in  the  Kochelwiese,  near  Schreiberhau  in  Silesia. 

The  composition  is  near  that  of  fergusonite,  but  further  investigation  is  needed.  The  density 
is  remarkably  low  for  a  mineral  containing  so  large  a  percentage  of  metallic  acids. 


SIPYLITE— COLUMBITE  ;    TANTALITE.  731 

524.  SIPYLITE.    J.  W.  Mallet,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  397,  1877;  22,  52,  1881. 

Tetragonal.     Axis  6  =  1-4767;  001  A  101  =  55°  53f  Mullet. 

Rarely  iii  octahedral  crystals;  pp'  =  *79°  15',  pp"  =  128°  50'  (127°  meas.). 
Usually  imperfec-tly  crystalline,  or  in  irregular  masses. 

Cleavage:  p  (111),  distinct.  Fracture  small  conchoidal  and  uneven.  Brittle. 
H.  —  6  nearly.  G.  =  4'89.  Luster  resinous  and  pseudo-metallic.  Color  brownish 
black  to  brownish  orange;  in  splinters  red-brown.  Streak  light  cinnamon-brown 
to  pale  gray.  Translucent. 

Comp. — A  niobate  of  erbium  chiefly,  also  the  cerium  metals,  etc. 
Anal.— W.  G.  Brown,  1.  c. 

Nb2O5     W03     SnO9    ZrO2     Er2O3    Ce2O3  La9Os    Di2O3    UO       FeO      BeO     MgO    CaO    Na2O    K2O     HaO 
4«-66a  0-16    0-08    2-09    27'94b  1'37    3'92<>  4'06d  3'47    2'04    0'62    0'05    2'61    0'16    0'06    3'19 

[MnO,Li2O,F  tr.  =  100'48 
a  With  Ta2O6  about  2  p.  c.  b  With  Y2O3  about  1  p.  c.  c  Di2O3  tr.         d  Ce2O3  tr. 

Taking  together  the  acid  oxides  of  niobium,  tantalum,  tungsten,  tin,  and  zirconium  as 
!N"b2O5,  and  reducing  all  the  basic  elements  to  the  form  RO,  and  neglecting  the  water,  the  ratio 
RO  :  Nb2O5  =  221  :  100  is  obtained,  which  corresponds  to  the  formula:  R3Nb2O8  4-  4R2Nb2O7. 
Mallet  prefers  to  include  the  water,  making  the  hydrogen  basic,  and  deduces  on  this  supposition 
the  formula:  R3Nb2O8.  This  view  is  supported  by  the  fact  that  in  form  sipylite  is  very  near 
fergusonite. 

Fyr.— B.B.  decrepitates,  and  glows  brilliantly,  becomes  pale  greenish  yellow  and  opaque; 
infusible.  .  In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  acid  water.  With  borax  in  O.F.  gives  a  yellow  bead, 
pale  on  cooling;  in  R.F.  assumes  a  greener  tint.  Boiled  in  strong  HC1  partially  dissolves,  the 
solution  reacting  for  zirconium  with  turmeric  paper;  when  metallic  tin  is  added  and  the  solution 
diluted,  a  sapphire-blue  color  is  obtained  (niobium).  Decomposed  completely,  though  slowly, 
in  boiling  concentrated  sulphuric  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  sparingly,  embedded  in,  or  more  commonly  adherent  to,  masses  of  allanite 
and  magnetite,  at  the  northwest  slope  of  Little  Friar  Mountain,  Amherst  Co.,  Virginia.  Named 
from  Sipylus,  one  of  the  children  of  Niobe,  in  allusion  to  the  names  niobium  and  tantalum. 

Delafontaine(C.  R.,  87,  933,  1878)  states  that  sipylite  contains  yttrium,  erbium  (in  small  quan- 
tities), philippium  (see  samarskite),  and  also  the  ytterbium  of  Madgnac  (see  gadoliuite,  p.  510). 

ADELPHOLITE.  Adelfolit  N.  Nordenskiold,  Beskrifn.  Finl.  Min.,  1855,  Jb.  Min.,  313,  1858; 
A.  E.  Nd.,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  20,  452,  1863,  Pogg.,  122,  615,  1864. 

Tetragonal.  Angles  undetermined.  H.  =  3  5-4' 5.  G.  =  3'8.  Luster  greasy.  Color 
brownish  yellow  to  brown  and  black.  Streak  white  or  yellowish  white.  Subtranslucent.  A 
niobate  of  iron  and  manganese,  containing  41 '8  p.  c.  of  metallic  acids,  and9'7  p.  c.  of  water. 
From  Laurinmaki,  in  Tammela,  Finland,  with  columbite. 


3.  Columbite  Group.     Orthorhombic. 

525,  526.  COLUMBITB— TANTALITE. 

525.  Columbite.     Ore  of    Columbium  (fr.   Conn.)  Hatchett,  Phil.   Tr.,  1802.      Columbite 
Jameson,  Min.,  2,  582,  1805.     Columbate  of  Iron.     Columbeisen  Germ.     Baierine  (fr.  Bavaria) 
Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  655,  1832.     Torrelite  Thorn.,  Rec.  Gen.  Sc.,  4,  408,  1836.     Niobite  Haid.,  Handb., 
549,  1845.     Greenlandite  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  17,  61,  1858.     Dianite  Kbl.,  Ber.  Ak.  Miinchen, 
Mar.  10.  1860. 

Mangantantalite  A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  G.  For.  Forh.,  3,  284,  1877.      Manganotantalite  A. 
Arzruni,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  23,  181,  1887. 

526.  Tantalite.     Tantalit  Ekeberg,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  23,  80,  1802.    Ferrotantalite  Thorn.,  Rec. 
Gen.  Sc.,  4,  416,  1836.     Siderotantal   Hausm.,   Handb.,  2,  960,1847.     Ildefonsit  #a^.,  Handb. 
548,  1845;  =  Harttantelerz  Breith.,  Char.,  230,  1832,  Handb.,  874,  1847.     See  also  below. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  d  :  I  :  c  =  0-82850  :  1  :  0-88976  E.  S.  Dana1. 
100  A  110  =  39°  38i',  001  A  101  =  47°  2J',  001  A  Oil  =  41°  39j'. 

Forms2:  z    (530,  £-f)2.8  /  (102,  |4)5  a  (113,  i)1  n  (121,  2-2)5 

a  (100,  i-l)  m  (110,  /)  h  (203,  tH)4  o  (111,  1)  u  (133,  1-3) 

b   (010,  i-l)  g  (130,  *-3)  033   ,  l}  tw  Dl  o-  (213,  f-2)'  *  (263,  2-3)* 

c   (001,  0)  l    n06   ,    }4  \   Q    '  \*     '  V  •  x  (211,  2-2)'  r  (391,  9-3)* 

-, -.,,  isa   :EJS 


732 


NIOBATES,    TANTALATES. 


The  form  of  columbite  bears  a  rather  close  relation  to  that  of  wolframite  (p.  982)  as  early 
pointed  out  by  Rose. 


1. 


2. 


3. 


Fig.  1,  Middletown.     2,  Haddam.    3,  Black  Hills,  Pfd.     4,  Greenland,  after  Schrauf  (b  (010)  in 
front).     5,  Standish,  Bodenmais.     6,  Staudish,  Me. 


dd"  =  39°    6' 

yy'"  =  45°    0' 

zz"  =  52°  52' 

mm'"  —  79°  17' 

gg'"  =  *136°  10' 

gg'  =  43°  50' 

W  =  20°  18' 

kk'  =  39°  23£ 

ff'  =  56°  28' 

hh'  —  71°  12' 

qq  =  61°  21' 

M*  =  83°  19' 

ee'  =  121°  20' 


=  24°  56' 
=  54°  21V 
=  37°  46V 
=  66°  43V 
=  64°  18' 
=  43°  48' 
=  62°  28' 
=  61°  9' 
aa'  =  37°  53' 
o-cr'  =  68°  56' 
uu'  =  29°  57' 
/?/?'  =  56°  17' 


ca 

CO 
cor 
ex 

CTt 

cu 
cs 
en 


00' 

nnr 

ss' 
tt' 
nit' 

00" 

uu" 
aa'" 
uu'" 
nri" 

00"' 

Ttn'" 

= 

77° 
19° 
38° 
70° 
55° 
*108° 
87° 
31° 
79° 
118° 
62° 
100° 

29' 
54' 
39' 
6' 
30' 
43' 
36' 
12' 
54' 
20' 
27V 
59' 

o-o-'" 

= 

27° 

7' 

ft/3'" 

— 

71° 

46' 

88'" 

•  — 

110° 

42' 

XX'" 

— 

41° 

10' 

00 

— 

51° 

15V 

aft 

= 

61° 

51V 

au 

= 

75° 

2' 

ait 

;  — 

62° 

15' 

as 

= 

70° 

40' 

bo 



58° 

46' 

bn 

—  : 

30° 

50' 

bu 

— 

50° 

3' 

»r 


Twins3 :  tw.  pi.  e  common,  usually  contact-twins,  heart-shaped  and  showing  a 
delicate  feather-like  striation  on  a  (f.  5),  here   c.c  =  58°  40'  and  bb  =  121°  20'; 

also  penetration-twins.  Further  tw.  pi.  q  (023)  rare  (f.  6), 
here  cc  =  118°  39',  bb  =  61°  21'.  Crystals  short 
prismatic,  often  rectangular  prisms  with  the  pinacoids, 
abc,  prominent;  also  thin  tabular  ||  «;  the  pyramids 
often  but  slightly  developed,  sometimes,  however, 
acutely  terminated  by  u  (133)  alone  (f.  2).  Also  in 
large  groups  of  parallel  crystals,  and  massive. 

Cleavage:    a   rather   distinct;    b   ress  so.     Fracture 
subconchoidal  to  uneven.     Brittle.     H.=  6.     Gr.  —  5*3- 
7'3,  varying  with  the  composition  (see  below).     Luster 
submetallic,   often   very   brilliant,  sub-resinous.     Color 
Standish,  Me.  iron-black,  grayish  and  brownish   black,  opaque;  rarely 

reddish  brown  and  translucent;  frequently  iridescent.     Streak  dark  red  to  black. 


COLUMBITE  GROUP:   COLUMBITE— TANTALITE. 


733 


Comp.,Yar. — Kiobate  and  tantalate  of  iron  and  manganese,  (Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)g06, 
passing  by  insensible  gradations  from  normal  COLUMBITE,  the  nearly  pure  uiobate, 
to  normal  TANTALITE,  the  nearly  pure  tantalate.  The  iron  and  manganese  also 


vary  widely.  Tin  and  wolfram  are  present  in  small  amount.  The  percentage 
composition  for  FeNb206  =  Niobium  pentoxide  82'7,  iron  protoxide  17*3  =  100; 
for  FeTa206  =  Tantalum  pentoxide  86*1,  iron  protoxide  13'9  =  100. 

In  some  varieties,  manganocolumbite  or  manganotantalite,  the  iron  is  largely  replaced  by 
manganese.  The  variety  from  Branchville,  anal.  10,  corresponds  to  MnNb2O6.MnTa2O6;  cf. 
also  anal.  33.  The  maugauotautalite  of  Sanarka  (anal.  13)  is  essentially  MnTa2O6. 

The  connection  between  the  specific  gravity  and  the  percentage  of  metallic  acids  is  shown 
in  the  following  table  from  Marignac,  Bibl.  Univ.,  25,  25,  1866.  See  also  analyses  below. 


Greenland 
Acworth,  N.  H. 
Limoges 

Bodenmais  (Dianite) 
Haddam 


G. 
5-36 
5-65 

5-70 
5-74 

5-85 


Ta2O5 

3-3 

15-8 

13-8 

13-4 

10-0 


Bodenmais 
Haddam 
Bodenmais 
Haddam 

Tantalite 


G. 
5-92 
6-05 
6-06 
6-13 

7-03 


Ta2O 
27-1 
30-4 
35-4 
31-5 

65-6 


CRYST.  COLUMBITE  and  TANTALITE. 

Anal.— 1,  Blomstrand,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  99,   44,   1866.     2,  Genth,  Proc.   Ac.  Philad.,   51,   1889. 

3,  O.   D.  Allen,  Dana  Min.,   App.  in,  30,  1882.     4,  Cossa,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  3,   111,   1887. 
5,  Janovsky,  Ber.   Ak.  Wien,  8O  (1),   34,  1879.     6,  T.  B.  Osborne,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  30,  336,  1885. 
7-9,  Blomstrand,  1.  c.     10,  Comstock,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  131,  1880.     11,  Dunnington,  Am.  Ch.  J., 

4,  138,  1882.     12,  Comstock,  1.  c.     13,  Blomstrand,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  23,  188,  1887. 


1. 

Greenland 

G. 
5-395 

Nb2O5 

77-97 

Ta2O5  SnO2 
—       0-73 

W03 
0-13 

FeO 
17-33 

MnO 
3-28 

CaO  MgO 
—      0-23  PbO    0-12, 

TZrOs  0-13  =  99-92 

2 

Mineral  Hill,  Pa. 

5-26 

76 

•26 

0-83 

0-16 

trJ 

7-65 

11-29 

0-66    0'07 

UO3    0-18, 

[Y20 

3  1-78,  Ce2O 

a  0-34, 

Zr02 

0-67,  igu.  0-33  =  100-22 

3. 

Standish,  Me. 

5-65 

68 

•99 

9-22 

1 

•61 

16-80 

3-65 

—       — 

=  100-27 

4. 

Craveggia 

5-68 

65 

•17 

13-35 

0-23 

— 

9-84 

8-98 

1-17      tr. 

=    98-74 

5. 

Isergebirge 

574 

62 

•64 

16-25* 

0-41 

1-01 

13-06 

6-11 

—       — 

ZrO2   0-48, 

[H20  0 

34  =  100-30 

6 

Branchville 

5-73 

I  60 

•70 

19-20 

— 

— 

12-91 

7-03 

—       — 

=    99-84 

7. 

Bodenmais 

5-75 

56-43 

22-79 

0-58 

1-07 

15-82 

2-39 

—      0-40 

ZrO2  0-28, 

[H20  0 

35  =  100-11 

8. 

Haddam 

6-15 

51 

•53 

28-55 

0-34 

0-76 

13-54 

455 

—     0-42 

Zr02   0-34, 

[H20  0- 

16  =  100-19 

9. 

Bodenmais 

6-26 

48 

•87 

30-58 

0-91 

15-70 

2-95 

—     0-14 

H2O  0-40  = 

10. 

Branchville 

6-59 

30 

•16 

52-29 

_ 

_ 

0-43 

15-58 

0-37      — 

[99-55 
=  98-83 

11. 

Amelia  Co.,  Va. 

6-48 

31 

•40 

53-41 

tr. 

— 

5-07 

8-05 

1-27    0-20 

Y203?    0-82 

[=  100-22 

12. 

Northfield 

6-84 

f  26 

•81 

56-90 

— 

— 

10-05 

5-88 

—       — 

=  99-64 

13. 

Sanarka 

[100-33 

Ma  nga  notan  talite 

7-301 

4 

•47 

79-81 

0-67 

1-17 

13-88 

0'17      — 

ign.  0-16  = 

a  Other  determinations 

gave: 

Nb2O6  62 

•25,  61-9 

8,  62-03;  Ta 

2O616 

•31,  17-12,  16-55,  respectively. 

The  following  are  analyses  by  W.  P.  Headden  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  41,  89, 1891)  chiefly  of  columbite 
from  the  Black  Hills,  S.  Dakota.  Anals.  14-21  are  all  from  the  Etta  mine,  and  show  well  the 
variation  in  the  metallic  acids,  even  in  specimens  from  a  single  locality  (also  shown  in  specimens 
from  Haddam  and  Bodenmais);  further  the  accompanying  variation  in  specific  gravity. 


14,  Etta  Mine, 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 


Black  Hills 


G.         Nb2O5  Ta,O6  SnO2    FeO     MnO 


5-890 
6-181 
6-245 
6-376 
6-515 
6-612 

54-09 
47-05 
46-59 
40-37 
39-94 
35-11 

18-20 
34-04 
35-14 
41-14 
42-96 
47-11 

o-io 

0-30 
0-18 
0-13 
tr. 
0-35 

11-21 
11-15 
7-44 

8-28 
8-59 
8-37 

7-07  CaO  0-21  =  100'88 
7-80  =  100-34 
10  94  =  100  29 
9-09  CaO  0-78,  MgO  O'lO 
8-82  =  100-31      [=  99-89 
9-26  =  100  20 


6-707        31-31     52-49    0'09      610     10'71  =  100  70 


6-750        29-78    53'28    0'13 


10-40  =    99'70 


734 


NIOBATES,    TANTALATES. 


G. 

22.  Peerless  M.,   Black  Hills,      6'373 

Nb205 
37-29 

Ta205 

44-87 

SnO2 
0-09 

FeO 

6-87 

MnO 

11-02  =  10014 

23. 

" 

6-445 

40-28 

42-09 

0-19 

6-70 

11-23  =  100-49 

24. 

Bob  Ingersoll  M 

5-901 

57 

•32 

23-43 

0-09 

6-29 

13 

•55  =  100-68 

25. 

Sarah  M., 

5-804 

61 

•72 

18-93 

0-25 

11-21 

8 

•67  =  100-79 

26. 

6-565 

40-07 

42-92 

0-20 

9-73 

7 

•24  =  100-16 

27. 

Mai  lory  Gulch 

6-232 

41 

•69 

40-19 

0-11 

9-88 

8 

•70  =  100-57 

28. 

«            « 

6-469 

37 

•28 

44-48 

0-16 

9-29 

8 

•68  =    99-89 

29. 

Yolo  M.,  Nigger 

H  11  Distr.  6-592 

24 

•40 

57-60 

0-41 

14-46 

2 

•55  CaO  0-73  = 

100-15* 

30. 

Turkey  Creek,  Col.                 5  '383 

73 

•45 

2-74 

l-35a 

11-32 

9 

•70  CaO  0-61  = 

99-17 

31. 

Haddam,  Conn. 

5-780 

60 

•52 

19-71 

0-09 

12-64 

7 

•51  =  100-47 

32. 

Mitchell  Co.,  N. 

C. 

•  '70 

•98 

9-27 

0-17 

12-21 

7 

•30  CaO  0-80  = 

100-73 

33. 

Elk  Creek,  S.  D. 

6170 

47 

•22 

34-27 

0-32 

1-89 

16 

•25  =    99-95 

a  Incl. 

1-14  WO3. 

M-46 

of  admixed  SnO 

2  deducted. 

For  other  earlier  analyses,  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  517;  also  (incomplete  as  regards  separation  of 
metallic  acids)  Colorado,  G.  =  5'15,  and  Yancey  Co.,  N.  C.,  G.  =  5-6,  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  13, 
359,  1877;  San  Roque,  Argentine  Rep.,  G.=  5'625,  Siewert,  Min.  Mitth.,  224,  1873;  Middletown, 
G.=  6-14,  Hallock,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  21,  412,  1881;  Turkey  Creek,  Jefferson  Co.,  Colorado,  G.=  5'48, 
MnO  11-23,  Proc.  Col.  Sc.  Soc.,  2,  31,  1886. 

tfordenskiold  (1.  c.)  obtained  for  the  mangantalite  from  Uto:  G.  =  6'3,  NbjO6,Ta205  85 '5, 
FeO  3-6,  MnO  9'5,  CaO  1'2  =  99'8. 

MASSIVE  TANTALITE. 

The  following  are  analyses  of  tantalite,  chiefly  massive,  in  part  belonging  with  normal 
columbite  -tantalite  above,  in  part  with  skogbolite  (and  ixiolite)  below.  The  analyses  of  the 
crystallized  skogbolite  and  ixiolite  are  also  included. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Rg.,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  164,  1871.  3,  Comstock,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  131,  1880. 
4,  Mgc.,  Bibl.  Univ.,  25,  26,  1866.  5,  6,  Rg.,  1.  c.  7,  A.  Nd.,  Pogg.,  101,  629,  1857. 
8-10,  W;  P.  Headden,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  41,  98,  1891;  also  earlier  Schaeffer,  ibid.,  28,  430,  1884. 
11,  12,  Rg.,  1.  c. 


1.  Broddbo? 

2.  Broddbo 

3.  Yancey  Co.,  N.  C. 

4.  Broddbo 

5.  Rosendal,  Kimito 

6.  Harkasaari,  Tammela 

7.  Skogbole,  Skogbolite 

8.  Grizzly-Bear  Gulch,  S.  D. 
9. 

10.  Coosa  Co.,  Ala. 

11.  Skogbole,  Ixiolite 
12. 


G. 

Nb205 

Ta2O6 

SnO2 

FeO 

MnO 

6-082 

40-21 

42-15 

0-18 

16-00 

l-07a  =  99-61 

6-311 

29-27 

4964 

2-49b 

13-77 

2-88 

ign.  0-75  = 

=  98-80 

6-88 

|  23-63 

59-92 

— 

12-86 

3-06 

MgO  0-34 

=  99-81 

7-03 

10-88 

65-60 

6-10 

8-95 

6-61 

=  98-14 

7-277 

13-14 

70-53 

0-82 

14-30 

1-20 

=  99-99 

7-384 

7-54 

76-34 

0-70 

13-90 

1-42 

=  99-90 

7-85 

— 

84-44 

1-26 

13-41 

096 

CuO  0-14, 

CaO  0-15 

— 

7-773 

6-23 

78-20 

0-68 

14-00 

0'81 

=    99-92 

[100-36 

8-200 

3-57 

82-23 

0-32 

12-67 

1-33 

=  100-12 

8-78 

71-37 

5-38 

8-44 

5-37 

=    99-34e 

7-232 

19-24 

63-58 

1-70 

9-19 

5-9T 

ign.  0-23  = 

=  99-91 

7-272 

12-26d 

69-97 

2-94 

14 

•83 

=  100 

Incl.  CaO. 


b  With  trace  WO3. 


Ign.  0-20  deducted. 


d  Incl.  1  p.  c.  TiO2. 


Pyr.,  etc. — For  tantalite  B.B.  unaltered.  With  borax  slowly  dissolved,  yielding  an  iron 
glass,  which,  at  a  certain  point  of  saturation,  gives,  when  treated  in  R.F.  and  subsequently 
flamed.,  a  grayish  white  bead;  if  completely  saturated  becomes  of  itself  cloudy  on  cooling.  With 
salt  of  phosphorus  dissolves  slowly,  giving  an  iron  glass,  which  in  R.F.,  if  free  from  tungsten, 
is  pale  yellow  on  cooling;  treated  with  tin  on  charcoal  it  becomes  green.  If  tungsten  is  present 
the  bead  is  dark  red,  and  is  unchanged  in  color  when  treated  with  tin  on  charcoal.  With  soda 
and  niter  gives  a  greenish  blue  manganese  reaction.  On  charcoal,  with  soda  and  sufficient 
borax  to  dissolve  the  oxide  of  iron,  gives  in  R.F.  metallic,  tin.  Decomposed  on  fusion  with 
potassium  bisulphate  in  the  platinum  spoon,  and  gives  on  treatment  with  dilute  hydrochloric 
acid  a  yellow  solution  and  a  heavy  white  powder,  which,  on  addition  of  metallic  zinc,  assumes 
a  smalt-blue  color;  on  dilution  with  water  the  blue  color  soon  disappears  (Kbl.). 

For  columbite  nearly  as  with  tantalite.  Von  Kobell  states  that  when  decomposed  by  fusion 
with  caustic  potash,  and  treated  with  hydrochloric  and  sulphuric  acids,  it  gives,  on  the  addition 
of  zinc,  a  blue  color  much  more  lasting  than  with  tantalite;  and  the  variety  dianite,  when 
similarly  treated,  gives,  on  boiling  with  tin -foil,  and  dilution  with  its  volume  of  water,  a 
sapphire-blue  fluid,  while,  with  tantalite  and  ordinary  columbite,  the  metallic  acid  remains 
undissolved.  The  variety  from  Haddam,  Ct.,  is  partially  decomposed  when  the  powdered 
mineral  is  evaporated  to  dryuess  with  concentrated  sulphuric  acid,  its  color  is  changed  to  white, 
light  gray,  or  yellow,  and  when  boiled  with  hydrochloric  acid  and  metallic  zinc  it  gives  a  beautiful 
blue.  The  remarkably  pure  and  unaltered  columbite  from  Arksut-fiord  in  Greenland  is  also 
partially  decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid,  and  the  product  gives  the  reaction  test  with  zinc,  as 
above. 


COLUMBITE  GROUP:    COLUMBITE— TANTALITE.  735 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Rabensteiu,  near  Zwiesel,  and  Bodeamais.  Bavaria,  in  granite,  with  iolite 
and  magnetite;  at  Tirscbenreuth,  Bavaria;  at  Craveggia,  Italy;  at  Tammela,  in  Finland;  at 
Cbanteloube,  near  Limoges,  in  pegmatyte  with  tautalite;  near  Miask,  in  the  llmen  Mts.,  with 
samarskite;  in  the  gold-washings  of  the  Sauarka  region  in  the  Ural;  at  Hermanska'r,  near 
Bjorskar,  in  Finland;  in  Greenland,  in  cryolite,  at  Ivigtut  (or  Evigtok),  in  brilliant  crystals; 
disseminated  through  or  among  the  wolframite  of  Auvergue,  and  detected  by  acting  with  aqua- 
regia,  which  dissolves  the  wolframite  and  leaves  untouched  the  columbite  (Phipsou,  Ch.  News, 
160,  1867);  at  Montevideo,  S.  A.;  San  Roque,  Argentine  Republic. 

In  the  United  States,  in  Maine,  at  Standish,  in  splendent  crystals  in  granite;  also  at  Stone- 
ham  with  cassiterite,  etc.  In  N.  Hampshire,  at  Plymouth,  with  beryl;  at  Acworth,  at  the 
mica  mine.  In  Mass.,  at  Chesterfield,  some  fine  crystals,  associated  with  blue  and  green  tour- 
maline and  beryl,  in  a  vein  of  albitic  granite;  also  Beverly;  Northfield,  Mass.  (anal.  12),  with 
beryl.  In  Connecticut,  at  Haddam.  2  in.  from  the  village,  in  a  granite  vein,  some  of  the  crystals 
several  pounds  in  weight;  also  at  the  chrysoberyl  locality,  but  not  now  accessible;  also  at  the 
iolite  locality,  Haddam;  near  Middletown,  in  a  feldspar  vein  in  fine  crystals,  some  very  large; 
at  Branchville,  Fail-field  Co.,  in  a  vein  of  albitic  granite,  in  large  crystals  and  aggregates  of 
crystals,  sometimes  weighing  many  pounds,  also  in  minute  thin  tabular  crystals  translucent 
(manganccolumbite,  anal.  10)  implanted  upon  spodumeue;  also  at  other  points  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Brauchville  in  granite  veins.  In  N.  York,  at  Greenfield,  with  chrysoberyl.  In 
Penn.,  Mineral  Hill,  Delaware  Co.  In  Virginia,  Amelia  Co.,  in  fine  splendent  crystals  with 
microlite,  monazite  (p.  728),  etc.  In  JV.  Carolina,  with  samarskite  crystals  in  parallel  position  at 
the  Wiseman's  mica  mines  of  Mitchell  Co.;  also  at  the  Deake  mine  and  other  points;  Ray's  mine 
in  Yancey  Co.;  Balsam  Gap  in  Buncombe  Co.;  near  Franklin,  Macon  Co.;  White  Plains,  Alex- 
ander Co.  In  Colorado,  on  microcline  at  the  Pike's  Peak  region;  Turkey  Creek,  Jefferson  Co. 
(11*23  MnO).  In  S.  Dakota,  in  the  Black  Hills  region,  common  in  the  granite  veins  associ- 
ated with  cassiterite,  beryl,  etc.;  the  crystals  and  crystalline  groups  are  often  large,  one  mass  is 
estimated  to  have  weighed  2000  Ibs. ;  most  abundant  at  the  Etta  and  Bob  Ingersoll  mines;  also 
at  other  points  in  Penuington  Co.;  also  in  Nigger  Hill  distr.,  in  Lawrence  Co.,  sometimes 
associated  with  stream  tin.  Cf.  Headdeu,  1.  c.,  also  W.  P.  Blake,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  28,  340,  1884, 
41,  403,  1891  (figures  and  measurements,  Pfd.).  In  California,  King's  Creek  distr.,  Fresno  Co. 

Mangantantalite  of  Nordenskiold  is  from  Uto,  Sweden,  where  it  occurs  with  petalite, 
lepidolite,  microlite,  etc.  Manganotantalite  of  Arzruni  is  from  the  gold-washings  in  the  Sanarka 
region  in  the  Ural. 

Massive  tantalite  occurs  in  Yancey  Co.,  N.  C.;  Coosa  Co.,  Ala.;  also  in  the  Black  Hills, 
S.  Dakota. 

Also  occurs  in  Finland,  in  Tammela,  at  Harkasaari  near  Torro,  associated  with  gigantolite 
and  rose  quartz;  in  Kimito,  at  Skogbole,  in  Somero  at  Kaidasuo,  and  in  Kuortane  at  Katiala, 
with  lepidolite,  tourmaline,  and  beryl;  in  Sweden,  near  Falun,  at  Broddbo  and  Finbo;  in  France, 
at  Chauteloube  near  Limoges,  in  pegmatyte.  lldefonsite  is  from  Ildefonso,  Spain,  and  has 
G.  =  7-416,  H.  =  6-7. 

The  occurrence  of  columbite  in  America  was  first  made  known  by  Mr.  Hatchett's  examina- 
tion of  a  specimen  sent  by  Governor  Winthrop  to  Sir  Hans  Sloane,  then  President  of  the  Royal 
Society,  which  was  labeled  as  found  at  Neatneague  (better  Naumeag).  Dr.  S.  L.  Mitchill 
stated  (Med.  Repos.,  vol.  8)  that  it  was  taken  at  a  spring  at  New  London,  Conn.  No  locality 
has  since  been  detected  at  that  place.  But  the  rediscovery  of  it  at  Haddam,  first  published  by 
Dr.  Torrey  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  4,  52,  1822),  and  since  near  Middletown,  about  7  m.  distant,  has  led  to 
the  belief  that  the  original  locality  was  at  one  of  these  places,  which  are  about  30  m.  N.  W.  of  New 
London.  Mr.  J.  Hammond  Trumbull  in  a  letter  to  Prof.  Brush  (July  16,  1882)  discussing  this 
subject,  remarks:  "The  name  of  Namueg  or  Naumeag,  originally  given  to  the  plantation  at 
New  London,  may  have  been  extended — as  were  the  bounds  of  the  plantation — east  of  the 
Thames,  to  the  Mystic,  including  what  is  now  Grotou.  I  conjectured  that  the  columbite  was 
found  near  Winthrop's  mill  a  short  distance  above  the  head  of  Mystic,  and  there  used  to  be  a 
local  tradition  to  that  effect;  though  it  had  no  definite  value." 

The  metal  of  columbite  was  named  columbium  by  Hatchett  in  1802,  from  Columbia,  a  name 
of  America,  whence  his  specimen  was  received,  and  thus  came  the  name  columbite  given  by 
Jameson  and  Thomson  (see  further  below).  Rose,  after  investigating  the  metal  and  its  com- 
pounds, named  it  anew,  calling  it  niobium,  and  this  gave  rise  to  the  name  niobite.  Baierite 
is  from  the  German  name  of  Bavaria.  Torrelite  Thomson,  named  after  Dr.  J.  Torrey,  is  the 
ordinary  Middletown  columbite;  and  Greenlandite  Breith.  is  that  from  Greenland;  both  names 
originated  partly  in  erroneous  views  of  the  crystals  of  the  minerals.  Dianite  is  the  Bodenmais 
columbite,  in  which  v.  Kobell  supposed  he  had  discovered  the  acid  of  a  new  metal,  which  he 
called  dianium. 

No  good  reason  has  been  given  for  substituting  niobium  for  columbium,  and  it  is  contrary  to 
the  scientific  law  of  priority;  but  as  it  is  now  accepted  by  most  chemists  the  common  usage  is 
here  followed. 

Tantalite  was  named  by  Ekeberg,  from  the  mythic  Tantalus,  in  playful  allusion  to  the 
difficulties  (tantalizing)  he  encountered  in  his  attempts  to  make  a  solution  of  the  Finland  mineral 
in  acids.  The  name  was  afterward  extended  to  the  American  mineral  columbite,  and  to  the 
same  from  other  localities;  while  the  name  columbite,  the  metal  columbium  haying  been 
discovered  a  little  prior  to  tantalum,  received  a  similar  extension,  so  as  to  include  all  tantalite. 


736 


NIOBATES,    TANTALATES. 


The  subsequent  discovery  that  tantalum  and  columbium  were  distinct  elements  finally  estab- 
lished them  as  independent  species. 

Ref.—1  On  splendent  crystals  from  Standish,  Me.,  Zs.  Kr.,  12/266,1886;  these  results  differ 
but  little  from  those  of  J.  D.  D.  (1 837)  on  the  Haddam  mineral.  The  form  seems  to  vary  but  little 
with  change  of  composition.  Analyses  1-13  (also  most  and  probably  all  of  14-83)  belong  to  min- 
erals having  the  columbite  habit  and  angles;  even  the  crystals  of  manganotantaliie  of  Arzruni 
(anal.  13,  a  manganese  tantalate)  show  the  planes  a,  b,  c,  I,  k,  u,  n,  and  affords  nearly  the  same 
ratio  (below,  from  ck  =  *19°  19',  bu  =  *50°  80 J')-  It  is  plain,  therefore,  that  skogbolite  and 
ixiolite  cannot  be  included  in  this  series;  their  relation  to  normal  columbite-tantalite  needs  further 
investigation  (cf.  below,  p.  737). 

The  following  axial  ratios  are  interesting  for  comparison,  although  it  is  to  be  noted  that  the 
crystals  seldom  allow  of  accurate  measurements.  The  axes  of  Schrauf,  ref.  '  below,  are  based 
upon  angles  (only  approximate)  from  crystals  of  different  localities  and  are  hence  of  no  value  for 
comparison.  Schrauf  made  u  =  111,  g  =  110,  etc.,  see  list,  p.  737.  Cf.  also  Kk.,  Min.  Russl., 
10,  261,  1891. 


Greenland 
Ilmen  Mts. 
Standish 
Haddam 
Sanarka 


G. 
5-39 
5-57 
5-65 
5-95 
7-3 


Ta2O6 


9-2 
29? 

79-8 


d  : 

b 

c 

0-8292  : 

1 

0-8776 

Dx. 

0-8302  : 

1 

0-8822 

Kk. 

0-8285  : 

1 

0-8898 

E.  S.  D. 

0-8292  : 

-| 

0-8778 

J.  D.  D. 

0-8304  : 

1 

0-8732 

Arz. 

2  J.  D.  D.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  32,  149,  1837,  and  Min.,  p.  370,  1837,  and  App    p.  65-  in  Min 
p.  354,  1854,  the  forms,  530,  740,  035,  are  added  as  doubtful. 

3  Rose,  twins,  Bodenmais,  Pogg.,  64,  171,  1845.     4  Mir.,  Min.,  p.  471,  1852.     5  Dx.,  Green- 
land, Ann.  Mines,  8,  398,   1855.     7  Schrauf,  Greenland,    Ber.  Ak.   Wien,  44  (1),  445,    1861. 
8  Maskelyne,  Montevideo,  Phil.  Mag.,  25,  41,  1863.    9  Pentield,  quoted  by  W.  P.  Blake  Am 
J.  Sc.,  41,  408,  1891. 


526A.  Skogbolite.  A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  Beskr.  Finl.  Min.,  30,  1855.  Tantalit  mit  zimmt- 
braunem  Pulver,  Berzelius.  Tammela-tantalit  N.  Nordenskiold,  Act.  Soc.  Feiin.,  1,  119,  read 
April  25,  1832,  Pogg.,  50,  656,  1840. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  b  :  c  =  0'81696  :  1  :  0'65106. 

100  A  110  =  39°  14|',  001  A  101  =  38°  83f,  001  A  Oil  =  33°  4',  N.  Nordenskiold. 

Forms:  a  (100,  i-i),  b  (010,  i-V),  r  (490,  *-£),  n  (016,  f2),  fi  (Oil,  14),  q  (031,  3-2),  j9  (111,  1), 
9  (322,  |-|),  o  (211,  2-2).  Also  *  (131,  3-3)? 

Angles  :  rr'  =  57°  6',  nri  =  12°  23',  w'  =  66°  8',  qq'  =  125°  47',  pp1  =.*67°  28*' 
pp"  =  91°  38|,  pp"'  =  *53°  58',  99'  =  90°  6',  oo'  =  106°  21*'. 

Measured :  pp"  =  91°  45',  rr'  =  57°  3',  bq  =  29i°  (27°  ,7'  calc.),  nn'  =  12°,  'wf  =  90°, 
oo'  =  110°. 


1. 


Figs.  1,  3,  Skogbolite,  N.  Nd. 
stated  to  be  only  rutile,  cf.  Gdt.,  Index,  3, 
IXIOLITE  A.   E.  Nordenskiold,  Pogg. 


In  prismatic  crystals  (f.  1)  the  angle  of  the 
prism  near  that  of  yttrotantalite  and  samarskite. 

Cleavage  indistinct.  Fracture  uneven.  H.  = 
6-0-6-5.  G.  =  7-8-8-0.  Luster  metallic.  Color 
black.  Opaque.  Streak  blackish  brown  to  cinna- 
mon-brown. 

Comp. — Essentially  FeTa2O«,  a  nearly  pure 
iron  tantalate.  Cf.  anal.  7,  p.  734. 

Obs.— From  Harkasaari  in  Tammela,  Finland, 
associated  with  rose  quartz  and  gigantolite,  in 
albitic  granite.  Also  with  ixiolite  at  Skogbole  in 
Kimito.  This  is  the  mineral  ordinarily  called  tan- 
talite,  and  regarded  as  isomorphous  with,  columbite 
(Rose,  Rg.  et.  al.),  but  in  fact  as  shown  by  the 
author  having  quite  a  different  though  related 
form.  Cf.  ref.  '. 

A  mineral  from  Pisek,  Bohemia,  referred  to 
tantalite  by  Vrba  (Zs.  Kr.,  15,  201,  1889),  is  later 
185,  1891. 


'ogg.,   101,  632,  1857.     Kimito-tantalit  N.  Nordenskiold. 
Ixionolit  F.  J.  Wiik.     Kassiterotantal  Hausm.     Cassitero-tantalite. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  d  :  b  :  c  -  0  5508  .1.1  2460  A.  E.  Nordenskiold. 
100  A  110  =  28°  50f,  001  A  101  =  66°  9f ,  001  A  Oil  =  *51°  15'. 


COLUMBITE  GROUP:   COLUMBITE— TANTALITE. 


787 


Forms:  a  (100,  i-l\  £(010,  i-i),  e  (001,  0);  m  (110,  /),  *  (103,  fi)?  tw.  pi.;  n  (Oil,  l-i), 
<  (031,  8-X),  J?  (HI,  1).  Angles :  mm'"  =  57°  41*',  cs  =  37°  1',  /m'  =  102°  30',  «'  =  150°  3', 
cp  =  *68°  50',  pp'  =  109°  32',  pp'"  =  53°  28'. 

Crystals  rectangular  prisms  (a  b  c),  sometimes  twins  with  s  (103)  as  tw.  pi.  Fracture  uneven 
to  subcouchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  6-6'5.  G.  =  7'0-7'1.  Luster  submetallic.  Color  blackish 
gray  to  steel-gray.  Powder  brown. 

In  composition  a  niobo-tantalate  of  iron  and  manganese,  containing  also  a  small  amount  of 
tin  (anal.  11,  p.  784).  An  analysis  by  Nordenskiold  gave  13  p.  c.  tin  dioxide,  but  this  is  not  con- 
firmed by  Kg.  (Miu.  Ch.,  357,  1875). 

From  SkogbOle  in  Khnito,  Finland.  Named  from  Ixion,  a  mythological  person  related  to 
Tantalus. 

Relation  of  Skogbolite  and  Ixiolite  to  Columbite-tantalite.  That  there  is  a  certain  relation 
between  the  forms  of  columbite  and  the  above  two  kinds  of  tantalite  has  been  shown  by  various 
Authors;  it  is  exhibited  in  the  following  axial  ratios  starting  from  the  axes  of  each  given  above: 


Columbite 
Skogbolite 

Ixiolite 


&  :  b  :     c  =  0-8285  :  1  :  0'8898 
1.      a  :  b  :  fc  =  0'8170  :  1  :  0  8681 


or 


:  a  :     c  -  0-8160  :  1  :  0'7969 
:  a  :     c  =  0'8069  :  1  :  0  7541 


2.    fa  :  b  :  fc  =  0'8262  :  1  :  0  8307 


In  1  under  both  skogbSlite  and  ixiolite  the  occurring  prism  (like  samarskite  in  angle)  has 
the  symbol  (490),  in  2  the  symbol  (320)  or'  columbite — the  symbols  of  the  other  planes  are  in 
general  less  simple,  and  the  value  of  this  comparison  is  doubtful. 

Groth  proposes  to  retain  Schrauf's  position  for  columbite,  while  doubling  the  a  and  c  axes, 
giving  for  columbite  (Stan dish)  and  tantalite-skogbolite: 


Columbite 
Tantalite-skogbOlite 


a  :  b  :  b  =  0'8047  :  1  :  0'7159 
a  :  b  :  b  =  0'8170  :  1  :  0'6511 


The  similarity,  however,  is  more  apparent  than  real,  for  nearly  all  the  prominent  planes  of 
each  species  are  wanting  on  the  other,  and  the  habit  is  very  different— moreover,  true  tantalite 
corresponds  exactly  with  columbite  in  both  habit  and  angle. 

The  following  table  shows  the  planes  of  tantalite-skogb61ite  common  to  columbite  with  the 
symbols  in  the  positions  of  Dana,  Schrauf  and  Groth;  also  the  prominent  planes  of  each  species 
(those  in  parentheses  not  having  been  observed). 


a 

b 
h 

(T 


Also 


m 


Dana. 

100 
010 
203 
213 
233 
263 


110 
130 
103 
111 
133 
121 


(320) 
(109) 
(201) 
(496) 


Columbite 
Schrauf. 
010 
100 
021 
163 
121 
221 


130 
110 
Oil 
131 
111 
231 


(290) 
(013) 
(061) 
(342) 


Groth. 

010 
100 
Oil 
133 
111 
211 


120 
012 
232 
212 
432 


(490) 
(016) 
(031) 
(322) 


Tantalite-skogbolite 

N.  Nd. 

5  010 

a  100      ' 

H  Oil 

p  111 

o  211 


(230) 
(120) 
(012) 
(232) 
(213) 
(432) 


T  '    490 

n  016 

q  031 

v  322 


Ilmenite  Brooke,  Phil.  Mag.,   10,  187,  1831.    Mengit  G.  Rose,  Reis.  Ural,  2, 
83,  1842. 

Occurs  in  short  prisms  terminated  by  a  pyramid.  The  angles  are  nearly  those  of  columbite 
and  Des  Cloizeaux  states  (priv.  contr.)  that  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  it  is  really Qthat  species. 
The  planes  are  then  a,  m,  g,  u\  angles  gg'  =  43°  40',  uu'  =  78°  50',  uu'"  =  29°  28' Brooke 


738 


XIOBATES,    TANTALATES. 


G.  =  5'43.  Color  black.  •  Occurs  in  small  crystals  embedded  in  the  albite  of  the  granite  veins 
in  the  Ilmen  mountains.  Named  mengite,  after  Menge,  the  discoverer  of  the  mineral.  The 
mengite  of  Brooke  is  mouazite. 

HERMANNOLITE  C.  U.  Shepard,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  50,  90,  1870;  11,  140,  1°76.  A  mineral  from 
Haddani,  Conn.,  probably  identical  with  columbite.  Cf.  Hermann,  who  found  in  it  "  hypo- 
tantalic  acid,"  hypoilmenic  acid,  etc.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  13,  386,  1876;  further  Delafontaine,  Am.  J. 
Sc.,  13,  390,  1877,  also  Min.,  5th  Ed.,  3d  App.,  p.  30. 

FERRO-ILMENITE  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  2,  118,  1870.  A  kind  of  columbite  from  Haddam, 
Connecticut. 


527.  TAPIOLITE.      Tapiolit    A.   E.   Nordenskwld,   Ofv.   Ak.    Stockh.,   20,   445,   1863. 
Tantalite  (fr.  Sukula)  Arppe,  Act.  Soc.  Fenn.,  6,  590,  1861. 

Tetragonal.     Axis  6  =  0-6464;  001  A  101  =  32°  52f  Nordenskiold. 

Forms:    a  (100,  »-*);  m  (110,  /);  e  (101,  1-1);  p  (111,  1),  c  (001,  0) 

Angles  :    ee'  =  45°  9',  pp'  =  56°  59V  pp"  =  *84°  52'.     The  form  is  very  near  that  of  rutile, 
cassiterite,  and  zircon. 

Iii  square  octahedrons,  often  monoclinic  in  appearance  by  distortion. 

Cleavage  not   distinct.     H.  =  6.     G.  =  7*36  Nd.;  7'496  Eg.      Luster  strong 
adamantine,  approaching  metallic.     Color  pure  black.     Opaque. 

Comp. — A   tantalate   and   niobate   of  iron,   having  the  same  composition  as 
tantalite,  Fe(Ta,Nb)206  =  (Ta  :  Nb  =  4  :  1),  Tantalum  pentoxide  73-9,  niobium 
pentoxide  ll'l,  iron  protoxide  15*0  =  100. 
Anal.— Rg.,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  181,  1871.    For  earlier  analyses  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  519. 

Ta2O5         Nb2O5          SuO2  FeO  MnO 

G.  =  7-496  73-91  11-22  0'48  14-47  0'81  =  100'89 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  behaves  like  tantalite,  but  gives  no  reaction  for  manganese. 
Obs. — Occurs  near  the  Kulmala  farm,  in  the  village  of  Sukula,  in  the  parish  of  Tammela, 
Finland,  in  white  pegrnatyte  granite,  with  beryl,  tourmaline,  and  arsenopyrite. 
Named  from  an  ancient  Finnish  divinity. 


4.  Samarskite  Group.     Orthorhombic. 

528.  YTTROTANTALITE.  Yttrotantal  Ekeberg,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  23,  80,  1802.  Tantale 
oxide  yttriffcre  H.,  Tr.,  1822.  Yttroilmenit  Herm.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  38,  119,  1846.  Schwarzer 
Yttrotantalit. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  &  :  I  :  c  =  0-54115  :  1  :  1-1330  A.  E.  Nbrdenskiold1. 

100  A  HO  =  28°  25$',  001  A  101  =  64°  28$',  001  A  Oil  =  48°  34'. 
Forms  :    b  (010,  i-i),   c  (001,  0);  o  (210,  £2),  m  (110,  7),  p  (120,  a-2),  q  (150,  t-6);  *  (201,  24); 
ft  (Oil,  1-i). 

Angles:     oo'"  =  30°  17',     mm'"  =  56°  50',    pp'  =  85°  28',     bq  -  *20°  17',     ss'  =  153°  8', 
=  97°  8',     bft  =  *41°  26'. 

Crystals  prismatic,  often  six-sided  with  m,  b  prominent; 
also  tabular  \\  b. 

Cleavage:  b  very  indistinct.  Fracture  small  conchoidal. 
PI.  =  5-5-5.  G.  =  5-5-5-9.  Luster  submetallic  to  vitreous  and 
greasy.  Color  black,  brown,  brownish  yellow,  straw-yellow. 
Streak  gray  to  colorless.  Opaque  to  subtranslucent. 

Comp.— Essentially  RB,(T^Nb)401B  +  4H20,  according  to 

n  in 

Rammelsberg,  with  R  =  Fe,Ca,  E  =  Y,Er,Ce,  etc.     The  water 
may  be  secondary. 

The  so-called  yellow  yttrotautalite  of  Ytterby  and  Kararfvet  belongs  to  fergusonite  (p.  729) 
98  shown  by  Rammelsberg. 

Anal.— 1,  A.  Nd.,  1.  c.     2,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  360,  1875,  also  Pogg.,  150,  200,  187a 


SAMARSKITE  GROUP— SAMARSKITE. 


739 


Ta2O5  Nb2O5 

1.  ~5?56 

2.  G.  =5-425    |  46-25        12-32 


WO3    SnO2    Y2O3    Er2O3  Ce2O3    UO2     FeO     CaO  H2O 

[=  100-66 

3-87       —       19-56       —        —       0-82     8'90     4'27    6'68 
2-36      1-12      10-52     6-71      2'22      1-61      3'80     5'73    6-31 

[=  98-95 


Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  yields  water,  turns  yellow.  On  intense  ignition  both  varieties 
become  white.  B.B.  infusible.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  dissolves  with  at  first  a  separation  of 
a  white  skeleton  of  tautalic  acid,  which  with  a  strong  heat  is  also  dissolved;  gives  a  glass  faintly 
tinted  rose-red  from  the  presence  of  tungsten.  Not  decomposed  by  acids.  Decomposed  on 
fusion  with  potassium  bisulphate,  and  when  the  product  is  boiled  with  hydrochloric  acid  metallic 
zinc  gives  a  pale  blue  color  to  the  solution  which  soon  fades. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  Sweden  at  Ytterby,  near  Vaxholm,  in  red  feldspar;  at  Finbo  and  Broddbo, 
near  Falun,  embedded  in  quartz  and  albite,  associated  with  garnet,  mica,  and  pyrophysalite. 

The  name  yttrotantalite  alludes  to  the  composition.  Tttroilmenite  was  given  to  a  variety  by 
Hermann  upon  the  discovery  in  it  of  his  supposed  new  metal  ilmenium. 

Ref.— *  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  17,  p.  28,  1860,  or  Pogg.,  Ill,  280,  1860. 


529.  SAMARSKITE.  Uranotantal H.  Rose,  Pogg.,  48,  555, 1839.  Samarskit  (Uranniobit), 
H.  Rose,  Pogg.,  71,  157,  1847.  Yttroilmenit  Herm.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  42,  129,  1847,  44,  216,  1848. 
Eytlandite  Adam,  Tabl.  Min.,  31,  1869. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a:b:6  =  0-54565  :  1  :  0-51780  E.  S.  Dana1. 
100  A  110  =  28°  37$',  001  A  101  =  43°  30',  001  A  Oil  =  27°  22|'. 
Forms:    a  (100,    i-i),     b  (010,   i-i);    m  (110,   /),     h  (120,    e-2);    e  (101,    1-i);    p  (111,    1); 
t>  (231,  3-|). 

Angles:  mm'"  =  57°  14',  M  =  *85°,  ee'  =  *87°,  pp'  =  80°  14*',  pp"  =  94°  28', 
pp"'  =  41°  10',  bp  =  69°  25',  m>'  =  91°  33',  bv  =  54°  5V- 

Crystals  rectangular  prisms  (a,  b),  with  e  (101)  prominent, 
also  prismatic  \\  b  by  development  of  e,  sometimes  tabular  ||  a 
or  ||  b.  Faces  rough  and  not  allowing  of  exact  measurement. 
Commonly  massive,  and  in  flattened  embedded  grains. 

Cleavage:  b  imperfect.  Fracture  conchoidaL  Brittle. 
H.  =  5-6.  Gr.  =  5'6-5'8.  Luster  vitreous  to  resinous, 
splendent.  Color  velvet-black.  Streak  dark  reddish  brown. 
Nearly  opaque. 

ii   in  n 

Comp.— K3R2(Nb,Ta)6021  according  to  Rg.,  with  R=Fe,  Ca, 

in 

U02,  etc. ;  E  =  cerium  and  yttrium  metals  chiefly. 

Anal.— 1,  Miss  E.  H.  Swallow,  Proc.  Nat.  Hist.  Bost.,  17,  424,  1875.  Mitchell  Co  N  C 
2,  O.  D.  Allen,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  130,  1877.  3,  J.  L.  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sc., 

13,  362,  1877;     4,  5,  Rg.,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  29,   817,  1877.     6,  Hoffmann,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  475,  1882. 
7,  Koenig,  quoted  by  G.  H.  Williams,  Minerals  of  Baltimore,  1887. 


G. 

1.  N.  Carolina       5755 

2.  " 

572 

5-839 


18-20 


8. 
4. 

5.  Miask 

6.  Canada 


14-36 

5-672       §    — 
4-95  — 

7.  Baltimore  5-96-6-20  — 

•YO. 


TaaO,  NbaO6  SnO2,WO,  UO3   Ce2O8(Di2La2)O3  Y2O3   Er2Os  FeO    MnO  CaO  H2O 

54-96  0-16         9-91 UO       5'17  CeO        12  84»     —       14'02    0'91    0'52b    0'66 

[insol.  fr.  cerium  oxalate  1'25  =  100-40 

37-50       0-08       12-54  4'17  14'48       —       1075    0-78    0'55     1'12 

1=  100-17 

55-13       031        10-96  4'24  14'49       —       1174    l'53b     —     072 

[=  99-12 
41-07       0-16       10-90  2-37  6'10     10'80    14'61      —       —       — 

[Ti02  0-56  (SiOa)  =  100'93 
55-34       022       11-94  4'33  8'80       3'82    14'30     —       —       — 

[TiO2  1-08  =  99-83 
55-41       O'lO       10-75  478  14'34  4'83    0'51    5'38       - 

[MgO  0-11,  Na2O  0-23,  K,O  0'39,  H2O  2'21  =  99  04 

56'40«        —         13-48  UOa      3'85  11'90.         8'98      -       —      0'30 

[FeaO3  1-66,  A12O3  2'00  =-  98'5? 
b  MgO.  '  Sp.  grav.  577. 


Examination  of  the  earths  contained  in  samarskite  from  North  Carolina:    J.  L.  Smith 


740  NIOBATES,    TANTALATES. 

("  mosandrum"),  C.  R ,  87,  146,  148,  831,  1878.  Delafontaiue  (terbium),  Bibl  Univ.  61  273 
1878;  id.  (decipium,  phillipium),  ib.,  3,  246,  250,  1880;  C.  R.,  93,  63.  1881.  Same  subject  dis- 
cussed by  Mariguac,  Bibl.  Univ.,  3,  413,  1880;  Roscoe,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  41,  277,  1882. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  glows  like  gadolinite,  cracks  open,  and  turns 
black,  and  is  of  diminished  density.  B.B.  fuses  on  the  edges  to  a  black  glass.  With  borax  in 
O.F.  gives  a  yellowish  green  to  red  bead,  in  R.F.  a  yellow  to  greenish  black,  which  on  flaming 
becomes  opaque  and  yellowish  brown.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  in  both  flames  an  emerald-green 
bead.  With  soda  yields  a  manganese  reaction.  Decomposed  on  fusion  with  potassium  bisul- 
phate,  yielding  a  yellow  mass  which  on  treatment  with  dilute  hydrochloric  acid  separates  white 
tautalic  acid,  aud  on  boiling  with  metallic  zinc  gives  a  fine  blue  color.  Samarskite  in  powder  is 
also  sufficiently  decomposed  on  boiling  with  concentrated  sulphuric  acid  to  give  the  blue  reduc- 
tion test  when  the  acid  fluid  is  treated  with  metallic  zinc  or  tin. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  reddish  brown  feldspar,  with  crystallized  seschynite  and  columbite  (and 
sometimes  in  parallel  position  with  the  latter)  in  the  Ilmeu  mountains,  near  Miask  in  the  Ural. 
The  largest  pieces  met  with  were  of  the  size  of  hazel-nuts. 

In  the  United  States,  rather  abundant  and  sometimes  in  large  masses,  up  to  20  Ibs.,  at  the 
Wiseman  mica  mine  in  Mitchell  Co.,  N.  Carolina,  it  is  intimately  associated  with  columbite; 
also  at  the  Grassy  Creek  mine,  Mitchell  Co.,  and  in  McDowell  Co.  Sparingly  at  Middletown, 
Conn.;  also  at  Jones  Falls,  Baltimore,  Md. ;  a  related  mineral  in  Colorado  (see  below).  Also  in 
Berthier  Co.,  Quebec,  Canada: 

Named  after  the  Russian,  v.  Samarsld. 

Alt. — An  altered  samarskite  from  Mitchell  Co.,  N.  C.,  called  "euxenite"  by  Smith  has 
yielded  the  following  results:  1,  Smith,  1.  c.  2,  W.  H.  Seamon,  Ch.  News,  46,  205,  1882. 

Nb2O5  SnO2,WO3   UO3   Y2O,  Ce2O3  (Di,La)2O3      CaO      FeO     MnO    H2O 

G.  =  4-62  54-12  0  21  9'53  27lO  5'53  0'31  0'08  5'70 

[=  99-58 

G.  =4-33  47-09  0*40  15'15  13-.46  1'40  4'00  1-53  7'09  —  955 

[=  99-67 

Ref.— '  No.  Carolina,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  11,  201,  1876. 

A  mineral  related  to  samarskite  has  been  found  in  the  granitic  debris  of  Devil's  Head  Mt., 
Douglas  Co..  Colorado.  In  small  fragments  up  to  the  size  of  a  chestnut,  with  faint  suggestions 
of  a  crystalline  form.  Fracture  subcouchoidal.  Very  brittle.  H.  =  5'5-6.  G.  =  618. 
Luster  vitreous.  Color  pitch-black,  pale  brown  in  thin  splinters.  Streak  dirty  brown. 
Slightly  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid.  B.B.  becomes  dull  but  does  not  fuse.  Composition 
given  in  1.  Another  sample  (anal.  2)  had  a  salmon-colored  streak;  a  third  (3)  seemed  to  be  much 
altered.  Analyses,  W.  F.  Hillebraud,  Proc.  Col.  Sc.  Soc.,  3,  38,  1888. 

Nb2O6  Ta2O6  WO,  SnO,  ZrO,  UO2    ThOa  Ce2O,  (Di,La)2O3  Er2O,  Y2O3  Fe2O3  Xb  H2O 

1.  2777  2703  2'25  0'95  2'29»  4'02      3'64      0'54  1'80           10'71      6'41      8'77  2'55  1'58  =  100'31 

2.  26-16  28-11  2-08  1'09  2'60»  4'22      3  60      0'49  2'12           1070      5  96     872  2  60  1'30  =    9975 

3.  27-56  19-34  5  51  0'82  3'10a  6'20»    3'19      0'41  1'44             9'82      5"64     8'90  4'31  3'94  =  lOO'lS 

11  Incl.  some  TiO2.  b  UO3. 

•  In  1,  X  =  FeO  0'32    MnO  078    ZnO  0'05    PbO  072    CaO  0'27    MgO    —     K2O  0'17    (Na,Li)2O  0'24 

2,  X  =  0-35  0 75  007  0"80  0'33  0 13  0'17 

3,  X=  0-39  077  1-07  1'61  O'll  0^36 

NOHLITE  A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  G.  F6r.  Forh.,  1,  7,  1872. 

Massive.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  4  5-5*0.  G.  =  5'04.  Luster  vitreous.  Color 
black- brown.  Streak  brown.  Opaque.  Analysis: 

Nb2O6  50-43,  ZrO2  2'96,  UO  14'43,  Ya(Era)O3  14'36,  Ce2O3  0-25,  FeO  8 -09,  CaO  4'67. 
MnO,MgO  0-28,  CuO  Oil,  H2O  4  62  =  100'20. 

B.B.  fuses  quietly  on  the  edges  to  a  dull  glass.  Decrepitates  slightly  in  giving  off  its  water. 
With  borax  easily  dissolved,  giving  a  bead  colored  by  uranium.  Easily  decomposed  by  warm 
sulphuric  acid. 

Found  in  a  feldspar  quarry  at  Nohl,  near  Kongelf,  Sweden.  One  fragment,  weighing  297 
grams,  seemed  to  be  a  portion  of  a  mass  at  least  20  times  as  great. 

VIETINGHOFITE  v.  LomoTiosov — Damour,  Bull.  Ac.  St.  Pet.,  23,  463,  1877. 

Essentially  a  ferruginous  variety  of  samarskite.  Amorphous.  H.  —  5*5-6.  G.  =  5'53. 
Color  black,  dull.  Streak  brown.  Luster  submetallic.  Easily  decomposed  by  H2SO4.  An 
analysis  by  Damour  gave: 

Nb2Os5100,  TiO2l-84,  ZrO2  0'96,  UaO8  8'85,  Y203  6'57,  Ce2(Di,La)2O3  1'57,  FeO  23-00, 
MnO  2-67,  MgO  0'83,  igu.  1*80  =  99'09.  Locality  near  Lake  Baikal,  eastern  Siberia. 


SAMARSKITE  GROUP:   ANNERODITE—  HIELMITE.  741 

530.  ANNERODITE.     W.  C.  Brogger,  G.  For.  Fork.,  5,  354,  1881.     Aannerddite. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  b  —  0-82572  :  1  :  0-89434  Brogger. 

100  A  HO  =  39°  32f  '  ,  001  A  101  =  47°  17',  001  A  Oil  =  41°  48J'. 

Forms  :  c   (001,  0)  g  (130,  a-  3)  e  (021,  24)  u  (133,  l-§) 

(loa  H)  ,  (in    1}  .   (263,  2-3) 

n  (163,  2-6) 


gg1 

6 


22"'       =  52°  43'  kk  =     39°  42'  en     =  61°  16'  .    uu'"  =    80°    8*' 

mm'"  =  79°     6'  *?'  =  121°  35'  oo'    —  77°  50'              ss'"  =  110°  49' 

=  43°  58'  be  =  *29°  12£'  tw'  =  30°     7f            «0  =51°     5' 

=  *21°  59'  co  =     54°  33'  ss'     =  38°  49'              a/3  =61°  42*' 

-  20°  28'  c^  =    43°  58'  00'"  =  62°  29'             au  =     74°  56' 


Twins:  tw.  pi.  z  (530)  ;  also  e  (021).  In  prismatic  crystals  of  varied  habit, 
often  closely  resembling  columbite;  planes  sometimes  developed  according  to 
monoclinic  symmetry.  In  angles  near  columbite,  also  polycrase.  Many  crystals 
often  grouped  in  parallel  position,  thus  forming  an  apparently  single  crystal  of 
considerable  size. 

Fracture  subcouchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  6.  G.  =  5-7  of  anhydrous  crystals. 
Luster  submetallic  to  greasy  submetallic.  Color  black.  Streak  dark  blackish 
brown  to  brownish  or  greenish  gray.  Opaque,  or  translucent  in  very  thin  splinters 

Comp.—  Essentially  a  pyro-niobate  of  uranium  and  yttrium;  formula  doubtful, 
the  water  is  probably  not  essential. 
Anal.—  C.  W.  Blomstrand. 

CbaO6  SnO2  ZrO2  SiO2  ThO2  CeaO,  Y2O3    UO    PbO  FeO   MnO  CaO  MgO  K2O  Na2O  AlaO,   HaO 
48-13     0  16     1-97     2-51    2'37      2'56      7'10    16'28    2'40    3'38    0'20     3'35    0'15     0'16     0'32      0'28       8'19  =  99'51 

Neglecting  the  silica,  the  formula  calculated  by  Blomstrand  is  R2Nb2O7  +  2|H2O,  which 
makes  it  nearly  identical  with  samarskite,  and  also  to  the  less  certain  nohlite  (p.  740),  except  in 
the  water;  Brogger,  however,  shows  that  the  water  is  not  essential,  but  is  due  to  a  partial  altera- 
tion which  is  accompanied  by  a  lowering  of  the  hardness  (to  4'5)  and  specific  gravity  (to  4'28), 
and  a  loss  of  luster.  A  crystal  with  G.  =  5*7  showed  only  a  trace  of  water.  The  mineral  is 
consequently  hardly  to  be  separated  from  samarskite  in  composition,  but  it  is  different  in  form. 

Pyr.  —  Fuses  B.B.  with  difficulty.  Brogger  remarks  that  annerodite  (also  euxenite  and 
polycrase)  bears  much  the  same  relation  to  columbite  that  samarskite  does  to  tantalite  (skogbolite), 
the  two  last  being  very  near  in  form,  as  are  annerodite  and  columbite. 

Obs.  —  From  the  pegmatyte  vein  at  Annerod,  near  Moss,  Norway,  where  it  is  associated 
with  monazite,  alvite  (p.  487),  apatite,  magnetite,  beryl,  topaz,  and  other  minerals. 

531.  HIELMITE.  Hjelmit  A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  17,  34,  1860,  Pogg., 
Ill,  279,  286,  1860. 

Orthorhombic.      Axes  d  :  I  :  6  =  0-4645  :  1  :  1*0264  WeibulP. 

100  A  HO  =  24°  54£',  001  A  101  =  65°  39',  001  A  Oil  =  45°44f'  . 

Forms  :    m  (110,  1  ),    p  (230,  i-  \\     r  (101,  1-i),     q  (201,  24). 

Angles  :  mm'"  =  49°  50',  pp'  =  69°  44',  rr'  =  131°  18',  qqf  =  154°  30',  qtf"  =  *25°  30'. 
mq  =  *27°  48'. 

Crystals  usually  rough  and  indistinct.     Massive,  without  apparent  cleavage. 
H.  =  5.     G.  —  5-82.     Luster  metallic.     Color  pure  black.     Streak  grayish  black. 

Comp.  —  A  stanno-tantalate  (and  niobate)  of  yttrium,  iron,  manganese,  calcium; 
formula  doubtful. 

Anal.  3  gives  4RO.3Ta2O5.2H2O,  but  the  material  was  considerably  altered. 
Anal.—  1,  Nd.,  I.e.     2,  Rg.,  Ber.  Ch.  Ges.,  926,  1870.     3,  4,  M.  Weibull,  G.  For.  F5rh.,  9, 
371,  1887. 


742 


NIOBATES,   TANTALATES. 


G. 

5-82 
5655 


Ta205  Nb2O5     W03  SnO2 

62-42  6-56  4' 87 

54-52         16-35    0  28     4'60  4'51 

72-16  3-63    0-91      1-12  — 


UO2     Y2O3   Ce2O,  FeO   MnO   CaO    MgO  H2O 
5-19 


1-07    8-06    3-32    4'26    0'26     326 

[CuO  010  =  99-37 
1-81      0-48    2-41     5-68    4'05    0'45    4'57 


2-08 


[=  99-71 
—     2-21     6-19    0-60    2-23 


75-66 


2-12          2'34»     1-65 
aU03. 


0-40      — 


[PbO  0-21  =  98-70 
2-55    6'79    0-45      — 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates  and  yields  water.  B.B.  infusible,  but  turns 
brown  in  O.F.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  easily  dissolved  to  a  bluish  green  glass.  With  borax 
dissolves  to  a  clear  glass,  which  remains  unchanged  on  llaming.  With  soda  on  charcoal  gives 
metallic  spangles  (Noideuskiold). 

Obs.— From  the  Kararfvet  mine,  near  Falun,  Sweden,  along  with  garnet,  pyrophysalite; 
gadolinite,  asphaltum,  in  a  pegmatyte  granite. 

Named  for  the  Swedish  chemist,  P.  J.  Hjelm  (1746-1813). 

Ref.— *  G.  For.  Forh.,  9,  371,  1887. 


JEschynite  Group.     Orthorhombic. 

532.  JESCHYNITE.     ^Eschynit  Berz.,  JR.,  9,  195,  1828.     Dystomes  Melan-Erz  Mohs, 
Min  ,  459,  1839. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  b  :  6  =  0 -48665  :  1  :  0-67366  KoksharoV. 
100  A  HO  =  25°  57',  001  A  101  —  54°  9f,  001  A  Oil  =  33°  58'.' 

Forms1 :  c    (001,  0)  t  (350,  z-f)3  n  (130,  t-3)a  «  (021,  24) 

b  (010,  i-i)  m  (110,  1)  r  (120,  i-2)  d  (101,  14)2  o  (111,  1) 


mm!"  =  *51°  54' 
It'         =  101°  54$' 
rr>       =    91°  33' 


nri  =  68°  49' 
dd"  =  108°  19' 
wf  =  106°  50' 


bv  =  *36°  35' 
mo  =  33°  0' 
w>  =  51°  44' 


oo'  =  97°  53' 
00"  =  113°  59' 
00'"  =  43°  3V 


Miask,  Kk. 


Crystals  prismatic,  vertically  striated;  also  tabular  ||  b  with  c,  n 
prominent,  b  striated  horizontally. 

Cleavage:  a  in  traces(P).  Fracture  small  conchoidal.  Brittle. 
H.  =  5-6.  G.  =  4-93  Hittero,  Bgr. ;  5-118  Miask,  Kk.;  5-168  Rg. 
Luster  submetallic  to  resinous,  nearly  dull.  Color  nearly  black, 
inclining  to  brownish  yellow  when  translucent.  Streak  gray  or 
yellowish  brown,  almost  black.  Subtranslucent  to  opaque. 

Gomp. — A  niobate  and  titanate  (thorate)  of  the  cerium  metals 
chiefly,  also  in  small  amount  iron,  calcium,  etc.  Rammelsberg 

calculates  R2Nb4013.R2(Ti,Th)50J3. 

Anal.— 1,  Mgc.,  Bibl.  Univ.,   29,  282,  1867.     2,  Rg.,   Zs.   G.  Ges.,  29,  815, 
1877,  Min.  Ch.  Erg.,  2,  1886.     Earlier  analyses  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  522. 


Nb2O5    TiO2 

1.  G.  =  5-23      £  51-45* 

2.  G.  =  5-168        32-51         21-20 


ThO2     SnO2    Ce2O3      La2(Di2)O3  Y2O3,(Er2O3)  FeO    CaO 
15-75      0-18      18-49  5'60  1-12  317    2'75 

fign.  1-07  =  99-58 

17-55        —  19-41  3-10  3-34    2'50 

[=  99-61 

a  Also  |  Nb2O5  57-6,  TiO2  42'4  =  100,  or  Nb2O6  29'64,  TiO2  21  81  =  51*45. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  open  tube  yields  water  and  traces  of  fluorine.  B.B.  in  the  forceps  swells 
up  and  changes  its  color  from  black  to  a  rusty  brown.  In  borax  dissolves  easily  in  O.F.,  giviug 
a  yellow  bead  while  hot,  and  on  cooling  becomes  colorless;  in  R.F.  with  tin  gives  a  blood-red 
bead.  More  difficultly  soluble  in  salt  of  phosphorus;  with  a  small  amount  of  the  assay  gives  a 
colorless  bead,  while  with  a  larger  quantity  there  separates  a  white  substance  which  clouds  the 
be'ad;  in  R.F. ,  with  tin  on  charcoal,  yields  an  amethystine  glass  (Berzelius).  Decomposed  on 
fusion  with  potash;  yields  reactions  similar  to  those  mentioned  under  euxeuite  (Kobell).  It  is 
also  sufficiently  decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid  to  show  the  reduction  test  with  zinc. 


jESCHYNITE  GROUP— POLYMIGNITE. 


743 


Obs.— From  Miask  in  the  Ilmen  Mts.,  in  feldspar  with  mica  and  zircon;  also  with  euclase 
In  the  gold  sands  of  the  Orenburg  District,  Southern  Ural.  From  Hittero,  Norway  (Bgr.,  1.  c.) 
in  a  pegmatyte  vein.  In  the  granite  of  Konigshain,  Silesia. 

Named  from  tiia-xvvrf,  shame,  by  Berzelius,  in  allusion  to  the  inability  of  chemical  science, 
at  the  time  of  its  discovery,  to  separate  some  of  its  constituents. 

Ref.— i  Min  Russl.,  3,  384,  1858;  see  also  earlier,  Brooke,  Phil.  Mag.,  10,  188,  1831;  Rose, 
Reis.  Ural,  2,  70,  1842;  Dx.,  Ann.  Mines,  2,  349,  1842;  and  later,  Bgr.,  Zs.  Kr.,  3,  481,  1879. 
Bgr.  obtained  for  Hittero  crystals,  a :  b  :  c  —  0'4816  :  1  :  0'6725. 


Bgr.,  Hittero,  1.  c.     3  Woitschach,  Konigshain,  Abh.  Ges.  Gorlitz,  17,  182,  1881. 


533.  POLYMIGNITE.    Berzelius,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  338,  1824. 

Ortliorhombic.     Axes  &  :  1 :  6  =  0-71213  :  1  :  0'5120?  Brogger1. 
100  A  110  =  35°  27$',  001  A  101  =  35°  43f,  001  A  Oil  =  27°  7'. 


Forms1  : 
a  (100,  *-*) 
b  (010,  i-i) 


c    (001,  0) 
I    (210,  i-2) 
m  (110,  /) 


s  (120,  i-2) 
t  (140,  i-l) 


v  (232,  |-{) 
o  (131,  3-3) 


The  pyramid  p  (111)  corresponds  nearly  in  angle  to 
u  (133)  of  columbite. 


U'" 

._. 

39° 

12' 

PP" 

— 

*45° 

9' 

wf"  — 

63° 

54' 

mm'" 

_ 

70° 

55' 

PP'" 

— 

82° 

52^' 

00'     = 

42° 

50' 

«f 



70° 

9' 

& 

= 

59° 

23' 

oo"  = 

102° 

33^ 

tt? 

— 

38° 

41' 

vv" 

— 

92' 

55' 

00"'  = 

118° 

57' 

PP' 

= 

*65' 

.14*' 

Figs.  1, 2,  Norway;  1,  Rose;  2,  Bgr. 


Crystals  slender  prisms,  vertically  striated. 

Cleavage:  a,  b  in  traces.     Fracture  perfect  conchoidal. 


H.  =  6-5.     G.=  4*77 


-4'85.     Luster  submetallic,  brilliant.     Color  black.     Streak  dark  brown.    Opaque. 
Comp.  —  A  niobate  and  titanate  (zirconate)  of  the  cerium  metals,  iron,  calcium. 
Brogger  calculates  5RTi03.5RZr03.R(Nb,Ta)206. 
Anal.—  Blomstraud,  quoted  by  Brogger: 


Nb3O6  Ta2O5 
11-99      1-35 


Zr02 
29  71 


Ti03 
18-90 


Th02    SnO2(Y,Er)2O3Ce2O3(La,Di)2O3  Fe203  FeO    CaO  H2O 
3-92     0-15        2-26         5'91         5'13         7'85a  3'40b  7'14e  0'28 

[PbOO'39,  Alk.  1-36  =  100-91 

Incl.  0-19  A12O3.  b  Incl.  1'32  MnO.  c  Incl.  MgO  0'16. 


An  early  incomplete  analysis  was  made  by  Berzelius,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  339, 1824  (5th  Ed., 
p.  524). 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  infusible,  and  unchanged  in  color.  With  borax  dissolves  readily,  giving 
an  iron  bead;  with  more  of  the  assay  becomes  brownish  yellow  on  flaming,  and  opaque  on 
cooling;  with  tin  in  R.F.  turns  reddish  yellow.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  not  easily  acted  upon, 
gives  a  reddish  tinge  in  R.F.,  which  is  unchanged  by  tin.  With  soda  shows  traces  of  manganese 
(Berzelius).  The  powdered  Fredriksvarn  mineral,  heated  with  concentrated  sulphuric  acid, 
gives  a  whitish  residue,  which,  treated  with  hydrochloric  acid  and  tin-foil,  gives  a  beautiful 
azure-blue  color,  indicating,  as  under  poly  erase,  the  presence  of  some  other  metallic  acid  in 
addition  to  titanic,  which  of  itself  gives  only  a  violet  color.  The  dilute  acid  solution  gives  with 
turmeric  paper  the  orange  color  characteristic  of  zirconia. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Fredriksvarn  and  on  the  island  of  Svenor,  in  Norway,  with  feldspar, 
zircon-elaeolite,  pyrochlore,  magnetite.  Its  crystals  sometimes  exceed  an  inch  in  length. 
Reported  from  Moravia;  also  by  Shepard  as  occurring  at  Beverly,  Mass. 

Ref.—1  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  387,  1890.  Earlier  Rose,  Pogg.,  6,  506,  1826.  If  the  axes  a  and  i  are 
interchanged  the  axial  ratios  of  polymignite  and  aeschynite  are  closely  similar,  the  pyramid  p 
corresponding  too;  the  forms  are  hence  very  near  and  the  two  may  be  the  same  species,  as  sug- 
gested by  Fraukenheim,  Pogg.,  91,  372,  1855,  and  later  Rammelsberg. 


744 


NIOBA  TE8,    TA  NT  A  LA  TES. 


534.  EUXENITE.     Euxenit  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  5O,  149,  1840,  72,  566,  1847. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  d  :  b:  c  =  0-364  :  1  :  0-303  Groth1. 

100  A  HO  =  20°  0',  001  A  101  =  39°  46',  001  A  Oil  =  16°  51'. 
Forms1  :  a  (100,  i-i),  b  (010,  i-i);  m  (110,  /);  d  (201,  2-1);  p  (111,  1). 
Angles:  mm'"  =  *40°  0',  M  =  *118°  0',  pp'  =  77°  4',  pp'"  =  26°  12'. 

Crystals  rare.     Commonly  massive. 

Cleavage  none.  Fracture  subconchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  6*5. 
G.  =  4-6.0  Jolster,  Scheerer;  4'73-4'76  Tvedestrand,  id.; 
4-94-4-99,  ib.,  Breith.;  4-89-4-99  Alve,  Forbes;  4-96,  Chydenius. 
Luster  brilliant,  metallic-vitreous,  or  somewhat  greasy.  Color 
brownish  black ;  in  thin  splinters  a  reddish  brown  translucence 
lighter  than  the  streak.  Streak-powder  yellowish  to  reddish 
brown. 

Comp. — A  niobate  and   titanate  of  yttrium,  erbium,  cerium, 

m  in 

Groth.  and  uranium;  formula  (Rg.)  probably  R(Nb03)3.R2(Ti03)3.fH20. 

Euxenite  contains  the  rare  element  germanium  in  small  amount,  cf. 
KrUss,  Ber.  Ch.  Ges.,  21,  131,  1888. 

Anal.— 1-3,  Kg.,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  428,  1871.     4,  Jehn,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Jena,  1871. 

G.          Nb2O6    TiO2    Y2O3  Er2O3  Ce2O3  UO2   FeO    CaO    H2O 


1.  Alve  5-00 

2.  Mo/efjar  4'672 

3.  Eydland  5'103 

4.  HitterO 


35-09 
34-59 
33'39 


21-16 
23-49 
20-03 


27-48 
16-63 
14-60 


3-40 
9-06 
7-30 


3-17  4-78 
2-26  8-55 
3-50  12-12 


1-38 
3-49 
3-25 


f  18-37    34-96    13-20      —     8-43    7-75*  2'54    1'63 


2-63  -    99-09 
3-47  =  101-54 
2'40K2O,Na2O  0'83 
[=  98-77 

2-87AUO35-41,MgO 
[3-92  -  99-08 


On  the  absorption-spectra  of  rare  earths  in  euxenite  see  Krilss  and  Nilsou,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh., 
44,  378,  1887. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  infusible.  Dissolves  in  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus,  giving  a  yellow  bead 
while  hot;  with  salt  of  phosphorus  shows  a  yellowish  green  (uranium  reaction)  on  cooling,  if 
sufficiently  saturated  (Scheerer).  When  decomposed  by  fusion  with  caustic  potash,  and  subse- 
quently treated  with  water,  and  this  solution  neutralized  with  hydrochloric  acid,  it  gives  a 
precipitate,  which,  boiled  with  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid  and  tin-foil,  gives  a  clear  sapphire- 
blue  fluid,  which  changes  to  an  olive-green,  and  finally  bleaches.  If  the  residue  of  the  fusion 
after  leaching  is  treated  with  hydrochloric  acid  and  boiled  with  tin-foil  it  yields  on  dilution  a  pale 
rose-red  color  (Kobell).  The  mineral  is  sufficiently  attacked,  on  evaporation  with  sulphuric 
acid,  to  give  a  whitish  residue,  which,  treated  with  metallic  zinc  or  tin,  affords  the  characteristic 
blue  reduction  test. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Jolster  in  Norway,  embedded  in  feldspar  and  sometimes  in  scaly  mica,  the 
largest  crystals  2  in.  long  and  •£  in.  wide,  but  usually  much  smaller;  also  near  Tvedestrand;  at 
Alve,  Trom5,  near  Arendal;  at  Morefjar,  near  Naskileu;  also  Hittero. 

Named  by  Scheerer  from  ev^ero1^,  friendly  to  strangers,  hospitable,  in  allusion  to  the  rare 
elements  it  contains. 

Ref. — '  Arendal,  Min.-Sarnml.  Strassburg,  255,  1878;  the  measurements  are  approximate 
only,  but,  agree  fairly  well  with  Breith.  and  Kjerulf  (see  Zs.  Kr.,  3,  483,  1879);  not,  however, 
with  Dahll  (Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.,  1,  63,  1855)  who  gives  a  prism  of  54°,  a  macroclome  (?•)  of  129° 
(ar  —  25°  30')  and  a  pyramid  a,  ba  =  73°. 


535.  POLYCRASE.    Polykras  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  62,  430,  1844. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  d  :  I  :  6  =  0-3462  :  1  :  0-3124  Brogger1. 

100  A  HO  =  19°  5} ',  001  A  101  =  42°  3f,  001  A  Oil  =  17°  21'. 


Forms' : 
a  (100,  i-i) 
b  (010,  *-*) 


c  (001,  0)8 
m  (110,  /) 
u  (101,  14)* 


d  (201,  2-1) 
q  (301,  3-i) 


2(011,  1-i)9 
« (111,  D 


z  (121,  2-2)« 
r(131,  3-3) 


mm'"  =  38°  li 
II  ~  34°  42' 
dd'  =  122°  1' 


qq'  =  139°  27' 
ss'    =  *81°  29' 

ss"  =     87°  2Hr 


ss"'  =     26°    7' 
8b    =  *76*  56*' 
zz'    =    74°  51' 


zz"  =  95°  19 
zz'"  =  49°  46' 
rr'"  =  69°  40' 


jESCHYNITE  GROUP— POLYCRASE. 


745 


Crystals  thin  prismatic,  tabular  ||  //. 

Cleavage  none.  Fracture  conchoidal. 
Brittle.  H.  -  =  5-6.  G.  =  4-97-5-04. 
Luster  vitreous  to  resinous.  Color  black, 
brownish  in  splinters.  Streak  grayish 
brown. 

romp. — A   niobate    and    titanate   of 

yttrium,  erbium,  cerium,  uranium,  like 

in 
euxenite.       Formula    (Rg.)    B(NbO,),. 

in 
2R(Ti03)3.3H20. 

Hidden  and  Mackintosh  deduce  from  anal. 
4.  5:  Nb205  :  TiOa  :  RO  :  H2O  =  1:2:  1£  •  f 
or  (uniting  H2O  and  RO)  10RO.Nb2O5.5TiO2. 


1,  Norway,  Scheerer.     2,  3,  Marietta,  H. 


Scandium  is  prominent  in  the  spectrum  of  the  American  polycrase  (Rowland). 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Rg.,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  425,  1871.  3,  Blomstrand,  Minuesskrift  Sallsk.  Lim<\ 
No.  3,  p.  19,  1878.  4,  5,  Hidden  &  Mackintosh,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  41,  423,  1891.  Also  earlier  anals., 
ib.,  39,  302,  1890. 

G.      Nb2O6  Ta2O6  TiO2    Y2O3  Er2O8  Ce2O3  UO2    FeO    H2O 

1.  Hittero  cryst.  2035    4'00    26'59    23'32    7'53    2'61     7'70    2'72    4'02=98'84 

2.  "       mass.  4'972      25'16      —     29'09    2362    8'84    2'94    5'62    0'45    3'00=98'72 

3.  Sliittakra  4'98    f  22'82      —      25'24    13'06    6'45    3'07    8'45    2'76    4-71    ThO2 

[3-51,  SnO2  0-55,  Xa  lO'Ol  =  100'63 

19-48      _     29-31     27-55b     —       —    13'77d  2'87    5-18=98-16 
19-37      —      28-51     21-23C     —       —    19'47d  2 '47    4'46Xe2'45 

[=  97-96 

a  X  =  SiO2  3-33,  A12O3  0'60,  MnO  0  60,  PbO  0'92,  CaO  3'53.  MgO  0*22.  K2O  0-52,  Na2O  0-29. 
b  At.  wght.  112.     cDo.H4-l.     dUO8.     «X=PbOO  46,  CaO  0  68,  SiO2 1'Ol,  Fe2O30-18,  insol.0'12. 


4.  Henderson  Co.,  N.  C. 

5.  Greenville  Co.,  S.  C. 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  and  gives  traces  of  water.  B.B.  in  the  forceps 
glows,  and  turns  to  a  light  grayish  brown  color,  but  is  infusible.  Soluble  in  borax,  giving  in 
O.F.  a  clear  yellow  bead,  which  in  R.F.  with  tin  turns  brown.  In  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  a 
clear  yellow  glass,  which  on  cooling  is  greenish;  in  R.F.  the  color  becomes  darker.  With  soda 
110  reaction  for  manganese,  and  on  charcoal  no  metallic  particles.  Decomposed  by  evaporation 
with  concentrated  sulphuric  acid;  the  product,  treated  with  hydrochloric  acid,  gives  on  boiling 
with  metallic  zinc  or  tin  a  deep  azure-blue  solution  which  does  not  fade.  The  dilute  solution 
gives  a  deep  orange  to  turmeric  paper  (zirconia). 

Obs.— From  Hittero,  Norway,  in  crystals  \  to  U  in.  long,  in  granite  with  gadolinite  and 
orthite;  at  Slattakra,  parish  of  Alsheda,  Smaland,  Sweden;  also  near  Dresden. 

In  the  U.  States,  occurs  in  well-formed  prismatic  crystals  (G.  =  4'724-4'78)  in  N.  Carolina, 
in  the  gold- washings  on  Davis  laud,  Henderson  Co.,  with  zircon,  monazite,  xenotime,  magnetite; 
the  crystals  are  altered  on  the  exterior  to  a  yellow  substance  resembling  gummite.  Also  in 
S.  Carolina,  four  miles  from  Marietta  in  Greenville  Co.  (G.  —  4'925-5'038),  about  twenty  miles 
from  the  N.  Carolina  locality. 

Named  from  TtoXvS,  many,  and  KpacrtS,  mixture. 

N.  B.  Moller  makes  the  so-called  polycrase  of  Brevik  certainly,  and  that  of  HitterO  probably, 
identical  with  polymignite  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  69,  318,  1856). 

Ref. — l  Zs.  Kr. ,  3,  484,  1879,  the  angles  make  no  great  claim  to  accuracy;  Scheerer,  1.  c., 
obtained  earlier  pp'"  —  28°,  mm'"  =  40°.  *  Hidden  &  Mackintosh,  Am.  J.  Be.,  39,  302,  1890, 
and  41,  423,  1891;  the  crystals  described  showed  some  irregularity  in  the  distribution  of  the 
planes,  suggesting  hemimorphism;  apparent  twins  are  mentioned  with  d  (201)  and  I  (Oil),  also 
u  (101)  as  twinniug-plaues. 


APPENDIX  TO  NIOBATES,  TANTALATES. 

ARRHENITE  Nordenskiold;  Engstrom,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Upsala,  1877. 

A  heterogeneous  decomposition-product  looking  like  red  feldspar;  occurs  with  fergusonite 
and  cyrtolite  at  Ytterby,  Sweden.     G.  =  3  68.     Analysis: 

Ta2O5  Nb2O5  SiO2    ZrO2  Fe2O3  A12O3  Ce2(Di2,La2)O3  Y2O3    EraO8   CaO    BeO    H2O 
21-28    2-67    17-65     3'42     1*87      3 -88  2'59  22'06     ll'lO    5'22    0'74    6'87  =  100-35 


746  NIOBATES,   TANTALATES. 

BLOMSTRANDITE  Lindstrom,  G.  For.  Forh.,  2,  162,  1874. 

Massive.     H.  =  5  -5.      G.  =  4-17-4'25.     Luster   vitreous.     Color   black.     Powder  coffee- 
brown.     Opaque,  only  translucent  in  very  thin  splinters. 
Analyses: 

Nb2Q6  Ta2O6    TiO2     UO      FeO  CaO    H2O  MgO  MnO 
I.  49-76  10-71    23-68    3'33    3'45    7'96    0'16    0'04  A12O3  Oil,  Xb  0'12  =  99<32 


2.  6077  23-37    3'39    3'04    8'17a    tr.      0'06  Xb  0'20  =  99'00 

a  At  100°,  2-78  (in  another  trial  2'65);  above  100°,  5'39.  b  Precip.  by  H2S. 

The  atomic  ratio  of  R  :  Nb,Ti  =  1  :  £'5,  and  for  Ti  :  Nb  =  1  :  2'75. 

B.B.  fuses  with  difficulty.  Gives  off  water  in  the  closed  tube.  With  borax  in  O.F.  a  reddish 
yellow,  on  cooling  a  yellow  bead;  in  R.F.  reddish  brown.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  in  O.F.  a 
red  brown  bead  when  hot,  and  yellow  when  cold;  in  R.F.  reddish  yellow  hot,  and  green  cold. 

Found  very  sparingly  with  nohlite  in  a  feldspar  quarry  at  Nohl,  Sweden.  Named  for  Prof. 
C.  W.  Blomstrand  of  Lund. 

ROGERSITE  J.  L.  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  13,  367,  1877. 

Massive.  As  a  thin  mammillary  crust  on  samarskite.  H.  =  3  -5.  G.  =  3-313.  Color 
white.  Analyses  (approximate): 

1.  Nb2O6  18-10  Y203>  etc.  60-12  H20  17-41     =    95'63 

2.  20-21  und.  16'34 

Considered  as  a  decomposition  -product  of  samarskite,  with  which,  and  with  hatchettolite,  it 
occurs  in  Mitchell  Co.,  N.  C.  Named  after  Prof.  Wm.  B.  Rogers  (1805-1882). 


Oxygen  Salts, 
4.  PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,  VANADATES,  ANTIMONATES. 

A.  Anhydrous  Phosphates,  etc. 
B.  Acid  and  Basic  Phosphates,  etc.     C.  Hydrous  Phosphates,  etc. 


A.  Anhydrous  Phosphates,  Arsenates,  Yanadates,  Antimonates. 

1.  Introductory  Subdivision. 

2.  Triphylite  Group.     Orthorhombic. 

3.  Apatite  Group.     Hexagonal. 

4.  Wagnerite  Group.     Monoclinic. 

5.  Amblygonite  Group.     Monoelinic,  Triclinio, 


1.  Introductory  Subdivision. 

6 

536.  Xenotime        YP04  Tetragonal  0'6187 

(Y,Ce,Er)P04 

&:f>:6  ft 

537.  Monazite         (Ce,La,Di)P04        Monoelinic        0-9693  : 1 :  0-9256     76°  20' 

Most  varieties  contain  also  thorium  and  silicon. 


538.  Berzeliite        (Ca,Mg,Mn)3As208  Isometric 

Pseud  oberzeliite 

539.  Monimolite     (Pb,Fe,Ca)3Sb208  Isometric 


540.  Caryinite  (Pb,Mn,Ca,Mg)3As208?  Monoelinic 

541.  Carminite  Pb3Fe10(As04)ia?  Orthorhombic 


542.    Pucherite  BiVO,  Orthorhombic  0-5327  :  1  :  2-3357 

747 


748 


PHOSPHATES,   AESENATES,   ETC. 


536.  XENOTIME.     Phosphorsyrad    Ytterjord    Berz.,    Ak.    II.    Stockh.,    2,    334,    1824. 
Phosphorsaure  Yttererde   Germ.     Phosphate  of  Yttria.     Xeuotime  Bead.,  Tr.,  2,  552,   1832. 
Ytterspath  GLocker,  Handb.,  959,  1831.     Castelnaudite  Damour,  L'Institut,  78,  1853. 
Tetragonal.     Axis  6  =  0-61867;  001  A  101  —  31°  44f  Rath-Klein1. 

Forms2:  c  (001,  O)4;  a  (100,  i-i\  m  (110,  J);  e  (101,  l-if,  /(201,  2-*)5,  z  (111,  1),  u  (331,  3)4; 
r  (311,  3-3)2. 

uu»   -  138°  17'  rr*lii  =  54°    9' 

XT'    =    46°  56'  mr     —  37°  13' 

rr'«  =     32°  42£'  ZT       =  29°  534' 


ee'   =  46°  IV 

ee"  =  63°  29' 

ff   -  66°  44' 

=  102°    r 


zz*  =  *55°  30' 

zz"  —  82°  2?,' 

33"  =  97°  38' 

««'  =  82°  43' 


2. 


Fig.  1,  Clarksville,  Ga.  2,  Binnenthal,  Klein.  3,  Alexander  Co.,  N.  C.,  Hidden.  4,  Fibia, 
Klein.  5,  Xenotime,  enclosing  zircon  in  parallel  position,  Henderson  Co.,  N.  C.,  Hidden. 
6,  Hittero,  after  Flink 

In  crystals,  usually  pyramidal  or  prismatic,  resembling  zircon  in  habit;  some- 
times compounded  with  zircon  in  parallel  position,  f.  5.  In  rolled  grains. 

Cleavage:  m  perrect.  Fracture  uneven  and  splintery.  Brittle.  H.  =  4-5. 
G-.  =  4-45-4'56;  4*557  Berz.;  4*54  Georgia,  Smith.  Luster  resinous  to  vitreous. 
Color  yellowish  brown,  reddish  brown,  hair-brown,  flesh-red,  grayish  white,  wine- 
yellow,  pale  yellow;  streak  pale  brown,  yellowish,  or  reddish.  Opaque.  Optically +. 

Comp.— Essentially  yttrium  phosphate  YP04  or  Y203.P208  =  Phosphorus  pent- 
oxide  38 -6,  yttria  61'4  =  100.  The  yttrium  metals  may  include  erbium  in  large 
amount ;  cerium  is  sometimes  present  ;  also- silicon  and  thorium  as  in  monazite. 

Anal.— 1,  SchiStz,  Jb.  Min.,  306,  1876.  2,  J.  L.  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  378, 1854.  3,Wartha, 
Pogg  Ann.,  128,  166,  1866  (6'59  p.  c.  hematite  deducted).  4,  Gorceix,  C.  R.,  102,  1024S 
1886.  5,  6,  Blomstrand,  G.  Fdr.  F6rh.,  9,  185,  1887.  7,  Id.,  quoted  by  Brogger,  Zs.  Kr.,  16, 
68,  1890. 

Y2O3    Ce2O8  FeQO3 

54-88      8-24"  2'93  Mn2O3  0'13,  FeO  0'87,  CaO  013,  H2O  1'56 

54-13    ll'03b  2-06  =    99'67  [=  100'62 

62-49      —        —   =  100 

63-75"     —        —  insol.  0'40  =  99'79 


G. 

1.  HitterO 
2.  Georgia               4*54 
3.  St.  Gothard 
4.  Minas  Geraes     4'6 

•  Inch  AlaO«. 

P206 

31-88 
3245 
37-51 
3564 

b 

b  Inch  La2O3,Di2O3. 


c  About,  one-sixth  EraOt. 


XENOTIME-MONAZITE.  749 

G.         PaO5   Y3O8  EraOs  Ce2O,  UO,  SiOa  SnOa   ZrOa    ThO2  A14O3  Fe2O3  MnO  CaO  MgO  PbO  H2O 
5    Hvalo     4'49        32'45    38'91     1747      1'22      —     1'77      0'19      0'76      3'33      0'36      1'88    0'13    0'34  0'21    1'03 

[=  100-05 

6.  Narestc  4-492      29'23    30-23    24'34     0'96    3'48    2'36      0'08      I'll      2'43     0'28     2'01      —     1'09    0'26    0'68    1'77 

[=  100-31 

7.  Aro         4-62       35'66  62  63«          0'32     —     0'24     O'll       —       0'49       —       0'38b    -     0'85     —       —     0'23 

[=  100-41 
•  Molec.  wght.  254-5.  b  FeO. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  infusible.  When  moistened  with  sulphuric  acid  colors  the  flame  bluish 
green.  Difficultly  soluble  in  salt  of  phosphorus.  Insoluble  in  acids. 

Obs.— Occurs  as  an  accessory  mineral  in  granite  veins;  sometimes  in  minute  embedded 
crystals  generally  distributed  in  granitic  and  gneissoid  rocks.  From  a  granite  vein  at  Hittero, 
with  poly  erase,  malacon,  and  orthite,  where  the  crystals  are  sometimes  symmetrically  compounded 
with  crystals  of  zircon  (E.  Zschau,  1.  c.-),  the  two  species  being  closely  hoinceomorphous; 
also  at  Moss,  Kragero,  and  from  pegmatyte  veins  at  other  points  in  Norway,  as  Naresto  near 
Arendal;  rare  in  the  Langesund  fiord  region,  as  on  the  Aro  reefs;  at  Ytterby,  Sweden;  the  Fibia 
Berg,  S.  W.  from  St.  Gothard;  the  Binuenthal  in  Upper  Valais,  Switzerland;  from  the  granite  of 
the  Schwalbenberg  near  Gorlitz,  Silesia;  Pisek,  Bohemia  (G.  =  4'308,  Vrba).  Kenngott's 
wiserine,  from  the  Binuenthal,  formerly  referred  here,  is  in  fact  octahedrite  (see  p.  241). 

An  accessory  constituent  in  considerable  quantity  of  the  muscovite  granites  of  Brazil  as 
detected  by  washing  the  decomposed  or  crushed  rock;  the  localities  noted  are  chiefly  in  the 
states  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Sao  Paulo,  Miuas  Geraes  (cf.  O.  A.  Derby,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  41,  308,  1891). 
Observed  in  grayish  white  or  pale  yellow  crystals  in  the  diamond  sands  of  Diamautinos  and  of 
Bahia  (castelnaudite). 

In  the  United  States,  in  the  gold  washings  of  Clarksville,  Georgia,  associated  with  zircon, 
futile,  and  cyanite;  in  McDowell  Co.,  N.  0.,  near  Dysortville,  sometimes  in  twisted  crystals;  at 
Mill's  Gold  mine,  Burke  Co.,  N.  C.  (in  crystals  compounded),  also  near  Green  River  P.  O., 
Henderson  Co.,  and  in  Mitchell  Co.  with  zircon  (cyrtolite);  further  in  brilliant  crystals  in  Alex- 
ander Co.  with  rutile,  etc.,  with  tysonite  near  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado;  rare  on  New  York  Island 
(Hidden,  1.  c.). 

Beudant  named  the  species  xenotime  (apparently  from  Z.evoS,  stranger  to,  and  rijurf,  honor), 
but  in  the  next  line  gives  the  derivation  "  KevoS,  vain,  et  TI/^TJ,  honneur,"  as  if  the  word  were 
kenotime,  and  adds  afterward  that  his  name  is  intended  to  recall  the  fact  that  the  mineral  was 
erroneously  supposed  by  Berzelius  (in  1815)  to  contain  a  new  metal  (the  metal  which  he  named 
thorium,  before  the  later  thorium  was  discovered).  There  is  a  sneer  at  the  great  Swedish 
chemist  in  the  name,  which  should  have  occasioned  its  immediate  rejection.  Fortunately  the 
word  was  misspelt  from  the  first;  and  in  its  accepted  form  may  be  regarded  as  referring  to  the 
fact  that  the  crystals  are  small,  rare,  not  showy,  and  were  long  unnoticed. 

Ref—  >  Rath.  Fibia,  Pogg.,  123,  187,  1864,  Klein,  Binnenthal,  Jb.  Min.,  536,  1879.  Hbg. 
tbtained  b  =  0-61631  Tavetsch,  Min.  Not.,  12,  1,  1875;  Bgr.,  0-62596,  Kragero,  G.  For.  Forh., 
6,  750,  1883;  Washington,  c  =  0'61943,  New  York  Island,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  36,  380,  1888.  Cf. 
Scharizer  on  vicinal  planes,  Zs.  Kr.,  13,  15,  1887. 

2  Zschau,  Jb.  Min.,  513,  1855  ;  Brezina,  Min.  Mitth.,  15,  1872.  3  Lsx.,  Konigshain,  Jb. 
Min.,  175,  1877.  4  Bgr.,  Kragero,  Hittero,  1.  c.;  also  Flink,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  12  (2),  2,  41,  1886. 
*  Hidden,  Alex.  Co.,  N.  C.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  36,  381,  1888. 

537.  MONAZITE.  Monazit  Breith.,  Schw.  J.,  55,  301,  1829.  Monacite  bad  orthogr. 
Mengite  Brooke,  Phil.  Mag.,  10,  139,  1831.  Edwardsite  Shep.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  32,  162,  1837. 
Eremite  Shep.,  ib.,  341,  1837.  Monazitoid  Herm.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  40,  21,  1847.  Urdit  Forbes  & 
Dahll  Nyt.  Mag.,  8,  227,  1855.  Turnerite  Levy,  Ann.  Phil.,  5,  241,  1823. 

Kryptolith  Wohler,  Gel.  Anz.  Gott.,  19,  1846,  Pogg.,  67,  424,  1846.  Cryptolite.  Phospho- 
cerite  H.  Watts,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  2,  131,  1849. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  1 :  6  =  (V96933  :  1  :  0*92558;  ft  =  76°  20'  10"  =  001  A 
100  E.  S.  Dana1. 

100  A  110  =  *43°  17'  10",  001  A  101  =  37°  7'  40",  001  A  Oil  =  41°  58'  5". 

Forms2:  I    (210,  i-2)  q  (701,  -  7-i)4  /  (112,  -  £)4  e  (311,  3-3) 

a  (100,  i-i)  m  (110,  J)  x  (101,  l-»)  r  (111,  -  1)  t  (212,  1-2) 

b  (010,  t-l)  n  (120,  *-2)  ,Q12   ,  ,  d  (112,  |)  i  (211,  2-2)* 

c  (001,  0)  rare  h  (^  _  ^  \  ^  ^  -  »!,  D  *  U».-^) 

y  (310,  £3)  w  (101,  -  14)  u  (021,  2  i)  *  (121'  ~  2~2) 


750 


PHOSPHATES,   AE8ENATES,    ETC. 


mm 

nri" 

ah 

aw 

a'x 


uu 
cm 


34°  52' 

50°  26' 

86°  34' 
124°  4' 

50°  13' 
*39°  12'  30" 

53°  31' 

48°  26' 

83°  56' 
121°  51' 

80*     6' 


mr    =  33°  35' 

m'd  =  53°  56' 

m'v  =  30°  56' 

cy'     =  103°     2' 

=  19°  20' 

=  102°  20*' 

=  27°  15' 

=  83°  38' 

=  24°  50' 


yz 

cl' 

li 

en 

ns 


n'o    =    27°  18' 


ar    =    48°     If 
ae    =  *79°  53'  3" 


as  = 

au  = 

a'z  = 

a'i  = 

a'v  = 

a'l  = 

ag  = 


59°  47' 
83°  25' 
26°  44' 
38°  21' 
61°  31' 
56°  8' 
77° 


rrf  =    60° 


ss'    =    98°  58' 
dd'  =    48°  22*' 
vtf    =     73°  19' 
zz' 
tt' 


oo' 
xz 
xi 


=  35°  35' 
=  40°  49' 
=  49°  51' 
=  112°  12' 
=  37°  12' 
=  33°  39' 


1. 


Fig.  1,  Norwich,  Conn.     2,  Watertown,  Conn.     3,  Alexander  Co.,  N.  C.     4,  6,  Binnenthal, 
Trechmanu.     5,  Turnerite,  Rath  Trechmann.     7,  Watertown. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.*  a  not  uncommon,  in  part  cruciform  twins.  Crystals  commonly 
small,_often  flattened  ||  a  or  elongated  ||  axis  b\  sometimes  prismatic  by  extension 
of  v  (111),  f.  3;  also  large  and  coarse.  In  masses  yielding  angular  fragments;  in 
rolled  grains. 

Cleavage:  c  sometimes  perfect  (parting?);  also,  a  distinct;  b  difficult;  some- 
times showing  parting  ||  c,  m.  Fracture  conchoidal  to  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  5- 
5*5.  (Jr.  =  4*9-5*3;  mostly  5*0  to  52.  Luster  inclining  to  resinous.  Color 
hyacinth-red,  clove-brown,  reddish  or  yellowish  brown.  Subtransparent  to  sub- 
translucent. 

Optically  -f.  Ax.  pi.  J_  b  and  nearly  ||  a.  Bxa  A  &  =  +  1°  to  4°.  Disper- 
sion p  <  v  weak;  horizontal  weak. 


Turnerite 


Bxa  A  £  =  +  1°    4'    2Ha.r  =  23°    5'      2Ha_  =  23°  24'    .-.  2Er  =  34°  12' 


2Egr  =  34°  48'  Tr. 


MONAZITE. 


751 


Monazite,  Conn.  Bxa  A  c  =  -f  3°  46'    2Er     =  29°    4'      2Ebl     =  28°  48'  Dx.« 
Siberia  2Er     =  31°    8|'     2Ebl     =  31°  43f 

Schuttenhofen    Bxm  A  i  =*  -f  5°  54'    2Er    =  25°  22'      2E_     =  24°  56'     0=1-9465    ^=1-9285 

.-.    2V  =  12°  44'  Scharizer 
2Er  =  29°  7'   Sr         2Ey    =  28°  25'    [/?  =  1-9465]      2Vr  =  14°  507 


Pisek 


2Vy  =  14°  29'  Vrba. 


Comp. — Phosphate  of  the  cerium  metals,  essentially  (Ce,La,Di)P04. 

Most  analyses  show  the  presence  of  ThO2  and  SiOa,  usually,  but  not  always,  in  the  proper 
amount  to  form  thorium  silicate;  that  this  is  mechanically  present  is  not  certain  but  possible 
(cf  Pentield,  Blomstrand). 

Anal.— 1,  Rg.,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  29,  79,  1877.  2,  Pisani  (on  -013  gr.),  C.  R.,  84,  462,  1877. 
3,  Fontaine,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  4,  140,  1882.  4-6,  Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  250,  1882.  7,  Penfield 
and  Sperry,  ibid.,  36,  322,  1888.  8,  W.  A.  Dixon,  Min.  N.  S.  W.,  114,  1888.  9,  Genth,  Am. 
J.  Sc.,  38,  203,  1889.  10-19,  Blomstrand,  G.  For.  Forh.,  11,  379,  1889,  and  Lund.  Univ.  Ars- 
skrift,  25,  1888-89  (also  in  J.  pr.  Ch.,  41,  265,  1890). 


1.  Arendal 

2.  Turnerite 

3.  Amelia  Co.,  Va. 


G. 

5-174 


P2O6      Ce2O3     La2O3     Di2O3  (Y,Er)2O3    SiO2    ThO2 


29-92    28-82 


40-79 


28-4  68-0 

2404    16-30    10-30    24'40 


5-30 
5-22 

5-10 


5.  Portland,  Conn. 

6.  Burke  Co.,  N.  C. 

7.  Alex  Co., 

8.  Gough  Co.,  N.  S.  W.  5-001 

9.  Ottawa  Co.,  Q.  5-233 


|  26-12  29-89  26'66 

|  28-18  33-54  28'33 

f  29-28  31-38  30'88 

5-203    |  29-32  37 '26  31 '60 

25-09  36-64  30-21 

26-86  24-80  26-41 


=  99-53 

—  —       —   =  96-4 

1-10      2-70  18-60*    Fe2O3    0'90, 
[A12O3  0-04  =  98-38 

—  2-85  14-23    ign.    0'67  =* 

[100-43 

—  1-67    8-25    ign.    0'37  =i. 

[100-34 

—  1-40    6-49    ign.    0'20  = 

[99-63 

—  0-32    1-48    ign.    0*17  = 

[100-15 

—  3-21    1-23    A12O3     3-11, 

[MnO,MgO  tr.  =99'49 
4-76      0-91  12-60    Fe2O3     1-07, 


Not  pure. 


[CaO  1-54,  MgO  0'04,  H2O  0'78  =  99'77 


10.  Moss 

11.  "  4-64 

12.  Dillingso  5'19 

13.  "        5-18 

14.  Lonneby 

15.  "        4-77 

16.  Arendal   5'15 


28-27  28-06  29'60  1'82 
27-99  30-98  25'88  2'76 
27-55  29-20  26'26  3'82 


G.          P2O5      Ce2O3     La2O3    Y,OS     SnO2     SiO2     ThO2  Fe2O3  A12O3  MnO  CaO   MgO  H2O 
4-89      28-62    32-52    29'41    2'04    0'22    1-51    4'54    0'36    0'22    —    0'84    —    0'27 

[=  100-55 

26-37    31-23    24'51     1-83    0'21    210    9'20    1'97     —    0'28  0'93  0-16  1'53 

[=  100-32 

29-41    36-63    26'78    1-81    0'09    0'93    381    0'33    012    —    0'34    —    0  18 

[=  100-43 

27-07    25-82    30'62    2'03    018a  1'85    9-60    I'Ol    0'15  0'08  0'91  0'03  0'35 

[PbO  0-58  =  100-28 

1-65    9-34    0-66    016    —    0'53    —    0'21 

[=  100-30 

1-58    9-03    1-25     —     —    0-55    —    0'20 

[=  100-22 

1-86    9-57    113     —     —    0-69    —    0'52 

[=  100-60 

1-32    7-14    0-42    018    —    119    —    0'09 
[PbO  0-33  =  100-18 

18.  Hvalo  23-85    27-73    2196    2'86    0'66*>  5'95    905    4'63     —     —    1'83    —    1-61 

[=  100-13 

19.  "        5-08      27-28    30'46    24'37    1'58    0'08    2'02  11 -57    110     —    0'24  1-05    —    0'38 

[PbO  0-26  =  100-39 
a  Metallic  acids.  b  ZrOa. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  infusible,  turns  gray,  and  when  moistened  with  sulphuric  acid  colors  the 
flame  bluish  green.  With  borax  gives  a  bead  yellow  while  hot  and  colorless  on  cooling;  a 
saturated  bead  becomes  enamel-white  on  flaming.  Difficultly  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — Monazite  is  rather  abundantly  distributed  as  an  accessory  constituent  of  gneissoid 
rocks  in  certain  regions,  thus  in  North  Carolina  and  Brazil  (cf.  Derby,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  37,  109, 
1889. 

It  occurs  near  Zlatoust  in  the  Ilmen  Mts.,  in  granite,  along  with  flesh-red  feldspar;  also 


17.  Naresto    5117    28'94    30'58    29-21    0'78      — 


752        .  PHOSPHATES,   ARSENATES,   ETC. 

near  the  river  Sanarka,  in  the  Ural;  with  zircon  in  gold  sands  of  Ivalo,  Finnish  Laprnark.  In 
Norway  near  Notero  (urdite),  in  crystals  sometimes  1  in.  across;  at  various  points  near  Arendal, 
and  in  pegmatyte  at  Annerod  near  Moss.  In  granite  at  Schreiberhau,  Silesia,  with  gadolinite; 
at  Schuttenhofen  and  Pisek,  Bohemia;  near  the  Laacher  See.  At  Nil  St.  Vincent,  Belgium 
(cf.  Franck.,  Bull.  Soc.  Belg.,  21,  40,  1891).  In  Cornwall,  England. 

Found  also  in  the  gold-washings  of  Rio  Chico,  in  Autioquia,  in  the  diamond  gravels  of  Minas 
Geraes,  Caravel  las,  and  Bahia,  Brazil. 

In  the  United  States  it  is  fouud  in  small  crystals  from  y1^  to  £  in.  long,  with  the  sillimanite 
of  Norwich,  and  sparingly  with  the  same  mineral  at  Chester,  Ct,  A  few  miuute  crystals 
(eremite  of  Shepard)  were  found  in  a  boulder  of  albitic  granite,  containing  also  a  few  minute 
zircons  and  tourmalines,  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Watertown,  Ct.;  sparingly  at  Portland,  Ct. 
Good  crystals  have  been  obtained  with  the  sillimanite  of  Yorktowu,  Westchester  Co.,  N.  Y. 
In  large  coarse  crystals  and  masses  in  albitic  granite  with  microlite,  etc.  (see  p.  728);  at 
Amelia  Court  House,  Virginia.  In  Alexander  Co..  N.  Carolina,  in  splendent  crystals  at 
Milholland's  Mill;  also  at  Stony  Point  in  large  cruciform  twins  with  rutile,  hiddenite.  etc.  In 
considerable  quantities  in  Madison  Co.,  N.  C.,  yielding  angular  fragments  due  to  parting  |  c,  m 
(with  twiuniug  striations?),  probably  d  and  perhaps  other  planes.  Also  in  Mitchell  Co., 
Yancey  Co.  In  rolled  grains  in  the  gold-washings,  sometimes  abundant,  in  Burke,  Polk, 
McDowell,  and  Rutherford  counties;  large  quantities  have  been  mined  from  this  source  for 
technical  purposes  ;  some  15  tons  of  monazite  sand,  containing  from  60  to  93  p.  c.  of  small  crys- 
tals, have  been  obtained  (Genth,  1891).  In  the  mica  veins  of  Villeneuve,  Ottawa  Co.,  Quebec. 

The  original  turnerite,  whose  crystal lographic  identity  with  monazite  was  established  by 
J.  D,  Dana  in  I860,  was  from  Dauphine,  probably  from  Le  Puys,  near  St.  Cristophe  (not  "  Mt. 
Sorel,"  cf.  Miers,  Mitt.  Mag.,  8,  207,  1889);  it  occurs  in  small  yellow  or  brown  crystals  with 
quartz,  albite,  octahedrite,  crichtonite  (ilmeuite);  also  similarly  from  Santa  Brigritta,  Tavetsch, 
the  Binnenthal,  Laacher  See,  etc. 

Cryptolite  occurs  in  wine-yellow  prisms  and  grains  in  the  green  and  red  apatite  of  Arendal, 
Norway,  and  is  discovered  on  putting  the  apatite  in  dilute  nitric  acid;  constitutes  2  or  3  p.  c.  of 
the  mass;  it  was  found  especially  in  the  red  apatite,  or  in  reddish  points  of  the  green,  and  asso- 
ciated with  particles  of  magnetic  iron,  hornblende,  and  another  cerium  ore  of  a  hyacinth-red 
color,  supposed  to  be  monazite.  Occurs  also  in  the  apatite  of  the  Sliudianka  river  in  Siberia. 
Phosphocerite,  according  to  Watts  and  Chapman,  may  be  present  in  the  cobalt  ore  of  Tunaberg. 
The  crystalline  forms  described  as  most  common  in  the  powder  are  an  octahedron  and  a  square 
or  rectangular  prism,  terminating  in  a  four-sided  pyramid  parallel  with  the  lateral  planes,  resem- 
bling zircon.  Genth  has  observed  a  mineral,  probably  cryptolite,  in  the  Hurdstown  apatite. 
Named  from  KpvTtroS,  concealed.  The  relations  of  phosphocerile  are  uncertain. 

Mallard  has  shown  that  minute  crystals  inclosed  in  the  apatite  from  Midbo,  near  Tvede- 
straud,  are  monazite,  and  it  seems  probable  that  all  the  cryptolite  is  of  the  same  nature.  Bull. 
Soc.  Min.,  10,  236,  1887. 

Monazite  is  named  from  fjLovd^eiv,  to  be  solitary,  in  allusion  to  its  rare  occurrence. 
Turnerite  is  named  after  the  English  chemist,  E.  H.  Turner. 

Ref.—1  Milholland's  Mill,  Alexander  Co.,  N.  C.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  247,  1882;  the  axial  ratios 
vary  rather  widely  for  different  localities.  Some  other  values  of  the  axial  ratio,  in  addition  to 
that  here  adopted,  are  as  follows  : 

a  :  b      c 


Norwich,  Conn.  0'9742 

Swiarka  0'9705 

Laach  0'9659 

Alex.  Co.,  N.  C.  0-91)09 

Schutteuhofeu  0-9735 

Nil  St.  Vincent  0'9718 


0  9227  76°  14'  J.  D.  Dana. 

0-9221  76°  14'  Koksharov. 

0-9217  76°  32'  Rath. 

0-9081  76°  33f 

0-9254  76°  23'  Scharizer. 

0  9233  76°  18'  Franck. 


2  See  J.  D.  D.,  monazite,   Conn.,  Am.   J.   Sc.t  33,  70,  1838;  Kk.,  Ural,  Min.  Russl.,  4,  5, 
1862;  6,  387,  1870,  9,  10,  1884.     On  turnerite  Levy,  1.  c.  and  Min.  Heuland,  3.  423,  1837;  Dx., 
Min.,  1,  533,  1862;  Rath.  Pogg.,  119,  247,  1863;  further  J.   D.  D.,   Am.  J.  Sc.,  42.  420,  1866, 
who  first  suggested  its  identity  with  monazite,  later  Rath,  Pogg  ,  Erg.-Bd.,  5,  413,  1871. 

3  Trechmann,  Binnenthal,  Jb.  Min.,  593,  1876.     4  Miers,  Cornwall,  Min.  Mag.,  6,  164,  1885. 
6  Kk.,  Min   Russl.,  4.  5;  Rath,  Jb.  Min.,  393,  1876;  Hidden,  Alex.  Co.,  N.  C.,  Am.  J.  Sc..  32, 
207,  1886;  Rath,  do.,  Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  May  3,  1886.     6  Dx.,  N.  R  ,  150,  1867;  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  4, 
57,  1881;  Trechmann,  1.  c.;  Scharizer,  Zs.  Kr.,  12,  255,  1886;  Vrba,  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  203,  1888. 

KARARFVEITE.  Korarfveite  F.  Radominski,  C.  R.,  78,  p.  764,  1874.  Occurs  in  albite  with 
gadolinite,  hielmite,  and  beryl  at  Kararfet  near  Falun,  Sweden  (there  called  monazite).  In 
imperfect  crystals,  or  crystalline  masses  often  very  large;  one  cleavage  perfect.  Luster 
vitreous.  Double  refracting.  G.  =  4'93.  Color  yellow  passing  into  brown.  Translucent. 
Streak  grayish  yellow.  Analysis  upon  impure  material : 

P2O6  27-38     (Ce,  La,  Di)2Os  67-40     CaO  1'24     MgO  tr.     Fe2O3  0'32     F  4'35    H2O  tr.  =  100'69 

B.B.  infusible.  Partially  attacked  by  hydrochloric  acid  with  evolution  of  chlorine.  Blom- 
strand  shows  it,  to  be  impure  mouazite,  G.  For.  Forh.,  11,  379,  1889. 


BERZELIITE. 


753 


538.  B13RZELIITE.  Berzeliit  Kithn,  Lieb.  Ann.,  34,  211,  1840.  Magnesian  Pharmacolite 
Dana,  Min.,  239,  1844.  Chaux  arseniatee  anhydre  Dufr.  Berzelit  Haid.,  Handb.,  495,  1845. 
Kuhnite  R.  &  M.,  Min.,  481,  1852.  Pyrrhoarsenile  L.  J.  Igelstrom,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  9,  218, 
1886.  Pyrrharseuite. 

Isometric,  rarely  in  trapezohedrons1  n  (211,  2-2)  with  also  a  (100,  i-i)9  d  (110,  i), 
and  e  (210,  /-2).     Usually  massive. 

Cleavage  none.  Fracture  subconchoidal.  Brittle. 
H.  =  5.  G.  =  4-07-4-09  Flink.  Luster  resinous.  Color 
honey-,  sulphur-,  and  orange-yellow;  yellowish  red.  Streak 
nearly  white  to  orange-yellow.  Transparent  to  translucent. 
Optically  isotropic. 

Comp. — An  orthoarsenate,  R3As208  with  R  =  Ca,  Mg, 
Mn.  The  relative  amounts  of  manganese  and  magnesium 
vary  widely. 

In  pyrrharsenite  a  little  antimony  takes  the  place  of  part  of  the 
arsenic. 

Anal.— 1,  Flink,  1.  c.     2,  Hogbom,  G.  For.  Forh.,  9,  397,  1887. 

3,  Igelstrom,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  9,  28,  1886.     4,  Id.,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  48,  Langban,  Flink. 

1889.     5-7,  Hogbom,  1.  c. 


Langban 
Pyrrharsenite 


straw-yw. 


G. 

4-08 

4-01 

As2O5    Sb2O5 
60-00        — 
5759        — 
58-06 
53-23      6-54 
50-92      2-60 
undet. 
53-39      2-90 

MnO 

8-40 
5-68 
17-96 
10-82 
19-18 
17-12 
14-12 

CaO 
20-73 
19-97 
18-68 
20-21 
18-35 
18-50 
18-54 

MgO 

10-10 

16-12 
3-58 
920 
3-50 
3-55 
7-53 

Na20  0-73 
insol.  0-49 
ign.   085, 
=  100 
C02127, 

C02  1-58, 

=  99-96 
=  9985 
insol.    1 

insol.  3 
insol.   1 

.-02 
100 
•96 
[99 
•36 
[99 

•15 

•78 
•42 

Kiihn's  original  analyses  (5th  Ed.,  p.  544)  led  to  the  formula  IiioAs6O28.  He  gives  also 
G.  =  2'52(!).  B.B.  infusible.  His  observations,  which  can  hardly  be  entirely  correct,  may 
have  been  made  on  pseudoberzeliite. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  black  bead  if  rich  in  manganese,  less  readily  to  a  gray  or 
brown  bead  in  other  kinds.  With  soda  on  charcoal  gives  an  arsenical  odor;  with  soda  on 
platinum  foil  fuses  with  effervescence,  and  gives  a  manganese  reaction.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Pyrrharsenite  fuses  easily  to  a  black  bead;  with  soda  on  charcoal  a  strong  arsenical  odor 
aud  some  antimony  fumes;  with  soda  also  a  manganese  reaction.  Dissolves  readily  in  acids; 
with  sulphuric  acid  gives  a  precipitate  of  calcium  sulphate. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Langban  in  Sweden,  with  iron  ore  and  granular  limestone,  braunite,  haus- 
mannite;  also  the  Moss  mine,  Nordmark,  with  hausmanuite  in  crystalline  limestone.  Sometimes 
encloses  a  nucleus  of  caryinite.  Named  after  the  Swedish  chemist,  Berzelius  (1799-1848). 

Pyrrharsenite  occurs  in  deep  yellowish  red  embedded  grains,  with  hausmannite,  tephroite, 
also  barite,  calcite,  at  the  Sjo  manganese  mines  of  Grythytte,  Orebro,  Sweden. 

Named  from  nvppoS,  fire,  and  arsenic,  in  allusion  to  its  brilliant  fire-red  color. 

Ref.— '  Flink,  Nyt  Mag.,  29,  300,  1885.  Ak.  Handl.  Stockh.  Bihang,  12  (2),  No.  2,  27, 
1886;  see  earlier  H.  Sj.,  G.  For.  Forh.,  2,  533,  1875.  Wichmann,  Zs.  Kr.,  5,  105,  1880. 

PSEUDOBERZELIITE.  Dubbelbrytande  Berzeliit  W.  Lindgren,  G.  For.  Forh.,  5,  552,  1881. 
Pseudoberzeliit  Id. ,  ibid.,  7,  291,  1884.  Associated  with  the  isometric  berzeliite  there  occurs  at 
Langban  also  a  doubly  refracting  arsenate  similar  in  appearance  and  probably  also  having  the 
composition  R3As2O8.  If,  as  appears  probable,  it  proves  to  be  a  distinct  species,  the  above  name 
may  be  retained  for  it. 

Massive;  an  isotropic.  No  distinct  cleavage.  H.  =  5.  G.  =  4'03-4'04.  Color  dirty  yellow- 
ish white  or  light  sulphur-yellow.  Composition  R3As2O8.  Anal. — L.  W.  McCay,  G.  For.  Forh., 
5,  554,  1881.  ^ 

As205  MuO  CaO  MgO 

62-00  4-18  20-00  12-81  PbO,Fe2O3  tr.,  insol.  0'68  =  99'67 

Occurs  in  a  light  brown  fine  granular  mixture  of  calcite  and  manganiferous  mica,  often 
penetrated  by  hausmannite. 

Here  also  seems  to  belong  the  berzeliite  from  the  Moss  mine,  Nordmark,  described  by 
Igelstrom,  G.  For.  Forh.,  7,  101,  1884.  It  occurs  in  veins  and  rounded  grains.  Color  yellow. 
Optically  biaxial,  positive  (or thorhombic ?).  2E  =  140°,  p  <  v  Btd.  (Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  7,  31, 
1884).  Comp.  probably  K,As9OH.  Analysis,  Igelstrom,  1.  c.: 


As2O5  57-80 


CaO  25-25 


MgO(MnO  tr.)  16'95  =  100 


754 


PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,   ETC. 


539.  MONIMOLITE.    Monimolit  L.  J.  Igelstrom,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  22,  227,  1865. 
Isometric.     Observed  forms1: 

a  (100,  i-i),    d  (110,  i),    o  (111,  1),     m  (311,  3-3). 


Usually  in  octahedrons,  also  cubic.     Also  massive  and  incrusting. 

Cleavage:  octahedral,  indistinct.  Fracture  small  conchoidal,  splintery.  Brittle. 
H.  =  5-6.  G.  =  6-58;  also  7'29  (cf.  below).  Luster  greasy  to 
submetallio.  Color  yellowish  or  brownish  green,  dark  brown 
to  black.  Streak  straw-yellow,  cinnamon-brown.  Trans- 
lucent to  nearly  opaque.  Isotropic,  or  sometimes  showing 
slight  double  refraction. 

Comp.,  Var. — An  antimonate  of  lead,  iron,  and  sometimes 
calcium,  in  part,  R3Sb208,  with  R  =  Pb  :  Fe  =  3  :  1,  hence: 
Antimony  pentoxicle  36 -6,  lead  protoxide  57'2,  iron  protox- 
ide 6-2  =  100.  Manganese  is  present  in  small  amount. 

Var. — 1.   Contains  calcium  (anal.  1,  2).     Octahedral  with  m  (311). 
H.  =  6.     G.  =  6'579.     Luster    greasy.     Color    brownish    green;    by 
transmitted  light  yellow-green.     Not  attacked  by  fusion  with  alkaline 
carbonates.     Anal.  1  gives  4RO.Sb2O5;   anal.  2,  15RO.4Sb2O6,  with 
2  :  5  nearly. 

Cubic,  with  o,  d.     H.  =  5.     G.  =  7'287.     Luster  submetallic.     Color 
Readily  decomposed  by  fusion  with  alkaline  carbonates. 


Pajsberg,  Flink. 


R  =  Pb  :  Fe  :  Ca  =  5  : 

2.    Without  calcium. 
dark  brown  to  black,  nearly  opaque. 
Agrees  with  the  formula  R3Sb2p8  given  above. 

These  varieties  are  distinguished  by  Flink,  their  relation  is  uncertain. 

Anal.— 1,  Igelstrom,  1.  c.     2,  3,  Flink,  1.  c. 


1.  Pajsberg 

2. 

3. 


G. 
5-94 
6-58 
7-29 


Sb2O6 
40-29 
40-51 
38-18 


PbO 

42-40 
42-74 
55-33 


FeO       MnO 

6-20 

5-38        0-41 
5-57        1-16 


CaO 
7-59 
9-70 


MgO 
3-25 
0-56 


Na2O 

—  =  99-73 
0-54  =  99-84 

—  =  100-24 


Nordenskiold 2  made  the  species  tetragonal,  with  c  =  0'9950,  oo'  =  *70°  23'6',  oo"—  109°  12'. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  to  a  black  slag;  on  charcoal  gives  a  malleable  lead-colored  globule, 
which  in  O.F.  gives  a  white  coating  of  antimony  trioxide,  and  nearer  the  assay  the  yellow  of 
lead  oxide.  Insoluble  in  strong  acids,  or  with  carbonated  or  caustic  alkalies,  even  on  fusion, 
except  var.  2  (cf.  above).  Reduced  by  hydrogen  gas  at  a  red  heat;  becomes  soluble  in  acids. 

Obs.— Occurs  with  tephroite,  magnetite,  and  hedyphane  at  the  Harstig  mine,  Pajsberg,  in 
Wermland,  Sweden.  Also  at  Langban  with  tephroite  and  rhodonite. 

Named  from  fj.6vitio^t  permanent,  stable. 

Ref.— »  Fliuk,  Ak.  Stockh.,  Bihang,  12  (2),  No.  2,  35,  1887.  2  Nd.,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  27, 
550,  1870. 

540.  OARYINITE.    Koryinit,  Karyinit  0.  H.  Lundstrom,  G.  For.  F5rh.,  2,  178,  223,1874. 

Massive,  probably  monoclinic.     Cleavage  in  two  directions  at  90°  (at  50°  Dx.). 

Fracture  splintery.  H.  =  3-3'5.  G.  =  4'25.  Luster  greasy.  Color  brown  to  yellowish 
brown.  Streak  yellowish  white.  Biaxial,  2E  =  41°  58'  to  47°.  Dispersion  p  >  v,  also 
horizontal,  Dx.1 

Comp.— Perhaps  R3As2O8  with  R  =  Pb,  Mn,  Ca,  Mg. 

Anal.— Lundstrom,  1.  c. 


As,06 

47-17 


PbO 
10-52 


MnO 

15-82 


FeO 
0-54 


CaO 

16-40 


MgO 
4-25 


CO, 

386 


Cl 
0-07 


insol. 
0-65  =  99-28 


Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  black  slag,  giving  reactions  for  arsenic,  lead,  and  man- 
ganese. Dissolves  readily,  with  slight  effervescence  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  intimately  mixed  with  calciteand  hausmannite  and  berzeliite  (isotropic,  A.  Sj., 
G.  Fdr.  Fflrh.,  2,  533,  1875;  cf.  Lindgren,  ib.,  5,  556,  1881)  at  Langban,  Wermland,  Sweden. 

Named  from  KapviroS,  nut-brown. 


CARMINITE — P  UCHERITE. 


755 


541.  CARMINITE.      Carminspath  Sandberger,   Pogg.,    80,    391,    1859.      Karminspath. 
Carmine  Spar.     Carminite  Dana,  Min. ,  410,  1854. 

Orthorhombic.     In  clusters  of  fine  needles.     Also  in  spheroidal  forms  with  a 
columnar  structure.     Cleavage  parallel  to  the  faces  of  a  rhombic  prism. 

H.  =  2*5.     G.  =  4*105.     Luster  vitreous,  but  cleavage  pearly.     Color  carmine 
to  tile-red ;  powder  reddish  yellow.     Translucent.     Brittle. 

Comp. — Perhaps   Pb3As208.10FeAs04  =  Arsenic  pentoxide  48-5,  iron  sesqui- 
oxide  28-1,  lead  oxide  23-4  =  100. 

Anal.— R.  Miiller,  on  0'068  gr.,  Pogg.,  103,  345,  1858. 


As2O5  49-11 


Fe2O3  30-29 


PbO  24-55    =    103-95 


Fyr.,  etc. — B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  easily  to  a  steel-gray  globule,  giving  out  arsenical  vapors; 
with  soda  a  globule  of  lead,  and  with  borax  an  iron  reaction.  Heated  in  a  glass  tube  no  change. 
Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs. — From  the  Luise  mine  at  Horhausen,  N.  of  Neuwied  on  the  Rhine,  with  beudantite 
and  quartz  in  a  mine  of  limonite. 


542.  PUCHERITE.    A.  Frenzel,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  4,  227,  361,  1871. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  b  :  6  =  0-5327  :  1  :  2 -3357  Websky1. 
100  A  HO  =  28°  2f,  001  A  101  =  77°  9£',  001  A  Oil  =  66° 

Forms1 :    a  (100,  i-l),  c  (001,  0);  m  (110,  /);  w  (012,  f  I),  a  (Oil,  1-*);  n  (112,  £);  #  (544,  £-£); 
e  (122,  1-2). 


mm"'  =  56°  5' 
wwf  =  98°  51' 
xtf  =  133°  39' 


en  =  68°  4' 
ci/>  =  80°  28' 
ce  =  72°  40' 


nri  =  109°  55' 
W  =  130°  16' 
eef  =  81°  35' 


nri"  =  51e  43' 
W>'"  =  45°  29' 
ee"'  =  88°  13' 


Schneeberg,  after  Websky. 

Crystals  small,  usually  tabular  ||  c;  also  acicnlar.     Faces  e  striated  J|  edge  c/e. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect.  Fracture  subconchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  4.  G.  =  6*249. 
Luster  vitreous  to  adamantine.  Color  reddish  brown.  Streak  yellow.  Trans- 
lucent to  opaque. 

Comp. — Bismuth  vanadate,  BiV04  or  BiaOs.V206  =  Vanadium  pentoxide  28'2, 
bismuth  trioxide  71'8  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Frenzel,  1.  c.     3,  Id.,  Jb.  Min.,  514,  1872. 


V206 

27-31 
27-07 
22-19 


As2O8 


366 


P206 


1-34 


Bi208 

73-39 
72-93 
73-16 


100-70 

100 

100-35 


Fyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  and  gives  a  coating  of 
bismuth  oxide,  with  soda  yields  a  globule  of  metallic  bismuth.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  a 
chrome-green  bead  in  R.F.,  becoming  light  yellow  in  O.F.  (vanadium).  Soluble  in  hydrochloric 
acid  with  evolution  of  chlorine  to  a  deep-red  solution,  which  on  dilution  becomes  green  and 
deposits  a  yellow  basic  chloride. 

Obs. — Found  at  the  Pucher  Mine,  Schneeberg,  Saxony,  on  quartz  associated  with  bismite 
and  asbolite.  Also  at  the  Arme  Hilfe  mine,  at  Ullersreuth,  near  Hirschberg,  Voigtland,  on 


756 


PHOSPHATES,   ARSENATES,   ETC. 


ocherous  liraonite  with  bismuthinite,  native  bismuth,  etc.;  at  the  mine  Sosaer  Gliick,  at  Sosa, 
near  Eibenstock. 

Artif. — Obtained  by  Freuzel  by  the  desiccation  (over  H2SO4)  of  a  solution  containing  bismuth 
nitrate  aud  vanadium  chloride.  Jb.  Min.,  680,  1875. 

Ref.— '  Min.  Mitth.,  245,  1872. 


2.  Triphylite  Group.     Orthorhombic. 

Orthophosphates    of  an   alkali   metal,    lithium   or    sodium,  with    iron    and 
manganese. 

a-.l  :6 

543.  Triphylite  Li(Fe,Mn)P04  0-4348  :  1  :  0-5265 

544.  Lithiophilite  Li(Mn,Fe)P04 

545.  Natrophilite  NaMnPO, 


546.  Beryllonite 

547.  Herderite 

548.  Hamlinite 


NaBeP04 

(CaF)BeP04 

(CaOH)BeP04 

Khombohedral 


0-5724  :  1  :  0-5490 
0-6206  :  1  :  0*4235 

6  -  1-1353 


543,  544.  TRIPHYLITE—  LITHIOPHILITE  : 

543.  Triphylite.    Triphylin  Packs,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  3,  98,  1834,  5,  319,  1835.     Tetraphylin  Berz., 
Arsb.,  15,  1835.     Perowskyu  N.  Nor  dens  kiold. 

544.  Lithiophilite.     G.  J.  Brush  and  E.  S.  Dana,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  118,  1878;  18,  45,  1879. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  d:b:6  =  0-4348  :  1  :  0*5265  Tschermak1. 
100  A  HO  =  23°  30',  001  A  101  =  50°  2?',  001  A  Oil  =  27°  46'. 
Forms:    b  (010,  i-i),  c  (001,  0);  m  (110,  /),  I  (120,  t-2);  w  (102,  fi),  e  (101,  l-i),  v  (302,  f-i); 
e  (021,  2-t),  n  (031,  34). 

Angles:     mm'"  =  *47*  0',    IP"  =  82°  V,    ww'  =  62°  23',    ee'  =  100°  54',    wf  =  122"  20', 
€€'  =  92°  57J',  nri  =  115°  19J',  me  -  *45°  0',  me  =  73°  12'. 

Crystals  rare,  usually  coarse  and  faces  uneven.  Commonly  massive,  cleavable 
to  compact. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect;  ~b  nearly  perfect;  m  interrupted.     Fracture   uneven  to 

subconchoidal.  H.  =  4'5-5.  G.  =  3'42-3'56. 
Luster  vitreous  to  resinous.  Color  greenish 
gray,  bluish  in  triphylite;  also  salmon-color, 
honey-yellow,  yellowish  brown,  light  clove- 
brown  in  lithiopiiilite;  often  nearly  black  on 
the  surface.  Pleochroism_  distinct,  for  lithi- 
ophilite  :  ||  a  deep  pink,  ||  I  faint  pink,  |  b  pale 
greenish  yellow,  E.  S.  D.,  1.  c.'  Streak  un- 
colored  to  grayish  white.  Transparent  to 
translucent. 
Norwich.  Bodenmais.  Optically  -f.  Ax.  pi.  ||  c.  Bx  J_  ~b.  211^ 

=  74°  45',  2Ha.bl  =  79°  30'. 

Coinp.,  Tar.  —  A  phosphate  of  iron,  manganese,  and  lithium,  Li(Fe,Mn)P04, 
varying  from  the  bluish  gray  TRIPHYLITE  with  little  manganese  to  the  salmon-pink 
or  clove-brown  LITHIOPHILITE  with  but  little  iron. 


1. 


X 

s* 

c 

\ 

n 

( 

\ 

* 

A 

m 

m 

I 

b 

m 

i 

\ 

1 

J 

Typical    Triphylite  is  LiFePO4  or 
protoxide  45'5,  lithia  9'5  =  100. 


=  Phosphorus   pentoxide   45  0,   iron 


TRIPHYLITE  GROUP:    TRIPHJ  LITE— LITHIOPHILITE. 


757 


Typical  Lithiophilite  is  LiMnPO4  or  Li3PO4.Mn3P2O8  =  Phosphorus  pentoxide  45 -3,  manga- 
nese protoxide  451,  lithia  9'6  =  100. 

Anal.-l-4,  S.  L.  Peutield,  Ain.  J.  Sc.,  13,  425,  1877,  17,  226,  18,  47,  1879.  5,  H.  L.  Wells, 
ib.,  16,  118,  1878.  For  earlier  analyses  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  542. 


Triphylite.  G. 

1.  Bodenmais,  light  blue  3 '549 

2.  Norwich,  gr.  green  3*534 

3.  Grafton,  light  blue  3'52 

Lithiophilite. 

4.  Branchville,  clove-brown  3*482 


P206     FeO     MuO    CaO  MgO  Li2O  Na2O  H2O    Xb 
|  43-18    36-21      8-96    010    0'83    815    0'26    0'87    0'83 

[=9939 

f  44-76    26-40    17'84    0'24    0'47    9*36    0'35    0'42      — 

[=.  99-84 

|  44-03  26-23  18'21  0'94  0'59  8'79  0'44*  1-47   — 

[=  100  70 


|  45-22    13-01    32-02 


salmon-pink  3 -478        f  44*67 
*  Incl.  K2O,  0-32. 


—       —     9-26    0-29    0-17    0'29 
[=  100-26 

4-02    40-86      —       —     8-63    014    0'82    0'64 

[=  99-78 
b  X  =  gangue. 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  sometimes  decrepitates,  turns  to  a  dark  color,  and  gives  off 
traces  of  water.  B.B.  fuses  at  1'5,  coloring  the  flame  beautiful  lithia-red  in  streaks,  with  a  pale 
bluish  green  on  the  exterior  of  the  cone  of  flame.  The  coloration  of  the  flame  is  best  seen  when 
the  pulverized  mineral  moistened  with  sulphuric  acid  is  treated  on  a  loop  of  platinum  wire. 
With  the  fluxes  reacts  for  iron  and  manganese,  the  iron  reaction  is  feeble  in  pure  lithiophilite. 
Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — Triphylite  occurs  at  Rabenstein,  near  Zwiesel,  in  Bavaria;  also  at  Keityo,  in  Finland 
(perowskine  or  tetraphyline);  Norwich,  Mass. ;  also  withspodumene  at  Peru,  Me.,  Grafton,  N.H. 

Named  from  ro/5,  threefold,  and  (f)vA.y,  family,  in  allusion  to  its  containing  three  phosphates. 

LitJiiophilite  occurs  at  Branchville,  Fairfield  Co.,  Conn.,  in  a  vein  of  albitic  granite,  in 
irregular  masses  intimately  associated  with  spodumene  (and  cymatolite,  q.v.),  also  with  eosphor- 
ite,  triploidite,  rhodochrosite,  uraninite;  the  masses  are  sometimes  very  large  and  occasionally 
there  are  rough  crystals  with  the  forms;  also  at  Tubbs'  Farm.  Norway,  Me.  Named  from 
lithium  and  <pi\.6$,  friend. 

Alt. — Triphylite  and  triplite,  like  other  minerals  containing  manganese  protoxide,  undergo 
easy  alteration  by  oxidation  and  hydratiou ;  and  the  former  also  by  losing  its  alkalies.  The  iron 
shown  in  some  analyses  (cf.  sarkopside,  p.  778)  is  thus  accounted  for.  The  following  have  come 
from  the  alteration  of  one  or  the  other  of  these  minerals. 

A.  HETEROSITE.     Heteposite  Alluaud,  in  an  Art.  by  Vauquelin,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  30  294, 
1825.     Heterosite,  Heterozite,  Alluaud,  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.,  8,  346,  1826. 

Cleavable,  massive  and  lamellar;  cleavage  stated  to  be  in  three  directions,  unequal,  affording 
an  oblique  prism  of  80°.  H.  =  5-5-6;  G.  —  3"52,  or  3  39  after  further  alteration,  Dufrenoy; 
luster  resinous,  or  like  that  of  apatite;  color  greenish  and  bluish  gray,  becoming  violet  and  sub- 
metallic  on  exposure.  Soluble  in  acids,  with  a  slight  residue  of  silica.  B.B.  fuses  to  a  deep 
brown  submetallic  enamel.  Found  in  pegmatyte  near  Limoges,  Dept.  of  Haute  Vienne,  France, 
and  especially  at  the  quarries  of  Bureaux.  Named  heterosite  from  erepoS,  oilier  or  different,  but 
misspelt  by  Vauquelin. 

B.  PSEUDOTRIPLITE  Blum,  Orykt.,  2  Aufl.,  537,  with  anal,  by  Delffs.     Resembles  triplite; 
but  occurs  iucrustiug  triphylite  at  Rabenstein,  Bavaria,  to  the  alteration  of  which  its  formation 
is  owing. 

C.  ALLUAUDITE  Damour,  Ann.  Mines,  13,  341,  1848  [not  Alluaudite  Bernhardi].    In  nodules, 
or  massive,    with   three  rectangular   cleavages,    two  of  these    rather  easy,   the  other  less  so. 
H.  =  4-5;  G.  =  3'468.     Color  brown,  brownish  red  at  the  edges  by  transmitted  light;  powder 
brownish  yellow.     B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  black  magnetic  globule.     Dissolves  in  hydrochloric 
acid  with  evolution  of  chlorine.     Supposed  to  be  altered  triplite,  and  comes  from  Chanteloube, 
near  Limoges. 

Anal.— 1-4  of  altered  triphylite,  5,  6,  altered  lithiophilite.  1,  Rg.,  Pogg.,  85,  439,  1852. 
2,  Fuchs,  1.  c.  3,  Dmr.,  1.  c.  4,  J.  W.  Mallet,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  33,  1854.  5,  F.  P.  Dewey,  ib., 
17,  367,  1879.  6,  H.  L.  Wells,  ib.,  p.  368.  Other  analyses,  5th  Ed.,  p.  543. 


1.  Limoges,  Heterosite 

2.  Rabenstein,  Pseudotr. 

3.  Chanteloube,  Alluaud. 

4.  Norwich,  Mass. 

5.  Brauchville 


G. 
3-41 


3-395 


P2O6    Fe2O3  Mn2O3  MnO    CaO   Li2O    H2O 


32-18 
35-70 
41-25 

43-04 
40-66 


31-46 
48-17 
25-62 

29-50 
12-56 


30-01  — 
8-94  — 
1-06  23-08 

22-59     — 
25-27  11-66 


0-09 
0-18 


1-79 
5-66 


3-265    |  40-38    15-89    14  71  18'80    0'72    4'83 


6-35  =  100 

5-30  SiO2 1-40=99-51 

2-65  Si02  0-60,  Na2O 

[5  47  =  99-73 
2-05  Mg  0-73  =99-79 
307  A12O3  0-10, 
[Na2O  0-49  =  99  65 
3  37  K20  0-26,  insol. 

[0-90  =  99-86 


758  PHOSPHATES,   ARSENATES,   ETC. 

Ref.—1  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  47  (1),  282,  1863.     Cf.  J.  D.  D.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  11,  100,  1851. 

A  phosphate  near  triphylite  has  been  described  by  W.  P.  Headden  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  41,  416, 
1891)  from  the  "Nickel  Plate"  tin  mine,  Pennington  Co.,  S.  Dakota.  It  occurs  in  nodules 
associated  with  spodumene  and  beryl.  Cleavage  in  two  directions,  one  perfect,  the  other  imper- 
fect. Fracture  uneven  to  subcouchoidal.  H.  =5.  G.  =  3'612.  Luster  greasy  to  vitreous. 
Color  dark  green.  Transparent  to  translucent  in  thin  splinters.  Anal. — 

P2O6        FeO        MnO       CaO      MgO     Na2O     K2O      Li2O        F         ign.    gangue 
f  38-64       25-05       15'54       5  53       1-50       7'46       2'00       0'28      0'69      0'73      2'47  =  99'89 

Formula  deduced  4R3PO4.9R3PaO8'. 

MELANCHLOR  Fuchs,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  17,  171, 1839.  A  hydrous  iron  phosphate  from  Raben- 
stein,  occurring  on  triphylite  and  probably  derived  from  its  alteration.  The  name  alludes 
to  its  blackish  green  color. 

545.  NATROPHILITE.     G.  J.  Brush  and  E.  S.  Dana,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  39,  205,  1890. 

Orthorhombic,  near  triphylite  in  form;  measured  angles:  mm'"  =  50°  30', 
II'"  —  87°,  ce  —  47°-49°.  Chiefly  massive,  cleavable. 

Cleavage :  c  perfect ;  b  much  less  so ;  m  interrupted.  Fracture  uneven  to 
conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  —  4-5-5.  G.  =  3'41.  Luster  resinous  to  nearly  ada- 
mantine, on  c  somewhat  pearly.  Color  deep  wine-yellow.  Transparent  to  trans- 
lucent. Optically  -|~.  Ax.  pi.  \\  c.  Bx  J_  b. 

Comp. — Sodium-manganese     phosphate,   NaMnP04    or     Na3P04.Mn3Pa08   = 
Phosphorus  pentoxide  41*1,  manganese  protoxide  41*0,  soda  17*9,  =  100. 
Anal.— H.  L.  Wells,  1.  c. 

P2O5  MnO  FeO          Na2O  Li2O 

|  41-03  38-19  3-06  16'79  0'19  HaO  0'43,  insol.  0'81  =  100'50 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  easily,  coloring  the  flame  intensely  yellow.  Reacts  for  manganese 
with  the  fluxes.  Soluble  in  acids.  , 

Obs.— Occurs  rather  sparingly  at  Branch ville,  Fairfield  Co.,  Connecticut,  closely  associated 
with  the  corresponding  lithium-manganese  phosphate,  lithiophilite.  It  may  have  been  derived 
from  the  alteration  of  it,  analogous  to  the  changes  which  the  lithium  silicate,  spodumene,  has 
undergone  at  the  same  locality  (cf .  p. 


546.  BERYLLONITE.    K  S.  Dana,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  36,  290,  1888.    E.  8.  Dana  and  H.  L. 
Wells,  ibid.,  37,  23,  1889. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes    a  :  I  :  6  =  0-57243  :  1  :  0-54901  E.  S.  Dana. 

100  A  HO  =  29°  47'  17",  001  A  101  =  43°  48'  13",  001  A  Oil  =  28°  46'  2". 

Forms :                   I  (120,  i-2)  ft  (013,  H)  tf  (112,  i)  p    (123,  $-2) 

a  (100,  t-t)                 n  (130,  £-3)  y  (012,  H)  V    (HI,  1)  X    (122,  1-2) 

&    (010,  i4)                 o  (140,  i-l)  '  6  (023,  H)  *    (221,  2)  w  (121,  2-2) 

c    (001,  0)                  7t  (150,  i-5)  e  (Oil,  1-i)  A  (331,  3)  <r  (132,  f-3) 

g    (410  i-4)                *  (16°'  **>  r  C   (032>  *4>  R  (411  4-4) 

*     310  e-3                  «  (i'12'0'  ^  »  (°21'  **>  u  ffi  'I 

i    (210!  «                  d  (102,  H)  *  (^  ^  r    (211,  2-2  ' 

J    (320,  *»                 e  (101,  l-l)  I   WJ.  *-?  T  (421,  4-2)  •     }«'  ^ 

f  f201    2^  A  (051,  5-*)  r    (163,  2-bJ 

L                /(  A  (061,  64)  *  (888.1-1)  .  (161,  6-6) 

•*'                 a  (014,  i-i)  t    (231,  3-|) 


BERTLLONITE. 


759 


II'"  = 

mm"  = 

IV  = 

nri  = 

oo'  = 

TtTt'  = 

dd'  = 


ff' 
aa' 


16°  17' 

21°  36' 
31°  57' 
59°  34V 
82°  16' 
60°  26' 
47°  11' 
38°  31' 

51°  14' 
=    87°  36|' 
=  124°  56' 

=     15°  38' 


cv 
cs 
cA 
cp 


20°  44' 

30°  42' 

40°  12' 

57°  32' 

95°  21' 

117°  28' 

131°  2' 

28°  55' 
*47°  51V 
65°  39' 
73°  13' 
25°  55' 


cw 
co- 
ex 
cQ 
cy 

=  55°  33' 
=  43°  37' 
=  62°  19' 
=  50°     9' 
=  67°  21' 

vv' 

ww' 
ww'" 
at 
ax 

=  80°     6V 
=  43°  14' 
=  65°  42V 
=  76°  47' 
=  45°     8' 
=  63°  32' 

bu 

=  78°  48' 

to  =  68°  23' 
bw  =  51!  36' 
bx  =  40°  4' 
by  =  32°  15' 
bz  =26°  47' 
boo  =  22°  49' 
bt  —  52°  43' 
bs  =  63 
br  =  75 
br  =  43 
bo-  =  53 


5' 
46' 
43' 
24' 


bp  =  70°  47' 


7. 


m 


Twins:  tw.  pi.  m,  hence  aq  =  120°  25'.  Sometimes  repeated,  rarely  in 
stellate  forms.  Crystals  short  prismatic  to  tabular,  highly  complex.  Prismatic 
faces  near  a  often  united  in  oscillatory  combination,  hence  showing  vertical  stria- 
tions.  Faces  v  also  striated  ||  edge  v/f.  In  crystals  or  broken  fragments. 

Cleavage:  c  highly  perfect;  a  less  so,  interrupted;  m  still  less  distinct;  1} 
faintly  indicated.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  5-5-6.  G.  =  2 -845. 
Luster  vitreous,  brilliant;  sometimes  on.c  pearly.  Colorless  to  white  or  pale 
yellowish.  Transparent. 

Optically  — .     Ax.  pi.  ||  a.     Bx  _L  c.     Dispersion  small  p  <  v.     Axial  angles: 


760 


PHOSPHATES,   ARSENATES,   ETC. 


2Er     =  120°  26'  Li 

Also  ' 

2Hm.r  =     72°  35' 
2H..r  =  125°  13' 


2Er     =  121°     1'  Na 


2H0.y  =  124C 


47' 
59' 


2Egr     =  121°  24'  Tl 


2Ha.gr=     73°     1' 
2H0-gr  =  124°  30' 


2Vy  =  67°  34' 


Refractive  indices : 

Red,  Li 
Yellow,  Na 
Green,  Tl 


a 

1-5492 
1-5520 
1-5544 


ft 

1-5550 
1-5579 
1-5604 


r 

1-5604 
1-5608 
1-5636 


Comp. — A  phosphate  of  beryllium  and  sodium, 
NaBeP04  or  Na3P04.Be3PQ08  =  Phosphorus  pentoxide 
55*9,  beryllium  oxide,  19 '7,  soda  24*4  =  100. 

Anal.— H.  L.  Wells,  1.  c. 


P206 

55-86 


BeO 

19-84 


Na20 
23-64 


ign. 

0-08  =  99-42 


Pyr. — Decrepitates  somewhat  and  fuses  about  3  to  a 
slightly  clouded  glass,  coloring  the  flame  deep  yellow  with  a 
green  streak  on  the  lower  edge.  Slowly  but  completely  soluble 
in  hot  acids. 

Obs. — Found  loose  among  the  disintegrated  material  of  a  granitic  vein,  at  Stoneham,  Maine; 
associated  with  feldspars,  smoky  quartz,  beryl,  columbite.  The  same  region  has  yielded 
herderite  and  phenacite. 

The  crystals  of  beryllonite  often  show  a  columnar  structure  due  to  the  presence  of  hollow 
canals  and  fluid  cavities  arranged  parallel  to  the  vertical  axis.  Other  cavities  (with  liquid 
H2O,CO2)  are  present  often  in  great  numbers  (f.  8).  The  natural  faces  are  often  delicately 
etched  on  c,  showing  minute  depressions  nearly  square  in  outline. 

Artif.— On  the  artificial  formation  of  beryllonite,  see  Ouvrad,  C.  R.,  110,  1334,  June  23, 
1890. 


547.  HERDERITE.    Herderite  Haid.,  Phil.   Mag.,  4,   1,  1828.     Allogonit  BreitJi^  Uib. 
23,  1830,  Char.,  78,  1832. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes    a  :  I  :  6  =   0-62060  :  1  :  0-42345  E.  S.  Dana1. 
100  A  HO  =  31°  49£',  001  A  101  =  34°  18£',  001  A  Oil  =  22°  57'. 


Forms: 

m  (110,  J) 

c  (302,  |-*)« 

*  (061,  6-?) 

o  (441,  4)2 

a  (100,  i-l)* 

Z    (120,  £-2)3 

u  (Oil,  14)3 

J?  (111    1) 

«  (362,  3-^)3 

b  (010,  i-i) 

>w   (130,  a-3)3 

«   (032,|-«) 

o  (332,  |)3 

y  (181,  3-3)3 

c  (001,  0) 

d    (101,  1-i)4 

v  (031,  3-£)3 

;/     X^rv'wj    ^y 

n  (331,  3) 

Figs.  1-3,  Stoneham. 


HERDERITE. 


761 


mm 
IV 

dd' 

"  =    63°  39' 

=    77°  43 
=    56°  29' 
=    68°  37' 

cp     =    38°  46' 
cq     =    50°  18' 
en    =    67°  27' 

co     =    72~J  42$' 

oo' 

XX' 

yy',,, 
pp 

=  108°  26' 
=    64°  40' 
=    45°  46' 
=    38°  33V 

ee' 

=    91°  20' 

ex     =    58°  29^ 

qq'" 

=    47°  52' 

uu' 

=  *45°  54' 

cy     =.    55°  15V 

nn'" 

=    58°  17V 

ti 

=    64°  51' 

W'  =    64°  17' 

oo'" 

=    60°  28'" 

m' 

=  103°  35' 

qq'    =    81°  39' 

nu 

=  *57°    7' 

ss' 

=  137°    2 

nn  =  103°  24' 

,.  ...  4,  Ehrenfriedersdorf. 

Crystals  sometimes  resembling  a  low  hexagonal  pyr- 
amid (f.  4);  also  short  prismatic  in  direction  of  axis  a. 

Cleavage:  m  interrupted.  Fracture  subconchoidal.  H  =  5.  G.  =  2*99- 
3-01;  3-012,  a  perfectly  transparent  crystal  from  Stoneham,  Penfield.  Luster 
vitreous,  inclining  to  subresinous.  Color  various  shades  of  yellowish  and  greenish 
white.  Translucent. 

Optically  -.     Ax.  pi.  ||  b.     Bx  _[_  a.     Dispersion  p  >  v.     Axial  angles,  Dx.6: 


Maine    2Er     =121°  44'  Li 

2Ha.r  =    72°  34  glass 
2Er     =  120°  21' 


2Ey      =  121°  22'  Na 
2Ha.y  =    72°  12' 
2Ey      =  119°  45' 


2Ebl     =  120°  33'  CuSO4 

2Ha.bi=    71°  24' 
2Ebl     =  119°  11' 


Also  for  yellow    a  =  1-592,     ft  =  1-612,     y  =  1-621  Btd. 

Saxony    2Ha.r  =    74°  18'      2Ha.y  =    74°    4'      2H0.r  =  105°  11'         .-.     2Vr  =  74°  29' 
2Er     =  124°  35      2Ey      =  124°  18'      2H0.y  =  105°  23'         .-.     2Vy  =  74°  16' 

Cornp. — A  fluo-phosphate  of  beryllium  and  calcium,  (CaF)BeP04,  with  the 
fluorine  in  part  replaced  by  hydroxyl.  If  F  :  OH  =  1:1,  this  requires:  Phos- 
phorus pentoxide  43-8,  beryllium  oxide  15-4,  lime  34'6,  fluorine  5*9,  water  2'8  = 
102-5,  deduct  2*5  (0  =  2F)  =  100.  If  fluorine  alone  were  present  the  amount 
would  be  11 '7  p.  c. 

Groth  includes  lierderite  in  the  Olivenite  Group,  cf.  Tab.  Ueb.,  pp.  75,  76,  1889 
Anal.— 1,  Mackintosh,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  27,  135,  1884.     2,  Gentb,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  21,  694,1884. 
3,  Penfield  and  Harper,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  32,  107,  1886. 

Pa05        BeO         CaO         F         H2O 

1.  Stoneham  44-31        15-76        33  21      11-32        —    =  104-60 

2.  "  |43-43        15-04        33'65        8'93      0-61?  Al2O3,FeaO30-35,  MnO  0-11=102-12 

3.  "  43-74        15-51        33'67        5  27      3'70  =  101-89 


Analyses  of  the  lierderite  from  Ehrenfriedersdorf  and  from  Stoneham  by  Wiukler,  made  on 
minute  quantities,  have  been  shown  to  be  untrustworthy;  he  gave  considerable  alumina  and 
overlooked  the  fluorine,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  134,  1884. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  phosphoresces  with  an  orange-yellow  light,  fuses  with  difficulty,  becomes 
white  and  opaque:  takes  a  blue  with  cobalt  solution  ;  gives  acid  water  in  the  closed  tube  when 
strongly  healed.  Dissolves  in  acids. 

Obs. — The  original  herderite  is  known  only  from  a  few  specimens  obtained  prior  to  1825  at 
the  tin  mines  of  Ehrenfriedersdorf,  Saxony;  the  crystals  described  by  Haidiuger  resemble 
apatite  in  form  (f.  4).  pp'"  —  38°  4.3'  herderite,  xx'  =  37°  44'  apatite. 

Discovered  in  1883  at  Stoneham,  Maine  (see  Hidden,  Am.  J.  Sc  ,  27,  73,  135,  1884>.  It  occurs 
in  a  granitic  ledge  in  isolated  crystals  and  in  clusters  implanted  on  quartz  crystals,  or  embedded 
in  them;  also  on  muscovite  and  associated  with  albite;  found  sparingly  with  tourmaline  at 
Auburn,  Me. ;  also  at,  Hebron. 

Named  after  Baron  von  Herder,  director  of  the  Saxon  mines.  The  name  glucinite  was 
suggested  (Hidden,  1.  c.)  for  the  Stoneham  mineral  in  the  idea  that  it  might  prove  to  differ  from 
the  Saxon  in  containing  beryllium  (glucinum)  in  place  of  aluminium,  but  the  identity  of  the 
minerals  from  the  two  localities  has  been  thoroughly  proved. 

Ref.— '  Stoneham,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  27,  229,  1884.  Haidinger  gives  for  Ehrenfriedersdorf: 
pp'  =  63°  57',  pp'"  =  38°  43'.  *  Ehrenfriedersdorf  only,  Haid.,  1.  c.  3  Stoneham  only,  E.  S.  D., 
1  c.  4  Stoneham,  Hidden,  ibid.,  32,  209,  1886.  6  Dx.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  7,  130,  1884;  Btd.,  9, 
141,  1886. 


762  PHOSPHATES,   ANSENATES,   ETC. 

548.  HAMLINITE.     W.  E.  Hidden  and  8.  L.  Pen-field,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  39,  511,  1890. 
Rhombohedral.     Axis  6  =  1-1353;  0001  A  1011  =  52°  39$'  Penfield. 
Forms:     c  (0001,  0),     r  (1011,  R),    /(0221,  -  2). 
Angles :     cr  =  52°  40',     cf  =  69°  7f,     ?T'  =  *87°  2',    ff'  =  108°  2',     r/  =  54°  1'. 

In  small  rhomboliedral  crystals  with  basal  plane  prominent. 

Cleavage:  basal,  perfect.  H.  —  4-5.  G.  =  3-228. 
Luster  on  c  pearly;  on  rhombohedral  faces  greasy  to  resinous. 
Colorless  and  transparent,  or  with  a  slight  yellow  tint. 
Optically  4-;-  double  refraction  not  strong. 

Comp. — A.  phosphate   of   aluminium   or  beryllium  (or 
both)  with  water  and  fluorine;  exact  composition  undeter- 
mined. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  about  4  to  a  white  porcelain -like  mass  coloring  the  flame  green.  In  the 
closed  tube  gives  off  water  abundantly  and  fluorine  which  etches  the  glass.  Slowly  soluble  in 
acids,  giving  a  solution  which  reacts  strongly  for  phosphoric  acid.  The  presence  of  aluminium 
(or  beryllium)  and  absence  of  calcium  were  proved  by  qualitative  test. 

Obs. — Occurs  very  sparingly  at  Stoneham,  Me.,  associated  with  the  beryllium  phosphate, 
herderite,  and  the  beryllium  silicate,  bertrandite.  Only  a  single  specimen  has  thus  far 
been  found. 

Named  after  Dr.  A.  C.  Hamlin  of  Bangor,  Me.,  author  of  a  W9rk  on  precious  stones. 


3.  Apatite  Group.     Hexagonal  with  pyramidal  hemihedrism. 
Phosphates,  Arsenates,  Vanadates  of  calcium  and  lead,  with  chlorine  or  fluorine. 

General  formula  R5(F,Cl)[(P,As,V)04]3  =  (R(F,C1)  )R4[(P,As,V)OJ3; 

Also  written  3R3(P,  As,V)208.R(F,Cl)2.   Here  R=Ca  or  Pb,  also  Mn. 

c 

549.  Apatite  (CaF)Ca4(P04)3        Fluor-apatite  0-7346 

or  (CaCl)Ca4(POJ3       Chlor-apatite 
Manganapatite       (CaF)Ca4(P04),  with  (MnF)Mn4(P04)8 

550.  Pyromorphite  (PbCl)Pb4(P04)3  0-7362 

Polysphserite          ( (Pb,Ca)Cl)(Pb,Ca)4(P04)3 

551.  Mimetite  (PbCl)Pb4(As04)3  0-7224 

Ca^lite  {jSgjS;^. 

552.  Vanadinite  (PbCl)Pb4(V04)3  0-7122 

Endlichite 


549.  APATITE.  Crystallized  from  Spain.  Chrysolite  ordinaire  de  Lisle  (with  figs.),  Crist., 
1772,  2,  271,  1783;  =  Spargelgrilne  Stein  krystalle  aus  Spanien  nahern  Apatit  Wern.,  Bergm 
J.,  74,  1790;  —  Spargelstein  Wern.;  Asparagus  Stone;  Pierre  d'Asperge  Fr.;  Asparagolithe 
Abildgaard,  Ann.  Ch.,  32,  195,  1800.  Chaux  phosphatee  Vauq.,  Ann.  Ch.,  26,  123,  1798. 
Phosphate  of  Lime. 


1788,  378,  1789.  Phosphorsaurer-Kalk  Klapr.,  ib.,  294,  1788.  Sachsischer  Beryll,  Agustit 
(with  announcem.  of  supposed  new  earth,  Augusterde),  Trommsdorf,  Trommsd.  J.  Pharm., 
1800. 

Cry st.  fr.  Norway,  etc.  Moroxit  (fr.  Arendal)  Abildgaard,  Moll's  Jahrb.  B.  H.,  2,  432, 1798. 
Francolite  (fr.  Devonshire)  B<i -ooke,  T.  H.  Henry,  Phil.  Mag.,  36,  1850.  Lazur-Apatit  N.  Nd., 
Bull.  Soc.  Moscou,  30,  224,  1857. 

Massive.  La  Pierre  Phosphorique  (fr.  Lagrosan,  Estremadura)  Davila,  p.  60,  Madrid;  = 
Phosphate  calcaire  Proust,  J.  Phos.,  32,  241,  1788;  Pelletier,  Ann.  Ch.,  7,  1790;  =  Phosphorite 


APATITE  GROUP— APATITE. 


763 


Kirw.,  Min.,  1,  129,  1794;  id.,  Karst.,  Tab.,  52,  1808.     Eupyrchroite  (fr.  N.  Y.)  Emmom,  Rep. 
G.  N.  Y.,  1838.     Osteolith  Bromeis,  Lieb.  Ann.,  79,  1851  =  Bone-phosphate. 

Apatite  (incl.  the  Saxon  and  the  Spanish  crystallized  (Spargelstein)  and  massive  Phos- 
phorite, excl.  Moroxite)  Karst.,  Tab.,  36,  1800;  id.  incl.  the  same  and  also  Moroxite)  H.t  Tr., 
2,  1801. 

Hexagonal,  with  pyramidal  hemihedrism.     Axis  6  =  0-734603;    0001  A  1011 
=  40°  18'  22"  Koksharov1. 


Forms2 : 
c   (0001,  0) 

m  (1010,  /) 
a  (1120,  *-2) 

h  (2130,  z-f,  r) 
h,  (3120,  t-f ,  I)3 
*  (4150,  t-f,  r)4 


r  (1016,  £)6 
a-  (1013,  £)6 
C  (5-0-5-12, 
r  (1012,  i) 
V  (3035,  f)8 
e  (3034,  f)6 
x  (1011,  1) 


or  (3032,  |) 

y  (2021,  2) 

M  (7073,  |)9 

z  (3031,  3) 

it  (4041,  4)6 


, 
(1126,  i-2)« 


#  (H24,  i-2)10 
«  (1122,  1-2) 

*  (1121,  2-2) 
d  (2241,  4-2) 

zone  msx',  r) 
p  (4151,  5-f  )• 
n  (3141,  44) 


Also  the  vicinal  form11:  3  (3-l'4'280, 


w*  =  10°  54' 

mh  =  19°     6' 

CT  =    8°    3' 

cor  -  15°  47' 

cC  =  19°  28' 

cr  =  22°  59' 

erf  =  26°  58£J 

ce  =  32°  28' 

ca  =  51°  50' 

cy  =  59°  29' 

cw  =  63°  12' 

cz  =  68°  33' 

en  =  73°  35' 


cd> 

— 

13' 

45  i' 

CIO 

= 

36° 

18' 

cs 

= 

55° 

45*' 

cd 

— 

71° 

12' 

Cp 

— 

75° 

34' 

CO 

— 

56° 

49' 

en 

= 

71° 

54' 

ci 

= 

48° 

18' 

CJJ. 

— 

65° 

59' 

cq 

= 

79° 

2' 

TT' 

^ 

8° 

2' 

(TOJ 

— 

45° 

38' 

& 

= 

19° 

11' 

rr     = 

€€'      = 

XX'     = 

aa'  = 


9V     = 
88'      = 

dd'f  = 
MM,  = 


22°  31' 
26°  13' 
31°  8' 
*37°  44£' 
46°  18' 
51°  2' 
55°  28' 
34°  26' 
48°  50' 
56°  3<y 
54°  21' 
19°  53' 


GO  (7-3-10-3, 
M  (2131,  3-f) 
i    (1232,  l-f)6 

Ht  (3121,  3-|,  1)' 
o  (3142,  2-|,  r) 
g  (4371,  7-},  r)» 


MM, 
mp 
mn 


mi 

mx' 

aq 

an 

ao 

ax 


34°  48' 
18°  7i' 
22°  41' 
27°  18' 
30°  20r 
44°  17' 
55°  38V 
71°  8' 
11°  56' 
26°  14' 
36°  29' 
55°  56' 


1. 


m 


m 


i',?'  Comm°n  forms,  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  N.  Y.,  and  Canada.    3,  6,  Alexander  Co.,  N  C 
Hidden  and  Washington".     4,  Paris,    Me."     5,  Hebron.    7,  Brauchville,  Conn.,  Pirsson.' 
o,  ot.  (jrothard,  Haidmger. 


764  PHOSPHATES,   ARSENATES,   ETC., 

Crystals  varying  from  long  prismatic  to  short  prismatic  and  tabular;  in  the 
latter  cases  often  highly  modified;  also  in  low  pyramids  (f.  5);  rarely  terminated 

by  a  pyramid  of  the  third  series  (f,  4).     Also  globular 
9.  and  reniform,  with  a  fibrous  or  imperfectly  columnar 

structure;  massive,  structure  granular  to  compact. 

Cleavage:  c  imperfect;  m  more  so.  Fracture 
conchoidal  and  uneven.  Brittle.  Etching-figures 
conform  to  the  pyramidal  hemihedrism14.  H.  =  5, 
sometimes  4 -5  when  massive.  G.  =  3-17-3*23  cryst. 
Luster,-  vitreous,  inclining  to  subresinous.  Streak 
white.  Color  usually  sea-green,  bluish  green ;  often 
violet-blue;  sometimes  white;  occasionally  yellow, 
gray,  red,  flesh-red,  and  brown.  Transparent  to 
opaque.  A  bluish  opalescence  sometimes  in  the  di- 
rection of  the  vertical  axis,  especially  in  white  varieties. 
Some  colored  varieties  pleochroic;  absorption  e  >  &. 
Alexander  Co. ,  K  C. ,  basal  Optically  — .  Double  refraction  weak.  Some- 

section  of  f.  6. '  times    abnormally    biaxial     (cf.   Mid.15).      Indices, 

Heusser16: 

Fraunhofer  lines  D  E  F  G 

G?  1-64607  1-64998  1-65332  1-65953 

e  1-64172  1-64543  1'64867  1*65468 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary.  Crystallized,  or  cleavable  and  granular  massive.  Colorless  to  green, 
blue,  yellow,  flesh-red,  (a)  The  asparagus-stone,  originally  from  Murcia,  Spain,  is  yellowish 
green,  as  the  name  implies.  Moroxite,  from  Arendal,  is  in  greenish  blue  and  bluish  crystals. 
Both  names  have  been  used  for  apatite  of  the  same  shades  from  other  places,  (b)  Lasurapatite  is 
a  sky-blue  variety;  it  occurs  in  crystals  with  lapis-lazuli  in  Siberia,  (c)  Francolite,  from  Wheal 
Franco,  near  Tavistock,  Devonshire,  occurs  in  small  crystalline  stalactitic  masses,  grayish  green 
to  brown,  and  in  minute  curving  crystals  (anal.  11). 

Ordinary  apatite  is  fluor -apatite,  containing  fluorine  often  with  only  a  trace  of  chlorine,  up 
to  0'5  p.  c. ;  rarely  the  chlorine  preponderates,  and  sometimes  fluorine  is  entirely  absent.  The 
normal  angle,  ex  (0001  A  1011),  ami  also  the  specific  gravity  seem  to  diminish  with  increase  of 
the  chlorine  percentage,  but  more  observations  are  needed  to  establish  this  (Kk.,  Pusirevsky, 
Baumh.,  ref.  ').  The  following  data  are  brought  together  by  Baumhauer: 

Schwarzenstein  Tokovaya  Sulzbach  Rothenkopf  Sliudianka  Blagodatsk  Achmatovsk 

Chlorine                       tr.              O'Ol              0'028           0-085  0109  0-22  051 

8p.  gravity                3'215            3-202           3  153            3'149  3178  3'132  3'091 

ex  (0001  A  1011)      40°  17'        40°  18*'  40°  15^'       40°  10f  40°  16£'  40°  6f 

2.  Manganapatite  (Siewert,  Zs.   Nat.  Halle,  10,  339,  1874)  contains  manganese  replacing 
calcium.     The  original  is  a  variety  from  San  Roque,  near  Cordoba,  Argentine  Republic,  color 
dark  bluish  green,  containing  6  7  p.  c.  MnO,  anal.  26.     For  other  occurrences,  which  have  proved 
to  be  not  uncommon ,  see  anals.  27-33.     The  dark  green  apatite  from  Dixou's  quarry,  Wilmington, 
Del.,  also  contains  considerable  manganese  (Genth,  priv.  contr.). 

Cupro-apatite  Adam,  Tabl.  Min.,  45,  1869.  From  near  Coquimbo,  Chili,  at  the  mines  of 
Tambillos,  occurring  in  clear  turquoise-blue  crystals,  containing,  according  to  F.  Field,  20'93 
CuO,  the  copper  being  present  as  phosphate;  it  needs  confirmation. 

3.  Fibrous,  concretionary,  stalactitic.     The  name  Phosphorite  was  used  by  Kirwan  for  all 
apatite,  but   it  especially   included   the   fibrous  concretionary  and   partly  scaly  mineral  from 
Estremadura,  Spain,  and  elsewhere.     It  has  H.  =  4'5;  G.  =  2'92-3  Forbes,  but  2  98-312  after 
ignition.     Eupyrchroite ,  from  Crown  Point,  N.  Y.,  belongs  here;  it  is  concentric  in  structure, 
consisting  of  convex  subfibrous  layers,  more  or  less  easily  separable;  H.  =  4'5;  G.  =  3'053;  ash- 
gray  and  bluisjh  gray  in  color,  and  gives  a  green  phosphorescence  when  heated  (whence  the 
name,  from  ev,  well,  Ttvp,  fire,  and  xpda,  a  color). 

4.  Earthy  apatite;  Osteolite.     Mostly  altered  apatite.     Coprolites  are  mainly  impure  calcium 
phosphate.     For  both  see  beyond,  p.  708  et  seq.     Lasne  finds  sedimentary  phosphates  to  be  tiuor- 
apatite  in  composition,  C.  It,  110,  1376,  1890. 

Pseudoapatite  of  Breithaupt  from  Kurprinz,  near  Freiberg,  and  Schlackenwald  in  Bohemia, 
has  been  called  pseud omorphous  apatite.  Frenzel  makes  pyromorphite  the  original  mineral, 
analysis:  P2OS  39'28,  CaO  56'66,  SO3  1-42,  CO2  [2'64],  Cl  tr.  -  100.  Min.  Mitth.,  3,  364,  1880. 

Staffelite  of  Stein  (Jb.  Min.,  716,  186(5)  occurs  iucrusting  the  phosphorite  of  Staff  el,  in 
botryoidal,  reniform,  or  stalactitic  masses,  fibrous  and  radiating.  H.  =4.  G.  =  3128.  Color 


APATITE   GROUP-APATITE.  765 

reek  to  dark  green,  greenish  yellow.     See  anal.  37.     Stein  regards  it  as  a  result  of  the  action  of 
carbonated  waters  on  phosphorite. 

Comv.—l?OTFluor-ajpatit6  (CaF)Ca4P3012;  for  CJilor-apatite  (CaCl)Ca4P3012 ; 
also  written  3Ca3P2O8  -f  CaF,  and  3Ca3P208  -f  CaCl,.  There  are  also  intermediate 
compounds  containing  both  fluorine  and  chlorine.  The  percentage  composition  for 
these  normal  varieties  is  as  follows: 

Fluor-apatite  P2O6  42'3    CaO  55-5    F  3'8  =  101  "6    or  Ca3P2O6  92'25  CaF2     7'75  =  100 

Chlor-apatite  P2O5  41 '0    CaO  53 -8    Cl  6'8  =  101'6    or  CaaPaO8  89'4     CaCla  106    =100 

In  the  formula  as  first  (and  more  correctly)  written  the  univalent  group  (CaF)  or  (CaCl)  takes 
the  place  of  one  hydrogen  atom  in  the  acid  3H3PO4  =  H9PsOi2. 

Some  analyses  give  results  at  variance  with  this  normal  composition,  showing  a  deficiency 

(  CaF2 
in  the  fluorine  and  chlorine:  thus  Voelcker  proposes  to  write  the  formula  3Ca3P2O8.  \  CaCl2,  and 

(CaO 
Hoskyus-Abrahall  gives  Ca10(PO4)6(O,F2,Cl2).     Of.  Groth,  Tab.  Ueb.,  74,  1889. 

Fluor-apatite  is  much  more  common  than  the  other  variety;  here  belongs  the  apatite  of  the 
Alps,  Spain,  St.  Lawrence  Co..  N.  Y.,  Canada.  Apatites  in  which  chlorine  is  prominent  are 
rare;  this  is  true  of  some  Norwegian  kinds.  An  apatite  from  Kragero  contained  4*10  chlorine 
and  no  fluorine,  Voelcker,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  75,  384,  1858,  while  others  gave  1-38  and  1  03.  See  also 
analyses  below.  Varieties  also  occur  in  which  the  calcium  is  largely  replaced  by  manganese,  as 
in  manganapatite.  Further  Cossa  (Trans.  Ace.  Line.,  3,  17,  1878)  has  noted  the  presence  of 
didymium  (also  Ce,La)  in  many  apatites  as  proved  by  absorption  bands  in  the  spectrum;  these 
elements  have  been  found  before  by  chemical  means,  but  usually  referred  to  enclosed  cryptolite. 
Scheerer  found  5  p.  c.  cerium  oxide  in  the  apatite  of  the  augite-syenite  of  southern  Norway, 
which  is  not  due  to  enclosed  cryptolite — cf.  Bgr..  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  70,  1890. 

Anal.— G.  Rose  first  detected  the  fluoriue'and  chlorine,  and  published  the  following  as  the 
composition  of  different  specimens  (Pogg.,  9,  185,  1827): 

1.  Snarum  2.  Murcia  3.  Arendal  4.  Greiner  5.  St.  Gothard 

G.  =  3-174  G.  =  3-235  G.  =  3  222  G.  =  3-175  G.  =  3-197 

Calcium  phosphate          9M3                 92'066                 92-189  9216  92-31 

Calcium  chloride               4'28                    0'885                   O'SOl  0*15  tr. 

Calcium  fluoride                459                   7'049                   7'01  7'69  769 

The  following  are  other  typical  analyses;  some  earlier  ones  are  given  in  5th  Ed.,  p.  532. 

1-7,  Hoffmann,  Rep.  G.  Surv.  Canada,  1  H.,  1879.  8,9,  Voelcker,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Giessen, 
1883.  10,  Rowan,  Ch.  News,  50.  208,  1884.  11,  Maskelyue  and  Flight.  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  24,  3,  1871. 
12,  Klemeut,  Bull.  Mus.  Belg.,  5,  159,  1888.  13-15,  Hoskyns-Abrahall,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Munich, 
1889.  16,  Sachsse,  after  deducting  impurities,  quoted  by  Stelzner,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  265,  1889. 
17,  Scheitel,  ibid.  18,  Nikolayev,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  391,  1886;  also  other  anals.  of  massive  varieties 
with  3'05  to  l'S7  p.  c.  01.  19-24,  Voelcker,  1.  c.  25,  Waage,  quoted  by  Brogger  and  Reusch, 
Zs.  G.  Ges.,  27,  674,  1875:  also  another  anal,  with  35  p.  c.  Cl. 

26.  Siewert,  I.e.  27,  29,  30,  Peufield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  367,  1880.  28,  Dewey,  ibid.  31.  Hilsrer, 
quoted  by  Sandbenrer,  Jb.  Miu.,  1,  171,  1885.  32,  WeibuIL  G.  For.  Forh.,  8,  492,  1886. 
33,  Iffelstrom,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  5,  303,  1882. 

34,  Garzo  and  Penuelas,  Bull.  Soc.  G.,  17, 157,  1860.  35,  Mayer,  Lieb.  Ann.,  101,  281, 1857. 
36,  37,  Forster,  quoted  by  Stein,  Jb.  Min.,  716,  1866.  38.  Jackson,  Am.  J.  Sc..  12,  73,  1851. 

For  many  other  analyses  of  phosphorite  see:  Wicke,  Nassau,  Jb.  Miu.,  88,  1869.  Schwack- 
hofer,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  21,  211,  1871.  De  Reydellet,  Belmez,  Bull.  Soc.  G.,  1,  350,  1873. 
Niederstadt,  Estremadura,  Ber.  Ch.  Ges.,  107,  1874.  Nivoit,  Ciply  C.  R.,  79,  256,  1874. 
Mailer,  Nizhni  Novgorod,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  12,  61,  187  .  Gunn,  Russia,  Min.  Mag.,  1,  209,  1876. 
Guyot,  Vosges,  C.  R.,  87,  333,  1878.  Vernadsky,  Zmoleusk,  Zs.  Kr.,  17,  628,  1890. 

G.          P2O5     CaO       F        Cl    A12O3  Fe2O3  MgO  iusol.  CO2 


1. 

Storrington 

3-139 

40-37 

53-05 

3-31 

044 

061 

0-15 

0-15 

3-89 

0-03  =  102-04 

2. 

Buckingham 

3-149 

41-08 

54-49 

3-47 

0  26 

0-71 

0-13 

0-16 

0-37 

0-37  =  101-04 

3. 

N.  Burgess 

3-160 

39-05 

52-29 

3-79 

0-48 

1-19 

1  29 

0-55 

3-49 

0-10  =  102-23 

4. 

Portland 

3-188 

41-14 

5521 

3-86 

023 

057 

0-09 

0-18 

0-06 

0-22  =  101-56 

5. 

Lough  borough 

3-164 

40-87 

54-31 

3-73 

0-43 

084 

091 

0  16 

1-15 

0-11  =  102-51 

6. 

Portland 

3-168 

40-52 

54-09 

3-38 

0-f9 

0-27 

008 

0-21 

1-63 

0-86  =  101-13 

7. 

Templeton 

3-175 

40-81 

54-37 

3-55 

0-04 

0-57 

0-13 

0-62 

0-63 

0-52  =  101-24 

8. 

Canada 

4093 

54-80 

220 

0-09 

0-86 

0-41 

0-19 

0-15 

0-86  SO3  0-32, 

iign. 

0-25  =  101-10 

9. 

n 

41-37 

55-19 

2-45 

0-48 

0-99 

0-24 



0-99 

-    =  101-71 

10 

Amelia  Co.,  Va. 

3-161 

41-06 

53-94 

3-30 

tr. 

0-19 

081 

— 

063 

—   ign.  0-81 

[=  100  74 

766 


PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,  ETC. 


G. 

11.  Tavistock, 

Francolite 

12.  Ciply 

13.  Zillerthal 

14.  Jumilla 

15.  Ehrenfriedersdorf 

16.  Freiberg 

17.  Kiuzigthal 

18.  Turkestan     .          3199 

19.  Norway        cryst. 


P2O5     CaO      F        Cl    A12O3  Fe2O3  MgO  insol.  C02 

[=  101-01 

38-14    54-09    3-34      —       —     0*91*  0'69«     —      2'25H2Ol-59 
43-49    54-49    1'31    0'57    1'46    0'33    0'42     tr. 
42-86    56-22    1'54      —       —        —       —       — 
41-12    55-45    1-98    0'24      —     1-07    0'44C  .— 


20. 
21. 
22. 
23. 


A. 
B. 


mass. 


24.  Arendal,  Moroxite 

25.  Odegaard,  red 


—  =  102-07 

—  =  100-62 

—  ign.  0-25 
[=  100-55 

—  igii.  0-57 
[=  100-90 

—  —       —       —       —       —=  101-44 

—  —       —       —       —       —   =101-58 
tr,        —       —     O18e  0-12      —   =  101-16 

1-52    0-92    0-40      —     0-64    0'09  SO3  014, 

=  99-83 
0-81     1-85    1-62 

0-91  1-04    1-57 

2-26  0-39    0-64 

5-06  0-91    0-24 
0-50  [3-61]b 

5'8        —        — 


42-07  55-83  2-27      —       —     0'56d     —       — 

42-60  55-43  3'41      —       —       —       —       — 

4251  55-46  3'51      —       —       —       —       — 

41  93  55 -£9  3 '64 

41-65  54-25  — 

41-29  54-57  — 

|  4117  53-91  — 

40-29  53-23  — 

40-48  51-97  — 

41-58  53-92  — 

41-15  51-0  — 


[ign.  0-22  =  99-83 

—  0-34      —   SO3  0-15, 

[ign.  0-44  =  101-07 

—  0-32      —   SO3  0-13, 

[ign.  0-30  =  99-35 

—  1-89      —  SO3  0-15, 

[ign.  0-14  =  98-99 

—  1-77      —  S030-18, 

[ign.  0-14  =  100-75 
0-31      —  ign.  0-08 
[=  100 


Incl.  moisture,  in  8,  0'04;  in  9,  018.     b  Incl.  COa,S03.    c  Na20.    d  FeO  +  MnO. 
Manganapatite. 


0-8        —  ign.  0-6 
[=  99-3J 

MnO. 


26.  Cordoba 


G.          P2O6     CaO    MnO     F 
42-54    48-01    6  59    2'75 


27.  Branchville,  dark  green  3'39 

28.  "  green 

29.  "  white  3-144 

30.  Franklin  Furn.,  cryst.     3'22 


31.  Zwiesel 

32.  Westana 

33.  Horrsjoberg 


Phosphorite. 

34.  Estreraadura 

35.  Amberg 


3-169 


FeO. 


Cl    AlaOs  Fe2O3  insol, ' 
—       —     0-92*  .  —  MgO  0-48 
[=  101-29 

41-63  44-92  10-59  812  0'03  —  0*77  —  =  101-06 
40-96  53-53  2'48  3'84  —  0'50  0*08  0-06=101-45 
41-47  53-15  1-96  2'68  010  —  0'22  1'50  =  101 '08 
39-59  51-64  1-35  3'37  0'04  0'56  0-77  —  ZnO  0'03, 
[CaCO3  2-82,  H2O  0*52  =  99*69 

43-95  52-78  3'04  215  —  —  —  —  =  101'9» 
42-04  50-12  5-95  3'74  tr.  —  —  —  =  101*85 
36-42  45-17  8'80b  und.  —  —  —  = 

b  Incl.  some  FeO. 


G. 


36.  Staffel 

37.  "    Staffelite       3'128 

38.  Eupyrchroite          3*053 

*  Incl.  Si02. 


P2O5     CaO      F       Cl    A12OS  Fe2O,  MgO  insol.  CO, 
40-12    53-50    2-16    0'06    310a  0-61      —       —       —   =  100-21 
39-57    52-21    1-90      —       —     0'90    0*09    1'96    2'78  Alk.  0-66 

[=  100-07 

34*48    45-79    3*45      —      1-08    6'42    016    4'83b  1-51  Alk.  1*00, 

[H2O2*45  =  101*17 
39-05    5467    3'05      —      0*03    0*04      —       —     3*19H2O140 


45-71    48-71    0-60    013      —     2'00C 
b  SiO3  «  FeO. 


[=  101-43 
—       —     2-77*H2 


00-50 
[=  100-42 


CaCO,. 


For  further  analyses  of  phosphorite  see  references  above. 

The  oxygen  equivalent  of  the  fluorine  (chlorine)  is  to  be  deducted  from  the  above  analyses. 
Anal.  20,  21  are  from  different  parts  of  the  same  crystal.  From  16,  17,  impurities  have  been 
deducted. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  in  the  forceps  fuses  with  difficulty  on  the  edges  (F.  =  4'5-5),  coloring  the 
flame  red  dish  yellow;  moistened  with  sulphuric  acid  and  heated  colors  the  flame  pale  bluish 
green  (phosphoric  acid);  some  varieties  react  for  chlorine  with  salt  of  phosphorus,  when  the 
bead  has  been  previously  saturated  with  copper  oxide,  while  others  give  fluorine  when  fused 
with  this  salt  in  an  open  glass  tube.  Gives  a  phosphide  with  the  sodium  test. 

Dissolves  in  hydrochloric  and  nitric  acid,  yielding  with  sulphuric  acid  a  copious  precipitate 
of  calcium  sulphate;  the  dilute  nitric  acid  solution  gives  with  lead  acetate  a  white  precipitate, 


APATITE  GROUP- APATITE. 


767 


•which  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses,  giving  a  globule  with  crystalline  facets  on  cooling.  Some 
varieties  of  apatite  phosphoresce  on  heating. 

Obs. — Apatite  occurs  in  rocks  of  various  kinds  and  ages,  but  is  most  common  in  metnmor- 
phic  crystalline  rocks,  especially  in  granular  limestone,  granitic  and  many  metalliferous  veins, 
particularly  those  of  tin,  in  gneiss,  syenite,  hornblendic  gneiss,  mica  schist,  beds  of  iron  ore; 
occasionalfy  in  serpentine;  common  in  igneous  or  volcanic  rocks  in  the  form  of  microscopic 
acicular  crystals  which  have  been  early  formed  in  the  crystallization  from  the  magma;  some- 
times in  ordinary  stratified  limestone,  beds  of  sandstone  or  shale  of  the  Silurian,  Carboniferous, 
Jurassic,  Cretaceous,  or  Tertiary.  It  has  been  observed  as  the  petrifying  material  of  wood. 

Among  its  localities  are  Ehrenfrieclersdorf  in  Saxony;  Schwarzeustein,  Rothenkopf,  Pfitsch 
in  the  Tyrol;  with  epidote  on  the  Knappenwand,  Untersulzbachthal;  St.  Gothard,  Tavetsch, 
etc..  in  Switzerland;  Mussa-Alp  in  Piedmont,  white  or  colorless,  and  of  like  form  and  color  on 
the  Mittagboru  in  Upper  Valais;  Zinnwald  and  Schlackenwald  in  Bohemia;  in  England,  in 
Cornwall,  with  tin  ores;  in  Cumberland,  at  Carrock  Fells,  in  celandiue-green  crystals  in 
gilbertite;  in  Devonshire,  cream-colored  at  Bovey  Tracey,  and  at  Wheal  Franco  (francolite);  in 
Ireland,  in  a  basaltic  dike  near  Kilroot  in  Antrim,  also  in  Down,  Dublin,  and  Kiilir.ey  Hill. 
The  greenish  blue  variety,  called  moroxite,  occurs  at  Arendal,  Snarum,  and  Kragero  in  Not  way, 
at  the  latter  place  in  part  flesh-red,  and  looking  much  like  feldspar;  with  magnetic  iron  of  a 
greenish  yellow  color  at  Mt.  Blagodatsk  in  the  Ural;  with  black  tourmaline  on  the  Shaitanka 
in  Ekaterinburg;  on  the  Sliudianka  (las-ur  apatite);  at  the  emerald  mine  of  the  Takovaja,  85  versts 
N.E.  of  Ekaterinburg;  on  the  Kiriiba,  70  versts  S.W.  of  Miask,  containing  no  chlorine  (Pusi- 
revsky),  with  G.  =  3'126;  in  Pargas,  Finland.  The  asparagus-stone  or  spargelstein  of  Jumilla, 
in  Murcia  (not  C,  de'Gata),  Spain,  is  pale  jellowish  green  in  color;  a  variety  from  Zillerthal 
is  wine-yellow;  a  similar  variety  is  obtained  from  the  Cerro  de  Mercado,  Duraugo.  Mexico.  The 
phosphorite,  or  massive  radiated  variety,  is  obtained  abundantly  near  Ihe  junction  of  granite  and 
argillyte.  in  Estremadura,  Spain;  at  Schlackeuwald  in  Bohemia;  at  Aniberg,  Bavaria,  in  Jurassic 
limestone,  nodular  and  stalactific;  Nassau,  etc. 

Large  quantities  of  apatite  are  mined  in  Norway  at  Kragero,  where  it  was  worked  as  early  as 
1854;  also  at  Odegaard,  near  Bamle,  Norway,  with  enstatite  and  wagnerite  (kjerulfme)  in  large 
crystals;  further  in  veins  at  many  points  along  the  southern  coast  from  Laugesund  fiord  to 
Arendal,  in  part  in  connection  with  the  so  called  "  geflecter  gabbro"  mentioned  on  pp.  467, 
472.  in  which  a  tricliuic  feldspar  has  been  largely  altered  to  scapolite. 

In  Maine,  on  Long  Island,  Blue-hill  Bay,  in  veins  10  in.  wide,  intersecting  granite.  In 
,2V.  flamp.,  crystals,  often  large,  are  abundant,  4  m.  S.  of  the  N.  village  meeting-house,  West- 
moreland, in  a  vein  of  feldspar  and  quartz,  in  mica  slate,  along  with  molybdenite;  fine  crystals 
at  Piermont,  in  white  limestone,  on  the  land  of  Mr.  Thomas  Cross.  In  Mass.,  crystals  occasion- 
ally 6  in;  long,  at  Norwich  (N.E.  part),  in  gray  quartz;  at  Bolton  abundant,  the  forms  seldom 
interesting;  sparingly  at  Chesterfield,  Chester,  Sturbridge,  Hinsdale,  and  Williamsburgh.  In. 
Conn.,  at  Branchville,  dark  greenish  blue  (ma-nganapatite),  also  in  greenish  white  and  colorless 
crystals,  highly  modified  and  resembling  the  Swiss,  in  short  pearly  white  prisms  with  rough 
basal  planes;  at  Leete's  quarry,  near  Stony  Creek.  In  New  York,  large  crystals  of  apatite  are 
found  in  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  in  granular  limestone,  with  scapolite,  titanite,  etc.,  at  Hammond, 
Gouverneur;  in  Rossie,  with  titanite  and  pyroxene,  2  m.  N.  of  the  village  of  Oxbow;  also  on  Ihe 
bank  of  Vroomau  Lake,  Jefferson  Co.,  in  white  limestone;  Sanford  mine,  East  Moriah,  Essex  Co., 
in  magnetite,  which  is  often  thickly  studded  with  six-sided  prisms;  at  the  iron  mine,  Brewster, 
Putnam  Co. :  near  Eden  ville,  Orange  Co.,  asparagus-green,  in  white  limestone:  in  the  same  region, 


quarried  for  agricultural  purposes.  In  New  Jersey,  on  the  Morris  Canal,  near  Suckasunny,  of  a 
brown'color,  in  massive  pyrrhotite;  with  the  magnetite  of  Bryam  mine;  Mt.  Pleasant  mine  near 
Mt.  Teabo,  in  a  low  hill  near  the  junction  of  Rockaway  R.  and  Burnt 
Meadow  Cr.,  f  m.  from  the  canal,  in  masses  sometimes  6  in  through; 
at  Hurdstown,  Sussex  Co.,  where  a  shaft  has  been  sunk  and  the 
apatite  mined;  masses  brought  outweigh  occasionally  200  1'bs.,  and 
some  cleavage  prisms  have  the  planes  3  in.  wide.  In  Penn.,  at 
Leiperville.  Delaware  Co.;  in  Chester  Co.,  at  New  Garden;  in  Bucks 
Co.,,  at  Southampton,  mauganesian,  Genth.  In  Maryland,  near 
Baltimore..  In  Delaware,  at  Dixon's  quarry,  Wilmington,  of  a  rich 
blue  color.  In-  jy!  Carolina,  in  highly  modified  clear  yellow  crystals 
(f.  6,  p.  763),  also  -in  slender  greenish  prisms  with  hiddenite,  rutite, 
emerald,  dolomite,  muscovite,  etc.;  at  Stony  Point,  N.  Carolina,  one 
of  Ihe  latter  habit  seemed  to  be  a  cruciform-twin  with  tw.  pi.  s  (f.  10). 
In  Canada,  in  North  Elmsley,  and  passing  into  South  Burgess, 
'in  an  extensive  bed  10  ft.  broad,  3  ft,  of  which  are  pure  sea-green 
apatite,  and  outside  of  this  mixed  with  limestone,  and  sometimes 
occurring  in  prisms  a  foot  long  and  4  in.  through,  with  pyroxene 
and  pNogopfte—a  fluor-apatite  containing  only  0'5  chlorine  (Hunt);  AIPY 
similar  in  Ross;  at  the  foot  of  Calumet  Falls,  in  blue  crystals;  A16X' 
' 


<&  w 
>  *  ^ 


also  near   Blaisdell's  mill  on   the  Gatineau;    at  St.  Roch,    on  the  Achigan,   clear  rose-red. 
amethystine,  and  colorless  crystals,  with  augite. 


768  PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,  ETC. 

In  extensive  beds  in  the  Laurentinn  gneiss  of  Canada,  usually  associated  with  limestone,, 
and  accompanied  by  pyroxene,  amphibole,  titanite,  zircon,  garnet,  vesuviauite,  and  many  other 
species.  Prominent  mines  are  in  Ottawa  county,  Quebec,  along  the  Lievre  river  in  the  townships 
of  Buckingham,  Templeton,  Portland,  Hull,  and  Wakeneld.  Also  in  Renfrew  county,  Ontario, 
and  in  Lanark,  Leeds,  and  Fronteuac  counties.  The  yield  in  1889  was  80,500  tons.  The  crystals 
of  apatite  are  sometimes  of  enormous  size;  one  crystal  from  Buckingham,  Ottawa  Co.,  Quebec, 
weighed  550  Ibs.  and  measured  72£  inches  in  circumference 

Apatite  was  named  by  Werner  from  dnardeiv,  to  deceive,  older  mineralogists  having  referred 
it  to  aquamarine,  chrysolite,  amethyst,  fliior,  schorl,  etc. 

For  a  comprehensive  review  of  the  occurrence  of  apatite,  phosphorite,  and  calcium  phos- 
phate in  general,  see  R.  A.  Penrose,  U,  S.  G.  Surv.,  Bull.  49,  1888,  who  also  gives  an  extended 
bibliography.  On  the  Canadian  deposits,  see  Harrington,  G.  Surv.  Canada,  1-50  G,  1877-78; 
Vennor,  Rep.  G.  Surv.  Canada,  1870  et  seq. ;  also  Hoffmann,  1.  c.,  ref.  on  p.  765.  On  the 
apatite  of  Norway,  see  Brogger  &  Reusch,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  27,  646,  1875;  Nyt  Mag.,  25,  255,  1880; 
H.  Sjogren,  G.  For.  Forh.,  6,  447,  1883;  G.  Lofstrand,  ibid.,  12,  145,  207,  1890;  G.  Torell,  ibid., 
p.  365.  Or':  the  phosphorite  of  various  localities,  see  ref.  on  p.  765.  See  also  Phosvjiiatic 
Nodules  below. 

Alt. — bee  osteolite,  etc.,  below.  Moore  and  Zepharovich  have  described  apatite  altered  to 
sallaite  from  Fresno  Co.,  California.  Zs.  Kr.,  10,  240, "1885. 

Artif.— Early  obtained  by  Deville  &  Carou  (C.  R.,  47,  985,  1858,  and  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  67, 
443,  1863).  Lechartier  has  shown  (C.  R.,  65,  172,  1867)  that  an  arsenic  apatite  may  be  made  by 
fusion  together  of  calcium  arsenate  and  calcium  chloride;  and  that  from  the  same  at  a  lower 
temperature  an  arsenical  wagnerite  is  obtained  in  crystals.  See  also  Fouque-Levy,  Synth.  Min., 
262,  1882,  Bourgeois,  Reprod.  Min.,  178,  1884. 

Ref.— '  Ekaterinburg,  Miu.  Russl.,  2,  39,  1854;  see  also  ib.,  5,  86,  1866,  where  the  rather 
widely  varying  angles  for  different  localities  are  compared.  A  review  of  the  angles  for  apatite 
from  different  localities  is  given  by  Baumhauer,  Zs.  Kr.,  18,  31,  1890,  in  part  quoted  on  p.  764. 

*  Cf.  Schrauf,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  62  (1),  745  et  seq.,  1870,  also  Atlas  xvm-xx;- earlier  Haid., 
Isis,  1824,  Kk.,  1.  c.  3  Cf.  Klein,  Jb.  Min.,  485,  1871.  4  Questioned  by  Schrauf,  but  noted 
by  E.  S.  D.,  see9  below.  &  Struver,  Att.  Ace.  Torino,  3,  125,  1867,  6,  363,  1871.  «Schrauf, 

I.  c.     '  Klein.  Uutersulzbach,  Jb.  Min.,  121,  1872.     8  Schmidt,  Tavetsch,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  551,  1883. 
»E.  S.  D.,  Paris,  Me.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  27,  480,  1884.     10  Flink,  Nordmark,  Ak.  H    Stockh.,  Bih., 
1.2  (2),  No.  2,  42,  1886.     »  Weisbach,  Ehrenfriedersdorf,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  249,  1882.     >2  Vrba,  Pisek. 
Zs.  Kr.,  15,  464,  1889.     13  Hidden  and  Washington,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  33,  503,  1887. 

14  Etching-figures,  Bnumhauer,  Ber.  Ak.  Miinchen,  5,  169,  1875;  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  863,  1887, 
447,  1890.  15  Pusirevsky,  quoted  by  Kk.;  also  Baumh.,  Zs.  Kr.,  18,  41, 1891;  Mid.,  Ann.  Mines, 
10,  147,  1876.  16  Refractive  indices,  Heusser,  Pogg.,  87,  467,  1852.  Elasticity,  Vater,  Zs.  Kr., 

II,  581,  1886.     Pyroelectricity,  Hankel,  Wied.  Ann.,  6,  52,  1879. 

OSTEOLITE  is  a  massive  impure  form  of  calcium  phosphate,  and  according  to  A.  H.  Church 
(Ch.  News,  16,  150, 1867),  after  analyses  of  specimens  from  various  localities,  it  is  to  be  regarded 
as  an  altered  apatite.  The  ordinary  compact  variety  looks  like  lithographic  stone  of  white  to 

fray  color.     It  also  occurs  earthy.     H.  =  1-2;  G.  =  2'8-3'l,  fr.  Ostheim  near  Hanau,  Bromeis; 
•86,  ibid..  Church;  luster  feeble  or  wanting.     Excepting  impurities,  it  has  the  composition  of 
apatite,  although  most  analyses,  excepting  those  of  Church,  do  not  show  fluorine  or  chlorine. 
Analyses:  5th  Ed.,  p.  533,  534.     Named  from    ooreor,  bone,  and  Az'GoS,  since  bones  consist 
largely  of  the  same  phosphate. 

EPIPHOSPHORITE  Breithaupt,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  25,  194,  1866.  Occurs  reniform,  of  scaly-granular 
structure,  inclining  to  fibrous,  vitreous  luster,  leek-  to  celandine-green  colo'r,  with  H.  =  4*5-5, 
G.  =  3*125.  According  to  Richter  it  fuses  with  much  difficulty,  and  affords  indications  of 
phosphoric  acid,  lime,  iron  protoxide,  alumina,  and  a  very  little  silica;  not  tested  for  fluorine  or 
chlorine,  because  of  too  little,  material.  Occurs  with  garnets  and  graphite  in  a  crystalline  rock, 
but  locality  unknown. 

TALC-APATITE  Hermann,  J.  pr,  Ch.,  31,  101,  1844.  An  apatite  from  chlorite  slate  near 
Zlatoust,  containing  a  large  percentage  of  magnesia  in  place  of  part  of  the  lime,  and  low  in 
specific  gravity.  It  occurs  in  6-sided  prisms,  grouped  or  single;  H.  =  5;  G.  =  2 '7-2 '75;  luster 
dull  to  earthy;  color  milk-white,  yellowish  externally;  feebly  translucent.  Anal.,  Hermann, 
deducting  9'50  insoluble  material  as  impurities: 

P205  43-11        CaO  41-44        MgO  8  55        FeaO3  MO        Cl  0'92        S03  2'32  F  undet. 

Berzelius  suggests  that  the  magnesia  may  have  come  from  the  gangue.     According  to  Volger 
it  is  an  altered  impure  apatite.     Some  magnesia  is  present  in  many  apatites  (Bischof). 

HYDROAPATITE  Damour,  Ann.  Mines,  10,  65,  1856.  In  mammillary  concretions,  looking  a 
little  like  chalcedony.  H.  =  5'5.  G.  =  3'10.  Color  milk-white.  Subtransparent.  Composi- 
tion that  of  a  hydrous  apatite.  Analysis  by  Damour: 

P2O6  40-00  CaO  47-31  F  3'36  Ca  3'60  H2O  5*30  =  99'57 

Heated  in  a  tube  it  decrepitates  and  gives  out  ammoniacal  water.  Found  near  St.  Girons  in 
the  Pyrenees,  in  the  fissures  of  a  brownish,  ferruginous,  argillaceous  schist,  a  rock  which  cot 
lar  distant  affords  wavellite. 


APATITE  GROUP—  APATITE.  769 

Besides  the  definite  mineral  phosphates,  Including  normal  apatite,  phosphorite,  etc.,  there 
are  also  extensive  deposits  of  amorphous  phosphates,  consisting  largely  of  "  bone  phosphate  '* 
(Ca3P2O8),  of  great  economic  importance,  though  not  having  a  definite  chemical  composition 
and  hence  not  strictly  belonging  to  pure  mineralogy.  Here  belong  the  phosphatic  nodules, 
coprolites,  bone  beds,  guano,  etc. 

PHOSPHATIC  NODULES.  COPROLITES.  Phosphatic  nodules  occur  in  many  fossiliferous 
rocks  of  different  ages,  and  are  probably  in  all  cases  of  organic  origin.  They'sometimes  present 
a  spiral  or  other  interior  structure,  derived  from  the  animal  organization  that  afforded  them,  and 
in  such  cases  their  coprolitic  origin  is  unquestionable.  In  other  cases  there  is  no  definite  or  only 
a  concretionary  structure.  Phosphatic  nodules,  from  the  Lower  Silurian  rocks  of  Canada, 
contain  sometimes  fragments  of  shells  of  Lingula  and  Orbicula,  which  shells,  unlike  most  others, 
consist  largely  of  phosphates.  They  are  found  in  the  Chazy  formation  at  Allumette  Id., 
Hawkesbury.  R.  Ouelle,  and  elsewhere.  They  have  been  investigated  by  T.  S.  Hunt  (Logan's 
Rep.  Can.,  1851-52,  1863,  and  Am.  J.  Sc.,  17,  235,  1854). 

The  nodular  phosphatic  deposits  are  most  abundantly  developed  in  the  Tertiary  of  South 
Carolina,  where  they  have  been  extensively  mined  since  1868.  There  are  three  principal  regions: 
first,  near  Charleston,  north  and  east  of  the  city,  from  Waudo  river  and  the  east  branch  of  the 
Cooper  river  on  the  northeast  to  Rantowles  creek  and  Stone  river  on  the  southwest.  Again, 
west  of  the  above  from  the  Edisto  river  to  Horseshoe  creek,  and  finally  between  Bull  and  Broad 
rivers  with  the  deposits  of  Coosaw  and  Beaufort  rivers  and  those  of  Chisholm  island.  There  are 
also  other  points  where  the  nodules  have  been  obtained.  They  are,  in  general,  most  abundant 
in  river  bottoms,  where  they  have  been  washed  together  from  their  original  beds. 

The  nodules  are  irregular  in  form  and  range  from  the  size  of  a  pea  or  larger  up  to  a  ton; 
the  larger  masses  often  formed  by  the  union  of  many  small  nodules.  They  vary  in  hardness 
from  2  to  4  and  in  specific  gravity  from  2'2  to  2'5.  They  have  no  crystalline  structure,  but 
sometimes  are  distinctly  concretionary.  In  color  they  vary  from  light  gray  to  brown  and  rarely 
jet  black.  Chemically  they  usually  consist  of  from  50  to  60  p.  c.  or  more  of  bone  phosphate, 
with  6  to  8  p.  c.  calcium  carbonate,  4  to  5  p.  c.  organic  matter  and  moisture,  and  a  variable 
amount  of  sand.  The  nodules  are  accompanied  by  the  remains  of  marine  life  of  various  forms, 
sharks'  teeth,  etc. 

Phosphatic  deposits  also  occur  in  North  Carolina,  Alabama,  and  Florida.  Those  of  Florida 
have  come  into  prominence  recently  (since  1889),  and  have  already  assumed  considerable 
economic  importance.  The  beds  have  been  traced  from  near  Tallahassee  and  Gainesville  through 
Madison  and  Alachua  counties,  along  a  line  nearly  250  miles  long,  running  a  little  east  of  south 
to  the  mouth  of  Peace  R.  into  Charlotte  Harbor.  The  beds  are  chiefly  in  Madison,  Alachua. 
Levy,  Marion,  Citi-us,  Heruando,  Pasco,  Hillsboro,  Polk,  and  De  Soto  counties.  The,  main  point 
of  interest  is  at  Duunellon  between  Marion  and  Citrus  Cos.  The  Florida  phosphate  has  been 
called  Floridite  by  Cox  (Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.,  p.  260,  1890).  Much  of  it  is  a  hard  phosphate  rock 
(rock  phosphate},  sometime  a  "  pea  like  phosphorite";  there  is  also  a  conglomerate,  and  again  it 
is  soft  and  plastic;  it  is  stated  to  average  about  80  p.  c.  or  more,  of  bone  phosphate. 

Other  phosphate  deposits  occur  in  the  greensand  of  England,  in  N.  Wales  (L.  Silurian), 
in  Belgium,  France,  Russia,  etc.  See  further  C  U.  Shepard,  South  Carolina  Phosphates 
(Charle3tou,  1880);  Penrose,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Bull.  46,  1888,  referred  to  above  and  here  quoted 
from;  also  on  the  Florida  deposits,  Cox,  1.  c.,  Dartou,  Aim  J.  Sc.,  41,  102,  1891,  also,  in  general, 
the  authors  quoted  above  (p.  768). 

GUANO.  Guano  is  bone  phosphate  of  lime,  mixed  with  the  hydrous  phosphates,  and  gener- 
ally with  some  calcium  carbonate,  and  often  a  little  magnesia,  alumina,  iron,  silica,  gypsum, 
and  other  impurities.  It  often  contains  9  or  10  p.  c.  of  water.  It  is  often  granular  or  oolitic; 
also  compact  through  consolidation  'produced  by  infiltrating  waters,  in  which  case  it  is  frequently 
lamellar  in  structure,  and  also  occasionally  stalagmitic  and  stalactitic.  Its  colors  are  usually 
grayish  white,  yellowish  and  dark  brown,  and  sometimes  reddish,  and  the  luster  of  a  surface  of 
fracture  earthy  to  resinous.  Shepard  's  Pyroclasite  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  22,  97,  1856)  is  nothing  but  the 
hard  guano  from  Monk's  island,  Caribbean  sea,  the  mass  of  which  he  named  Pyroguanite,  under 
the  wrong  idea  of  its  having  undergone  the  action  of  heat;  in  a  later  notice  (ibid.,  23,  404  1882) 
Shepard  suggests  that  pyroclasite  may  be  a  "  uniform  compound  of  monetite  and  monite"  or  "a 
mechanical  mixture  of  the  two."  Phipson's  Sombrerite  (J.  Ch.  Soc..  15,  277.  1862)  is  similar  to 
pyroclasite  from  Sombrero,  as  shown  by  A.  A.  Julien  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  36,  423,  1863).  The  waters 
which  have  filtrated  through  the  guano  at  Sombrero  have  altered  the  coral  rock  adjoining,  turning 
it  more  or  less  completely  into  phosphate  of  -lime  of  a  yellowish  or  brownish  color;  and  phosphatic 
stalagmites  and  stalactites  resinous  in  fracture  are  common. 

Shepard's  massive  Glaubapatite,  yellowish  brown  to  chocolate-brown  in  color,  and  in  fibrous 
stalactites,  from  Monk's  island  (1.  c.),  is  also  in  all  probability  merely  the  guano  rock  above 
described.  He  says  the  mineral  contains  15'1  p.  c.  of  sodium  sulphate,  with  74'0  of  calcium. 
phosphate,  and  10  -3  of  water;  but  -such  a  compound  is  hardly  a  possibility,  and  the-  fact  of  its 
existence  needs  confirmation.  The  name,  from  glauber  and  apatite,  alludes  to  the  composition 
Ihe  mineral  includes  also  tl  tabular  crystals,"  which  may  possibly  be  brushtie,  although  the 
composition  is  against  it  For  analyses  of  the  guano  of  Mexillones  see  Domeyko,  C.  R.,  9O. 


For  various  guano  minerals  see  monetite,  struvite,  brushite,  metabrushite,  martinite,  etc 
p.  784,  etc.;  also  stercorite,  p.  826 


770 


PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATKS,  ETC. 


650.  PTROMORPHITE.  Gron  Blyspat,  Minera  plumbi  viridis  pt.,  Wall.,  Min.,  296, 
1748.  Mine  de  Plomb  verte  Fr.  ~Trl.  Wall.,  1,  536,  1853.  Grilnbleierz,  Braunbleierz,  Schullze, 
Dresden  Mag.,  2,  70,  1761,  2,  467,  1765  (with  obs.  on  identity).  Grim  Bleyerz,  PHOSPHOR- 
8AUREHALTIG  (fr.  Zscbopau),  Klapr.,  Crell's  Anfa.,  1,  394,  1784.  Green  Lead  Ore,  Brown  Lead 
Ore,  Phosphate  of  Lead.  Phosphorsaures  Blei,  Phosphorblei,  Buntbleierz,  Germ.  Plomb 
phosphate  Fr.  Polychrom,  Pyromorphit,  Hausm.,  Handb.,  1089,  1090,  1813.  Traubeublei  id., 
ib.,  1093.  Polysphcerit  Bretth..  Char.,  54,  1832.  Nussierite  Danhauser,  Barruel,  Ann.  Ch. 
Phys.,  62,  217,  1836  MiesH  Breith.,  Handb..  285,  1841.  Cherokine  Shep.,  Rep.  Canton  Mme, 
1856,  Miu.,  407,  1857,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  38,  1857. 


Hexagonal,  with  pyramidal  hemihedrism1. 
*40°  22'  Haidinger*. 

Forms3  :  c  (0001,  0);  m  (1010,  /),  a  (U20,  t-2);  a?(10ll,  1),  y  (2021,  2),  *  (4041,  4)  ; 


Axis  6  —  G'7362;  0001  A  1011  = 
(1121,  2-2). 


Nerchinsk,  Erem. 


Angles-  ex  =  40°  22',  c.y  =  59°  32'.  err  =  73°  37',  cs  =  55°  49'',  xx'  =  37°  47*',  yy'  =  51°  8V, 
xit'  =  57°  20',  as'  =  48°  52',  xs  =  26°  52',  ax  =  55°  53'. 

Crystals  prismatic,  with  faces  m  striated   vertically,    and  often  in  rounded 
barrel-shaped   forms;    also  in  branching    groups  of  prismatic  crystals  in  nearly 

parallel  position,  tapering  down  to  a  slender 
point.  Often  globular,  reniform,  and  botryoidal 
or  verruciform,  with  usually  a  subcolumnar 
structure;  also  fibrous,  and  granular. 

Cleavage:  m,  x  (1011)  in  traces.     Fracture 
subconchoidal,  uneven.     Brittle.     H.  =  3*5-4. 
G.  =  6*5-7*1  mostly,  when  pure;  5*9-6*5,  when 
containing  lime.    Luster  resinous.   Color  green, 
yellow,  and  brown,  of  different  shades;  some- 
times wax-yellow  and  fine  orange-yellow;  also 
grayish    white   to   milk-white.      Streak   white, 
sometimes  yellowish.     Sub  transparent  to   sub- 
translucent.     Optically  — .     Sometimes  biaxial, 
and   increasingly  so  as  the  amount  of  arsenic 
increases.     Cf.  mimetite,  p.  772. 
Var.— 1.  Ordinary,     (a)  In  crystals  as  described ;  sometimes  yellow  and  in  rounded  forms 
Tesem-bling  campylite  (pseudo-campylite).     (b]  In  acicnlar  and  moss-like  aggregations,     (c)    Concre- 
tionary groups  or  masses  of  crystals,  having  the  surface  angular,     (d)  Fibrous,     (e)  Granular 
massive.     (/)  Earthy;  incrusting. 

2.  Polysphcerite.  Containing  lime;  color  brown  of  different  shades,  yellowish  gray,  pale 
yellow  to  nearly  white;  streak  white;  G.  =  5'89-6'44.  Rarely  in  separate  crystals;  usually  in 
gvpups,  globular,  mammillary,  verruciform.  Miesite,  from  Mies  in  Bohemia,  is  a  brown  variety. 
Nussierite  is  similar  and  impure,  from  Nussiere,  near  Beaujeu,  France;  color  yellow,  greenish, 
or  grayish;  G.  =  5  042.  Cherokine  is  milk-white  or  pinkish  white  in  color,  and  occurs  in  slightly 
acuminated  prisms,  and  also  botryoidal  and  massive;  G.  =  4-8  (?);  from  the  Canton  mine, 
Cherokee  Co.,  Georgia.  3.  Chromiferous;  color  brilliant  red  and  orange.  4.  Arseniferous; 
color  green  to  white;  G.  =  5'5-6'6.  .5.  Pseudomorphous;  (a)  after  galena;  (b)  cerussite. 

Both  the  green  and  brown  colors  occur  with  the  pure  phosphate  of  lead,  as  well  as  that 
containing  calcium. 

Comp — (PbClJPb^O,.,  or  also  written  3Pb8PaOe.PbCl,,  =  Phosphorus  pentox- 
ide  15*7,  lead  protoxide  82*2,  chlorine  2*6  =  100*5,  or  Lead  phosphate  89*7,  lead 
chloride  10*3  =  100. 

The  phosphorus  is  often  replaced  by  arsenic,  and  as  the  amount  increases  the  species  passes 
into  mimetite.  Calcium  also  replaces  the  lead  to  a  considerable  extent. 

Anal.— 1,  Hilger,  Jb.  Min.,  129,  1879.  2-5,  Jannettaz  and  Michel,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  4,  196, 
1881.  6,  Rivot,  quoted  by  Jannettaz  and  Michel.  7,  Hidegh,  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  535,  1883.  8,  Heddle, 
Min.  Mag.,  5,  21,  1882.  9-11,  Collie,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  55,  93,  1889.  12,  Petersen,  Jb.  Min.,  393, 
1871.  13,  14  Seidcl,  quoted  by  Sandberger,  Jb.  Min.,  222,  1864.  15,  16,  Kersten,  Schw.  J., 
62,  1  et  seq.,  1831,  also  other  anals.  of  the  normal  variety.  17,  G.  Barruel,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  62, 
217,  1837.  18-22,  Januettaz  and  Michel,  1.  c. 


1.  .Ordinary. 

1.  Dernbach,  colorless 

2.  Ems 

3    Eramendingen 


P2O6  AsaO»  PbO  CaO  Cl 

15-90      —     80-89  0-42  2'13  insol.  0-31  =  99'65 

15-73      —     82-12  —  2-62  =  100'57 

15-57      -     81-72  —  2-73  =  100'02 


APATITE  GROUP- MIMETITE. 


771 


B. 

4.  Joachimsthal 

5.  Hofsgrund 

6.  Huelgoet 

7.  Schemnitz 

8.  Lead  hi  11s 

9.  "          orange 

10.  "          green 

11.  ••          yellow 

2.  Containing  Calcium. 

12.  Schapbach,  green 

13  Badenweiler,  wax-yellow 

14  "  dark  orange 

15.  Freiberg  G.  =  6  092 

16.  Mies  G.  =  6  444 

17.  Nussierite 

3.  Containing  Arsenic. 

18.  Marienberg 

19.  Zschopau 
20. 

21.  Roughten  Gil? 

22,  Cornwall 


P,O5  A»,OS  PbO    CaO      Cl 


1659 

— 

7686 

— 

17-12 

— 

79  90 



18  10 

— 

77-87 

1-25 

15-94 

— 

8097 

0-25 

15  63 

— 

81-81 

— 

15-7 

— 

81-4 



15-9 







159 

— 

81-6 

— 

16-25 

0-61 

77-17 

328 

16-11 

0-66 

7746 

2-40 

15-88 

0-69 

77-45 

245 

[15361 

' 

72-17 

6-47 

L18-35] 

— 

75-83 

3-71 

19-80 

4-06 

52-64 

12-30 

14-56 

2-72 

80-72 

_ 

15-56 

2-34 

79-28 

— 

13-92 

3-54 

78-38 



11-31 

898 

7729 

— 

5-20 

9-28 

83-02 

— 

2  45  FeO  3-00  =  98'90 

2-47  FeO  0'87  =  100'36 

2  43  FeO  0  15,  CaFa  1'20  =  101 

2  54  -  99-70 

2*68  iron  phosphate  0'45=100'57 

26    =  99-7 

2-6 


2-62  F,Cu2O  tr.  =  99'93 

2  64  =  99-27 

und. 

1-94  =  99-94 

2-Q5  =  99-94 

1  95  FeO  2-44,  SiOa  7'20=100-39 

2-45  =  100  45 
2-85  =  100-03 

2  35  FeO  1  75  =  99 '94 
2  31  =  99-89 

2-52  =  100-02 


A  calcium  vanado-pyroraorphite,  with  G.  —  6-9-7-0,  from  Leadhills  gave  Collie:  Lead 
phosphate  52'0,  lead  vanadate  192,  calcium  phosphate  15'8,  lead  chloride  11 '4.  J.  Ch.  Soc., 
65,  94.  1889. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  a  white  sublimate  of  lead  chloride.  B.B.  in  theforcepa 
fuses  easily  (F.  =JT5),  coloring  the  flame  bluish  greea;  on  charcoal  fuses  without  reduction  to 
a  globule,  which  on  cooling  assumes  a  crystalline  polyhedral  form,  while  the  coal  is  coated 
white  from  chloride  and,  nearer  the  assay,  yellow  from  lead  oxide.  With  soda  on  charcoal 
yields  metallic  lead;  some  varieties  contain  arsenic,  and  give  the  odor  of  garlic  in  R.F.  on 
charcoal.  With  salt  of  phosphorus,  previously  saturated  with  copper  oxide,  gives. an  azure-blue 
color  to  the  flame  when  treated  in  O  F.  (chlorine).  Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs.— Pyromorphite  occurs  principally  in  veins,  and  accompanies  other  ores  of  lead. 

Occurs  at  Poullaouen  and  Huelgoet  in  Brittany;  at  Zschopau  and  other  places  in  Saxony;  at 
Pfibram,  Mies,  and  Bleistadt,  in  Bohemia:  at  Sonnenwirbel  near  Freiberg;  Clausthal  in  the 
Harzi  in  tine  crystals  at  Ems,  Braubach.  in  Nassau;  also  at  Dernbach  near  Montabaur  in  Nassau; 
Kranzberg  near  Usingen;  Berezov  in  Siberia;  in  the  Nerchinsk  mining  district,  in  fine  crystals; 
Cornwall,  green  and  brown;  Devon,  gray;  Derbyshire,  green  and  yellow;  Cumberland,  golden, 
yellow,  in  England;  Leadhills,  red  and  orange,  in  Scotland;  Wicklow,  clove-brown  and  yellow- 
ish green,  and  elsewhere,  .Ireland 

Pyromorphite  has  been  found  in  good  specimens  at  the  Perkiomen  lead  mine  near  Philadel- 
phia, and  very  fine  at  Phenixville;  also  in  Maine,  at  Lubec  and  Lenox;  in  New  York,  a  mile 
south  o'f  Sing  Sing;  sparingly  at  Southampton,  Massachusetts,  and  Bristol,  Conn.;  in  good 
crystallizations  of  bright  green  and  gray  colors  in  Davidson  Co.,  N.  C.,  also  in  Cabarrus  and 
Caldwell  Cos. 

Named  from  7tvp}fre,  nop(pr},  form,  alluding  to  the  crystalline  form  the  globule  assumes 
on  cooling.  This  species  passes  into  mimetite. 

Alt.— Occurs  altered  to  galena,  cerussite,  calamine,  calcite,  and  limonite. 

Pseudoapatite  (p.  764)  is  according  to  Frenzel  a  pseudomorph  after  pyromorphite. 

Artif.— See  mimetite. 

Ref.— '  Baumh.,  as  shown  by  etching-figures,  Jb.  Miu.,  411, 1876.  2  Haid.,  Breisgau,  Min. 
Mohs,  2,  134,  1825;  Rose  obtained  xx  =  37°  53',  Pogg.,  9,  209,  1827.  Sbs.  gives  green  cryst., 
Zschopau,  xx'  =  37°  46',  Pogg.,  100,  300,  1857;  Erem.,  green,  Nerchinsk,  xx'  =  37°  43£'  and 
37°  41',  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  22,  179,  1886,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  13,  191, 1887.  3  Haid,  I.e.,  Erera,  1.  c. 

551.  MIMETITE.  Miuera  plumbi  Viridispt.,  Plumbum  arsenico  mineralisatum,  Wall.,, 
Miu.,  296,  1748.  Plomb  vert  arsenical  (fr.  Andalusia)  Proust.,  J.  de  Phys.,  30,  394.  1T87. 
Idem  (fr.  Roziers,  with  anal.)  Fourcroy,  Mem.  Ac.  Be.  Paris.  1789.  Arsenikalisches  Bleyerz 
tern.  Min  ,  2.  224,  1794.  Grunbleierz  pt..  Buntbleierz  pt.,  Flockenerz,  Traubenblei  pt.,  Arsen- 
saures  Blei,  Germ.  Arsenate  of  Lead,  Green  Lead  Ore  pt.  Plomb  arseniate  Fr.  Pyromorphite 
pt.  Mohs.  Mimetese  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  594,  1832;  Mimetene  Shep.,  Min.,  1835;  Mimetesit  Breith., 
Hnndb.,  289.  1841;  Mimetit  Raid.,  Handb.,  1845,  Olocker,  .Syn.,  1847.  Kampylit  Breith.. 
Ilrtudb.,  2,  291,  1841. 

Hexagonal,  with  pyramidal  hemihedrism1.     Axis  6  =  O7224;  0001  A  lOll  =s 
*39°  50'  Haidinger.'    Observed  forms  as  in  pyromorphite.     Also  *: 

h  (2130,  i »),   ft  (2131,  3-|).    Angles:  xx'  =  37°  2Uy,  cs  =  55°  19V  **'  =  48°  33'. 


772 


PHOSPHATES,  AESENATES,  ETC 


Habit  of  crystals  like  pyromorphite ;  sometimes  rounded  to  globular  forms. 
Also  in  mammillary  crusts. 

Cleavage:  x  imperfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  3-5.  G.  =  70- 
7*25.  Luster  resinous.  Color  pale  yellow,  passing  into  brown; 
orange-yellow;  white  or  colorless.  Streak  white  or  nearly  so. 
Subtransparent  to  translucent. 

Optically  of  leu  biaxial.  Bertrand4  has  shown  that  while  the  phosphate, 
pyromorphite,  is  normally  uniaxial,  the  arsenate,  inirnetite,  is  biaxial 
and  sometimes  with  an  angle  (2E)  of  64°,  Johanngeorgensladt.  A  basal 
section  shows  a  division  into  six  triangular  sectors  with  ax  pi.  parallel 
to  the  sides  of  the  hexagon  and  Bxa  (— )  j_c.  Jan  nettaz  and  Michel  have 
extended  these  observations  with  analyses  and  shown  the  increase  in 
biaxial  character  with  increase  of  arsenic  in  passing  from  pure  pyro- 
morphite through  its  arsenical  varieties  to  pure  mimetite. 

Var. — 1.   Ordinary,     (a)  In  crystals,  usually  in  rounded  aggregates. 
(b)  Capillary  or  filamentous,  especially  marked  in  a  variety  from  St.  Prix- 
sous-Beuvray,  France;  somewhat  like  asbestus,  and  straw-yellow  in  color,     (c)  Concretionary. 

2.  Calciferous.     Here  belongs  a. variety  from  Villevieille  near  Pontgibaud,  Puy-de-D6me. 
Hedyphaue  (p.  775)  formerly  was  placed  here,  but  seems  to  be  distinct  optically. 

3.  Containing  much  phosphoric  acid.    Campylile.  from  Drygill  in  Cumberland,  has  G.=7'218, 
and  is  in  barrel-shaped  crystals  (whence  the  name,  from  Kanitvhqs.  curved),  yellowish  to  brown 
and  brownish  red. 

Comp.— (PbCl)Pb4As3Oia,  also  written  3Pb3AsaOb.PbCl2  =  Arsenic  pentoxide 
23-2,  lead  protoxide  74'9,  chlorine  2 '4  =  100-5,  .or  Lead  arsenate  90-7,  lead  chlo- 
ride 9 -3  =  100.  Phosphorus  replaces  the  arsenic  in  part,  and  calcium  the  lead. 
Endlichite  (p.  774)  is  intermediate  between  mimetite  and  vanadinite. 

Anal.— 1,  Rivot,  quoted  by  jannettaz  and  Michel.  2,  3,  Jannettaz  and  Michel,  Bull.  Soc. 
Min.,  4,  200.  1881.  4,  WOhler,  Pogg.,  4,  167,  1825;  Dufrenoy,  Min..  3,  269",  1856.  5,  Damdur, 
Bull.  Soc.  .Min.,  6,  84, 1883.  6,  J.  L.  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  20,  248,  1855.  7,  Massie,  Ch.  News, 
46,  215,  1882.  8,  Genth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  24,  33,  1887,  also  other  anals.  9,  Rg.,  Pogg.,  91, 
316,  1854.  Also  Langban,  Kiutaro  Iwaya,  G.  For.  Forh.,  5,  272,  1880. 

G.         Asa06  P8OS    PbO    CaO     Cl 


1.  Zacatecas 

2.  Johanngeorgenstadt 
3. 

4. 

5.  Pontgibaud 

6.  Phenixville,  lemon-yellow  7*32 

7.  Eureka,  colorless  6 '92 

8.  Durango,  pseudomorphs      6 '636 

9.  Cumberland,  Campylite      7-218 


23-06      -  75-47      —  2'50  =  101  "03 

23-41      tr.  75-10      —  1-91  =  100'42 

0,1-16  1-03  75-02      —  2-31  =    99'52 

22-10  0-62  76-02      —  2-50=101-24 

19-65  3-44  71-32  3'46  2 '57  =  100 '44 

23-17  0-14  74-58      —  2'39  =  101-28 

23-41      tr.  75-18      —  2'22  =  100-81 

24-97  0-05.  71-40  0'57  2-47  clay  0'65,  ign.0-37.=100'48 

18-47  3-34  76-47  0'50  2-41  =  101-19 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  like  pyromorphite.  B.B.  fuses  at  1,  and  on  charcoal  gives  in 
K.F.  an  arsenical  odor,  and  is  easily  reduced  to  metallic  lead,  coaling  the  coal  at  first  with  lead 
chloride,  and  later  with  arsenic  trioxide  and  lead  oxide.  Gives  the  chlorine  reaction  as  under 
pyromorphite.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Wheal  Unity,  uearRedruth  in  Cornwall,  and  at  several  other  of  the  Cornish 
mines;  also  at  Beer  Alston  in  Devonshire;  Roughten  Gill,  Drygill,  etc.,  in  Cumberland;  formerly 
at  Leadhills  and  Wanlockhead  in  Scotland.  At  St.  Prix  in  the  Department  of  the  Saone,  in 
France,  in  capillary  crystals;  at  Villevieille,  near  Pontgibaud,  Puy-de  Dome;  at  Johanngeorgen- 
stadt, in  fine  yellow  crystals;  at  Nerchinsk,  Siberia,  in  reniform  masses,  Jbrownish  red,  also  in 
fine  crystals,  also  at  Zinnwald,  and  Badeuweiler;  Langban,  Sweden;  Mine  grande,  Marqueza, 
Chili;  Peru.  At  the  Brookdale  mine,  Phenixville,  Pa.,  crystals  of  pyromorphite  capped  with 
mimetite;  at  the  Cerro  Gordo  mines,  California. 

Pseudomorphs  (anal.  8)  in  reticulated  crystalline  groups,  perhaps  after  anglesite,  have  been 
described  by  Genth  and  Rath  from  the  Mina  del  Diablo,  Durango, -Mexico.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  24, 
33,  1887. 

Named  from  /ayuj/r^?,  imitator,  it  closely  resembling  pyromorphite.  Beudant's  word 
mimeteseis  inadmissible,  because  wrongly  formed.  Shepanfs  modification  of  it,  mimetene,  he 
has  rejected  for  mimetite  in  his  last  edition.  Mimetite  is  the  correct  form  in  view  of  the  deriva- 
tion. Mohs  united  this  species  with  pyromorphite. 

Artif.— Formed  by  fusing  together  arsenate  and  chloride  of  lead,  and  dissolving  out  after- 
ward the  excess  of  chloride,  Lechartier,  C.  R.,  65  172,  1867.  Michel  has  described  the  formation 
of  crystals  varying  like  the  natural  mineral  from  the  phosphate  to  the  arsenate  and  showing  like 
optical  characters.  Bull.  Soo.  Min.,  10,  133,  1887. 


APATITE  GROUP—  VANADIXITE. 


773 


Ref. — '  Baumhauer,  as  shown  by  etching-figure*,  Jb.  Min.,  411,  1876.  °  Jchanngeorgen- 
stadt,  Haid  ,  Min.  Mohs.  2.  135, 1825,  Schabus  gives  same.  Eremeyev  gives  c  =  0'7242,  0'7251, 
0-7285,  0-7315  for  four  varieties  from  Ihe  Nerchinsk  mining  district,  Vli.  Min.  Ges.,  22,  179 
1886  and  Zs.  Kr.,  13,  191,  1888  (full  abstract).  3  Mir  (quoting  H.iid..  I.e.,  who  does 


not  separate  pyromorphite  and  mimetite)  gives  the  same  list  as  for  pyromorphite,  p.  481.  Ereni. 
(ref  above)  adds/*,//.  4Btd.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  4,  36,  1881,  5,  254,  1882;  also  Jaunetlaz,  ib.,  4, 
p.  39;  Jaunettaz  and  Michel,  ib.,  4,  p.  196;  Michel,  ib.,  10,  133,  1887. 


552.  VANADINITE.  Plomb  brun,  Braunbleierz  of  Zimapan,  early  authors.  Chromate 
de  plomb  brun  (from  Descotil's  anal.)  Brongn.,  Miu.,2,  204,  1807.  Vauadinbleierz  G.  Rose. 
Pogg.,  29,  -155.  1833.  Vauadinit  v.  Kobell,  Gruudz.,  283,  1838.  Vauadate  of  Lead.  Vanadin- 
spath,  Vanadinbleispath,  Vanadinsaures  Blei,  Germ.  Plomo  pardo  Domeyko. 

Endlichite  Genth.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  22,  367,  April  17,  1885. 

Hexagonal,    with   pyramidal   hemihedrism.     Axis  I  =  0-71218;  0001  A  1011 
=  *39°25'56"  Vrba.1 


Forms5 : 
c  (0001,  0) 

*»(ioia  7) 


a  (1120,  i-2) 
h   (2130,  z-f)s 

a  (1013,  tf 


r  (1012.  |)! 

<K  (1011,  1) 

y  (2021,  2) 


q  (5052,  f )?* 
z  (3031,  3)5 

9  (1122,  1-2)3 


(1121,  2-2) 


oa  =  15°  20' 
cr  =  22°  21' 
cy  =  58°  42' 
cq  -  64°  4' 
cz  =  67°  56' 


cv   =  35°  27i' 
cs    =  54°  56' 
cu  =  65°  19' 
rr*  =  21°  55' 
oaf  =  37°    2' 


ytf  =  50°  35' 

q(f  =  53°  26' 

zz'   =  55°  13' 

99*  =  33°  43; 

stf   =  48°  19' 


mu  =  30"  51' 

ms  =  44°  52' 

my!  -  71°  29^ 

au  =  26°  50i' 

ax  =  56°  38' 


m 


5. 


Figs.  1,  3,  Final  Co.,  Arizona,  Pfd.     2,  Endlichite,  Lake  Valley,  Sierra  Co.,  N.  M.,  Id. 
4,  Cordoba,  Websky.     5,  Yuma  Co.,  Arizona.     6,  Basal  projection  ot  3. 

Crystals  prismatic,  with  smooth  faces  and  sharp  edges;  sometimes  cavernous, 
the  crystals  hollow  prisms;  also  in  rounded  forms  and  in  parallel  groupings  like 
pyromorphite.  In  implanted  globules  or  incrustations. 

Fracture  uneven,  or  flat  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  2'75-3.  G.  =  6'66-7'23; 
6*886  Carinthia,  Rg.;  6'863  Berezov,  Struve.  Luster  of  surface  of  fracture 
resinous.  Color  deep  ruby-red,  light  brownish  yellow,  straw-yellow,  reddish  brown. 
Streak  white  or  yellowish.  Subtranslucent  to  opaque. 


774 


PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,   ETC. 


Comp.— (PbCl)Pb4V3013,  also  written  3PbsV208.PbCla  =  Vanadium  pentoxide 
19*4,  lead  protoxide  78'7,  chlorine  2'5  =  100 '6,  or  Lead  vanadate  90'2,  lead  chloride 
9-8  =  100. 

Phosphorus  is  sparingly  present,  also  sometimes  arsenic,  both  replacing 
vanadium.  In  endlichite  the  ratio  of  V  :  As  =  1  :  .1  nearly.  A  pyromorphite,. 
from  Leadhills,  carrying  a  large  amount  of  vanadium  is  mentioned  on  p.  771. 

Anal.— 1,  Flight,  J.  Ch.   Soc.,  25,  1053,  1872.    2,  Frenzel,  Min.  Miltb.,  3,  504,  1880  (Jb 
Min.,  673,  1875J.     3,  Genth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Oct.  2,  1885.     4,  5,  Rg.,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  661,  1880; 
4,  G.  =  6'635,  5,  G.  =  6'373,  both  containing    some  quartz.     6,  Doering,  Bol.  Acad    Cienc 
Cordoba,  5,  498,  1883.     7,  Nordstrom,  G.  For.  Forb.,  4,  267,  1879.     8,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.  Erg.,  252 
1880.    9-11,  Genth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  22,  $65,  1885.     12,  H.  F.  Keller,  ibid.;  from  12  nearly  80 
p.  c.  gangue  (quartz,  etc.)  has  been  deducted.     13-15,  Genth,  1.  c.    Also  Leadhills,  Collie, 
i.  Ch.  Soc.,  55,94, 


1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 


S.  Africa 
Wanlockhead 

Cordoba,  brown 


G. 
6-661 


BOlet 

Arizona  '847 

Lake  Valley,  N.  M,. 

6-862 
Arizona     6 '572 


Oracle, 


Yavapai  Co., 
Endlichite 


7-109 
6-864 


V306 

As2O6 

P206 

PbO 

19-24 





78-42 

17-92 

— 

2-75 

73-97 

18-04 

0-34 

0-27 

78-39 

18-40 

— 

0-76 

7673 

20-88 

— 

T05 

74-22 

19-49 

— 

— 

74-58 

17-61 



tr. 

79-18 

19-62 

— 

1-41 

77-28 

17-37 

024 

0-57 

7943 

17-74 

1-33 

039 

78-31 

16-98 

306 

0-29 

77-49 

17-16 

430 

tr. 

77-47 

18-64 

tr. 

0-72 

77-96 

10-98 

1352 

tr. 

73-48 

7-94 

10-73 

— 

79-15 

Cl 

2-56  =  100-2* 

2-34  CaO  3-02  =  100 

2-53  =  99-57 

2  36  ZnO  0-94  =  99 -19 

2-19  ZnO  2-48  =  100-82 

2-44Zn(Mn)O  2'91,  HaO,  etc. 

2-34  FeaO,  1'39  =  100'52  f=99'24 

2-40  =  100-71 

2-39  =  100 

2-49  =  100-26 

2  41  Fe20s  0-48  =  100-71 

2-46  =  101-39 

2  69  CnO  0-18,  Fe2O3  0-04=100-23 

2-45  CaO  0-34  =  100'77 

2-18  =  100 


Fyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates  and  yields  a  faint  -white  sublimate.  B.B.  fuses 
easily,  and  on  charcoal  to  a  black  lustrous  mass,  which  in  R,  F.  yields  metallic  lead  aud  a  coating 
of  lead  chloride;  after  completely  oxidizing  the  lead  in  O.F.  the  black  residue  gives  with  salt  of 
phosphorus  an  emerald  green  bead  in  R.F.,  which  becomes  light  yellow  in  O.F.  Gives  the 
chlorine  reaction  with  the  copper  test.  Fused  with  3  parts  of  potassium  bisulphate  forms  a 
clear  yellow  mass,  which  on  cooling  reddens,  becoming  finally  of  a  pomegranate-yellow  color. 
Decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid. 

If  nitric  acid  be  dropped  on  the  crystals  they  become  first  deep  red  'from  the'  separation  of 
vauadic  oxide,  and  then  yellow  upon  its  solution. 

Obs.— This  mineral  was  first  discovered  at  Zimapan  in  Mexico,  by  Del  Rip.  Later  obtained 
among  some  of  the  old  workings  at  Wanlockhead  in  Dumfriesshire,  where  it  occurs  in  small 
globular  masses,  on  calamine,  and  also  in  small  hexagonal  crystals;  also  at  Berezovdn  the  Ural, 
with  pyromorphite;  and  near  Kappel  in  Cariuthia,  in  crystals;  at  Undenfts,  Bolet,  Sweden.  In 
the  Sierra  de  Cordoba,  Argentine  Republic.  South  Africa  (anal.  1). 

In  the  U.  States,  sparingly  with  wu'lfeuite  and  pyromorphite  as  a  coating  on  limestone  near 
Sing  Sing,  N  Y.  Abundant  in  the  mining  regions  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  often  associ- 
ated with  wulfenite  and  descloizite.  In  Arizona,  at  the  Hamburg,  Melissa,  aud  other  mines 
in  Yuma  Co.,  in  brilliant  deep  red  crystals;  Vulture,  Phoenix,  and  other  mines  in  Marioopa  Co.; 
at  the  Black  Prince  mine,  also  from  the  Mammoth  gold  mine,  near  Oracle,  Final  Co.;  in  brown 
barrel-shaped  crystals  in  the  Humbug  dist.,  Yavapai  Co.  In  New  Mexico,  at  Lake  Valley, 
Sierra  Co.  (endlichite)',  and  the  Mimbres  mines  near  Georgetown.  Sparingly  in  Montana  at  the 
Bald  Mountain  mine,  Beaver  Co.  Endlichite  is  named  after  Dr.  F.  M.  Endlich. 

Before  it  was  shown  by  R,oscoe  that  the  vanadium  oxide  was  V2O5  instead  of  VO3  it  was 
supposed  that  vanadinite  crystals- might  be  pseudomorphs  after  pyromorphite. 

Del  Rio  discovered  this  species  at  Zimapan,  and  obtained  from  it,  in  1801,  80'72  of  lead 
oxide,  and  14*8  of  a  new  metallic  acid,  the  basis  of  which  he  called  Erythronium.  This  result 
"was  later  (1804)  set  aside  by  himself,  and  also  by  Descotils,  both  of  whom  made  the  acid  the 
chromic,  and  the  mineral  a  brown  chromate  of  lead.  The  metal  vanadium  was  not  discovered 
by  Sefstrom  until  1830,  aud  then  in  iron  made  of  ore  from  Taberg,  Sweden;  and  in  the  same 
year  W5hler  showed  that  Del  Rio's  lead  ore  was  a  vanadate. 

Ref.— !  From  Kappel,  Carintbia,  Zs.  Kr.,  4,  353,  1880.  Other  determinations  are:  Rg.,. 
0-72699,  Pogg.,  98,  249,1856;  Sbs.,  0-71157,  ib.,  100,  297,  1857;  Pfd.,  Final  Co.,  Arizona, 
i  =  0-71121,  and  Lake  Valley,  New  Mexico  (eudlichite),  c  =  0-7495,  xaf  =  38°  12',  Am.  J: 
Sc.,  32  441,  1886. 

*  See  Vrba,  1.  c.  3  Kenng.,  Ueb.  Min.,  48,  1854.  4  Sbs.,  1.  c.  5  Vrba,  1.  c..  6  Websky, 
C6rdoba,  Zs.  Kr.,  5.  553,  1881.  '  Zeph.,  Yuma  Co.,  Arizona,  Lotos,  1889. 


WAGNERITE  GROUP—  WAGNERITE.  775 

HESTPHANE  Breiihaupt,  Schw.  J.,  60,  310,  1830. 

Massive,  perhaps  monoclinic.  Two  cleavages  at  84°.  H.  =  4'5.  G.  /=  5'404  Br.;  5'82 
Lindstrom.  Luster  resinous.  Color  white  or  yellowish  white.  Optically  biaxial  with  small 
divergence,  one  axis  visible  in  cleavage  section. 

Comp.  —  Apparently  analogous  to  mimetite,  but  with  calcium  (and  barium). 

Anal.—  1,  Kersten,  Schw.  J.,  62,  22,  1831,  as  recalc.  by  Rg..  Min.  Ch.,  337,  1875. 
2,  Michaelson,  ibid.  3,  Lindstrom,  G.  For.  Forh.,  4,  266,  1879,  after  deducting  some  CaCO». 
4,  Igelstrom,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  22,  229,  1865. 

G.          As2O»  P2O6    PbO     CaO    BaO  MgO  Cl 

1.  Langban  22'78    und.    51-03    14-09      —       —  T/66  = 

2.  "  28-51    .3-19    57-45    10'50      —       —  3  06  =  102-71 

3.  "          5-82          29-01     0-55    50-89      7'85    8'27    0'25  3-14  FeaO3   0-08,   (Naa,Ka)O  0'24 

4.  Pajsberg  31  '34      —      58'64a    7'64      —     0'06  3  00  =  100  '68  [=10028 

»Pb4920,  PbCla  11-76. 


From  Langban,  Sweden  ;  also  from  Pajsberg,  but  containing  no  barium.    Named 
of  attractive  aspect. 

Hedypbane  has  ordinarily  been  included  as  a  calcium  variety  of  mimetite  to  which  it  seema 
to  correspond  in  composition,  but  if  monoclinic,  as  suggested  by  Dx.  (Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  4,  93, 
1881),  it  must  stand  independently.  It  needs  further  investigation. 

PLEONECTITE.  Pleonektit  L.  J.  Igelstrom,  G.  For.  Forh.,  11,  210,  1889,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  40, 
1889. 

Occurs  in  embedded  grains  with  arseniopleite  and  an  undetermined  antimonio-arsenate  of 
manganese  "  in  a  gangue  of  hausmannite,  rhodonite,  calcite  at  the  Sjo  mine,  Grythytte 
parish,  Ore^ro,  Sweden.  Massive  with  indistinct  cleavage.  H.  =  4.  Luster  resinous.  Color 
grayish  white.  Translucent  in  thin  splinters.  Contains  AsaO6,  Sb2O5,  PbO,  Cl,  but  not 
analyzed. 

Named  from  nXeoreKre'iv,  to  have  more,  in  allusion  to  the  fact  that  several  related 
minerals  occur  at  the  same  mine. 


4.  Wagiierite  Group.     Monoclinic.  » 

Phosphates  of  magnesium  (calcium),  iron  and  manganese  containing  flnorine 
(also  hydroxyl).     Formula  R,FP04  or  (EF)BPO4. 

Ailid       .  ft 

553.  Wagnerite  (MgF)MgP04  JL-9145  :  1  :  1-5059;    71°  53' 

554.  Spodiosite  (CaF)CaP04? 

555.  Triplite  (RF)RP04 

R  =  Fe  :  Mn  =  2  : 1,  1 :  1,  -1  : 2,  etc. 
556     Triploidite  (ROH)RP04  1-8572  si :  1-4925;    71°  46' 

R  =  Mn  :  Fe  =  3  :  1 
557.     Sarkinite  (MnOH)MnAsO  2-0017  :  1  :  1-5154:     62 


553.  WAGNERITE.  Wagiierit,  Phosphorsaurer  Talk,  Fuchs,  Schw.  J.,  33,  269,  1821. 
Maguesie  phosphatee  Fr.  Pleuroklas  Breith.,  Char.,  50,  193,  1823.  Kjerulfin  von  Kobell.  J. 
pr.  Ch.,  7,  272,  1873. 

Monocliuic.     Axes  a  \-l  :  b  =  1'9145  :  1  :  1-5059;    /3  =  *71°  53'  =  001  A  100 
Miller1. 

100  A  HO  =  61°  12$' ,  001  A  101  =  30°  59f,  001  A  Oil  =  55°  3f. 

Forms5 :  Jf  (210,  t-2)  n  (101,  -  14)3  /  (034,  f  i)  d  (618,  f-6) 

a  (100,  i-l)  A  (430,  i-|)3  IP  (101,  1-i)  e  (Oil,  1-i)  x  (414,  1-4) 

6(010,  a)3  r  (870,  *-f)3  y  (201,  2-i)  «  (112   -  1)  n  (214,  $-2) 

c  (001,  0)  m  (110,/^firMlr.)  q  (301,  3--Z)  f.  Jj13'  ,}  z  (212,  1-2) 

1  (41°'  ^  v^ilt  l  («U>  ™  S  (212;  -  ^  "  **'  ^ 

A  (310,  t-3)  ^  (120'  **3)  r  (012,  *4)  o  (211,  -  2-2) 

Also  doubtful,  Bgr.3:  //  (890),  k  (054),  -§  (132),  ^  (231J 


776 


PHOSPHATES,   ARSENATES,   ETC. 


Fig.  1,  Wagnerite,  after  Mir.     2,  Kjerulfine,  Bgr. 


tt'" 

— 

48° 

55' 

en 

= 

30° 

81' 

hh" 

= 

62° 

28£' 

cz 

= 

53° 

52' 

MM" 

— 

84° 

35*' 

cu 

— 

76° 

8' 

mm'" 

= 

*122° 

25' 

as 

— 

47° 

18' 

YY' 

= 

iiO° 

44' 

av 

:= 

59° 

23' 

Ct«~ 

— 

*44° 

42' 

ar 

= 

75° 

21' 

cy 

= 

71° 

8' 

a'i 

— 

86° 

2*' 

cq 

— 

83° 

14' 

a'z 

— 

68° 

13' 

it' 

= 

39° 

22^' 

vv' 

— 

62° 

21' 

TT' 

— 

71° 

11' 

oo' 

— 

68° 

18' 

ff' 

±- 

94° 

3' 

ii' 

—  - 

73° 

45' 

ee' 



110° 

r 

nn' 

= 

41° 

7' 

cv 

— 

35° 

44' 

ss' 

;— 

27° 

3' 

cm 

— 

81° 

23' 

XX' 

— 

37° 

13' 

CO 

:  

54° 

16' 

mt 



67° 

54*' 

ci 

— 

42° 

364' 

uu' 



84° 

21' 

Prismatic  planes  vertically  striated.  Crystals  sometimes  large  and  coarse. 
Also  massive. 

Cleavage:  a,  tit  imperfect;  c  in  traces.  Fracture  uneven  and  splintery. 
Brittle.  H.  =  5-5-5.  G.  =  3-068,  transparent  crystal;  2'985,  untransparent,  Rg. 
Luster  vitreous.  Streak  white.  Color  yellow,  of  different  shades;  often  grayish, 
also  flesh-red,  greenish.  Translucent. 

Optically  -.  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bxa  ||  6  Dx.  Bxa  A  6  =  -  21°  30'  Bgr.,  kjerulfine. 
Dispersion  p  >  v  marked;  inclined  nearly  inappreciable. 


Wagnerite    2Er      =  44°  48'        2Ebl    =    43°    8'  Dx. 
Kjerulfine    2Er      =  60°  21'  Li  2Ey     =    59°  30'  Na 
2Ha.y  =  39°  41'        2H0.y  =  167°  28'      .v 

Refractive  indices: 

Bamle  a  =  1-569  /?  =  1'570 


2Egr  =  58°  23'  Tl 
2Va.y  =  37°  49'    /J7  =  1-5313  Bgr. 


Y  =  1-582  Levy-Lex. 


Var.— 1.  Wagnerite,  in  crystals,  often  highly  modified. 

2.  Kjerulfine,  massive  cleayable,  also  in  large,  rough  crystals.  Made  a  new  species  upon, 
the  basis  of  an  incorrect  analysis  of  altered  material;  the  identity  with  wagnerite  was  first  estab- 
lished by  Bauer,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  27,  230,  1875,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  75,  1880. 

Comp.— A  fluo-phosphnte  of  magnesium,  (MgF)MgP04  or  Mg8P208.MgFs  = 
Phosphorus  pentoxide  43-8,  magnesia  49*3,  fluorine  11-8  =  104/9,  deduct  (0  =  2F) 
4-9  =  100.  A  little  calcium  replaces  part  of  the  magnesium. 

Anal.— 1,  Rg.,  Pogg.  Ann.,  64,  252,  1845.  Also  earlier  Fuchs  (1821)  and  Kbl.,  Ber.  Ak. 
Munchen,  155,  1873,  cf.  Rg.,  Min.  C.h:,  700,  1875,  Bauer,  1.  c.  2,  Friederici,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  77, 
1880.  3,  Rg.,  Zs.  G.  Ges,,  31,  107,  1879.  Also  Pisani,  Bull  Soc.  Min.,  2,  43,  1879. 

G.  P2O5    Mg'O    FeO    CaO      F 

1.  Wagnerite        3'068          40'61     46'27    4'59    2'38    9'36  =  103'21 

2.  Kjerulfine        3'10  42'35    46'01     0'65»  4'81     5'06  NaaO(K30)  1'54,  insol.  2'04  =  102'46 

3.  3140          44-23    44'47      —      6'60    6'23  ign.  0'77  =  102'30 

a  FeaO3  and  AlaO3. 
From  1,  2  68  p..  c.  Si03  has  been  deducted. 


Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  in  the  forceps  fuses  at  4  to  a  greenish  gray  glass;  moistened  with  sulphuric 
acid  colors  the  flame  bluish  green.  With  borax  reacts  for  iron.  On  fusion  with  soda  effervesces, 
but  is  not  completely  dissolved;  gives  a  faint  manganese  reaction.  Fused  with  salt  of  phosphorus 
in  an  open  glass  tube  reacts  for  fluorine.  Soluble  in  nitric  and  hydrochloric  acids.  With 
sulphuric  acid  evolves  fumes  of  hydrofluoric  acid. 

Obs.— Wagnerite  occurs  in  the  valley  of  Hollengraben,  near  Werfen,  in  Salzburg,  Austria, 
in  irregular  veins  of  quartz,  traversing  clay  slate.  Named  after  the  Oberbergrath  Wagner. 
Kjerulfine  is  from  Kjorrestad,  near  Bamle,  Norway.  Named  after  Prof.  Th.  Kjerulf  of 
Christiania  (1828-1888). 

Artif.— Obtained  by  Deville  &  Caron  (C.  R.,  47,  985,  1858,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  67,  454,  1863) 
by  fusing  ammonium  phosphate  with  magnesium  fluoride  and  an  excess  of  magnesium  chloride. 
Other  isomorphous  compounds  were  formed  with  chlorine  in  place  of  fluorine,  also  iron,  man1 


WAONERITE  GROUP-SPODIOSITE-TRIPLITE.  777 

ganese,  corresponding  to  triplite,  etc.  Lechartier  (C.  R.,  65,  172,  1867)  has  obtained  an  arsenical 
•wagnerite. 

Ref. — 'Min.,  p.  489,  the  predominating  prism  (g  of  Mir.)  here,  as  in  kjerulfine  (and 
triploidite),  is  made  the  unit  prism.  2  See  Mir.,  1.  c.  3  Bgr.  on  Kjerulfine,  Zs.  Kr.,  3,  474, 1879.. 

CRYPHIOLITE.  Crifiolite  A.  Scacchi,  Ace.  Sc.  Napoli,  1,  No.  5,  1886  (read  Sept.  8, 
1883)  Krypbiolith. 

In  smr.ll  monocliuic  crystals,  tabular  |  a  and  showing  the  forms: 

a  (100.  i-i),  c  (001,  0),  e  (201,  2-1),  //  (111,  -  1),  » (ill,  1).  Approximate  measured  angles: 
ac  =  65°  52', ' ce  =  78°  46',  c/u  =  51°  42',  en  =  69°  1',  ap  =  54°  39',  yu/«'  =  88°  44',  nri  =  112° 
36',  un  -  49°  17'. 

H.  about  6.    Brittle.     G.  =  2 '674.    Luster  vitreous.    Color  honey-yellow.    Transparent. 

Composition  uncertain,  but  apparently  not  far  from  wagnerite.  Anal.— Scacchi,  en  0 '07 
gram  (analysis  corrected  by  Cathrein,  Zs.  Kr.,  14.  525,  1888): 

P205  47-59  MgO  33-72  CaO  14'74 

Regarding  the  loss  as  fluorine,  the  amount  is  found  to  be  6*93  p.  c.  B.B.  becomes  opaque, 
•without  complete  fusion. 

Found  at  Vesuvius  in  a  mass  of  a  conglomerate,  consisting  of  fragments  of  leucitophyre  and 
Yolcanic  sand,  enveloped  in  the  iava  of  1872.  The  crystals  are  concealed  by  a  coating  of  apatite, 
hence  the  name  from  KPV&IOS,  concealed. 

554.  SFODIOSITE.    H.  V.  Tiberg,  G.  For.  Forh.,  1,  84,  1872. 
Orthorbombic?    In  flattened  (||  b}  prismatic  crystals  with  the  forms: 

b  (010,  i-l),  m  (110,  /),  e  (021,  2-1),  p  (111,  1).     Angles:  mm"'  =  84°,  eef  =  147°. 

Cleavage:  b  distinct;  c  indistinct.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  5..  G.  =  2 '94.  Luster 
dull  porcelain-like,  but  vitreous.  Color  ash-gray,  inclining  to  brown.  Streak  white. 

Comp.— A  calcium  fluo-phosphate,  perhaps  (CaF)CaPO4  or  CasPaO8.CaFa,  analogous  tc 
•wagnerite  (A.  SjOgren). 

Anal.— C.  H.  Lundstrom,  1.  c. 

P2O5       CaO      MgO        F       As205    CO3        Cl      Fe2O,  A12O8    MnO    H2O      insol. 
3220      4981      2-27      [4'71]a     0'24      390      0'12      1'24      111      0'55      2'70      115  =  100 
•  Including  loss  [but  the  analysis  should  show  an  excess]. 

Pyr.— B.B.  fuses  in  the  thinnest  splinters  to  a  white  enamel;  does  not  decrepitate.  Soluble 
in  hydrochloric  and  nitric  acids  with  effervescence. 

Obs.— From  the  Krangrufva,  Wennland,  Sweden.     Named  from  O"rt6dio$,  ash-gray. 

A  relation  to  wagnerite  which  has  MM  "  =  84°  36',  is  suggested  by  A.  SjOgren,  (ibid.,  7, 
666,  1885),  which  suggestion  is  here  provisionally  accepted. 

555.  TRIPLITE.    Phosphate  natif  de  fer  melange  de  manganese  (fr.  Limoges)  Vauq.,  J. 
de  M.,   11,  295,  1802,  Ann.   Ch.,  41,  242,  1802.      Eisenpecherz  pt.  Wern.,  1808.     Manganese 
phosphate  Lucas,  Tabl.,  1,  169,   1806.     Phosphormangan  KarsL,  Tabl.,   72,   1808.     Manganese 
phosphate  ferrifere,  H.,  Tabl.,  1809.    Triplit  Hausm.t  Haudb.,  1079,  1813.     Eisenapatit  Fuchs, 
J.  pr.  Ch.,  18,  499,  1839.     Zwiselit  BreitJi.,  Handb.,  2,  299,  1841.     Phosphate  of  Iron  and  Man- 
ganese.    Zwieselit  Glock.,   Syn.,  244,  1847.     Talktriplit  L.  J.  Igelstrdm,$tv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  39, 
JNo.  2,  86,  1882. 

Monoclinic  Dx.1     Massive,  imperfectly  crystalline. 

Cleavage:  unequal  in  two  directions  perpendicular  to  each  other,  one  much 
the  more  distinct.  Fracture  small  conchoidal.  H.  =  4-5*5.  G.  =  3'44-3*8; 
3 '617  Peilau,  Berg.  Luster  resinous,  inclining  to  adamantine.  Color  brown 
or  blackish  brown  to  almost  black.  Streak  yellowish  gray  or  brown.  Subtrans* 
lucent  to  opaque.  Somewhat  pleochroic. 

Optically  -}-.  Ax.  pi.  nearly  ||  to  the  difficult,  and  _L  to  the  easy  cleavage;  to 
the  latter  Bxa  is  inclined  42°  10'  red,  and  41°  53'  yellow.  Dispersion  p  >  v. 
Axial  angles,  Dx.1: 

2Ha.r  =  96°  15'  2Ha.y  =  95°  27'  2Ha.gr  =   95°  2(X  2H0  =  125°  3(X 

Comp.,  Var.— (RF)RP04  or  R3P,08.RF,  with  R  =  Fe  and  Mn,  also  Ca  and  Mg. 
The  ratio  varies  widely,  in  anal.  1,  Fe  :  Mn  =  1  :  1;  in  2  (zwieselite),  Fe  :  Mn  = 
2.:  1;  in  3,  1  :  2;  in  5,  1  :  7. 

Talklriplite  is  a  variety  from  Horrsjoberg.  containing  magnesium  and  calcium  in  large 
amount;  it  occurs  in  embedded  grains  of  a  yellow  or  yellowish  red  color. 


778  PHOSPHATES,   ARSENATE8,  ETC. 

Anal.— 1.  Kbl.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  £2,  390,  1864.  2,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  351,  1860.  3,  4,  Siewert,  light 
and  dark  colored,  Min.  Mitth.,  225,  1873.  5,  Penfield,  priv.  contr.  6,  Igelstr&m,  1.  c. 

P2O5  FeO  MnO    CaO   MgO     F 

1.  Schlackenwald  a  =  3*77        33.85  26'98  30-00    2'20    3-05    810  K2O  tr.  =  104  18 

2.  "            Zwieselite           30 '33  41'42  23'25      ~       —     6'00  =  101  '00 

3.  Sierra  de  Cordoba                     35-65  18*30  37'84    4*46      —     4*94  SiO2  013  =  101-32 

4.  "      "         "                          31-50  16-07  38-20    5'99      —     7'87  Fe2O3  225"  =  101-88 

5.  Branch ville                                3217  7:69  5414    1'80      —      7'53  H,O  0'36  =  103'69 

6.  Talktriplite                                32'82  16-12  14-86  14'91  17-42  undet.=  96'13 
Earlier  analysts,  Berzelius,  Bergemann,  overlooked  the  fluorine.     See  5th  Ed.,  p.  543. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  easily  at  1*5  to  a  black  magnetic  globule;  moistened  with  sulphuric 
acid  colors  the  flame  bluish  green.  With  borax  in  O.F.  gives  an  amethystine  colored  glass 
(manganese);  in  R.F.  a  strong  reaction  for  iron.  With  soda  reacts  for  manganese.  With, 
sulphuric  acid  evolves  hydrofluoric  acid.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — Found  by  Alluaud  at  Limoges  in  France,  in  a  vein  of  quartz  in  granite,  accompanied 
by  apatite;  occurs  also  at  Peilau  in  Silesia;  from  Helsingfors,  Finland;  also  from  Sierra  de 
Cordoba,  Argentine  Republic,  in  masses  in  quartz  with  beryl,  apatite,  columbite;  it  is  iu  part 
altered  to  a  mineral  like  heterosite.  Also  found  at  Stonebam,  Maine;  at  Branchville,  Cpnii. 

Zwzeselite,  a  clove-brown  variety,  is  from  Rabeustein,  near  Zwiesel,  in  Bavaria,  in  quartz 
(G.  =  3*97  Fuchs).  Talktriplite  occurs  in  a  rock  carrying  lazulite  at  Horrsjoberg,  Wermland, 
Sweden. 

Alt.— Often  occurs  coated  with  manganese  oxide  as  a  result  of  its  alteration,  and  is  some- 
times changed  to  a  substance  near  heterosite,  p.  757. 

Ref.— »  Dx.,  N.  R.,  180,  1867. 

GRIPHITE  W.  P.  Headden,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  41,  415,  1891. 

A  problematical  phosphate,  occurring  in  embedded  reniform  masses.  Optically  amorphous. 
Cleavage  none.  Fracture  uneven  to  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  5'5.  G.  =~3'401.  Luster 
resinous  to  vitreous.  Color  dark  brown.  Translucent. 

Anal."— 1,  Headden,  I.e.,  mean  of  two  complete  and  three  partial  analyses,  2,  L.  G.  Eakius, 
TJ.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Bull.  60,  135,  1890. 

P2O6    A12O3  Fe2O3  MuO    FeO    CaO  Na2O  K5O   Li2O     F       Cl      H2O 
1.  38-52    10 13      —     29-64    4  00    7'62a  5  52    0'30      tr.       tr.      Oil    4  29  insol.  016  = 

[100-29 

3,  39-68      8-74    2'36    2913    1'97    6-72    5'25      tr.      013    2'35    025    3'67    CO2      0-26, 

[SiO2  0-43  =  100-94 
•  Incl.  0  15  MgO, 

In  anal.  1  the  oxygen  ratio  for  bases  (including  water)  to  acid  is  1  :  1  very  nearly,  and 
Headdeu  suggests  the  formula  R5P2Oio  or  a  salt  of  normal  phosphoric  acid  H5PO5.  The  fact, 
however,  that  no  other  similar  salts  are  known  among  minerals  makes  the  suggestion  of  doubtful 
value.  Other  analyses  gave  confirmatory  results,  and  it  is  significant  that  Eakius  obtained  so 
nearly  the  same  composition  on  independent  material,  but  the  presence  of  fluorine  lends  support 
to  the  suggestion  that  the  mineral  may  have  been  derived  from  triplite. 

The  material  analyzed  by  Headden  was  from  the  Riverton  lode  near  Harney  City,  Pennington 
Co.,  S.  Dakota;  occurs  in  kidney  shaped  masses,  sometimes  50  Ibs.  in  weight,  embedded  in 
granite.  Externally  the  masses  are  dark  brown  due  to  oxidation.  Eakins's  mineral  was  from  a. 
tin  mine  near  Rapid  City,  S.  Dakota.  Named  from  ypi(pQ<±,  an  enigma. 

A  phosphate  occurring  in  green  massive  forms  resembling  apatite,  at  Stoueham.  Me., 
afforded  O.  H.  Drake  (priv.  contr.): 

P2O6     FeO     MnO    C;\0    MgO  Na2O  K2O     F 

40-54    3339    11-47    253    036    616     1 -57  3'70  Fe2O3  0'79,  A12O3 1 '38=101  89,  deduct  Of =2F) 

[1-59  =  100  ;JO 

It  is  optically  biaxial  (Pfd.)  and  may  represent  a  new  species;  the  analysis,  however,  does 
not  yield  a  satisfactory  formula. 

SARCOPSIDE.     Sarkopsid  M.  Websky,  Zs.  G.  Ges.;  20,  245,  1868. 

Monoclinic?  occurring  in  irregular  ellipsoids,  sometimes  in  distorted  six-sided  plates. 

H.  =4.  G.  =  3'692-3'730.  Luster  glistening  to  silky  and  greasy.  Color,  on  fresh  surface, 
flesh-red  to  lavender-blue.  Translucent  in  thin  splinters.  Streak  straw-yellow,  some  grains 
give  a  green  color.  Analysis,  Websky: 

\  PaO6  34-73        Fe,O3  8'83        FeO  30*53        MnO  20*57        CaO  3 '40      H3O  [1'94]        F  und. 

Soluble  in  dilute  hydrochloric  and  sulphuric  acids.     Occurs  with  vivianite  and  hureaulite  in 
a  granite  vein  on  a  ridge  between  Michelsdprf  and  the  valley  of  the  Mtihlbach  In  Silesia. 
Perhaps  an  impure,  partially  altered  triplite. 


WAQNERITE  GROUP:    TRIPLOIDITE—SARKINITE. 


779 


556.  TRIPLOIDITE.    G.  J.  Brush  and  E.  8.  Dana,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  42,  1878. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  1  :  6  =  1*85715  :  1  :  1*49253;  ft  =  *71a  46'  =  001  A  100 
E.  S.  Dana. 

100  A  HO  =  *60°  27',  001  A  101  =  31°  22|',  001  A  Oil  =  *54°  48'. 

Forms1  :    a  (100,  i-l\  b  (010,  i-i),  c  (001,  0);  m  (110,  J);  e  (Oil,  1-i);  p  (211,  2-2). 


Angles:  mm'"  =  120°  54',    ee  =  109°  36',    cm  =  81 


ng 
-  52° 


=  76C  35',. 


=  82°  53,' 


Crystals  striated  vertically.     Commonly  in   crystalline    aggregates,  parallel- 
fibrous  to  columnar;  also  divergent,  or  confusedly  fibrous  to  nearly 
compact  or  massive. 

Cleavage:  a  perfect.  Fracture  subconchoidal.  Brittle. 
H.  =  4 -5-5.  G.  =  3*697.  Luster  vitreous  to  greasy  adamantine. 
Color  yellowish  to  reddish  brown,  in  isolated  crystals  also  topaz- 
to  wine-yellow,  occasionally  hyacinth-red.  Streak  nearly  white. 
Transparent  to  translucent.  Pleochroism  faint.  The  axes  of 
elasticity  in  the  clinodiagonal  section  nearly  coincide  respectively 
with  the  vertical  axis  (3°  to  4°  behind)  and  a  normal  to  a. 

Comp.—  (Mn,Fe)P308.(Mn,Fe)OH2  or  4(Mn,Fe)O.P205.H20. 
If  R  =  Mn  :  Fe  =  3  :  1,  the  percentage  composition  is:  Phos- 
phorus pentoxide  32*0,  iron  protoxide  16'2,  manganese  protoxide 
47-8,  water  4-0  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  S.  L.  Penfield,  1.  c. 


P2O5  FeO  MnO          CaO         H,O 

32-11  14-88  48-45  0'33          4'OS  =  99'85 

32-24  18-65  42'96  und.          4'09  quartz  1*09  =  99'03 


Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  neutral  water,  turns  black  and  becomes  magnetic. 
Fuses  quietly  in  the  naked  lamp-flame,  and  B.B.  in  the  forceps  colors  the  flame  green.  Reacts, 
for  manganese  and  iron  with  the  fluxes.  Soluble  in  acids. 

pbs.— Occurs  at  Branch ville,  Fairfield  Cp.,  Conn.,  intimately  associated  with  eosphorite, 
dickinsouite,  Hthiophilite.  and  other  species,  in  a  vein  of.  albitic  granite.  In  crystalline  form 
triploidite  is  very  similar  to  wagnerite,  and  as  the  formulas  01  the  latter  species  and  of  triplite 
are  cJosely  analogous,  it  is  concluded  that  the  three  species  are  isomorphous;  in  triploidite,  the 
hydroxyl  (OH)  takes  the  place  of  the  fluorine.  Named  from  triplite  and  6ido<s,formt  in  allusion 
to  the  close  similarity  between  the  two  species. 

Triplile  also  occurs  at  Branchville  (anal.  5,  p.  778),  but  it  cannot  be  concluded  from  this 
fact  that  triploidite  is  only  an  altered  triplite,  which  has  lost  its  fluorine  and  taken  up  water, 
for  the  analyses  of  triploidite  were  made  on  perfectly  clear  glassy  crystalline  fragments. 


557.  SARKINITE.    A.  Sjogren,G.  For.  Forh.,  7,  724, 1885.     Polyarsenite  L.  J.  Iffelstrom, 
Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  42,  257,  1885,  Bull.  Soc.  Muu,  8,  369,  1885. 

Monoclinic.      Axes  a  :  I  :  b  =  2-0017  :  1  :  1-5154;  ft  =  62°  13£'  =  001  A  100 
Flink1. 

100  A  110  =  60°  33',  001  A  101  =  45°  59',  001  A  Oil  =  53°  17' 


Forms1 :  a  (100,  i-i),  b  (010,  «4),  c  (001,  O);  m  (110,  /);  p  (021, 
24);  o  (111,  1). 

Angles:  mm"'  =  121°  6',  mm'  =  *58*  54',  pp'  =  139°  6',  cm  = 
76°  45',  co  =  66°  89/,  a'o  =  79°  44',  oof  =  110°  26',  m'o  =  *36°  36', 
mo  =  *51°  8'. 


Crystals  somewhat  elongated  ||  axis  I  and  flattened  |[  a. 
Sarfcinite,  Flink.  Faces  a  striated  vertically  or  uneven,  c  uneven.     Some- 

times grouped  in  spherical  forms. 
Cleavage:  prismatic  (?)  distinct.     H.  =  4-5.     G.  =  4-17-4-19.    Luster  greasy. 


780 


PHOSPHATES,  AESENATES,  ETC. 


Color  rose-red,  flesh-red,  reddish  yellow.     Streak  light  rose-red.      Optically  —  . 
Double  refraction  strong.    Ax.  pi.  ||  b.    Bx  A  b  =  —  54*.    Ax.  angle  about  83°,  Btd. 
Comp.  —  Mn3As208.Mn(OH),   or  4MiiO.As206.H30  =  Arsenic    pentoxide   43'3, 
manganese  protoxide  53'3,  water  3  -4  =  100. 

Anal.—  1,  C.  H.  Lundstrom,  G.  For.  F5rh.f  7,  725,  1885.     2,  H.  G.  Soderbaum,  Ofv.  Ak. 
Stockh.,  42,  258,  1885,    3,  A.  Hamberg,  G.  For.  Forh.,  10,  381,  1888. 


G.         AsaO5  P2O.    MriO    H2O 

1.  Sarkinite        4145        41'60    0'21     51'60    3'06  PbO  0'25,   FeO  0  13,   CaO  1'40,   MgO  0'98, 

[CO2  0-76,  insol.  0'38  =  100'37 

2.  Polyarsenite  4'085    f  39'04      —     .50-18    3'15  Sb2O6  1-20,  CaO  2'89,  MgO  0'75,  CO,  3'51  = 
8.  Pajsberg  41-50     tr.      51-92    3'48  CaO  1  '22,  MgO  0*38  =  98'50  [100*78 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.  decrepitates  and  fuses  with  some  difficulty  to  a  black  shining  non-magnetic 
globule;  with  soda  on  charcoal  a  brownish  mass  and  arsenical  odor.  In  the  tube  gives  off 
water,  becomes  brown,  and  the  residue  reacts  for  manganese  with  the  fluxes.  Easily  soluble  in 
hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs.  —  Sarkinite  is  from  the  iron-manganese  mines  6"f  Pajsberg,  Sweden.  Named  from 
vapKivoS,  made  of  flesh,  in  double  allusion  to  the  blood-red  color  and  greasy  luster.  Polyar* 
senite  is  from  the  Sjo  mine,  Grythytte  parish,  Orebro,  Sweden. 

Ref.—  »  Crystals  from  Harstig  mine  (anal.  3),  Pajsberg,  G.  For.  F6rh.f  10,  380,  1888. 


5.  Amblygonite  Group.     Monoclinic,  Triclinic. 

558.  Durangite  Na(AlF)As04  Monoclinic 

a  :  I :  d  =  0*7716  :  1  :  0-8250;  0  =  64°  47' 

559.  Amblygonite  Li(AlF)P04  Triclinic 

a  :  b  :  6  =  0-7334  :  1  :  0'7633;  a=108a51/,  /5=97°  48',  y^lOQ0  27' 


558.  DURANGITE.    0.  J.  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  48,  179,  1869. 

Monoclinic.     Axes   a  :  1 :  6  =  0-77158  :  1  :  0-82499;  ft  =  64°  47'  =  001  A  100 
Blake,  Des  Cloizeaux1. 

100  A  HO  =  34°  55',  001  A  101  =  60°  37'6',  001  A  Oil  =  36°  44J'. 

Forms2:  a  (100,  i-l\  b  (010,  i-l);  m  (110,  I);  e  (021,  2-i);  p  (111,  -  1):  q  (112,  i),  «  (111,  1). 


mm'"  =  *69°  50' 

ee'       =  112°  22' 

mp     =    29°  32^ 

1. 


m'q  =  72°  6' 
m'ff  =  *44°  28' 
pp1  =  46°  15* 


qq'  -  44°  33' 
Ttn'  =  *67°  50' 
ap  =  38°  6^ 


a'n  -  61°  15 
jpn   =  80°  38' 


Figs.  1-3,  after  Des  Cloizeaux. 


AMBLTOONITE  GROUP— AMBLTOONITE. 


781 


In  crystals;  habit  oblique  pyramidal  in  and  TT  predominating;  faces  usually 
uneven. 

Cleavage :  m  distinct.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  5.  G-.  =  3-94-4-07. 
Luster  vitreons.  Color  orange-red,  light  and  dark.  Streak  cream-yellow.  Trans- 
lucent. 

Optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  J_  b.  Bxa  A  &  =  —  25°  7'.  Dispersion  p  >  v  feeble; 
horizontal  distinct.  Axial  angles,  Dx. : 

2Ha.r  =  80°  53'  2Ha.y  =  80*  49'      DX. 

Comp. — A  fluo-arsenate  o'f  sodium  and  aluminium,  Na(AlF)As04  or  AlAs04.NaP 
=  Arsenic  pentoxide  55*3,  alumina  24*5,  soda  14*9,  fluorine  9-2  =  103*9,  deduct 
(0  =  2F)  3-9  =  100.  Part  of  the  aluminium  is  replaced  by  ferric  iron,  and  a 
little  of  the  sodium  by  lithium. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  G.  J.  Brush,  light  colored  crystals.  1.  c.    3,  G.  W.  Hawes,  dark  crystals,  Am. 
J.  Sc.,  11,  464,  1876. 


G. 
3-94 

4-07 


AsaO5 
55-10 
53-22» 
53-11 


AUO, 

20-68 
20-09 
17-19 


FeaO3  Mn2O3 
4-78      l-SOMnO 
5-06      1-28    " 
9-23      208 


Na2O 
11-66 
11-86 
13-06 


Li3O 
081 
0-70 
065 


F 

undet. 
undet. 
7-67b 


=   10299 


Regarded  as  too  low. 


b  A  second  trial  gave  F  =  7*49  p.  c. 


Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  forceps  fuses  at  2,  giving  an  intense  soda  flame.  In  the  closed  tube 
blackens  at  a  moderate  temperature,  but  regains  its  color  on  cooling;  at  a  higher  heat  fuses  easily 
to  a  yellow  glass  and  gives  a  faint  white  volatile  sublimate,  etching  the  tube  slightly.  The  same 
in  the  open  tube,  with  evolution  of  acid  fumes,  reddening  litmus  paper.  On  charcoal,  B.B.  fuses 
readily  and  gives  a  white  sublimate  with  a  strong  arsenical  odor  in  R.F.  With  soda  and  charcoal 
powder  in  a  matrass  yields  a  sublimate  of  metallic  arsenic.  With  the  Uuxes  reacts  for  iron  and 
manganese.  Decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid  with  evolution  of  fluohydric  acid. 

Obs.— Found  at  the  Barranca  tin  mine,  eighteen  miles  northeast  of  Coneto,  State  of  Durango, 
and  about  ninety  miles  northeast  of  the  city  of  Durango,  Mexico.  Occurs  in  a  vein  four  to  six 
inches  in  thickness;  the  crystals  are  sometimes  attached  to  the  walls  of  the  vein  (here  the  large, 
light,  orange-colored  variety),  sometimes  with  cassiterite  in  the  white  pulverulent  matter  which 
fills  the  veins  (small,  dark  colored  variety).  The  largest  crystal  found  was  19  X  11  mm. 

Ref.— '  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  4,  401,  1875. 

559.  AMBLYGONITE.  Amblygonit  Bretih,.  Hoffm.  Min.,  4,  b,  159,  1817,  Handb.,  488. 
Moutebrasite  Dx.,  C.  R,,  73,  306,  1247,  1871.  Hebronit  Kbl,  Ber.  Ak.  Mlinchen,  284,  1872. 

Triclinic.     Axes  &  :  b  :  6  =  0-73337  :  1  :  0*76332;    a  =  108°  5U',   /3  =  97° 
48f,  y  =  106°  26f '  J.  D.  Dana1. 

100  A  010  =  69°  35|',  100  A  001  =  *75°  30',  010  A  001  =  67°  38'. 
Forms1 :    a  (100,  i-l),  c  (001,  0);    m  (110,  /'),   M  (110, '/),    z  (120,  '£§);    I  (101,  '14'  L,  Dx.) 
as  tw.  pi.,  h  (101,  ,1-1,  H,  Dx.),  e  (021,  '24). 

am   =    29°  3S7  az  =  72°    7'  Ih   -    90°  24'  cM  =  *92°  2<X 

aM  =  *44°  30'  al  =  37°  10'  ce    =  *74°  40'  eM  =  *66°  30' 

mM  =     74°    5'  ch  =  53°  14'  cm  =    68°    9'  ae   =  101°  25*' 

Crystals  large  and  coarse ;  forms  rarely  distinct.  Usually  cleavable  to  columnar 
and  compact  massive.  Polysynthetic  twin- 
ning lamella  common,  parallel  to  I  and 
h,  two  planes  nearly  at  right  angles  to  each 
other  (89°  8'  Dx.),  and  h  usually  the  more 
prominent,  nearly  bisecting  the  interior 
angle  ac  (cf.  f.  2). 

Cleavage:  c  perfect,  with  pearly  luster; 
a  somewhat  less  so,  vitreous;  £_(021)  some- 
times equally  distinct;  M  (110)  difficult. 
Fracture  uneven  to  subcouchoidal.  Brittle. 
H.  =  6.  G.  =  3-01-3-09.  Luster  vitreous 
to  greasy,  on  c  pearly.  Color  white  to  pale 
greenish,  bluish,  yellowish,  grayish  or  brown- 
ish white.  Streak  white.  Subtransparent 
to  translucent. 


Hebron. 


After  t)  x. 


782  PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,   ETC. 

Optically  — .  For  the  Penig  mineral  (amblygonite,  Dx.  1872) :  ax.  pi.  inclined 
12£°  to  a,  6?i°  to  c,  and  the  plane  (S)  J_  Bxa  inclined  almost  equally  to  a  and  c, 
normal  angles  Sa  =  80°  52',  tic  =  80°  35',  Dx.  Bxa  inclined  11°  40'  to  edge  a/c. 
/3r  =  1-594  Na.  -  Dispersion  p  >  v  small.  2Er  =  86°  23',  2Ey  =  86°  21'. 

Some  varieties  (montebrasite,  Dx.,  1872,  see  below)  are  also  optically  negative,  but  the  ax. 
pi.  is  inclined  about  23°  to  c  and  82°  to  a.  Bxa  nearly  ||  edge  a/c.  Axial  angles  large  and  vari- 
able: 

2Ha.r  =  95°  48'-102°  3?  2H0.r  =  102°  50'-106°  10' 

Refractive  indices: 

a  =  1-579  /?  =  1-593  y  -  1-597    Levy-Lex. 

Comp — A  fluo-phosphate  of  aluminium  and  lithium,  Li(AlF)P04  or  AlP04.LiF 
=  Phosphorus  pentoxide  47'9,  alumina  34'4,  lithia  lO'l,  fluorine  12'9  =  105-3, 
deduct  (0  =  2F)  5'3  =  100.  Sodium  often  replaces  part  of  the  lithium,  and 
hydroxyl  part  of  the  fluorine. 

Cf.  Rg.,  J.b.  Min.,  1,  15,  1883,  and  Min.  Ch.  Erg.,  5,  1886,  who  takes  a  somewhat  different 
view  of  the  composition.  He  regards  the  water  as  due  to  gradual  alteration  and  proposes  the 

formula:  A12F6  4-  2(R3PO4  +  A12P2O8)  or  perhaps  -j  2Lifpa^+ Fll2P2O8- 
Anal — 1-8,  Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  295,  1879. 

G.  P205  A12O3  LiO2  Na2O  H3O       F 

1.  Penig  f  48-24  33'55  8'97  2'04  1-75  11  26  Mn2O3  0'13  =  105'94 

2.  Montebras,  A  3'088  f  47'09  33'22  7'92  3'48  2'27  9'93  CaO  0'24  =  10415 

3.  Auburn,  Me.  3'059  f  48 '48  33'78  9'46  0'99  3'57  6  20  =  102-48 

4.  Hebron,  Me.,  A                        [48'53]  34-13  9'54  0;34  4'44  .5-24  =  103-21 

5.  Paris,  Me.  3'035  |  48-31  33'68  9'82  034  4'89  4'82  K2O  0'03  =  10.1 -89 

6.  Hebron,  Me.,  B  8-.032  f  47'44  33'90  9'24  0"66  5'05  5-45  =  100-74           [=10110 

7.  Branchville,  Ct.  3-03,2  f  48'80  34'26  9'80  019  5'91  1'75  Fe203  0'29,    MnsO3*  O'lO 

8.  Montebras,  B  8-007  f  48'34  33  55  9'52  0'33  6*61  1'75  CaO  0'35  =  100-45 

Other  analyses,  Pisani,  C.  R.,  75,  79,  1872;  Kbl.,  1.  c.;  Rg.,  Ber.  Ch,  Ges.,  78,  1872,  these 
are  quoted  in  Min.,  5th  Ed.,  App.  n,  p.  271,  1875;  see  also  5th  Ed.,  p.  546.  where  the  early 
analyses  of  Berzeliusand  of  Rammelsberg  are  quoted. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water,  which  at  a  high  heat  is  acid  and  corrodes  the 
glass.  B.B.  fuses  easily  (at  2)  with  intumescence,  and  becomes  opaque  white  on  cooling.  Colors 
the  tlame  yellowish  red  with  traces  of  green;  the  Hebron  variety  gives  an  intense  Hthia-red; 
moistened  with  sulphuric  acid  gives  a  bluish  green  to  the  flame.  With  borax  and  salt  of  phos- 
phorus forms  a  transparent  colorless  glass.  In  line  powder  dissolves  easily  in  sulphuric  acid, 
more  slowly  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Chursdorf  and  Arnsdorf,  near  Penig  in  Saxony,  where  it  is  associated  with 
tourmaline  and  garnet  in  granite;  nearGeier,  Saxony;  also  at  Arendal,  Norway.  At  Montebras, 
Creuze,  France,  in  two  varieties,  cf.  below. 

In  the  U  States,  in  Maine,  at  Hebron,  embedded  in  a  coarse  granite  in  masses,  sometimes 
•well  crystallized,  with  lepidolite,  albite,  quartz,  red,  green,  and  black  tourmaline,  apatite,  and 
rarely  cassiterite;  also  at  Mt.  Mica  in  Paris,  8m.  from  Hebron,  with  tourmaline;  Auburn;  at 
Peru*  abundant  with  spodumene,  petalite,  ^lepidolite,  etc.  Occurs  very  sparingly  at  Branch- 
ville, Conn.,  with  spodumene,  also  lithiophilite  and  other  manganese  phosphates  in  a  vein  of 
albitic  granite. 

The  name  amblygoniie  is  from  a.nfiXvS,  blunt,  and  yovv,  angle;  montebrasite  and  hebronite 
from  the  localities.  The  name  montebrasite  was  first  given  to  normal  amblygouite  from  Montebras, 
made  a  new  species  on  the  basis  of  an  analysis  by  Moisseuet,  later  shown  to  be  incorrect 
by  Pisani  and  von  Kobell  (cf..  App.  I,  p.  10,  n,  27);  this  name  was  afterwards  transferred  (Dx., 
1872)  to  the  mineral  of  Hebron  (=  hebromte,  Kbl.)  and  to  another  variety  (B)  from  Montebras, 
translucent  and  greenish  in  color,  the  original  Montebras  mineral  (A,  dull  white  or  wit!  a  violet 
tinge)  and  that  from  Peuig  being  united'(Dx.)  under  the  name  amblygonite;  the  two  varieties 
differ  in  optical  characters,  as  shown  above,  and  perhaps  also  in  'composition;  cf.  analyses 
1.  2,  (amblygonite,  Dx.),  which  show  soda  and  but  little  water,  with  the  other  anals.,  which  have 
little  soda  and  several  per  cent  of  water. 

Ref._i  On  a  crystal  from  Hebron  in  the  Brush  collection,  re-examined  by  the  author,  cf.  5th 
Ed.,  p.  545.  With  Dx. ,  p  =  c,  m  =  a,  t  =  M,  for  the  angles  for  these  three  cleavages  he  gives 
(Hebron)  pm  —  75°,  pt  =  90°  to  90°  45',  mt  =  44°  to  45°.  On  the  Penig  mineral  and  Monte- 
bras A  he  noted  only  the  cleavages  a  and  c,  with  ac  ==  74°  16'.  C.  R.,  57.  357,  1863,  Ann. 
Ch.  Phys.,  27,  385,  1872. 


OLIVENITE  GROUP.  783 


B.  Acid  and  Basic  Phosphates,  Arsenates,  etc. 

560.    Monetite  HCaP04  Triclinic 

Natrophite  HNa3P04? 


Oliveiiite  Group.     Orthorhombic. 

Basic  phosphates,  arsenates,  etc.,  of  copper,  zinc,  and  lead. 
R2(OH)(P,As,V)04  or  (ROH)R(P,As,V)0,     R  =  Cu,  Zn,  Pb, 

As  noted  by  Groth  this  group  corresponds  in  a  measure  to  the  monoclinic  Wagnerlte  Group, 
p.  775,  which  also  includes  basic  members. 

&:l:6 

561.  Olivenite  Cu,(OH)As04  0-9396  :  1  :  0-6726 

562.  Libethenite  Cu2(OH)P04  0-9601  :  1  :  0-7019 

563.  Adamite  Zn2(OH)As04  0-9733  :  1  :  0-7158 

564.  Descloizite  (Pb,Zn)2(OH)V04 

&  :  I  :  b  =  0-6368  :  1  :  0-8045  or  \&  :  I  :  6  =  0-9552  :  1 :  0-8045 
Cuprodescloizite       (Pb,Zn,Cu)2(OH)V04 

565.  Calciovolborthite          (Cu,Ca)a(OH)V04 


566.  Brackebuschite  (Pb,Fe,Mn)3V,Oe.  HaO?  Monoclinic 

567.  Psittacinite  (Pb,Cu)4(OH)2V208.H20? 


568.  Erinite  Cu6(OH)4As909 

569.  Dihydrite  Cu6(OH)4P208        Monoclinic  or  Triclinic 

a  :b:6  =  2-8252  :  1  :  1-5339     a  =  89°  29£'    ft  =  91°  OJ'    y  =  90 

570.  Pseudomalachite    Cus(OH),P04  pt. 

a-.l-.t  ft 

571.  Clinoclasite  Cn9(OH)3As04    Monoclinic    1-9069:1:3-8507    80°  30' 

572.  CJhondrarsenite       Mn,(OH),As04 


&  :  I  :t 

573.  Dufrenite  Fe,(OH),P04  Orthorhombic    0  8734  :  1  :  0-4262 

also  Fe6(OH)eVP04), 

a:Z-.6  /$ 

574.  Lazulite  (Fe,Mg)Al,(OH)aP,08  Monoclinic  0-9750  :  1  : 1-6483  89° 

575.  Tavistockite       Ca,Al,(OH)6P208 

576.  Cirrolite  Ca,Al2(OH)3(P04), 

577.  Arseniosiderite  CasFe4(bH)/As04)t 


734  PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,   ETC 

a-.l'.c  0 

578.  Allactite          Mn,(OH)8Asa08  Monoclinic    0-6128:1:0-3338     84°  17' 

n  A:5:tf  /3 

579.  Synadelphite  Mns(Al,Mn)3(OH)10As,08  Monoclinic      0-8582  :  1  :  0-9192  90° 

n      m  a  :  I  :  6 

580.  Flinkite  MnaMn(OH)4As04         Orthorhombic      0-4131  :  1  :  0-7386 

ii  in 

581.  Hematolite     Mn4(Al,Mn)(QH)fiAs04        Rhombohedral         t  =  0-8885 

n    ni  ii  ni 

582.  Arseniopleite  R9R,(OH)6(As04)6?    E  =  Mn,Ca(Pb,Mg)  E  =  Mn(Fe) 


583.  Manganostibiite        Mn10Sb,016? 

Hematostibiite      Mn8Sba01$? 

a  :  l\b  ft 

584.  Atelestite  Bis(OH),AsOfl    Monoclinic    0-9334  :  1  :  1-5051   70°  43' 


560.  MONETITE.     0.  U.  Shepard,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  23,  400,  1882. 

Triclinic.  In  thin  rhomboidal  crystals  with  a  (100),  I  (010),  c  (001),  m  (110), 
M  (110),  the  hemi-prisms  //,  n  (hkO)  and  I  (hkO),  dome  e  (101). 

Approximate  angles:  aM=42°,  aV  =  81°,  aju  —  17°,  an  —  28°,  al  =  1S°,  ac  —  76°, 
a'e  =  42°  E.  S.  Dana. 

Crystals  small  with  rough  faces,  often  arranged  in  interpenetrating  groups. 
Also  massive. 

Cleavage:  a  distinct.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  3'5.  G.  =  2*75. 
Luster  vitreous.  Color  pale  yellowish  white.  Semitransparent. 

Comp. — Acid  calcium  phosphate,  HCaP04  or  2CaO.P206.HaO  =  Phosphorus 
pentoxide  52-2,  lime  41-2,  water  6'6  =  100. 

Anal.— C.  U.  Shepard,  Jr.,  1.  c.,  after  deducting  9 '78  p,  c.  gypsum. 

|  P3O,  52-28  CaO  41 -14  H3O  6'58    =     100 

Pyr. — B.B.  in  the  forceps  turns  white  and  fuses  to  a  globule  with  crystalline  facets;  gives 
off  water  in  the  closed  tube. 

Obs.— Found  in  the  Tertiary  limestone  of  the  islands  Moneta  and  Mona,  West  Indies,  under- 
neath a  bed  of  bird  guano.  Occurs  in  thick  isolated  masses,  two  or  three  inches  across,  also  in 
irregular  seams  in  gypsum,  and  in  crusts  lining  cavities. 

NATROPHITE  Pisani;  mentioned  by  Adam.  Tabl.  Min.,  45,  1869.  Pisani,  Min.,  288,  1883. 
Acid  sodium  phosphate,  HNaaPO4  —  Phosphorus  pentoxide  64*0,  soda  27'9,  water  8'1  =  100. 


Olivenite  Group.     Orthorhombic. 

661.  OLIVENITE.  Arseniksaures  Kupfererz  (fr.  Cornwall)  Klapr.,  Schrft.  Ges.  Nat. 
Fr.  Berl.,  7,  160.  1786;  Olivenera  (fr.  Cornwall)  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  382,  385,  1789.  Olive  Copper 
Ore  Kirwati,  2,  151,  1796.  Olive-green  Copper  Ore  Rashleigh,  Brit.  Min.,  1,  pi.  11,  f.  2,  1797, 
2  pi  6,  1802.  Cuivre  arseniate  en  octaedre  aigus  Bourn.,  Phil.  Tr.,  177,  1801.  Pharmako- 
chalzitpt.  Hausm.,  Min.,  3,  1042,  1813;  Olivenkupfer,  id.,  1045;  Pharmacolzit  id.,  1025,  1847. 
Olivenite  pt.  Jameson,  Syst.,  2,  335,  1820;  Leonh.,  Orykt.,  283,  1821. 

Orthorhombic.      Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-9396  :  1  :  0-6726  Washington1. 
100  A  HO  =  43°  13',  001  A  101  =  35°  35f,  001  A  Oil  =  33°  55J'. 

Forms1:     a  (100,  i-l),     ft  (010,  *-«);     tn  (110,  1);     v  (101,  1-i);    e  (Oil,  14). 

Angles:     mm  "  =  *86°  26',     w'  =  71°  llf,     ee'  =  *67°  51',     ve  =  47°  34'. 


OLIVENITE  GROUP— OLIVENITE. 


785 


1. 


\ 


Crystals    prismatic,  often    acicular;    faces   usually  somewhat   uneven.      Also 
globular  and  reniforrn,  indistinctly  fibrous,  fibers 
straight   and    divergent,    rarely    irregular;    also 
curved  lamellar  and  granular. 

Cleavage:  m,  b,  e  (Oil)  in  traces.  Fracture 
conchoidal  to  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  3.  G.=  4'l- 
4-4.  Luster  adamantine  to  vitreous;  of  some 
fibrous  varieties  pearly.  Color  various  shades  of 
olive-green,  passing  into  leek-,  siskin-,  pistachio-, 
and  blackish  green ;  also  liver-  and  wood-brown; 
sometimes  straw  -  yellow  and  grayish  white. 
Streak  olive-green  to  brown.  Subtransparent  to 
opaque. 

Optically  -f.  Ax.  pi.  ||  c.  Bx  J_  a.  Disper- 
sion p  <  v  large.  Axial  angles,  Dx.2 : 


Fig> 


Cornwall,  Phillips.  2,  Utah, 
Washington. 


2Ha.r  =  105°  5' 


2Ha.    =  106°  6' 


2Ha.bi  =  109°  47' 


Var.—  (a)  Crystallized;  G.  =  4*378  Cornwall,  Damour;  4'135  ib.,  Hermann. 

(£>)  Fibrous;  finely  and  divergently  fibrous,  of  green,  yellow,  brown,  and  gray,  to  white 
colors,  with  the  surface  sometimes  velvety  or  acicular;  G.  =  3'913  Hermann;  found  investing 
the  common  variety  or  passing  in.to  it;  called  wood  copper  or  wood-arsenate  (Holzkupfererz). 

(c)  Earthy;  nodular  or  maesive;  sometimes  soft  enough  to  soil  the  fingers. 

Comp.—  Cu8As208.Cu(OH),   or   4CuO.As206.H,0  =    Arsenic   pentoxide   40'7, 
cupric  oxide  56'1,  water  3'2  =  100. 

Anal.—  1,  Damour,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  13,  412,  1845.  2,  Hillebrand,  Proc.  Col.  Soc.,  1,  113, 
1884.  Other  analyses  5th  Ed.,  p.  564. 


1.  Cornwall        G.  =  4 '378 

2.  Utah,  wood-copper 


As2O»  P206  CuO 
34-87  3-43  56'86 
40-05  0-06  5540 


H20 

3-72  =  98-88 


3-39  gangue  0'81  =  99'71 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  water.  B.B.  fuses  at  2,  coloring  the  flame  bluish  green, 
and  on  cooling  the  fused  mass  appears  crystalline.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  with  deflagration, 
gives  off  arsenical  fumes,  and  yields  a  metallic  arsenide  which  with  soda  yields  a  globule  of 
copper.  With  the  fluxes  reacts  for  copper.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs. — The  crystallized  varieties  occur  disposed  on,  or  coating,  cavities  of  quartz  in  Corn- 
wall, at  Wheal  Gorland,  Ting  Tang,  Wheal  Unity,  and  other  mines  near  St.  Day;  also  near 
Redruth;  near  Tavistock.  in  Devonshire;  also  in  inferior  specimens  at  Alston  Moor,  in  Cumber- 
land; at  Camsdorf  and  Saalfeld  in  Thuringia;  Tyrol;  the  Banat;  Nizhni  Tagilsk  in  the  Ural; 
Chili. 

In  the  U.  8.,  in  Utah,  at  the  American  Eagle  and  Mammoth  mines,  Tintic  district,  both  in 
crystals  and  the  form  of  wood  copper. 

The  name  olivenite  alludes  to  the  olive-green  color. 

Ref.— J  Utah,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  35,  298,  1888.  Earlier  measurements  by  Phillips,  Min.,  319, 1823, 
who  gives  mm'"  =  87°  30',  ee'  =  69°  10',  hence  a  :  b  :  c  =  0-9573  :  1  :  0'6894.  Cf.  also  Dx.,  Ann. 
Ch.  Phys.,  13,  417,  1845.  2  Propr.  Opt.,  2,  43,  1859;  N.  R.,  81,  1867. 

In  general  the  mineral  phosphates  or  arsenates  were  not  distinctively  recognized  in  ancient 
mineralogy.  The  species  containing  copper,  if  observed,  were  left  to  pass  under  the  general 
names  of  chrysocolla  and  malachites.  In  1747,  Wallerius  has,  besides  Koppar-Lazur  or  azurite. 
the  two  species  Copper  Green  (malachite)  and  Copper  Blue  (chrysocolla  and  azurite  in  part),  but 
without  well-defined  limits.  Cronstedt,  in  1758,  describes  the  Mountain  Blue  as  sometimes 
impure  (terra  calcarea  mixta),  and  hence  effervescing  with  aqua-fortis.  Fontana,  in  1778, 
announced  the  green  carbonate  after  an  analysis;  and  Bergmann  in  his  Soiagraphia,  1782, 
recognizes  only  carbonate  of  copper,  and  calls  wrongly  the  green  mica  of  Werner  (1780,  and 
later  torbernite)  a  chloride.  In  1786  Klaproth  analyzed  an  arsenate,  and  Werner  soon  after  irave 
it  the  name  of  Olivenerz;  and  in  Werner's  system  of  1789  (Bergm.  J.,  382,  1789),  Azurite,  Mala- 
chite, Copper  green  of  compact  texture  not  effervescing  with  acids  (chrysocolla).  and  Olivenerz, 
together  with  a  so-called  EisemcMssig  Kupfergriln  (mostly  earthy  green  carbonate),  were  the 
only  species.  Karsten's  Tabellen  of  1800  contain  no  addition  to  the  list.  But  in  1801  Bournon 
announced,  from  an  analysis  by  Chenevix,  a  second  arsenate,  afterward  called  Liroconite; 
Vauquelin  a  third,  afterward  named  Chalcophyllite  ;  Klaproth  a  fourth,  the  Strahliges  Olivenerz, 
or  Clinoclase.  Klaproth  also  published  at  the  same  time  an  analysis  of  the  first  phosphate,  now 
called  Pseudomalachite;  besides  one  of  the  oxychloride  Atacamite,  which  mineral  had  been 
brought  from  Chili  as  copper  sand  between  1780  and  1790,  and  was  pronounced  an  oxide  by 
Vauquelin,  and  a  chloride  by  Karsten  in  his  Tabellen  of  1800. 


786  PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,   ETC. 

562.  LIBETHENITE.  Olivenerz  pt.  Phosphorkupfererz  pt.  Phosphate  of  Copper  pt. 
Cuivre  phosphate  pt.  Octaedrisches  Phosphorkupfer  Leonh.,  Leonh.  u.  Selb's  Min.  Stud.,  1812. 
Blattricher  Pseudomalachite  pt.  Hausm.,  Handb.,  1036,  1813.  Libethenit  Breith..  Char.,  267, 
1823.  Apherese  Beud.,  2,  569,  1832.  Pseudo-libethenit  Rg.t  Min.  Ch.,  344,  1860. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-9601  :  1  :  0-7019  Rose1. 

100  A  HO  =  43°  50',  001  A  101  =  36°  10£' ,  001  A  Oil  =  35°  4'. 

Forms1:  a  (100,  i-i)  cleavage,    b  (010,  i-i);   t  (210,  i-2),   m  (110,  I);   d  (310,  t-8),  e  (Oil,  1-*), 

8  (111,  1). 

Angles:     «'"  =  51°  17',   mm'"  =  *87°  40',    dd'  =  35°  30',   ee'  =  *70°  8',   me  =  66°  33'; 
ss'  =  61°  47f,     **"•  =  90°  46 ,     88'"  =  59°  4i'. 

In  crystals  usually  small,  short  prismatic  in  habit;  often 
united  in  druses.  Also  globular  or  reniform  and  compact. 

Cleavage:  a,  I  very  indistinct.  Fracture  subconchoidal  to 
uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =4.  G.  =  3-6-3-8.  Luster  resinous. 
Color  olive-green,  generally  dark.  Streak  olive-green.  Trans- 
lucent to  subtranslucent. 

Optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  ||  c.  Bx  J_  b.  Dispersion  p  >  v 
large.  Axial  angles,  Dx.a : 

=  101°  42'  2H0.r  =  127°  47'  .-.     2Vr  =  81*  38'  /Sr  =  1-739 

2Ha.y  =  101°    8'  2H0.y  =  128°  56f  .'.     2Vy  =  81°    8'  ft,  =  1-743 

2Ha.W  =    99°  59'  2H0.bi  =  130°  22f  .-.    2Vbl  =  80°  2V  /SW=1'755 

Comp:— Cu,Pa08.Cu(OH)a   or  4CuO.P,06.HaO  =  Phosphorus  pentoxide  29 '8, 
cupric  oxide  66 '4,  water  3-8  =  100. 
Anal.— Ktihn,  Lieb.  Ann.,  51,  124,  1844. 

P,O6  29-44  CuO  66  94  H2O  4'05  =  100-43 

Other  analyses  (5th  Ed.,  p.  563)  agree  closely,  except  one  by  Berthier  which  yielded  7*4  p.  c. 
HaO;  this  mineral  is  called  Pseudo-libethemte  by  Rammelsberg,  who  writes  the  formula 
Cu»P2O8.Cu(OH)2.H2O.  Beudant  cites  the  same  analysis  in  connection  with  his  name  Apherese. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water  and  turns  black.  B.B.  fuses  at  2  and  colors  the 
flame  emerald-green.  On  charcoal  with  soda  gives  metallic  copper,  sometimes  also  an  arsenical 
odor.  Fused  with  metallic  lead  on  charcoal  is  reduced  to  metallic  copper,  with  the  formation 
of  lead  phosphate,  which  treated  in  R.F.  gives  a  crystalline  polyhedral  bead  on  cooling.  With 
the  fluxes  reacts  for  copper.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  cavities  in  quartz,  associated  with  chalcopyrite,  at  Libethen,  near  Neusohl, 
in  Hungary;  at  Rheinbreitenbach  and  Ehl  on  the  Rhine;  at  Nizhni  Tagilsk  in  the  Ural;  in 
Bolivia,  S.  A.,  with  malachite;  at  the  Mercedes  mine,  near  Coquimbo,  Chili,  with  tagilite  and 
limonite;  also  in  small  quantities  near  Gunnis  Lake  in  Cornwall,  and  near  Redruth. 

Artif.— Cf.  Friedel  and  Sarasin,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  2,  157,  1879. 

Ref.— !  Hungary,  Reis.  Ural,  1,  316, 1837.  For  Uralian  crystals  he  obtained  mm'"  =  84°  36', 
£e*  =  69°  19'.  Cf.  Schrauf,  Zs.  Kr.,  4,  19,  1879,  who  discusses  the  irregularities  in  the  angles, 
vicinal  planes,  etc.,  and  suggests  a  monoclinic  form.  9  Dx.,  Propr.  Opt.,  2,  43,  1859;  N.  R., 
73,  1867. 

563.  ADAMITE.    Adamine  C.  Friedel  C.  R.,  62,  692,  1866. 
Orthorhombic.     Axes  &  :  I  :  6  =  0-9733  :  1  :  0-7158  Des  Cloizeaux1. 
100  A  HO  =  44°  13|',  001  A  101  =  36°  20',  001  A  Oil  =  35°  35|'. 

Forms':  c  (001,  0)  n  (530,  *-f)  t  (120,  i-2)  I  (Oil,  14) 


*<410,<4) 
>       h  (210,  i-2)      *    >  *-       d  (101,  1-i) 

M'"  =  *51°  54'  ff'  =  63°  0'  IV  =  71°  llf  oo"  =  91°  29' 
™ro'"  =  88°  27'  dd'  =  *72°  40/  oo'  =  61*  46'  oo'"  =  59°  56' 
it'  =  54°  23' 


OLIVENITE  GROUP— DESCLOIZITE. 


78? 


Crystals  small,  sometimes  prismatic  ||  6  like  olivenite ; 
again  prismatic  ||  b,  by  extension  of  the  macrodome 
d  (101).  Crystals  often  grouped  in  crusts  and  fine 
granular  aggregations. 

Cleavage:  d  distinct.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle. 
H.  =  3'5.  G.  =  4-34-4-35.  Luster  vitreous,  strong. 
Color  honey-yellow,  violet,  rose-red,  green,  colorless. 
Streak  white.  Transparent, 

Optically  +.     Ax.  pi.  ||  c.     Bx  J_  b.    Dispersion  p  <  v  large.     Axial  angles: 


Laurium,  Laspeyres. 


Chili  2Ha.r  =  108°  34'      2Ha.bi  =  111°  39' 

Laurium     2Ha.r  =  100°-108°,  Dx. 


2H0.r  =  115°  50'      2H0.bi  =  113°  52' 


Comp.— ZnsAs208.Zn(OH),  or  4ZnO.As205.H20  =  Arsenic  pentoxide  40'2,  zinc 
oxide  56-7,  water  3*1  =  100.     Copper  and  cobalt  may  also  be  present. 

Anal.— 1,  Friedel,  1.  c.     2,  Damour,  C.  R.,  67,  1124,  1868.      3,  4,  Pisani,  ib.,  70,  1001, 
1870.     5,  Friedel,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  1,  31,  1878. 


1.  Chaiiarcillo     G.  =  4 -338 

2.  Cap  Garonne  G.  =  4 '352 
8.     "          "         rose-red 

4.  ' '  sea-green 

5.  Laurium,  green 


As2O5 

ZnO 

CuO 

CoO 

39-95 

54-32 

— 

— 

39-24 

49-11 

1-75 

5-16 

38-50 

52-50 



3-92 

39-85 

31-85 

23-45 

0-52 

40-17 

55-97 

0-64 

— 

H2O 

4-55  FeO  1  48,  MnO  tr.  =  lOO'SO 

4  25  Fe203  tr.  =  99'51 

3-57  =  98-49 

3-68  CaO  0-87  =  100*22 

4-01  FeO  0-18  =  100'97 


Pyr.,  etc. — Heated  in  a  closed  tube  decrepitates  feebly,  and  yields  a  little  water,  becoming 
white  and  porcelanous.  On  charcoal  fuses,  producing  a  coating  of  zinc  oxide,  and  a  feeble  odor 
of  arsenic.  In  a  closed  tube  with  soda  and  charcoal  gives  a  ring  of  arsenic.  With  borax  in 
O.F.  pearl-yellow  while  hot,  colorless  on  cooling.  Easily  soluble  in  dilute  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — From  Chafiarcillo,  Chili,  with  limonite  and  native  silver.  At  Cap  Garonne  near 
Hy£res,  France.  At  the  ancient  zinc  mines  of  Laurium,  Greece,  rilling  drusy  cavities  in  a 
cellular  smithsonite.  Named  after  M.  Adam,  the  mineralogist,  of  Paris. 

Ref.— »  Chafiarcillo,  N.  R.,  26,  1867;  Laurium  crystals  gave  mm"'  =  89°  50-88°  40'  and 
dd'  =  72°  20',  also  mm'"  =  88°  20-88°  30'.  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  1,  30,  1878. 

5  Chafiarcillo,  Dx.,  with  hmtdo;  Laurium,  Dx.,  with  b  h  m  t  df;  Laurium,  Lasp.  (Zs. 
Kr.,  2,  147,  1878),  with  b  n  m  t  d  on  "type  I "  colorless  crystals,  prismatic  ||  6,  with  a  :  b  :c  = 
0'996  :  1  :  0'718,  and  a  c  k  h  n  m  s  d?  I  on  "  type  II  "  emerald-green  crystals,  prismatic  ||  c,  with 
d  :  b  :  b  =  0'996  :  1  :  0'685;  a  variation  in  composition  (Cu)  is  suggested  to  account  for  this 
difference  in  c  (20  :  19),  but  the  observations  need  confirmation. 

564.  DESCLOIZITE.  A.  Damour,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  41,  72,  78,  1854.  Rhornbischer 
Vanadit  Zippe,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  44  (1),  197,  1861,  Tschermak,  ib.,  44(2),  157,  1861,  Schrauf, 
Pogg.,  116,  355,  1862.  Tritochorit  Frenzel,  Min.  Mitth.,  3,  506,  4,  97,  1881.  Cuprodescloizite 
Eg.,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  1215,  1883.  La  Ramarita  Miguel  Velazquez  de  Leon,  Naturaleza,  7,  65, 
1884.  Schaffnerite  (1886)  mentioned  by  Pisani,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  12,  43,  1889. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  b  :  6  =  0-6368  :  1  :  0-8045  Rath1. 

100  A  HO  =  32°  29f ',  001  A  101  =  51°  38£',  001  A  Oil  =  38°  49'. 


Forms1 : 
a  (100,  i-l) 
b  (010,  i-i) 
c  (001,  0) 


n  (510,  i-5) 
m  (110,  /) 
I   (130,  a-3) 

e  (102,  H) 


/  (201,  2-1) 
d  (012,  -H) 
u  (Oil,  1-1) 
«  (021,  2-i) 


t  (i-i-io,  TV) 

o  (111,  1) 
e  (211,  2-2) 
t  (641,  6-1) 


k  (861,  8-D 

q  (782S  4-f ) 
<»(134,f-3) 
h  (132,  f3) 


mm'"  =    64°  59' 
11'        =     55°  15i' 
eef        =    64°  33*' 
/'       =  136°  49' 
dd'      =    43°  49f 

uu'  =     77°  38' 
vo'    =  116°  IT 
co     =    56°  16' 
coo    =    34°  15' 

ch   =  53°  43'  axa'"  =  59°  50' 

oo'  =  *89°  6'  M'"  =  91°  9' 

oo'"  =  *53°  4'  fo   =31°  4' 

ee'"  =  32°  59'  do   =  47°  0 


788 


PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,  ETC. 


I. 


Figs.  1-3,  Lake  Valley,  N.  Mexico,  Rath. 


Crystals  usually  small,  short  prismatic  ||  m  or  I  (130),  or  pyramidal,  o  (111). 
Faces  seldom  perfectly  smooth;  I  strongly  striated  Vertically;  /  (201)  dull  and 
striated  ||  f/f",  o  (111),  d  (012)  bright.  The  crystals  forming  drusy  surfaces  and 
crusts,  also  in  stalactitic aggregates.  Also  massive,  fibrous  radiated  with  mammillary 
surface. 

Cleavage  none.  Fracture  small  conchoidal  to  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  3*5. 
G-.  =  5'9-6'2.  Luster  greasy.  Color  columbine-  or  cherry-red,  brownish  red,  hair- 
brown,  reddish  chestnut-brown,  blackish  brown,  black.  Streak  orange  to  brownish 
red  or  yellowish  gray.  Transparent  to  nearly  opaque. 

Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bx  J_  c  negative,  Bx  J_  a  positive;  axial  angle  very  large,  the 
interference-rings  hardly  visible  in  oil. 

Comp.,  Var.— R3V208.R(OH)2  or  4RO.V205.H20;  R  =  Pb,  Zn  chiefly  and 
usually  in  the  ratio  1  :  1  approx. ;  the  percentage  composition  is  then:  Vanadium 
pentoxide  22*7,  lead  protoxide  55'4,  zinc  oxide  19'?,  water  2-2  —  100.  Copper  is 
also  sometimes  present,  and  further  arsenic  replacing  vanadium. 

Var.— 1.  Ordinary,  containing  lead  and  zinc.  Usually  in  distinct  crystals  as  described. 
G.  =  5-9-61. 

2.  Cuprodescloizite,  containing  copper  in  considerable  amount;  this  variety  also  carries 
arsenic.  It  usually  appears  in  crusts  or  reniform  masses  with  mammillary  surface  and  fine 
columnar  structure,  somewhat  divergent  or  radiating.  Color  dull  green  to  greenish  black, 
yellowish  brown.  G.  =  6-1-6 '2. 

Anal.— 1,  Rg.,Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  656,  1880,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  32,  709,  1880.  2-4,  Doering,  Bol. 
Acad.  Cienc.  Cordoba,  5,  471,  1883.  5,  6,  Genth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  22,  373,  1885.  7,  8,  Hille- 
brand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  37,  434,  1889.  9,  Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  26,  361,  1883.  10,  Rg.,  Ber.  Ak. 
Berlin,  1215,  1883.  11,  Geuth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc..  24,  36,  1887.  12,  Pisaui,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  12, 
38,  1889.  13,  Velazquez  de  Leon,  1.  c.  14,  Hillebrand,  1.  c. 

For  Damour's  original  analysis  of  descloizite,  see  p.  791. 


1.  Cordoba,  light  brown 

2.  "         black 

3.  "         gray 

4.  "         yellow 

5.  Lake  Valley,  red 

6.  "          "      black 

7.  Beaverhead  Co.,  Mont 

8.  Georgetown,  N.  M. 


G. 

6-080 

6-14 


5-93 


V205 

As2O6 

P206 

PbO 

ZnO 

CuO    FeO  MnO  H2O 

t 

22-74 

— 

— 

56-48 

16-60 

—       —     1-16    2-34 

[Cl  0  24  =  99-56 

2259 

0-27 

56-00 

17-02 

0-02    0-26    0-40    2-14 

[CIO 

•08,  insol   0  31  =  99'09 

21-85 

— 

0-30 

56-01 

17-56 

0-40    0-07    0-77    2-57 

fCl  027,  insol.  0-78  =  100'58 

20-23 

— 

0-05 

63-63 

11-41 

—       —     0-24    1-16 

[Cl  1 

•07,  insol.  1-26  =  99'05 

I 

21-65 

0-20 

— 

56-12 

17-41 

1-10    0-15    0-49    2-37 

f=  99-49 

| 

21-35 

0-50 

0-04 

56-36 

1391 

0-87    0-30    274    3'39 

[=  99  46 

I 

20-80 

0-32 

0'27 

55-93 

15-94 

1-15    0-70      —     4-37 

[X1  0-34  =  99-82 

20-44 

0-94 

0-26 

56-01 

17-73 

1-05    0-07      —     2-45 

[X*  1-12  =  100  07 

OLIVENITE  GROUP— DESCLOIZITE.  789 

G.  V205     As2O5    P205   PbO     ZnO     CuO    FeO  MnO  H2O 

9.   Cuprodescloizite  6-202     |  18'95      3'82      0'18    54*93    12-24    674    0  06      —      2*70 

[SiO2  0-12  =  99-74 

10.  "  5-856  |  22-47   0  28   0'17  54'03  12'62  8'13   —   —  2'52 

[=  100-22 

11.  "  6-203  |  19-99   3-63   0-13  54'52  12-70  6'58   —   —   2  62 

[==  100-17 

12  «  606  17-40      4-78        —      53*90    11-40    8'80      —       —     3'20 

[=  99  48 

13.  Ramirite  6'01-6'K)  19'85      361      1'83    54'28    11-25    8"69      —       —    0'15» 

[=9966 

14    Tombstone  5 '88  19'79      I'lO      0-19    57'00      4'19  11-21      tr.       —     2  50 

[X3  3-01  =  98-99 
a  Mn2O3. 

'X  =  Si020-18,    CaO  0-10,  MgO  0-06.     2  X  =  Cl  0'04,   SiO2 1'Ol,    CaO  0 -04,   MgO  0 -03. 
3  X  =  Cl  0-07,  SiO2  0-80,  CaO  I'Ol,  MgO  0'04,  K2O  O'lO,  Na2O  0'17,  CO3  0  82. 
The  material  of  anal.  2-4  contained  some  vanadinite. 

Frenzel's  analysis  of  tritochorite  is  as  follows:  V2O«j  24-41,  As2O6  3'76,  PbO  53 '90, 
ZnO  11'06,  CuO  7"04  =  100'17.  There  is  no  question  as  to  its  identity  with  cuprodescloizite; 
he  has  since  stated  that  the  water  present  was  neglected  or  overlooked. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  water.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses,  and  is  partially  reduced 
to  a  globule  of  metallic  lead  enveloped  in  a  black  scoria.  With  borax  in  R.F.  a  green  glass,  and 
with  niter  in  O.F.  a  violet  color  due  to  manganese.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  in  R.F.  a  glass  of 
a  chrome-green  color,  which  is  orange-yellow  in  the  O.F.  Dissolves  in  cold  dilute  nitric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  small  crystals,  1  to  2  mm.  thick,  clustered  on  a  siliceous  and  ferruginous 
gangue  from  S.  America,  at  the  Venus  mine  and  other  points  in  the  Sierra  de  Cordoba, 
Argentine  Republic,  associated  with  acicular  green  pyromorphite,  vauadinite,  etc.  At  Kappel 
in  Carinthia,  in  small  clove-brown  rhombic  octahedrons,  with  G.  —  5'83  (vanadite  of  Zippe,  cf. 
Schrauf,  Pogg.,  116,  355,  1862). 

Sparingly  at  the  Wheatley  mine,  Pbenixville,  Penn.,  as  a  thin  crystalline  crust  on  wulfenite, 
quartz,  and  a  ferruginous  clay  (J.  L.  Smith,  confirmed  by  Genth).  Abundant  at  the  Sierra  Grande 
mine,  Lake  Valley,  Sierra  Co.,  New  Mexico,  in  red  to  nearly  black  crystals,  pyramidal  and 
prismatic  in  habit,  associated  with  vanadinite,  iodyrite,  etc.;  at  the  Mimbres  and  other  mines, 
near  Georgetown,  New  Mexico,  in  stalactitic  crystalline  aggregates.  In  Arizona  near  Tomb- 
stone: in  Yavapai  Co.,  in  brownish  olive-green  crystals;  at  the  Mammoth  Gold  mine,  near 
Oracle,  Pinal  Co.,  in  orange-red  to  brownish  red  crystals  with  vanadiuite  and  wulfenite. 

A  vauadate  probably  identical  with  descloizite  occurs  at  the  Mayflower  mine,  Bald  Moun- 
tain distr.,  in  Beaverhead  Co.,  Montana,  see  anal.  7;  it  is  in  an  impure  earthy  form  of  a  dull 
yellow  to  pale  orange  color.  The  water  present  is  double  in  amount  that  required  by  normal 
descloizite,  but  in  view  of  the  nature  of  the  material  this  may  not  be  significant ;  cf .  bracke- 
buschite  beyond. 

A  massive  variety,  containing  copper,  in  crusts  and  reniforin  masses  with  radiated  structure 
occurs  in  San  Luis  Potosi,  also  in  a  vein  of  argentiferous  galena  in  Zacatecas  (Pisani),  Mexico; 
it  has  been  variously  named  tritochorite,  cuprodescloizite.  ramirite.  A  similar  variety  occurs  as 
an  incrustation  on  quartz  at  the  Lucky  Cuss  mine,  Tombstone,  Cochise  Co.,  Arizona. 

Named  after  the  French  mineralogist.  A.  Des  Cloizeaux.  Ramirite  is  after  the  Mexican 
mining  engineer  Santiago  Ramirez.  Tritochorite,  from  r/az'roS,  third,  and  XC&PCLV,  to  follow, 
was  given  on  the  supposition  that  the  mineral  formed  a  third  member  of  a  series  with  eusynchite 
and  araeoxene. 

Kef.— i  N.  Mexico,  Zs.  Kr.,  10,  464,  1885.  The  form  was  made  monoclinic  by  Websky, 
Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  672,  1880,  Zs.  Kr.,  5,  542,  1881;  the  orthorhombic  character  is  established  by 
Des  Cloizeaux,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  9,  138,  191,  1886.  See  earlier  Dx.,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  41,  78, 
1854. 


The  pages  immediately  following  contain  descriptions  of  several  other  vanadates  of  more  or 
less  uncertain  composition  and  probably  in  part  to  be  united  with  descloizite. 

EUSYNCHITE  Fisclier  &  Nessler,  Ber.  Ges.  Freiburg,  1854,  Jb.  Min.,  570,  1855.  Araeoxen 
Kbl.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  50,496,  1850. 

Massive:  in  nodular,  stalactitic  forms.  H.  =  3*5.  G.  =  5'596.  Luster  resinous.  Color 
yellowish  red,  reddish  brown, -greenish.  Streak  orange-yellow  to  pale  yellow. 

Composition,  perhaps  RSV2O8  with  R  —  lead,  zinc,  and  sometimes  copper,  and  the  vana- 
dium in  part  replaced  by  arsenic.  It  is  to  be  noted,  however,  that  the  analyses  are  unsatis- 
factory, and  the  mineral  may  contain  water  like  the  so-called  tritochorite  which  was  originally 
described  as  anhydrous  and^belongiug  to  this  series.  If  this  is  the  case  eusynchite  would  be 
simply  identical  with  descloizite. 


790  PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,   ETC. 

Sandberger  has  recently  made  it  almost  certain  that  araeoxene  is  only  descloizite;  he  quotes 
Pecher  as  having  found  3*2  p.  c.  H2O  in  the  original  mineral.  Jb.  Min.,  1,  258,  1889. 

Anal.— 1,  Rg.,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  40,  1864.     2,  Id.,  Min.  Ch.  Erg.,  91,  1886.    3,  4,  Czudnowicz 
Vogg.,  120,  26,   1863;   Rg.,  Min.   Ch,  290,  1875.     5,  Bergemann,  Jb.    Min.,  397,    1857,  and 
Xg.,  ib.,  291. 

V,05        As2O»     P2O6       PbO         ZnO         CuO 

1.  Hofsgrund      G.  =  5596  [2422]        0'50       1-14       57'66        15-80        0*68  =  100 

2.  G.  =5-462  undet.          —        1*54       57-38        16*27          — 

3.  24  32  tr.         58  35        17*33          —    =  100 

4.  20-58  tr.         57-06        22'66          —    =  100 

5.  Arceoxene  17-04       10-66         —         53'26        18*36         —    =    9932 

From  3,  3'2  p.  c.  SiOa  and  from  4,  5'5  SiOa  have  been  deducted;  from  5, 1'34  p.  c.  gangue. 

Eusynchite  is  from  Hofsgrund  near  Freiburg  in  Baden;  arseoxene  from  Dahn  near  Nieder- 
Schlettenbach,  Rhenish  Bavaria,  with  dechenite. 

DECHENITE,  vanadinsaures  Bleioxyd  G.  Bergemann,  Pogg.,  80,  393,  1850. 

Massive,  botryoidal,  nodular,  stalactitic;  sometimes  traces  of  a  columnar  structure. 
H.  =  3-4.  G.  =  5-6-5'81.  Luster  of  fresh  fracture  greasy.  Color  fine  deep  red  to  yellowish 
red  and  brownish  red;  also  leather-yellow.  Streak  orange-yellow  to  ocher-  and  pale  yellow. 

Composition  usually  accepted  as  PbVaO«  or  PbO.V2O5  =  Vanadium  pentoxide  45'0,  lead 
protoxide  55*0  =  100.  The  old  analyses,  however,  are  faulty,  for  the  mineral  contains  zinc 
as  shown  by  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  116,  1857),  and  Pisani  (Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  12,  40,  1889). 
New  analyses  may  prove  that  the  composition  is  essentially  the  same  as  that  of  eusynchite 
and  araeoxene,  and  like  them  it  may  have  to  be  united  with  descloizite. 

Analyses.— 1-3,  Bergemann,  1.  c.  4,  Nessler  [Ber.  Ges.  Freiburg,  1854]  Rg.,  Min.  Ch., 
311,  1860. 

Va06  PbO 

1.  Dahn,  dark  red  cryst.  47-16  52'92  =  100-08 

2.  "         "      "       "  46 10  53-72  =     99'82 

3.  "       ywh.  verruciform  49*27  50'57  =     99'84 

4.  Zahringen    G.  =  4'945?  45'12  55'70  =  100'82 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  easily  without  decrepitation  to  a  yellow  glass.  On  charcoal  in 
R.F.  gives  lead  globules  and  a  white  coating,  which,  treated  with  cobalt  solution,  becomes 
green  (zinc).  With  salt  of  phosphorus  and  borax  gives  an  emerald-green  bead  in  R.F., 
becoming  yellowish  green  to  yellow  in  O.F.  Decomposed  by  hot  hydrochloric  acid,  yielding 
an  emerald-green  solution.  This  treated  with  alcohol,  boiled  and  decanted  from  the  separated 
lead  chloride,  yields,  after  evaporation,  a  solution  which,  diluted  with  water,  has  an  azure- 
blue  color  (v.  Kobell). 

Occurs  with  other  ores  of  lead  near  Nieder-Sehlettenbach  in  the  Lauterthal,  Rhenish 
Bavaria.  A  lead  vanadate  occurs  with  the  lead  ores  at  Leadville,  Col.  (lies,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
23,  381,  1882),  and  it  has  been  suggested  that  this  may  be  dechenite;  it  is,  however,  probably 
descloizite. 

Named  after  the  German  geologist,  Heinrich  von  Dechen  (1800-1889). 

565.  OALCIOVOLBORTHITE.  Kalk-volborthit  Credner,  Pogg.,  74,  546,  1848.  Calcio- 
volborthite  A.  D'Achiardi,  I  Metalli,  2,  492,  1883.  Calcvolvorthite  Adam,  Tabl.  Min.,  33,  1869. 

Occurs  in  two  varieties  :  (1)  green,  in  thin  tables,  cleaving  easily  in  one  direction,  greenish 
yellow  in  streak,  pearly  in  luster,  with  G.  =  3 '495;  (2)  gray,  fine  crystalline  granular,  brownish 
yellow  in  streak,  with  H.  =  3 -5,  and  G.  =  3'860. 

Comp.—  Probably  (Cu,Ca)3V2O8.(Cu,Ca)(OH)a  or  4(Cu,Ca)O.V2O6.H2O;  if  Cu  :  Ca  =  3  :  2, 
this  requires:  Vanadium  pentoxide  38'0,  cupric  oxide  39'6,  lime  18'6,  water  3*8  =  100. 

Anal. — Credner,  1.  c. 

VaO6  CuO  CaO  MgO  MnO  H2O 

1.  Green              G.  =  3*495        f    36'58  44-15  12-28  0'50  0*40  4*62  gangue  O'lO  =    98'63 

2.  Light  green                                   [36'91]  38'90  17'40  0'87  0*53  4'62        "       0*77  =  100 

3.  Gray                G.  =  3*860             39*02  38*27  16*65  0*92  0'52  5'05        "       0*76  =  101*19 

The  results  correspond  most  nearly  with  the  formula  above  given.  The  ratio  of  Cu  to  Ca 
in  No.  1  is  about  5  :  2;  and  in  2  and  3,  3  :  2. 

Obs.— From  Friedrichsrode,  Thuringia.     For  the  ordinary  volborthite  see  p.  838. 


BRA  CKEB  USCHITE—PSITTA  CINITE. 


791 


566.  BRAOKEBUSOHITE.  Doering,  quoted  by  Rg.,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  32,  711,  1880;  also 
Bol.  Acad.  Cieuc.  Cordoba,  5,  501,  1883. 

In  groups  of  small  prismatic  crystals  flattened  and  vertically  striated;  monoclinic?  Color 
"black,  reddish  by  transmitted  light.  Streak  yellow.  Translucent  to  nearly  opaque. 

Optically  —  ?  Ax.  pi.  j_  striations.  Bx  (obtuse?)  oblique  to  the  large  face  of  the  crystals. 
Ax.  angle  large,  Dx.  (quoted  by  Pisaui). 

Comp.— Perhaps  R3V2Ofl  -f-  H2O  with  R  =  Pb  chiefly,  also  Fe,  Mn  ;  if  4  :  1  :  1  =  Vanadium 
pentoxide  25'4,  lead  protoxide  62*1,  iron  protoxide  5'0,  manganese  protoxide  5*0,  water  2*5—100. 

If  this  composition  is  confirmed  brackebuschite  belongs  with  the  hydrous  phosphates,  etc., 
near  hopeite,  p.  808. 

Anal.— 1,  Doering,  quoted  by  Rg.,  1.  c.,  after  deducting  4'36  insol.     2,  3,  Doering,  I.e.,  1883. 


V206  As2O6  P206  PbO 

2532      —      0-18  61-00 

24-22          0-17  58-34 

24-74    0-11      —  58-02 

a  And  Fe2O3. 


ZnO  CuO    FeO   MnO  H2O 

1-29  0-42    4-65    4'77    2'03  =  99'66 
_       _      5- 78a  5- 54b  1-94  insol.  3-40  =  99-39 

1-23  0-41?  4-46    4-56    2-43  Xc  1-29,  insol.  3'07  =  100*32 

b  And  Mn3O4.  e  Fe2O3  +  Mn3O4. 


The  above  analyses  agree  tolerably  well  with  that  of  Damour  of  descloizite  (ref.  on  p.  787) 
as  recalculated  by  Rg.,  1.  c.,  deducting  obvious  impurities  (3 -44  p.  c.  sand),  viz.: 


V206 
24-80 


PbO 
60-40 


ZnO 
2*25 


CuO 
0-99 


Fe2O, 
1-65 


Mn2O, 
6'52 


H30 
2-43 


Cl 
0-35    =     9939 


It  is  to  be  noted,  however,  that  Damour  regarded  the  oxides  of  manganese,  iron,  copper 
also  as  impurities,  so  that  the  result  is  doubtful  at  best. 

Groth  suggests  that  brackebuschite  may  be  the  monoclinic  equivalent  of  descloizite,  but  the 
evidence  now  in  hand  gives  it  another  formula. 

Obs.— Occurs  with  descloizite  and  vanadinite,  at  several  localities  in  the  State  of  Cordoba, 
Argentine  Republic.,  Named  for  Dr.  D.  Luis  Brackebusch,  of  Buenos  Aires. 


667.  PSITTACINITE.  F.  A.  Genth,  new  tellurate  of  lead  and  copper,  Proc.  Am.  Phil. 
Soc.,  14,  229,  1874;  Id.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  35,  1876. 

In  thin  crypto-crystalline  coatings,  sometimes  small  mammillary  or  botryoidal;  also  pul- 
verulent. 

Color  siskin-  to  olive-green,  sometimes  with  grayish  tint. 

Comp.— Perhaps,  as  suggested  by  Rg.,  R3V2O8.R(OH)2.H2O  or  4RO.V?O5  2H2O,  with 
R  =  Pb  :  Cu  =  1  :  1,  hence  requiring:  Vanadium  pentoxide  22  2,  lead  protoxide  54*1,  cupric 
oxide  19-3,  water  4'4  =  100. 

Genth  deduces  for  anal.  1:  the  mean  oxygen  ratio  for  Pb  :  Cu  :  V  :  H  =  1  :  0'98  :  2'25  :  2'15 
=  9  :  9  :  20  :  18,  corresponding  to  the  formula  3Pb3V2O8.Cu3V2O8.6Cu(OH)2.12HaO,  for  which 
he  calculates:  V2O5  19'3,  PbO  53'2,  CuO  18'9,  H2O  8'6  =  100.  This,  however,  is  not  far 
from  5RO.V2O6.5H2O.  Other  analyses  give  much  less  water. 

Anal. — 1,  Genth,  1.  c.,  after  deducting  impurities  (see  below).  2-4,  Doering.  Bol.  Acad. 
Cienc.  Cordoba,  5,  506,  1883.  5,  6,  Doering,  as  recalc.  by  Rg.,  after  deducting  gangue,  cerus- 
site,  malachite,  etc.,  Min.,  Ch.  Erg.,  189,  1886.  7,  Pisani,  C.  R.,  92,  1292,  1881. 


V2O6  As20B  P3O6    PbO     CuO    ZnO  Fe2O3  H2O 


1.  Montana 

2.  Argentine  R. 
3. 


18-83 
17-18 
17-23 


0-34 
0-29 


0-95 
1-14 


53-19 
51-53 
49-25 


18-44 
1610 
16-29 


0-73 

1-08 


0-82 
0-39 


17-76    0-07    0-75    49'71     17-19    0'96    0'42 


Laurium 


21-65 
21-97 
25-53 


0-37 
0-09 


1-43 
0-93 


53-70 
53-24 
50-75 


17-54 

18-34 
18-40 


*  Incl.  C0a 


1-35  — 
1-19  — 
l-53b  — 

bCaO. 


9-54  =  100  [=  99-22 

5-54*  H20  (105°)  0-29,  insol.  5-74 
3-41  H2O  (310°)  0-73,  CO2  1'93, 
[insol.  7-91  =  99-65 
3-70  MnO  0-11,  H2O  (310°)  0'74, 
[C02  1-97,  insol.  6'30  =99'68 
3-96  =  100 
4-24  =  100 
4-25  =  100-46 


From  anal.  1,  22  p.  c.  impurities  have  been  deducted  (Si02  15*13,  Fe2O3  2-72,  A12O3  1'29, 
CaO,MgO  2'86);  other  analyses  on  material  with  7'60  to  48'84  p.  c.  gangue  agreed  with  1. 

.  Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  black,    shining  mass.     Reacts  for  lead,   copper,   and 
vanadium  with  the  fluxes.     Soluble  in  dilute  nitric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  associated  with  gold,  cerussite,  chalcopyrite,  and  limonite,  on  quartz,  at  the 
Iron  Rod  mine  and  New  Career  mine,  in  the  Silver  Star  District,  Montana;  also  probably  the 
same  mineral  in  the  province  of  San  Luis,  near  Las  Cortaderas,  east  of  Villa  San  Martin,  Argen- 


792  PHOSPHATES,   ARSENATES,  ETC. 

tine  Republic,  as  a  crystalline  incrustation  on  quartz  with  vauadinite.  A  vanadate  from  Laurhim, 
Greece  (anal.  7),  seems  to  belong  here  (Rg.,  Pisaui).  Named  from  psittacinus,  siskin-  or  parrot- 
green. 

MOTTRAMITE  H.  E.  Roscoe,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.,  25,  111    1876. 

In  thin  crystalline  incrustations,  occasionally  in  distinct,  minute  crystals,  also  compact. 
H.  =3.  G.  =  5*894.  Luster  resinous.  Color  velvety  black;  in  thin  sections  yellow.  Streak 
yellow.  Translucent. 

A  vanadate  of  lead  and  copper.  Roscoe  calculates  R3V2O8.2R(OH)2,  which  corre- 
sponds to  dihydrite  and  erinite.  If  R  =  Pb  :  Cu  —  1:1,  the  percentage  composition  is: 
Vanadium  pentoxide  18'7,  lead  protoxide  57*2,  cupric  oxide  20*4,  water  3'7  =  100.  Rg.,  how- 
ever, suggests  R3V2O8.3R(OH)2.  The  imperfect  analysis,  with  a  loss  of  3  p.  c.,  makes  the  result 
doubtful.  It  seems  not  improbable  that  jt  may  be  identical  with  psittacinite. 

Analysis. — 1,  Roscoe.     2,  the  same,  after  deducting  impurities: 

V2O6    PbO     CuO  FeO,ZnO,MnOMgO   CaO    H3O 

1.  |17-14    50-97    19-10  2-53  0'26    2-18    3'63  hygr.  water  0'22,  SiOa  1  '06=97-03 

2.  18-87    56-12    21 '02  —       —      3'99  =  100 

Obs.— Occurs  on  the  Keuper  Sandstone,  at  Alderley  Edge,  and  at  Mottram  St.  Andrew's, 
Cheshire,  England. 

CHILEITE  Kenngott,  Mohs'sche  Min..  28,  1853.  Vanadate  of  Lead  and  Copper  Domeyko. 
Ann.  Mines,  14,  150,  1848  Vanadinkupferbleierz.  Cuprovanadite  Adam,  Tabl.  Miu.,  33, 18()9. 

An  ore  having  a  dark  brown  or  brownish  black  color,  and  observed  only  in  an  earthy 
state,  looking  much  like  a  ferruginous  clay  or  earth.  It  occurs  in  cavities  in  an  arseno-phos- 
phate  of  lead  along  with  amorphous  carbonates  of  lead  and  copper. 

An  uncertain  vanadate  of  lead  and  copper.     Analyses  by  Domeyko,  1.  c.: 

V2O.  As2O6  P2O6    CuO     PbO    PbCla    CaO  Fe2O3,Al2O3  SiO2   H2O    clay 

1.  13-5      4-6      0-6      14-6      54'9       0'3       0'5  3'5  1-0      2'70    1-0     =  97'2 

2.  13-33    4-68    068    16-97    51*97      0'37      0'58          3'42          133    2"70    1  '52  =  97  55 

B.B.  fuses  easily,  and  affords  a  black  pearl,  a  little  Webby;  gives  a  clear  green  pearl  with 
salt  of  phosphorus  or  borax,  and  a  globule  of  lead  containing  copper  on  charcoal.  In  nitric  acid 
easily  soluble. 

This  ore  occurs  at  the  silver  mine  called  Mina  Grande,  or  Mina  de  la  Marqueza,  in  Chili ;  it 
has  been  worked  for  copper  and  silver. 

Vanadate  from  the  ^  Lake  Superior  Copper  Region.  An  ore  similar  in  color  and  clayey 
appearance  to  Domeyko's  mineral  has  been  announced  by  J.  E.  Teschemacher  among  specimens 
from  the  Cliff  mine,  in  the  Lake  Superior  Copper  Region.  The  presence  of  vanadium  was 
ascertained  by  both  blowpipe  and  acid  tests.  The  color  is  a  dark  chocolate,  and  also  a  bright 
yellow.  The  exact  state  of  composition  of  the  vauadic  acid  is  doubtful.  There  is  no  lead  oxide 
in  the  ore,  and  the  brown  variety  is  mixed  with  an  earthy  iron  oxide;  when  carefully  separated 
from  the  gangue  it  was  found  to  contain  no  copper.  This  Min.,  531,  1850. 

VANADIOLITE  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  1,  445,  1870. 

Form  not  determined.  Occurs  in  small  crystals,  partly  in  druses.  Color  dark  green, 
almost  black,  in  small  fragments  dark  emerald-green.  Streak  grayish  green.  Luster  vitreous, 
brilliant.  G.  =  3'96.  Analysis  gave: 

V2O54485          SiO2  15-61          A1,O,  1-10          FeO  1-40          CaO  34 "43          MgO'2'61  =  100 

B  B.  fuses  to  a  black  slag  with  cauliflower-like  intumescence.  With  salt  of  phosphorus 
gives  a  dark  green  bead,  and  a  silica  skeleton.  Decomposed  on  fusion  with  a  mixture  of  sodium 
carbonate.  From  the  Sliudianka  river  near  Lake  Baikal  in  Siberia,  associated  with  lavroflite. 

A  doubtful  substance,  regarded  by  Rammelsberg  as  a  mixture  of  augite  and  a  vanadate. 

WICKLOWITE.  Vichlovite  A.  D'Achiardi,  I  Metalli.  2,  568,  1883.  A  doubtful  lead  vanadate, 
apparently  that  mentioned  by  Thomson  (Min.,  574,  1836)  as  said  to  have  come  from  Wicklow 
county,  Ireland. 


568.  ERINITE.    Haidinger,  Phil.  Mag.,  4,  154,  1828. 

In  mammillated  crystalline  groups,  concentric  in  structure  and  fibrous,  and 
rough  from  the  terminations  of  very  minute  crystals;  the  concentric  layers  compact, 
and  often  easily  separable. 

Cleavage  in  one  direction  in  traces.  Brittle,  H.  —  4 -5-5.  Gr.  =  4-043. 
Luster  almost  dull,  slightly  resinous.  Color  fine  emerald -green,  slightly  inclining 
to  grass-green.  Streak  green,  paler  than  the  color.,  Subtranslucent  to  nearly 
opaque. 


DIHTDRITE. 


793 


Comp.— Cu3As,08.2Cu(OH)a  or  5CuO.Asa05.2H20  =  Arsenic  pentoxide  34*7, 
cupric  oxide  59'8,  water  5*4  —  100. 

There  is  some  question  as  to  the  amount  of  water  present. 

Anal.— 1,  Turner,  Phil.  Mag.,  4,  155,  1828.  2,  3,  Pearce,  Proc.  Col.  Soc.,  2,  150,  1886. 
4,  5,  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  35,  399,  1888. 

As2O6  CuO  ZnO  HaO 

1.  Cornwall              33 -78  59'44  —  5-01  A12O,  1-77  =  100 

2.  Utah  32-07  56'56  6'86  Fe2O3  0'85,  CaO  0'43,  SOS  tr.   =  96'77 

3.  "                         32-54  57-43  —  7 '67  =  97  64 

4.  "                        33-53  57-67  1'06  7-22  P2O5  0-10,  Fe2O,  0 14,  CaO  0'32  =  100'04 

5.  "                        31-91  57-51  0-59  9'15  Fe2O3  0'20,  CaO  0'51  =  99'87 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates  and  yields  water.  B.B.  on  charcoal  emits  arsenical 
fumes  and  fuses,  giving  an  arsenide,  which  in  O.F.  yields  a  globule  of  copper.  Soluble  in  nitric 
acid. 

Obs. — Stated  by  Haidinger  to  come  from  the  county  of  Limerick,  Ireland;  but  shown  by 
Church  to  be  a  Cornish  species. 

Occurs  with  oliveuite  and  implanted  upon  clinoclasite,  azurite,  enargite,  or  barite  at  the 
American  Eagle  and  Mammoth  mines,  Tintic  district,  Utah. 

Erinite  of  Beudant  (1832),  Des  Cloizeaux  (1845),  Schrauf  (1860)  is  chalcophyllite. 


569.  DIHYDRITE.    Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  37,  178,  1846.     Pseudomalachite,  Phosphor- 
chalcite,  Phosphorkupfer  pt.     See  also  Pseudomalachite,  p.  794. 

Monoclinic  or  triclinia.     Axes  d:H:6  =  2*8252  :  1  :  1-53395;  a  =  89 
/3  =  91°  OJ',  y  =  90°  39|'  Schrauf1. 

100  A  010  =  89°  21',  100  A  001  =  88°  59f,  010  A  001  =  90°  29f. 


Forms  : 

m 

(110, 

/ 

') 

t 

a 

(100,  i-i) 

L 

(430, 

'•-f)                 * 

b 

(010,  i-i) 

N 

(540, 

ri 

I) 

T 

c 

(001,  O) 

M  (110,  '/)                   C 

I 

(430,  if 

) 

9 

(102, 

'4 

rf) 

w 

n 

(540,  i-f 

> 

* 

am 

=    69° 

56' 

cM  = 

89° 

12' 

aM 

=-  71° 

5' 

ct    = 

28° 

16' 

mM 

=  141° 

1' 

bt    = 

90° 

8' 

cm 

=     90° 

8' 

ct    = 

28° 

44' 

(101,  '!-*') 
(302,  'f  f) 

(101,    ,14,) 

(302,  ,!-*,) 
W  (501,  ,5-i,) 
(045,  'ft) 


cd    = 


d  (445,  |') 

(»(3i: 

/  (334,  f  ') 

^(43 

h  (434,  1-f) 

y  (54 

n  (312,  ,f  3) 

D  (44 

X  (434,  ,1-f) 

^(43 

T  (545,  ,1-D 

39°  34'      en, 

=  48°  384 

52°  39'      b'oo 

=  58°  27' 

50°  51'      coo 

=  48°  35' 

59°  38'      oon 

=  61°  544 

f  8,) 

1-f,) 
!-£,) 


Crystals  monoclinic  in  habit  with  embedded  tw.  lamellae  ||  a\  also  tw.  pi.  b 
(cf.  Schrauf).  Crystals  often  united  in  aggregates  with  drusy  surface  or  in  hemi- 
spherical forms;  also  lamellar;  reniform  or  massive  with  con- 
centric structure;  indistinctly  fibrous. 

Cleavage:  b  imperfect.  Fracture  small  conchoidal  to 
uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  4*5-5.  G.  =  4-4'4.  Luster  adaman- 
tine, inclining  to  vitreous.  Color  dark  emerald-green.  Streak 
green,  a  little  paler  than  the  color.  Translucent  to  subtrans- 
lucent. 

Pleochroism  distinct:  c  deep  bluish  green,  b  yellowish  green, 
a  bluish  green.  Optically  — .  Bxa  _j_  t  (101)  approx. ,  and 
inclined  -f  68£°  to  normal  to  a.  Bx0  nearly  J_  b;  but  inclined 
at  a  maximum  5|°. 

Comp.— Essentially  Cu3PQOg.2Cu(OH)2  or  5CuO.P205.2H,O 
=  Phosphorus  pentoxide  24 -7,  cupric  oxide  69'0,  water  6*3  =  100. 

Anal.— See  annls   1-3,  under  pseudomalachite,  p.  794. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Like  lihethenite. 

Obs.—  The  distinctly  crystallized  forms  of  pseudomalachite,  lunnite,  or  phosphocalchtte,  as 
the  group  has  been  variously  called,  are  here  included.  The  typical  localities  are:  Ehl  near 
Linz  on  the  Rhine;  Rheinbreitenbach;  also  Nizhni  Tagilsk,  in  the  Ural. 

Ref.— Zs.  Kr.,  4,  1  et  seq.,  1879. 


Ehl,  Schrauf. 


794 


PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,  ETC. 


570.  PSEUDOMALACHITE.  Phosphorsaures  Kupfer  pt.  Karst.,  Klapr.,  N.  Schrift. 
Berl.  Ges.  Nat.  Fr.,  3,  304,  1801.  Phosphorkupfer  id.,  Tab.,  64,  97,  1808.  Phosphorkupfererz 
Wern.  Cuivre  phosphate  H.,  Tabl.,  92,  1809.  Phosphate  of  copper.  Pseudomalachit  Hausm., 
Handb.,  1035,1813.  Pliosphorochalcit  Glocker,  Handb.,  847,  1831.  Ypoleime  Beud.,  Tr.,  2, 
570,  1832.  Ehlit,  Prasin-chalzit,  Breith.,  Char.,  45,  49,  1832.  Lunnit  Bemhardi.  Kupfer- 
diaspore  Kuhn,  Lieb.  Ann.,  51,  125,  1844. 

Usually  massive,  renii'orm,  and  botryoidal,  with  a  radiating  fibrous  structure. 
H.  =  4 '5-5.  G.  =  3 '4-4-4.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  dark  emerald-green,  verdigris- 
green,  blackish  green,  often  darker  on  the  surface.  Streak  paler  green. 

Comp.— In  part  Cu3P206.3Cu  (OH)a  or  6CuO.P205.3H20  =  Phosphorus  pent- 
oxide  21*2,  cupric  oxide  70*8,  water, 8 '0  =  100.  Here  belongs  ordinary  amorphous 
pseudomalachite.  Perhaps  also  Cu3P,Os.2Cu(OH)2.HaO  or  5CuO.P305.3H20  = 
Phosphorus  pentoxide  24'0,  cupric  oxide  66*9,  water  9 '1  —  100.  To  the  mineral 
with  the  latter  composition  the  name  Ehlite  is  ordinarily  given. 

Dihydrite,  ehlite,  pseudomalachite  form  a  closely  related  series  of  phosphates  of  copper, 
but  their  relations  are  not  entirely  certain  (cf.  Schrauf,  below).  The  first  occurs  in  distinct 
crystals  and  is  set  apart  as  an  independent  species;  the  others  are  only  known  in  fibrous,  foliated, 
or  massive  forms. 

Anal.— 1,  Hermann,  1.  c.,  also  Nordenskiold  [Act.  Soc.  Fenn.,  1857],  5th  Ed.,  p.  568. 
2,  Arfvedson,  Berz.  JB.,  4,  143,  1825.  3,  Schrauf,  Zs.  Kr.,  4,  12,  1879. 

4,  Hermann,  1.  c.  5,  A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  346,  1860.  6,  Bergemann,  Schw. 
J.,  54,  305,  1828.  7,  Id.,  Jb.  Min.,  195,  1858.  8,  Heddle,  Phil.  Mag.,  10,  39,  1855.  9,  Her- 
mann, 1.  c.  10,  Wendel,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  326,  1875.  11,  Ma*skelyne  and  Flight  (local,  not  given), 
J.  Ch.  Soc.,  25,  1057,  1872.  12-14,  Church,  ibid.,  26,  107, 1873.  15,  Schrauf,  1.  c. 

16,  Kilhn,  Lieb.  Ann.,  34,  218,  1840.  17,  Id.,  ibid.,  51, 126,  1844.  18,  Church,  Ch.  News, 
10,  217,  1864.  19,  Bergemann,  Pogg.,  104,  190,  1858.  20,  21,  Schrauf,  1.  c.  22,  Kuhn,  1.  c. 


1.  DiJiydrite. 
1.  Nizhni  Tagilsk 


Rheinbreitenbach 


G.  P2O6  CuO  H2O 

4'4  25-30  68-21  6-49  =  100 

24-70  68-20  5'97  =    98'87 

4-309        23-86  69'25  6  76  FeO  0  19  =  100'06 


2.  Ehlite. 

4.  Libethen 

5.  Ehl 

6.  " 

7.  " 

8.  Cornwall 

9.  Nizhni  Tagilsk 
10. 

11.  Pi'asine 

12.  Cornwall  ) 
13. 

14.  "         ) 

15.  Ehl,  fibrous 

3.  Pseudomalachite. 

16.  Hirschberg 

17.  Rheinbreitenbach 

18.  Libethen 

19.  Ehl 

SO.  Nizhni  Tagilsk 

21.  Libethen 

22.  Hirschberg,  Kupferdiaspore 


4.4 
4-198 


4-25 
4-25 

3-98 


3-911-4-23 
4-102 


24-55 
23-00 
24-93 
17-89 
22-73 
23-75 
23-45 
23-45 

20-38 
23-73 
[23-96] 
22-07 

67-25 

67-98 
65-99 
64-09 
68-13 
68-75 
68-05 
64-76 

66-29 
66-84 
66-88 
66-97 

8-20 
9-02 
9-06 
8-90 
8-51 
7-50 
8-94 
8-63 

8-25 
9-26 
9-16 
7-59 

[20-87] 
f  21-52 
19-63 
19-89 

4-175        23-23 
4-156        22-16 


71-73 
68-74 
71-16 
6997 
69-02 
69-11 


24-13    69-61   [6-26]=  100 


=  100 
-  100 
=  99-98 

V206  7-34  =  99-22 
quartz  0'48  =  99 '85 
=  100 
=  100-44 

As208  1-49,  Si02  0  96,  A1,O,  1'03, 
[H20  (hygr.)  0'41  =  100'73 
As2O5  2-42,  Fe2O3  1*42  =  98*76 
As2O5  tr.  =  99-83 
As2O5  tr.  =  100 
FeO  0-30,  SiO3  3'01  =  99'94 


7-40  =  100 

8-64  =    98-90 

8-82  =    99-61 

8-21  As2O5  1*78  =  99-85 

8-09  =  100-34 

8  02  FeO  0-22,  SiOa  O'll 


The  relations  of  these  phosphates  of  copper  have  been  studied  by  Schrauf  (Zs.  Kr.,  4,  1879, 
8,  231,  1883).  He  embraces  the  whole  group  under  the  name  Lunnite.  For  the  crystalline 
varieties,  which  he  makes  pseudo-monoclinic  (triclinic),  with  G.=  4'4,  and  corresponding  mostly  to 
Cu&P2H4Oi2,  he  uses  the  name  dihydrite  (D);  they  show  no  loss  at  200°.  The  names  ehlite  (E) 
and  phosphorocalcite  (P)  he  gives  to  the  compounds  Cu5P2H6O]8  and  Cu6P2H6Ou,  respectively, 
and  he  regards  the  three  as  entering  in  varying  proportions  to  form  the  different  massive  varieties; 
the  latter  have  a  lower  specific  gravity,  and  lose  water  on  ignition  at  200°. 

According  to  Schrauf's  view,  anal.  3  corresponds  to  a  molecular  mixture  of  3D  -f-  IP; 
15,  after  deducting  8'8  p.  c.  chrysocolla,  to  simply  "  dihydrite;"  20  to  D  -f  E  +  P;  21  to 
4P  -j-  2E  -f-  D;  where  the  letters  D,  E,  P  have  the  values  explained  above.  The  value  of  this 


CLINOCLASITE. 


795 


complex  hypothesis,  especially  in  view  of  the  uncertain  homogeneity  of  much  of  the  material 
analyzed,  seems  doubtful.  t 

All  these  compounds  are  embraced,  in  the  5th  Edition,  under  the  name  pseudomalachite  of 
Hausmanu,  which  is  the  earliest  of  the  names  of  this  species,  and  is  as  short  and  as  good  as  the 
later  Phosp?iorochalcite  of  Glocker.  Lunnite  was  substituted  by  Beruhardi,  and  has  been  used  in 
some  recent  works,  also  by  Schrauf  (1879).  But  Luim's  one  analysis  (see  below)  was  not  made 
until  1821,  and  gives  a  different  composition  from  that  since  obtained. 

Pyr. — Like  Mbethenite. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  veins  traversing  slate  at  Virneberg,  near  Rheinbreitenbach,  and  at  Ehl, 
near  Linz,  on  the  Rhine,  along  with  other  copper  ores;  at  Hirschberg  in  Voigtland;  Libethen  in 
Hungary;  Kreuzberg  in  Bohemia;  Nizhni  Tagilsk  in  the  Ural.  Also  in  Cornwall,  in  minute 
globular  concretions.  Also  met  with  in  the  Perkiomen  mine,  Pa. ;  in  Cabarras  Co.,  N.  C. 

The  phosphates  of  copper  were  included  in  the  olivenerz  and  malachite  of  the  mineralogists 
of  last  century,  cf.  p.  785. 

A  hydrous  cupric  phosphate  from  Phillipsburg,  Montana,  gave  Pearce:  P2O6  20*10,  CuO 
62-56,  H2O  [17-34]  =  100.  Proc.  Col.  Sc.  Soc.,  1,  119,  1884. 

Rev.  F.  Lunn  obtained  for  an  ore  from  Rheinbreitenbach  (Ed.  Phil.  J.,  5,  211,  1821): 
P2O5  21-69,  CuO  62-85,  H2O  15'45  =  99-99,  giving  the  formula  5CuO.2PaO5.5H2O.  But  no  later 
analyst  has  found  as  much  water.  Beudant  cites  this  analysis  under  his  ypoleime. 


571.  CLINOCLASITE.  Strahliges  Olivenerz  Karst.,  Klapr.,  N.  Schrift.  Berl.  Ges.  Fr., 
3,  298,  1801.  Cupreous  Arsenate  of  Iron  Bourn.,  Phil.  Trans.,  1801  (with  anal,  by  Chenevix). 
Strahlenerz  Karsten,  Tab.,  64,  97.  1808.  Cuivre  arseniate  ferrif^re  H.,  Tabl.,  91,  1809.  Strah- 
lenkupfer  ffausm.,  Handb.,  1050,  1813.  Strahlerz  Wern.  Klinoklas  Breith.,  Uib.,  1830. 
Siderochalcit  Glocker,  Grundr.,  840,  1831.  Aphanese  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  602,  1832.  Aphanesite 
Bhep.,  Min.,  1835.  Abichit  Bernhardi,  Glocker's  Grundr.,  579,  1839. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  1 :  6  =  1-9069  :  1  :  3-8507;  ft  =  *80°  30'  =  001  A  100 
Phillips1. 

100  A  110  =  62°  0',  001  A  101  =  56°  12',  001  A  Oil  =  75°  15'. 

Forms1:  a  (100,  i-l),  c  (001,  0);  m  (110,  /);  r  (101,  -  1-i),  s  (302,  f  f),  p  (113,  i)»,  t  (ill,  1)*. 


mm"'  =  124° 
mm'  =  *56° 
ar  =  24°  18' 


cs    =  *80°  30' 
cm  =    85°  33' 

cp  =     58°    7i' 


ct    =  81°  KX 
pp'  =  97°  32' 


it'    =  122°    7' 
m's  =    63°  39' 


Crystals  prismatic  (?«);  also  elongated  \  I;  sometimes  in  acute  forms,  rhombo- 
hedral  in  aspect  (f.  2).     Faces  rounded  or  uneven.     Often   grouped  in  nearly 

parallel  position  and  further  inclined  both  in  the  direction  of  the  axes  6  ft  and  6  a, 
yielding  finally  spherical  forms  bounded  by  the  curving  basal  faces.  Also  massive, 
hemispherical,  or  reniform;  structure  radiated  fibrous. 


l. 


2. 


Fig.  1,  Cornwall,  after  Phillips.     2-4,  Utah.    3,  4,  Washington. 

Cleavage:  c  high%ly  perfect.  Brittle.  H.  =  2-5-3.  G.  =  4-19-4-36;  4-36, 
4*38  Utah,  Luster:  c  pearly;  elsewhere  vitreous  to  resinous.  Color  internally 
dark  verdigris-green;  externally  blackish  blue-green.  Streak  bluish  green.  Sub- 
transparent  to  translucent. 


796  PHOSPHATES,   ARSENATES,  ETC. 

Optically  — .     Ax.  pi.  ||  b.     Bx   inclined   about   90°  to  a.     Dispersion  p  <  v 
very  largo,  inclined  small.     Axial  angles  somewhat  variable,  Dx.c. 

(1)    2Ha.gr  =  81°  56'     .-.  2Egr  =  134°  36'  (2)    2Ha.gr  =  84°  12'     ,-.  2Egr  =  141°  14' 

(1)    2Ha.bl  =  83°  42'     .'.  2Ebl  =  160°  52'  (2)    2Ha.bl  =  86°  42'     .'.  in  air  total  reflection. 

Comp.— Cu3As,08.3Cu(OH)2  or  6CuO.Asa05.3H,0  =  Arsenic  pentoxide  30-3, 
cupric  oxide  62'6,  water  7*1  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  378,  I860;  2,  Damour,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  13,412, 1845.  3,  Pearce, 
Proc.  Col.  Soc.,  2,  134,  1886.  4,  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  35,  303,  1888. 

As2O5  P2OS    CuO    H2O  Fe2O, 
I.Cornwall    G.  =  4'26-4'36  29-71     0'64    60'00    7'64    0'39  CaO  0'50,  SiO3  1-12  =  100 

2.  "          G.  =  4-312  27-08    1-50    62'80    7'57    0  '49  =  99  -44 

3.  Utah  G.  =  4-36  29-10      —      61-45    7'29      tr.    =  97 '84 

4.  "  G.  =  4-38  |29'59    0'05    62'44    7'72    0'12  ZnO  0'05,  SiOa  0'06  =  100'03 

Pyr.,  etc. — Same  as  for  olivenite. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  Cornwall,  with  other  ores  of  copper,  at  Ting  Tang  mine,  Wheal  Unity,  and 
Wheal  Gorland,  and  at  Bedford  United  Mines,  near  Tavistock.  The  crystals  usually  present  a 
very  dark  blue  color  and  brilliant  luster,  but  are  rarely  recognizable,  being  aggregated  in 
diverging  groups,  or  disposed  in  extremely  minute  individuals,  in  cavities  of  quartz;  whence  the 
name  aphanesite,  from  afrxriff,  unmamfest.  Also  found  (about  1825)  with  chalcophyllite  at 
mines  now  abandoned  near  Saida  in  Saxony. 

In  Utah,  Tiutic  district,  at  the  Mammoth  mine,  in  fine  crystallizations,  with  other  copper 
and  iron  arsenates  associated  with  enargite. 

Named  Clinoclasite  in  allusion  to  the  basal  cleavage  being  oblique  to  the  sides  of  the  prism. 

Ref.— '  Min.,  331,  1837;  cf.  Dx.,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  13,  419,  1845;  Schrauf,  Atlas,  xx. 
»  H.  S.  Washington,  Utah,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  35,  303,  1888. 

572.  CHONDRARSENITE.    Kondroarsenit  Igelstrom,  Cfv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  22,  3,  1865. 

In  small  embedded  grains. 

Brittle.  Fracture  conchoidal.  H.  =  3.  Color  yellow  to  reddish  yellow.  Translucent. 
Biaxial;  optically  — .  Ax.  angle  large,  Btd.1 

Comp.— Perhaps  MnsAs2O8.3Mn(OH)2  or  6MnO.As2O5.3H2O  =  Arsenic  peutoxide  32'5, 
manganese  protoxide  59 '9,  water  7'6  =  100. 

The  analysis  gives  about  -£  molecule  more  water  than  the  above  formula  demands,  and  the 
mineral  obviously  needs  further  examination. 

Anal. — Igelstrom,  1.  c. 

AsaO6  33-50         MuO  51'59         MgO  2'05         CaO  4'86         H2O  7'00          CO2  tr.  =  99  00 

Pyr.,  etc.— B  B.  in  tube  decrepitates,  blackens,  and  gives  neutral  water.  On  charcoal  easily 
fusible  to  a  black  bead,  not  magnetic;  in  the  inner  flame  gives  arsenical  fumes.  With  borax  gives 
manganese  reaction.  Easily  and  completely  soluble  in  dilute  hydrochloric  and  nitric  acids. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  the  Pajsberg  mines,  Wermland,  Sweden,  in  veins  of  barite  intersecting 
hausmanuite. 

Named  from  its  similarity  in  occurrence,  color,  and  transparency  to  chondrodite,  while 
differing  from  it  in  being  an  arsenate. 

Ref.—1  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  8,  374,  1885. 

XANTHARSENITE.     Xanthoarsenite  L.  J.  Igelstrom,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  7,  237,  1884. 

In  grains  and  massive;  optically  biaxial  (Btd.).  Fragile.  Color  sulphur-yellow.  Opti- 
cally biaxial,  +?  Btd. 

Near  chondarsenite,  but  contains  more  water.  Composition  perhaps  essentially  5MnO.  As2OB. 
5H2O  —  Arsenic  peutoxide  34'1,  manganese  protoxide  52'5,  water  13'4  =  100.  Needs  further 
examination .  Anal.  — Igelstrom. 

As2O6(SbaO6a)      MnO  FeO  MgO  CaO  H2O 

f  33-26  43-60  3'11  6'08  1'93      ,         12*02    =     100 

a  Perhaps  3  p.  c. 

Occurs  with  hausmannite,  also  with  hematite  and  magnetite  in  crystalline  limestone  at  the 
Sj5  mine,  parish  of  Grythytte,  Orebro,  Sweden. 


DUFRENITB. 


797 


573.  DUFRENITE.  Strahlstein  (var.)  Jordan,  Min.,  etc.,  Reisebem.,  243,  1803.  Griin- 
eiseustein  (strahlicher)  Ullmann,  Syst.  Tab.  Uebers.,  152,  319,  1814.  Faseriche  Griin-Eiseuerde 
W.  Dufreuite  Brongn.,  Tabl.,  20,  1833.  Green  Iron  Ore.  Kraurit  Breith.,  Handb.,  152,  1841, 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  (approx.)  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-8734  :  1  :  0'4262  Streng1. 
100  A  HO  =  41°  8',  001  A  101  =  26°  Of,  001  A  Oil  =  23°  5'. 

Forms1 :  a  (100,  i-i),  b  (010,  i-i);  m  (110,  /),  I  (120,  t-2)?;  e  (Oil,  l-l). 
Angles:  mm'"  =  *82°  16',  ee'  =  *46C  10',  IV  =  59'  35'. 

Crystals  rave,  small  and  indistinct  in  consequence  of  grouping;  e  much 
rounded,  a,  b  vertically  striated.  Usually  massive,  in  nodules;  radiated  fibrous  with 
drusy  surface. 

Cleavage:  a,  probably  also  &,but  indistinct.  H.  =  3*5-4.  G.  =  3'2-3'4;  3'227 
iKifr.  Luster  silky,  weak.  Color  dull  leek-green,  olive-green,  or  blackish  green; 
alters  on  exposure  to  yellow  and  brown.  Streak  siskin-green.  Sub  translucent  to 
Dearly  opaque.  Strongly  pleocbroic. 

Comp. — Doubtful;  in  part  (anal.  1,  2)  corresponds  to  FeP04.Fe(OH)s  — 
2Fe.303.Pa05.3H2O  =  Phosphorus  pentoxide  27'5,  iron  sesquioxide  62'0,  water  10'5 
—  luO.  Other  analyses  give  somewhat  different  results. 

The  crystallized  mineral  of  Waldgirraes  corresponds  nearly  to  3FePO4.2Fe(OH)3  or 
5Fe2O3.3P2O5.6H2O  =  Phosphorus  pentoxide  33'2,  iron  sesquioxide  58'4,  water  84  =  100. 
Ferrous  iron  is  present  only  in  small  amount. 

Further,  some  analyses  show  ferrous  iron,  and  perhaps  these  kinds  do  not  belong  here. 
Anal.  8  gives  FeO.3Fe2O3.2P2O5.6H2O  (cf.  chalcosiderite). 

Anal.— 1,  Karsten  [Arch.,  15,  243],  Kg.,  329,  1860.  2,  Diesterweg,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  22,  257, 
1863.  3,  Deichsel,  Kg.,  Min.  Ch.,  316,  1875.  4,  5,  Boricky,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  56  (1),  6.  1867. 
6,  Streng,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  110,  1881.  7,  E.  Kinch  and  Butler,  Min.  Mag.,  7,  65,  1886.  8,  E.  Kinch, 
ibid.,  8,  112,  1888.  9,  Schnabel,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  329.  1860.  10,  Kurlbaum,  Am'.  J.  Sc.,  23, 
423,  1857.  11,  Massie,  Ch.  News,  42,  181,  1880.  12,  Campbell,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  22,  65,  1881. 
Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  583. 

For  a  discussion  of  the  composition,  see  Church,  Ch.  News,  10,  157,  1864,  Streng,  1.  c.,  and 
Kiuch,  1.  c. 


G. 


1.  Siegen,  dark  green 

2. 

3. 

4.  St.  Benigna,  dark  green 

5.  light  green 

6.  Waldgirmes,  crystals 
1.  East  Cornwall,  crystals 

8.  Wh.  Phoenix,  Corn.,  botr. 

9.  Siegen,  dark  green 

10.  Alleutown,  N.  J.,     " 

11.  RockbridgeCo.,  Va. 

12 


3-233 


3-454 

3-382 


P205 

27-72 

Fe203 
63-45 

FeO 

H20 

8-56 

=    99' 

73 

27-71 

62-02 

0-25 

10-90 

=  100-88 

28-11 

58'-  53 

2-19 

9-72 

=    98' 

55 

30-05 

59-82 

tr. 

9  33 

=    99 

20 

3209 

57-93 

tr. 

9-04 

=    99 

06 

31-82 

60-20 

1-53 

8-03 

=  101 

•58 

30-42 

55-93 



10-68 

CtiOO 

•96, 

CaO  1-51  =  J 

)9-50 

31-23 

4723 

6-83 

11-52 

A12O3 

0-87,    CaO  1-69, 

MgO 

28-39 

53-66 

997 

8-97 

=  100- 

99 

ro-17  = 

99  54 

3261 

53-74 

3-77 

10-49 

Si02  0- 

72  =  101  :33 

31-66 

50-89 

6-30a 

8-35 

MgO  2-16, 

A1203  0-29, 

Si02 

[0  20  = 

99-85 

3176 

50-85 

6-14 

853 

A1203 

0-21 

,    CaO  1-12, 

MnO 

[0-40, 

MgO  0 

,rv/» 

•<b, 

insol.  0-12  = 

99-89 

.  Incl. 

0-24  MnO. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Same  as  for  vivianite,  but  less  water  is  given  out  in  the  closed  tube.  B.B.  fuses 
easily  to  a  slag. 

Obs. — Occurs  near  Anglar,  Dept.  of  Haute  Vienne,  and  at  Hirschberg  in  Westphalia  (the 
localities  of  the  specimens,  according  to  Dufrenoy,  originally  named  dufrenite);  at  Rochefort-en- 
Terre,  Morbihau,  France;  Eiserfeld  near  Siegen.  From  the  Rothlaufchen  mine  near  Waldgirmes, 
St.  Benigua,  Bohemia;  East  Cornwall,  in  crystals  resembling  those  described  by  Streng  (Miers); 
also  in  botryoidal  form  at  Wheal  Phoenix. 

In  the  U.  States,  at  Allentowu,  N.  J.,  as  a  fibrous  leek-green  coating,  sometimes  half  an  inch 
thick,  in  the  Green  Sand  formation;  it  changes  to  brown  in  altering  to  limonite.  In  Rockbridge 
Co.,  Va.,  in  radiated  coarsely  fibrous  masses  of  a  dark  greenish  brown  color,  forming  an  irregular 
bed  of  about  10  inches  in  depth,  underlying  limonite. 

Named  after  the  French  mineralogist,  P.  A.  Dufrenoy  (1792-1857).  Kraurite  is  from 
KpavpoS,  harsh,  dry. 

Ref.— i  Jb.  Min.,  1,  110,  1881. 


798 


PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,   ETC.. 


574.  LAZULITE.  Himmelblau  Fossil  von  Steierrnark  [Styria]  Widenmann,  Bergm.  J., 
346,  Ap.  1791;  Smalteblaue  F.  von  Vorau,  Schrift.  Ges.  N.  Berlin,  9,  352,  1791;  Natiirliche 
Smalt;  Berlinerblau,  Eisenblau  [  —  Vivianite];  Bergblau  [=  Cbrysocolla] ;  Unachter  Lasurstein 
[=  False  Lapis-Lazuli],  Stute,  Einricht.  Nat.  Wien.  49,  1793;  Lazulit  =  Kieselerde  -f  Thonerde 
+  Eisenerde,  Klapr.,  Schrift.  Ges.  N.  Berl.,  10,  90,  1792,  Beitr.,  1,  197,  1795.  Dichter  blauer 
Feldspath  (fr.  Krieglach,  Styria)  Klapr>>  Beitr.,  1,  14,  1795;  Lazulith  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  4,  279, 
1807.  Blue  Spar,  Blue  Feldspar.  Wahrscheinlich  n.  Foss.  aus  d.  Salzburgischen,  Siderit, 
v.  Moll,  Jahrb.  B.  H.,  4,  71,  1799  (with  bad  anal,  by  Heim);  Mollit  Haberle,  Handb.,  1804; 
=  Lazulith  Mohs,  Null  Kab.,  1,  427,  1804.  Blauspath  Wern.  Voraulite  Delameth.,  Min.,  1812. 
Azurite  Jameson,  Min.,  1,  341,  1816.  Phosphorsaure  Thouerde,  etc.,  Fuchs,  Schw.  J.,  24,  373, 
1818.  Klaprothite  Beud.,  Tr.,  464,  1824;  Klaprothiue  id.,  2,  576,  1832. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-97496  :  1  :  1-6483;  ft  =  89°  13f  =  001  A  100 
Prufer1.  • 

100  A  110  =  44°  16J',  001  A  101  =  58°  49£',  001  A  Oil  =  58 


Forms1 : 

a  (100,  i-l)  tw.  pi. 
b  (010,  i-l) 
c  (001,  0) 


m  (110,  7) 

y  (103,  - 
t    (101,  - 


*  (101,  1-S) 

u  (012,  H) 
d  (Oil,  1-i) 


(113,  - 


«  (113,  |) 
e  (111,  1) 
q  (212,  -  1-2) 


r  (221,  -  2)» 


Figs.  1-3,  Georgia.    4,  after  Prttfer. 


ww"'  -^    88°  32 J' 
cy        =     29°  13' 
at        =     30°  24' 
cs        =     59°  58' 
ts        =  118°  47£' 
uu'      =     78°  59' 


«fcf  =  117°  30' 
37°  59V 
49°  25' 
66°  34V 

89°  27' 
38°  25' 


ex  = 
cz  = 
cp  = 
cm  — 
cv  = 


ce  = 

eg  = 

pe  = 

xx'  = 

22'  = 


67°  31' 
61°  28' 
45°  54i 
50°  54' 
64°  2' 


pp'  =  *79°  40' 


wf  =    51°  25' 

ee'  =  *80°  20' 
qq'  =  45°  17' 
ap  =  48°  314' 

pe   =  *82°  30' 


Twins:  (1)  tw.  pi.  a,  or  fcw.  axis  b\  (2)  223,  rare.  Crystals  usually  acute 
pyramidal  in  habit;  also  flattened  (f.  3)  by  extension  of  one  pair  of  pyramidal 
planes.  Also  massive,  granular  to  compact. 

Cleavage:  prismatic,  indistinct.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  5-6. 
G.  —  3-057^ Fuchs;  3'067-3'121  Priifer;  3-122  Smith  and  Brush.  Luster  vitreous. 
Color  azure-blue;  commonly  a  fine  deep  blue  viewed  along  one  axis,  and  a  pale 
greenish  blue  along  another.  Streak  white.  Subtranslucent  to  opaque. 

Pleochroism  strong  in  colored  varieties:  c  and  b  azure-blue,  a  colorless. 
Optically  -.  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bx?  A  b  —  9°  20'  approx.  Dispersion  p  >  v  (in  oil) 
small,  p  <  v  (in  air)  distinct;  inclined,  small.  Axial  angles,  Dx.s: 

(1)        2Har    =  77°  16'     .-.  2Er    =  132°  29'  (2)        2Ha.r    =  78°  36'     .'.  2Er    =  136°  25' 

(1)        2Ha.bl  =  77°  11'     .-.  2Ebl  =  134°  25'  (2)        2H,,bl  =  78°  22'    .'.  2Ebl  =  138°    4' 

Also  Bxa  A  c  =  9°  45'  2Er  =  110°    Lex.*- 

Indices,  Brazil  a  =  1'608  /S  =  1-632  Y  =  1*639    Levy-Lex.* 

Comp.-KAla(OH),P108or  2AlP04.(Fe,Mg)(OH),  =  (Fe,Mg)O.AliO,.P10§.H10 


TA  VISTOCKITK—CIRROLITE. 


799 


with  Fe  :  Mg(Ca)  =  1  :  12,  1  :  6,  1  :  2,  2  :  3  (Rg.).  For  1  :  2  the  formula  requires: 
Phosphorus  pentoxide  45'4,  alumina  32*6,  iron  protoxide  7*7,  magnesia  8'5,  water 
5-8  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Fuchs,  Schw.  J.,  24,  373,  1818.  2,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.  Erg.,  148,  1886.  3,  Igel- 
strom,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  64,  253,  1855.  4,  Blomstrand,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  25,  201, 1868.  5,  Smith  and 
Brush,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,370,  1853.  6,  Gamper,  Jb.  G.  Reichs,,  29,  611,  1878.  7,  Hoffmann, 
Geol.  Canada,  1879-80.  Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  573. 


G. 
3-057 


P3O8    A19O,     FeO     MgO    CaO    H3O 


1.  Radelgraben            3'057  41  "81  35'73  2 "64  934  — 

2.  Fischbacher  Alp  42'95  3157  8'31  10'34  0'40 

3.  Horrsjoberg             2'78(?)  42'52  32'86  10  55  8'58  tr. 

4.  Westana  43'83  32'82  7'82  9  05  0'84 

5.  Sinclair  Co.,  N.C.  3-122  f  43'76  31-70  8'17  10'04  — 

6.  Zermatt  44'21  28'87  12'26  8'89  — 

7.  Keewatin,  Canada  3'045  46'39  29-14  2'09  13'84  2'83 

From  7,  3  p.  c.  SiO3,  and  from  8,  3 '8  p.  c.  SiO2  deducted. 


6-06  SiO  2-10  =  97  68 

6-40  =  99-97 

5-30  MuOfr.  =99-81     [100-38 

5-72  MnO  0'18,  CuO  O'lO  = 

5-59  SiO3  1-07  =  100-83 

5-77  =  100 

6-47  -  100-76 


Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  whitens  and  yields  water.  B.  B.  with  cobalt  solution  the  blue 
color  of  the  mineral  is  restored.  In  the  forceps  whitens,  cracks  open,  swells  up,  and  without 
fusion  falls  to  pieces,  coloring  the  flame  bluish  green.  The  green  color  is  made  more  intense  by 
moistening  the  assay  with  sulphuric  acid.  With  the  fluxes  gives  an  iron  glass;  with  soda  on 
charcoal  an  infusible  mass.  Unacted  upon  by  acids,  retaining  perfectly  its  blue  color. 

Obs. — Occurs  both  massive  and  crystallized  in  narrow  veins,  traversing  clay  slate,  in  the 
torrent  beds  of  Schladming  and  Radelgraben,  near  Werfen  in  Salzburg,  with  siderite;  in  Graz, 
near  Vorau;  Krieglach,  in  Styria;  at  Hochthaligrat,  at  the  Gorner  Glacier,  Rympfischwang, 
Upper  Valais,  Switzerland;  also  in  veins  or  pockets  in  quartzyte,  in  Horrsjoberg,  Wermland, 
Sweden  massive  and  granular,  sometimes  in  8-sided  crystals  6  inches  long  and  2  inches  in  diam- 
eter; in  the  iron  mine  of  Westana,  in  Scania,  Sweden,  massive,  of  a  dark  azure  color;  also  at 
Tijuco  in  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil.  At  Gulabgarh,  India  (La  Touche,  Rec.  G.  Surv.,  23,  59,  1890). 

Abundant  with  corundum  at  Crowder's  Mt.,  Gaston  Co.,  N.  C. ;  and  in  fine  sky-blue  crystals, 
often  1-li  inch  long  and  broad,  on  Graves  Mt.,  Lincoln  Co.,  Ga.,  50  m.  above  Augusta,  with 
cyanite,  rutile,  pyrophyllite,  etc.  In  Keewatin,  Canada,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Churchill  river. 

The  name  lazulite  is  derived  from  an  Arabic  word,  azul,  meaning  heaven,  and  alludes  to  the 
color  of  the  mineral. 

Ref.— '  Haid.,  Nat.  Abhandl.  Wien,  1,  169,  1847.  3  Gamper,  Krieglach,  Vh.  G.  Reichs., 
118,  1877.  8Dx.,  K  R.,  142,  1867.  *  Lasaulx,  Zs.  Kr.,  9,  424,  1884.  5  Levy-Lex.,  Min. 
Roches,  229,  1888. 

575.  TAVISTOCKITE.  Hydrated  Calcium-aluminic  Phosphate  (?)  A.  H.  Church,  J.  Ch. 
Soc.,  18,  263,  1865.  Tavistockite  Dana,  Min.,  582,  1868. 

In  microscopic  acicular  crystals,  sometimes  aggregated  in  irregular  stellate 
groups,  constituting  a  white  pearly  powder. 

Fragile.     Luster  pearly.     Color  white.     Transparent  to  translucent. 

Comp.— Ca3P203.2Al(OH),  or  3CaO.AlaO,.P200.3HaO  =  Phosphorus  pentoxide 
30*5,  alumina  21'9,  lime  36'0,  water  11'6  =  100. 
. — Church,  1.  c. 


P,OB  30-36 


Al,0,  22-40 


CaO  36  27 


H,O  12-00 


Pyr.,  etc.—  B.B.   becomes  opaque.     With  cobalt  nitrate  gives  a  blue  color. 
soluble  in  acids. 


101-03 
Difficultly 


Obs.—  Occurs  at  Tavistock,  Devonshire,  In  cavities  with  quartz  crystals,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite, 
and  childrenite. 


576.  OIRROLITE.     Kirrolith  C.  W.  Blomstrand,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  25,  202,  1868. 
Compact,  without  a  trace  of  cleavage. 
H.  =  5-6.     G.  =  3-08.     Color  pale  yellow. 

Comp.— Perhaps   CasAl(P04)3.Al(OH/3   or   6Ca0.2Al203.3P205.3H,0  =  Phou- 
phorus  pentoxide  41-8,  alumina  20'0,  lime  32 '9,  water  5'3  =  100. 

Anal.— Blomstraud,  1.  c. ,  after  removal  of  4*60  not  dissolved  in  the  acid  solution,  of  which 
3'17  was  silica. 


41-17 


A1S08 
20-54 


FeO 
0-91 


MnO 
2-24 


PbO 
0-11 


MgO 
0-21 


CaO 
29-37 


H,O 

5-06  =  99-61 


800 


PHOSPHATES,   ARSENATES,   ETC. 


Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  very  easily  to  a  white  enamel.  With  soda  a  manganese  reaction. 
Decomposed  on  digestion  in  fine  powder  iii  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  the  iron  mine  at  Westana,  in  Scania,  Sweden. 
Named  from  Kip/Sot,  pale  yellow. 

577.  ARSENIOSIDERITE.  Arseniosiderite  Dufr.,  Ann.  Mines,  2,  343,  1842,  C.  R.,  16, 
22,  1843.  Arseuokrokit,  Arsenocrocites,  Glocker,  Syn.,  226.  1847. 

Tetragonal  or  hexagonal?  Optically  uniaxial,  negative,  Lex.1  In  fibrous  con- 
cretions resembling  cacoxenite;  the  fibers  large  and  easily  separable  between  the 
fingers. 

H.  =  1-2.  G.  =  3-520  Dufr.;  3 -88  Eg.  Luster  silky.  Color  yellowish 
brown  and  somewhat  golden.  Pleochroic.  Powder  yellowish  brown,  rather  deeper 
in  color  than  that  of  yellow  ocher. 

Comp.—  Ca,Fe(As04),.3FeOH),  or  6Ca0.4Fe,08.3As20B.9HaO  =  Arsenic  pent- 
oxide  37-8,  iron  sesquioxide  35'0,  lime  18'3,  water  8'9  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Dufrenoy,  1.  c.,  recalc.  2,  3,  Rg.,  Pogg.,  68,  508,  1846.  4,  Church,  J.  Ch.  Soc., 
26,  102,  1873. 

H30 

9-11  =  100-01 

8-66  =  100 

9-36  =  100 

7-87  MgO  0-18,  K,O  0'47  =  99  66 

.  l-35MnaO,. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Like  scorodlte. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  a  manganese  bed  at  Romane'che,  near  Mficon,  Department  of  Saone-et- 
Loire,  France;  also  at  Schneeberg,  Saxony,  witli  erythrite  and  roselite. 

Named  from  arsenic  and  (ridrjpoS,  iron.  Changed  to  arsenocrocite  (fr.  KpoKrj,  fiber)  by 
Glocker,  because  of  a  previous  use  of  arsenosiderite  (see  p.  96). 

Ref.— >  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  9,  3,  1886. 


G. 

As,O. 

Fe2O, 

CaO 

1.  Romangche 

3-52 

35-69 

44-38a 

10-03 

2. 

3-88 

[39-16] 

4000 

12-18 

3. 

38-74 

39-37 

12-53 

4. 

3-36 

f  39-86 

35-75 

1553 

578.  ALLAOTITE.    Allaktit  A.  Sjdgren,  G.  For.  F6rh.,  7,  109,  1884;  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh., 
41,  No.  3,  29,  1884. 

Monoclinic,     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0*61278  :  1  :  0-33385;  ft  =  84°  16}'  =  100A001 
H.  Sjogren1. 


100  A  110  =  31 


001  A  101  =  27°  12f  ',  001  A  Oil  =  18°  22£'. 


Forms':  g  (910,  t-9) 

a  (100,  i-i)  k  (310,  »-3) 

b  (010,  i-i)  I  (210,  t-2) 

/  (320,  »-I) 

Also  numerous  vicinal  planes  in  the  prismatic  zone. 


m  (110,  /) 
o  (340,  $4) 
r  (150,  »-5) 


e  (101,  -  1-i) 
p  (504,  —  |-i) 
h  (101,  14) 


-- 

a 

^  —  • 
k 

kk"     =      22°  59' 
II"      =       33°  54f 
ff'"      =       44°  14V 
ff'        =  *135°  45f 
mm'"  =      62°  45' 
oo'        =     101°  47' 


rr'  =    36°  19' 

ae  =  *57°  4' 

cp  =     32°  24' 

ah  =  *65°  54' 

ch  =     57°  2' 

c/i  =     31°  5 


H  (HI,  -  1) 
i  (252,  -  H) 
d  (141,  -  4-i) 


cd    =  53°  42' 

a//    =  58°  26' 

////'  =  31°  18' 

ii'     =  70°     V 

dd'  =  96°  31' 

ef     =  59°  45 


SjSgren. 


Crystals  small,  prismatic,  often  tabular  \a,  vertically 
striated.  "Resembles  axinite. 

Cleavage:  e  (101)  distinct,  a  less  so.  Fracture  uneven, 
splintery.  H.  =  4-5.  G.  =  3 -83-3 -85.  Luster  vitreous, 


on  the  fracture  greasy.     Color  brownish  red.     Streak  brownish  gray.     Transparent. 
Strongly  pleochroic,  hyacinth-red  to  olive-green. 


SYNADELPHITE. 


801 


Optically  — .     Double  refraction  strong.     Ax.  pi.  in  acute  angle  of  axes  a&. 
Bxr.yin  plane  b.     Bxr.y  A  t  =  —  49°  12'.     Bxbl  _L  b.     Axial  angles,  Knr.8 


2Ha.r  =  12°  22' 


2Ha.y  =  9°  12'  Na 


2Ha._  =  0°  Tl 


2H,.M  =  11°  36'  CuSO* 


Also 


ftt  =  1-778 


f  =  1-786  H.  Sj.      and    .-.  2Var  =  10°  12'        2Va.y  =  T  34' 


Comp.— Mn,A6208.4Mn(OH),or  7MnO.  Asa0..4H30  =  Arsenic  pentoxide  28'8, 
manganese  protoxide  62*2,  water  9*0  —  100. 

Anal.— 1,  A.  Sjogren,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  41,  No.  3,  29,  1884;  other  analyses  gave  like  results. 
2,  Lundstrom,  ibid.     3,  A.  Sjogren,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  44,  109,  1887.    4,  Lundstrom,  ibid. 


AsaOa 

MnO 

FeO 

CaO 

MgO 

HaO 

28-76 

62-19 



tr. 

055 

8-97 

= 

100-4? 

28-16 

62-08 

0-24 

0-48 

036 

8-86 

== 

100-18 

29-10 

58 

•64 

2-01 

1-34 

8*97 

—  • 

100  06 

2889 

58-86 

0-25 

1-53 

1-37 

9-02 

•  — 

99-92 

1.  Nordmark 

2. 

3.  Laugban 

4. 

Pyr.— B.B.  nearly  infusible,  reactions  for  arsenic  and  manganese.  Loses  water  and  becomes 
black  at  a  low  red  heat.  Easily  soluble  in  acids. 

Obs.— Found  with  other  manganese  arsenates,  with  magnetite,  hausmannite,  pyrochroite, 
fluorite,  etc.,  in  druses  in  a  manganiferous  dolomite  at  the  Moss  mine,  Nordmark,  Sweden.  Also 
at  Langban  with  manganiferous  barite  (2  p.  c.  MnO). 

Named  from  akharreiv,  to  change,  in  allusion  to  its  strong  pleochroism. 

Ref.— '  G.  FOr.  F5rh.,  7,  220,  1884,  Zs.  Kr.,  10,  114,  1885.     2  Knr.,  Zs.  Kr,  10,  83,  1884. 


1884. 


679.  SYNADELPHITE.    Synadelphit  A.  and  H. 


•en,  G.  For.  Forh.,  7,  235, 


Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  1  :  6  =  0-8582  :  1  :  0-9192;    ft  =   90°   =   001    A   100 
H.  Sjogren1. 

100  A  HO  =  40°  38£',  001  A  101  =  46°  58',  001  A  Oil  =  42°  35J'. 

Forms:  a  (100,  i-i)\  u  (230,  t-|),  o  (120,  *-2);  i  (102,  -  f  «),  e(102,  f4).  /(HI.  ~  1). 

h  (786,  -  H 


uu1  =  75°  41' 
oo'  =  60°  27' 
ai  =  61°  50' 
ie  =  56°  20 


ff  =  *76°  31' 
ff"  =  109°  22' 
ff"  =  *64°  12' 
hh'  =  76°  37' 


hh"  =  120°  31' 
hh"1  =  74°  53' 
ui  =  73°  10' 
oi  -  76°  15' 


if  =  36°  41' 
'  =  39°  34' 

=  43°  r 


The  form  shows  some  resemblance  to  that  of  lazulite  and  liroconite,  cf.  Sjogren. 

Crystals  prismatic  with  u,  o,  vertically 
striated,  also  pyramidal  with  /  (111)  largely 
developed.  Also  in  embedded  grains. 

Cleavage  not  observed.  Fracture  uneven  to 
conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  4'5.  G.  =  3*45- 
3'50.  Luster  vitreous  to  greasy.  Color  brown- 
ish black  to  black.  Feebly  pleochroic.  Nearly 
opaque.  Optically  -[-.  Ax.  pi.  J_  b  and  inclined 
45°  to  6.  Bxa  J_  b.  Ax.  angle  small. 

Comp.  -  -  2(Al,Mn)As04.5Mn(OH),.  If 
Mn(Fe) :  Al  =  2  :  1,  this  requires:  Arsenic  pent- 
oxide  28-3,  alumina  4'2,  manganese  sesquioxide 
12*9,  manganese  protoxide  43*5,  water 


Synadelphite,  Sjogreu. 


Calcium  and  magnesium  are  also  present  in  small  amount. 
Anal.— A.  Sjogreu,  Zs.  Kr.,  10,  146,  1885. 


As20, 
29-31 


A1.0. 

6-16 


Fea03 
1-23 


Mn2O3 
11-79 


MnO 
35-71 


CaO 

3-76 


MgO 
2-19 


H20 

11-39     =     101-54 


Pyr. — ^Fuses  easily  on  charcoal  to  a  black  slaggy  bead;  with  soda  gives 


802  PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,  ETC. 

reacts  for  manganese.  Gives  off  water  in  the  closed  tube  aud  becomes  black.  Dissolves  readily 
in  acids,  giving  off  chlorine  when  warmed  with  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs.—  Occurs  in  a  porous  manganiferous  limestone,  often  on  barite,  at  the  Moss  mine,  Nord- 
mark,  Sweden. 

Named  from  <rvv  ,  with,  «<5e/l0o?,  brother,  because  intimately  associated  with  other  related 
species. 

Ref.  —  l  Zs.  Kr.,  10,  143,  1885  ;  the  -j-  and  —  signs  attached  to  the  planes  are  given  provi- 
sionally, as  the  direction  of  obliquity  is  not  fixed.  Cf.  Hamberg,  G.  For.  Forh.,  11,  222,  1889. 

580.  FLINKITE.    A.  Hamberg,  G.  For.  F6rh.,  11,  212,  1889. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes    a  :  t>  :6=  0-41306  :  1  :  0-73862  Hamberg1. 
100  A  HO  =  22°  26f,  001  A  '101  =  60°  47',  001  A  Oil  =  36°  27'. 

Torms:    c  (001,  0),  b  (010,  i-i);  m  (110,  J);  e  (101,  1-5),  k  (111,  1).     Also  doubtful  j>  (01  -10, 
n  (014,  H),  »  (027,  f  4). 


Angles:  mm"'  =  44°  53',  ee'  =  121°  34',  ck  =  *62°  40',  kkf  =  110°  23',  kid"  =  39°  39', 
bk  =  *70°  10|',  cju  =  10°  28',  en  =  11°  55'. 

In  minute  crystals,  thin  tabular  ||  c\  faces  c  often  striated  ||  a,  also  m,  Tc,  e 
sometimes  vertically  striated.  Crystals  grouped  in  feather-like  aggregates. 

Brittle.  H.  —  4-4*5.  GL  =  3*87.  Luster  vitreous  to  greasy.  Color  greenish 
brown.  Transparent.  Strongly  pleochroic:  c  (=  a)  orange-brown,  a  (=  b)  yel- 
lowish to  brownish  green,  b  (=  c}  yellowish  green.  Optically  -f-.  Ax.  pi.  ||  c. 
Bx  _L  100.  Axial  angle  large;  dispersion  probably  p  <  v. 

Comp.—  MnAs04.2Mn(OH)2  or  4MnO.Mii203.As205.4H20  =  Arsenic  pentoxide 
30*5,  manganese  sesquioxide  22  -3,  manganese  protoxide  37-6,  water  9-6  —  100. 

The  composition  is  near  that  of  synadelphite,  and  there  is  some  resemblance  in  form,  but, 
as  shown  by  Hamberg,  they  can  hardly  be  united. 
Anal.—  Hamberg,  on  0'05  gr. 

As2O9  SbaO6          Mn2O3  Fe2O3          MnO  MgO  OaO  HaO 

291  2-5  20-2  l'5a  35'8  1'7  0'4  9'9  =  1011 

a  Also  A13O3?. 

Pyr.,  etc.—  Same  as  synadelphite. 

Obs.—  Occurs  with  caryopilite  and  sarkinite  at  the  Harstig  mine  near  Pajsberg,  Sweden. 

Named  after  the  Swedish  mineralogist,  Gustav  Flink. 

581.  HEMATOLITE.  Aimatolith  L.  J.  Igelstrom,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  41,  No.  4,  85,1884, 
G.  For.  FQrh.,  7,  211,  1884.  Haniatolith.  Diadelphit  H.  Sjogren,  G.  For.  Forh.,  7,  233,  369, 
1884,  Zs.  Kr.,  10,  130,  1885. 

Khombohedral.    Axis^  =  0-8885;  0001  A  1011  =  *45°  44'  H.  Sjogren1. 
Porms2  :    c  (0001,  0);  q  (3034,  f),  r  (1011,  R),  s  (2021,  2),  t  (7073,  f)2. 
Angles:  cq  =  37°  35',  cr  -  45°  44',  cs  =  64°  1',  qq'  =  63°  45f  ,  rr  =  76°  39',  ss'  =  102°  15'. 

Habit  rhombohedral;  r  striated  horizontally. 

€leavage:  c  perfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  3'5.  G.  =  3*30- 
3  '40.  Luster  vitreous  to  greasy,  on  cleavage  face  metal- 
loidal.  Color  brownish  red,  garnet-red,  becoming  black 
on  the  surface.  Streak  bright  chocolate-brown.  Trans- 
lucent when  fresh. 

Optically  negative.  Refractive  indices:  cyr  =  1'7233 
GOV  =  T740  Sj.  Exhibits  striking  optical  anomalies, 
sometimes  biaxial  with  small  axial  angle3. 

Comp.  —  According  to  Sjogreu,(Al,Mn)As04.4Mn(OH)a. 

The  manganese  protoxide  is  in  part  replaced  by  magnesia.  The  percentage  com- 
position (Sj.,  calc.)  is:  Arsenic  pentoxide  22'6,  alumina  7'6,  iron  sesquioxide  T2, 
manganese  protoxide  48  '9,  magnesia  5'5,  water  14'2  —  100. 


ARSENIOPLE1TE—MANGANOSTIBUTE.  803 

,— 1,  C.  H.  Lundstroni,  Zs.  Kr.,  10,  142,  1885.     2,  A.  Sjogren,  ibid. 

As2O5      A12O3    Fe2O3       MnO        CaO       MgO        H2O 

1.  21-55        6-39        1-01        46  86        0'66        6'66        13-93  insol.  0'64  =  97*70 

2.  22-54  8-61  50'98        0'71        5'38        14'02  =  102  24 

Igelstrom's  analysis  gave:  As2O6  25-70,  MnO  34'55,  FeO  13'05,  MgO  8'10,  CaO  2'52, 
H20  16-08  =  100. 

H.  Sjogren  argues  that  the  manganese  is  chiefly  present  as  sesquioxide. 

Fyr.— B.B.  does  not  fuse;  gives  off  water  and  becomes  black,  on  strong  ignition  becomes 
brown  (Mu3O4).  On  charcoal  gives  arsenical  fumes,  and  with  soda  a  manganese  reaction.  Easily 
soluble  in  acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  crystals  lining  cavities  in  a  rnanganiferous  limestone  with  magnetite, 
jakobsite,  and  fluorite  at  the  Moss  mine  in  Nordrnark,  Sweden. 

Named  from  cci/na,  blood,  in  allusion  to  its  color;  diadelphite  from  <5i?-,  twice,  and 
brother,  because  of  its  close  association  with  allactite.     The  former  name  has  the  priority. 

Ref.— >  L.  c.  -  Loreuzeu,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  41,  No.  4,  95,  1884.  a  See  Btd.,  Bull.  Soc. 
Min.,  7,  124,  1884,  who  refers  it  to  the  mouoclinic  system,  also  Loreuzen  and  H.  Sj. 

582.  ARSENIOPLEITE.     Igelstrom,   Bull.   Soc.   Min.,   11,  209,  1888,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  117, 

1888. 

Massive,  cleavable  (rhombohedral?).  Optically  uniaxial,  positive.  Color 
brownish  red.  Streak  yellowish  brown.  Opaque  in  the  mass.  Transparent  and 
blood-red  in  thin  section. 

ii   in  n   in 

Comp.— Perhaps  K9R2(OH)6(As04)6    or    R3R(As04)3.fR(OH)2   or   9RO.RaO.. 

3As206.3H20.     R  =  Mn,Ca,  also  Pb,Mg;  R  =  Mn,  also  Fe. 
Anal.— Igelstrom,  1.  c. 

As205         Sb2O6        Fe2O3  MnO  PbO  CaO          MgO          H2O 

44-98  tr.  3-68  28*25*  4'48  8'11  3'10  5'67  Cl  tr.  =  98'27 

a  Regarded  as  Mn2O3  7'80,  MnO  21-25. 

It  is  believed  that  the  manganese  is  present  in  part  as  sesquioxide,  and  the  relation  Mn,O» 
7 -80,  MuO  21-25  is  suggested,  but  this  is  assumed  somewhat  arbitrarily  and  needs  confirmation. 

Fyr. — Decrepitates  and  on  charcoal  fuses  B.B.  easily,  leaving  a  black  slag,  giving  arsenical 
fumes,  and  a  trace  of  a  lead  sublimate.  Easily  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  the  Sjo  mine,  Grythytte  parish,  Sweden,  with  rhodonite  in  crystalline  lime- 
stone; it  forms  thin  veins  or  nodules. 

Named  irregularly  from  the  Latin  arsenicum  and  Greek  nheiov,  more,  because  it  adds  to 
the  number  of  related  minerals  already  described. 

PLEUKASITE  L.  J.  Igelstrom,  G.  For.  Forh.,  11,  391,  1889;  Jb.  Min.,  1,  253,  1890. 

In  masses  of  a  bluish  black  color  and  opaque.  H.  =  4.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Luster  sub- 
metallic.  Color  bluish  black,  and  streak  black  with  a  faint  tinge  of  red.  Opaque.  Contains 
arsenic,  a  little  antimony,  manganese  and  iron  protoxide,  water;  not  analyzed.  Occurs  at  the 
Sjo  mine,  Grythytte  parish,  Orebro,  Sweden.  It  form  bands,  1  cm.  or  less  in  thickness,  on  the 
side  of  arseniopleite,  and  is  hence  named  from  TtXevpd,  side. 


583.  MANGANOSTIBHTE.  L.  J.  Igelstrom,  G.  For.  Forh.,  7,  210,  1884;  Bull.  Soc. 
Min.,  7,  120,  1884.  Hamatostibiite  Id.,  ibid.,  8,  143,  1886.  Hematostibiite. 

lu  embedded  grains;  orthorhombic?.     Compact. 

Color  black.     Streak  brownish.     Opaque. 

e  Var.— The  above  characters  apply  to  manganostibiite.     Hematostibiite  is  blood-red  in  thin 
splinters.     Optically  — .     Bx  j_  cleavage.     Ax.  angle  small.     Pleochroic. 

Comp.— Highly  basic  manganese  antimonates.  For  mauganostibiite  the  formula  10MnO.Sb2O» 
is  suggested;  for  heniatostibiite,  8MnO.Sb2O6  or  9MuO.Sb2O6.  Arsenic  may  replace  part  of 
the  antimony,  and  iron,  etc.,  the  manganese. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Igelstr5m,  1.  c. 

Sb205       As205        MnO         FeO         CaO         MgO 

1.  Manganostibiite  24'09          7'44          55'77          5'00          4'62          3'00  =     99'92 

2.  Hematostibiite  37'2  —  51 '7'          9'5  1'6  =  100 


804  PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,  ETC. 

Pyr. — B.B.  does  not  fuse,  but  gives  an  antimony  coating  on  charcoal;  with  soda  reacts  for 
manganese.  Dissolves  completely  in  hydrochloric  acid;  with  nitric  acid  gives  a  clouded 
solution. 

Obs. — Manganostibiite  occurs  at  Nordmark,  Sweden,  in  crystalline  maugauesian  limestone 
with  other  mangauiferous  minerals,  as  hausmannite,  pyrochroite,  allactite. 

Hematostibiite  is  found  at  the  Sjo  mine,  Grythytte  parish,  Orebro,  Sweden,  filling  veins 
with  calcite,  also  tephroite. 

The  following  are  other  antimonates  containing  manganese,  but  imperfectly  investigated 
and  of  doubtful  relations : 

FERROSTIBIAN  L.  J.  Igelstrom,  G.  For.  Forh.,  11,  389,  1889;  Jb.  Min.,  1,  250,  1890. 

In  mouoclinic  (?)  crystals  with  a  (100),  b  (010),  c  (001).  Cleavage  in  two  or  three  directions. 
H.  =  4.  Luster  submetallic.  Color  black.  Streak  brownish  black  tending  to  red.  Weakly 
magnetic.  Anal. — Igelstrom,  1.  c. 

Sb2O5  14-80        FeO2260        MnO  46-97       MgO,CaO  2'14       HaO  10'34        SiO2  2'24  =  99'09 

B.B.  fuses  on  thin  edges  to  a  black  magnetic  glass.  Gives  antimony  fumes  on  charcoal. 
Dissolves  only  imperfectly  in  acids. 

Occurs  embedded  in  massive  rhodonite  at  the  Sj5  mine,  Grythytte  parish,  Orebro,  Sweden. 

STIBIATIL  L.  J.  Igelstrom,  G-.  For.  Forh.,  11,  391,  1889;  Jb.  Min.,  1,  254,  1890. 

In  prismatic  crystals  (monoclinic?)  with  rectangular  and  rhombic  cross-section.  H.=  5-5'5. 
Luster  metallic.  Color  and  streak  iron  black.  Opaque.  Not  magnetic.  Contains  antimony, 
manganese,  iron,  water.  An  approximate  analysis  gave: 

Sb2O5  30  Mn2O3  44  FeO  26     =     100 

Occurs  embedded  in^polyarsenite  (sarkinite,  p.  779)  and  associated  with  tephroite  at  the  SjO 
mine,  Grythytte  parish,  Orebro,  Sweden. 

584.  ATELESTITE.    Breithaupt,  Char.  Min.  Syst.,  307,  1833. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-9334  :  1  :  1-5051;  /3  =  *70°  43'=  001  A  100 
Busz1. 

100  A  110  =  41°  22f ',  001  A  101  =  44°  48|',  001  A  Oil  =  54°  51^'.. 

Forms :  a  (100,  i-l\  b  (010,  i-i),  c  (001,  0\  I  (310,  tf-3);  m  (110,  /),  d  (101,  -  1-i),  g  (101,  1-i), 
e  (Oil,  14),  o  (111,  -  1),  q  (313,  -  1-3). 

Angles :  IV"  =  32°  44',  mm'"  =  *82°  45f ',  cd  =  44°  48',  eg  =  72°  55*',  a'g  =  *36°  21£', 
ee'  =  109°  43',  co  =  53°  39',  oo'  —  66°  40',  qq'  =  24°  44'. 

In  minute  crystals  tabular  ||  a  and  with  g  (101)  also 
prominent;  faces  usually  smooth  and  brilliant. 

Cleavage:  basal,  indistinct.  H.  —  3-4'5.  G.  =  6'4  Busz. 
Luster  adamantine.  Color  sulphur-yellow.  Transparent  to 
translucent. 

Comp. — Basic  bismuth  arsenate,  H2Bi8As08  or  3BiQ03. 
As206.2H20  =  Arsenic  pentoxide  13-9,  bismuth  trioxide  83 -9, 
water  2-2  —  100. 

The    composition     is    interpreted    by    Busz    as    either 
(BiO)2(Bi(OK)2)As04  or  (more  probably)  BiAs04.2(BiO)OH. 
Anal.— K.  Busz,  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  625,  1889. 

As2O5  14-12  Bi2O3  82-41  Fe2O,  0'51  HaO  1'92     =     98'96 

Obs.— Occurs  very  sparingly  on  bismutoferrite,  associated  with  erythrite  at  the  Neuhilfe 
mine,  Schneeberg,  Saxony. 

Named  from  a're/l^s,  incomplete,  presumably  because  its  composition  was  unknown  when 
first  described.  Breithaupt  remarks  upon  the  resemblance  of  the  crystals  to  the  Swiss  titanite. 

Ref.— »  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  625,  1889.  Cf.  earlier  Rath  (Pogg.,  136,  422,  1869),  who  made 
=  205  and  o  =  111. 


CLASSIFICATION.  805 

C.  Hydrous  Phosphates,  Arsenates,  etc.— Normal  Division. 

a\l  :6 

585.  Struvite  (NH4)MgP04  +  6H,0    Orthorhombic    0*5664  :  1  :  0-9121 

586.  Collophanite  Ca3P208  -f  H20  Amorphous 

587.  Hopeite  Zn3P208  +  H20?  Orthorhombic    0'5722  :  1  :  0-4717 


a  ilil  ft 

588.  Dickinsonite           R8P208  -f  iH20     Monoclinic    1*7320  :  1 :  1-1981  61°  30' 

R  =  Mn  :  Fe(Ca)  :  Naa(K2,Li2)  =  6:3:2 

589.  Fillowite                R3P208  -f  JH,0     Monoclinic    1-7303  :  1 :  1-4190  89°  51' 

R  =  Mn  :  Fe(Ca)  :  Na,  =  6  :  2  :  1    or  1-7303  :  1  :  1-1093  58°  31' 


Roselite  Group.     Triclinie. 

590.  Roselite  (Co,Ca),As108  +  2HtO 

&  :  I  :  6  =  0-4536  :  1  :  0*6560;  a  =  90°  34',   ft  =  91°  0',  y  =  89°  20' 

591.  Brandtite  Ca.MnAs.O.  +  2H20 

592.  Fairfieldite  Ca.MnP.O.  -f  2H20 

d:b:6  =  0-2797  :  1  :  0-1976;  a  =  102°  9',  ft  =  94°  33',  y  =  77"  20' 


593.     Messelite  (Ca,Fe),Pa08  +  2iHaO  Triclinie 


594.  Reddingite  Mn3P208  +  3H20     Orthorhombic    0'8678  :  1  :  0-9486 

595.  Picropharmacolite       (Ca,Mg)3As208  +  6H20 


596.    Trichalcite  Cu.As.O.  +  5H20 


Vivianite  Group.     Monoclinic. 

Hydrous  phosphates,  etc. ,  of  magnesium,  iron,  cobalt,  nickel,  zinc. 
R3p308  -f  8H20.     R  =  Mg,Fe,Co,Ni,Zn. 

ail  :c  ft 

597.  Vivianite  Fe3P208  +  8H20  0-7498  :  1  :  0*7015     75°  34' 

598.  Symplesite  Fe.As.O.  +  8H20          0-7806  :  1  :  0*6812    72°  43' 

599.  Bobierrite  Mg3P208  +  8HS0 
600     Hoernesite                          Mg3As208  +  8H20 

601.  Erythrite  Co3As208  +  8H20          0-75      : 1 : 0'70        75° 

602.  Annabergite  Ni3As208  +  8H20 

603.  Cabrerite  (Ni,Mg)3As208  +  8H20 

604.  Kottigite  Zn3As208  -f  8H20 


605.  Rhabdophanite  (La,Di,Y)P04  +  H,0 

606.  Churchite  CeP04  -f  4H,0  Monoclinic 


306 


PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,  ETC. 


607.  Scorodite 

608.  Strengite 


Scorodite  Group.     Orthorhombic. 


FeAs04  4-  2H2 
FeP04  4-  2H20 


a:Z>:6 

0-8658  :  1  :  0-9541 
0-8652  :  1  :  0'9827 


609.  Phosphosiderite      2FeP04  4:  3iH80    Orthorhombic 


610.  Barrandite 

611.  Variscite 

612.  Callainite 

613.  Zepharovichite 

614.  Koninckite 


(Al,Fe)P04  4-  2H20 

A1P04  4-  2H20        Orthorhombic 

A1P04  4-  2|H20 

A1P04  +  3H20  ? 

FeP04  4-  3H20 


a  :Z  :6 
0-5330  :  1  :  0'8772 

a  :  I  =  0-648  :  1 


585.  STRUVITE.    Struvit  Ulex,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  3,  32,  1845,  Lieb.  Aim.,  58,  99,  1846, 
66,  41,  1848.     Guanite  E.  F.  Teschemacher,  Phil.  Mag.,  28,  546,  1846. 

Orthorhombic,  hemimorphic.    Axes  a  :  b  :  6  =  0-56643  :  1  :  0-91207  Sadebeck1. 
100  A  HO  =  29°  31f ',  001  A  101  =  *58°  9f ,  001  A  Oil  =  42°  22'. 


Forms2  : 

c  (001. 

0) 

5    (101, 

!•*) 

q  (Oil, 

14) 

/S  (0-16-1, 

,  164)4 

a 

(100,  /-i)4 

p  (120, 

Mb 

ju.  (301, 

34)4 

A  (021, 

24) 

*  (121,  2 

2) 

*> 

(010,  *-i) 

x  (507, 

H)5 

*  (025, 

|4)4 

A  (041, 

4-S)4 

PP'"  = 

97° 

8' 

M'  = 

122° 

32' 

it" 

=  135°  19' 

sg   =  *67°    3^ 

/ 

**'      = 

116° 

19' 

A*'  = 

149° 

20y 

it1" 

=    87°  48' 

pq  =     59°  40' 

qq'     = 

84° 

44' 

tf  = 

75° 

29' 

ps 

=     55°  47^ 

/ 

1. 


3. 


Sadebeck. 


Fig.  1,  Sadebeck.     2,  3,  Kalkowsky.     4,  Rath. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  c  (f.  5).  Habit  varied:  prismatic  ||  ^,  or  ||  axis  a; 
also  flattened  ||  b,  or  again  ||  c.  Usually  hemimorphic,  the  extremity 
terminated  by  the  domes,  s  (101),  q  (Oil),  etc.,  being  the  antilogous 
pole,  and  the  basal  plane,  c,  predominating  at  the  analogous  pole, 
cf.  f.  1-4. 

Cleavage:  c  sometimes  perfect;  b  less  so.  Fracture  conchoidal 
to  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =2.  G.  =  1-65-1-7.  Color  slightly 
yellowish  to  brown;  white.  Luster  vitreous.  Translucent;  some- 
times opaque.  Tasteless,  being  but  slightly  soluble.  Pyroelectric8, 
see  above.  ^ 

Optically  -{-.  Ax.  pi.  ||  c.  Bx  J_  b.  Dispersion  p  <  v  large. 
Axial  angle  variable,  increased  by  heat,  Dx.6 


STRUVITE.  807 

2E   =  59°  30'  Mir.     2E  =  60°  30'  Lang    2E  =  60°  Solly 
2Er  =  46°  32'    2Ey  =  47°  30'     2EV  =  48°  46'  Dx.     /Jr  =  1-497    /3y  =  1-502 
Also    2Er  =  41°  49'  at  6°'6  C.,     43°  14' at  21|°,    46°  4' at  47°,     51°  50'  at  95C'5 
2Er  =  59°  40'  Li  2Ey  =  60°  56'  Na,  Kalkowsky3 

Comp.— NH4MgP04  -f  6H20  =  Phosphorus   pentoxide  29-0,    magnesia  16 '3, 
ammonium  oxide  10'6,  water  44-1  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Ulex,  Jb.  Min.,  51,  1851,  also  other  anals.  2,  Pittman.  Contr.  Min.  Victoria,  56, 
3870.  3,  Quoted  by  Rath,  Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  8,  1879.  4,  Maclvor,  Ch.  News,  55,  215,  1887. 

P2O5  MgO  (NH4)2O        H3O      FeO  MnO 

1    Hamburg                       28  56  13'46  53'76               3'06  1-12  =    99'96 

2.  Skipton  Caves                28-81  16-57  54'49               0'95  tr.   =  100 -82 

5.        "           "                   28-45  16-27  10-74             44-28  —   =    99'74 

4         "           "                   28-82  16-07  10'57            [43'57]    0-81  0-16  =  100 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  water  and  ammonia  and  becomes  opaque. 
B.B.  colors  the  flame  green,  and  fuses  easily  to  an  enamel  which,  heated  with  cobalt  solution, 
assumes  a  beautiful  purple  color.  Soluble  in  acids. 

Obs.— Found  in  guano  from  Saldauha  Bay,  coast  of  Africa,  embedded  in  patches  of  crys- 
tals; also  under  an  old  church  in  Hamburg,  where  quantities  of  cattle-dung  existed  in  the  soil 
above  a  bed  of  peat  which  contained  the  crystals.  Also  similarly  at  Homburg  v.  d.  H.  (Kal- 
kowsky3). In  the  bat  guano  of  the  Skipton  Caves  near  Ballarat  in  Victoria. 

Named  after  the  Russian  statesman,  v.  Struve. 

Artif. — A  not  uncommon  artificial  product,  cf.  Haushofer,  1.  c.  Well-developed  crystals  of 
struvite  have  been  obtained  by  Robinson  in  tubes  of  nutrient  gelatin  and  agar-sugar,  in  which 
various  micro-organisms  were  being  cultivated;  see  Cambr.  Phil.  Soc.,  May  20,  1889;  also  Solly, 
ref.4  below.  Formed  also  from  Koch's  "Fleischpepton,"  Arzruni,  ref.5. 

Ref.—1  Hamburg,  Min  Mitth.,  113,  1877;  the  position  of  Sbk.  is  here  taken. 

2  See  Sbk.,  1.  c.,  for  early  literature,  etc.  On  struvite  from  the  Skipton  Caves  near 
Ballarat,  Victoria,  see  Ulrich,  Contr.  Min.  Viet.,  1870,  and  Rath,  Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  10,  1878.  On 
artif.  cryst.,  see  Haushofer,  Zs.  Kr.,  4,  43,  1880,  also  Solly,  Arzruni,  below.  3  Kalkowsky,  Zs. 
Kr.,  ll"  1,  1885.  4  Solly,  on  artif.  cryst.,  Min.  Mag.,  8,  279,  1889;  possible  tetartohedrism  is 
suggested,  cf.  Sbk.  6  Arzruni,  artif.  cryst.,  Zs.  Kr.,  18,  60,  1890.  6  Propr.  Opt.,  2,  30,  1859; 
N.  R.,  95,  1867. 

GUANO  MINERALS.  C.  U.  Shepard,  Rural  Carolinian,  1,  470,  1870.  The  substances 
described  occur  in  the  guano  of  Guanape  Island,  400  miles  north-east  of  the  Chincha  Islands. 

Ouanapite  occurs  in  irregular  balls  and  veins  looking  like  red  rock-salt  but  having  a  rhom- 
bic cleavage.  H.  =  1-2.  G.  =  2*3.  Soluble  in  4-5  pts.  of  water  at  60°.  Taste  bitter  and 
saline.  Analysis  gave:  Potassium  sulphate  67 '75,  ammonium  sulphate  27'88,  ammonium  oxalate 
3-75  =  99'38.  It  loses  ammonia  on  exposure  to  the  air.  Heated  to  redness  leaves  a  residue  of 
about  70  p.  c.  of  potassium  sulphate.  It  is  near  taylorite  (p.  895)  in  composition.  Guanoxalate 
is  stated  to  be  a  pseudomorph  of  birds'  eggs;  the  specimens  are  exteriorly  white,  "  and  seem  to 
retain  portions  of  the  original  shell,  but  these  when  tested  seemed  to  be  a  mixture  of  phosphate 
and  oxalate  of  lime."  Within  the  substance  is  foliated  and  has  a  rhombic  cleavage.  Color 
cream  white;  luster  pearly;  translucent.  H.  =  1-2.  G.  =  1-58.  When  heated  swells  up, 
turns  black,  partially  fuses,  gives  off  ammonia  fumes,  and  leaves  a  white  residue  of  potassium 
sulphate.  Composition  stated  to  be  potassium  sulphate  40  20,  ammonium  oxalate  29'57,  water 
30'46  =  100-23— a  very  doubtful  compound.  Oxammite,  phospliammite,  and  biphosphammite  are 
other  names  given  by  Shepard  for  supposed  new  species  consisting  of  ammonium  oxalate, 
ammonium  phosphate,  and  ammonium  biphosphate. 

Epiglaubite  and  crystallized  Olaubapatite  of  Shepard  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  22,  98,  99,  1856).  One  or 
the  other  of  these  may  be  metabrushite  or  brushite.  On  glaubapatite  see  p.  769. 

Epiglaubite  is  described  as  occurring  in  "  small  aggregates  or  interlaced  masses  of  minute 
semi  transparent  crystals  of  a  shining  vitreous  luster,  which  are  always  implanted  on  druses  of 
glaubapatite,  with  H.  =  about  2*5,"  and  as  being  "  a  largely  hydrate  phosphate,  chiefly  of  lime, 
and  may  also  contain  magnesia  and  soda."  It  is  not  impossible  that  the  mineral  is  metabrushite, 
although  some  characters  are  inconsistent  witli  such  a  conclusion.  If  so,  the  name  epiglaubite 
(meaning  occurring  implanted  on  glaubapatite)  is  inapplicable,  and  should  be  rejected. 

Redondite.  A  name  given  by  C.  U.  Shepard  to  a  hydrous  phosphate  of  aluminium  and  iron 
from  Redonda,  W.  I.  Found  in  nodular  aggregations.  Translucent  to  opaque.  Color  grayish 
to  yellowish  white.  H.  =  3'5.  G.  =  1 -90-2-07.  Specimen  analyzed  contained:  SiO2  8'8, 
P2O6  40-19,  H2O  24-73,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  50.  96,  1870.  An  earlier  analysis  gave:  PaO5  43'20,  FeaO, 
14-40,  A12O3  16  60,  H,O  24'00,  SiO2  1-60,  CaO  0'57  =  100*37,  contained  also  traces  of  SO3, 
Na,  Cl,  and  MgO.  B.B.  infusible.  Heated  with  solution  of  cobalt  gives  a  deep  blue  color. 
Am.  J  Sc.,  47,  428,  1869. 

DITTMARITE,  MtJLLERiTE  Maclwr,  Ch.  News,  55,  215,  1887.  Stated  to  be  new  species 
from  the  guano  of  the  Skipton  Caves  near  Ballarat,  Victoria. 


808  PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,   ETC. 

586.  COLLOPHANITE.     Kollophan   Sandberger,    Jb.   Miii.,   308,   1870.      Monite  C.  IT. 
Shepard,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  23,  402,  1882. 

Amorphous.  Collophauite  appears  iu  layers  resembling  gymnite  or  opal,  with  conchoidal 
fracture;  monite  iu  slightly  coherent  masses,  with  earthy  fracture.  H.  =  2-25;  G.  =  2'7, 
collophanite;  2'1,  monite.  Luster  dull.  Colorless  or  snow-white,  yellowish  white. 

Comp.— Ca3P2O8  +  HaO  or  3CaO.P2O6.H2O  =  Phosphorus  pentoxide  43'3,  lime  51  2, 
water  5-5  =  100. 

Anal. — 1,  Kottnitz,  quoted  by  Sandberger,  1.  c. ;  la,  same,  after  deducting  calcium  car- 
bonate. 2,  C.  U.  Shepard,  Jr.,  after  deducting  4 '64  p.  c.  gypsum. 

G.  P2O5  CaO  MgO  H2O 

1.  Sombrero          2'70  39'10^  5070  0'80  5'02»  CO2  3'96  =  99'58 
la.         "  43-16  50-00  088  5'54    =     99'58 

2.  Mona  2'1  41'92'  5M5  693    =  100 

a  At  100°,  3-36  H2O. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Fuses  with  difficulty  to  a  white  enamel;  gives  off  water  in  the  closed  tube; 
collophanite  decrepitates  violently  B.B.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — Collophanite  occurs  on  the  island  of  Sombrero,  having  been  formed  in  the  elevated 
coral  reef  by  infiltration  of  the  salts  from  the  overlying  guano.  Monite  is  found  intimately 
associated  with  mouetite,  as  also  with  gvpsum  and  calcite,  at  the  islands  Mona  and  Moneta  in  the 
West  Indies.  Cf.  monetite.  p.  784. 

Collophanite  is  named  from  KoXXa,  glue,  and  (paivecrQai,  to  appear,  in  allusion  to  its 
colloidal  aspect.  Monite  from  the  locality. 

PYROPHOSPHORITE  C.  U.  Shepard,  Jr.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  15,  49,  1878. 

Massive,  earthy.  H.  =  3-3*5.  G.  =  2'50-2'53.  Color  snow-white,  dull;  also  in  part 
bluish  gray,  with  small  botryoidal  structure.  Analysis:  Shepard  after  deducting  impurities 
(about  2  p.  c.): 

f  P2O6  51-67  CaO  45-16  MgO  3-17  =  100 

The  formula  calculated  is :  Mg2P2O7  +  4(Ca3P2O8  +  Ca2P2O7).  Named  in  allusion  to 
its  apparent  composition  as  a  pyrophosphate;  the  nature  of  the  material,  however,  makes  its 
homogeneity  seem  very  questionable.  From  the  West  Indies;  exact  locality  not  stated. 

587.  HOPEITE.    Brewster,  Trans.  R.  Soc.  Edinb.,  10, 107, 1826  (1823).     Prismatoidischer 
Zinkphyllit  Breith.,  Char.,  38,  1832.     Stilbite  duovigesimale  Hduy,  cf.  Dx.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min., 
2,  133,  1879. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-5722  :  1  :  0-4717  Levy1. 

100  A  HO  =  29°  46f,  001  A  101  =  39°  30',  001  A  Oil  =  25°  15J'. 


Forms: 

b  (010, 

M) 

2  (320, 

*-D 

*  (120, 

i-2) 

0 

(101, 

1-i) 

a  (100,  i-l] 

c  (001, 

0) 

m  (110, 

/) 

u  (103, 

H 

r 

(111, 

1) 

xx'"  —  41° 

46' 

uu' 

=  30° 

44' 

ae  = 

*50° 

30' 

rr' 

=  73° 

25' 

mm'"  =  59° 

33' 

ee' 

=  79° 

0' 

cr  = 

43° 

31i 

rr'" 

=  *40° 

0' 

«•'   =  82° 

18' 

Crystals  minute,  prismatic.  Faces  b,  s  striated  vertically.  Also  in  reniform 
masses,  and  amorphous. 

Cleavage:  a  perfect;  1}  less  perfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  2-5-3. 
G.  =  2-76  Br. ;  2-85  L.  Luster  vitreous;  a  somewhat  pearly.  Color  grayish 
white;  reddish  brown  when  compact.  Streak  white.  Transparent  to  translucent. 

Optically  — .     Ax.  pi.  ||  c.     Cx  JL  I.     Dispersion  p  <  v  weak.     Ax.  angles: 

2Er  =  78°  3'  glass  2Ey  =  78°  35'  Na 

2Ha.r  =     54°  47'      2Ha.y  =     54°  52'    also        2Er   =  84°  49V     2Ey  =  85°  7' 
2H0.r  =  125°  52'      2H0.y  =  125°  47'  .'.     2Vr  =  54°  39'      2Vy  =  54°  44'    /Jr  =  1-469 

/?y  =  l-471Dx. 

Comp. — Probably  hydrous  zinc  phosphate,  Zn3Pa08  +  H20  =  Phosphorus 
pentoxide  35-2,  zinc  oxide  69'3,  water  4'5  =  100. 

The  natural  mineral  has  not  been  analyzed ;  the  above  is  the  composition  of  an  artificial 
salt  having  the  form  (Dx.,  1.  c.)  of  hopeite,  Friedel  and  Sarasin,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  2,  -153,  1879. 


DICKINSONITE.  809 

Pyr.,  etc. — Dissolves  without  effervescence  in  hydrochloric  or  nitric  acid.  B.B.  gives  out 
water,  and  fuses  with  difficulty  to  a  clear  colorless  globule,  tingeing  the  flame  green.  With  soda 
it  affords  a  scoria  which  is  yellow  when  hot,  and  gives  out  copious  fumes  of  zinc  and  some  of 
cadmium. 

Obs. — Found  in  cavities  in  calamine  at  the  zinc  mines  of  Altenberg,  near  Aix-la-Chapelle. 

Named  in  honor  of  Prof.  Hope  of  Edinburgh. 

Ref.— '  Ann.  Mines,  4,  517,  1843.     Cf.  also  Haid.,  quoted  by  Brewster,  1.  c.,  and  Dx.,  1.  c. 


688.  DICKINSONITE.     G.  J.  Brush  and  E.  8.  Dana,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  114,  1878. 

Monoclinic.      Axes  a  :  1 :  6  =  1-73205  :  1  :  1-19806;    /3  =  *61°  30'  =  001  A 
100  E.  S.  Dana1. 

100  A  HO  =  56°  41$',  001  A  101  =  42°  13J',  001  A  Oil  =  46°  28}'. 

Forms:  a  (100,  t-i),  c  (001,  0);  x  (301,  -  3-i);  y  (103,  \-l\  n  (051,  54),  p  (ill,  1), 
9(221,  2). 

Angles :  cy  =  12°  50',  ex  =  *42°  30',  en  =  79°  15',  cp  =  61°  8±'f  cs  =  82°  2V, 
pp'  =  98°  40',  98'  =  118°  7',  Angle  a'cp  =  *60°. 

Crystals  tabular,  pseudo-rhombohedral;  triangular  striations  on  c.     Commonly 
foliated   to   micaceous;    also   curved 
lamellar,  radiated  or  stellated. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect,  separable 
into  thin  lamellae.  Fracture  uneven. 
Brittle.  H.  =  3-5-4.  G.  =  3-338- 
3*343,  Luster  vitreous,  on  c  some- 
what pearly.  Color  olive- to  oil-green, 
grass-green;  slightly  dichroic.  Op- 
tically biaxial. 

Comp.— 3K3P208    +    H20    with 
R  =  Mn,  Fe,  Na,  chiefly,  also  Ca,  Ka, 
Li,.     The  ratio  for  Mn  :  Fe(Ca)  :  Na, 
(K,,Li,)is  closely  6:3:2,  which  requires:  Phosphorus  pentoxide  39-9,  iron  prot- 
oxide 16"5,  manganese  protoxide  32'6,  soda  9*3,  water  1-7  =  100. 

Anal;— 1,  2,  H.  L.  Wells,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  39,  214,  1890,  upon  material  of  established  purity. 

P205     FeO     MnO    CaO  Na2O  K2O  Li2O   HaO 

1.  G.  =  3-143        39-57     13'2o    31 '58    2'15    7'46    1'52    017    1  '65  quartz  2  58  =  99 -93 

2.  4089    12-96    3183    2'09    7'37    1-80    0'22    1  '63  quartz  0 -82  =  99  61 

Earlier  analyses,  3,  4,  by  Penfield  (quoted  by  Brush  and  Dana,  1.  c.)  were  made  on  much 
less  pure  material,  they  show  more  lime  and  water  and  less  alkalies. 

3,  after  deduction  of  impurities,  viz.,  3*30  p.  c.  quartz  and  6'89  p.  c.  eosphorite;  4,  after 
deducting  1-89  p.  c.  quartz,  6'89  p.  c.  eosphorite. 

P2O6         FeO         MnO          CaO          Li2O      Na2O      K2O       H2O 

3.  39-36        12-40        25-10          13-36         0'03        5'25        0  89        3'86  =  100-25 

4.  39-53        11-90        23  96        [14'98]        0'24        4'78        0'73        3'88  =  100 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  water,  the  first  portions  of  which  are  neutral,  but  the 
last  portions  react  faintly  acid;  the  residue  is  magnetic.  Fuses  in  the  naked  lamp-flame,  and 
B.B.  in  the  forceps  colors  the  flame  at  first  green,  then  greenish  yellow;  reacts  for  iron  and 
manganese  with  the  fluxes.  Soluble  in  acids. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Branchville,  Fairtield  Co.,  Conn.,  intimately  associated  with  eosphorite, 
triploidite,  and  other  species  in  nests  in  a  vein  of  albitic  granite.  Often  disseminated  in  minute 
plates  through  massive  eosphorite,  giving  it  a  green  color;  similarly  embedded  in  lithiophilite. 
Named  after  Rev.  Wm.  Dickinson,  formerly  of  Redding. 

Ref.—1  L.  c.,  1878.     *  Id.,  ibid.,  39,  213,  1890. 

589.  FILLOWITE.     G.  J.  Brush  and  E.  8.  Dana,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  17,  363,  1879. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  &  :  I  :  6  =  1-7303  :  1  :  1-4190;  fl  =  89°  50f  =  001  A  100 
E.  S.  Dana. 


810 


PHOSPHATES,  AESENATEti,  ETC. 


100  A  110  =  59°  58J,  °01  A  101  =  39°  25',  001  A  Oil  =  54°  49£'0 
Forms:     c  (001,  0);     d  (201,  -  2-1),    p  (111,  1). 
Angles:    cd  =  *58°  31',  cp  =  *58°  40',  pp'  =  *95°  23',  dp  =  95°  18$', 

If  d  be  made  100,  the  axial  ratio  becomes  somewhat  similar  to  that 
of  dickiusonite,  as  shown  below. 

Habit    pseudo-rhombohedral.       In    granular    crystalline 
masses. 

Cleavage:  c  nearly  perfect.     Fracture  uneven.     Brittle. 
H.  =  4'5.     Gr.  =  3*43.      Luster  subresinons  to'  greasy.     Color 
wax-yellow,  yellowish  to  reddish  brown,  colorless.   Transparent 
to  translucent.     Optically  biaxial,  bisectrix  J_  c  approx. 
Comp. — A    hydrous    phosphate   of   manganese,    iron,   calcium,   and    sodium, 
3R3P208  H-  H20.  If  B=  Mn  :  Fe(-f-Ca)  :  Naa  =  6  :  2  :  1,  this  requires:  Phosphorus 
pentoxide  39*6,  iron  protoxide  13*4,    manganese  protoxide  39'5,    soda  5*8,  water 
1-7  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Penfield,  Am.  J0  Sc.,  17,  363,  1879.     2,  H.  L.  Wells,  ib.,  39,  215,  1890. 


1. 


39-10 
39-68 


FeO 
9-33 
9-69 


MnO 

39-42 
3958 


CaO 

4'08 
3'63 


Na2O 
5"74 
5  -44 


LiaO 

0'06 
007 


H2O 
1'66 
1-58 


quartz 

0"88     =  100'27 
1  02     =  100*69 


Fyr.— B.B.  fuses  at  1'5,  with  intumescence  to  a  black  feebly  magnetic  mass,  coloring  the 
flame  momentarily  pale  green,  then  intensely  }^ellow.  In  the  closed  tube  a  little  neutral  water. 
With  the  fluxes  reactions  for  manganese  and  iron.  Soluble  in  acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  sparingly  with  other  manganesian  phosphates,  especially  redrlingite  and 
iriploidite,  in  a  vein  of  albitic  granite  at  Branch villey  Conn.  Named  after  Mr.  A.  N.  Fillow, 
of  Branchville. 

The  formula  is  apparently  the  same  as  for  dickinsonite,  but  the  ratio  for  the  bases  is  some- 
what different.  In  form  the  two  minerals  are  also  related,  though  widely  diverse  iu  physical 
characters.  Both  are  pseudo-rhombohedral,  and  further  we  have  : 


Dickinsonite. 
001   A   100  =  61°  30' 
001  A  111  =  61°    8' 
001  A  Hi  =  61 J    & 


Fillowite. 

001  A  100  =  58°  81' 
001  A  111  =  58°  40' 
001  A  111  =  58°  40' 


Here  d  of  fillowite  is  made  100,  which  gives    the  axial  ratio,  compared   with   that  of 
dickinsonite : 


Dickinsonite 
Fillowite 


d  :  b  :  c  =  1-7820  :  1  :  1-1981 
1-7303  :  1  :  M093 


=  61°  30' 

58°  31' 


Koselite  Group.     Triclinic. 

590.  ROSELITE.    Levy,  Ann.  Phil.,  8,  439,  1824;  Edinburgh  J.  Sc.,  2,  177,  1825. 

Triclinic.      Axes   &  :  I  :  c  =  0'45360  :  1  :  0-65604;    a   =   90°  34',  ft  =  91°, 
y  =  89°  20'  Schrauf1. 

100  A  010  =  90°  39J',  100  A  001  =  89°  0}',  010  A  001  =  89°  26f. 

A  (401,  '44')         v  (021,  '24)          I    (343,  ,f f) 

e   (023,  f  4') 

h  (Oil,  14') 

f  (043,  f  *') 

i   (021,  24') 

z  (083,  |4') 

rf  (023,  'f  4) 

X  (Oil,  '14) 

0(043,  '|4) 


Forms1  : 
a  (100,  i-l) 
b  (010,  i-l) 
c  (001,  0) 

n  (210,  a-2') 
m  (110,  J') 


M  (110,  '/) 


d  (401,  '44') 


C  (083,  '|4) 

T  (421,  4-2,) 

y  (421,4-2') 
CT  (111,  1') 

2  (ill,  1,) 
fl  (221,  2,) 

a>  (221,  2') 
A  (343,  ff  ') 
g  (421,  ,4-2) 
*   (111,  ,1) 
o   (221,  ,2) 

-4  (343,  fi) 
#  (421,  '4-2) 
£  (111,  '!) 
0  (221,  '2) 
L  (343,  'f  f) 

After  Schrauf. 


Schrauf 's  lateral  axes  are  exchanged  in  the  above  in  order  to  bring  out  the  close  approximation 
to  monoclinic  symmetry. 


R08EL1TE  GROUP:    ROSELITE—BRANDTITE.  811 

bm    =  66°    9'  cr]     =  23°  43'  bo    =  66°    0'  cS  =  57°  36' 

bM  =  65°    3*'  erj     =  47°  15'  bfl  =  67°  22'  co   =  73°  124' 

=  88°  52' 


==  48°  47*'  bo-    =  69°  53'  0.Q  =  46°  38'  cm 

cd     =  79°  14'  6'£  =  69°  30'  ccr    =  56°  53'  cJ^=  89°  2(X 

ce      =  23°  32'  aS  =  40°  37'  cQ  =  73°  291' 

Crystals  small,  often  complex  and,  as  explained  by  Schrauf,  combined  accord- 
ing to  a  number  of  twinning  laws  with  embedded  tw.  lamellae.  Also  in  druses  of 
crystals  and  in  spherical  aggregates. 

Cleavage:  macrodiagonal.  H.  =  3  -5.  G.  =  3-5-3-6.  Luster  vitreous.  Color 
light  to  dark  rose-red.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Axes  of  elasticity  sensibly 
parallel  to  crystallographic  axes. 

Comp.—  (Ca,Co,Mg)sAs208.2H20  =  Arsenic  pentoxide  51'4,  lime  28'1,  cobalt 
protoxide  12-5,  water  8-0  =  100  (Ca  :  Co  =  3  :  1). 
Anal.—  Win  kler,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  16,  86,  1877. 

As3O,        CoO         CaO        MgO      H3O 

Daniel  mine  G.  =  3'56  f  52-67        10-29        25'05        410        8'29  =  100-40 

Earlier  analyses  by  Schrauf  (on  minute  quantities),  1.  c.,  and  Winkler  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  10,  191, 
1874)  gave  somewhat  different  results.  The  crystals  from  the  Rappold  mine  are  darker  in  color 
and  contain  a  little  more  cobalt  with  G.  —  3'585;  G.  =  3'506  Daniel,  Schrauf. 

Pyr.  —  Heated  to  100°  becomes  dark  blue  and  splits  up,  but  regains  the  red  color  on  cooling. 
Fuses  B.B.  easily  and  on  charcoal  gives  arsenical  fumes;  after  roasting  reacts  for  cobalt  with 
the  fluxes.  Dissolves  in  acids. 

Obs.—  Early  (1824)  found  at  Schneeberg,  Saxony,  on  quartz;  later  obtained  from  the  same 
region  at  the  Daniel  and  Rappold  mines.  Also  reported  from  Schapbach,  Baden. 

Named  after  Gustav  Rose  (1798-1873). 

Ref.—  '  Min.  Mitth.,  137,  1874;  earlier  but  incomplete  observations  were  made  by  Levy  and 
Haidinger,  cf.  Schrauf. 

591.  BRANDTITE.    A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  45,  418,  1888. 
Triclinic.     In  form  near  roselite. 

Forms1  :  e  (023,  f-*')  0  (043,  'f.*)  a  (111,  1')  8  (111,  '!) 

b  (010,  i-i)  f  (043,  |4')  C  (083,  '§-«)  A.  ^343,  ff)  X(433,  'f-f)? 

c  (001,  0)  rf  (023,  '§-*) 

Approximate  measured  angles:  be  =  90°  35',  bn  =  66°  55',  bd)  =  49°  46',  bf  =  47°  2', 
be  =  65°  7',  bS  =  69°  52'. 

In  crystals,  prismatic  by  development  of  the  brachydomes,  and  with  c  largely 
developed.      Faces    c    striated  ||  edge    c/rft      Twins 
common   with    c    as     tw.   pi.      Crystals    united    in 
radiated  groups  and  in  rounded  or  reniform  aggre- 
gates. 

H.  =  5-5-5.     G.  =  3-671-3-672.    Luster  vitreous. 
Colorless  to  white.     Transparent  to  translucent. 

Comp.—  CaaMnAss08  +  2H20  or  2CaO.MnO.As205.2HaO  =  Arsenic  pentoxide 
51*3,  manganese  protoxide  15*8,  lime  24*9,  water  8*0  =  100. 
Anal.—  G.  Lindstrom,  G.  F5r.  Forh.,  13,  123,  1891. 

As2O5       P2O,        MnO         PbO        FeO         CaO        MgO       H2O 

50-48         0-05         14-03         0'96         0'05         25'07        0'90        8'09  Cl  0'04,  insol.  0'04  =  99'71 

Pyr.,  etc.—  Fuses  rather  easily  to  a  brown  bead;  in  the  closed  tube  gives  off  water  without 
decrepitation;  arsenical  fumes  on  charcoal.  Dissolves  in  hydrochloric  and  nitric  acids. 

Obs,—  Found  at  the  Harstig  mine,  near  Pajsberg,  Wei-inland,  Sweden.  Associated  with 
barite,  calcite.  caryopilite,  savkinite.  and  also  crystallized  native  lead. 

Named  after  the  Master  of  the  Mint,  Georg  Brandt  (d.  1768). 

Ref.  —  l  Nordenskiold,  quoted  by  Lindstrom,  1.  c. 


812 


PHOSPHATES,  ABSENATES,  ETC. 


592.  FAIRFIELDITE.     G.  J.  Brush  and  E.  S.  Dana,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  17,  359,  1879.     Leuco* 
manganit  Sandberger,  Jb.  Min.,  370,  1879;  1,  185,  1885. 

Triclinic.     Axes  a  :  b  :  6  =  0-2797  :  1  :  0-1976;  a  =  102°  8f,  ft  =  94°  33V, 
y  =  77°  19f '  E.  S.  Dana. 

100  A  010  =  *102°  0',   100  A  001  =  *88°  0',  010  A  001  =  78 


Forms : 
a  (100,  i-l) 
b  (010,  i-l) 


c  (001,  0) 
9  (320,  t-f) 


n  (230,  £ 
o   (120,  »'- 


JfUlO, '/) 
r  (113,  i') 


(112,  f) 
,  1') 
(141,  '4-4 


ag   =  10°  57*' 

aw  =  16°  31' 

an  =  24°  40' 

ao    =  32°  20 


aM  =  .14*  45' 
cr  =  1^  43' 
eg  =  18°  31' 
cp  =  *33°  (X 


cm  =  84°  39' 
ap  -  *56°  30' 
as  =  51°  17' 


6p  =  *78°  30' 
b'8  =     58°  42£' 
ps  =     42°  47f 


The  relation  in  form  between  fairfieldite  and  roselite-brandtite  is  not  clear;  the  fairfieldite 
measurements  leave  much  to  be  desired. 

In  prismatic  crystals  with  a,  b  largely  developed.  Usually  in  foliated  to 
lamellar  crystalline  aggregates;  occasionally  curved,  foliated, 
or  fibrous;  in  radiating  masses, 

Cleavage:  b  highly  perfect;  a  less  so.  Fracture  uneven. 
Brittle.  H.  =  3-5.  G.  =  3-07-3-15.  Color  white  or  green- 
ish white  to  pale  straw  yellow.  Streak  white.  Luster  pearly 
to  sub-adamantine;  on  the  surface  of  perfect  cleavage  (b)  very 
brilliant,  resembling  selenite.  Transparent. 

The  planes  of  light-vibration  intersect  a  in  lines  making,  angles  of 
40°  and  50°  with  the  obtuse  edge  a/b\  in  the  latter,  an  optic  axis  is 
visible  toward  the  edge  named.  The  planes  intersect  b  in  lines  making 
angles  of  10°  and  80°  with  the  edge  a/b,  the  second  axis  visible  in  this 
plane. 

Comp. — A  hydrous  phosphate  of  calcium  and  manganese, 
Ca2MnP208  -+-  2H20  =  Phosphorus  pentoxide  39-4,  manganese 
protoxide  19*6,  lime  31*0,  water  10 -0  =  100.    Iron  replaces  a  little  of  the  manganese. 
Anal.— 1,  2,  S.  L.  Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  17,  359,  1879;  1,  clear  transparent,  filling  cavities 
in  reddingite;  2,  massive,  somewhat  friable.     8,  H.  L.  Wells,  ib.,  39,  212,  1890. 


G. 


3-07 


38-39 
39-62 
37-69 


MnO 
15-55 
12-40 
17-40 


FeO 
5-62 
7-00 
3-42 


CaO 

28-85 
3076 
30-02 


Na2O 
0-73 
0-30 


K20 

0-13 


H2O 

9-98 
967 
9-81 


quartz 

1-31  =  100-56 

0-55  =  100-30 

1-66  =  100 


Pyr.,  etc. — B  B.  glows,  blackens,  and  fuses  at  4'15  to  a  dark  yellowish  brown  mass,  coloring 
the  flame  pale  green,  with  faint  reddish  yellow  streaks  on  the  upper  edge.  Reactions  for  iron 
and  manganese  with  the  fluxes.  In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  neutral  water;  turns  first  yellow, 
then  dark  brown,  and  becomes  magnetic.  Soluble  in  acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  other  manganesian  phosphates  in  a  vein  of  albitic  granite  at  Branchville, 
Fairtield  Co.,  Conn.  Also  at  Rabenstein,  near  Zwiesel,  Bavaria  (leucomanganite).  In  composi- 
tion fairfieldite  is  analogous  to  roselite  and  more  closely  to  brandtite. 


593.  MESSELITE.     W.  Muihmann,  Zs.  Kr.,  17,  93,  1889. 

Triclinic.     In  indistinct  minute  tabular  crystals,  with  am  =  42°-43°;  often 
in  stellate  aggregates. 

H.  =  3-3-5.    Colorless  to  brownish.    Transparent  to  translucent.     Extinction 
on  a  inclined  20°  to  the  edge  a/m\  an  optic  axis  visible  through  a. 

Comp. — (Ca,Fe)3P208  -f  2|H20  =  Phosphorus  pentoxide  38'3,  iron  protoxide 
19-4,  lime  30-2,  water  12-1  =  100.     Here  Ca  :  Fe  =  2  :  1.     With  2H,0  the  compo- 
sition would  correspond  to  brandtite  and  fairfieldite. 
Anal. — Muthmann.  1.  c. 


REDDINGITE— PICROPHARMA  CO  LITE. 


813 


P206  FeO          MnO  CaO  MgO  H2O 

37-72  15-63  tr.  31-11  1'45  12-15  insol.  1'40  =  99'46 

Gives  off  water  when  heated  and  becomes  dark  brown  to  black. 

Obs.— Found  near  Messel  in  Hesse,  in  a  coal  mine;   the  crystals  occur  in  a  bituminous 
clay  slate. 

694.  REDDINOHTE.     G.  J.  Bi'usJi  and  E.  8.  Dana,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  120,  1878;  ib.,  17, 
865,  1879. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-8678  :  1  :  0-9486  E.  S.  Dana1. 
100  A  HO  =  40°  57',  001  A  101  =  47°  32f,  001  A  Oil  =  43°  29J'. 
Forms  :    b  (010,  t-i),  r  (112,  |)'J,  *  (223,  f)2,  p  (111,  1),  t  (221,  2)2,  q  (212,  1-2). 


rr'    =  52°  34' 

rr"  =  71°  47' 

rr"  =  45°  12' 

«'     =  63°  15V 

ts"    =  87°  57' 


ss 

pp' 
pp' 
pp' 
tt' 


=  54°  84 

=  *76°  50' 

=  *110°  43' 

=  65°  16' 

=  91°  6' 


tt" 
tt'" 


=  141°  53' 

=  76°  33£ 

=  89°  17' 

=  99°  59' 

=  35°  30' 


bp  =  57°  22' 
bq  =  72°  15' 
ps  =  11°  23' 
pr  =  19°  28' 
pt  =  15°  35' 


Also    granular* 


Homo2omorphous  with  scorodite  and  strengite. 
Habit    octahedral;    crystals    often   in   parallel   groupings, 
massive. 

Cleavage  distinct  in  one  direc- 
tion. Fracture  uneven.  Brittle. 
H.  =  3-3-5.  G.  =  3-102.  Luster 
vitreous  to  subresinous.  Color  pink- 
ish white  or  pale  rose-pink  to  yellow- 
ish white,  surface  sometimes  dark 
reddish  brown  from  alteration. 
Translucent  to  transparent. 

Comp. — Hydrous  phosphate  of 
manganese,  Mn,P,08  -f-  3H20  =  Phosphorus  pentoxide  34-7,  manganese  protoxide 
52fl,  water  13-2  =  100.  Iron  replaces  part  of  the  manganese;  in  anal.  3,  Mn  :  Fe 
=  2:1. 

Anal. — 1,  2,  H.  L.  Wells,  quoted  by  Brush  and  Dana;  1,  after  deducting  12'08  p.  c.  quartz; 
2,  after  deducting  4'42  p.  c.  quartz.     3,  Id.,  ib.,  39,  212,  1890. 


P205 

f  34-52 
35-16 
34-90 


FeO  MnO  CaO  Na2O  H2O 

5-43  46-29  0'78  0'31  13'08  =     100-41 

7-89  43-22  0'71  —  12-27  =      99'25 

17-13  34-51  0-63  13'18  quartz  0-13  =  104"48 


Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube,  first  whitens,  then  turns  yellow,  and  finally  brown,  but  does 
not  become  magnetic.  Fuses  in  the  naked  lamp-flame.  B.B.  colors  the  flame  pale  green,  and 
fuses  easily  to  a  blackish  brown  non-magnetic  globule.  Reacts  for  manganese  and  iron  with 
the  fluxes.  Soluble  in  acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  sparingly  at  Branchville,  Fairfield  Co.,  Conn.,  intimately  associated  with 
fillowtte,  fairfieldite,  dickinsouite,  in  a  vein  of  albitic  granite.  Black  octahedral  crystals,  pseudo- 
morphs  after  reddingite,  are  also  found.  Named  from  Redding,  the  name  of  the  town  in  which 
the  locality  is  situated. 

In  •rystalline  form,  reddingite  is  closely  related  to  scorodite  and  strengite,  but  differs  from 
them  in  composition,  containing  but  three  equivalents  of  water,  and  having  the  metals  in  the 
protoxide  state. 

Ref.— »  L.  c.,  1878.  9  Id.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  39,  211,  1890;  the  symbols  for  r  and  t  are  given 
incorrectly. 


595.  PICROPHARMACOLITE.     Stromey&r,  Gilb.  Ann.,  61,  185,  1819. 
In  aggregates  of  small  spherical,  bptryoidal  forms  with  radiating  foliated  struc- 
ture.    Luster  feeble  pearly.     Color  white.     Opaque. 

Comp. — R3As208  -f  6H,0,  with  R  .=  Ca  :  Mg  =  5  :  1 ;   this  requires :   Arsenic 
pentoxide  46'2,  lime  28'1,  magnesia  4-0,  water  21'7  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Stromeyer,  1.  c.     2,  Frenzel,  Jb.   Min.,  786,   1873.     3-5,  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  4O, 
204,  Ib90.     The  material  of  anal.  5  was  dried  over  H2SO4  one  month. 


814  PHOSPHATES,   ARSEKATES,   ETC., 

G.  As2O6  CaO  MgO  H2O 

1.  Riechelsdorf  46  97  24-65  3'22  2398    CoO  1-00  =  99'82 

2.  Freiberg  46'93  25-77  3'73  24  01*   =  100-44 

3.  Joplin                   2-583  f  47 "60  22'42  6'64  23-11^  =     99  77 

4.  "  47-74  19-64  8'41  24'58     = 

5.  "  50-56  17-09  11-54  20-35    = 

*  At  100°  loss  13  p.  c.  b  Do.  11-6. 

Obs. — From  Riechelsdorf  and  from  Freiberg.     At  Joplin,  Mo. 
The  name  alludes  to  the  magnesia  present,  from  TtiKpo1-,,  bitter. 

696.  TRICHALCITE.     Trichalcit  Herm.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  73,  212,  1858. 
In  radiated  groups,  columnar;  also  in  dendritic  forms. 
H.  —  2*5.     Luster  silky.     Color  verdigris-green. 

Comp. — Cu3As208  +  5H20  =  Arsenic  pentoxide  41*3,  cupric  oxide  42'6,  water 
16-1  =  100. 

Anal.— Hermann,  1.  c. 

As2OB  38-73  P2O8  0-67  CuO  44'19  H2O  16'41     =     100 

Pyr.,  etc.— Heated  decrepitates,  yields  much  water,  and  becomes  dark  brown.  B.B.  on 
charcoal  fuses  in  the  outer  flame  to  a  pearl,  and  in  the  inner  yields  a  bead  of  copper.  Dissolves 
easily  in  cold  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — From  the  Turginsk  copper  mine,  or  Berezov,  on  tetrahedrite.     Resembles  tyrolite. 

LAVENDDLAN  Breithaupt,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  10,  505,  1837.     Lavendulite. 

Amorphous,  with  a  greasy  luster,  inclining  to  vitreous.  H.  =  2'5-3.  G.  =  3'014  Br.  Color 
lavender-blue.  Streak  paler.  Translucent.  Fracture  conchoidal. 

Contains,  according  to  Plattner,  arsenic,  cobalt,  nickel,  and  copper.  Goldsmith  (Proc.  Acad. 
Philad.,  192,  1877)  obtained  on  an  impure  sample  from  Chili,  after  deducting  impurities  (11*6 
insol.): 

As2O5  46-89  CuO  40-10  CoO  2'51  NiO  1-35  H2O  9'13    =    99-98 

The  formula  arrived  at  is  R3As2O8.3H2O,  but  the  material  was  too  impure  to  make  the 
conclusion  very  definite.  B.B.  fuses  easily.  Soluble  in  warm  hydrochloric  acid. 

Occurs  with  cobalt  and  other  ores  at  Annaberg,  Saxony,  as  the  result  of  their  alteration. 
Similarly  with  cobalt  ores  from  Chili. 

CHLOROTILE.     Chlorotil  Frenzel,  Min.  Mitth.,  42,  1875;  Jb.  Min.,  517,  1875. 

In  minute  capillary  crystals  of  prismatic  habit  (orthorhombic),  also  fibrous  and  massive; 
soft.  Color  in  the  mass  pale  green  'to  emerald-green,  microscopic  crystals  colorless.  Trans- 
parent. Composition  asserted  to  be  Cu3As2O8  +  6H2O  =  Arsenic  pentoxide  39'9,  cupric  oxide 
41-3,  water  18'8  —  100.  An  approximate  analysis  gave:  As2O5  41,  CuO  41,  H2O  18  =  100. 
Occurs  with  aragonite  and  wapplerite,  at  Schneeberg,  and  with  quartz  and  scheelite  at  Zinnwald. 


Vivianite  Group.     Monoclinic. 

597.  VIVIANITE.  Bloa  Jarnjord,  Naturligit  Berlinerblatt,  Calx  Martis  phlogisto  juncta, 
etc.,  Cronst.,  182.  1758.  Caeruleum'Berolinense  nativum  Born.,  Lithoph.,  1,  136,  1772.  Ocre 
martiale  bleue,  Bleu  de  Prusse  natif,  de  Lisle,  3,  295,  1783.  Natiirliche  Berlinerblau,  Phosphor- 
saurer  Eisen,  Klapi\,  Crell's  Ann..  1,  390,  1784.  Eisenblau,  Blaueisenerde,  Germ.  Vivianit 
(fr.  Cornwall)  Wern.,  Letztes  Min.  Syst.,  41,  1817;  Breith.,  Hoffm.  Min.,  4  b,  146,  1817.  Phos- 
phate of  Iron,  Blue  Iron  Earth.  Fer  phosphate,  Fer  azure,  Fr.  Eisenglimmer  Mohs,  Min., 
212,  1824.  Eisen-Phyllit  Breith.,  Char..  26,  1823.  Glaukosiderit  G  locker,  Handb.,  857,  1831. 
Mulliclte  Thorns.,  Min.,  1,  452,  1836.  Anglarite  BertJiier,  Ann.  Mines,  12,  303,  1837. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  b  =  0-74975  :  1  :  0-70153;  /?  =  75°  34J'  =  001  A  100 
Rath1. 

100  A  HO  =  35°  59',  001  A  101  =  49°  45f ',  001  A  Oil  =  34°  llf. 

Forms2:  I    (109,  -  H)4  t   (201,  2-1)  e  (Oil,  1-i)  0  (3'5'14,  -  T8r|)4 

a  (100,  «)  k  (102,  -  ^4)4  e  (704,  fi)«  .      _  j  (836,  |-f)* 

b   (010,  i-l)  n  (101,  -  1-1)  S  (401,  4-*)  m'  _  ^  GO  (833,  f-J)« 

• (001>  0)      d  ^  i-^    a  w-  ^   '  ^ » '     l  Si'1 

y  (310,  0)  o      "3.  *  ^  f  -  •    ("1,  3- 

m  (110,  /)  w  (101-  ^ 


VIVIANITE  GROUP— V1VIANITE. 


815 


mm"'  = 

ak  = 
an  = 
ad  = 

a'o  •=• 
a'w  = 


27°  13' 

*71°  58' 

53°  29' 

39°  16' 

13°  38' 

86°  18' 

54°  40' 


a't  =  30°  50' 

a'd  =  15°  30' 

gg'  =  37°  31 

JT  =  48°  44' 

ee'  =  68°  23' 

me  =  78°  22' 

mz  =  51°  28' 


mx  =  35°  48' 

m'r  =  68°  58' 

m'v  =  *45°  44' 

az    =  55°  3' 

ag    -  -76°  21' 

ax    =  44°  57' 

ae    =  78°  6' 


a'r  = 

a'v  = 


77°  58' 
59°  52' 
=  31°  28' 
=  47°  53' 
=  37°  47' 
=  *59°  34' 


1. 


Crystals  prismatic,  sometimes  flattened  |  a ;  prismatic  faces  vertically  striated. 
Crystals  often  in  stellate  groups.  Often  reniform  and  globular.  Structure 
divergent,  fibrous,  or  earthy;  also  in- 
crusting. 

Cleavage:  b  highly  perfect;  a  in 
traces;  also  fracture6  fibrous  nearly 
J_  t.  Flexible  in  thin  lamina? ;  sectile. 
H.=  15-2.  G.=  2-58-2-68.  Luster, 
b  pearly  or  metallic  pearly;  other 
faces  vitreous.  Colorless  when  un- 
altered, blue  to  green,  deepening  on 
exposure.  Streak  colorless  to  bluish 
white,  soon  changing  to  indigo-blue; 
color  of  the  dry  powder  often  liver- 
brown.  Transparent  to  translu- 
cent ;  becoming  opaque  on  exposure. 
Pleochroism  strong. 

Optically  -f .     Ax.  pi.  and  Bx0  J_  b. 
B*a.bi  A  ^  =  61°  36'.     Dispersion   p  <  v  small,   also   horizontal   inconsiderable, 
Axial  angles,  Dx.- 


Figs.  1,  2,  Cornwall,  Rath. 
A  6  =  61°  22'.     Bxa.v  A  t  =  61°  28'. 


2Ha.r  =  80°  26' 
2Ha.y  =  80°  33' 
2Ha.T  =  80°  54' 


.-.  3Er  =  142°  22' 
.-.  2E7  =  143°  14' 
.-.  2ET  =  146°  46' 


2H0.r  =  121°  19' 
2H0.y=  121°  10' 
2H0.T  =  120°  52' 


.-.  2Vr  =  73°  4' 
.-.  2Vy  =  73°  10' 
.-.  2VT=  73°  26' 


=  1-590 
=  1-592 
=  1-604 


Comp. — Hydrous  ferrous  phosphate,  Fe3Pa08  -f-  8H,0  =  Phosphorus  pentoxide 
28'3,- iron  protoxide  43*0,  water  28  -7  =  100. 

Many  analyses  show  the  presence  of  iron  sesquioxide  due  to  alteration;  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  557. 

Colorless  crystals  from  Delaware  gave  Fisher  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  9,  84,  1850):  P,O6  27'17,  FeO 
44-10,  H20  27  95,  SiO2  0*10  =  99'32. 

Pale  bluish  green  crystals  from  Cornwall  (measured  by  Rath,  above)  gave  Flight  1-13  Fe2O«; 
a  dark  blue  variety  contained  9-17  Fe2O3  and  dark  brown  crystals  5*08  Fe2O3,  Ch.  News.  22, 
860,  1870. 

A  peculiar  variety  of  vivianite  has  been  described  by  W.  L.  Dudley  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  120, 
1890)  forming  "  blue  roots  "  embedded  in  clay  some  two  feet  below  the  water  surface  near  Eddy- 
ville,  Ky.  The  roots  were  from  £  to  2  cm.  thick  and  6  to  12  in  length,  and  the  woody  fiber  had 
been  nearly  replaced  by  the  viviauite.  An  analysis  of  material  purified  by  washing  and  decanta 
tion  and  dried  for  twelve  hours  over  sulphuric  acid  gave: 

PaO.       Al.,0,      Fe20,        FeO         CaO       MgO      HaO(243°)      H2O(100°)       iiisol. 

27-71        17-74         9-35         24'58         0'59         0'43  7'24  10'59  1'84  =  100'07 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  neutral  water,  whitens,  and  exfoliates.  B.B.  fuses  at 
1*5,  coloring  the  tiaine  bluish  green,  to  a  grayish  black  magnetic  globule.  With  the  fluxes  reacts 
for  iron.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  associated  with  pyrrhotite  and  pyrite  in  copper  and  tin  veins;  sometimes  in 
narrow  veins  with  gold,  traversing  gray-wacke;  both  friable  and  crystallized  in  beds  of  clay, 
and  sometimes  associated  with  limonite,  or  bog  iron  ore;  often  in  cavities  of  fossils  or  buried 
bones. 

At  St.  Agnes  in  Cornwall  transparent  indigo  crystals  have  been  found,  1  inch  in  diameter  and 
2  in.  long,  in  pyrrhotite;  at  Wheal  Falmouth,  and  near  St.  Just;  in  Devonshire,  near  Tavistock: 
at  Bodeumais  and  the  gold  mines  of  Verespatak  in  Transylvania,  in  crystals;  on  the  promontory 
of  Kerch  in  the  Black  Sea,  in  large  indistinct  crystals  in  the  interior  of  shells.  The  earthy 
variety,  sometimes  called  blue-iron  earth  or  native  Prussian  blue  (Fer  azure),  occurs  in  Greenland, 
Syria,  Carinthia,  Cornwall,  etc.  The  friable  varieties  in  bog  iron  ore  in  several  peat  swamps  In 
the  Shetland  Isles,  at  Ballagh  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  accompanying  sometimes  the  horns  of  the  elk 


8:16  PHOSPHATES,   ARSENATES,   ETC. 

and  deer,  and  near  an  old  slaughter-house  iu  Edinburgh.  At  Ciansac,  France,  in  crystals 
formed  after  the  burning  of  a  coal  mine;  at  Anglar,  a  massive  form  (anglarite). 

In  N.  America,  it  occurs  in  N.  York,  at  Harlem,  in  crystals  accompanying  stilbite  and  feld- 
spar in  fissures  in  gneiss.  In  New  Jersey,  at  Imleytown,  in  dark  blue  crystals;  at  Alleutown, 
Monmouth  Co.,  in  considerable  abundance,  both  crystallized,  in  nodules,  and  earthy,  embedded 
in  bog  iron  ore,  and  associated  with  clays;  at  Mullica  Hill,  Gloucester  Co.  (mullicite),  in 
cylindrical  masses,  consisting  of  divergent  fibers  or  acicular  crystals;  at  Franklin,  occasionally; 
it  often  fills  the  interior  of  belemnites  and  other  fossils  iu  the  ferruginous  sand  formation.  Also 
in  Delaware,  4  in.  W.  of  Cantwell's  Bridge,  and  near  Middletowu,  in  the  Green  Sand,  in  tine  large 
crystals  which  are  colorless  when  first  obtained,  containing  only  iron  protoxide;  near  Cape 
Henlopen,  in  Sussex  Co.  In  Maryland,  iu  the  north  part  of  Somerset  and  Worcester  Cos.  In 
Virginia,  with  bog  ore  in  Stafford  Co.,  and  8  or  10  m.  from  Falmouth,  with  gold  and  galena. 
In  Kentucky,  near  Eddyville,  embedded  in  clay  (cf.  above).  In  California,  an  earthy  fcrm  in 
cavities  in  asphaltum  in  Los  Angeles  Co., v  crystallized  at  Camptonville,  Yuba  Co.  In  Canada, 
with  limonite  at  Vaudreuil,  abundant. 

Named  by  Werner  after  J.  G.  Vivian,  an  English  mineralogist  who  discovered  the  specimens 
in  Cornwall.  Werner  was  not  aware  of  their  identity  with  the  Blaueisenerde  when  he  gave  the 
name. 

Alt. — Becomes  altered,  as  above  stated,  through  the  oxidation  of  the  iron.  Tschermak 
obtained  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  49  (1),  340,  1864)  for  an  altered  vivianite  in  crystals  from  a  cabinet  in 
Vienna:  P2O5  30'5,  Fe2O3  55'0,  Na2O  1-5,  H2O  14'0  =  101.  G.  =  2'95;  luster  metallic  pearly; 
color  on  face  of  cleavage  pinchbeck-brown,  elsewhere  blackish  brown;  streak  ocher-yellow. 

Ref.— !  Cornwall,  Pogg.,  136,  405,  1869;  earlier  angles  are  incorrect.  a  Mir.,  Min.,  p.  500, 
1852;  Rath,  1.  c.  3  Rath,  1.  c.  4  Dx.,  on  French  crystals,  N.  R.,  184,  1867.  6  Mgg.,  Jb.  Min., 
1,  53,  1884. 


598.  SYMPLESITE.    Breithaupt,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  10,  501,  1837. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0*7806  :  1  :  0-6812;  /3  =  72°  43'  =  001  A  100 
Krenner1. 

100  A  HO  =  36°  42',  001  A  101  =  33°  29£,  001  A  Oil  =  33°.  2 J'. 

Forms1 :    a  (100,  i-i),  b  (010,  i-i),  c  (001,  O);  m  (110,  /);  r  (013,  f  i). 
Angles:    mm"'  =  *73°  24',  rr'  =  24°  28',  br  =  *77°  46',  mr  =  *68°  56'. 

In  small  prismatic  crystals  sometimes  tabular  ||  £;  faces  m  vertically  striated; 
in  radiated  spherical  aggregates. 

Cleavage :  b  perfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  2*5  nearly.  G.  =  2*957. 
Luster  of  cleavage-face  pearly;  elsewhere  vitreous.  Color  pale  indigo,  inclined  to 
celandine-green;  sometimes  between  leek-  and  mountain-green.  Streak  bluish 
white.  Subtransparent  to  translucent. 

Pleochroic :  c  yellowish  green  to  oil-green,  ||  b  colorless  to  greenish  yellow, 
tt  bluish  green  to  blue.  Optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  J_  b  and  inclined  to  6  -\-  31°  48'. 
Bxa  J_  b.  2Ha.y  =  107°  28'. 

Comp. — Hydrous   arsenate   of  iron,   probably   Fe3As208   +  8H20  =  Arsenic 
pentoxide  39*0,  iron  protoxide  36*6,  water  24*4  =  100.     The  analysis  gives  9H,0, 
which  requires:  Arsenic  pentoxide  37 '8,  iron  protoxide  35 -5,  water  26*7  =  100. 
Anal.— Boricky,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  3,  98,  1868,  deducting  7 '7  p.  c.  quartz. 

As2O5  FeO  H2O 

Hiittenberg  G.  =  2'964  37'84  34'73  27'43    =     IOC 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  much  water;  at  a  high  temperature  some  arsenous  acid 
sublimes,  imparting  an  acid  reaction  to  the  water,  arid  giving  a  black  magnetic  residue.  B.B. 
in  the  forceps  infusible,  but  colors  the  outer  flame  light  blue  (arsenic),  and  becomes  black  and 
magnetic.  On  charcoal  gives  a  strong  arsenical  odor.  With  the  fluxes  reacts  for  iron,  and  gives 
also  traces  of  manganese  and  sulphuric  acid  (Plattner). 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Lobenstein  in  Voigtland,  with  siderite;  at  Hiittenberg,  Carinthia;  sparingly 
with  pharmacosiderite  at  Pisek,  Bohemia  (Vrba).  Also  with  quartz  in  cavities  in  horustone  at 
Fels5banya. 

Named  from  vvv  and  nhrjo-id^eir,  to  bring  together,  in  allusion  to  its  relation  to  other 
minerals. 

Ref._i  [Term.  Fuz.,  10,  83,  108,  1886]  Zs.  Kr.,  13,  70;  Jb.  Min.,  1,  462,  ref.,  1887. 


VIVIAN  ITS  GROUP:   BGBIERRITE—HCERNESITE—ERTTHRITE.          817 

599.  BOBIERRITE.     Phosphate  de  Maguesie  tribasique  et  hydrate  Bobierre,  Les  Mondes, 
691,  April  1868.     Bobierrite  Dana,  Min.,  595,  1868. 

Monoclinic;  in  minute  six-sided  prismatic  crystals,  with  a  (100),  b  (010), 
m  (110)  and  a  terminal  plane  c  (001)  ?  inclined  77°  to  a.  Forms  crystalline 
agglomerations,  looking  like  white  spots  in  the  guano  in  which  it  is  embedded. 
Also  massive. 

Cleavage:  clinodiagonal.  Colorless  to  white.  Optically  -f-«  Ax.  pi-  -L  7j' 
Bxa  inclined  34°  to  a.  2E  =  125°  approx.  Dispersion  p  <  v  weak,  Lex. 

Comp. — Hydrous   magnesium   phosphate,    Mg3P208   -f-  8HaO    =  Phosphorus 
pentoxide  29-5,  magnesia  35 -0,  water  35'5  =  100. 
Anal.— A.  Lacroix,  C.  R.,  106,  631,  1888. 

P2O6  29-97  MgO  34-59  H2O  35'38     =     99  94 

Insoluble  in  water,  but  easily  soluble  in  acids  without  effervescence. 
Obs. — From  the  guano  of  Mexillones,  on  the  Chilian  coast. 

600.  HCERNESITE.     Hornesit  Haid.,  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  41,  1860;  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  40,  18, 
1860. 

Monoclinic.     In   crystals   resembling   gypsum   in    habit,   giving   the   angles: 
~  zz'(?)  =  28°  (cf.  vivianite,  p.  814).     Also  columnar;  stellar-foliated. 
Cleavage:  clinodiagonal,  perfect.     H.  =  1.     G.  =  2 '474.     Luster  of  cleavage 
pearly.     Color  snow-white.     Folia  transparent,  flexible. 

Comp. — Hydrous  magnesium  arsenate,  Mg3As308  -f-  8H20  =  Arsenic  pentoxide 
46  6,  magnesia  24'3,  water  29'1  =  100. 
Anal. — Hauer,  quoted  by  Haidinger,  1.  c. 

As2O5  46-33  .  MgO  24'54  H20  29-07     =     99'94 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  a  glass  tube  gives  much  water.  B.B.  fuses  easily,  and  on  charcoal  affords 
the  odor  of  arsenic.  Insoluble  in  water  and  easily  soluble  in  acids. 

Obs. — First  distinguished  by  Kenngott  in  minerals  from  the  Banat,  Hungary  (vicinity  either 
of  Cziklowa  or  Orawitza),  in  the  Imperial  Mineral  Cabinet  at  Vienna.  Occurs  in  a  coarsely 
granular  calcite,  containing  also  some  garnets. 

Named  after  Dr.  Homes,  of  the  Imperial  Cabinet. 

601.  ERYTHRITE.  Kobold-Bliithe  Briickmann,  Magnalia,  161,  etc.,  1727.  Kobolt  Blomma, 
Flos  Cobnlti  [the  cryst.],  Koboltbeslag  [impure  earthy],  Cobalti  minera  colorerubro,  etc.,  Wall., 
Miu.,    234,    1747.     Koboltbliite,   Koboltbeschlag,  Ochra  Cobalti  rubra,    Cronstedl,  212,  1758. 
Kobaltbliithe  Germ.      Cobalt  Bloom,  Red  Cobalt,   Cobalt  Ocher.      Cobaltum  acido  arsenico 
miueralisatum   Bergmann,    Sciagr.,  134,   1782,  Opusc.,   2,  446,  1780  (first  anal.).     Arsenate  of 
Cobalt.     Cobalt  arseniate  FT.     Erythrine  Beud.,  Min.,  2,   596,  1832.     Rhodoise  Huot,  1,  313, 
1841. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  b  :  6  =  0'75  :  1  :  0'70;  /3  =  75°  approx.,  Brezina.1 
Forms2 :    a  (100,  i-i),  b  (010,  i-i);  m  (110,  /),  w  (101,  l-i);  r  (112,  i),  v  (111,  1). 
Angles  nearly  as  with  vivianite,  measured:  m'v  =  45°  48',  wo  —  29°  43',  rr'  =  34°  12'. 

Crystals  prismatic  and  vertically  striated.  Also  in  globular  and  reniform 
shapes,  having  a  drusy  surface  and  a  columnar  structure;  sometimes  stellate.  Also 
pulverulent  and  earth}7,  in  crusting. 

Cleavage:  b  highly  perfect;  a,  w  indistinct.  Thin  laminae  flexible'  in  a  direc- 
tion J_  b  and  nearly  J_  J.  Sectile.  H.  =  l'5-2'5;  least  on  b.  Gr.  =  2*948.  Luster 
of  b  pearly;  other  faces  adamantine,  inclining  to  vitreous;  also  dull  and  earthy. 
Color  crimson-  and  peach-red,  sometimes  pearl-gray  or  greenish  gray;  red  tints 
incline  to  blue  J_  b.  Streak  a  little  paler  than  the  color;  the  dry  powder  deep 
lavender-blue.  Transparent  to  subtranslucent. 

Optically  — .     Ax.  pi.  and  Bxa  _[_•#•     Axial  angles,  Dx.3: 

2Hr  =  104°  41'  2Hy  =  104°  31'  2Hbl  =  102°  W 


818 


PHOSPHATES,   AKSENATPJS,   ETC. 


Var.— 1.  Crystallized  and  foliated.    2,  Earthy.     The  latter  is  the  earthy  cobalt  bloom  (Kobulfc 
beschlag  Germ.,  Rhodoise  Huot.). 

Comp. — Hydrous  cobalt  arsenate,  CosAsa08  -f  8H20  =  Arsenic  pentoxide  38'4, 
cobalt  protoxide  37*5,  water  24*1  =  100.  The  cobalt  is  sometimes  replaced  by 
nickel,  iron,  and  calcium. 

Anal.— 1-3,  Kersten,  Pogg.,  60,  251,  1843.     4,  Lindaker,  Yogi's  Joach.,  1857.     S.Petersen, 
Pogg.,  134,  86,  1868. 


1.  Schneeberg 

2. 

3. 

4.  Joachimsthal 

5.  Wittichen 


G.  =  2-912 


As206 

CoO 

NiO 

FeO 

CaO 

38-43 

36-52 

tr. 

1-01 



38-30  - 

33-42 



401 



38-10.. 

29-19 





8-00 

3642 

23-75 

11-26 

3-51 

0-42 

38-10 

30-36 

3-71 

3-04 

tr. 

H80 

24-10  =  100-06 
24-08  =     99-81 
23-90  =     99-19 
23  52  S03  0-86  =  99'74 
24-79  =  100 


Fyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  yields  water  at  a  gentle  heat  and  turns  bluish;  at  a  higher 
heat  gives  off  arsenic  trioxide,  which  condenses  in  crystals  on  the  cool  glass,  and  the  residue  has 
a  dark  gray  or  black  color.  B.B.  in  the  forceps  fuses  at  2  to  a  gray  bead,  and  colors  the  flame 
light  blue  (arsenic).  B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  an  arsenical  odor,  and  fuses  to  a  dark  gray  arsenide, 
which  with  borax  gives  the  deep  blue  color  characteristic  of  cobalt.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric 
acid,  giving  a  rose-red  solution. 

The  earthy  cobalt  bloom,  of  a  peach-blossom  color  (Kobaltbeschlag),  is  shown  by  Kersten  to 
be  cobalt  bloom,  with  some  free  arsenic  trioxide.  He  obtained,  ibid.,  p.  262: 


1.  Schneeberg 

2.  Annaberg 


As2O,      AsaO6        CoO        FeO         H2O 

51-00        19-10        16-60        3-10        11-90    NiO,SO3  tr.  =  100-70 
48-10        20-00        18-30          —         12'13    NiO,CaO,SO3  tr.  =  98'53 


Obs. — Occurs  at  Schneeberg  in  Saxony,  in  micaceous  scales,  stellately  aggregated;  in  brill- 
iant specimens,  consisting  of  minute  aggregated  crystals,  at  Saalfeld  in  Thuringia;  also  at 
Riechelsdorf  in  Hesse;  Wolf ach  and  Wittichen  in  Baden;  Auerbach  on  the  Bergstrasse;  Modum 
in  Norway.  The  earthy  peach-blossom  varieties  have  been  observed  at  Alleinont  in  Dauphine; 
in  Cornwall,  at  the  Botallack  mine,  St.  Just,  etc.;  near  Alston  in  Cumberland;  near  Killarney 
in  Ireland.  A  perfectly  green  variety  occurs  at  Flatten  in  Bohemia,  and  sometimes  red  and 
green  tinges  have  been  observed  on  the  same  crystals. 

In  the  U.  S.,  in  Penn.,  sparingly  near  Philadelphia.  In  Nevada,  at  Lovelock's  station.  IB 
California,  Los  Angeles  Co.,  and  at  the  Kelsey  mine,  Compton. 

Named  from  epvQpoS,  red. 

Ref.— !  Min.  Mitth.,  19,  1872.  2  Mgg.,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  53, 1884.  3  Dx.,  N.  R.,  182,  1867,  Bull. 
Soc.  Min.,  1,76,  1878. 

602.  ANNABERGITE.  Ochra  Niccoli,  Niccolum  calciforme,  Cronst.,  Min.,  218,  1758 
Nickelocker.  Nickelbliithe.  Nickel  Bloom;  Nickel  Ocher;  Nickel  Green;  Arsenate  ol  Nickei 
Nickel  Arseniate.  Annabergite  B.  &  M.,  503,  1852.  Dudgeonite  Reddle,  Min.  Mag.,  8,  200, 
1889. 

Monoclinic.     In  capillary  crystals;  also  massive  and  disseminated. 

Soft.  Fracture  uneven,  or  earthy.  Color  fine  apple-green.  Streak  greenish 
white. 

Comp. — Hydrous  nickel  arsenate,  Ni3As208  -f-  8H30  =  Arsenic  pentoxide  38'5, 
nickel  protoxide  37 -4,  water  24'1  =  100. 

A  little  cobalt  protoxide  (to  2 -5  p.  c.)  is  sometimes  present.  In  dudgeonite  about  one-third 
of  the  nickel  is  replaced  by  calcium. 

Anal.— 1,  Berthier,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  13,  52,  1820.  2,  Stromeyer,  Schw.  J.,  25,  221,  1819. 
3-5,  Kersten,  Pogg.,  60,  269,  1843.  6,  Genth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  23,  46,  1885.  7,  Heddle,  1.  c. 


AsaO, 


NiO 


CoO       CaO        H20 


1.  Allemont 

2.  Riechelsdorf 

3.  Schneeberg 

5*. 

6.  Silver  Cliff 

7.  Pibble  M. 


36-8 
36-97 
38-30 
38-90 
3721 
36-64 
39-33 

36-2 
37-35 
36-20 
35-00 
3610 
3264 
25-01 

2'5 

1-53 
tr. 
tr. 
0-50 
0-76 

tr. 

3-51 
9-32 

24-5     =  100 

24-32  Fe303  1-13,  SO,  0'23  =  100 

23-91  FeO,SOs  tr.  =  99  "94 

24-02  FeO  2'21,  SO3  tr.  =  100-13 

23-92  FeO  MO,  AsaO3  0  52  ^    98'85 

23-94  MgO  3-74  =  100'97 

25  01  =  99-43 


VIVIAN1TE  OEOUP:  CABRER1TE-KOTTIGITE.  819 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  water  and  darkens  in  color.  B.B.  fuses  easily,  and 
on  charcoal  gives  an  arsenical  odor  aaid  yields  a  metallic  button,  which  with  borax  glass  gives  at 
first  a  cobalt  blue  glass,  and  later  the  violet  to  reddish  brown  color  characteristic  of  nickel;  in 
R.F.  it  becomes  gray  from  reduced  nickel.  Soluble  in  acids. 

Obs.— Occurs  on  smaltite  at  Allemont  in  Dauphine,  and  is  supposed  to  result  from  the 
decomposition  of  this  ore;  also  at  Kamsdorf,  near  Saalfeld;  at  Annaberg  and  Schneeberg;  at 
Riechelsdorf,  and  other  mines  of  nickel  ores.  It  has  been  occasionally  observed  associated  with 
copper  nickel  in  the  cobalt  mine  at  Chatham,  Connecticut.  In  Colorado,  at  the  Gem  mine  near 
Silver  Cliff,  with  uiccolite.  In  Nevada,  with  niccolite  in  Churchill  Co. 

Dudgeonite  is  from  the  Pibble  mine  in  Kirkcudbrightshire,  Scotland,  a  few  miles  from 
Creetowu;  named  after  the  discoverer,  Mr.  Dudgeon. 

603.  CABRERITE.    Wasserhaltige  Nickeloxyd-Magnesia  J.  H.  Ferber,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  22, 
306,  1863.     Cabrerite  Dana,  Min.,  561,  1868. 

Monoclinic,  aw  (100  A  101)  =  54°  20'  to  55°  Dx.1  Like  erythrite  in  habit. 
Also  fibrous,  concentric,  radiated.  Reniform  and  granular. 

Cleavage:  clinodiagonal,  perfect.  H.  =2.  G.  =  2'96  Spain;  3'11  Laurium. 
Luster  pearly  on  face  of  cleavage ;  silky  when  fibrous.  Color  apple-green.  Trans- 
lucent to  transpareyt. 

Optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  and  Bxa  J_  b.  Dispersion  p  >  v  strong,  also  crossed. 
Axial  angles,  Dx. : 

Spain  2Hr •=  105°  30'-106°  32'  Laurium  2Hr  =  110°  20'-112°  20" 

Comp. — A  hydrous  arsenate  of  nickel  and  magnesium,  (Ni,Mg)3As,08  +  8H20. 
Cobalt,  iron  also  replace  part  of  the  nickel.  If  Ni  :  Mg  =  3:1,  the  formula 
requires:  Arsenic  pentoxide  40*2,  nickel  protoxide  29-3,  magnesia  5 -3,  water  25*2 
=  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Ferber,  1.  c.  2,  Frenzel,  Jb.  Min.,  682,  1874.  3,  Darnour,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  1, 
77,  1878. ' 

As20.       NiO         CoO       FeO       MgO       H2O 

1.  Spain  G.  =  2'96  42'37        20'01        4'06          —         9'29        25'80     =     101 '53 

2.  "  G.  =  2-92  41-42        25'03        1'49  6'94        2578     =     100-66 

3.  Laurium        G.  =  3'11  41  "40        28'72         tr.         2'01        4'64        23'11     =      99'88 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  yields  water  and  becomes  grayish  yellow.  B.B.  in  R.F. 
Infusible;  on  charcoal  gives  arsenical  fumes. 

Obs.— From  the  Sierra  Cabrera,  Spain,  in  a  gangue  of  brown  spar,  which  is  connected  with 
the  Mountain  Limestone  and  argillaceous  schist;  similarly  associated  at  the  zinc  mines  of 
Laurium,  Greece.  Results  from  the  alteration  of  arsenides  of  nickel  and  cobalt. 

Ref.— '  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  1,  75,  1878. 

604.  KOTTIGITE.    Zinkarseniat  Otto  Kottig,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  48,  183,  1849;  Naumann,  ib., 
p.  256.     Kottigite  Dana,  Min.,  487,  1850. 

Monoclinic,  isomorphous  with  vivianite,  ~bm  =  53°,  an  (100  A 101)  =  39°  Groth1. 
Massive,  or  in  crusts,  with  crystalline  surface  and  fibrous  structure. 

Cleavage:  clinodiagonal,  perfect.  H.  =  2*5-3.  Gr.  =  3'1.  Luster  of  surface 
of  fracture  silky.  Color  light  carmine-  and  peach-blossom-red.  Streak  reddish 
white.  Translucent  to  subtranslucent.  An  axis  of  elasticity  in  b  inclined  37°  to  6. 

Comp.— Hydrous  zinc  arsenate,  Zn,As908  -+-  8H20  =  Arsenic  pentoxide  37*3, 
ainc  oxide  39'4,  water  23*3  =  100.  Cobalt  and  nickel  replace  part  of  the  zinc. 

Anal.— Kottig,  1.  c. 

As2O5  [37  17]  ZnO  30'52  CoO  6'91  NiO  2'00          CaO  tr.          H2O  23-40  -  100 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  much  water,  and  at  a  higher  temperature  a  faint  crys- 
talline sublimate  of  arsenic  trioxide.  B.B.  fuses  easily,  coloring  the  flame  blue;  on  charcoal  in 
R.F.  gives  copious  fumes  of  arsenic  and  coats  the  coal  with  zinc  oxide;  with  soda  the  coating  is 
much  more  marked,  and  is  yellow  while  hot  and  white  on  cooling;  this  moistened  with  cobalt 
solution  and  heated  in  O.F.  assumes  a  green  color.  With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  a 
cobalt-blue  glass. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  smaltite  at  the  cobalt  mine  Daniel,  near  Schneeberg.  The  color  is  owing 
partly  to  the  arsenate  of  cobalt  in  the  mineral. 

Ref.—1  Min.-Samml.  Strassb.,  166,  1878. 


820  PH08PHATES,   ARSENATES,  ETC. 

605.  RHABDOPHANITE.    Rhabdophane  Letlsom,  Zs.  Kr.,  3,   191,  1878;  Proc.  Cryst. 
Soc.,  105,  1882;  L.  de  Boisbaudran,  C.  K.,  86,  1028,  1878.     bcovillite  G.  J.  Brush  and  ti.  L.  ten- 
fold, Am.  J.  be.,  25,  459,  1888.     Skovillit. 

Massive,  small  mammillary,  globular  with  indistinct  fibrous  structure.  Also  as 
an  incrustation,  botryoidal  or  stalactitic,  with  radiated  fibrous  structure. 

Fracture  uneven.  H.  =  3 -5.  G.  =  3 -94-4-01  scovillite.  Luster  greasy. 
Color  brown,  pinkish  or  yellowish  white.  Translucent.  Optically  uniaxial,  posi- 
tive, Bertrand1.  Shows  the  spectroscopic  absorption-bands  for  didymium  and 
erbium. 

Comp. — A  hydrous  phosphate  of  metals  of  the  cerium  and  yttrium  groups, 
RP04  -\-  H20  or  R303.P206.2HaO.  Assuming  the  relation  of  yttrium  to  cerium  metals 
as  1  :  4,  the  percentage  composition  is:  Pa06  28-4,  (Y,Er)aOs  ll'l,  (La,Di)aO.  53-3, 
HaO  7-2  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Hartley,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  41,  210,  1882,  as  recalc.  by  Brush  and  Peufield.  2,  Brush 
and  Peufield,  1.  c.  and  ibid.,  27,  200,  1884. 

Pa06         (Y,Er)aO3    (La,Di)3O3          H2O 

1.  Rhabdophantie  26'26  65-75  .  7'99     =     100 

2.  JScovillite  29'10  9  93  53'82  6'86    Fe2O,  0'29  =  100 

The  original  analysis  of  scovillite  (Penfield)  gave:  P2O5  24*94,  (Y,Er)2O3  8'51,  (La,Di)2O, 
55-17,  Fe203  0'25,  combined  H2O  5'88,  H2O  lost  at  100°  1'49,  CO2  3'59  =  99'83.  Tbe  authors 
conclude  that  the  CO2  is  due  to  an  admixed  mineral  having  the  composition  R2O3.3CO2.3H2O, 
and  deducting  this  the  result  above  given  is  obtained.  Hartley  obtained,  excluding  5*69 
impurities:  P2O5  24'64,  (Ce,La,Di,Y)2O3  61 '69,  H2O  combined  7'50,  A12O3,  Fe2O3,  CaO,  MgO 
with  some  P2O5  T93,  8iOa  3'76  =  99*52;  another  determination  gave:  Ce2O3  23*19,  Y2O3  2*09. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  infusible.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  and  borax  gives  a  rose-colored  bead 
in  both  flames.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

O'bs.—Rhabdophanite  is  known  only  in  a  few  specimens  obtained  from  Cornwall  prior  to 
1820;  it  was  taken  for  brown  sphalerite,  some  varieties  of  which  it  resembles  rather  closely. 
Named  from  pa/JdoS,  rod,  and  (paivea&ai,  to  appear,  in  allusion  to  the  absorption-bands  seen 
in  its  spectrum. 

ticomllite  occurs  sparingly  in  thin  pinkish  or  yellowish  incrustations  on  limonite  and 
pyrolusite  at  the  Scoville  ore  bed  in  Salisbury,  Conn. 

Ref.— »  Bull.  Soc.  Mm.,  3,  58,  1880. 

606.  OHURCHITE.    A  new  British  mineral  containing  cerium,  A.  H.  Church,  Ch.  News, 
12,  121,  186.).     Churchite  C.  G.Williams,  ib.,  183.     Hydrated  cerous  phosphate  Church,  J.  Ch. 
Soc.,  18,  259,  1865. 

Monoclinic?  In  fan-like  aggregations  of  minute  crystals.  Also  radiated 
columnar. 

Cleavage  perfect  in  one  direction.  Fracture  conchoidal.  H.  =  3-3*5. 
G  .=  3-14  approx.  Luster  vitreous;  pearly  on  cleavage  plane.  Color  pale  smoke- 
gray,  tinged  with  flesh-red.  Streak  white.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Doubly 
refracting. 

Comp. — A  hydrous  phosphate  of  cerium  (didymium)  and  calcium,  RP04H-  2H,0 
or  KsPaO8  -h  4H20.     If  Ce203  :  CaO  =  5:3,  the  formula   requires:    Phosphorus 
jpentoxide  27'5,  cerium  oxide  53*2,  lime  5 -4,  water  13'9  =  100. 
Anal.— Church,  1.  c. 

P2O6  Ce2O3  CaO  H2O 

28  48  51-87  5'42  14'93    F  tr.  =  100'70 

C.  G.  Williams  (1.  c.)  has  proved  churchite  to  contain  didymium. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  in  tube  yields  acid  water,  becoming  opaque.  In  outer  flame  becomes 
reddish,  and  difficultly  fusible  With  borax  in  outer  flame  gives  a  bead  which  is  orange-yellow 
and  opaline  while  hot,  and  colorless  or  slightly  amethystine  when  cold. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Cornwall,  in  a  copper  lode,  as  a  coating  one-tenth  of  an  inch  thick  on  quartz 
and  argillaceous  schist. 

Named  after  Prof .  A.  H.  Church,  of  Cirencester,  England. 


SCORODITE  GROUP— SCORODITE. 


821 


Scorodite  Group.     Orthorhombic. 

607.  SCORODITE.  Cupreous  Arsenate  of  Iron.  Cupro-martial  Arsenate  Bourn.,  Phil. 
Trans.,  191,  1801.  Martial  Arsenate  of  Copper.  Cuivre  arseuiate  ferrifere^,  Tabl.,  91,  1809. 
Scorodit  Breith.,  Hoffm.  Handb.,  4,  2,  182,  1817.  Scorodite  and  Neoctese  Bend.,  2,  605,  607, 
1832;  Dx.,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  10,  402,  1844.  Arseniksiuter,  Eisensinter,  Hermann,  Bull.  Soc. 
Imp.  Nat.  Moscou,  1,  254,  1845.  Kobalt-scorodit  Lippmann,  v.  Hornberg,  Zool.  Min.  Ver. 
Regensb.,  11,  172. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0*86578  :  1  :  0-95414  Rath1. 
100  A  HO  =  40°  53J',  001  A  101  =  47°  46f ',  001  A  Oil  =  43 


Forms  2  : 

c    (001,  0) 

h  (340,  »vf)* 

n  (201,  2-i) 

i 

(112,  i) 

a   (100,  i-l) 
b   (010,  a'-*) 

m  (110,  /) 

d  (120,  i-2) 

e 

(012,  - 

H)                1>011,  l) 
9  (121,  2-2) 

mm     — 

81° 

46' 

mi  = 

53° 

55' 

ii"    = 

72° 

10' 

pp'"  = 

*65° 

20' 

dd'      = 

60° 

1' 

mp  = 

34° 

27' 

ii"'  = 

45° 

21' 

88'        = 

54' 

11' 

nn'      = 

131° 

llf 

ds    = 

24° 

24^' 

PP'  = 

*77° 

8* 

99"      = 

131* 

11' 

ee'        = 

51° 

ii'    = 

52° 

53' 

PP"  = 

111° 

6' 

99'"     = 

104° 

6' 

3. 


Fig.  1,  Common  form.     2,  3,  Ural,  Erem  (r  =  16-17-16).    4,  Dernbach,  after  Rath. 

Habit  octahedral,  also  prismatic  (d),  less  often  tabular  ||  a.  Crystals  aggregated 
in  irregular  groups.  Also  earthy,  amorphous. 

Cleavage :  d  imperfect ;  «,  b  in  traces.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.=  3-5-4. 
G.  =  3-1-3-3.  Luster  vitreous  to  subadamantine  and  subresinous.  Color  pale 
leek-green  or  liver-brown.  Streak  white.  Subtransparent  to  translucent. 

Optically  -+-.     Ax.  pi.  ||  a.     Bx  J_  c.     Ax.  angles : 

2Ha.r  =  76°  43^'    .-.  2Er  =  130°  58'          Also  (meas.)  2Er  =  115°  43'  at  17°  C.,  116°  56' at 76° -5 
2Ha.y  =  76°    5'      .  \  2Ey  =  129°  32' 
2Ha.bl  =  72°  44'      .  -.  2Ebi  =  122°  25'  Dx.* 

Comp.— Hydrous  ferric  arsenate,  FeAs04  -f  2H20  or  Fe,0,.As205.4HaO  = 
Arsenic  pentoxide  49-8,  iron  sesquioxide  34*6,  water  15*6  =  100. 

Anal.— 1-4,  Damour,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  10,  412,  1844.     5,  Raimondi,  Min.  Perou,  228,  1878. 
Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  574. 


1.  Vaulry,  green  crystals          G.  =  3 '11 

2.  Cornwall,  blue  crystals 

3.  Saxony,  bluish 

4.  Brazil,  Neoctese  G.  =  3 '18 

5.  Peru,  earthy 


As2O6 

FeaO, 

H,O 

50-95 

31-89 

15-64 

= 

98-48 

51-06 

32-74 

1568 

— 

9948 

52-16 

33-00 

15-58 

— 

100-74 

50-96 

33-20 

15-70 

= 

99-86 

500 

35-7 

14-5 

=r 

100-2 

An  Iron-sinter  (Eisensinter,  Arseniksinter)  from  Nerchinsk,  analyzed  by  Hermann,  1.  c.,  is 
an  amorphous  scorodite. 


822 


PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,  ETC. 


Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  yields  neutral  water  and  turns  yellow.  B.B.  fuses  easily, 
coloring  the  flame  blue.  B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  arseuical  fumes,  and  with  soda  a  black  magnetic 
scoria.  With  the  fluxes  reacts  for  iron.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — Found  of  brown  color  in  the  granitic  mountains  of  ISchwarzenberg,  in  Saxony,  asso- 
ciated with  arseuopyrite;  at  Dernbach,  Nassau;  at  Lolling,  near  Hiltteuberg  in  Carinthia,  with 
lolliugite;  at  Chauteloube,  near  Limoges;  at  Nerchinsk,  Siberia,  in  fine  crystals;  also  'as  an 
amorphous  crust  or  iron-sinter  on  beryl,  topaz,  and  quartz;  leek-green,  in  the  Cornish  mines, 
coating  cavities  of  ferruginous  quartz;  at  the  Minas  Geraes,  in  Brazil;  in  Popayau;  Dist.  Lucma, 
Peru,  in  an  earthy  form,  at  the  gold  mines  of  Victoria,  in  Australia,  in  quartz  with  arseuopyrite 
and  gold. 

Occurs  in  minute  crystals  and  druses,  of  leek-green  and  greenish  white  colors,  near  Eden- 
ville,  N.  Y.,  with  arsenopyrite,  irou-sintep,  etc.,  in  white  limestone;  in  Cabarrus  Co.,  N.  C.,  on 
G.  Luderick's  farm,  in  aggregations  of  greenish  white,  brownish  green  and  leek-green  crystals; 
coating  cavities  of  quartz  and  limonite  with  copper  ores  and  pyrite.  In  Northern  Alabama  with 
arsenopyrite.  In  Utah,  Tintic  district,  at  the  Mammoth  mine  on  enargite  associated  with  pharma- 
cosiderite  and  various  copper  arsenates;  at  the  Horn  Silver  mine,  Utah.  As  a  thin  amorphous 
incrustation  on  the  siliceous  sinter  of  the  geysers  and  hot  springs  of  the  Yellowstone  region;  thus 
at  the  Joseph  Coat  Springs  .and  elsewhere  (Hague,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  34,  171,  1887);  also  at  the 
Steamboat  Springs,  Nevada. 

The  cobalt-scorodite  of  Lippmann  (1.  c.)  occurs  in  bluish  crystals  with  quartz  and  hypo- 
chlorite,  at  Schneeberg;  it  has  not  been  analyzed. 

Named  from  (TKopodor,  garlic,  alluding  to  the  odor  before  the  blowpipe. 

Alt. — Scorodite  occurs  altered  to  limonite. 

Artif. — Formed  iri  crystals  like  the  natural  mineral  (G.  =  3'28)  by  the  action  of  arsenic  acid 
on  metallic  iron  in  sealed  tubes  at  a  high  temperature,  Verneuil  and  Bourgeois,  Bull.  Soc.  Min., 
3,  32,  1880. 

Ref.— '  Dernbach,  Nassau,  Jb.  Min.,  396,  1876.  2  Dx.,  Ann.  Ch.,  Phys.,  10,  402,  1844; 
cf.  Mir.,  Min.,  p.  411,  1852,  Kk.,  Min.  Russl.,  6,  307,  1874,  Rath,  I.e.  a  Eiem.,  Ural,  Vh. 
Min.  Ges.,  20,  185,  1885  (Jb.  Min.,  1,  3  ref.,  1889),  also  the  vicinal  pyramids  ju  =  19'19-20, 
T  =  16-17-16.  4  Propr.  Opt.,  1,  60,  1857;  N.  R.,  89,  1867. 

JOGYNAITE  JV.  Nofdenskiold.  An  earthy  mineral,  formed  from  the  decomposition  of 
arsenopyrite,  and  referred  to  scorodite.  Occurs  with  beryl  from  the  Adun-Clialon  Mts., 
Nerchinsk,  Siberia.  See  v.  Koksharov,  Bull.  Acad.  St.  Pet.,  19,  571, 1873. 


608.  STRENGITE.    A.  Nies,  Jb.  Min.,  p.  8,  1877. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  1 :  6  =  0-86517  :  1  :  0-98272  Bruhns  and  Busz1. 
100  A  HO  =  40°  52',  001  A  101  =  48°  384',  °01  A  Oil  =  44°  30'. 
Forms1 :  a  (100,  i-l),  k  (430,  £f )9,  d  (120,  i-2);  /(302,  fi)2;  g  (805,  f-i)8,  e  (012,  f  $)2,  p  (111,  1), 
'15-12-10,  |-f)2?. 


kk'"  =  65° 
dd'  =  60° 
jf  =  119° 


11' 


gg'  =  122°  21 
etf  =  52°  20' 
ap  =  50°  59' 


pp'    =  *78°     I 
pp"  =  112°  41' 


PP 
bn 


=  *65°  59'  50" 
=     62°  33' 


Crystals  rare;  in  habit  and  angle  near  scorodite;  also  prismatic  by  extension 

of  macrodomes.  Generally  in  spherical 
and  botryoidai  forms,  aggregates  with 
radiated  fibrous  structure,  and  drusy  sur- 
face. 

Cleavage:  a  imperfect.  H.  =  3-4. 
G.  =  2-87.  Luster  vitreous,  brilliant. 
Color  peach-blossom-red,  carmine-red,  and 
various  other  shades;  sometimes  nearly 
colorless.  Streak  yellowish  white.  Trans- 
lucent to  transparent.  Bx  J_  c.  Ax.  angle 
60°  approx.,  Bruhns  &  Busz3. 

Comp. — H  y  d  r  o  u  s   ferric   phosphate, 


EleouoreM.,Nies. 


Virginia,  Ayres. 


FeP04  -f  2H20   or   Fea03.P206.4H,0  = 


Phosphorus  pentoxide  38*0,  iron  sesquioxide  42-7,  water  19*3  =  100. 
Anal.— 1,  Nies,  1.  c.     2,  Koenig,  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.,  277,  1877. 


1.  Eleonore  Mine  G.  =  2'87 

2.  Rockbridge  Co. ,  Va. 


P,05 

37-82 
39-30 


Fe20s 
43-65 
42-30 


H20 
19-61 
19-87 


iusol.  0-15  =  101-23 
=  101-47 


PHOSPHOSIDERITE. 


823 


Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  readily  to  a  black  shining  bead,  coloring  the  flame  bluish  green. 
Iron  reaction  with  borax.  Dissolves  easily  in  warm  hydrochloric  acid;  in  nitric  acid  insoluble. 

Obs. —  Occurs  with  cacoxenite,  at  the  Eleouore  iron  mine  on  the  Diiusberg,  near  Giesseu; 
also  in  colorless  crystals  with  eleouorite,  at  the  Kothliiufcheu  mine,  near  Waldgirmes,  in  the 
same  region;  also  the  Jakobssegen  mine  near  Bremthal  in  the  Tauuus.  In  distinct  crystals, 
pink  to  red,  in  cavities  in  dufrenite,  from  llockbridge  Co.,  Va.,  sometimes  like  f.  1  in  habit, 
also  f.  2.  Named  after  Prof.  A.  Streug,  of  Giesseu. 

Ref.— '  Zs.  Kr.,  17,  558,  1890.  The  results  of  Mes,  1.  c.,  were  deduced  from  111  A  111  = 
77°  46',  111  A  111  =  64°  52',  120  A  120  =  61°  24'. 

2  E.  F.  Ayres,  priv.  coutr.     The  crystals  examined  were  in  part  like  f.  1  with  also  another 
brachy  pyramid,  s  in  part  (f.  2)  prismatic  |  axis  b.     The  last  named  are  like  the  crystals  figured 
and  imperfectly  described  by  Koeirig,  and  formed  the  material  of  anal.  2.     The  suggestion, 
therefore,  that  they  belonged  to  phosphosiderite  (cf.  f.  1,  below)  does  not  seem  applicable 
unless,  indeed,  the  latter  is  merely  a  form  of  strengite.     The  angles  measured  by  Koenig  and 
Ayres  are  as  follows:  bk  =  58°  K,  57°  52'  A;  bd  =  30°  29'  A;  ff'"  =  62°  35'  K;  gg'"  =  57°  40'  K, 
58°  24'  A;  bn  =  62°  53'  A. 

3  Cf.  phosphosiderite  below. 

Artif. — Rose-red  microscopic  crystals  having  the  composition  of  strengite  have  been  obtained 
by  A.  de  Schulten  by  heating  a  solution  of  FeCl3.6H2O  with  phosphoric  acid  solution  in  a  closed 
tube  at  180°-190°  C.  They  are,  however,  monoclinic,  tabular  |  b  (010)  with  ft  —  65°.  Extinc- 
tion inclined  38°  to  edge  a/b.  Twins  a  (100)  and  c  (001).  Ax.  plane  \  b  (010).  C.  R.,  100, 1522, 
1885. 


609.  PHOSPHOSIDERITE.     W.  Bruhns  and  K.  Busz,  Zs.  Kr.,  17,  555,  1890. 
Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-53302  :  1  :  0-87723  Bruhns  &  Busz1. 
100  A  HO  =  28°  3£',  001  A  101  =  58°  43',  001  A  Oil  =  41°  15J'. 

Forms  :  c  (001,  0)  n  (210,  t-2)  g  (034,  f-S)  d  (111,  1) 

a  (100,  i-i)  p  (710,  i-1)  m(110,  /)  h  (Oil,  14)  t  (771,  7) 

b  (010,  i-l)  o  (410,  U)  e  (101,  1-1)  t  (041,  4-1) 

The  form  is  not  far  from  that  of  strengite  (cf.  ref.  ])  and  the  chemical  composition  differs 
only  in  the  amount  of  water,  but  it  does  not  seem  possible  to  unite  the  two  species. 


oo"  =  15°  11' 
nn'"  =  29°  51' 
mm'"  =  56°  T 
bm  =  *61°  56*' 


ee'  =  117°  26' 
•  ce  =*58°43' 
gg  =  66°  41' 
hh'  =  82°  31' 


it'  =  148°  11' 
dd'  =  102°  6' 
dd"  =  123°  36' 


dd'"  =  48°  59' 
cd  =  61°  48' 
ci  =  85°  37' 


In  prismatic  crystals,  with,  b  prominent;  faces  mostly  rough  and  not  allowing 
of  exact  measurement. 

Cleavage:  b  perfect.  H.  =  3-75.  G.  =  2'76.  Color 
peach-blossom-red  or  reddish  violet.  Transparent. 

Pleochroism  distinct  :  c  nearly  colorless  ;  b  carmine-red  ; 
a  pale  rose.  Optically  -f  .  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bx  J_  c.  Axial 
angle  large.  Dispersion  strong,  p  >  v. 

2Ky  =  62°  55'      2Ey  =  126°  26'  Na      /3y  =  1'7315      .'.    2Vy  =  62°  4' 


rn 


m 


H2O  17-26  =  100-41 


Comp.—  2FeP04  -f  3iH20  or  Fe203.P305.3£H20  =  Phos- 
phoric pentoxide  38-9,  iron  sesquioxide  43'8,  water  17*3  = 
100. 

Anal.  —  Bruhns  &  Busz,  1.  c. 

f    P206  38-85  Fe2O3  44-30 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  becomes  yellow  and  opaque,  giving  off  water  without  decrepi- 
tation. B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  black  magnetic  bead.  Soluble  completely  in  hydrochloric  acid; 
nearly  insoluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs.—  Found  in  cavities  in  an  iron  ore  (Pecheisenstein)  from  the  Kalterborn  mine,  near 
Eiserfeld,  Siegen  mining  district,  Germany. 

Ref.—1  L.  c.  By  making  the  cleavage  face  =  001  and  m  (110)  =  021  Bruhns  &  Busz 
calculate  the  axes: 

d  :  b  :  i  =  0'82285  :  1  :  0-93805, 

which  are  not  very  far  from  the  axes  of  strengite.     The  two  minerals  differ,  however,  in  optical 
orientation  as  well  as  chemically. 


824  PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,   ETC. 

610.  BARRANDITE.     Ban-audit  v.  Zepharomch,  Bcr.  Ak.  Wien,  56  (1),  20,  1867. 

In  spheroidal  concretions,  indistinctly  radiated  fibrous,  with  the  surface  crys- 
talline angular;  concentric  in  structure. 

H.  =  4'5.  G.  =  2-576.  Luster  between  vitreous  and  greasy.  Color  pale 
bluish,  reddish,  greenish  or  yellowish  gray.  Streak  yellowish  to  bluish  white. 
Translucent  to  opaque. 

Comp.— (Al,Fe)P04  -f  2H20  or  (Al,Fe)203.P205.4H20.     If  Al  :  Fe  =  3  :  4  the 
percentage  composition  is:  Phosphorus  pentoxide  40*7,  alumina  12*5,  iron  sesqui- 
oxide  26-2,  water  20'6  =  100. 
Anal. — E.  Boricky,  1.  c. 

P2O6  39-68  A12O3  12-74-  Fe2O3  26'58  H2O  21-00  =  100 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water  with  an  acid  reaction.  B.B.  splits  open  and  becomes  darker  in 
color;  moistened  with  sulphuric  acid  colors  the  flame  bluish  green.  Soluble  in  hot  hydro- 
chloric acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Cerhovic,  N.K.W.  of  Pfibram,  in  Bohemia,  in  clefts  in  a  Lower  Silurian 
sandstone,  with  cacoxenite  and  stilpnosiderite;  the  translucent  globules  |  to  l|mm.  iu  diameter, 
and  having  within  some  resemblance  to  opal;  the  opaque  variety  without  luster;  sometimes  a 
grain  of  lunonite  at  center,  and  particles  of  the  same  as  impurity. 

Alt. — Stated  to  give  origin  by  alteration  to  dufrenite,  similar  globules  and  fibrous  crusts  at 
the  locality  having  the  composition  of  the  latter  mineral. 

611.  VARISCITE.    Variscite  Breithaupt,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  10,  506,  1837. 
Orthorhombic.      Axes  &  :  I  =   0'648  :  1;    100    A    HO   =   32°   57'   Chester1. 

Observed  forms:  a  (100,  i-i),  b  (010,  i-t),  c(001,  0),  m  (110,  /);  mm"'  =  *65°  54'. 

Crystals  prismatic,  usually  six-sided,  but  rarely  distinct.  Commonly  in  sheaf- 
like  aggregates  and  incrustations  with  reniform  surface. 

H.  =  4.  Luster  vitreous,  brilliant.  Color  deep  emerald-green,  bluish  green 
to  colorless.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Indices  y  —  a  =  0-0173  Lex. 

Comp.— A1P04  +  2H20  or  A1203.P305.4H20  =  Phosphorus  pentoxide  44-9, 
alumina  32'3,  water  22 '8  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Petersen,  Jb.  Min.,  357,  1871.     2,  Chester,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  13,  295, 1877. 

P2O5    A190,    H2O 

1.  Voigtland    G.  =  2'408          44'05    3125    22'85  Cr2O3,Fe3O,,FeO  1'21,  CaO  0'18,  MgO  0-41 

2.  Arkansas  f  44-85    31'85    23'80  =  100  [=  99'95 

From  2  an  insoluble  residue  of  50-70  p.  c.  has  been  deducted. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water  in  a  matrass.  B.B.  in  the  forceps  infusible,  but  becomes  white; 
in  the  outer  flame,  colors  the  flame  deep  bluish  green;  with  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  forms 
a  pale  yellowish  green  glass;  with  soda  fuses  with  effervescence,  but  imperfectly;  with  cobalt 
solution  becomes  blue. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  quartz  and  siliceous  slate  at  Messbach  near  Plaiien  in  Saxon  Voigtland. 
In  Montgomery  Co.,  Arkansas,  on  quartz.  Named  from  Variscia  (Voigtland). 

Ref.— '  Arkansas,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  15,  207,  1878. 

PLANERITE  Hermann,  Bull  Soc.  Nat.  Mosc.,  35  (2),  240,  1862.  A  mineral  from  the  copper 
mines  of  Gumeshevsk,  in  the  Ural.  Occurs  in  thin  subcrystalline,  botrypidal  layers  in  the 
cavities  of  a  quartz  rock.  H.  —  5;  G.  —  2'65.  Color  on  fresh  surface  verdigris-green,  passing 
to  olive-green  on  exposure  to  the  air.  Luster  dull.  Translucent  on  the  edges,  y  —  a  =  0'0173, 
like  variscite,  Lex.  Analysis  afforded: 

P2O.  33-94  A12O8  37  48  CuO  3'72  FeO  3'52  H2O  20'93  =  99 '59 

iiermann  regards  the  hydrated  oxides  of  iron  and  copper  as  unessential,  as  in  many  other 
aluminous  phosphates,  turquois,  pegauite,  fischerite,  etc. 

B.B.  in  tube  decrepitates,  yielding  much  neutral  water.  Easily  soluble  in  borax,  giving 
copper  reaction.  Only  slightly  attacked  by  acids,  but  easily  decomposed  by  boiling  with 
caustic  soda.  Named  after  Planer,  director  of  the  mines. 

AMPHITHALITE.  Amfitbalit  Igelstrom,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  23,  93,  1866.  B.  H.  Ztg.,  25, 
309,  1866. 

Massive.     H.  —  6      Color  milk  white.     Subtransluceut.     Analysis. — Igelstrom: 

P,O63006    A12O,  48-50    MgO  1 -55    CaO  5  76    H2O  12-47   FeO,MnO  tr.  =  98'34 


CALLAINITE  -ZEPHARO  VICHITE—KONINCKITE.  825 

B.B.  infusible.  Insoluble  in  acids.  Occurs  in  the  quartzyte  of  Horrsjoberg,  Wermland, 
with  lazulite,  rutile,  and  cyanite.  Named  from  djA<J>t&a\.ii$,  becrowned.  since  it  usually  occurs 
surrounded  by  other  beautiful  minerals,  though  unattractive  itself.  Groth  refers  this  to  the 
doubtful  berlinite  (A1PO4  -j-  ±H2O?)  which  is  mentioned  on  p.  847. 

612.  CALLAINITE.     ?  Callaina  Plin.,   37,   33.      Turquois  pt.     Callais  Damour.   C.  R., 
59,  936,  1864.     Callaiuite  Dana. 

Massive.     Texture  wax-like. 

H.  =  3 "5-4.  G.  =  2-50-2 '52.  Color  apple-green  to  emerald-green,  spotted 
or  lined  with  whitish  and  bluish.  Translucent. 

Comp — A1P04  +  2|HQ0   or   AlaO,.Pa06.5H,0  =  Phosphorus  pentoxide  42'6, 
alumina  30'5,  water  26 '9  =  100. 
Anal.— A.  Damour,  1.  c. 

P2O5         A12O3       Fe2O,    Mn2O3     CaO          H2O 

42-58         29-57         1-82         tr.         0'70         23 -62  sand  2 -10  =  100 '39 

Pyr.,  etc.— When  heated  yields  water,  and  becomes  opaque,  chocolate-brown,  and  friable. 
B.B.  infusible. 

Obs. — From  a  Celtic  grave,  near  Mane-er  H'roek  in  Lockmariaquer,  in  rounded  pieces  from 
the  size  of  a  flax-seed  to  that  of  a  pigeon's  egg,  and  found  in  the  collections  of  the  Polymathic 
Society  of  Morbihan,  in  western  France. 

Damour  makes  this  mineral  the  callais  of  Pliny,  and  especially  in  view  of  its  green  color. 
But  the  callais  was  blue,  and  the  green  stone  really  related  to  it  was  probably  the  callaina  (see 
p.  845).  Yet,  as  this  identity  is  not  established,  the  name  callainite  is  better  than  Pliny's  name 
unmodified. 

613.  ZEPHAROVICHITE.    E.  Boricky,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  59  (1),  593.  1869. 
Crystalline  to  compact,  horn-like  in  aspect.      Fracture  couchoidal.     H.  =  5'5.     G.  =  2'37. 

Color  greenish,  yellowish  or  grayish  white.     Translucent. 

Comp.— A1PO4.3H2O  =  Phosphorus  pentoxide  40'3,  alumina  29'0,  water  30'7  =  100. 

P2OB  A12O3  Fe3O  CaO  MgO  H2O  quartz 

1.  35-56  29-77          —  1-07  (HI  26'70  5'46     =  98-97 

2.  37-46  28-44  054         tr.  26'57  6'05     =  9906 

3.  37-80  29-60  0'86  1-38  28*98  0'46     =  99 -08 

Nos.  1  and  2  contained  intermingled  wavellite,  and  No.  3  an  earthy  gibbsite.  Boricky 
thinks  the  analyses  prove  the  mineral  to  be  essentially  an  aluminium  phosphate  with  3  molecules 
H2O.  It  is,  however,  to  be  noted  that  this  differs  from  callainite  above  only  in  containing  1 
molecule  more  of  water,  and  analysis  2,  after  deduction  of  the  6  04  of  quartz,  gives:  P2OB  40  28, 
AlaOs  30-57,  CaO  0'58,  H2O  28  56,  a  result  which  approaches  the  figures  given  by  Damour  in 
his  analysis  of  callainite.  The  species,  therefore,  must  be  regarded  as  a  doubtful  one. 

Occurs  in  sandstone  at  Trenic  in  Bohemia. 

Named  for  Prof.  V.  von  Zepharovich  (1830-1890). 

GIBBSITE.  A  so-called  gibbsite  stated  to  have  come  from  Richmond,  Mass.,  and  to  occur 
with  the  true  gibbsite  (aluminium  hydrate  —  hydrargillite,  p.  254)  has  given  Hermann,  J.  pr. 
Ch.,  40,  32,  1847;  also  47,  1,  1849: 

P2O5  37-62  A1203  26  66  H2O  35'72     =     100 

This  corresponds  nearly  to  A1PO4  -f-  4H2O.  but  the  occurrence  is  not  above  question.     The 
substance  was  called  richmondite  by  Kenngott  (cf.  p.  255). 

Genth  also  mentions  a  gibbsite  of  Hermann,  occurring  in.  scales  on  wavellite  from  Gen. 
Trimble's  farm   near  White   Horse   Station,   Chester  Valley  R    R.   (locality   formerly   called 
'  Steamboat ").     He  says  it  is  a  phosphate  corresponding  with  peganite  but  containing  more 
water. 

614.  KONINCKITE.     Cesdro,  Ann.  Soc.  G.  Belg.  Mem.,  11,  247,  1883-84. 

In  small  spherical  aggregates  of  radiating  needles;  in  one  case  terminated  by  an  oblique 
plane 

Cleavage  transverse.  H.  =  3 '5.  G.  =  2 '3.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  and  streak  yellow. 
Transparent.  Extinction  parallel. 

Comp.— FePO4  +  3H2O  or  Fe2O3.P2O5.6H2O  =  Phosphorus  pentoxide  34'6,  iron  sesqui- 
oxide  :#-0.  water  26'4  =  100. 

Anal. — Cesaro,  1.  c. 

|  P2O5  34-8  Fe2O3  33  8  AlaOd  4'6  H2O  26'8  =  100 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  easily.     Soluble  in  strong  acids. 
Obs.— Occurs  with  richellite  at  Kichelle  near  Vise,  Belgium. 
Named  for  the  Belgian  geologist,  L.  G.  de  Koninck  (1809-1887). 


826 


PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,  ETC. 


Hydrous  Phosphates,  etc.— Acid  Division. 

a:i:6  ft 

615.  Stercorite        H(NH4)NaP04  +  4H20  Monoclinic  2-8828  :  1  :  1-8617  80 

&  :l:6 

616.  Haidingerite   HCaAs04  +  H,0      Orthorhombic      0*8391  :  1 :  0*4990 


Pharmacolite  Group.     Monoclinic. 


617.  Pharmacolite 

618.  Brushite 


HCaAs04  +  2H2 
HCaP04  +  2H30 


a  :t:6 

0*6137  :  1  :  0-3622 
0*6221  :  1  :  0*3415 


83°  13' 

84°  45' 


619.  Metabrushite        2HCaP04  +  3H,0  Monoclinic 

620.  Martinite  H2Ca5(P04)4  +  iH20?      Rhombohedral 


&  : 


621.  Newberyite  HMgP04  +  3H30     Orthorhombic    0*9548  :  1  :  0*9360 

a  :b:6  ft 

622.  Wapplerite  HCaAs04  +  3JH20  Monoclinic?  0*9125  :  1  :  0-2660    84°  35' 

623.  Hannayite  H4(NH4)2Mg3(P04)4  +  8HaO  Triclinic 

&  :  I  :  6  =.  0*6990  :  1  :  0*9748;  a  =  122°  31f,  ft  =  126°  46',  y  =  54°  9' 

a-.l:6  ft 

624.  Hureaulite  H2Mn5(P04)4+  4H20   Monoclinic  1*9192  :  1  :  0*5245   84°  1' 

625.  Forbesite  H2(Ni,Co)3As308  +  8H30? 


615.  STEROORITE.    Stercorite  Herapath,   Q.   J.   Ch.   Soc.,   1849.      Microcosmic  Salt. 
Native  Salt  of  Phosphorus.     Phosphorsalz  Germ. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  2*8828  :  1  :  1-8617;  ft  =  *80°  42J'  =  001  A  100 
Mitscherlich '. 

100  A  HO  =  70°  38' ,  001  A  101  =  29°  59J',  001  A  Oil  =  61°  26J'. 


Forms1  (artif.  cryst.): 
a  (100,  i-l) 
c  (001,  0) 


h    (310,  ^-3 
m  (110,  /) 


r  (101,  -  l-l) 
k  (201,  -  2-1) 


/  (101,  14)  n  (112,  -  i) 

x  (201,  24)  t  (112,  i) 


hh'"  =  86°  58' 
mm"'  =*141°  16' 
am  =  70°  38' 


cr  =  29 
ck  =  46° 
cf  =*35 


ex  =  58°  10' 
en  r=  42°  44i 
cm  =  86°  56' 


ct  =  45°  44' 
nn'  =  79°  46' 
«'  =  85°  9' 


Artif.  cryst.  prismatic  [  6  with  m  prominent  and  terminated  by  c  and  the 
dome/  (101),  also  other  forms.  Native  mineral  in  crystalline  masses  and  nodules. 

H.  =  2.  G.  =  1*615.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  white,  stained  yellowish 
brown.  Transparent.  Fragile.  Not  efflorescent.  Easily  soluble  in  hot  and 
cold  water. 


HAIDINGERITE—PHARMA  CO  LITE.  827 

Comp.— HlSTa(NH4)P04  -f  4H20  =  Phosphorus   pentoxide  34-7,  soda  15-1, 

ammonium  oxide  10'7,  water  39'5  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Herapath,  1.  c.     2,  Raimondi,  Min.  Perou,  28,  1878. 

P20S  Na,O       (NH4)2O        H2O 

1.  Icbaboe  34'33  15-75  7'68  42'24  =  100 

2.  Guanape  34'54  14-50  8'48  42'48  =  100 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  intumesces,  and  gives  off  water  and  ammonia,  colors  the  flame  momentarily 
a  faint  green,  and  fuses  to  a  transparent  colorless  glass,  soluble  in  boiling  water. 

Obs. — Found  in  guano  at  the  island  of  Ichaboe  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa,  and  named 
from  the  Latin  stercus,  dung.  Also  in  the  guano  of  the  Guanape  Islands  on  the  coast  of  Peru. 

This  species  is  identical  with  the  salt  of  phosphorus ,  used  as  a  flux  in  blowpipe  analysis. 

Ref.— i  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  19,  399,  1821. 

616.  HAIDINGERITE.     Turner,  Edinb.  J.  Sc.,  3,  308,  1825.      Diatomes  Gypshaloid, 
Haid.,  ib.,  303,  and  Pogg.,  5,  182,  1827. 

Orthorhombie. .   Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-83910  :  1 :  0-49895  Haidinger1. 
100  A  HO  =  40°  0',  001  A  101  =  30°  44|',  001  A  Oil  =  26°  31'. 

Forms:  b    (010,  i-l)  g  (102,  -H)  *'  (401,  4-i)  *  (421,  4-2) 

a  (100,  i-l)  m  (110,  /)  k  (201,  24)  t  (Oil,  14)  n  (542,  |-|) 

mm'"  =  *80°    0'  if  =  134°  24'  ««"  =  137°  37'  nn"  =  121°  38' 

gg'       =    33°    7'  it'  =  *53'    2'  *«"'  =    42°  17'  nn'"  =    58°  14' 

Mf      =    99°  53'  ss'  =  118°  35'  nn'  =    92°  55' 

Mostly  in  minute  crystals  aggregated  into  botryoidal  forms  and  drusy  crusts. 

Cleavage:  b  highly  perfect.  Sectile;  thin  laminae 
slightly  flexible.  H.  =  l'5-2'5.  G.  =  2-848.  Luster 
vitreous,  on  cleavage  face  pearly.  Streak  white.  Color 
white.  Transparent  to  translucent. 

Optically  -J-.  Ax.  pi.  ||  a.  Bx0  J_  ~b.  Ax.  angle 
large.  Refractive  index,  y  =  1'67,  Dx.2 

Comp.— HCaAsO,  +  H20  or  2CaO.As205.3H,0  = 
Arsenic  pentoxide  581,  lime  28-3,  water  13 -6  =  100. 

Pyr. — B.B.  like  pharmacolite.  Dissolves  easily  in  nitric 
acid. 

Obs.— The  single  original  specimen,  in  the  cabinet  of  R.  P. 
Greg,  Jr.,  was  of  uncertain  origin.  Later  observations  by 
Tschermak  show  that  the  locality  was  doubtless  Joachimsthal, 
where  it  occurs  with  pharmacolite.  Also  from  Wittichen  and  Alpirsbach,  Baden  (Sandberger). 

Named  after  the  Austrian  mineralogist  Wilhelm  von  Haidinger  (1797-1871). 

Ref.—1  L.  c.,  or  Pogg.,  5,  182,  1825.     2  Dx.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  11,  195,  1888. 

617.  PHARMAOOLITE.    Arseniksaurer  Kalk  (von  Wittichen)  Selb,  Scherer's  J.,  4,  537 
1800.     Pharrnakolit  Karsten.  Tab.,  75,  1800.      Arsenikbluthe    Wern.,  pt.  Arsenate  of  Lime. 
Chaux  arseniatee  Fr.     Arseuicite  Beud.,  Min.,  2,  593,  1832.      Hemiprismatischer  Gypshaloid, 
Haid.,  Pogg.,  5,  181,  1825. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-61373  :  1  :  0-36223;  ft  =  83°  13J'  =  001  A  100 
Schranf1. 

100  A  HO  =  31°  21^,  °01  A  101  =  32°  12£',  001  A  Oil  =  19°  47'. 

Forms':  c  (001,  0)  m  (110,  /)  d  (331,  —  3)4  x  (321,  3-f) 

5  (010,  i-l)  s  (310,  »'-3)  n  (Oil,  14)  it  (111,  I)3 

ss'"   =  22°  58'      cm  =  84°  13'      nn'  =  36°  14'     m'x  -  59°  19* 
mm'"  =  62°  43'      en  =  36°  28'      a»'  =  40°  56'      sx  =31°  3' 

nn"  =  89°  34'      ex  =  67°  24'      m'x  =  47°  45' 


828  PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,  ETC., 

Crystals  rare,  small;  in  habit  prismatic  ||  axis  a.  Faces  c,  n  often  striated 
|  edge  c/n.  Commonly  in  delicate  silky  fibers  or  acicular  crystallizations;  in 
stellated  groups.  Also  botryoidal  and  stalactitic  and  sometimes  massive. 

Cleavage:  b  perfect.     Fracture  uneven.     Flexible  in  thin  laminae.     H.  =  2- 
2'5.     G.  =  2'64-2-73.     Luster  vitreous-;  on  b  inclining  to  pearly.     Color  white  or 
grayish ;  frequently  tinged  red  by  arsenate  of  cobalt.     Streak  .white.     Translucent 
to  opaque. 
Optically  -I     Ax.  pi.  and  Bx0  J_  b.     Bxa  A  6  =  +  69°  42'.     Axial  angles,  Dx.  : 

2H0.r  =  113°  24'  2H0.y  =  112°  20'  .  2H0.bl  =  111°  47' 

Comp.— Probably  HCaAs04  +  2H2O  or  2CaO.As906.5HaO  =  Arsenic  pent- 
oxide  53-3,  lime  25-9,  water  20'8  =  100. 

This  is  the  composition  of  artificial  crystals  which  gave  Dufet :  As3O6  52*65,  CaO  26'68, 
HaO  20-94  =  100-22.  Bull.  Spc.  Min.,  11,  187,  1888.  These  were  identical  in  form  and  optical 
constants  with  the  natural  mineral;  analyses  of  the  latter,  however,  give  half  an  equivalent 
more  water. 

Anal.— 1,  Rg.,  Pogg.  Ann.,  62,  150,  1844.  2,  Petersen,  ib.,  134,  86,  1868.  3,  Jannettaz, 
Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  11,  212,  1888.  4,  Hatle  and  Tauss,  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  226,  1887. 

As206  CaO  H2O 

1.  Glucksbrunn                                       51-58  23'59  [23-401  CoO.FeO  1-43  =  100 

2.  Wittichen                                            49  45  24-18  [26-37]  CoO,FeO,MgO,MnO  tr.  =  100 

3.  St.  Marie-aux-Mines  G.  =  2'535        50-54  23-90  23-80   MgO  0-50,  Fe2O3  0'35,  SiO,  0'70, 

4.  Vollegg                                               48-60  27'04  24'49    =  IOQ'13            [P2OS  0'30  =  100'09 

Pyr..  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  yields  waier  and  becomes  opaque.  B.B.  in  O  F.  fuses  with 
intumescence  to  a  white  enamel,  and  colors  the  flame  light  blue  (arsenic).  On  charcoal  in  R  F. 
gives  arsenical  fumes,  and  fuses  to  a  semi-transparent  globule,  sometimes  tinged  blue  from  traces 
of  cobalt.  The  ignited  mineral  reacts  alkaline  to  test  paper.  Insoluble  in  water,  but  readily 
soluble  in  acids. 

Obs. — Found  with  arsenical  ores  of  cobalt  and  silver,  also  with  arseuopyrite.  Has  been 
found  at  Wittichen.  Baden,  in  crystals;  at  St.  Marie-aux-Mines  in  the  Vosgets,  in  botryoidal  or 
globular  groups;  at  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz,  and  at  Riechelsdorf  and  Bieber  in  Hesse;  at 
Glucksbrunn  in  Thuringia;  at  Joachimsthal  in  Bohemia;  at  Vollegg,  Styria,  with  arsenopyrite. 

This  species  was  named,  in  allusion  to  its  containing  arsenic,  from  <t><xpH(*Kov,  poison. 

Ref.— l  Joachimsthal,  Miu.  Mitth.,  138,  1873;  earlier  observations  by  Haid.,  1.  c.,  are  not 
accurate.  On  the  form  of  the  artif.  cryst.,  see  Dufet,  1.  c. 

J  See  Miller,  Min.,  p.  506,  1852,  and  Schrauf,  1.  c.     3  Schrauf.  Zs.  Kr.,  4,  284,  1879.     <Dx. 
Bull  Soc.  Min.,  11,  193,  1888;  on  the  optical  constants  of  the  artif.  cryst.,  see  Dufet,  1.  c. 

618.  BRUSHITE.    O.  E.  Moore,  Proc.  Acad.  Cal.,  3,  167,  1864;  Am.  J.  Sc.,  39,  43,  1865. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  a  :  I :  b  =  0'6221  :  1 :  0*3415;  ft  =  *84°  45'  =  001  A  100 
J.  D.  Dana1. 

100  A  110  =  31°  46f,  001  A  101  =  29°  55$',  001  A  Oil  =  18°  46'. 

Forms:    b  (010,  t'-l);  *  (310,  t-3),  n  (Oil,  14),  I  (301,  3-i)  cleavage. 

Angles  :  bs  =  *7S°  20',  ss'  =  23°  20',  bn  =  71°  13',  nri  =  *37°  84',  I  A  edge  n/n'  = 
62°  37' 

In  small  slender  prisms,  flattened  ||  b,  with  a  rough  oblique  termination.  Also 
concretionary  massive,  consisting  of  lamellar  individuals,  and  having  pearly 
cleavages. 

Cleavage:  b  perfect;  I  (301)  also  perfect.  H.  =  2-2-5.  G.  =  2*208.  Luster 
of  b  pearly,  elsewhere  vitreous,  and  in  part  splendent:  when  massive,  earthy,  or 
more  or  less  resinous.  Colorless  to  pale  yellowish.  Transparent  to  translucent. 

Comp.— HCaP04  +  2H20  or  2CaO.P206.5H5(0  =  Phosphorus  pentoxide  41'3, 
lime  32-5,  water  26-2  =  100. 


METABEUSHITE.  829 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Moore,  1.  c.    3,  Julien,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  369,  1865. 

PaO6        CaO         HaO 

1.  Avesl.  41-50        32'65        26-33=100-48 

2.  "  41-32        32-73        26'40  =  100'45 

3.  Sombrero         3995        32'11        25'95  AlaO3,FeaO3  0'33,  S03  0'78,  hygrosc.    1-23  =  100-35 

Pyr.,  etc.— Heated  in  a  closed  tube  whitens,  and  at  an  incipient  red  heat  gives  off  water. 
B.B.  in  the  platinum  forceps  fuses  easily  with  intumescence,  tingeing  the  flame  green;  the  button 
crystalline  with  brillijmt  facets  on  cooling.  Dissolves  readily  in  dilute  acids. 

Obs.— Occurs  on  ihe  rock  guano  of  Aves  Island  and  Sombrero  in  the  Caribbean  Sea,  in 
groups  and  crusts  consisting  of  delicate  and  mostly  transparent  crystals.  Named  after  Prof. 
G.  J.  Brush  of  New  Haven. 

Ref.— !  Am.  J.  Sc.,  39,  45,  1865;  the  position  is  changed  to  correspond  to  pharmacolite 
Cq.v.),  as  suggested  by  Dufet,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  11,  187,  1888. 

619.  METABRUSHITB.    A.  A.  Julien,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  371,  1865. 
Zeugite  Julien,  ib.,  p.  373.     Ornithite  Julien,  ib.,  p.  377. 

Monoclinic.  In  imperfect  crystals  with  a  (100,  i-i),  £(010,  i-i),  o  (101,  —  1-f). 
Faces  a  broad  and  even,  but  dull,  b,  o  deeply  furrowed  and  rounding  into  one 
another;  crystals  sometimes  flattened  |  b.  Angle  ao  =  38°,  but  varying.  J.  D.  D. 
Cleavage:  b  perfect.  Brittle.  H.  =  2'5-3.  G.  =  2*288,  2 '356,  2-362.  Luster 
feeble,  sometimes  resinous  on  fracture;  or*  b  pearly.  Color  pale  yellow,  buff,  to 
nearly  white;  streak  tmcolored.  Translucent  to  transparent. 

Comp.— 2HOaP04  -f   3H,0   or  2CaO.PaOt.4HaO  =  Phosphorus    pentoxide 
43-6,  lime  34-3,  water  22'1  =  100. 
Anal.— Julien,  1.  c. 

P2O*        CaO        H,O       MgO      Ala03,Fe,O,       SO, 
f    42-72        32-98       21-83       0'53  0'79  0'05  hygr*  1'60  =  100  * 

The  water  included  some  organic  matter. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Same  as  for  brushite. 

Obs.— From  the  island  of  Sombrero,  West  Indies,  coating  cavities  in  guano  and  the  coral 
rock,  -the  latter  altered  by  nitrations  from  the  overlying  guano.  The  crystals  are  sometimes  1 
inch  long  and  £  inch  broad. 

Alt. — The  crystals  of  metabrushite  from  Sombrero  are  often  hollow  from  the  removal  of  the 
interior,  and  otherwise  altered.  Julien  describes  the  following  varieties: 

1.  H.  =  3'25.  G.  =  2-971.  The  crust  of  the  hollow  crystals  thin,  and  surfaces  within  and 
without  often  coated  by  minute  rhombs  of  calcite;  ihezeugileof  Julieu.  2.  Crust  rather  thicker, 
without  a  glittering  surface  of  calcite  rhombs.  3.  G.  =  2'988-3'030;  in  narrow  blades  some- 
times an  inch  long;  the  crust  thick,  the  crystals  being  nearly  or  quite  solid.  Zeugite  is  named 
from  ^evyirrj^,  yoked  together,  because  of  its  relation  to  metabrushite  and  ornithite.  Cf.  mar- 
tinite,  beyond. 

4.  Ornithite  of  Julieu,  from  Sombrero  (1.  c.,  p.  377),  appears  also  to  be  altered  metabrushite, 
its  crystals  presenting  the  same  forms  and  habit,  but  usually  quite  small  and  very  thin  parallel 
to  the  orthodiagonal;  also  sometimes  thin  parallel  to  the  clinodiagonal,  and  acute  rhombic  in 
section;  angle  100  A  101  =  about  38°;  H  =  25.  The  analysis  given  was  made  on  only  one-tenth 
of  a  gram,  and  the  results  are  hence  unavoidably  doubtful. 

Analyses  of  varieties  1,  3,  4,  afforded  Julien  (the  water  including  some  organic  matter): 

P205  CaO  H2O  MgO  FeaO3,Al,O,  SOS  CO,  F  NaCl 

Var.  1.  Zeugite           f     4655  44'21  302    3'59            0'66  0'19  0'24  tr.  1'08  =  99'54 

Var  3.        "                    43-24  48'87  3'98    0'56           1'02  0'18  1'74  tr.  ?     =  99'59 

Var.  4.  Ornithite             40'14  45"77  9'45,     tr.             4'62  —  —  —  —   =  99'98 

In  1,  oxygen  ratio  for  P3O5 :  CaO  (impurities  excluded)  =  2'95 :  1'56,  and  as  noted  beyond 
the  composition  is  near  that  of  martinite. 

Ornithite  corresponds  nearly  to  the  formula  Ca3PQO8  -f-  2H2O. 

There  occur  also,  with  the  above,  hemispherical  stellnted  groups  of  wjbite  crystals,  as  altered 
ornithite,  which  Julien  has  not  analyzed,  but  supposed  to  be  the  same  compound  minus  the 
water.  One  crystal  of  the  so-called  ornithite  had  on  its  edges  and  surface  microscopic  tufts  of 
acicular  crystals. 


830 


PHOSPHATES,   ARSEXATES,  ETC. 


620.  MARTINITE.     Kloos  [Sammlg.  G.  Reicbsmus.  Leiden,  1],  Jb.  Min..  1,  41  ref.,  1888. 
Rbombohedral.     As  an  aggregation  of  minute  rhombohedrons  (O05  mm.)  with 

plane  angles  of  75°  and  105°,  filling  cavities  in  pseudomorphous  crystals  of  gypsum. 
G-.  =  2-894.     Luster  vitreous.     Color  white  or  slight  yellowish.     Transparent. 

Comp.— H2Ca5(P04)4.iH30  or  5CaO.Pa05.|HaO  =  Phosphorus  pentoxide  48*1, 
lime  47-3,  water  4'6  =  100. 
Anal.— Kloos,  1.  c. 

P205  CaO  H20 

47-67  46-78  4-52    insol.  0-20,  organ.  0'75  =  99'92 

47-87  47-63  ..     5-46     =  10096 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  burns  white  and  falls  to  pieces  without  melting.  Dissolves  in  dilute  acid 
•without  effervescence. 

Obs.— Found  in  the  phosphorite  deposits  derived  from  guano  on  Table  Mt.,  near  St.  Barbara, 
on  the  south  shore  of  the  island  Cura9oa,  West  Indies. 

Martinite  seems  to  be  nearly  identical  with  the  zeugite  of  Julien. 

621.  NBWBERYITE.     O.  wm  Rath,  Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  p.  5,  Jan.  13,  1879. 
Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  1 :  6  =  0-95482  :  1  :  0-93601  Schmidt1. 

100  A  HO  =  43°  40'  34",  001  A  101  =  44°  25' 48",  001  A  Oil  =  43°  6' 25". 


Forms2 : 
a  (100,  *•*) 
b  (010,  i-l) 
C  (001,  0) 


I  (210,  t-2) 
v  (320,  i-l) 
n  (750,  *-|) 
t  (430,  £-f ) 


w  (110,  /) 

e  (102,  H) 
d  (101,  14) 
g  (302,  H) 


£  (Oil-.  14) 
/  (021,  24) 

P  (112,  i) 
h  (223,  f) 


0  (111,  1) 
s  (722,  £-J) 
r  (211,  2-2) 


II'"  =r.     51°     3' 

mm,1  —    87°  21' 

a.  =  *63°  53'  18" 

eef  =     52°  137 

<fcf  =     88°  52' 


qtf  =  111°  34' 

gtf  =     86°  13' 

ff'  =  123°  47' 

cp  =    34°    7* 

ch  =    42°    6' 


co    =  53°  35' 

cr    =  65°  17' 

pp'  =  47°  53' 

hh'  =  58°  1' 

oo'   =  71°  11' 


ao  =  *54°  24' 

pp'"  =     45°  35' 

hh"'  =    55°  10' 

oo"'  -    67°  31' 

ft'"  =    46°    5' 


1. 


3. 


Figs.  1-3,  after  Schmidt. 


Crystals  often  large  (to  1  sq.  in.),  tabular  ||  a. 

Cleavage:  b  perfect ;  c  imperfect.     H.  =  3-3-5.     Gr.  =  2-10.    Luster  vitreous. 
Color  white.     Optically  -f .     Ax.  pi.  ||  b.    Bx  J_  c.     Axial  angles,  Schmidt: 

For  Na     2E  =  70°  20'    2Ha  =  46°  24'    2H0  =  145°  56'    .'.  2Va  =  44°  47'    ft  =  1'519« 
Also     2Er  =  69°  47'  2Ha.r  =  46°. 12'  2H0.r  =  147°  25' 

Comp.— Hydrous  phosphate  of  magnesium  HMgP04 -1- 3H,0  or  2MgO.P,O^ 

7H,0  =  Phosphorus  pentoxide  40-8,  magnesia  23-0,  water  36'2  =  100. 


WAPPLERITE. 


831 


Anal.— 1,  Maclvor,  quoted  by  Rath,  1.  c.    2,  Id..  Cli.  News,  b5,  216,  1887*. 


1.  Skipton  Caves 
2. 


P205        MgOOf&O  tr.)        H2Oa 

41-25  [23-021  35-73    =.-100 

40-73  22-37  [35-84]  FeO  0  85,  MnO  0'21  =  100 

11  Expelled  at  170°,  none  at  100°. 


Easily  soluble  iu  cold  nitric  and  hydrochloric  acids. 

Obs.— From  the  guauo  of  the  Skipton  Caves  near  Ballarat,  Victoria;  also  from  the  guano 
of  Mexillones,  Chili. 

Named  after  Mr.  J.  C.  Newbery  of  Melbourne. 

Ref.— »  Chili,  Zs.  Kr.,  7.  26,  1882;  these  results  vary  but  little  from  those  of  voin  Rath, 
8  All  ou  Chili  crystals,  Schmidt;  observed  by  Rath  on  Victoria  crystals  abcefo. 

622.  WAPPLERITE.    Fremel,  Min.  Mitth.,  279?  1874. 

Monoclinic  (or  triclinic?).     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0  9125  :  1  :  0-2660;  ft  =  84°  35' 
=  001  A  100  Schrauf1. 

100  A  110  =  42°  15i',  001  A  101  =  15°  46J',  001  A  Oil  =  14°  50'* 


Forms : 
a  (100,  i-l) 
b  (010,  i-l)' 


n  (210,  z-2) 
m  (110,  /) 
I   (120,  a-2) 


d  (Oil,  1-1) 
t  (031,  3-i) 
o  (411,-  44) 


p  (211, -2-2) 
co  (411,  4-4) 
it  (211,  2-2) 


g  (231, -3-D 
e  (251,-  5-|> 
y  (231,  3-|) 


Also  i/>  (10 -0-1,  10-i). 

"    =  48°  51' 
30' 


nn" 

mm'"  =  84< 

II        =  57°  39i 

dd       ='29°  40r 

it'        =  763  56' 


oo'     =  18°  43|' 

yp'    =  24°  48' 

gg     =  66°  50' 

coco'  =  20°  3H' 

Ttn    =  26°  52' 


ao  =  39°  15 
ap  =  56°  40' 
a'oa  =  43°  52' 
a'n  =  64°  37 


In  small  highly  modified  crystals,  with  monoclinic  sym- 
metry. Also  in  incrustations  sometimes  crystalline,  or  glob- 
ular, sometimes  glassy,  with  a  reniform  surface. 

Cleavage :  b.  H.  —  2-2  -5.  G.  =  2  -48.  Luster  strongly 
vitreous.  Colorless  to  white.  Transparent  to  translucent. 
Ax.  pi.  in  a  section  |  b  inclined  69|°  to  edge  bin,  13|°to  Ip, 
15°  to  Id.  Bxa  normal,  or  nearly  so,  to  b.  2E  =  55°.  Dispersion  p  <  v,  also  crossed. 

Comp.— HCaAs04  +  3|H20   or  2CaO.As306.8H20  =  Arsenic  pentoxide  47'4, 
lime  23-0,  water  29 -6,  =  100.     The  calcium  is  replaced  in  part'  by  magnesium. 
Anal.— Frenzel,  1.  c. 


After  Schrauf. 


As2O5 

47-70 
47-69 


CaO 
14'19 
15-60 


MgO 

8'29 
7-35 


H20 

29-40     = 
2949     = 


99-58 
100-13 


5  equivalents  of  water  (19  p  c.)  go  off  at  100°,  the  remainder  at  360°. 

Obs.—  Found  with  pharmacolite  at  Joachimsthal;  also  at  Schneeberg.  Named  after  Herra 
Wappler  of  the  Freiberg  Mineralien-Niederlnge. 

Ref.—1  Jb.  Min.,  290,  1875,  and  later  Zs.  Kr.,  4,  281,  1880.  It  may  yet  prove  that  wap- 
plerite  belongs  to  the  monoclinic  system,  from  which  it  deviates  but  little,  if  at  all.  The  triclinic 
axial  ratio  and  a-ngles  deduced  by  Schrauf  (1.  c.,  1880)  are  as  follows  : 


:c  =  0-90089  :  1  :  0-26159;    a  =  90°  13'  55 


=  95e  20',    y  =  90° 


35". 


ROSSLERITE  R.  Blum  [JB.  Wett.  Ges.  Hanau,  32,  1861],  Jb.  Min.,  334,  1861. 

Described  as  occurring  with  pharmacolite  and  erythrite  in  the  Kupferschiefer  at  Bieber; 
Hesse,  in  thin  crystalline  plates  with  columnar  or  fibrous  structure.  -One  cleavage.  H.  =  2-3b 
Luster  vitreous  or  dull.  Colorless  or  white.  An  analysis  by  Delffs  gave: 


As,O6  40-16 


MgO  14-22 


CaO  tr. 


HaO  45-68 


100 


m 


832  PHOSPHATES,  AR8ENATE8,  ETC. 

This  conforms  to  the  formula  HMgAsO4  -f-  7H2O.     Named  after  Dr.  K.  RSssler. 

A  mineral  referred  here  by  Tschermak  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  56  (1),  828, 1867)  occurring  in  mono- 
clinic  crystals  at  Joachimsthal  and  Kremnitz  is  made  by  Schrauf  (Jb.  Min.,f290,  1875)  an  altered 
form  of  wapplerite.  This  may  be  true  of  the  original  mineral  also.  An  analysis  gave  Tscher- 
mak: As,O6  49-1,  MgO  17-0,  HaO  34'7  =  100'8. 

623.  HANNAYITE.    Ulrich,  wm  Rath,  Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  p.  11,  Jan.  7,  1878;  p.  5,  Jan.  18 
1879. 

Triclinic.     Axes  &  :  b  :  6  =  0'6990  :  1  :  0-9748;  a  =  122°  31J',  0  =  126°  46|', 
y  =  54°  9'  Rath. 

100  A  010  =  112°  58i',  100  A' 001  =  *65°  28',  010  A  001  =  73°  14'. 

Forms:    a  (100,  i-i),  c  (001,  0);  m  (110,  /'),  I  (130,  i$f)  cleavage,  M (110,  '/); 
oo  (133,  1-3,). 

Angles:    am  =  *39°  32',.  mM  =  *65°  26',    cm  =  »50°  50',    coo  =  52°  20', 
aoo  -  *70°  24' 

In  small  and  slender  prismatic  crystals,  vertically  striated. 
Cleavage:  c,m,  M,  I.     G.  =  1*893.     Color  yellowish. 
Comp. — A  hydrous  phosphate   of  magnesium    and    ammonium, 
MgsPa0..2Ht(NH4)P04+8HfO  or  (NH4)a0.3Mg0.2P906.10H,0  =  Phos- 
phorus pentoxide  44'4,  magnesia  18*7,  ammon.  ox.  5'6,  water  22  5  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Maclvor,  quoted  by  Rath,  1.  c.    2,  Id.,  Ch.  News,  65,  216,  1887. 
After  Rath. 

P206  MgO  (NH4)aO  HaO 

1.  f  45-70  18-90  8-09  28-20     =     100'89 

2  44-71  18-54  8'10  [28*25]    FeO  0'31,  MnO  0'09  =  100 

Heated  36  hours  at  100°  undergoes  no  change;  between  100°  and  110°  or  115°  loses  21  08 
p.  c.,  becoming  opaque;  heated  over  a  Bunsen  flame  loses  the  remainder  of  the  water  aud  the 
ammonia  (36*48  =  total  loss).  The  remainder  fuses,  but  dissolves  only  in  part  in  concentrated' 
hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — Discovered  by  Maclvor  of  Melbourne  in  the  bat  guano  which  forms  deposits  30  feet 
deep  in  the  Skipton  basaltic  caves  30  miles  s.w.  of  Ballarat,  victoria,  and  recognized  as  new  by 
Ulrich,  as  stated  in  a  letter  to  vora  Rath.  Occurs  with  stmvite  and  newberyite.  Named  after 
Prof.  J.  B.  Hannay,  of  Manchester,  England. 

624.  HUREAULITB.    Alluaud,  Vauquelin,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  30,  302,  1825;  Alluaud, 
Ann.  d.  Sc,  Nat.,  8,  349,  1826.    Dufrenoy,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  41,  338,  1829;  Des  Cloizeaux  and 
Vamour,  ibid.,  53,  293,  1858. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  a  :  1 :  6  =  T9192  : 1  :  0*5245;  ft  =  *84°  1'  =  001  A  100 
B.  S.  Dana1. 

100  A  110  =  *62°  21',  001  A  101  =  14°  48'*2,  001  A  Oil  =  27°  32''9. 

Forms:  c  (001,  0)  ft  (501,  5-i)  e  (221,  2)  s  (621,  6-3) 

a  (100,  *4)  m  (110,  1}  p  (223,  -  f )  k  (511,  5-5)  I  (841,  8-2) 

*  (010,  a)  a  (401,  4-1)  d  (111,  -  1) 

See  also  below,  ref .  ',  for  planes  on  figs.  3,  4. 


mm'" 

=  124° 

42' 

cm  = 

87° 

14' 

a'l 

=  47° 

59' 

m'e 

— 

41°  29* 

ca 

=    50° 

49' 

ce   = 

51° 

ir 

•  PP' 

=  37° 

9* 

m'l 

— 

25°  13' 

a'a. 

=    45J 

10' 

ap  = 

74° 

474' 

dd' 

=  52° 

w 

m'k. 

= 

51°    9' 

cp 

=    21° 

3' 

ad  = 

71° 

25' 

kk 

=  35° 

58? 

m'a 

r— 

*70°  54' 

cd 

=    29° 

46' 

a'k  = 

41° 

40' 

11' 

=  84° 

15' 

In  short  prismatic  crystals,  sometimes  tabular  ||  a.  Faces  «,  m  striated;  also 
€  J  edge  w/e,  and  d  ||  edge  8/m.  In  Branch ville  crystals  zone  mlka  striated  ||  inter- 
section-edges.  Crystals  isolated  or  grouped,  the  groups  sometimes  mammillary,  or 
fascicled  as  in  stilbite.  Also  massive,  compact,  scaly,  or  imperfectly  fibrous. 


RUREAULITE. 


833 


Cleavage:  a  rather  perfect.  H.  =  5.  G.  =  3*185,  yellow,  and  3*198, reddish, 
Damour;  3*149  Branch ville.  Luster  vitreous,  somewhat  greasy,  bright.  Color 
orange-red,  brownish  orange,  rose-violet,  and  pale  rose,  grayish,  nearly  colorless. 
Stresik  nearly  white.  Transparent  to  translucent. 

Optically  -  Ax.  pi.  ±  b.  Bx  _L  b',  Bx0  A  ^  =  +  75°  or  ta  =  15°  for  red; 
Bx0  A  £  —  76°  or  ta  =  14°  for  blue.  Dispersion  p  <  v  large;  crossed  distinct  (1°). 


Limoges 


2Ha.r  =  88°52'          .'.     2Er  =  173°52'        2Hy  =  86°  22'        2Hbt  =  87°  IT 


Other  trials  gave2Har  =  84°  51',  85°  55',  etc.  The  angle  diminishes  6°  34'  between  410<5 
and  121°  C..  Dx. 

Var. — The  (a)  brownish  orange  or  yellowish,  (6)  the  rose-violet,  and  (c)  the  pale  rose,  are  three 
"varieties  occurring  at  Limoges,  differing  somewhat  in  their  crystalline  planes.  The  orange  is  the 
most  common. 

Comp.— H2Mn5(POJ4  +  4H20  or  5Mn0.2P206.5HaO  =  Phosphorus  pentoxide 
39 :0,  manganese  protoxide  48 '6,  water  12 '4  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Dufrenoy,  1.  c.,  182y.  3-4,  Damour,  1.  c.,  1858.  5,  H.  L.  Wells,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
39,  210,  1890. 


Figs.  1,  2,  Branchville.    3,  4,  Limoges,  Dx. 


1.  Limoges 

2.  "       yellow 
3. 

4.  "        reddish 

5.  Branchville 


G. 

3  '185 

3*198 
3-149 


P205 

38-00 
37-96 
38-20 
3783 
38-36 


MuO  FeO  CaO  H30 

32-85  11-10  —  18-00  =  99-95 

41-15  8-10  12-35  quartz  0'35  =    99*91 

42  04  6-75  —  12-00      "       0'50  =    99'49 

41-80  8-73  —  11-60      "       0'30  =  10Q-26 

42-29  4-56  0'94  12'25      "       1*76  =  10011 


Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  water.  B.B.  fuses  to  an  orange-yellow  or  reddish 
yellow  crystalline  pearl,  brown  in  the  outer  flame,  then  becomes  black,  and  the  flame  is  colored 
green.  Reactions  of  manganese  and  iron.  Easily  soluble  in  acids. 

Obs. — Found  in  cavities  of  triphylite  or  its  altered  form  heterosite,  tn  granite,  at  Limoges, 
commune  of  Hureaux,  France.  Probably  at  Michelsdorf,  Silesia,  with  sarcopside  (Websky). 

In  the  U.  States,  at  Branchville,  Conn.,  in  a  vein  of  albitic  granite,  immediately  associated 
with  lithiophilite,  also  fairrieldite,  dickinsonite,  etc. 

Ref.—1  Branchville,  Conn.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  39,  207,  1890. 

As  described  by  Dx.,  the  Limoges  crystals  conform  to  two  types:  Type  I,  f .  4,  with  b  (010), 
p  (001),  m  (110);  also  g  (301),  e  (Oil),  u  (311),  t  (341).  Again,  II,  f.  3,  with  a  (100),  m  (110);  also 
0(105).  a  (15*0*8),  d  (435),  *f!9*5*8),  «  (11*9*10),  e  (9*1 1*10). 

The  axial  ratio  and  calculated  angles  are:  «  :  b  :  c  —  1  6977  :  1  •  0-8887-  ft  —  89°  27'  = 
001  A  100.  mm"  =  119°  0  ;  po  =  5°  58',  pg  =  57°  7';  tpa  =  44°  44',  pm  =  89°  43',  ee  =  83°  15', 
ad  =  69°  17',  a'e  =  71°  44',  pe  =  47°  28 ,  6d'  =  52°  13';  >e'  =  83°  IT,  uu  =  51°  14';  pt  =  75* 
47 ,  U'  -  124°  55',  bt  =  27°  32'. 

Referred  to  the  axial  ratio  above  accepted,  the  forms  of  D_x  .  type  I,  receive  the  following 
probable  symbols:  b  =  010,.  p  —  103,  m  =  110  e  =  153,  v  =  12  3  2?.  t  —  661?.  Those  of  type 
II  become:  a  —  100,  m  -  \  10  o  —  001,-  a  =  401.  6  -  H  1  =  511,  x  =  532?,  e  -"  221. 

The  angles  of  Dx.  differ  from  those  of  Brnnchvillc  chiefly  in  the  prismatic  zone.  Type  II 
conforms  most  nearly  to  the  Branchville  crystals,  and  referred  to-4heir  axial  ratio  the  anomalously 
complex  symbols  become  simple.  The  relations  of  the  other  type  are  less  certain.  The  Limoeres 
crystals  obviously  need  further  examination. 


834 


PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,  ETC. 


625.  FORBESITE.  Hydrous  Bibasic  Arsenate  of  Nickel  and  Cobalt  D.  Forbes,  PhL 
Mag.,  25,  103,  1863.  Forbesit  Kenngott,  Ueb.,  1862-65,  46,  1868. 

Structure  fibre-crystalline. 

H.  —  2-5.     G.  =  3-086.     Luster  dull  to  silky  or  resinous.     Color  grayish  white. 

Comp.— H2(Ni,Co)2As2Oe  +  8HaO  =  Arsenic  pentoxide  42*5,  nickel  protoxide  18'4,  cobalt 
•protoxide  9 '2,  water  29 '9  =  100. 

Anal.— Forbes,  1.  c. 


AsaO6  44-05 


NiO  19-71 


CoO  9-24 


HaO  26-98    =    99-98 


Pyr, — B.B.  in  the  closed  tube  yields  water,  becoming  darker;  on  charcoal  fuses  imoerfcctly, 
evolves  arsenic  fumes,  leaving  metallic  globules  of  an  arsenide  of  nickel  and  cobalt.  With  fluxes 
gives  reactions  for  nickel  and  cobalt. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  the  desert  of  Atacama  in  veins  in  a  decomposed  dioryte.  A  few  yards 
below  the  surface  it  passes  into  chloanthite,  from  which  mineral  it  appears  to  have  been 
derived. 


626.  Isoclasite 

627.  Hemafibrite 

628.  Conichalcite 

629.  Bayldonite 

630.  Tagilite 

631.  Leucochalcite 

632.  Euchroite 

633.  Volborthite 

634.  Gornwallite 

635.  Tyrolite 

636.  Chaleophyllite 

637.  Veszelyite 

638.  Ludlamite 

639.  Wavellite 

640.  Fischerite 

641.  Peganite 

642.  Turquoi^ 


Hydrous  Phosphates,  etc.—  Basic  Division. 
Caa(OH)P04  4-  2HaO       Monoclinic  ? 


:  I  : 


Mn3(OH)8As04  +  H30     Orthorhombic    0-5261  :  1  :  1-1510 


(Cu.Ca)3(OH)  As04  +  iH,0 
(Pb,Cu)3(OH)As04  4-  JH20 


Cu2(OH)P04  +  H80 
Cua(OH)As04  4-  H,0 


Monoclinic  ? 

dilid 
Orthorhombic   0*6088  : 1 :  1*0379 


Cua(OH)As04  4-  3HaO 

Cu3(OH)3V04  4-  6H20? 

Cu5(OH)4Asa08  4-  H30 

Cu6(OH)4As208  4-  7H,0  Orthorhombic    a  :  I  =  0-9325  : 1 

Cu7(OH)eAs3084-10H30?  Rhombohedral  b  =  2-5538 

(Cu,Zn)7(OH)8(As,P),Os4-5HaO        Monoclinic  or  Triclinic 

aiiit  ft 

Fe,(OH)a(P04)44-8H30  Monoclinic  2-2520:1:1 -9819  79°  27' 


Orthorhombic  0'50_49  :  1  :  -3751 
Orthorhombic  &  :  I  =  0-5937  :  1 
Orthorhombic  &  :  I  =  0-499  :  1 


643.  Sphaerite 

644.  Liskeardita 

645.  Evansite 


Al3(OH)3(P04)a 
A12(OH)3P04  + 
A12(OH)3P04  -f  14H-0 
Al  a-(OH)3P04  +  H20 
(with  HCuP04  +  HH20) 


5H20 


Isometric;  tetrahedral 


(Al,Fe)3(OH)6As04 
Al3(OH)6Pe44-6H20 

646.  Pharmacosiderite  Fe4(OH)3(As04)3  -f-  6H30 

647.  Cacoxenite  Fe2(OH)3P04  4-  4|HaO 

ail  i 6  ft 

848.  Beraunite  Fe3(OH),(P04),  4-  2iH20  Monoclinic  2 -7538 : 1 : 4-0165  41°  33' 

Eleonorite 


ISOCLASITE.  835 

&  :  I  :  6 

649.  Childrenite  (Fe,Mn)Al(OH),P04  -f-  2H20      Orth.      0-7780  :  1  :  0-5258 

650.  Eosphorite  (Mn,Fe)Al(OH)2P04  +  2H30         "          0-7768  :  1  :  0-5150 


651.  Mazapilite  Ca3Fe2(FeO)2(OH)2(As04)4  +  5H20 

Orthorhombic  0-8617  :  1  :  0-9980 

652.  Calcioferrite          Ca3Fe3(OH)3(P04)4  +  8H20    Mpnoclinic 

653.  Borickite  CaFe4(OH)6(P04)2  -f  4H20? 

654.  Liroconite  Cu9Al4(OH)16(As04)5  +  20H20  Monoclinic 

a  :  1 :  6  =  1-3191  :  1  ;  1-6808     ft  =  88°  33 

655.  Chenevixite  Cu2(FeO)2As2Os  -f-  3HaO? 

Henwoodite 

656.  Chalcosiderite        CuFe6P4020.8H20  Triclinic     . 

a:b:6:  =  0-7910  :  1  :  0'6051;  a  =  92°  58',  0  =  93°  30',  y  =  107°  41' 
657   Goyazite  Ca3AlIOP2023.9H20 

658.  Plumbogummite    PbAl4P2612.9H2Opt. 


659.  Torbernite  Cu(U02)2P208  -f  8H20    Tetl-agonal  b  =  2-9361 

660.  Zeunerite  Cu(UO^AsQ08  +  8H20          "  I  =  2-9125 

a  :l:d 

661.  Autunite  Ca(U02)2P208  +  8H20     Orthorhombic    0*9875  : 1  :  2-8517 

662.  Uranospinite  Ca(U02)2As208  +  8H20        *      " 

663.  Uranocircite  Ba(UOa)2P308+  8H20  « 

664.  Phosphuranylite  (U02)3(P04)2  -f  6H20 

665.  Trbgerite  (U02),(As04)2  +  12H20 

666.  Walpurgite  Bi)0(U02)3(OH)24(As04)4 

667.  Rhagite  Bi10(OH)IH(As04)4 

5Bi203.2As8Os  +  9H,O 

668.  Mixite  CuJOBi(OH)M(AsQ4)5  -f  7HaO 


626.  ISOCLASITE.    Isoklas  Sandbtrger,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  2,  125,  1870. 
Monoclinic  ?    In  minute  crystals  with  dull  faces.     Also  columnar. 
Cleavage:  clinodiagonal,  perfect.     H.  =  1'5.     G.  =  2*92.     Luster  vitreous  to 
pearly.     Colorless  to  snow-white. 

Comp.—  Ca3P2Os.Ca(OH)2.4H20  or  4CaO.Pa05.5HaO  =  Phosphorus  pentoxide 
31-2,  lime  49-1,  water  19'7  =  100. 
Anal.—  Sandberger,  1.  c, 

P2O5  29  90  CaO  49'51  HaO  18'53  (ign.)  H2O  2'06  (at  100°)  =  100 

Pyr.,  etc.—  In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  neutral  water.     B.B.  the  fresh  mineral  glows  and 
fuses.     Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid.. 

Obs.  —  Found  with  hornstone  and  brown-spar  on  specimens  from  Joachimsthal,  obtained; 
eighty  years  ago,  and  now  in  the  Wiirzburg  Museum. 

Altered  crystals  yielded:  PaO6  34'00.  CaO  I'OO,  MgO  17'3(J,  Na3O  9^80,  FeaO,,Ala08 
HaO  9-22  (ign.),  H2O  24-26<100°).  insol.  0'18  =  96'12. 
amed  f 


Named  from  i'cro?,  equal,  and  KXaaiS,  fracture. 


836 


PHOSPHATES.   ARSENATES,   ETC. 


627.  HEMAFIBRITE.    Aimafibrit  L.  J.  Igelstrom,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockli.,  41,  No.  4,  86,  1884. 
Hamafibrite. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  b  :  t  =  0-5261  :  1  :  1-1510  H.  Sjogren1. 
100  A  HO  =  27°  45',  001  A  101  =  65°  26 J',  001  A  Oil  =  49°  1'. 

Forms' :    b  (010,  i-l),  m  (110,  /),  c(122,  1-2). 

Angles:    mmr"  =  *55*  30',    ee'  =  71°  19'.    ee"  =  115°  36'.    ee'"  =  *75°  40',    te=  52°  10', 
Tne  =  36°  44'.    The  form  approximates  closely  to  that  of  scorodite,  strengite,  and  reddingite. 

Crystals  prismatic;  commonly  in  spherical  radiated  groups  with 
fibrous  structure. 

Cleavage:  b  distinct;  m  less  so.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle., 
H.  —  3.  G.  =  3'50-3'Co  A.  Sj.  Luster  vitreous  on  crystalline  faces, 
greasy  on  the  fracture.  Color  brownish  red  to  garnet-red,  soon 
becoming  brownish  black  to  black.  Streak  brick-red.  Trans- 
parent to  translucent. 

Optically  -J-.  Ax.  pi.  ||  a.  Bx  J_  c.  2E  =  70°  approx.  Dis- 
persion p  >  v. 

Comp.— Mn3As208.3Mn(OH)2  +  2H20  or  6MnO.As205.5H20 
=  Arsenic  pentoxixle  30*93,  manganese  protoxide  57*0,  water  12'J 
=  100. 

AnaL— 1,  A.  Sjogren,  Zs.  Kr.,  10,  129,  1885.    2,  C.  H.  Luudstrom,  ibid. 


tn 


m 


Nordinark 


AsaOs 

30-76 
30-88 


MnO 
57-94 
58-02 


FeO 
0'79 
0'25 


H2O 

12'01 
12-01 


=  101-50 

MgO  0'41  =  101  "57 


An  earlier  but  incorrect  analysis  with  somewhat  different  results  is  given  by  IgelstrOm,  1.  c. 

Pyr.—  B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  black  slaggy  bead.  On  charcoal  yields  arsenical  fumes.  Gives 
off  water  in  the  closed  tube,  and  becomes  black.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs.—  Occurs  with  other  manganese  minerals  at  the  Moss  mine,  Nordmark,  Sweden;  it  is 
easily  decomposed  on  exposure  and  goes  over  into  a  black  foliated  mineral.  Named  from  az'x/a, 
blood,  and  Latin  fibra,  fiber,  in  allusion  to  its  red  color  and  also  to  the  fibrous  structure. 

Ref.-1  G.  For.  Forh.,  7,  386,  1884,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  10,  126,  1885.  Cf.  also  Btd.,  Bull.  Soc. 
Min.,  7,  124,  1884. 

628.  CONTCHALCITE.    Konichalcit  Breithaupt  and  Fritzsche,  Pogg.,  77,  139,  1849. 

Reniform  and  massive,  resembling  malachite. 

Fracture  splintery.     Brittle.     H.  =  45.     G.  =  4'123.     Color  pistachio-green, 
inclining  to  emerald-green;  streak  the  'same.     Subtranslucent. 

Comp.—  Perhaps  (Cu,Ca)3As208.(Cu,Ca)(OH)8  +  ^H20    or   4(Cu,Ca)O.As206. 
20  =  Arsenic  pentdxide  43*6,  cupric  oxide  30'l,lime  21'2,  water  51  =  iDO. 
ere  Cu  :  Ca  =  1  :  1. 

The  original  mineral  also  contains  phosphorus  and  in  small  amount  vanadium  replacing  the 
arsenic.  These  are  absent  in  the  Utah  variety,  which  also  contains  zinc  and  further  gives  the 
ratio  RO  :  As2O6  :  H2O  -  4  :  9'44  :  1'64. 

Ajaal.—  1-3,  Fritzsche,  1.  c.    4,  Hillebrand,  Proc.  Col.  Sc.  Soc.,  1,  114,  1884. 


As2O5  P2O5  VaO6   CuO  CaO     ZnO 

1.  Spain             30-68  [8-81]  1-78    31  '76  21-36      — 

2.  «•                32-41       —  31-60  21-82 
8.       "                undet.  9'10  undet.  22'10 

4.  Utah             39-94  0'14  —     28  68  19-79    2  86 


H2O 

5'61  =  100 

5'30 

5'56          [CO3  0'97],  quartz  0'90  =  100 

5'52  Fe,O3  0'36,  MgO  0'54,    Ag  0'30, 


Pyr.,  etc.—  In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  gives  water  and  turns  black.  In  the  forceps 
fuses,  and  colors  the  flame  at  first  emerald-green,  but  after  a  time  light  blue  adjacent  to  the  assay. 
On  charcoal  fuses  with  deflagration  to  a  red  slag-like  mass,  which  gives  an  alkaline  reaction  ta 


BA  YLDONITE—TAGILITE—LEUCOCHALCITE.  837 

test  paper,  and  with  soda  gives  a  globule  of  copper.  On  charcoal,  with  salt  of  phosphorus  and 
metallic  lead,  the  Spanish  mineral  yields  a  glass  which  is  dark  yellow  while  hot  and  chrome-green 
on  cooling  (vanadium). 

Obs. — From  Hinajosa  de  Cordova,  in  Andalusia,  Spain.  Also  from  the  American  Eagle 
mine,  Tintic  district,  Utah,  where  it  occurs  with  other  copper  arsenates,  derived  from  the  alters 
tion  of  enargite. 

Named  from  xovia,  powder,  and  X<X^KO<S,  lime. 

629.  BAYLDONITE.    A.  H.  Church,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  18,  265,  1865. 

In  minute  mammillary  concretions,  with  a  drusy  surface.  Structure  often 
somewhat  reticulated. 

Fracture  subconchoidal,  uneven.  H.=  4'5.  G.=  5'35.  Luster  strong  resinous 
Color  grass-green  to  blackish  green.  Streak  siskin-  to  apple-green.  Subtranslu- 
cent. 

Comp.— (Pb,Cu)3As208.(Pb,Cu)(OH)a  +  H20  or  4(Pb,Cu)O.As205.2H20,  with 
Pb  :  Cu  =  1  :  3  =  Arsenic  pentoxide  31*7,  cupric  oxide  32 '7,  lead  protoxide  30*6, 
water  5'0  =  100. 

Anal. — Church,  1.  c. 

|  As2O6  31-78         CuO  30-88         PbO  30'13         H20  4'58         FeaO3,  CaO,  and  loss  2  65  =  100 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  gives  off  water  and  becomes  black.  On  charcoal  fuses  to  a  black  bead, 
deflagrates,  giving  off  arsenical  fumes,  and  leaves  a  white  metallic  bead  of  lead  and  copper. 
With  borax  in  outer  flame  gives  a  blue  bead.  Difficultly  soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  Cornwall.     Named  after  Dr.  John  Bayldon. 

630.  TAGILITE.    Tagilith  (fr.  N.  Tagilsk)  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  37. 184, 1846;  (fr.  Tillers- 
reuth)  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  24,  309,  1865. 

Monoclinic,  but  like  liroconite  in  habit  of  crystals,  Breith.  Also  in  reniform 
or  spheroidal  concretions.  Structure  fibrous;  .also  earthy. 

Cleavage:  brachy diagonal,  distinct.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  3-4. 
G.  =  4'076  Breith.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  verdigris-  to  emerald-green.  Streak 
verdigris-green.  Subtranslucent. 

Comp.— Cu3P208.Cu(OH)a  +  2H20  or4CuO.PaO,.3H20- Phosphorus  pentoxide 
27'7,  cupric  oside  61'8,  water  10'5  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Hermann,  1.  c.,  including  a  little  limonite.  2,  Field,  Ch.  Gaz.,  17,  225,  June 
15,  1859. 

P,O  CuO  H,O 

1.  Ural  26-44  61-20  10'77    Fe3O,  1'50  =s  100 

2.  Coquimbo  27'42  61*70  10'25    =  09'37 

Pyr.-Like  libethenite,  p.  786. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Nizhni  Tagilsk  in  the  Ural,  on  limonite;  at  the  Arme  Hilfe  mine,  Ullers- 
reuth,  in  minute  crystals  and  reniform  groups  or  masses,  oo  Hmonite,  with  quartz;  in  S.  America, 
at  the  Mercedes  mine,  Coquimbo,  fibrous  on  limouite. 

Hermann's  tagiliw  was  in  reniform  concretions,  with  H.  =  3,  G.  =  3'5,  and  color  euierald- 
to  mountain  -green;  and  had  the  composition  mentioned.  The  other  characters  in  the  above 
description  (excepting  the  anal,  by  Field)  are  from  Breithaupt,  in  an  account  of  the  Ullersreuth 
ore,  which  he  refers  to  tagilite,  but  which  has  not  been  analyzed  and  may  perhaps  not  be  that 
species. 

631.  LEUCOCHALOITE.    Leucochalcit  Sandberger,  Peterson,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  263,  1881. 

lu  very  slender,  needle-like  crystals.  Nearly  white,  with  tinge  of  green. 
Luster  silky. 

Comp.— Probably  Cu3As208.Cu(OH),  +  2H,0  or  4CuO.As206.3H20  =  Arsenic 
pentoxide  42-7,  cupric  oxide  47*2,  water  lO'O  =.100. 


838  PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,  ETC. 

Anal.— Petersen. 

As,06  [37-89]         PaCVl-60         CuO  47-10         CaO  1'56         MgO  2'28        ign.*  9'5T=  100 

•  H2O,COa  tr. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Becomes  first  green  oil  ignition,  and  finally  fuses  to  a  black  glass. 
Obs.— Occurs  as  a  delicate  coating  with  malachite  and  calcite  at  the  Wilhelmine  mine  in  the 
Spessart,  Germany. 

. 

632.  EUCHROITE.    Euchroit  Breithaupt,  Char.,  172,  266,  1823. 

Orthorhombic.    Axes  a  :  b  :  6  —  0-6088  :  1  :  1-0379  Haidinger1. 
100  A  110  =  31°  20',  001  A  101  =  59°  36J',  001  A  OH  =  46°  4'e 

Forms1:  b  (010,  «),  c  (001,  0);  m  (110,  /),  8  (230.  *4)»  I  (120,  «-2);  d  (102,  f  i)»,  e  (101,  1-I)«, 
n  (Oil,  «). 

Angles:  mm'"  =  *62*  40',  95'  =  95°  12',  II'  =  78°  47V,  dd'  =  80°  52',  ee'  =  119°  13', 
nri  =  *92°  8'. 

Habit  prismatic ;  faces  msl  striated  vertically. 

Cleavage :  m,  n  (Oil)  in  traces.     Fracture  small  conchoidal  to  uneven.     Rather 
brittle.     H.  =  3-5-4.     Gr.  =  3-389.     Luster  vitreous.     Color 
bright  emerald-  or  leek-green.     Transparent  to  translucent. 
Optically  +.     Ax.  pi.  ||  a.     Bx  J_  c.    Axial  angles: 

2E  =  61°  11'  at  17°  C.     and    56°  8'  at  86°  C.,  Dx.3 

Comp.— Cu3AsQ08.Cu(OH)3  +  6HaO  or  4CuO.As205.7H,O 

=  Arsenic  pentoxide  34-2,  cupric  oxide  47*1,  water  18-7  =  100. 

Analyses  agree  closely,  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  566.     Wohler  obtained: 
AsaO6  33-22,  CuO  48'09,  H2O  18'39  =  99-70,  Lieb.  Ann.,  51,  285,  1844. 
Fyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  more  water,  but  has  otherwise 
the  same  reactions  as  olivenite. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  quartzose  mica  slate  at  Libethen  in  Hungary,  in  crystals  of  considerable 
size,  having  much  resemblance  to  dioptase. 
Named  from  evxpoa,  beautiful  color. 

Alt.— Tschermak  suggests  that  olivenite  may  be  euchroite  altered  by  the  loss  of  water,  he 
finding  crystals  of  olivenite  projecting  from  the  holes  of  cavernous  euchroite,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien. 
61.129.  * 

Ref.— '  Ed.  J.  Sc.,  2,  133,  1825,  orPogg.,  5,  165,  1825;  also  Dx.,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  13,  423, 
1845.  »  Solly,  Proc.  Cambridge  Phil.  Soc.,  4,  6,  1883.  3  Propr.  Opt.,  2,  30,  1859,  N.  R.,  57, 
1867. 

633.  VOLBORTHITE,    Hess,  Bull.  Ac.  St.  Pet.,  4,  1838,  and  J.  pr.  Ch.,  14,  52,  1838. 
Knauffite.    Vauadate  of  Copper.     Vanadinsaures  Kupfer. 

In  small  six-sided  tables,  often  aggregated  in  globular  forms. 

Cleavage:  in  one  direction  very  perfect.  H.  =  3-3'5.  G-.  =  3*55  Credner. 
Luster  pearly  to  vitreous.  Color  olive-green,  citron-yellow.  Streak  clear  yellowish 
green,  nearly  yellow.  Thin  splinters  translucent. 

Comp. — A  hydrous  vanadate  of  copper,  barium,  and  calcium;  perhaps 
(Cu,Ca,Ba)3(OH)sVO«  -f  6H20  =  Vanadium  pentoxide  19'6,  cupric  oxide  38-4,  lime 
6-8,  baryta  6-2,  water  29 '0  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Genth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Philad.,  17,  122,  1877;  la,  2a,  the  same,  after  deduction 
of  impurities  (Rg.,  Min.  Ch.  Erg.,  263,  1886). 

V20.  CuO  BaO  CaO  MgO  H2O  SiOa  A12O3  Fe2O, 

1.  13-62  34-04  4-29  4'29  3'01  [33-15]  1'38  4'45  1-77  =  100 

2.  13-59  38-01  4-30  4'49  1-42  [31-60]  1'36  4'78  0'45  =  100 
la.                   14-74  36-84  4'64  4'64  3'26  35'88  —           —  —    =  100 
2a.                   14-55  40-70  4'60  4'80  1'52  33'83  —           —  —    =  100 


CORNWALLITE— TYRO  LITE.  839 

The  material  analyzed  consisted  ot  about  85  p.  c.  of  insoluble  gangue,  the  analysis  of  the 
remainder  is  given  in  1  and  2;  in  la,  2a,  the  corresponding  results  after  the  deduction  of 
the  impurities  are  given.  Calciovolborthite  or  Kalkvolborthit,  p.  790,  has  a  very  different 
composition. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  easily  to  a  black  bead,  which  in  the  inner  flame  becomes 
blackish  gray.  With  soda  on  charcoal  yields  copper;  with  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  reac- 
tions for  copper.  Fused  with  soda  in  the  platinum  spoon,  the  mass  yields  on  treatment  with 
water  a  solution  which,  acidulated  with  hydrochloric  acid  and  boiled,  gives  an  emerald-green 
solution,  and  this  diluted  with  water  becomes  blue;  Kbl. 

Obs. — From  Sisersk  and  Nizhni  Tagilsk  in  the  Ural,  where  it  was  found  by  Dr.  A.  Volborth, 
after  whom  it  was  named;  and  from  several  mines  of  the  Permian  formation  in  the  government 
of  Perm,  especially  at  the  Alexaudrov  mine  in  the  Motovilich  District. 

634.  CORNWALLITE.    Cornwallit  Zippe,  Abh.  Bohm.  Ges.  Prag,  1846. 
Massive. 

Fracture  conchoidal.  H.  =  4*5.  G.  =  4*16-4  *17.  Color  emerald-green  to 
dark  verdigris-green. 

Comp.— <XAs,08.2Cti(OH)2  -f  H20  or  5CuO.Asa05.3HaO  =  Arsenic  pentoxide 
33-8,  cupric  oxide  58'2,  water  7'9  =  iOO. 
AnaL— Church,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  21,  276,  1868. 

As2O5  PaO*          CuO  H3O 

G.  =  4-17  30-47  f  2-71  59'95  J  8'23    =    101 '36 

An  earlier  analysis  by  Lerch  (5th  Ed.,  p.  569)  gave  13  p.  c.  H2O. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  matrass  yields  water.  B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  arsenical  fumes,  and  a  bead 
Of  copper  enveloped  in  a  brittle  crust. 

Obs.— From  Cornwall,  occurring  in  small  botryoidal  or  disseminated  individuals  on  olivenite. 
Hesembles  malachite,  but  differs  from  it  in  not  effervescing  with  acids. 

635.  TYROLITE.    Kupferschaum  Wern.,  Hoffm.  Min.,  3,  180,  1816,  Letzt.  Min.  Syst., 
19,  50,  1817.     Kupaphrite  Shep.,  Min.,  1,  294,  1835.     Tirolit  Raid.,  Handb.,  509, 1845. 

Orthorhombic.  Axes  a  :  b  =  0*9325  :  1,  E.  S.  Dana1.  In  thin  crystals,  tabular 
|  c,  and  elongated  ||  b,  the  free  extremity  bounded  by  the  forms :  b  (010,  i-t), 
m  (110,  /),  I  (120,  ?-2).  Angles:  mm9"  =  *86°,  am  =  43°,  IV  =  56°  24', 
U  =  28°  12'. 

Distinct  crystals  rare,  usually  grouped  in  fan-shaped  forms  and  closely  foliated 
aggregates.  Also  reniform,  massive;  structure  radiate  foliaceous,  surface  drusy. 

Cleavage:  c  highly  perfect,  micaceous.  Very  sectile.  Thin  laminae  flexible. 
H.  =  1-1-5.  G.=  3-02-3-098.  Luster:  c  pearly;  other  faces  vitreous.  Color  pale 
apple-green  and  verdigris-green,  inclining  to  sky-blue.  Streak  a  little  paler. 
Translucent  to  subtranslucent.  Optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bx  JL  c.  Axial  angle 
large. 

Comp.— Perhaps  Cu3As208.2Cu(OH),  -f  7H30  or  5CuO.As306.9H,0  =  Arsenic 
pentoxide  29'2,  cupric  oxide  50-2,  water  20'6  =  100. 

Kobell's  analysis,  quoted  below,  gives  13'65  CaCO3,  present  apparently  as  an  impurity;  it  is 
also  stated  (N.-Z.  Min..  540,  1885)  that  Frenzel  found  13  p.  c.  CaCO3  in  the  Schneeberg  mineral. 
Further,  recent  careful  analyses  by  Hillebrand  on  material  seemingly  faultless  show  no  carbonic 
acid,  but,  on  the  other  hand,  some  sulphuric  acid  which  is  not  to  be  explained  as  due  to  admixed 
gypsum;  the  exact  composition  is  hence  complex  and  as  yet  uncertain. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Hillebraud,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  35,  300,  1888;  from  2,  1'25  p.  c.  gangue  has  been 
deducted.  3,  R.  Pearce,  Proc.  Col.  Soc.,  2,  135,  150,  1886.  4,  Kbl.,  Pogg.,  18,  253,  1830. 
5,  Church,  J.  Ch.  Soc..  26,  108,  1873. 

G.         As3O*    CuO    CaO     PI2O 

1.  Utah  3-27      f  28-78    45-22    6"84    17-26  ZuO  0'04,  MgO  0'05,  SO3?,PaO6  tr.  =  98-19 

2.  "  26-22    46-38    669    17'57  ZnO  tr.,  MgOO-04,PaO»  tr.,  SO,  2'27=99'17 

3.  "  27-87    42  60    9  10    16  23  FeaO3,Al3O,  0'97,  SO,  2'45  =  99*22 

CaCO, 

4.  Falkenstein  25-01    43'88  13'65    17'46  =  100 

5.  Libethen(?)    3-162        29'29    50061192     [8'73J=  100 

It  is  not  clear  that  anal.  5  belongs  here. 


840 


PHOSPHATES,   ARSENATES,   ETC. 


Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates  and  yields  much  water.  B.B.  in  the  forceps 
fuses  to  a  steel-gray  globule.  On  charcoal  gives  off  arsenical  fumes,  and  fuses  quietly  without 
deflagration  to  a  slaggy  mass,  which  in  R.F.  yields  globules  of  copper.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid, 
in  some  cases  with  effervescence.  Soluble  in  ammonia,  yielding  a  blue  solution  aud  a  white 
.residue  of  calcium  carbonate. 

Obs. — Usually  occurs  in  the  cavities  of  calamiue,  calcite,  or  quartz,  accompanied  by  other 
ores  of  copper,  appearing  in  small  aggregated  and  diverging  fibrous  groups  of  a  pale  green 
color,  and  possessing  a  delicate  silky  luster.  Has  been  observed  in  the  Dauat.  at  Posing  and 
Libethen-in  Hungary;  Nerchinsk  in  Siberia;  Falkenstein  and  Schwatz  in  Tyrol;  Saalfeld 
in  Thuriugia;  Riechelsdorf  in  Hesse;  Schueeberg  in  the  Erzgebirge;  in  Zechstein-dolomite 
near  Bieber. 

In  "the  U  States,  in  the  Tintic  district,  Utah,  at  the  Mammoth  mine  with  chalcophyllite  and 
other  related  species. 

Ref.— «  E.  S.  Dana,  Utah,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  39,  273,  1890. 


636.  OHALOOPHYLLITE.  Cuivre  arseniate  lamelliforme  H.t  Tr.,  1801;  Vauquelin, 
J.  Mines,  10,  562,  1801.  Blattriges  Olivenerz,  Kupferglimnier,  Karst.,  Hoff's  Mag.,  1,  543, 
1801;  Ludwig's  Werner,  180,  1803.  Copper  Mica  Jameson,  Min.,  1820.  Kupferphyllit  Breith  , 
Char  42  1832.  Eriuite  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  598,  1832.  Dmr.-Dx.,  Ann.  Ch.,  Phys.,  13,  420,  1845. 
Chalkophyllit  Breith.,  Haudb.,  149,  1847.  Tamarite  B.  &  M.,  Miu.,  1852. 

Rhombohedral.     Axis  6  =  2-5538;  0001  A  1011  =  71°  16'  Des  Cloizeaux'. 

Forms2:  c  (0001,  0);  m  (1010,  7);  w  (1016,  I)3,  v  (1012,  £),  r  (1011,  K),  d  (0113,  i)3, 
e  (0112,  -  i). 

Angles  :  cw  =  26°  10£',  cv  =  55°  51',  cr  =  71°  16',  cd  =  44°  30|',  ce  =  55°  51', 
ww  -  44°  55'  rr  =  *110°  12 ,  dd  =  74°  45£',  ee  =  91°  34 

Usually  in  six-sided  tabular  crystals;  faces  c  sometimes  triangularly  striated. 

Also   foliated  massive,   and   in 
druses. 

Cleavage:  c  highly  perfect; 
r  in  traces.  H.  =  2.  G.  =  2'4- 
2'G6;  2-435  Cornwall,  Hermann; 

,    ,,,    .  .  2*659  ib,  Damour.     Luster  of  c 

Fig.  1,  simple  form.     2,  Utah,  Washington.  ^}y.    >f    ^r  ^  ^^ 

or   subadamantine.     Color   emerald-   or  grass-green    to   verdigris-green.     Streak 
somewhat  paler  than  the  color.     Transparent  to  translucent.     Optically  — . 

Comp. — A  highly  basic  arseuate  of  copper;    formula  uncertain,  anal.  2  gives: 
7CuO.As205.l4H20;  anal.  4  gives  approx.:  9CuO.Al203.2As206.27H20  (Rg.). 

Anal.— 1  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch  ,  33,  294,  1844.  2,  3,  Darnour,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  13,  413, 
1845.  4,  Church.  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  23,  168,  1870. 


G. 

1.  Cornwall    2 -435 

2.  "          2-659 


With 


As2O5       P2O5       CuO        H2O       A12O3 


17  51" 
19-35 
21-27 
15-54 


undet. 
1-29 
1-56 


44-45 
52-92 
52-30 
46-14 


3119 
23-94 
22-58 
[31-75]b 


3-93a  FeO  2 -92  =  100 

1-80    =  99-30 

2-13    =  99-84 

5-97    Fe2O3  0  60  -  100 


b  At  100°,  14-06  p.  c. 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  yields  much  water,  and  gives  a  residue  of  olive* 
green  scales.  In  other  respects  like  olivenite.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid,  and  in  ammonia. 

Oba.— The  copper  mines  of  Tiugtnng,  Wlieal  Gorland,  and  Wheal  Unity,  near  Redruth,  are 
its  principal  localities  in  Cornwall.  Occurs  also  crystallized  in  iron  ore  at  Sayda  in  Saxony; 
in  minute  crystals  at  Herreugrund  in  Hungary;  Moldawa  in  the  Bamit.  Nizhni  Tngilsk  in  the 
Ural,  but  rare. 

In  the  U.  States,  in  the  Tintic  district,  Utah,  at  the  Mammwth  mine,  with  chnocjasite  aud. 
other  related  species  derived  from  enargite. 

jKM. — Found  altered  to  chrysocolla. 

Ref.— «  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  13,  42.0,  1845  (called  by  him  eviuite).     »  See  Miller,  1  c. 

3  H  S.  Washington,  Utah,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  35,  303  1888. 


VESZEL  YITB—L  UDLAM1TB 


841 


637.  VESZELYTTE.    Schrauf,  Anz.  Akad.  Wien,  135,  1874;  Zs.  Kr..  4,  31.  1879- 

Monoclinic  (or  triclinic?).     Form  as  in  figure. 

Measured  angles,  Schrauf      mM  =  84°  47  ,    ee  =  70°  43'-51',  inclination  edge  e/e  to  m/M 
-  76°  10  «i  also  me  =  57°  19'      me  =  104°  3  ,     Me  =  104°  16'. 

Incrustiug,  consisting  of  a  granular  aggregate  of  indistinct  crystalline 
Individuals.  Occasionally  in  distinct  crystals,  combinations  of  the  prism 
and  brachydome. 

H.  =  3'5-4.     G.  =  3'531.     Color  and  streak  greenish  blue. 

Comp. — A  hydrous  pbospho-arseuate  of  copper  and  zinc;  perhaps  (Rg.) 
7RO.(P,As)2O5.9HoO  =  (R  =  Zn  :  Cu  =  2  :  3,  As  .  P  =  2  3),  requiring: 
Arsenic  pentoxide  10'2,  phosphorus  pentoxide  9'5,  cupric  oxide  37  5, 
zinc  oxide  24'8,  water  18'1  =  100. 

Anal. — Schrauf  (on  O'l  gr.). 


As2Oa 
10-41 


9-01 


CuO 

37-34 


ZnO 
25-20 


17-05  =  99-01 


Obs. — Occurs  as  ab  incrustation  on  granite,  and  on  limonite,  at  Morawitza,  in  the 
Banat. 

Named  after  the  mining  engineer  Veszelyi. 

Ref.— '  L.  c.,  Schrauf s  letters  are  retained,  m  =  Oil,  e  -  110,  also  d  (201)  and  cr  (121)  rare. 
Schrauf  gives  a  triclinic  axial 'system  (with  which  the  angles  do  not  wholly  agree),  but  it 
obviously  makes  small  claim  to  exactness. 

638.  LUDLAMITE.    IT.  S.  Maskelyne  and  F>  Field,  Phil.  Mag..  3,  52,  135,  525,  1877. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  b  :  I  =  2-2520  .  1  :  1-9819;   ft  =  *79°  27'  =  001  A  100 
Maskelyne. 

100  A  110  =  *65°  41£',  001  A  101  =  45°  53',  001  A  Oil  =  62°  49f. 


Forms : 
a  (100,  i-i) 
c  (001.  0) 


t  (201,  -  2-i) 


I  (Oil,  1- 


&(201,  8-i) 


q  (HI,  1) 


mm'"  =  131°  23' 

ct    =  52°  37f 

cd   =  45°  53' 

ck   =  68°  37' 


If  =125°  40' 

cr  =  44C  36^ 

cp  =61°  25^ 

cm  =  85°  41'' 


cq  =  68°  31 
ap  =  64°  2 
al  -  85°  12' 
a'q=  72°  17 


rr'  =  79°  52' 
pp  =  106°  46' 
qq  =*116°  31^ 


Crystals  small,  tabular  ||  c.     Faces  c,  q  striated  or  furrowed  ||  edge  c/q. 

Cleavage:  c  highly  perfect;  a  distinct.  H.  =  3-4. 
G.  =  3*J.2.  Luster  vitreous,  brilliant.  Color  bright 
green.  Streak  greenish  white.  Transparent.  Optically 
H-.  Ax,  pi.  ||  b.  Bxa  A  I  =  —  67°  5'.  Dispersion 
p  >  v  small;  of  bisectrices  nearly  zero. 

2HP  =  97°  50          2H0  =  119°         .'.    -2V  =  82°  22' 

Comp.— 2Fe3P20,.Fe(OH),  +  8H,0  or  7Fe0.2PQ06. 
9H,0  =  Phosphorus  pentoxide  29'9,  iron  protoxide  53-0, 
water  17'1  =  100. 


Anal.— Flight,  1.  c. 
P,O&  30  11 


FeO  52  76 


H2O  16-98  =  99-85 


Pyr.,  etc.— B  B.  colors  the  flame  pale  green,  and  leaves  a  black  residue.  In  the  closed  tube 
decrepitates  violently,  becomes  dark  blue,  and  gives  off  water.  Soluble  in  dilute  hydrochloric 
and  sulphuric  acids. 

Obs.— Occurs  with  siderite,  vivianite,  pyiite»  at  the  Wheal  Jane  mine, 'near  Truro.  Cornwall, 
Probably  also  from  Stosgen  near  Linz  ou  the  Rhine.  Named  after  Mr.  Ludlam.  of  London. 


842 


PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,   ETC., 


639.  WAVELLITE.  Wavellite  Babbington,  Davy's  Mem.  in  Phil.  Tr.,  162,  1805. 
Hydrargillite  Davy,  ib.,  155,  162.  Devouite  Thomson.  Strahliger  Hydrargillit  (=  columnar 
var.  of  Diaspore)  Hdusm.,  Handb.,  443,  1813.  Lasionit  Fucks,  Schw.  J.,  18,  288,  1816,  24, 121. 
Striegisan  Brcith.,  Schw.  J.,  62,  379,  1831.  Thonerdephosphat  Germ.  Alumine  phosphatee 
Fr.  Subphosphate  of  Alumina.  Kapnicit  Kenng..  Ueb.,  1855,  1856-57. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  d:l:6  =  0-50489  :  1  :  0-37514  Senff1. 

100  A  110  =  26°  47£',  001  A  101  =  36°  3GJ',  001  A  Oil  =  20°  33f. 


Forms1 : 
b  (010,  M) 


q    (13-1-0,  £-13)? 
m  (110,  I) 


n  (340,  e-|) 
p  (101,  1-i) 


s  (111,  1) 
o  (121,  2-2) 


r  (5-11-6,  Y-~V-)a 


mm'"  =  *53°  84? 
nri     =  112°    6' 
pp'      =  *73°  13V 


M1  =  69°  39' 
ss"  =  79°  33' 
M'"  =  33°  31' 


00'  =  61"  27' 
oo"  =  93°  T 
oo'"  =  62°  7' 


fo  =  73°  14$' 
bo  =  58°  56f 


Figs.  1,  simple  form.     2,  after  Senff. 
Dispersion  p  >  v  small  Toil). 


Distinct  crystals  rare;  faces  m 
striated  vertically.  Usually  in  aggre- 
gates,  hemispherical  or  globular  with 
crystalline  surface,  and  having  a  radi- 
ated structure. 

Cleavage:  p  and  b  rather  perfect 
(Senff).  Fracture  uneven  to  subcon- 
choidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  3-25-4.  G.  = 
2-337,2-316.  Luster  vitreous,  inclining 
to  pearly  and  resinous.  Color  white, 
passing  into  yellow,  green,  gray,  brown, 
and  black.  Streak  white.  Translucent. 
Optically  -{-.  Ax.  pi.  ||  a.  Bx  J_  c. 
y  —  a  =  0*025  Lex.  Axial  angles  (Donnegal)  Dx. 


2Ha.r  =  75°  22' 
2Ha.y  =  75°  8' 
2Ha.w  =  74°  29' 


.*.  2Er  =  127°  18' 
.'.  2Ey  =  127°  2' 
.-.  2Ebi  =  126°  52' 


2H0.r  =  114°  31' 
2H0.y  =  114°  45* 
2H0.bi  =  115°  20' 


2Vr  =  72°  1' 
2Vy  =  71°  48' 
2Vbi  =  71°  14' 


/?r  =  1'524 
fty  =  1-526 
/?bi  =  1'536 


Comp.— 4A1P04.2A1(OH)3  +  9H,0  or  3A1203.2P30§.12H30  =  Phosphorus  pent- 
oxide  35-2,  alumina  38'0,  water  26*8  =  100.  Fluorine  is  sometimes  present,  up 
to  2  p.  c. 

Anal.— 1,  Berzelius,  Schw.  J.,  27,  63,  1819.  2,  Erdmann,  ib.,  69,  154,  1833.  3,  Hermann, 
J.  pr.  Ch.,  33,  288,  1844.  4,  Stadeler,  Lieb.  Ann.,  109,  305,  1859.  5,  Pisani,  C.  R.,  75,  79, 
1872.  6,  Church,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  26,  110,  1873.  7,  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  23,  423,  1857.  8,  E.  F. 
Smith,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  5,  273, 1883.  Also  5th  Ed.,  576. 


P2O6  AUG.  H2O 

1.  Devonshire  33-40  35'35  26-80 

2.  Striegis,  blue  34'06  36 -60  27*40 

3.  Zbirow  34'29  36'39  26'34 

4.  Hungary,  KapniciteG.-  2'356  35'49  39'59  [24-92] 

5.  Montebras                 G.  =  2'33  34'30  38'25  26'60 

6.  Cork  32-00  37 -18  26'45b 

7.  Chester  Co.,  Penu.  34'68  36'67  28'29 

8.  Upper  Milford,  Penn.  3414  36'66  28'32 


2'06aCaOO-50,(Fe,Mn)2O3l '25=99-36 

tr.   Fe2O3  I'OO  =  99-06 
l'78»Fe2O3  1'20  =  100 

—   =  100 
2-27  =  101-42 
2;09  SiO2  0-19,  CaO,Fe2O3  tr.  =97'91 

tr.  limonite  0'22  =  99'86 

tr.   limonite  0'60  =  99'72 


HF. 


b  Dried  at  100°;  at  100°  loses  2'28  p.  c.  HaO.  at  200°  22-14,  the  rest  at  a  red  heat. 


Fyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  much  water,  the  last  portions  of  which  react  acid 
and  color  Brazil-wood  paper  yellow  (fluorine),  and  also  etch  the  tube.  B.B.  in  the  forcepsswells 
up  and  splits  frequently  into  fine  acicular  particles,  which  are  infusible,  but  color  the  flame  pale 
green;  moistened  with  sulphuric  acid  the  green  becomes  more  intense.  Gives  a  blue  with  cobalt 
solution.  Some  varieties  react  for  iron  and  manganese  with  the  fluxes.  Heated  with  sulphuric 
acid  gives  off  fumes  of  hvdrofluoric  acid,  which  etch  glass.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  and 
also  in  caustic  potash. 

Obs. — Wavellite  was  first  discovered  in  a  tender  clay  slate  near  Barnstaple,  in  Devonshire. 


FISCHERITE-PEGANITE.  843 

by  Dr.  Wavel.  It  has  since  been  found  at  Clonmel  and  Cork,  Ireland;  in  the  Shiant  Isles  of 
Scotland;  with  the  amblygonite  of  Montebras,  France;  at  Zbirow  and  Zajecov  in  Bohemia; 
at  Frankenberg  aud  Langenstriegis,  Saxouy;  Dilnsberg  near  Giessen,  Hesse  Darmstadt;  on 
browu  iron  ore  in  the  Jura  limestone  at  Amberg  in  Bavaria  (the  lasionite  of  Fuchs);  in  a  man- 
ganese mine  at  Weiubach  near  Weilburg  in  Nassau  (Genth);  at  Villa  Rica,  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil. 
Kapnicite  is  from  Kapnik,  Hungary. 

In  the  United  States  reported  as  found  near  Saxton's  River,  Bellows  Falls,  N.  H.;  also  at 
the  slate  quarries  of  York  Co.,  Pa.,  near  the  Susquebanua;  at  Silver  Hill  mine,  Davidson  Co., 
N.  C.,  with  uctinolite,  pyrite,  and  native  silver;  at  White  Horse  Station,  Chester  Valley  R.  R., 
Pa.,  in  a  bed  of  limonite.  abundant  in  stalactitic  forms,  part  drusy  with  rhombic  crystals,  and 
of  ten' coated  with  a  pearly  scaly  mineral  yet  undetermined;  at  Magnet  Cove,  Arkansas,  in  fine 
stellate  radiaiions  of  a  light  green  to  deep  green  color. 

Named  after  Dr.  Wavel,  the  discoverer.  The  species  was  considered  a  variety  of  diaspora 
by  D'Aubuisson,  Bournon,  Hausmaun,  and  some  other  early  mineralogists,  and  placed  next  to 
diaspora  by  Werner  in  1817;  while  Jameson  arranged  it  in  1816  among  the  zeolites. 

Ref.— '  Pogg.,  18,  474,  1830.    2  Dx.,  Montebras,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  27,  405,  1872. 

LIME-WAVELLITE.  KalkwavelHt  Kosmann,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  21,  799,  1869.  An  impure 
wavellite  found  as  the  cement  of  a  phosphorite  breccia  at  Dehrn  and  Ahlbach.  Supposed  to 
contain  lime  as  an  essential  ingredient,  but  doubtful.  See  App.  I,  p.  9,  1872*  An  analysis 
(deducting  15  p.  c.  impurities)  gave: 

P,O6  28-39  A12O,  35-65  CaO  14'86  H,O  21-09  =  99'99 

640.  FISCHERITE.    ShcJiurowki,  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  33,  285,  1844. 
Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  =  0-5937  :  1;  100  A  HO  =  30°  44'  Koksharov1. 

Forms :    b  (010,  i-i),    c  (001,  0),    m  (110,  /);  with  also  g  (120,  i$). 

Angles  :    mm"  =  *61°  28',    gg'  =  B0°  8'. 

Crystals-  small,  often  six-sided  prisms  (?»,  b),  also  in  scales,  and  in  acicular 
crystals  grouped  in  druses  in  radiating  form;  also  in  crusts. 

H.  =  5.  G.  =  2 -46.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  grass-green  to  olive-green,  and 
verdigris-green.  Translucent.  Optically  +-  Ax  pi.  ||  a.  Bx  J_  c.  Axial  angles 
variable,  Dx.2 

2Ha.r  =  66°23'  /.  2Er  =  106°45  2H0.r  =  130°  56'  also  2H0.r  =  124°  58'  fir  -  1 '50-1 -56 
2Ha.y  =  66°  4  >-.  2Ey  =  106°  18'  2H0.y  =  131°  0' 

Comp.— A1P04.A1(OH)3  +  2iH20  or  2Ala03.Pa06-8H,0  =  Phosphorus  pent- 
oxide  29-9,  alumina  41'6,  water  29 '4  =  100. 
Anal. — Hermann,  1.  c. 

P205  A1203  H80 

29-03  38-47  27-50    CuO  0'80,  Fe203,Mn203  1'20,  gangue  3'00  =  100 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  becomes  white,  and  clouded;  yields  much  water,  but  no  fluorine. 
Soluble  in  sulphuric  acid. 

Obs.— From  Nizhni  Tagilsk  in  the  Ural,  where  it  occurs  in  veins  in  a  ferruginous  sandstone 
and  clay  slate.  Also  reported  as  occurring  in  a  botryoidal,  enamel-like  form  at  Roman-Gladna, 
Hungary  (Foldt.  Kpzl.,  12,  179,  1882). 

Named  after  Fischer  v.  Waldheim  of  Moscow. 

Ref.-1  Mm.  Riissl.,  1.  31,  1853.    *  Dx.,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  9,  32,  1874. 

641.  PEGANITE.    Peganit  Breilhaupt,  Schw.  J..  60,  308,  1830. 
Orthorhombic.    Axes  a  :  I  =  0-499  :  1 ;  100  A  HO  =  26£°  approx.,  Breith. 

Forms:    c  (001,  0),    b  (010,  *-i),    m  (110,  /),    r  (121 ,2-2). 

Crystals  prismatic,  indistinct;  usually  in  aggregates,  passing  into  incrustations. 

Cleavage:  b,  c,  m,  all  indistinct.  Fracture  uneven  to  subconchoidal.  Brittle. 
H.  =  3-3*5.  G.  =  2 '492-2-501.  Luster  greasy  to  vitreous.  Color  deep  green, 
greenish  gray,  greenish  white.  Streak  white. 

Comp.-AlP04.Al(OH)3  +  1}H20  or  2 A1308.P205.6H,0  =  Phosphorus  pentoxide 
31'3>  alumina  44'9,  water  23'8  =  100. 


844 


PHOSPHATES,  AltSE NATES,  ETC. 


Anal.— 1,  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Cli.,  33,  287,  1344.     2,  Lichtenberger,  Jb.  Min.,  819,  1872. 
3,  Frenzel,  ibid. 


1.  Striegis 

2.  Portugal  G.  =  2'46 
3. 


P205  AlaO3  H2O 

30-49  44-49  22'82  CuO,Fe2O3,gane:ue  2'20  =  100 

36-14  38-90  23-14  CuO  0'64,  BaO  0'43  =  99'25 

34-33  39-62  23'53  CuO  0'83,  BaO  0'39  =  98 '70 


Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  yields  water,  and  assumes  a  violet  or  rose  color.  B.B.  cracks 
open,  becomes  violet,  but  does  not  fuse.  .  Gives  but  a  faint  copper  reaction,  but  in  other  respects 
like  turquois.  The  powdered  mineral  gives  a  fine  blue  with  cobalt  solution. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  crusts,  consisting  of  small  prismatic  crystals,  at  Striegis,  near  Freiberg, 
Saxony.  Also  at  Nobrya  near  Albergharia  Velha  in  Portugal. 

Named  from  nrjyavov,  an  herb,  in  allusion  to  the  color. 


642.  TURQUOIS.  ?Callais,  ?Callaina,  Plin.t  °7,  56,  33.  Firuzegi  Pers.  Turques,  Tur- 
quois pt.,  of  the  16th  century  and  later  (Turques,  Fabyan's  Chronicle).  Tttrkis  pt.  Germ., 
Turchesa  ItaL,  Turquoise  Fr.  Turquoise  J.  B.  Tawnier,  Voy.  en  Turquie,  en  Persie,  etc.,, 
Paris,  1678.  Turchine  Bocconi,  Museo  di  Fisica,  etc.,  278,  1697.  Orientalischer  Tttrkis 
Demetrius  Agaphi,  N.  Nord.  Beytr  ,  5,  261,  Pallas,  ib.,  265.  Turquois  orientale,  Calaite, 
Agaphite,  Johnite,  G.  Fischer,  Mem.  Soc.  Imp.  N.  Moscou,  1,  1806;  also  .his  Onomasticpn  Min. 
Mus  Imp.  Moscou,  1811,  and  Essai  stir  la  Turquoise,  Moscou,  1816,  of  which  Abstr.  in  Ann. 
Phil.,  14,  406,  1819;  JoJin,  Mem.  Soc.  Imp.  N.  Moscou,  1,  1806,  Schw.  J.,  3,  93,  1807  (with. 
analyses  and  assertion  that  it  is  no  Odontolite).  Hydrargillite  pt.  Hausm.,  Haudb.,  444,  1813. 
Turquoise  de  vieille  roche  (in  distinction  from  Odontolite,  or  T.  de  nouvelle  roche,  called  also 
Occidental  Turquois).  Kallait,  Kalait,  Germ.  Turchesia  Hal.  Turquesa  Bran.  Turquoise. 

Massive;  amorphous  or  cryptocrystalline.  Reniforni,  stalactitic,  or  ihcritsting. 
In  thin  seafns  and  disseminated  grains.  Also  in  rolled  masses. 

Cleavage  none.  Fracture  small  conchoidal.  Rather  brittle.  H.  =  6.  G  — 
2'6-2'83;  2*621,  Hermann.  Luster  somewhat  waxy,  feeble.  Color  sky-blue,  bluish 
green  to  apple-green,  and  greenish  gray.  Streak  white  or  greenish'.  Feebly  sub- 
transhrtent  to  opaque. 

Comp. — A  hydrous  phosphate  of  aluminium  colored  by  a  copper  compound, 
A1P04.A1(OH)3  +  H20  or  2A1203.P205.5H20—  Phosphorus  pentoxiBe  32-6.  alumina 
46-8,  water  20'6  =  100.  The  copper  salt  present  probably  has  the  composition 
2CuO.P20B.4H20  Clarke. 

Anal.— 1,  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  33,  282,  1844,  deducting  impurities,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  337, 
1860.  2,  Church,  Ch.  News,  10.  290,  1864.  3,  Frenzel.  Min.  Mitth.,  5,  184,  1883.  4,  ISicoluyev, 
Kk.,  Min.  Russl.,  9,  86,  1886.  5,  Moore,  Zs.  Kr.,  10,  210,  1885.  6-8,  Clarke,  Arri.  J.  Sc.,  32, 
211,  1886. 

CaO 

l-85MnOO-50  =  100 

—  MnO  0-36  =  100'23 
3-95  MgOO  15,  SiO2437, 

[S030'66  =  100-15 

—  =  100 

—  =    90-96 

0-18  SiO2  1-15  -  9887 
0-38  Si02  0-16  =  99-79 
UTid.  Si02  4-20  -  99-83 


1.  Oriental,  blue 

2.  Persia 

3.  Sinai 

4.  Karkaraliusk 

5.  California,  pseud. 

6.  N.  Mexico,  bright  blue 

7.  ""          pale  blue 

8.  "          dark  green 


G. 

P205 

A1203 

H20 

CuO 

'Fe203 

2-62 

28-90 

47 

•45 

18-18 

2-02 

1-10 

275 

32-86 

40 

•19 

19-34 

5-27 

2'21a 

2-70      1 

28-40 

38 

•61 

20-69 

332 

— 

2-887 

34-42 

[35 

79] 

18-60 

7-67 

3-52 

2-86 

33-21 

35 

•98 

19-98 

7-80 

2-99 

31-96 

39 

•53b 

19-80 

630 



2-"B05 

32-86 

86 

88 

19-60 

7-51 

2-40 

28-63 

37 

•88 

18-49 

656 

407 

aFeO. 

b  Includes  some  Fe; 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  lube  decrepitates,  yields  water,  and  turns  brown  or  black, 
B.B.  in  the  forceps  becomes  brown  .and  assumes  a  glassy  appearance,  but  does  not  fuse;  colors 
the  flame  green ;  moistened  with  hydrochloric  acid  the  color  is  at  first  blue  (copper  chloride). 
With  the  sodium  test  gives  hydrogen  phosphide.  With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  beards 
in  O.F.  which  are  yellowish  green  while  hot  and  pure  green  on  cooling.  With  salt  of  phos- 
phorus and  tin  on  charcoal  gives  an  opaque  red  bead  (copper).  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid.. 

Obs. — The  highly  prized  oriental  turquois  occurs  in  narrow  seams  (2  to  4  or  even  6  mm.  in 
thickness)  or  in  irregular  patches-in  the  brecciated  portions  of  a  porphyritic  trachyte  find  the 
surrounding  clay  slate  in  Persia,  not  far  from  Nishapflr,  Khorassan  (cf.  Schindler,  Vh.  G.  Reichs., 
93,  1884,  Rec.  G.  Surv.  India,  17,  132,  1884);  the  exact  locality  is  stated  to  be  on  the  southern 
slopes  of  the  Mt.  Ali-Mirsa,  N.W.  of  the  village  Maden.  Also  in  the  Megara  Valley,  Sinai, 
with  limonite  in  seams  in  porphyry;  a  greenish  blue  variety  comes  from  the  Karkaralinsk 
(Kirgeshi  Steppes),  Semipalatinsk,  Siberia.  Also  in  the  Kara-Tube  Mts.  in  Turkestan,  50 


TURQVOIS—SPHjERITti.  845 

versts  from  Samarkand  with  limonite,  etc.,  in  seams  in  a  siliceous  clay  slate;  the  locality  has 
been  worked  at  some  unknown  time  in  the  past.  An  impure  variety  is  found  at  Steine  in 
Silesia,  and  at  Oelsnitz  in  Saxony. 

In  theU.  States,  occurs  in  the  Los  Cerillos  Mts.,  20  m.  S.E.  of  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico, 
in  a  trachytic  rock,  a  locality  long  mined  by  the  Mexicans  and  in  recent  years  reopened  and  exten- 
sively worked.  It  has  afforded  some  fine  gems.  Cf.  Blake,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  25,  227,  1858;  25, 197 
1883;  Silliman-,  ib.,  22,  67,  1881;  Clarke  and  Diller,  1.  c.;  also  Kunz,  Gems,  etc.,  of  the  U.  S., 
1890. 

Found  also  in  the  Burro  Mts.,  Grant  Co.,  N.  M.,  southwest  of  Silver  City  (Snow,  Am.  J. 
Sc.,  41,  511, 1891);  at  the  Holy  Cross  Mt.,  Colorado.  A  pale  green  turquois  occurs  in  the  Sierra. 
Nevada,  five  miles  north  of  Columbus,  Nevada;  a  kind  pseudomorphous  after  apatite  at  Taylor's 
ranch,  Chowchillas  river,  in  Fresno  Co.,  California  (Zeph.  &  Moore,  1.  c.). 

Dorneyko  (Min.,  3d  Ed.)  refers  here  an  earthy  cupriferous  aluminium  phosphate  from  San 
Lorenzo,  Chili  (5th  Ed.,  p.  587). 

On  the^ microscopic  structure  of  turquois,  see  Bkg.,  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  163,  1878,  3,  81,  1879. 

Natural  turquois  of  inferior  color  is  often  artificially  treated  to  give  it  the  tint  desired.  More- 
over, many  stones  which  are  of  a  fine  blue  when  first  found  retain  the  color  only  so  long  as 
they  are  kept  moist,  and  when  dry  they  fade,  become  a  dirty  green,  and  are  of  little  value.  Much 
of  the  turquois  (not  artificial)  used  in  jewelry  in  former  centuries,  as  well  as  the  present,  and 
that  described  in  the  early  works  on  minerals,  was  bone-turquois  (called  also  odoniolite,  from 
d5oi>$,  tooth),  which  is  fossil-bone,  or  tooth,  colored  by  a  phosphate  of  iron.  Its  organic  origin 
becomes  manifest  under  a  microscope.  Moreover,  true  turquois,  when  decomposed  by  hydro- 
chloric acid,  gives  a  fine  blue  color  with  ammonia,  which  is  not  true  of  the  odoutolite. 

The  Callais  of  Pliny  is  generally  regarded  as  turquois,  and  probably  rightly  so.  But  all  he 
says  of  it  is,  "  Callais  sapphirum  imitatur.  candidior  et  litorosomarisimilis,"  resembling  sapphire 
(that  is,  lapis-lqzuli)  in  color,  but  paler,  and  like  the  sea  toward  the  shore;  indicating  a  greenish 
blue  taut  and  degree  of  opacity  corresponding  well  enough  with  much  turquois. 

The  Callaina  also  of  Pliny  (to  which  he  devotes  a  long  chapter)  is  referred  to  this  species, 
and  with  even  belter  reason.  It  was  a  stone  of  a  pale  green  color,  and  was  obtained,  according 
to  him,  amid  inaccessible  rocks  in  the  countries  that  lie  at  the  back  of  India,  nearMt.  Caucasus, 
etc.  He  also  slates  that  it  was  remarkable  for  its  size,  and  was  full  of  holes  and  foreign  sub- 
stances, which  it  is  difficult  to  reconcile  with  the  true  turquois.  But  he  speaks  in  the  next 
sentence  of  a  kind  from  Carmania  (a  district  of  Persia)  as  of  belter  quality  and  clearer,  and  this 
may  have  been  real  turquois.  He  says  that  no  stones  were  more  easily  imitated,  which  is  very 
true  of  turquois.  He  also  remarks  that  the  beauty  of  the  Callaina  is  greatly  heightened  by  a 
setting  of  gold,  the  contrast  peculiarly  befitting  it. 

Pliny  also  speaks  of  another  stone  called  Callaica  (37, 56),  and  says  of  it:  "  Callnicam  vocant 
e  turbido  callaino;  ferunt  pluris  coujunctis  semper  iuveniri;"  it  is  so  called  because  it  is  a  turbid 
callaina,  and  they  are  found  together.  He  also  remarks  that  the  stone  called  "  Augetis  (37,  54) 
multis  non  alia  videtur  quam  callaiqa,"  by  many  is  thought  to  be  nothing  but  callaina.  (See 
further  CALLAINITE,  p.  825). 


ns 

it  to  _ 

his  mixing  different  things  of  similar  aspect),  when  all  the  other  characters  given  are  weighed 

they  leave  doubt. 

It  is  probable  that  the  turquois — oriental  and  occidental— was  as  commonly  used  in  Persia 
as  a  gem  in  ancient  times  as  njow.  The  name  turquois  (or  turquoise)  is  French  in  form,  and 
means  Turkish,  a  Turkish  gem,  the  gem  having  come  into  Europe  through  Turkey. 

W.  P.  Blake  (1.  c.,  and  ib.,  25,  197.  1883)  regards  the  bluish  green  turquois  of  Los  Cerillos 
as  the  cJialchihuitl  of  the  Mexicans;  he  proposes  the  mineralogical  name  chalchuite.  By 
others  this  Mexican  stone  is  referred  to  jade  (p.  371),  also  by  others  to  emerald. 

643.  SPHJERITE.    Spharit  v.  ZepharomcJi,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  56  (1),  24,  1867. 

In  globular  concretions  with  a  drusy  faceted  surface,  without  a  distinct  fibrous 
or  concentric  structure. 

Cleavage  distinct  in  one  direction.  H.  =  4.  G.  =  2'536.  Luster  greasy- 
vitreous,  glimmering.  Color  light  gray,  bluish;  also  reddish  from  mixture  with 
hematite.  Translucent. 

Comp.— Perhaps  4A1P04.6A1(OH)3  -f  7H20  or  5Al,Os.2Pa06.16H20  =  Phos- 
phorus pentoxide  26*3,  alumina  47-1,  water  26-5  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Boricky  (1.  c.);  la,  same,  with  SiO9,  CaO,  MgO,  and  some  P,06  (for  these  bases) 
excluded: 

P,O6       A1,O3      MgO      CaO       H2O        SiO, 

I.  |    28-58        42-36        2'60        1'41        24-03        0'87    =      9985 

la.  26-80        46-71          —  —         26'49          —      =     100 


846  PHOSPHATES,  ABSENATES,   ETC. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water.  B.B.  is  infusible,  and  colors  the  flame  bluish  green.  With  cobalt 
solution  a  tine  blue. 

Obs.— Occurs  lining  cavities  or  seams  in  hematite,  at  Zajecov,  north  of  St.  Benigna,  Bohemia, 
in  Lower  Silurian  schists,  along  with  wavellite. 

Alt.— Becomes  opaque  white,  dull,  and  earthy  by  alteration. 

644.  LISKEARDITE.    Maskelym,  Nature,  18,  426,  Aug.  15,  1878. 

Massive;  in  thin  incrustiug  layers,  with  uniform  fibrous  structure.  Color  white,  with  a 
slight  blue  or  greenish  blue  tint. 

Comp.— (Al,Fe)AsO4.2(Al,Fe)(OH)3  +  5H2O  or  3(Al,Fe)2O3.AsaO6.16H2O  =  Arsenic  pent- 
oxide  27'1,  alumina  30  9,  iron  sesquioxide  8'1,  water  33'9  =  100. 

Anal.— W.  Flight,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  43,  140,  1883. 

As2O5        A12O3        Fe203       H2O 
26-96          28  23          7'64         34-05*  CuO  1'03,  CaO  0'72,  SO3  I'll  =  9974 

a  Loss  at  ordinary  temp.,  4'35  p.c.;  at  100°,  10'96  (6HaO);  at  120°,  5'55  (3H2O);  at  140°- 
190°,  8-22,  and  with  lead  oxide,  4'97  (7H,O). 

Obs.— Occurs  in  crusts  one- fourth  of  an  inch  thick  as  a  coating  of  cavities  or  incrustation  on 
quarlz  or  other  minerals;  accompanying  species  are  scorodite,  arsenopyrite,  chalcopyrite,  pyrite, 
earthy  chlorite;  from  Liskeard,  Cornwall. 

645.  EVANSITE.    D.  Forbes,  Phil.  Mag.,  28,  341,  1864. 
Massive;  renifcrm  or  botryoidal. 

Fracture  subconchoidal.  H.  =  3*5-4.  G.  =  1-939.  Luster  vitreous  or 
resinous;  internally  waxy.  Colorless,  or  milk-white;  sometimes  tinged  with  yellow 
or  blue.  Streak  white.  Translucent,  subtranslucent. 

Comp.— 2A1P04.4A1(OH)3  +  12H,Oor  3A1303.P,06.18H,0  =  Phosphorus  pent- 
oxide  18-4,  alumina  39 -6,  water  42 -0  =  100. 
Anal.— Forbes,  I.e. 

|    P2O5 19-05  A12O, '39-31  H2O  39  95  insol.  1'41  =  99-72 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  in  closed  tube  yields  neutral  water,  decrepitates,  leaving  milk-white  powder. 
Infusible.  Moistened  with  sulphuric  acid  colors  the  flame  green.  On  charcoal  with  cobalt 
solution  gives  intense  blue.  With  fluxes  trace  of  iron.  Soluble  in  sulphuric,  nitric,  and  hydro- 
chloric acids.  Fluorine  not  detected. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Zsetcznik,  Hungary,  as  reniform  or  globular  concretions  on  limonite. 

Brought  in  1855  from  Hungary,  by  Brooke  Evans,  of  Birmingham,  England,  after  whom 
it  was  named.  It  was  labeled  allophaue. 

A  mineral  occurring  in  a  small  fissure  in  the  Yoredale  Rocks,  Ratcliffe  Wood,  Macclesfield, 
is  referred  here  by  A.  S.  Woodward.  The  loss  on  ignition  was  40  p  c.  Miu.  Mag.,  5,  333, 1883. 

CCERULEOLACTITE.     Coerulcolactin  T.  Petersen,  Jb.  Min.,  353,  1871. 

Oypto-crystalline  to  micro-crystalline.  Fracture  uneven  to  conchoidal.  H.  =5.  G.  =s 
2-552-2-593.  Color  milk-white  passing  into  light  copper-blue.  Streak  white. 

Composition,  perhaps  3Al2O3.2P2O5.10H2O  =  Phosphorus  pentoxide  36'9,  alumina  39*7 
water  23'4  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Petersen;  la,  obtained  from  1  after  excluding  10  p.  c.  impurities.  2,  Genth,  Min. 
Rep.  Penn.,  143,  1875. 

P20*  A12O3  H2O  CuO' 

1.  Nassau                                          3633    3511  21-23  1'40  Fe3O3  0'93,  CaO  2'41,  MgO  0'20, 
la.        "                                               37-04     39-34  23'62  —   =  100  [SiO2  l-82,ZnO,F<r.=39'43 

2.  Chester  Co.,  Pa.  G.  =  2-696        36-31    38'27  21-70  4'25  insol.  0'54  =  101-07 

B.B.  decrepitates,  infusible,  on  charcoal  turns  reddish  gray.  With  cobalt  solution  gives  a 
deep  blue.  Moistened  with  sulphuric  acid  colors  the  flame  green.  With  the  fluxes  gives  a  faint 
reaction  for  copper.  Soluble  in  mineral  acids,  also  in  fixed  caustic  alkalies. 

From  the  Rindsberg  Mine  near  Katzenellubogeu,  Nassau.  A  similar  mineral  occurs  with 
wavellite  at  General  Trimble's  iron  mine,  E;ist  Whitelaud  Township,  Chester  Co.,  Penn. 

An  aluminium  phosphate,  referred  here  with  some  question  by  Wibel,  has  been  noted  as 
forming  with  25  p.  c.  carbonaceous  matter,  the  substance  of  an  ancient  fabric  dug  up  at  Forst- 
haus-Perlberg.  Jb.  Min.,  1,  209  ref..  1890. 

TARANAKITE  Hector  [Jurors'  Rep.  N.  Z.  Ex.,  423,  1865J.  Cox.  Trans.  N.  Z.  Inst.,  15,  385. 
1882. 


PHARMA  COSIDERITE. 


847 


Massive,  resembling  wavellite.    Soft.    Color  yellowish  white.    Anal.— Hector.  1.  c. 

P2O6       A1,O,       FeO       CaO       K,O      NaaO      H,O 

35-05        21-43        4  45        0'55        4'20         tr.         33'06  Cl  0'46,  SO,  tr.,  iusol.  0'80  =  100 

Of  the  water  15-46  p.c.  is  lost  at  100°,  and  17-60  more  at  a  red  heat.  B.B.  fuses  readily. 
From  Sugar  Loaves,  Taranaki,  New  Zealand. 

BERLINITE  C.  W.  Blomstrand,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  25,  198,  1868.  TROLLEITE,  ibid.,  p.  199. 
AUGELITE,  ibid.,  p.  199.  ATTACOLITE,  ibid.,  p.  201. 

These  are  aluminium  phosphates  from  the  iron  mine  of  Westana",  Scania,  Sweden.  They 
need  further  study  to  show  that  they  are  all  independent  species.  The  characters  given  are 
as  follows: 

BERLINITE.  Compact  massive,  n6  cleavage,  resembles  quartz.  H  =6.  G.  =  264. 
Luster  vitreous.  Colorless  to  grayish  or  pale  rose-red.  Translucent.  Analysis: 

|      P205  54-84  A12O3  40-27  FeaO3  0'26  HaO  4'14  =  99'51 

This  corresponds  to  2Al2O3.2P2O6.HaO.  B.B.  whitens  without  fusing.  Hardly  attacked 
by  acids.  Named  after  Prof.  N.  H.  Berlin,  of  the  University  of  Lund. 

TROLLEITE.  Compact,  with  indistinct  cleavage.  Fracture  even  to  conchoida!  H.  =  5'5 
G.  =  3 '10.  Luster  more  or  less  vitreous.  Color  pale  green.  Analysis: 


Pa06  46  72         A12O3  43-26         Fe2O»  2'75 


CaO 


HaO  6'23  =  99'93 


This  corresponds  to  4A12O;,.3P2O6.3H2O.  Scarcely  attacked  by  acids.  Named  after  the 
Swedish  chemist  H.  G.  Trolle-Wachtmeister. 

AUGELITE.  Massive.  Cleavage  distinct  in  three  directions.  G.  =.2'77.  Luster  of 
cleavage  surface  strongly  pearly.  Pale  red,  also  colorless.  Analysis: 

P2O6  35-04       AlaO3  49-15       Fe2O,  0  89       MnO  0'31        CaO  1-  09        HaO  1285  =  99  33 

This  corresponds  to  2A12O3!P2O6.3H2O.  Yields  much  water  in  the  glass  tube.  B.B.  infu- 
sible. Scarcely  affected  by  acids.  Named  from  avyrj,  luster. 

ATTACOLITE.  Massive,  indistinctly  crystalline.  H.  =5.  G.  =  3*09.  Color  pale  red. 
Analysis:  {HaO  6  -90  =  98  '68 

|    P2O6  36-06    A13O,  29-75     Fe2O,  3-98     MnO  8'02    MgO  0'33    CaO  13'19    Na2O  0-45 

8*6  p.  c.  SiO2  has  been  deducted;  the  formula  is  doubtful.  B.B.  fuses  easily,  .and,  when 
more  heated,  with  intumescence,  to  a  brownish  yellow  glass.  With  soda  a  strong  manganese 
reaction.  Very  incompletely  decomposed  by  acids.  Named  from  d.TTaKevS>  salmon,  alluding 
to  the  color. 


?Fer  mineralise    par  1'acide  arsenique  Proust,   Ann. 
,  189,  1796.     Olivenerz,  Arseniksaures 


646.  PHARMACOSIDERITE. 

Chem.,  1,  195,  1790;  Arsenicated  Iron  Ore  Kirwan,  2, 
Eisen  in  Wiirfelu  kryst.  (f.  Carharrack)  Klapr.,  Schrift.  Ges.  nat.  Fr.  Berl.,  1,  161,  1786,  Beitr., 
3,  194>  1802;  Wurfelerz,  var.  of  Olivenerz,  Lenz,  2,  18,  151,  1794.  Wurfelerz  Kar.sten,  Tab., 
66,  1808.  Cube  Ore.  Pharmakosiderit  Hausm.,  Handb.,  1065,  1813. 

Isometric:  tetrahedral.    Observed  forms: 


a  (100,  *-t) 


*  (HO,O 


o  (111,  + 1) 


(40-1-1,  40-40)' 


1. 


Commonly  in  cubes  with  faces  sometimes  striated  ||  edge  a/o,  or  replaced  by 
the  vicinal   trapezohedron   GO;   also 
tetrahedral.     Rarely  granular. 

Cleavage:  a  imperfect.  Frac- 
-ture  uneven.  Rather  sectile.  H.  = 
2;5.  G.  —  2-9-3.  Luster  adaman- 
tine to  greasy,  not  very  distinct. 
Color  olive-green,,  passing  into  yel- 
lowish brown,  bordering  sometimes 
upon  hyacinth-red  and  blackish 
brown  ;  also  passing  into  grass-green, 
emerald  -green,  and  honey-yellow. 
Streak  green  to  brown,  yellow,  pale. 
Subtransparent  to  sub  translucent. 
refraction.2 


Figs.  1,  2,  Utah,  Pearce. 
Pyroelectric.      Shows    anomalous    double 


Comp.—  Perhaps   6FeAs04.2Fe(OH)3  +  12HaO  or  4Fe2Os.3Asa06.15H,0  (Rg.) 
=  Arsenic  pentoxide  43-1,  iron  sesquioxide  40*0,  water  16*9  =  100. 


848  PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,  ETC. 

Anal.— Berzelius,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  354,  1824. 

As2O5  P2O5  Fe2O3  CuO  HaO 

37-82  2-53  39-20  0'65  18'61  gangue  1'76  =  100-57 

Pyr.,  etc. — Same  as  for  scorodite. 

Obs.— Formerly  obtained  at  the  mines  of  Wheal  Gorland,  Wheal  Unity,  and  Carharrack,  in 
Cornwall,  coating  cavities  in  quartz,  with  ores  of  copper;  found  in  quartz  at  Burdle  Gill  in 
Cumberland,  in  small  brilliant  crystals;  in  minute  tetrahedral  crystals  at  Wheal  Jane;  also  in 
Australia;  at  St.  Leonard  and  Garonne,  Dept.  du  Var,  in  France;  at  Schneeberg  and  Schwar- 
zenberg  in  Saxony;  at  KSnigsberg,  near  Schemnitz,  Hungary,  and  on  the  Sanclberg;  in  cubic 
crystals  (G.  2 '873  Vrba)  at  Pisek,  Bohemia. 

In  Utah,  at  the  Mammoth  mine,  Tintic  district,  in  straw-yellow  to  pale  green  crystals 
(f.  1,  2)  on  a  ferruginous  quartz  with  scorodite  and  various  copper  arseiiates,  derived  from 
enargite. 

Named  from  tpapjuaxor,  poison  (in  allusion  to  the  arsenic  present),  and  cridi?po$,  iron. 

Proust  first  announced  the  existence  of  an  arsenate  of  iron,  from  greenish  white  concre- 
tionary specimens  found  in  Spain ;  but  from  his  meager  description  its  identity  with  this  species 
cannot  be  made  certain. 

Alt. — Has  been  observed  altered  to  psilomelane,  limonite,  hematite. 

Ref.— '  Phillips,  vicinal  to  the  cube;  this  approximate  symbol  is  suggested  by  Naurnann, 
Lehrb.  Kryst.,  1,  113,  1829.  8  Btd.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  4,  256,  1881. 

647.  OAOOXENITB.       Kakoxen    J.    Steinmann,    Vortr.    Bohm.    Ges.,    Prag,    1825. 
Cacoxene. 

Occurs  in  radiated  tufts  of  a  yellow  or  brownish  yellow  color. 
H.  =  3-4.     G.  =  3 '38.     Becomes  brown  on  exposure. 

Comp.— FeP04.Fe(OH)s  -f-  4iH20  or  2Fe203.P206.12H30  =  Phosphorus  pent- 
oxide  20-9,  iron  sesquioxide  47 '2,  water  31/9  =  100. 

The  above  corresponds  to  anal  1 ;  anal.  2,  3,  give  somewhat  different  results. 
Anal.— 1,  2,  Hauer,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  5,  67,  1854;  after  deducting  insoluble  matter.    3,  Nies. 
Jb.  Min.,  1,  108,  1881. 

P9O5       FeaO,       H,O 

1.  Hrbek  mine  19'63       47'64        32'73  =  100 

2.  "  25-71        41-46        82-83  =  100 

3.  Eleonore  mine  G.  =  2'4  26'17       40-35       30-59  A12O3  2-89  =  100 

Pyr.,  etc.— Yields  water,  with  trace  of  fluorine.  Fuses  on  the  edges  to  a  black  shining 
flag,  and  colors  the  outer  flame  bluish  green.  Reactions  for  iron.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  the  Hrbek  mine,  near  St.  Benigna  in  Bohemia,  along  with  earthy  limonite, 
dufrenite,  etc.  Stated  by  Zepharovich  to  be  sometimes  derived  from  the  alteration  of  barrandite, 
Also  at  the  Eleonore  mine  on  the  Diinsberg,  near  Giessen. 

In  the  U.  States,  at  Koblis  mine,  Lancaster  Co.,  Penn.,  on  limonite;  reported  with  the 
martite  of  the  Lake  Superior  mining  region. 

648.  BERAUNITB.    Bretihaupt,  Handb.,  156,  1841,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  402,  1853.    Eleonorite 
Nies,  Ber.  Oberhess.  Ges.,  19,  111,  1880;  Streng,  Jb.  Min.,  1, 102, 1881. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  il  :  6  =  2-7538  :  1 :  4-0165;  ft  =  *48°  33'  =  001  A  100 
Streng. 

100  A  HO  =  64°  9',  001  A  101  =  88°  11£',  001  A  Oil  =  71°  37J'. 
Forms1:    o  (100,  t4),    c  (001,  0);    x  (hQl,  -  m-l),    p  (111,  l)t 
Angles:    cp  =  89°  23,    ap  =  *75°  36',    pp'  =  140°  4',    pp'"  =  *39°  56. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  «;  sometimes  penetration-twins. 

Crystals  small,  tabular  ||  a,  resembling  some  lazulite;  faces 
a  striated  ||  edge  6/a.  Commonly  united  in  druses  and  in 
radiated  foliated  globules  and  crusts. 

Cleavage:  a  distinct.     Luster  vitreous,   on  a  inclining  to 
pearly.     Color  reddish  brown  to  dark  hyacinth-red.     Strongly 
pleochroic;    red-brown  ||  axis   b,   pale  yellow   in   a  transverse 
direction.     Streak  yellow.     Bisectrix  nearly  _L  a. 
Var.— 1.  Beraunite  in  small  foliated  aggregates;  also  in  monoclinic  crystals  with  c,  b,  m, 
f>  (111);  cleavage  d.  c  (Boricky). 


3ERA  UNITE.  849 

2.  Eleonorite  iu  crystals  (of.  fig.)  with  angles  as  above.  Its  identity  with  beraunite  can  hardly 
fee  questioned,  though  not  absolutely  proved.  Cf.  Bertraud  (Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  4,  88,  1881),  who 
states  that  they  are  alike  iu  angles,  pleochroism,  and  optical  characters. 

Comp.— Perhaps  2FeP04;Fe(OH)3  -f  2^H20  or  3Fe203.2P,Ok.8HaO  =  Phos 
pnorus  pentoxide  31-3,  iron  sesquioxide  52'8,  water  15'9  =  100. 

Boricky  calculates  for  the  St.  Benigna  bernunite,  5Fe203.3P2O3.12H2O  =  Phosphorus  pent- 
oxide  29'6,  iron  sesquioxide  55'4,  water  15'0  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  49  (1),  341,  1864.  2,  3,  Boricky,  ib.,  56  (1),  11, 1867. 
4  Frenzel,  Jb.  Miu.,  23.  1873.  5,  Sirens;,  crystals,  1.  c.  6,  Id.,  radiated  coating  on  limonite, 
\.  c.  7,  Koenig,  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.,  139,  1888,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  17,  91,  1889. 

Beraunite. 

P205  Fe203  H2O 

1.  St.  Beuigna  30'5  55-0  14'0    Na2O  1-5  =  101 

2  "  30-2  55-8  15-1    Mn2O3,Na2O  tr.  =  10M 

3  "  28-99  55-98  14'41  Mu2O3,Na2O  tr.  =    99'38 

4.  Scheibenberg  G.  =  2'983  28'65        54'50        16'55  =    99'70 

Eleonorite. 

5.  Waldgirmes,  cryst.  31 '88        51-94        16'37  =  100-19 

6.  '"  radiat.  31'78        52-05        16-56  =  100-39 

7.  Sevier  Co.,  Ark.       G.  =2  949  30'93        49'60        I4'81a  A12O3  4'50  =  99'84 

*  Expelled  at  250°  C. 

Fyr.— B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  black  bead  metallic  in  appearance,  crystalline  on  cooling. 
Easily  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs.— Beraunite  is  from  the  Hrbek  mine,  St.  Benigna,  near  Beraun,  in  Bohemia;  reported 
also  from  Wheal  Jane,  near  Truro,  England,  by  Greg,  associated  with  pure  and  altered  vivianite; 
from  Scheibenberg.  Saxony. 

Eleonorite  occurs  on  limonite  at  the  Eleonore  mine  on  the  Diinsberg,  near  Giessen,  and  at 
the  Rothlaufchen  mine  near  Waldgirmes,  in  the  same  region.  Also  occurs  (anal  7)  with  cfufren- 
ite  in  Sevier  Co..  Arkansas,  in  rosettes  of  foliated  crystals  of  a  blood-red  color. 

GLOBOSITE  Breifliaupt,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  24,  321,  1865.  A  mineral  occurring  at  the  Arme  Hilfe 
mine  near  Hirschberg,  in  small  globular  concretions.  H.  =  5-5'5.  G.  =  2'825-2'827.  Luster 
greasy  to  adamantine.  Color  wax-yellow  to  yellowish  gray.  Streak  white.  Brittle.  Analysis, 
Fritzsche: 

PaO»      As2O6      SiO3      Fe2O3       CuO      MgO       CaO 

2889         tr.         0'24       40'86        0'48        2'40       2'40  H,O  and  F  23'94  ^  99'21 

B.B.  in  tube  yields  water;  by  stronger  heat  gives  the  fluorine  reacticn,  depositing  a  ring  of 
silica,  and  leaving  a  red  residue  not  magnetic,  but  giving  with  fluxes  the  reaction  for  iron. 
Slowly  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid.  It  occurs  as  above  with  massive  and  pulverulent  limonite; 
also  in  the  cobalt  mine  of  Schneeberg  in  Saxony,  with  quartz  and  hypochlorite. 

PICITE  A.  Nies,  Ber.  Oberhess.  Ges  ,  19,  p.  112.  1880.     A:  Streng,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  116,  1881. 

Amorphous;  in  thin  coatings,  or  in  small  stalactitic  and  spherical  forms  Fracture  sub- 
conchoidal.  H.  =  3-4.  G.  =  2  83.  Color  dark  brown.  Streak  yellow  Luster  vitreous  to 
greasy.  Translucent.  Anisotropic.  Analysis.— Nies,  deducting  210  p.  c.  insol.: 

P2O5  24-47  Fe,O8  46-50  A12O3  1  00  H2O  28'03  =  100 

From  the  Eleonore  mine,  on  the  Diinsberg,  and  the  Rothlaufchen  mine,  near  Waldgirmes, 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Giessen.  Closely  related,  as  shown  by  Nies.  to  the  Picites  resinaceus  of 
Breithaupt  (Handb.  Min.,  3,  897.  1847),  and  to  a  phosphate  mentioned  by  Boricky  (Ber.  Ak. 
Wieu,  56  (1).  16,  1867)  as  occurring  at  the  Hrbck  mine.  St.  Benigna,  Bohemia. 

DELVAUXITE.  Delvauxene  Dumont,  L'lnstitut,  121,  1839,  Delvauz,  Bull.  Ac.  Belg  .  147, 
1838.  Delvauxit  Haid.t  Handb.,  512,  1845. 

A  hydrated  ferric  phosphate  from  Berneau.  near  Vise,  Belgium,  with  40  to  50  p.  c.  water. 
Color  yellowish  brown  to  brownish  black  or  reddish;  G.  =  1  85.  Anal.  — 1,  2,  Dumout,  1.  c. 
3,  Del  van  x,  1.  c. 

P2O*  Fe2O3  H2O 

1.  16-04  34  20  49  76  =  100 

2.  1657  36-62  4681  =  100 

3.  1820  40-44  4M3  =  99'77 

Dumont's  analyses  give  2Fe2O3.P2O5  24H2O.  The  mineral  is  characterized  as  a  wet  dufrenite 
by  Church,  Ch.  News.  10,  157,  1864,  who  found  that  it  lost  20  33  p.  c.  over  sulphuric  acid,  and 


850 


PHOSPHATES,   ARSENATES,   ETC. 


nearly  6  p.  c.  more  on  lieatiug  to  100°  C. ;  the  total  percentage  of  water  having  been  found  to  be 
87  28,  whence  the  essential  water  is  only  10-11  p.  c.     He  detected  a  trace  of  lime. 

Delvauxite  sometimes  Occurs  at  Vise  in  the  form  of  gypsum  (Cesaro),  cf.  also  Jorissen, 
Mem.  Soc.  G.  Belg.,  6,  88,  1879,  who  gives  the  formula  5Fe3O3.2P2O5.15HaO  or  26HaO  if  the 
water  lost  at  ordinary  temperatures  is  included.  A  similar  hydrated  ferric  phosphate  has  been 
noted  at  Pisek,  Bohemia  (G.  =  2'789),  cf.  Vrba,  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  206,  1888. 


649,  650.  CHILDRENITE— EOSPHORITB. 
649.  Childrenite.    Levy,  Brandes  J.,  16,  274,  1823.  . 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  &  :  I  : '6  ±=  0-77801  :  1  :  0-52575  Miller1. 

100  A  HO  =  37°  53',  001  A  101  =  34°  3',  001  A  Oil  =  27°  44'. 
Forms:    a  (100,  e-i),  b  (010,  «);  m  (110,  J);  p  (111,  1),  *  (121,  2-2),  r  (ILi,  8-3) 


mm'" 

— 

*75° 

46' 

PP' 

— 

61° 

46' 

rr" 

=  119° 

32' 

mp 

— 

49° 

26' 

88' 

— 

49° 

56*' 

rrlv 

=  *60° 

28' 

ap 

:  — 

59° 

7' 

rr' 

— 

39° 

47' 

pp" 

=  47° 

5' 

as 

= 

65° 

2' 

PP" 

== 

81° 

8' 

88'" 

=  82° 

74 

ar 

— 

70° 

7' 

88" 

= 

102° 

41' 

rr'"  =  105°    9' 

br     =  Sr  25' 

bs     =  48°  56' 

bp    =  66°  28' 


;.  1,  Tavistock,  after  Mir. 
*,  Hebron,  Me.,  Cooke. 


Habit  pyramidal,  form  sometimes  a  double 
six-sided  pyramid,  comb,  of  sm  or  rsm;  also 
prismatic.  Faces  r,  s  striated  ||  edge  s/s'" ;  also 
m  vertically.  Only  known  in  crystals. 

Cleavage:  a  "imperfect.  Fracture  uneven. 
H.  =  4-5-5.  G.  =  3-18-3-24.  Luster  vitreous 
to  resinous.  Color  yellowish  white,  pale  yellowish 
brown,  brownish  black.  Streak  white  to  yellow- 
ish. Translucent. 

Optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  ||  a.  Bx  J_  b.  Ax. 
angles  variable,  Dx.a : 

2Er  =  75°  22'          2E7  =  74°  25'          2Ebl  =  71°  3(X 


650.  Eosphorite.    G.  J.  Brush  and  E.  8.  Dana,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  35,  1878. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  &  :  I  :  6  =  0*77680  :  1  :  0-51501  E.  S.  Dana3. 

100  A  H0'=  37°  50'  25",  001  A  101  =  33°  32'  38",  001  A  Oil  =  27°  14'  57". 
Forms  :   a  (100,  t'-i),  b  (010,  «);  m  (110,  7),  g  (120,  *S);  p  (111,  1),  ^(232,  H),  a  (121,  8-2). 


mp 


=  75"  41' 
=  65°  32' 
=  49°  59' 
=  39°  m 


pp'  =  *61°    1'  54:' 

qq'  =     55°  22' 

88'  -     49°  35' 

pp"  =    80°    2' 


go" 
ss" 

88'" 
qq'" 


=    91°    I 
=  101°  33' 

-    SI9  18' 
=    65°  33' 


Habit  prismatic,  faces  in  zone  ab  with  vertical  striations. 
cleavable  to  closely  compact. 

Cleavage :  a  nearly  perfect.  Frac- 
ture uneven  to  subconchoidal.  H. 
=5.  G.  =  3-1 1-3  -145.  Luster  vitre- 
ous to  sub-resinous;  also  greasy 
(massive).  Color  rose-pink,  yellow- 
ish to  colorless;  of  compact  forms 
grayish,  .bluish,  yellowish  white. 
Transparent  to  translucent. 

Feebly  pleochroic:  t  (6)  faint 
pjnk  to  colorless,  b  (a)  deep  pink,  a 
(b)  yellowish. 

Optically  — .  Ax.  plane  ||  a.  Bx 
JL  b.  Ax.  angles : 


r'"  =  *46°  27'  45" 

=  49°  21' 

bq      =  57°  13' 

bp      =  66°  46' 

Commonly  massive, 
2. 


H 

m 

fi 

j 

I 

i 

2Ha,r  =  54°  30' 


Branchville,  Conn. 
2Ha.bi  =  60°  30' 


CHILDRENITE:  EOSPHORITE— MAZAPILITE. 


851 


Comp.— In  general  2AlP04.2(Fe,Mn)(OH)1  +  2H,0  or  2RO.Ala09.P206.4H,0. 

In  CHILDRENITE  the  iron  phosphate  is  present  chiefly;  this  requires:  Phos- 
phorus pentoxide  30'9,  alumina  2Z'2,  iron  protoxide  31-3,  water  15-6  =  100.  In 
anal.  1, 2,  Fe  :  Mn  =  5  :  1  nearly. 

In  EOSPHORITE  the  manganese  phosphate  predominates,  which  requires:  Phos- 
phorus peiitoxide  31 -0,  alumina  22'3,  manganese  protoxide  30-9,  water  15*7  =  100. 
In  anal.  3-5,  Fe  :xMn  =  1  :  3  or  1  :  4. 

Anal.— 1  2,  S.  L.  Peufield.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19.  315,  1880.  3,  Church,  J.  Ch.  Soc.  26,  103, 
1873.  4,  Penfield.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  40.  1878.  5,  H.  L.  Wells,  ibid.,  16,  41.  6,  Id.,  ibid.,  18, 
47,  1879.  Also  earlier  Rg.,  Pogg.  Aim.,  85,  435,  1852. 


OHILDRENITE. 

G. 

1.  Tavistock 
2. 
8.          "  3-22 

EOSPHORITE. 
4.  Branchville  3'134 
6. 

e.       "        311 


P3O6  A12O3  FeO  MnO  CaO 

30-19  21-17  26-54  4'87  121 

29-98  21-44  26-20 

30-65  15-85  23-45  7'74  103- 


|  31-05  22-19 
31-43  21-83 
31-39  21-34 


7-40  23-51 

6-84  22-43 

6-62  22-92 
MgO. 


0-54 
3-01 
1-48 


H30 

15  87  insol.  O'lO  =  99 '95 

Fe2O,  3-51  =  99-33 


15-60  Na,0  0-33  =  100-62 

15-07  =  100-61 

15-28  insol.  1'46  =  100-49 


Anal.  4  was  made  on  pure  crystals;  5,  on  the  massive  mineral  containing  14*41  p.  c.  impu- 
rities, chielly  quartz;  6,  on  pink  massive  mineral  occurring  in  nodules  in  a  chloritic  mineral. 

Fyr.,  etc.— Childrenite  in  the  closed  tube  gives  off  neutral  water.  B.B.  swells  up  into 
ramifications,  and  fuses  on  the  edges  to  a  black  mass,  coloring  the  flame  pale  green.  Heated  on 
charcoal  turns  black  and  becomes  magnetic.  With  soda  gives  a  reaction  for  manganese.  With 
borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  reacts  for  iron  and  manganese.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Eosphorite  in  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  whiteus,  gives  off  abundance  of  neutral  water,- 
and  the  residue  turns  first  black,  then  gray,  and  finally  liver-brown  with  a  metallic  luster,  and 
becomes  magnetic.  B.B.  in  the  forceps  cracks  open,  sprouts  and  whitens,  colors  the  flame  pale 
green,  and  fuses  at  about  4  to  a  black  magnetic  mass.  Reacts  strongly  for  manganese. 

Obs.— Childrenite  occurs  in  crystals  and  crystalline  coats,  on  siderite,  pyrite,  or  quartz,  and 
sometimes  with  apatite,  near  Tsivistock,  and  at  the  George  and  Charlotte  mine,  and  also  at  Wheat 
Crebor,  in  Devonshire;  on  slate  at  Criunis  mine  in  Cornwall.  Crystals  1  in.  long  have  been 
observed . 

In  U.  States,  at  Hebron,  Me.,  in  minute  hair-brown  prismatic  crystals,  with  amblygonite. 

Eosphorite  occurs  at  Branchville,  Fairfield  Co..  Conn.,  in  a  vein  of  pegmatyte  associated 
with  rhodochrosite  and  the  manganesian  phosphates,  lithiophilite,  triploidite,  clickjusonite.  Also 
as  embedded  nodules  (anal.  6),  in  a  massive  green  chloritic  mineral.  The  massive  mineral  (anal. 
5,  G.  —  2-92-3-08)  is  often  impure  from  the  presence  of  quartz,  dickinsonite.  and  apatite. 

Childrenite  was  named  after  Mr.  J.  G.  Children,  an  English  mineralogist  (1777-1852). 
fiosphorite  from  e&crtpopoS  (synonym  of  (paocrtpopos),  which  means  dawn-bearing,  in  allusion  to 
the  characteristic  pink  color. 

Ref.— i  Min.,  p.  519,  1852.  Cooke  obtained  ss  =  49°  50',  ss"  =  101°  43', ..-.  **'"  =  81°  20* 
Tavistock,  and  ss'  =  50°  30',  am  =  32°  50',  .-.  ss"  =  101°  36',  ss'"  =  80°  38'  Hebron,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
36,  258,  1863.  2  Dx.,  Propr.  Opt.,  2,  42,  1859,  N.  R.,  49,  1867.  3  L.  c. 


•oo 


651.  MAZAPILITE.    G.  A.  Koenig,  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.,  192,  1888,  Zs.  Kr.,  17,  85,  1889. 
Orthorhombic.     Axes    a  :  I  :  c  =  0-8617  :  1  :  0-9980  Koenig1. 
100  A  110  =  40°  45',  001  A  101  =  49°  Hi',  001  A  Oil  =  44°  56|'. 

Forms:    a  (100,  i-i),  n  (120,  i-2),  r  (201,  24),  d  (012,  fi),  o  (111,  1). 

Angles:    nri"  =  *119°  45',      rr'  =  133°  18',     vr'"  =  *46°  42',     d$  =  53°  2', 
66°  14',  oo"  =  113°  37',  oo'"  =  78°  41',  nr  =  62°  34'. 

Crystals  slender  prismatic,  3  to  15  mm.  in  length;  often  monoclinic  in 
development  of  faces. 

Cleavage  not  observed.  H.  =  4-5.  G.  =  3-567,  3-582.  Luster  sub- 
metallic,  dull  on  the  fracture.  Color  black,  on  fracture  surfaces  deep 
brownish  red;  in  thin  splinters  blood-red  by  transmitted  light.  Streak 
ooher-yellow.  Subtranslucent. 

Comp.—  Ca3Fe2(As04)4.2FeO(OH)  -f  5H20  or  SCaO.SFe^.SAs^. 
611,0  =  Arsenic  pentoxide  43-6,  iron  sesquioxide  30*3,  lime  15  '9,  water  10*2  =  100. 


852  PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,  ETC. 

Anal.— G.  A.  Koenig,.!.  c.,  1889. 

As2O6  SbaO*  PaO6  FeaO3  CaO  H2O 

43  60  0-25  0-14  30'53  14-82  9'83  =  9917 

About  one  molecule  of  water  is  expelled  up  to  360°;   the  remaining  five  at  a  red  heat, 

Pyr.,  etc.— Yields  water  in  the  closed  tube,  and  at  a  red  neat  the  powder  becomes  brick-red. 
3J.B.  fuses  at  3  to  a  black  magnetic  globule,  on  charcoal  gives  the  odor  of  arsenic  and  a  coating 
of  arsenic  trioxide. 

Soluble  in  warm  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  sparingly  at  the  Jesus-Maria  Mine  in  the  mining  district  of  Mazapil,  Zacatecas, 
Mexico.  'The  crystals  are  embedded  in  a  gangue  of  radiated  aragonite  and  granular  calcite, 
with  other  minerals  probably  identified  as  chrysocolla  and  pharmacolite;  also  associated  with 
silver  ores. 

Ref.— '  L.  c.;  cf.  also  Dx.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  12,  441,  1889,  who  makes  n  =  110,  d  =  102, 
r  =  041,  o  -  121.  He  gives  110  A  110  =  60°  and  102  A  102  =  52°  6',  whence  a  :  b :  k  s= 
0-57735  :  1  :  0  56443. 

652.  CALCIOFERRITE.    Calcoferrit  J.  R.  Blum,  Jb.  Min.,  287,  1858. 
Monoclinic?    Foliated  massive;  in  nodules. 

Cleavage:  very  perfect,  or  foliated,  in  one  direction;  traces  in  another  at  right  angles  to  the 
perfect  one;  also  in  another  oblique  to  the  same.  Brittle.  H.  =  2 '5.  G.  =  2  523-2 '529 
Reissig.  Luster  of  cleavage- face  pearly.  Color  sulphur-yellow,  greenish  yellow  to  siskin-green, 
yellowish,  while.  Streak  sulphur-yellow.  Thin  laminae  translucent. 

Oomp.— Ca3Fea(PO4)4.Fe(OH)8.8HaO  or  6CaO.3FeaO3.4PaO6.19HaO  =  Phosphorus  pent- 
oxide  32-9,  iron  sesquioxide  27'8,  lime  19-5,  water  19'8  =  100. 

Anal. — Reissig,  1.  c. 

P806  34-01    FeaO8  24-34    Ala08  2'90    CaO  14-81    MgO  2  65    H20  20  56  =  99  27 

Fyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  shining  black  magnetic  globule.  Easily  decomposed  by 
hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs.— In  nodules  in  a  bed  of  clay  at  Battenberg  in  Rhenish  Bavaria.  The  exterior  of  the 
nodules  is  yellowish  or  reddish  brown  impure  calcioferrite. 

653.  BORICKITE.    Delvauxene  (fr.  Leoben)  Bauer.  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  5,  68, 1854;  (fr.  Nena. 
covic)  Boricky,  Nat.  Zs.  Lotos,  March,  1867.    Borickite  Dana,  Mm.,  588,  1868.    Boryckite. 

Reniform  massive.     Compact,  without  cleavage. 

H.  =  3'5.  G.  =  2  096- -2 -707.  Luster  weak  waxy.  Color  reddish  brown.  Streak  the 
same  as  color.  <  Opaque. 

Comp.— Perhaps  (Rg.)  Ca3Fe2(PO4)4.12Fe(OH)3  4-  6HaO.  Vala  and  Helmhacker  give -for 
the  material  dried  over  calcium  chloride,  2CaO.5Fe2O3.2PaO3.16HaO  or  perhaps  CaO.2FeaO8. 
PaO6.7H2O.  Jb.  Min.,  317,  1875. 

Anal — 1,  v.  Hauer,  1.  c.    2,  Boricky,  1.  c. 

P2O5          Fe203          CaO          MgO  H2O 

1    Leoben  I    20-49  52 -29  8-16  —  19-06  =  100 

2.  Nenacovic  19'35  52  99  7"29  0'41  19'96  =  100 

Pyr.,  etc.— Yields  water.    B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  black  mass.     Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 
Obs.— From  Leoben  in  Styria,  and  in  a  Lower  Silurian  schist  at  Nenacovic  in  Bohemia. 
RICHELLITE  Cesdro  and  Desprets,  Ann.  Soc.   G.    Belg.  Mem.,  10,  36,  1883;   Ces&ro,  11 

'Massive,  compact  or  foliated.     H.  =  2-3.     G.  =  2.    Luster  greasy.    Color  yellow. 
Anal.— 1,  2,  Cesaro  and  Desprets.     3,  4,  Ces^ro,  1.  c. 

PaOft      Fe2O3      Ala03      CaO  HaO  HF 

1  28-78        2871        1-81        5-76        23'33»      6'10b       6'11  =  100'60 

2  28-55  1-79        553 

8    compact          ^27'23        2963        2'82        618          6'90C     25'64        1'22  =    99'62 

4.  foliated  25'49        29'67        3'64        7'19          9'47C     23'63        0  96  =  100 "05 

»  At  100°.  b  At  a  red  heat.  e  I^ygroscop. 

Cesaro  calculates  the  formula  4FeP2OP.Fe2OF,(OH)a  +  36H,O. 

B.B.  fuses  easily.     Dissolves  readily  in  acids. 

Occurs  with  halloysite,  allophane,  at  Riohelle  near  Vise,  Belgium. 


LIRQGONITE—  CHENEVIXITE.  853 

654.  LIROCONITE.  Octahedral  Arseniute  of  Copper  (fr.  Cornwall)  Bourn.,  Phil.  Trans., 
174,  1801,  -Rashleigh's  Brit.  Miu.,  2,  pi.  2.  5,  11,  1802.  Liuseuerz  Wern.,  1803,  Lud wig's  Min., 
2,215,  1804;  Karsten,  Tab.,  64,  1808.  Linsenkupfer  Hausm.,  Handb  ,  1051,  1813.  Lirokou- 
malacbitpt.  Mohs,  Grundr.,  180,  1822.  Chalcophacit  Olocker,  Haudb.,  859,  1831. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  1 :  6  =  1-3191  :  1  :  1-6808;  ft  =  88°  32f  =  001  A  100 
Des  Cloizeaux1. 

100  A  HO  =  52°  491',  001  A  101  =  50°  58f,  001  A  Oil  =  59°  14J'. 
Forms:    m  (11Q,  /);    e(011,  1-i). 
Angles:    mm"'  =  *105°  39',  mm'  =  74°  21';  ee'  -  *118°  29'.  me  =  46°  10',  m'e  =  *47'  24'. 


Crystals  thin,  resembling  rhombic  octahedrons,  faces 
m,  e  faintly  striated  ||  intersection  edge.  Rarely  granular. 

Cleavage:  m,  e  indistinct.  Fracture  subconchoidal  to 
uneven.  Imperfectly  sectile.  H.  =  2-2 '5.  (r.  =  2*882 
Bournon;  2-926  Haid.;  2'985  Hermann;  2'964  Damour. 
Luster  vitreous,  inclining  to  resinous.  Color  and  streak 
sky-blue  to  verdigris-green. 

Optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  and  Bxa  J_  b.  Bx0  A  <!  =  —  25°. 
Dispersion  p  A  v.  Axial  angles,  Dx.*: 


2Ha.r  =  77°  24f  .-.    2Er   =  132°  54'.  Also  2Er  =  132°  22*  measured. 

2Ha.y  =  77°  18'  .-.    2Ey   =  132°  57' 

2Ha.bi  =  76°  57f '  . '.    2EW  =  133°  46'  2EW  =  133°  57'  measured. 

Comp. — A  hydrous  arsenate  of  aluminium  and  copper,  formula  uncertain;  the 
analyses  correspond  nearly  to  Cu6Al(AsOJ6.3CuAl(OH)6.20HaO  or  18Cu0.4Al,03. 
5As.,06.55H20  =  Arsenic  pentoxide  ^8'9,  alumina  10*3,  cupric  oxide  35*9,  water 
24-9  =  100.  Phosphorus  replaces  part  of  the  arsenic. 

Anal.— 1,  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  33,  296,  1844.     2,  3,  Dmr.,  Ann  Ch:  Phys..  13,  414,  1845. 

As2O5      P2O6      A12O3        CuO         H2O 

1.  Cornwall  G.  =  2'9S5  23'05        3  73        10'85        36  38        25-01  FeaO3  0'98  =  100 

2.  "        G.  =  2-964  22-22        3'49          9'68        37-18        25'49  =  98  06 

3.  "  22-40        3-24        10  09       -37-40        25 '44  =  98  "57 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  much  water  and  turns  olive-green.  B.B.  cracks  open, 
but  does  not  decrepitate;  fuses  less  readily  thau  oliveiiite  to  a  dark  gray  slag;  on  charcoal  cracks 
open,  deflagrates,  and  gives  reactions  like  olivenite.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs.— Crystals  occasionally  an  inch  in  diameter;  usually  quite  small.  With  various  ores  of 
copper,  pyrite,  and  quartz,  at  Wheal  Gorland,  Wheal  Muttrell,  and  Wheal  Unity,  in  Cornwall; 
also  in  minute  crystals  at  Herrengrund  in  Hungary;  and  in  Voiglland. 

Named  from  \erp6s,  pale,  and  Kovia,  powder. 

Ref.— »  Propr.  Opt.,  2,  71,  1859.     *  L.  c.,  and  N.  R.,  144,  1867. 

655.  CHENEVIXITE.    Adam,' F.  Pisani,  C.  R.,  62,  690,  1866. 
Massive  to  compact. 

Fracture  subconchoidal.  H.  =  3*5-4 '5.  0.  =  3 -93  approx.  Luster  vitreous. 
Color  dark  green,  olive-green  to  greenish,  yello,w  Streak  yellowish  green. 

Comp.— Somewhat  uncertain,  perhaps  (Groth)  Cu,(FeO)2As,08  -f-  3HaO  or 
2CuO.Fe,Os.As,06.3H20  =  Arsenic  pentoxide  38*2,- iron  sesquioxide  26 -5,  cupric 
oxide  26-3,  water  9'0  =  100.  In  anals.,  RO  :  Asa06  =  6:1  nearly,  not  5  : 1. 

Anal.— 1,  Pisani,  1.  c.,  after  deducting  10*3  p.  c.  saod.  2,  Hillebrand,  Proc.  Col,  Soc.,  I, 
115,  1884. 

As2O6    P2O6   Fe,O,    CuO    CaO    H3O 

1.  Cornwall        32'20      2'30    25-10    31'70    0'34    8'66  =  100-30 

2.  Utah  35-14       —      27-37    26'31    0'44    9'33  A12O3  0'66,  MgO  O'ltf,  quarb  0-40=99'81 

Pisani  refers  here  an  approximate  analysis  by  Chenevix,  5th  Ed.,  p.  583.. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  usually" decrepitates  and  yields  water;  becomes  brown  after 


854 


PHOSPHATES,  AR8ENATE8,  ETC. 


calcination.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  easily,  giving  out  arsenical  fumes,  and  leaving  a  black 
maguetic  scoria  with  grains  of  copper.  Easily  soluble  ia  the  acids. 

Obs. — From  Cornwall,  involved  in  a  quartz  rock  in  small  compact  masses,  from  which 
gangue  it  is  difficult  to  separate  it  entirely.  Also  from -the  American  Eagle  mine,  Tintic  dis- 
trict, Utah,  with.olivenite,  conichalcite,  etc.;  it  occurs  in  irregular  patches  scattered  through 
the  ore, 

HENWOODITE.    J.  H.  Collins,  Miu.  Mag.,  1,  11,  1876.     C.  Le  Neve  Foster,  ibid.,  p.  8. 

In  botryoidal  globular  masses  having  a  crystalline  structure.  Fracture  conchoidal.  H.  = 
4-4-5.  G.  =  2'67.  Color  turquois-blue.  Streak  white  with  bluish  green  tinge.  Analyses, 
Collins: 

?aO6       AlaO3     Fe2O3      CuO       CaO        HaO 

1.  48-94        18-24       2*74        7'10        0'54        17'10  SiOa  1-37,  loss  3*97  =  100 

2.  48-20          —  —         7-00         —         19-50 

The  iron,  lime,  and  silica  are  regarded  as  due  to  impurities.  In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates 
slightly,  gives  off  water,  and  turns  brown.  B.B.  infusible,  colors  the  flame  green.  Copper 
reactions  with  borax. 

Occurs  on  limouite  at  the  West  Phenix  mine,  Cornwall.  Named  from  Mr.  Wm.  Jory 
Henwood. 


656.  OHAIiCOSIDERITE.      Chalkosiderit    Wlmann,     Syst.     Tab.    Ueb.,     323,    1824. 
Maskelyne,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  28,  586,  1875. 

Triclinic.     Axes  a  :  1 :  6  =  0-7910  :  1  :  0-6051;    a  =  92°  58',    ft  =  93°  29$', 
y  =  107°  41' Maskelyne. 

100  A  010  =  *72°  4',  100  A  001  =  85°  22f ',  010  A  001  =  85°  45f. 


.Forms : 
a    (100,  e-i) 
b    (010,  i-i) 
m  (110, 1'} 

am  —  31°  10' 

ad  =  8°  59' 

aju  =  13°    0' 

ait  =  18°  26' 


d  (510,  i-5) 
/*  (720,  '*!) 
n  (520,  'i-\ ) 
g  (210,  'a-2) 

ag     =     23°  11' 

aM  =  *44°  50' 
mM  =  76°  0' 
bu  =  *54°  38' 


M  (110,  '/) 
u    (Oil,  14') 
k    (Oil,  '14) 


Vk  =  *60° 
uk  =  64° 
au  —  76° 
ak  =  *95° 


41' 
58' 

45' 


Crystals  small  with  prismatic  faces  striated;    usually 
united  'in  sheaf-like  groups;  also  as  crystalline  incrustations. 
Cornwall.  Maskelyne.  Cleavage:  Te  (Oil)  easy.   H.  =  4«5    G.  =3-108.    Luster 

vitreous.     Color  light  siskin-green.     Streak  pale  green. 

Comp. — Cu0.3Fe?03.2Pa05.8HsO   =  Phosphorus  pentoxide  28-8,  iron  sesqui- 
oxide  48-6,  copper  oxide  8*0,  water  14'6  =  100. 
Anal.— Flight,  quoted  by  Maskelyne,  1.  c. 

PaO6         As2O6        Fe2O3         A12O3        OuO  H2Qa        U203 

.    29-93  0-61  42-81  4'45  8'15  15*00  tr.     =     100-95 

a  Loss  at  100°  C.  0'46,  at  120M300  additional  loss  0'13;  remainder  at  a  red  heat. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  bright  green  crystals,  implanted  on  andrewsite  at  the  West  Phoenix  mine, 
Cornwall.  Also  as  a  thin  crystalline  coating  on  dufrenite  at  Sayn,  Westphalia  (Ullmann). 

ANDREWSJTE  Maskelyne,  Chem.  News,  24,  99,  1871,  J  Ch.  Socr.,  28,586,1875.  Near 
chalcosiderite.  Occurs  in  globular  disks  with  radiated  structure  resembling  wavellite.  H.  =  4. 
G.  =  3-475.  Color  bluish  green.  Streak  blackish  green.  Analysis.— Flight,  J  Ch  Soc.,  28, 
586,  1875. 

PaO6        Fe2O3       FeO       CuO        MnO      H2O      A12O3      CaO       SiO2 

26-09        44-64       7'11        10-86        0'60       8'79       0'92        0-08        0'49  =  99  59 

A  little  limonite  is  probably  present  as  impurity. 

The  nucleus  of  the  andrewsite  globules  afforded  .  P2O6  12'28,  Fe2O3  73'92,  CaO  4'31. 
H9O  7-85,  CuO.MnO  tr.,  SiO2  1'48  =  99  84.  This  corresponds  to  5Fe2O3.P2O6.5HaO. 

Obs,— Occurs  in  Cornwall  on  a  quartzose  veinstone  associated  with  limonite  and  gothite, 
and  interpenetrated  with  a  mineral  resembling  if  not  identical  with,  dufrenite. 


G07AZITE—PL  UMBOO  UMMITE.  855 

657.  GOYAZITE.    Damour,  Bull.  Soc.  Mia.,  7,  204,  1884. 
Tetragonal  or  hexagonal.     In  small  rounded  grains. 

Cleavage:  basal.  H.  =  5.  G.  =  3'26.  Color  yellowish  white.  Semi-transparent.  Opti- 
cally uniaxial,  positive,  Richard. 

Comp. — A  highly  basic  phosphate  of  aluminium  and  calcium,  Ca3AlioP2O2s.9HaO  or 
3CaO.5Al2O3.P2O6.9H2O  =  Phosphorus  pentoxide  14'5,  alumina  51'9,  lime  17'1,  water  16'5 
=  100. 

Anal. — Damour,  1.  c. 

P2O6  14-87  A1208  50-66  CaO  17'33  H80  16'67  =  99'53 

Fyr. — B.B.  fuses  with  difficulty  on  thin  edges;  becomes  blue  when  ignited  and  moistened 
with  cobalt  solution.  Gives  off  water  in  the  closed  tube  and  turns  white  and  opaque.  Not 
attacked  by  acids. 

Obs.-^From  the  diamond  washings  of  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil. 

Named  from  the  province  in  which  the  principal  diamond  localities  occur. 

A  phosphate  was  described  by  Damour  in  1853  (L'lnstitut,  78)  which  may  be  a  related  min- 
eral. Compact,  of  a  pale  or  dark  brick-red  color.  Scratches  glass  feebly.  G.  =  3194.  Sup- 
posed by  Damour  to  be  a  hydrous  phosphate  of  aluminium  and  calcium.  B.B.  in  a  tube  gives 
considerable  water,  and  in  a  platinum  crucible  at  a  red  heat  loses  12'70  p.  c.  of  water.  Found 
in  rolled  pebbles  with  the  diamond  sand  of  Bahia. 

658.  FLUMBOGUMMITE.     Plomb  rouge  en  stalactites— tantot  en  globules,  de  Lisle, 
Demeste  Lettres  Min.,  2,  399,  1779;  Crist.,  3,  399,  1783.     Sel  acide-phosphorique-martial  'G.  de 
Laumont,  J.  de  Phys.,  28,  385,  1786.     Plomb-gomme  de  Laumont.     Ahiminiate  de  Plomb  avec 
eau  de  combinaison  Berz.,  in  his  Nouv.  Min.,  283,  1819.     Bleigummi,  Blei-aluminat,  etc.,  Berz., 
Schw.  J.,  27.  65,  1819  (trl.  1'r.  Nouv.  Min.).     Native  Alumiuiate  of  Lead  Smithson,  Ann.  Phil., 
14,  31.  1819  (citing  Berz.,  and  also  a  letter  by  de  Laumont,  in  which  S.  Teunaut  (who  died  in 
1815)  is  said  to  have  first  analyzed  plombgomme  and  made_it  a  combination  of  oxide  of  lead, 
alumina,  and  water).     Plomb  hydro-alumineux  H.,  Tr.,  3,  410,   1822.     Gummispath  Breith., 
Char.,   56,   1832.     Plomgomme  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,   1832.     Plumbo-gummite,   8/iep.,  Min.,  2,  113, 
1835       Plumbo  resin  He    Dana,   Min.,    230,    1837.      Bleigummi,    Gummibleispath.    Bleihydro- 
aluminat,  Germ.    Hitchcockite  Shep.,  Rep.  Canton  Mine,  Ga.,  1856,  Min.,  401,  1857. 

Hexagonal.  Reniform,  globular,  botryoidal,  with  sometimes  a  concentric 
structure j  in  thin  crusts;  compact  massive. 

H.  =  4-5.  G.  =  4-4-9;  4'88,  Nuissiere,  Dufrenoy;  4 '014,  hitehcockite, 
Genth;  Breithaupt  gives  6'42.  Luster  resinous  or  gum-like.  Color  yellowish 
gray,  reddish  brown,  greenish;  also  yellowish  white;  sometimes  grayish  white, 
bluish.  Streak  uncolored.  Translucent;  subtransparent.  Optically  uniaxial, 
positive,  Bertrand1. 

Comp — Uncertain;  anal.  4  corresponds  nearly  to  Pb0.2Al203.P205.9H20  = 
Phosphorus  pentoxide  19'4,  alumina  27*9,  lead  protoxide  30*5,  water  22'2  =  lOOi, 
The  other  analyses  vary  widely. 

Anal.— 1-3,  Damour,  Ann.  Mines,  17,  191,  1840.    4,  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  23,  424,  1857. 

P2O5    SO3    A12O3    PbO     H2O  Fe2O3  CaO  PbCl2 

1.  Huelgoet        8'06    0'30    34-32    35-10    18'70    0'20    0  80    2'27  =    99'75 

2.  "  12-05    0-25    12-05    62'15      6'18      —        —      8'24  =  100*92 

3.  "  1518    0-40      2-88    70'85      1'24      —       —     9'18  =    99'73 

4.  Hitchcockite  18-74      —     25'54    29'04    20'86    0'90    1  '44  COa  1  '98,  Cl  0'04,  insol.  0 '48=99-02 

Berzelius  made  the  mineral  a  hydrous  aluminate  of  lead.  Damour  concluded  from  his 
results  that,  in  Berzelius's  investigation  the  phosphoric  acid  was  precipitated  with  the  alumina 
and  lead,  and  so  lost  sight  of.  He  observes  that  his  own  analyses,  though  so  widely  different, 
agree  in  affording  1  •  1  for  the  oxygen  ratio  of  water  and  alumina,  and  regards  the  alumina  as 
present  in  the  state  of  a  hydrate. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates  and.yields  water.  B.B.  in  the  forceps  swells  up 
like  a  zeolite,  colors  the  flame  azure-blue,  but  is  impe'rfectly  fused.  On  charcoal  gives  in  addition 
a  faint  white  coating  of  lead  chloride  (Plattner).  With  soda  gives  metallic  lead.  With  cobalt 
solution  gives  a  blue  color.  With  the  sodium  test  yields  a  phosphide.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  clay-slate  at  Huelgoet  in  Brittany,  associated  with  galena,  sphalerite, 
pyrite,  and  pyromorphite;  also  in  a  lead  mine  at  Nuissiere,  near  Beaujeu;  at  Roughten  Gill, 
Cumberland;  at  Mine  la  Motte,  Missotiri(?>;  at  Canton  mine,  Ga.,  with  galena,  etc.  (hitchcockite). 

Named  from  the  Latin  plumbum,  lead,  and  gummi,  gum.  The  identity  of  de  Lisle's  mineral 
(which  was  carnelian-like  in  color)  with  plombgomme,  though  questioned  by  de  Laumont  in. 
bis  eariy  paper,  is  admitted  in  his  letter  cited  in  Ann.  Phil.,  14,  31,  1819. 


856  PHOSPHATES.   ARSENATES,   ETC. 

The  mineral  looks  usually  like  drops  or  coatings  of  gum,  also  at  times  somewhat  like 
chalcedony  or  allophane.  It  differs  from  globular  pyromorphite  or  sphalerite  in  not  being 
fibrous  within.  The  hitchcockite  occurs  in  botryoidal  crusts  and  thin  coatings,  white,  bluish, 
yellowish,  or  greenish,  allophane-like,  sometimes  concentric  in  structure;  Shepard  gives  H. 
=  2*75-3,  and  says  that  it  loses  29  p.  c.  on  ignition. 

Ref.— »  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  4,  37,  1881. 


=•   30°  25' 


Uranite  Group. 

659.  TORBERNITE.  Mica  viridis  cryst.  (fr:  Joh.)  v.  Born,  Lithoph.,  1,  42, 1772.  Gruner 
Glimmer  (fr.  Saxony)  Wern  ,  Ueb.  Cronst..  217,  1780;  Torberit  Wern.  (earliest  name);  Karst.,' 
Ueb.  Wern.  Verbess..  43.  1793  [later  spelt  Torbernite,  as  in  Ludwig's  Wern.,  1,  308.  1803); 
Chalkolith  [put  near  Chlorite]  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  376,  1789;  Urankalk  durch  Kupfer  gefarht, 
Uranites  spathosus  pt.,  Klapr.,  Schrift.  Ges.  N.  Berl..  9,  273,  17b9;  Beitr.,  2,  217,  1797.  Unui- 
glimmer  Wern.,  1800,  Ludwig,  1,  55,  1803.  Urane  oxyde  H.,  Tr.,  1801.  Urauite  Aikin,  Min., 
1814.  Uran-Mica  Jameson,  Syst.,  1820.  Urauphyllit  Breith.,  Char.,  1820.  Phosphate  of 
Uranium  containing  Phos.  Copper  R.  Phillips,  Ann.  Phil.,  5,  57,  1823.  Phosphate  of  Uranium 
and  Copper  J&rz.,  Jahresb.,  1823.  Kupfer-Uranit  Germ.  Copper-Uranite.  Torberite  B.  &  M 
517,  852.  Cuprouranit  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  24,  302,  1865. 

Tetragonal.     Axis  6  =  2-9361;  001  A  101  ==  71°  11  J'  Schrauf1. 

Forms':  m  (110,  /)  z  (3  O'lO,  TVO  y  (102,  H)  t  (114,  *-, 

c  (001,  0)  x  (105,  l-i)  o  (103,  ft)  r  (809,  §-»)?  I  (112,  $) 

«(100,>»)  5    (207,  H)  e  (307,  ft)  e(101,l-0  0(334,  f) 

j  30°  53f  Hausm.  (  70°  2fi'    G.  &  L. 

|  32°    4  Levy  c<?     =  71°  114'  \  71°     7'     Kk. 

cs   ^    39°  59f  39°  53'  Levy  (  71°  22'     Hbg 

M   ~     41°  22f  41°  50  Hbg.  ct     =  46°    4'  46=  10'     Lev 

(  43°  15'  G.  &  L.  el     -  64°  17'  64°  22'     Lev^ 

co   =  *44°  23'  \  44°  21'  Kk.  cv    =  72°  12'  72°  25'    G.  &  u 

(  44°  S3'  Schrauf  a»'  =  41°  58' 

ce  =     51°  31i  51°  25'  Levy  00'    =  59°  17' 

e#  =     55°  44'  55°  33'  Kk.  (calc.)  yy'  =  71°  31' 

cf  -     62°  56'  63°  22  Hausm.  ee     =  84°    2'  II'     =  79°     9' 

cr  =     69°    2'  68°  15'  Levy  it'     =  61°  14'  w'    =  84°  38' 

Crystals  usually  square  tables,  sometimes  very  thin,  again  thick;  less  often 
pyramidal.  Also  in  foliated,  micaceous  aggregates, 

Cleavage:  c  perfect,  micaceous.  Lamina;  brittle.  H.  =  2-2-5.  G.  =  3-4-3*6. 
Luster  of  c  pearly,  other  faces  subadamantine.  Color  emerald-  and  grass-green, 
and  sometimes  leek-,  apple-,  and  siskin-green.  Streak  paler  than  the  color. 
Transparent  to  subtranslucent.  Optically  uniaxial;  negative. 

Cora  p. — A  hydrous  phosphate  of  uranium  and  copper,  Cu(UO,)aP,0B  -f-  8H20 
*r  Cu0.2UOa.P,06.8H80  —  Phosphorus  pentoxide  15*1,  uranium  trioxide  G1'2, 
*>pper  8-4,  water  15-3 .  =  100.  Arsenic  may  replace  part  of  the  phosphorus. 

Anal.— 1,  Werther,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  43,  334,  1848.  2,  Pisani,  C.  R.,  52,  817,  1861.  3,  Church, 
^•u.  News,  12,  183,  1865.  4-6,  Winkler,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  7,  10,  1873. 

P.206     '     AsaO6  U03  CuO  H2O 

1.  Cornwall  14  34  —  59*03  8  27  15-39  =  97'03 

2.  "  14-0  59  67  8-50  15'0  sand  0'40  =     97 '57 

3.  "  13-94  1  96  61  00  8'56  14  16  CaO  0  62  =  100-24 

4.  ••  13-91  3-10  62-10  8'07  1501  =  102*19 

5.  "  13-54  3-24  60-71  8  13  15'36  -   100-98 

6.  Schneeberg  14'25  56'75  8  92  14-70  quartz  4'21  =  98'83 

Church  finds  that  there  is  no  loss  in  vacuo  or  dry  air,  at  100°  11  1  p.  c.  (6H2O),  and  the  rest 
upon  ignition. 

Pyr.,  etc.—  fn  the  closed  tube  yields  water.  In  the  forceps  fuses  at  2'5  to  a  blackish  mass, 
and  colors  the  flame  green.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  a  green  bead,  which  with  tin  on 
charcoal  becomes  on  cooling  opaque  red  (copper).  With  soda  on  charcoal  gives  a  globule  of 
copper.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 


URANITE  GROUP:   ZEUNERITE—AUTUNITE.  857 

Obs.— Guunis  -Lake  formerly  afforded  splendid  crystallizations  of  this  species,  and  also 
Tincroft  and  Wheal  Buller,  near  Rednilli,  and  elsewhere  in  Cornwall.  Found  also  at  Johann- 
georgeustadt,  and  Eibeustock  and  Schneeberg,  in  Saxony;  in  Bohemia,  at  Joachimsthal  and 
Ziuuwald;  in  Belgium,  at  Vielsalm.  A  variety  from  Providence  in  Cornwall  fs  in  8-sided  tables 
with  a  low  pyramid,  and  has  a  leek-green  color,  with_G.  =  3'329-3'372  (Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  24. 
303,  1865) 

As  noied  below,  some  so-called  torbernite  belongs  to  the  corresponding- arsenate,  zeunerite. 

First  named  torberite  (torbernite)  by  Werner,  after  the  chemist  Torber  Bergmann  [Lat. 
Torbernus,  as  written  by  Bergmann  himself].  Then,  this  naming  after  persons  having  been 
denounced  as  an  innovation  (see  Karsten's  Werner's  Verbess.,  4'6,  1793),  Werner  substituted 
Chalcolite  (fr.  ^orAx-os,  copper,  signifying,  as  he  says,  "ein  Kupf erhal tender  Stein  ")  in  allusion 
to  Bergmann's  determination  in  1780  that  the  mineral  was  muriate  of  copper.  When,  finally,  it 
was  shown  by  Klsiproth  to  be  an  ore  of  uranium  instead  of  copper,  Werner,  with  Karsten  and 
-others,  threw  aside  chalcolite,  because  false  in  signification,  and  used  Uranglimmer.  Chalcolite 
has  since  crept  back  again,  but  is  no  more  appropriate  now  than  it  was  sixty  years  ago.  The 
name  torberite  was  written  as  it  should  be.  torbernite,  by  some  mineralogists  of  the  last  century. 

Both  this  species  and  the  autunitehave  gone  under  the  common  name  of  uranite;  the  former 
also  as  Copper -uranite:  the  latter  Lime-uranite. 

Ref.— >  Min.  Mitth.,  181,  1872.  *  This  list  contains  the  forms  noted  by  Levy,  Min.  Heuh, 
3,  329,  1837.  angles  quoted  by  Dufrenoy  and  repeated  by  Mir.,  Min.,  517,  1852;  Hausm.,  Min., 
2,  1104,  1847;  Greg  and  Lcttsom,  Min.,  384,  1858,  whose  list  as  here  poted  contains  several 
.angles  not  given  by  Mir  ;  Hbg.,  Min.  Not.,  6,  41,  1863;  Kk.,  Min.  Russl.,  5,  35,  1866.  As 
suggested  by  Schrauf,  some  of  these  observations  may  have  been  made  on  the  following  species, 
zeunerite,  so  that  the  .list  of  forms  is  not  above  doubt. 

660.  ZEUNERITE.     Weisbach,  Jb.  Min.,  207,  1872;   315,  1873;   Jb.  Berg-Hutt.,  1877. 
Kupferurauile,  Kupfer-Uranglimmer,  pt. 

Tetragonal.     Axis  6  =  2-9125;  001  A  101  =  *71°  B'  Weisbach1. 
Forms1 :    c  (001,  0);  a  (100,  £*),  z  (107,  H),  p  (407,  $-*),  e  (101,  1-t ),  *  (201,  2-i). 
Angles  :    cz  =  22°  35f ,  cp  =  59°  0',  ce  =  71°  3',  c£  =  80°  15£',  ee'  =  83°  57' 

In  tabular  crystals  resembling  tprbernite;  afso  acute  pyramidal. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect;  a  distinct.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  2-2 '5. 
G-.  =  3'2.  Luster  on  c  pearly.  Color  ^grass-green  to  emerald-  and  apple-green. 

Comp. — An  arsenate  of  copper  and  uranium  corresponding  to  the  phosphate 
torbernite,  Cu(U02)2As208  -f-  8H,0  or  Cu0.2U03.As205.8H20  =  Arsenic  pentoxide 
22*3,  uranium  trioxlde  56'0,  cupric oxide  7'7,  water  14-0  =  100. 
Anal.— Winkler,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  7,  8,  1873. 

As2O5  20-94  UO3  55-86  CuO  7-49  H3O  15*68     =     99-97 

Pyr.,  etc.— Yields  arsenical  fumes  ou  charcoal,  and  with  soda  gives  a  globule  of  copper. 
Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs.— First  fou>ad  with  other  uranium  minerals  at  the  mine  Weisser  Hirsch,  near  Schnee- 
berg, Saxony;  the  crystals  rest  upon  quartz  or  upon  iron  ocher.  Also  found  at  Geisterhalde, 
near  Joachimsthal;  Wheal  Gorland,  Cornwall,  on  smok}'  quartz  with  chalcocite  and  melaconite; 
and  Zinnwald,  Saxony,  on  quartz. 

Named  for  the  Director  of  the  Academy  at  Freiberg. 

Artif.— Winkler  (1.  c.,  p.  14)  has  obtained  zeunerite  artificially,  having  the  following  com- 
position: As2O5  22-11,  UO3  57-21,  CuO  7'01,  H2O  14-65  =  100'98. 

Ref.—1  Schneeberg,  1.  c.  Schrauf  gives  ce  =  68°  20',  which  varies  widely  from  the  allied 
species;  he  adds  *  (ci '  =  78°  46'),  Min.  Mitth.,  182.  1872.  Cf.  also  torbernite,  ref.  a;  the  two 
species  were  probably  early  confounded. 

661.  AUTUNITE.    Var.  of  Uranglimmer,  Urankalk,  or  Chalcolite,  of  authors  pri&i-  to  1819. 
Sel  it  base  de  chaux,  6u  1'oxide  d'urane  joue  le  role  d'acide,  Berz.,  N.  Syst.  Min.,  295,  1819. 
Uranit  Itox.,  Jabregb.,  4.  46,  1823,   ^Kalk-Uranit,  Kalk-Uranglimmer.  Germ.     Lime-Uranite. 
Autunite  B.  &  M.,  519,  1852;    Calcouranit  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  24,  302.  1865. 

Orthorhombic,  but  approaching  the  tetragonal  species,  torbernite,  closely. 
Axes  4  :  I  :  6  =  0-9875  :  1  :  2-8517  Des  Cloizeaux1. 

100  A  110  =  44°  38J',  001  A  101  =  *70°  54',  001  A  Oil  =  70°  40^'. 
Forms:    a{100',  t'-i),  b  (010,  i-i),  c  (001,  0),  m(110,  /),    u  (101,  1-i),   e  (Oil.  14),   *(112,  *), 

Angles  :  mm'"  =  89°  17',  uu  =  141°  48',  ee1  =  141°  41'.  'd  =  *63°  46',  IT  2=  79°  2V, 
II'"  =  78°  8' 


858  PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,   ETC. 

In  thin  tabular  crystals,  nearly  tetragonal  in  form  and  deviating  but  slightly 
from  torbernite  in  angle;  also  in  foliated  aggregates,  with  micaceous  structure. 

Cleavage:  basal,  eminent.  LaminaB  brittle.  H.  =  2*-2*5.  G.  =  3'05-3'19. 
Luster  of  c  pearly,  elsewhere  subadamantine  Color  lemon-  to  sulphur-yellow. 
Streak  yellowish.  Transparent  to  translucent. 

Optically  — .    Ax.  pi.  ||  b.     Bx  _[_  c.     Ax.  angles,  Dx.: 

(1)  2E  =  60°  57'  at  17°,  57°  32'  at  47°,     56°  36'  at  71*°,  55°    8'  at  81°,    54°  10'  at  91°. 

(2)  2E  =  59°  46'  at  17°,  57°  46'  at  26^°,  55°  24'  at  47°,     53°  18'  at  71^°,  50C  12'  at  91°. 
Refractive  Index :    ft  =  I  -572 

Comp. — A  hydrous  phosphate  of  uranium  and  calcium,  probably  analogous  to 
torbernite,  Ca(U02)2Pa08  +  8H20  or  Ca0.2U03.P206.8H30  =  Phosphorus  pentoxide 
15'5,  uranium  trioxide  62 -7,  lime  6*1,  water  15*7  =  100. 

Some  analyses  give  10  and  others  12  molecules  of  water,  but  it  is  not  certain  that  the  addi 
tional  amount  is  essential.  Cf.  below. 

Anal 1,  Winkler,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  7,  12,  1873.  2-4,  Church,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  28V  109,  1875. 

5,  Jannettaz,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  10,  17,  1887.  Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  588. 

P208  U03  CaO  H20 

1.  Falkenstein                     15'09  62-24  6'11  16-00  =    99'44 

2.  Cornwall                      f  13'84  60'00  5'01  18'95  =     97'80 

3.  Autun                              14-32  61  "34  5 "24  19'66  =  100-56 

4.  "                               |  13-40  60-84  5'31  20  33  =     99'88 

5.  Madagascar                     14%93  55-08  .        6-51  23-08  Fe2O3 .1*36  =99'96 

Church  found  that  the  mean  loss  of  water  (anals.  2,  3,  4)  in  dry  air,  in  vacua  and  at  100* 
(or  in  vacua  alone),  was  15-03  p.  c  ,  and  at  a  red  heat  4*68  p.  c.  more.  He  concludes  that  unaltered 
crystals  contain  10  p.  c.  H2O,  or  if  dried  in  vacua,  2H2O. 

The  early  analysis  of  Berzelius  gave  15'48  p.  c.  H2O  =  8  molecules. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Same  as  for  torbernite,  but  no  reaction  for  copper. 

Obs.— Autuuite  is  found  usually  with  uraninite  and  other  minerals  containing  uranium ;  also 
associated  with  silver,  tin,  and  iron  ores.  Occurs  in  the  Siebeugebirge,  in  the  hornstone  of  a 
trachytic  range;  at  Johanngeorgeustadt  and  Eibeustock;  Falkeustein  in  Saxon  Voigtland; 
at  Lake  Onega,  Wolf  Island,  Russia;  near  Limoges,  and  at  St.  Symphorieu  near  Autifn;  for- 
merly at  South  Basset,  Wheal  Edwards,  and  near  St.  Day,  England 

In  the  U.  States,  occurs  sparingly  at  the  feldspar  quarry  in  Middletown,  Conn.,  associated 
with  columbite  and  albite,  in  minute  tabular  crystals  and  thin  scales,  of  light  green  and  lemon- 
yellow  colors;  with  uraninite  at  Branchville,  Conn,  .also  in  minute  crystals  at  Chesterfield, 
Mass.,  on  the  quartz  or  albite,  and  sometimes  in  the  red  centers  of  tourmalines;  at  Acworth, 
N.  H.,  straw-yellow  and  light  green;  also  in  a  gneiss  quarry  on  the  Schuylkill.  near  Philadelphia, 
about  £  m.  above  the  suspension  bridge.  In  N.  Carolina,  at  the  Flat  Rock  and  other  mica  mines 
in  Mitchell  Co.;  in  Alexander  Co.  Found  in  the  Black  Hills,  S.  Dakota;  at  Silver  Reef,  Utah. 

Berzelius  calls  the  uranite  of  Cornwall  and  that  of  Autun,  respectively,  chalcolite  and  uranite. 
in  his  article  announcing  the  composition,  in  JB.,  4,  146,  147,  1823;  and  the  special  application 
of  uranite  to  this  species  dates  from  that  time.  Yet,  in  order  to  avoid  confusion  from  the  double 
use  of  the  name,  it  is  better  to  adopt  for  the  species  the  name  of  autunite,  from  one  of  its  noted 
localities. 

Ref.— >  Ann.  Mines,  11,  §61,  1854;  14,  339, 1858.  Brezina  makes  the  Johanngeorgenstadt 
mineral  monoclinic,  with  d  :  b  :  c  =  0-3463  :  1  :  0'3525,  ft  —  90°  30',  Zs.  Kr.,  3,  273,  1879. 

An  early  paper  on  the  crystallization  of  "  Oxyd  of  Uranium"  (probably  including  both  tor- 
bernite  and  autunite),  with  two  plates,  is  given  by  Phillips  in  Trans.  G.  Soc.,  3,  112,  1816  (read 
Feb.  1815). 

662.  URANOSPINITE.     Weisbach,  Jb.  Min.,  315,  1873;  Jb.  Berg-Hutt.,  1877. 
Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  f> :  6  =  I  :  I  :  2-9136  approx. 

Forms:    c  (001,  0);  q  (I'O'IO,  ^-i\  V  (102,  fi)>  f  (101,  1-i),  x  (012,  i-i). 
Angles  :    cq  =  16°  15'  (meas.  17°),  cy  -  ex  —  *55°  32',  cr  =  71°  3'  (meas.  71£°). 

In  thin  tabular  crystals  rectangular  in  outline. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect.  H,  =  2-3.  G.  =  3-45.  Color  siskin-green.  Optically 
biaxial. 

Comp. — Probably  an  arsenate  of  uranium  and  calcium  corresponding  to  autun- 


URANOCIRCITE—PHOSPHURANYLITE—TROGERITE.  859 

ite,  Ca(U02)2As208  +  8H20  or  Ca0.2U03.As205.8H20  =  Arsenic  pentoxide  22'9, 
uranium  trioxide  57*2,  lime  5'6,  water  14*3  =  100. 
Anal.— Winkler,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  7,  11,  1873. 

As2O6  19-37  .UO3  59-18  CaO  5-47  H2O  16-19  =  100-21 

Church  urges  that  the  water  may  correspond  to  10  equivalents  instead  of  8,  Min.  Mag.,  1, 
236,  1877. 

Obs.— Occurs  with  uraninite  and  various  secondary  uranium  minerals  at  Neustadtel  near 
Schueeberg,  Saxony. 

Artif.— Obtained  by  Winkler  (1.  c.)  by  mixing  uranium  nitrate  with  a  solution  of  lime  in  an 
excess  of  arsenic  acid.  The  minute  yellow  crystals  gave:  As2O8  23'01,  UO3  59'01,  CaO  5'62, 
H30  14-27  =  101-91. 

663.  URANOCIRCITE.  Wetebaeh,  Jahrb.  Berg-Htitt.,  1877,  Abhandl.,  p.  48.  Barium- 
uranite. 

Ortborhombic.     In  crystals  similar  to  autunite. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect;  a,  £  distinct.  G.  =  3*53.  Luster  pearly  on  c.  Color 
yellow-green.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Optically  biaxial.  Bx  J_  c.  2E  = 
15°-20°. 

Comp.  —  A    phosphate    of    barium    and    uranium    analogous    to    autunite, 
Ba(U02)2P,08  +  8H20   or  Ba0.2U03.P30B.8H,0  =  Phosphorus  pentoxide  14*0, 
uranium  trioxide  56*7,  baryta  15-1,  water  14*2  =  100. 
Anal.— Winkler,  quoted  by  Weisbach. 

P2O5  15-06  UO3  56-86  BaO  14-57  H2O  13-99  =  100-48 

Earlier  analyses  by  Georgi,  and  Uwao  Imai,  gave  confirmatory  results.  Church  (Min.  Mag., 
1,  234,  1877)  finds  that  in  vacua  over  H2SO4,  at  20°  C.,  6H2O  go  off;  and  the  remainder  (2H,O) 
at  a  red  heat. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  quartz  veins  near  Falkenstein,  Saxon  Voigtland.  Formerly  called  autunite 
(lime-uranite). 


664.  PHOSPHURANTLITE.    F.  A.  Genth,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  1,  92,  1879. 

Occurs  as  a  pulverulent  incrustation;  consisting  of  microscopic  rectangular 
scales,  with  pearly  luster.     Color  deep  lemon-yellow. 

Comp.— Hydrous  uranium  phosphate,  (U02)3P208  +  6H20  or  3U03.P205.6H,0 
=  Phosphorus  pentoxide  12'7,  uranium  trioxide  77*6,  water  9 -7  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Genth,  1.  c.;  la,  same,  after  deducting  the  lead  oxide,  present  as  impurity. 

P2O5  UOS  H2O  PbO 

1.  11-30  71-73  10-48  4'40     =      97*91 

la.  12-08  76-71  11-21  —      =     100 

Fyr. — B.B.  in  the  closed  tube  yields  water,  and  becomes  brownish  yellow  on  cooling. 
Easily  soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  other  uranium  minerals  at  the  Flat  Rock  mine,  Mitchell  Co.,  N.  C.; 
incrusts  the  quartz,  feldspar,  and  mica;  also  at  the  Buchanan  mine. 

665.  TROGERITE.     Weisbach,  Jb.  Min.,  870,  1871. 

Monoclinic.     In  thin  tabular  crystals  ||  b,  resembling  gypsum;  crystals  united 
in  druses. 

Cleavage:    ~b  perfect.     Gr.  =  3 -3.     Luster   on    cleavage   face  pearly.     Color 
lemon-yellow. 

Comp. — A  hydrous  uranium  arsenate,  (UO?)3As20,  +  12H30  or  3UO,.Asa06. 
12H20  =  Arsenic  pentoxide  17*6,  uranium  trioxide  65'9,  water  16*5  =  100. 

Anal. — Winkler;  two  other  analyses  on  material  less  pure  gave  concordant  results,  J.  pr. 
Ch.,  7,  7,  1873. 

As206  19-64  UO,  63-76  H2O  14'81     =     98'21 


860  PHOSPHATES,   AESENATES,   ETC. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  walpurgite  and  other  uranium  minerals  at  the  Weisser  Hirsch  mine  at 
Neustadtel,  near  Schneeberg,  Saxony.  Named  after  the  mining  administrator,  R.  Troger. 

Reported  with  uraninite  from  the  Bald  Mountain  mining  district,  Black  Hills,  S.  Dakota. 

For  remarks  on  the  form,  cf.  Schrauf,  Min.  Mitth.,  185,  1872. 

FRITZSCHEITE  Breithaupt,  B.  H.  Ztg. ,  24,  302,  1865.  A  mineral  much  resembling  autuuite 
in  its  four-sided  quadratic  (or  nearly  so)  tables,  with  a  perfect  basal  cleavage;  with  H.  =  2-2'5; 
G.  —  3*504?;  vitreous  to  pearly  in  luster;  reddish  brown  to  hyacinth-red  in  color  and  streak; 
translucent;  affording  Fritzsche  (1.  c.)  reactions  for  uranium,  manganese,  vanadium,  phosphorus, 
and  water.  The  red  color  is  attributed  to, the  manganese,  and  it  is  considered  a  mangan-uranite 
containing  some  vanadium.  It  occurs  with  crystals  of  autuuite  and  torbernite  at  Neuhammer, 
near  Neudeck  in  Bohemia,  in  a  hematite  mine;  at  Johanugeorgenstadt,  of  fine  red  color,  with 
torbernite.  Red  crystals  in  groups,  supposed  to  be  this  mineral,  have  been  observed  on 
specimens  of  uranite  from  Autun,  and  from  Steiuig,  near  Elsterberg,  in  Saxon  Voigtland. 

666.  WALPURGITE.    Walpurgin  A.  Weisbach,  Jb.  Min.,  870,  1871;  1,  1877;   Jb.  Berg- 
Htltt.  Sachs.,  1877. 

Tricliuic.  In  thin  scale-like  crystals  resembling  gypsum;  usually  tabular  ||  b 
and  twins  with  b  as  twinning-plane;  sometimes  a  feather-like  striation  on  a. 

Measured  angles:  mm  =  62°  30',  pp  =  72°  18',  be  =  70°  52',  cm  =  80°  40', 
cp  =  82°  59',  bm  =  59°  2',  bp  =  53°  50'.  Extinction-angle  8°  with 
vertical  axis  in  plane  normal  to  b,  16°  for  twin,  Weisbach-Groth1. 

Cleavage:  b  distinct.     H.  =  3-5.     G.  =5-76.     Luster  adamantine 
to  greasy.     Color  pomegranate-  and  wax-yellow. 

Comp. — Probably    a    basic    arsenate    of    bismuth    and    uranium, 
Bi10(U02)3(OH)24(As'04)4  or  5Bi203.3U03.2As106.12H20  =  Arsenic  pent- 
oxide  11*9,  uranium  trioxide  22*4,  bismuth  trioxide  60'1,  water  5*6  =  100. 
Anal.— Winkler,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  7,  6,  1873. 

As2O&  UO3  Bi2O3  H2O 

11-88  2029  61-43  4'32     =     9792 

13-03  20-54  59-34  4'65     =     97'56 

Obs. — Occurs  with  trOgerite  and  other  uranium  minerals  at  the  Weisser  Hirsch  mine  at 
Neustadtel,  near  Schneeberg,  Saxony. 

Ref.— '  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  93,  1877.     Cf.  Schrauf,  Min.  Mitth.,  183,  1872. 

667.  RHAGITE.     Weisbach,  Berg-Hiltt.,  Abh.;  Jb.  Min.,  302,  1874. 

In  crystalline  aggregates,  spherical  or  mammillary,  smooth  on  the  surface. 

Fracture  subconchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =5.  G.  =  6 -82.  Luster  resinous  to 
adamantine.  Color  yellowish  green,  sometimes  wax-yellow.  On  the  edges  trans- 
lucent. 

Comp.— Perhaps  (Rg.)  2BiAs04.3Bi(OH)3   or  5Bi203.2As206.9H20  =  Arsenic 
pentoxide  15*7,  bismuth  trioxide  78 -8,  water  5'5  =  100. 
AnaL— Winkler,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  10,  190,  1874. 

As2O5  Bi2O3        Fe2O3,Al2O,         CoO  CaO  H2O  gangue 

14-20  72-76  1-62  1-47  0'50  4'62  3'26     =     98'43 

Pyr.,  etc. — Easily  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  with  difficulty  in  nitric  acid.  In  the  matrass 
decrepitates,  and  crumbles  to  a  yellow  powder,  giving  off  its  water;  on  charcoal  fusible. 

Obs.— Occurs  on  bismutite  and  quartz,  accompanied  by  walpurgite,  at  the  Weisser  Hirsch 
mine,  Neustadtel,  near  Schneeberg,  Saxony. 

Named  from  pd£  (payoS),  grape,  in  allusion  to  the  color  and  botryoidal  grouping. 

668.  MIXITE.    Schrauf,  Zs.  Kr.,  4,  277,  1879. 

In  very  slender  acicular  crystals,  deeply  striated  vertically;  extinction  parallel1. 
Also  as  an  incrustation  in  irregular  particles,  granular  and  rough  or  spherical, 
reniform,  with  partial  concentric  fibrous  structure. 

H.  =  3-4.  G.  =  3'79.  Color  emerald-green  to  bluish  green  pale  green,  or 
whitish;  streak  somewhat  lighter.  Translucent  to  transparent  in  fine  fibers. 

Comp. — A  hydra  ted  basic  arsenate  of  copper  and  bismuth,  but  formula  doubtful, 


ATOPITE. 

Schrauf  suggests  20CuO.Bi203.5As205.22H20  =  Arsenic  pentoxide  32-0,   bismuth 
trioxide  12'9,  cupric  oxide  44'0,  water  11*1  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Schrauf,  1.  c.  2,  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  35,  305,  1888;  also  Pearce  Proc.  Col 
Soc.,  1,  151.  1886. 

G.  As2O5  P2O5  Bi2O3    CuO    ZnO     H2O 

1.  |        30-45         13-07    43  21      —     11'07  FeO  1'52,  CaO  0'83  =  100-15 

2.  Utah  3-79        f  28'79    0'06    11-18    43'89    2*70    11-04  Fe2O3  0'97,  CaO  0'26,  SiO30-42=99'31 

X 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  dilute  nitric  acid  the  mineral  is  instantly  covered  with  a  layer  of  a  brilliant 
white  powder  of  bismuth  arsenate,  insoluble  in  the  acid;  the  copper  arsenate  goes  into  solution. 
On  ignition  becomes  blackish  green  and  gives  off  water.  Roasted  on  charcoal  gives  a  silver- 
white  bead  of  copper  and  bismuth,  with  a  coating  of  bismuth  trioxide. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  bismuth  ocher,  bismutite,  and  torbernite  in  the  Geistergang  at  Joachims- 
thai.  Also  at  Wittichen,  Baden,  in  crevices  in  barite  with  erythrite.  In  Utah,  Tintic  district, 
at  the  Mammoth  mine  in  tufts  of  minute  acicular  crystals  in  a  loosely  coherent  gangue. 

Named  after  Bergrath  A.  Mixa. 

Ref.— »  Cross,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  35,  306,  1888;  cf.  Schrauf,  1.  c.,  who  makes  it  oblique  6°  to  9°. 


Antimonates;  also  Antimonites,  Arsenites. 

A  number  of  antimonates  have  been  included  in  the  preceding  pages  among 
the  phosphates,  arsenates,  etc.     Cf.  pp.  754,  803,  804. 

669.  Atopite  Ca2Sb,07  Isometric 

670.  Bindheimite  Contains  PbO,Sb206,H20 


671.  Bomeite  CaSb204  Tetragonal  6  -  1-0257 

d:b:6 

672.  Nadorite  (PbCl)Sb02  Orthorhombic         0'7490  :  1  :  1'0310 

673.  Ecdemite  Pb6Cl,As207  Tetragonal  or  Orthorhombic 

d:b:6 

674.  Ochrolite  Pb6Cl2Sb207  Orthorhombic         0-9050 :  1  :  2-0137 

675.  Trippkeite  rcCuO.As203?  Tetragonal  6  =  0-9160 


669.  ATOPITE.    A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  G.  For.  Forh.,  3,  376,  1877. 
Isometric;  in  octahedrons,  with  cube  and  dodecahedron. 

H.=  5*5-6.  G.  =  5-03.  Luster  greasy.  Color  yellow  to  resin-brown.  Trans- 
lucent. 

Comp. — Perhaps  calcium  pyroantimouate,  Ca2Sb207  or  2CaO.Sb205=Antimony 
pentoxide  74*1,  lime  25-9  =  100.  Iron,  manganese,  and  the  alkali  metals  are  also 
present. 

Anal.— Nordenskiold,  1.  c. 

|  Sb2O6  72-61         FeO  2  79         MnO  1'53         CaO  17  85        K2O  0'86        Na2O  4'40  =  100-04 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  in  forceps  in  O.F.  unchanged.  On  charcoal  in  R.F.  sublimes  in  part, 
fuses  at  first  with  difficulty,  and  gives  finally,  when  the  antimony  pentoxide  is  all  reduced  to 
the  metallic  state  and  driven  off,  a  dark  infusible  slag.  In  salt  of  phosphorus  dissolves  to  a 
clear  bead,  yellow  while  hot,  and  colorless  on  cooling.  Insoluble  in  acids;  decomposed  with 
difficulty  by  fusion  with  sodium  carbonate.  Easily  reduced  by  hydrogen. 

Obs. — Occurs  sparingly  in  octahedrons  embedded  in  hedyphane,  which  in  turn  forms  little 
veins  in  rhodonite,  at  Laugbau,  in  Wermland,  Sweden.  Named  from  aroTtoS,  unusual. 


862  PHOSPHATES,   ARSENATES,    ETC. 

SCHNEEBEIIGITE  A.  Brezina.  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  313,  1880. 

Isometric;  in  small  (O'5-l  mm.)  octahedrons.  Fracture  couchoidal.  Brittle.  Cleavage 
dodecahedral  in  traces.  H.  =  65.  G.  =  4-1  Weidel.  Luster  vitreous  to  adamantine.  Color 
honey-yellow.  Transparent.  Consists  principally  (Weidel)  of  calcium  and  antimony,  with  a 
little  iron,  and  traces  of  copper,  bismuth,  zinc,  magnesia,  and  sulphuric  acid.  B.B.  infusible, 
becomes  slightly  brown.  Insoluble  in  acids.  Found  by  Lhotsky,  at  Schneeberg,  Tyrol,  near 
the  union  of  anhydrite  (or  gypsum)  with  chalcopyrite  and  magnetite. 

670.  BINDHEIMITE.    Blei-Niere  (fr.  Nerchinsk)  Karst.,   Tab.,  50,   77,  78,  1800  (citing 
anal,  by  Bindheim,  Schrift.  Ges.  Nat.  ,Fr.  Berlin,  10,  374,  1792).     Antimouate  of  Lead.     Anti- 
monbleispath,  Antimonsaures  Bleioxyd,  Germ.    Stibiogalenit  Glock.,  Syn.,  257,  1847.    Bleinierite 
Nicol  Min.,  383,  1849.     Pfaffite  Adam,  Tabl.  Miu.,  37,  1869. 

Amorphous,  reniform,  or  spheroidal;  also  earthy  or  incrusting.  Structure 
sometimes  curved  lamellar. 

H.  =4:.  G.  =  4-60-4-76  Siberia,  Hermann;  5'05  white,  Cornwall,  Heddle; 
4-707  brown,  ib.,  Heddle.  Luster  resinous,  dull,  or  earthy.  Color  white,  gray, 
brownish,  yellowish.  Streak  white  to  grayish  or  yellowish.  Opaque  to  translucent. 

Comp. — A  hydrous  antimonate  of  lead,  but  analyses  vary  widely  and  no  general 
formula  can  be  given. 

Anal.  1  gives  nearly  Pb3Sb2O8  -f  4HaO  =  Antimony  pentoxide  30'2,  lead  protoxide  (53'0, 
water  6'8  —  100.  Other  varieties  give  2PbO.Sb2O5.3H2O.  Anal.  7,  made  on  apparently  very 
pure  material,  gives  Sb2O5  :  PbO  :  H2O  =  5  :  6'3  :  11,  and,  as  noted  by  Dunnington,  most  analyses 
give  the  molecular  ratio  PbO  +  Sb2O6  :  H2O  =  1  :  1  or  1  :  2. 

Anal.— 1,  Hermann,  .1.  pr.  Ch.,  34,  179,  1845.  2,  C.  Stamm,  Pogg.,  100,  618,  1857. 
3,  4,  Heddle,  Phil.  Mag.,  12,  126,  1856.  5,  Dick,  ibid.  6,  Mixter,  King's  Rep.  G.  Surv.  40th 
Par.,  2,  759,  1877.  7,  Dunnington,  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.,  182,  1877.  8,  Wait,  Trans.  Am.  Inst. 
Mng.  Eng.,  8,  51,  1880.  Also  W.F.  Hillebrand,  Proc.  Col.  Soc.,  1,  119,  1884,  an  impure  variety 
from  Secret  Canon,  Nevada. 

G.  Sb206  PbO      H20 

1.  Nerchinsk        4'6-4'76  31'71  61'83      6'46  =  100 

2.  Horhausen  41-13  48'84      5-43  Fe2O3  3'35,  CuO  0'84  =  99'59 

3.  Cornwall,  white  f  42 -33  46 -86  11  -74  =  100 '93 

4.  "         brown  46-70    43'94      6'63  =    97*27 

5.  "  47-36    40-73    11-91  =  100 

6.  Nevada  51-94    40'89      4'58  Ag  0'33,  Fe2O3  0'60,  insol.  1'66  =  100 

7.  Sevier  Co.,  Ark.    4'73  49-67    40-35      5  98  Fe2O3  2'98,  SiO2  1-14  =  iOO'12     [=  100  00 

8.  41-72    45-38      5'00  Fe2O3  2'06,  A12O3  4'05,  SiO2  1'84,  Ag  0'04 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  water.  B.B.  on  charcoal  reduced  to  a  metallic 
globule  of  antimony  and  lead,  coating  the  charcoal  white  at  some  distance  from  the  assay,  and 
yellow  nearer  to  it. 

Obs. — A  result  of  the  decomposition  of  other  antimouial  ores;  thus  at  Nerchinsk  in  Siberia; 
Horhausen;  near  Eudelliou  in  Cornwall,  with  jamesonite,  from  which  it  is  derived,  etc.  In  the 
U.  States,  in  Sevier  county,  Arkansas;  also  Montezuma  mine,  Humboldt  valley,  Nevada. 

Bleinierite  is  German  for  Lead-kidney -ite  !  and  Stibiogalenite  implies  the  presence  of  galena 
or  lead  sulphide;  hence  the  substitute  above  after  the  earliest  analyst  of  the  species. 

671.  ROMEITE.    Romeine  Dawow,  Ann.  Mines,  20,  247,  1841;  3,  179,  1853. 
Tetragonal.     Axis  6  =  1-0257;    001  A  101  —  45°  43£'  Damour1. 

In  groupsof  minute  octahedrons  o  (111).   Angles:  0o'  =  71°  12',  oo"  =  *110050'. 
Cleavage  none.     H.  above  5-5.     G-.  =  4-713.     Color  hyacinth-  or  honey-yellow. 
Double  refraction  strong2. 

Comp. — An  antimonite  of  calcium,  perhaps  CaSb204  =  Antimony  69-8,  oxygen 
14-0  (antimony  trioxide  83'8),  lime  16'2  =  100. 

The  analysis  gives  more  nearly  Ca2Sb3O8  =  Antimony  63'4,  oxygen  16'9,  lime  19'71  =  100. 
Anal. — Damour,  1.  c. 

O  15-82         Sb  62-18       Fe  1-31  MnO  1-21   CaO  16-29  SiO2  sol.  0-96  insol.  1-90=99 '67 
or  SbaO.  40-79     Sb,O3  36-82    FeO  1-70  1-21  16'29  0'96  1-90=99-67 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  to  a  blackish  slag.  With  borax  affords  a  colorless  glass  in  the  inner 
flame,  a  violet  in  the  outer  (manganese).  With  soda  on  charcoal  gives  white  antimonial  fumes 


NADORITE—ECDEMITE. 


863 


aud  globules  of  metallic  antimony:  fused  on  platinum  foil  with  soda  gives  a  bluish  green 
mauganate.  Insoluble  in  acids. 

Obs.— Romeite  was  found  by  B.  de  Lorn  at  St.  Marcel  in  Piedmont,  in  small  nests  or 
veins  in  the  gangue  which  accompanies  manganese,  consisting  in  part  of  feldspar,  epidote, 
quartz,  limonite,  and  greenovite. 

Named  by  Damour  after  the  crystallographer  Rome  de  Lisle  (or  Rome  de  1'Isle,  1736-1790). 

Ref.— »  L.  c.     -'  On  the  anomalous  double  refraction  see  Btd.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  4,  240,  1881. 

672.  NADORITE.    Flajolot,  C.  R.(  71,  237,  406,  1870. 
Orthorhombic.     Axes  d  :  b  :  6  =  0-7490  :  1  :  T0310  Cesaro1. 
100  A  HO  =  36°  50',  001  A  101  =  54°  OJ',  001  A  Oil  =  45°  52£'. 


Forms a : 
a  (100,  »4) 
b  (010,  i-l) 
c  (001,  0) 


it  (430,  i-\) 
q  (230,  z-f) 
r  (130,  £3) 


O  (103.  i-i) 
C  (15-0-8,  V5-*) 
rj  (101,  14) 


e  (503,  f  4) 
d  (201,  24) 
e  (703,  f  i) 


d  (11-0-3, 

I   (Oil,  14)  tw.  pi. 

P  (HI,  1) 


Also  doubtful  x  (3717-12),    y  (17'5'4). 


TCTt"'  =  58°  39' 
qq'  =  83°  20£ 
rr'  =  47°  59' 


rm'  =  108°  0' 
eef  =  132°  54' 
II'  =  91°  45' 


PP 
PP' 


=     87°  34' 
=  *119°  39' 


pp'"  =  62°  26' 
ap     =*46°  13' 


Twins:  tw.  pi.  I  (Oil),  hence  crossing  at  angles  1. 

of   nearly   90  (f.  2),  since  II9  —  91°  45'.      Crystals 
tabular  ||  a\  also  prismatic  ||  b 

Cleavage  a,  very  perfect.  H.  =  3-5-4.  G.  = 
7*02.  Luster  resinous  to  adamantine.  Color  smoky- 
brown  to  brownish  yellow.  Streak  yellow.  Trans- 
lucent. 

Optically  +•  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  BxJ_c.  Ax.  angle 
large.  2H0  —  145°.  Dispersion  strong,  p  >  v.  Dx. 

Comp.— PbClSb02or  PbSb204.PbCl2  =  Antimony 
30-5,  lead  52'4,  chlorine  9'0,  oxygen  8'1  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Pisani,  C.  R.,  71,  319,  1870.  2,  Flajolot,  1.  c. 
and  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  24,  47,  1872.  3,  Tobler,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  24,  40,  1872. 


Fig.  1,  2,  Cesaro. 


Sb  Pb  O               Cl 

1.  G.  =  7-02           31-17  51-88  8'22  9*00  =  100'27 

2.  31-55  51-60  8-00  8'85  =  100-00 

3.  31-21  50-69  8-56  8'15  H2O  0'67  =  99-28 

Pisani  gives :     Sb2O3  37'40,     PbO  27/60,     Pb  26'27,     Cl  9'00  =  100-27. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates  and  gives  a  white  sublimate.  B.B.  on  charcoal 
yields  an  antimony  coating  and  a  globule  of  metallic  lead.  Added  to  a  bead  of  salt  of  phosphorus 
saturated  with  copper  gives  the  blue  coloration  of  the  flame  due  to  copper  chloride.  Soluble 
in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs.— From  Djebel-Nador,  in  the  province  of  Constantine,  Algiers;  it  occurs  in  cavities  in  a 
deposit  of  zinc  in  the  Nummulitic  limestone,  cf.  Braun,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  24,  30,  1872. 

Ref.—1  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  11,  44,  1888.  Cesaro's  position  is  here  accepted,  as  also  his  inter- 
pretation of  the  planes  and  angles  of  Des  Cloizeaux;  cf.  Dx.,  ib.,  5,  122,  1882,  and  earlier,  C.  R., 
73.  81,  1871. 


673.  ECDEMITE.    Ekdemit  A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  G.  For.   Forh.,  3,  379,  1877.     Helio- 
phyllit  G.  Flink,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  45,  574,  1888;  Hamberg,  G.  For.  Forh.,  11,  229,  1889. 

Tetragonal1  (?).  In  acute  pyramidal  crystals,  p,  with  cp  =  52°-54°  approx. 
Ham  berg;  faces  strongly  striated  horizontally.  Also  in  crystals  tabular  ||  c.  Com- 
monly massive,  coarsely  foliated  or  granular;  also  as  a  crystalline  incrustation. 

Cleavage:  basal,  nearly  perfect.  Brittle.  H.  =  2'5-3.  G.  =  6 -89-7-14. 
Luster  on  cleavage  plane  vitreous,  on  fracture  surfaces  greasy.  Color  bright  yellow 


864  PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,  ETC. 

to  green.     Translucent  in  thin   splinters.     Optically  uniaxial,  negative;  in  part 
also  biaxial. 

Hamberg  shows  that  basal  (cleavage)  sections  of  heliophyllite  are  iii  part  normally  uniaxial,  in 
part  biaxial.  In  the  case  of  the  foliated  masses  (A)  the  lamellae  cross  at  right  angles  as  if  twinned 
about  a  prism  of  90°.  There  are  also  acute  pyramidal  crystals  of  tetragonal  form  (B);  of  these 
sections  ||  c  show  an  isotropic  ground-mass,  also  systems  of  doubly-refracting  lamellae  as  if 
twinned  as  above;  the  lamellae  in  part  diagonal,  also  in  the  direction  of  a  ditetragoual  prism 
(210).  Sections  of  ecdemite  showed  a  structure  somewhat  similar  to  that  last  mentioned. 
These  biaxial,  doubly-refracting  lamellae  are  regarded  as  secondary,  the  original  structure 
having  been  normal  tetragonal.  Cf.  below. 

Comp.— Perhaps  (Flink),  Pb4As207.2PbCl2  —  Arsenic  trioxide  12-1,  lead  prot- 
oxide 81-3,  chlorine  8'6  =  102-0  deduct  (0  =  2C1)  =  100. 

This  composition  is  analogous  to  that  taken  for  ochrolite,  which,  however,  is  based  on  the 
analysis  of  a  very  small  amount  of  material.  Hamberg  shows  that  analyses  2-4  agree  more  closely 
with  the  complicated  formula  PbisChAs^it  =  Pb9As4O,5.4PbCl2.  Nordenskiold  gives  the 
formula  Pb6As2O8.2PbCl2. 

Anal.— 1,  Nordeuskiold,  1.  c.     2,  Flink,  1.  c.     3,  4,  Hamberg,  1.  c. 

As2O2  Sb2O3  PbO      Cl 

1.  Ecdemite  G.  =  7'14  10'60      —      83'45    8'00  =  102-05 

2.  Heliophyllite        G.  =  6-886          11 '69      —     80'70    8'00  FeO,MuO  0'54  =  100'93 

3.  "          A  10-85    0-56    81-03    8'05  FeO,MnO  0'07,  CaO  0'08  =  100'64 

4.  "          B  10-49    1-38    80-99    7'96  FeO,MnO  0'16,  CaO  O'll  =  101  "09 

The  oxygen  equivalent  of  the  chlorine  (1-8)  is  to  be  deducted. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Fuses  easily  to  a  yellow  mass,  with  the  loss  of  lead  chloride  as  a  white  subli- 
mate; gives  a  characteristic  lead  coating  on  charcoal.  Soluble  readily  in  nitric  acid  or  in  warm 
hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs.— Found  at  Langban,  Wermland,  Sweden,  in  small  granular  masses,  embedded  in  a 
yellow  manganesian  calcite;  also  as  an  incrustation.  Associated  crystals  of  a  similar  composition 
were  regarded  by  Nordenskiold  as  orthorhombic  (see  below). 

Also  found  (heliophyllite}  at  the  Harstig  mine,  Pajsberg,  Sweden;  it  occurs  in  crystals  in 
druses  later  filled  with  barite  and  inesite. 

Ecdemite  is  named  from  exdiyjuos,  unusual;  heliophyllite  from  rfX-ioS,  sun,  and  (pv\\.ovt 
leaf,  in  allusion  to  the  color  and  structure. 

Ref. — '  See  observations  of  Hamberg.  Nordenskiold  gives  the  angles  on  the  supposed 
orthorhombic  mineral,  dimorphous  with  ecdemite,  cp  =  65°  24',  ppf  —  78°  32'.  Brogger  gives 
(quoted  by  Flink)  for  the  same  angle,  cp  =  65°  36';  the  crystals  are  regarded  as  twins  or  four- 
lings.  Flink  calculates  for  heliophyllite  the  axial  ratio  a  :  b  :  c  =  0'9666  :  1 :  2'2045  correspond- 
ing to  the  axial  ratio  of  ochrolite. 

674.  OCHROLITE.    Ochrolith  G.  Flink,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  46,  5,  1889. 
Orthorhombic.     Axes  &  :  I  :  6  =  0-90502  :  1  :  2-01375  Flink. 
100  A  HO  =  42°  8f,  001  A  101  =  65°  48',  001  A  Oil  =  63°  35£'. 

Forms:    c  (001,   0),     d  (101,  14),     e  (Oil,  1-2). 

Angles:    cd  =  65°  48',    dd'"  =  *48°  24',     ce  =  63°  35*',     ee'"  =  *52°  49',     de  =  79°  30'. 

In  small  crystals,  thick  tabular  ||  c,  and  often  elongated  ||  b  by  extension  of  d. 
Crystals  often  united  in  diverging  groups  having  the  macro-axis  in  common. 
Luster  adamantine.  Color  sulphur-yellow,  sometimes  with  tinge  of  gray.  Trans- 
lucent. 

Comp.— Probably  Pb4Sb207.2PbCl2  =  Antimony  trioxide  16'6,  lead  oxide  77'0, 
chlorine  8-2  =  101-8,  less  oxygen  1-8  =  100. 

Anal.— Flink  on  0*2  gr.,  after  deducting  5  p.  c.  CaCO3. 

Sb208  [17-59]  PbO  76-52  Cl  7'72 

Dissolves  in  nitric  acid,  the  solution  becoming  turbid  upon  dilution;  also  soluble  in  caustic 
potash. 

Obs. — Found  sparingly  in  the  Harstig  mine  at  Pajsberg,   Sweden;  occurs  in  druses  with 
barite,  mimetite,  hematite.     Named  in  allusion  to  the  bright  sulphur-yellow  color  from 
bright  yellow,  and  Az'OoS,  stone. 


TRIPPKEITE. 


865 


675.  TRIPPKEITE.    Damour  and  wm  Hath,  Zs.  Kr.,  5,  245,  1880,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  3,  175. 

Tetragonal.     Axis  6  =  0-9160;  001  A  101  =  42°  29 £'  Kath. 

Forms:        m  (110,  /)         e  (331,  3)          a?  (312,  f-3) 
c  (001,  0)         u  (112,  i)         y  (314,  |-3)       2  (24-5-20,  f--2/-) 
a  (100,  »-*)       0  (Ill,  1) 


uu'  =  *45°  13' 
oo'  =  68°  4|' 
ee'  =  86°  26' 
uu"  =  65°  52' 
oo"  =  104°  40' 

66"  =  151°   8' 

cy  =  35°  55' 
ex  =  55°  23' 

xx'  =  43°  11' 

ytf 


=  30°  25' 

=  30°  10' 

=  21°  23' 

=  17°  31' 


Habit  octahedral,  crystals  small,  brilliant. 

Cleavage:   a  perfect;   m  less  perfect.     Color  bluish 
green.     Optically  imiaxial,  positive,  Dx. 

Comp.—  According  to  a    qualitative   examination  by  Damour,    essentially  an 
arsenite  of  copper  (^CuO,AsQ08). 

Pyr.,  etc.— Easily  soluble  in  acids.  B.B.  in  the  closed  tube  becomes  emerald-green  on 
slight  heating,  then  the  green  disappears  and  the  color  becomes  brownish;  on  continued  ignition 
the  color  becomes  yellowish  green  a  second  time.  Fuses  easily  to  a  green  slag.  In  the  open 
tube  gives  crystals  of  arsenic  trioxide. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  olivenite,  as  an  older  formation,  in  druses  in  massive  cuprite  from 
Copiapo,  Chili.  Named  after  the  young  mineralogist,  Dr.  Paul  Trippke,  who  died  June  16, 
1880. 


The  following  are  antimonates,  or  antimonites,  of  doubtful  character. 

AMMIOLITE.  Antimonite  de  Mercure  Domeyko,  Ann.  Mines,  6,  183,  1844.  Cinabrio  subido 
Domeyko,  Min.,  168,  1845.  Ammiolite  Dana,  Min.,  534,  1850.  Antimoniato  de  cobre  con 
cinabrio  terroso  Domeyko,  Min.,  129,  1860. 

Earthy  powder.     Color  deep  red,  scarlet. 

Composition  doubtful,  but  regarded  as  antimonate  of  copper  mixed  with  cinnabar  and  with 
other  impurities.  Analyses  by  Domeyko  of  the  material  obtained  in  the  earliest  part  of  a  process 
of  levigation: 


Sb205 
24-1 
29-5 
23  1 


CuO 
16-9 
15-6 
18-1 


Hg 
19-9 
23-6 
19-8 


S 

3-3 
3-3 
3-1 


Fe20, 
2-2 
3-1 
1-1 


quartz 

248 

8-1 


H2O  and  loss. 

8-8 

16-9 


Rivot  has  found  in  a  similar  substance  from  Chili  (Ann.  Mines,  6,  556,  1854):  Sb  36'5, 
Cu  12-2,  Hg22-2,  Te  14'8,  Fe,S  tr.t  quartz  2'5,  O  and  loss  11  -8.  He  observes  that  his  result 
indicates  the  presence  of  mercury  telluride  (cf.  coloradoite,  p.  64)  and  antimonic  acid  along 
with  autimonate  of  copper. 

Found  in  many  of  the  Chilian  mines,  filling  cavities  in  the  quartzose  or  argillo-ferruginous 
gangue  of  the  mercurial  tetrahedrite,  and  in  the  pores  of  the  imperfectly  compact  tetrahedrite 
itself,  and  has  proceeded  from  the  decomposition  of  this  mercurial  ore. 

Named  from  a  junior,  vermilion. 

F.  Field  has  analyzed  a  red  earthy  substance  from  Tambillos,  near  Coquimbo,  Chili,  and 
made  it  a  compound  of  antimonite  of  mercury  and  sulphantimonite  of  mercury;  but  there  is 
much  uncertainty  over  his  results.  Cf.  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  12,  27,  1860,  and  Min.,  5th  Ed.,  p.  548. 

AREQTJIPITE  A.  Raimondi,  Mineraux  du  Perou,  Paris,  p.  167,  1878. 

Compact,  wax-like.  Fracture  conchoidal.  H.  nearly  6.  Color  honey-yellow.  On  the 
basis  of  a  qualitative  analysis,  stated  to  be  a  silico-antimonate  of  lead.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses 
with  difficulty,  yielding  buttons  of  lead,  and  gives  off  antimonial  vapors.  Slightly  attacked  by 
nitric  acid;  dissolves  slowly  in  hydrochloric  acid  to  which  a  little  nitric  has  been  added,  and 
leaves  a  residue  of  silica.  Occurs  sparingly  in  a  quartzose  gangue,  with  argentiferous  lead  car- 
bonate and  chrysocolla,  at  the  Victoria  mine,  Mt.  de  la  Trinite,  near  Tibaya,  Province  of 
Arequipa,  Peru.  . 

BARCENITE  J.  W.  Mallet,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  306,  1878. 

Massive;  structure  finely  granular,  compact  or  porous;  also  columnar  (pseudomorphous). 
Fracture  tolerably  even.  Brittle.  H.  =  5'5.  G.  =  5'343.  Luster  dull,  earthy,  sometimes 
slightly  resinous.  Color  dark  gray,  nearly  black.  Streak  ash-gray,  with  slight  green- 
ish tint.  Anal.— J.  R.  Santos  : 


Sb 
50-11 


2-82 


Hg  Ca  O  H2O 

20-75        3-88        [17-61]        4'73  (below  130°  C.  1*23)  SiO2  (HO  =  100 


866  PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,  ETC. 

The  sulphur  is  assumed  to  exist  as  HgS,  and  is  accordingly  deducted  with  a  corresponding 
amount  of  mercury.  For  the  remainder  the  following  atomic  ratios  are  then  obtained: 
RO  :  SbaOs :  SbQO5  =  4:1:5,  and  Sb2O5  :  H2O  =  1:5.  The  antimouic  acid  (8b3O».5H9D)  is 
again  assumed  to  exist  indepeudently  as  an  impurity,  and  the  formula  for  the  remainder  written: 

[Sb2O3.4(RO)].(Sb2O5)5  corresponding  to  a  normal  antimonate  RSbO3.  The  result  reached, 
however,  must  at  best  be  regarded  as  of  very  doubtful  value. 

From  Huitzuco,  State  of  Guerrero,  Mexico;  associated  with  livingstonite,  from  the 
decomposition  of  which  it  has  been  formed.  Named  after  Sr.  Mariano  Barcena,  a  Mexican 
mineralogist. 

CORONGUITE  Raimondi,  Mineraux  du  Perou,  pp.  88,  91,  1878. 

Amorphous,  earthy,  pulverulent,  sometimes  slightly  lamellar.  H.  =  2'5-3.  G.  =  5*05. 
Color,  exterior,  grayish  yellow;  interior,  blackish,  with  luster  slightly  resinous.  Intimately- 
mixed  with  small  quantities  of  sulphur,  antimony,  silver,  and  lead.  An  analysis,  after  the 
deduction  of  impurities,  gave: 

Sb2O5  58-97        PbO  21 '48        Ag2O  7'82        Fe2O3  0'52        H2O  11 '21  =  100 

It  is  hence,  if  homogeneous,  an  antimonate  of  lead  and  silver.  Found  at  the  mines  of 
Mogollon,  Huancavelica,  and  Empalme,  in  the  district  of  Corongo,  province  Pallasca,  and  at 
Pasacancha,  province  of  Pomabamba,  Peru. 

TAZNITE  Domeyko,  C.  R.,  85,  977,  1877;  Min.  Chili,  3d  Ed.,  p.  298,  1879. 

Amorphous,  more  or  less  fibrous  in  structure.  Earthy.  Color  yellow.  Soluble  in  hydro- 
chloric acid.  Regarded  as  an  arsenio  antimonate  of  bismuth,  analogous  to  bindheimite,  but 
doubtless  heterogeneous;  believed  to  have  been  derived  from  the  alteration  of  some  sulpharsenite 
or  sulphantimonite  of  bismuth.  Very  impure,  from  the  admixture  of  varying  quantities  of  bis- 
muth ocher.  An  analysis  gave  :  Bi2O3  (sol.  in  HNO3)  42'00,  Bi2O3  (united  with  Sb  and  As) 
29-50,  Sb2O5  5-29,  As2O6  12'20,  Fe2O3  7'00,  H2O  4*90,  insol.  1*00  =  101-89.  Obtained  with 
other  bismuth  minerals  from  the  mines  of  Tazna  and  of  Choroloque,  in  Bolivia. 

Some  other  related  antimony  minerals,  of  doubtful  character,  are  mentioned  on  pp.  293,  294. 


Phosphates  or  Arsenates  with  Carbonates.  Sulphates,  Borates. 

676.  Dahllite  2Ca3P208.CaC03.|H20 

677.  Diadochite  2Fe203.2S03.P2Ofi.12II20  pt. 

678.  Pitticite  Contains  Fe203,  S03,  As205,  H20 

679.  Svanbergite  b 

Contains  Na20,  CaO,  A1203,  S03,  P206,  H20          Rhombohedral   1-2063 

680.  Beudantite  6 

Contains  CuO,  PbO,  Fe203,  S03,  (P,As),05,  H20  Rhombohedral  1-1842 

681.  Lindackerite 

Contains  FeO,  NiO,  CuO,  S03,  As205,  H,0 

682.  LUneburgite  3MgO.B203.P205.8H20 


676.  DAHLLITE.     W.  C.  Brogger  and  H.  BdcJcstrom,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  45,  493,  1888. 
In  crusts  with  fibrous  structure  normal  to  the  surface. 

H.  =  5.  G.  =  3-053.  Luster  resinous.  Color  pale  yellowish  white;  colorless 
in  thin  section.  Optically  uniaxial,  negative.  Double  refraction  slightly  greater 
than  that  of  apatite. 

Comp. — 2Ca3P208.CaC034H20  =  Phosphorus  pentoxide  39*0,   carbon  dioxide 
6-0,  lime  53'7,  water  T3  =  100. 
Anal.— H.  Backstrom,  1.  c. 

P206  CO2  CaO  FeO          Na2O         K2O  H2O 

38  44  6-29  53'00  0'79  0'89  O'll  1'37  =  100'89 

Pyr.,  etc.— Decrepitates  B.B.,  but  does  not  fuse.  Dissolves  in  cold  dilute  acid  with  the 
evolution  of  carbon  dioxide. 

..Obs.— Occurs  as  a  crust  from  6  to  8  mm.  in  thickness,  upon  a  bright  red  massive  apatite 
at  Odegaard,  Bamle,  Norway. 


P205 

As,O5 

S03 

Fe,0, 

H2O 

CaO 

MgO 

14-82 

— 

15-14* 

89-69 

30-35 

— 

—   — 

100 

16-70 

045 

13-37 

36-63 

32-43 

0-30 

tr.    = 

99-88 

17-17 

— 

13-65 

36-60 

32-20 

015 

tr.    - 

99-77 

16-76 

— 

18-85 

37-60 

25-35 

— 

—  H 

2O  hygr. 

0-30,  insol. 

[1- 

40  =  100-26 

DIADOCHITE—PITTICITE.  867 

The  natural  suggestion  that  the  mineral  is  a  mechanical  mixture  of  apatite  and  calcite 
is  answered  by  the  microscopic  examination,  showing  it  to  be  fresh  and  homogeneous. 

Named  for  the  brothers  Dr.  Tellef  Dahll  and  Joluum  Dahll,  mineralogists  and  geologists. 

OIPLYTE  /.  Ortlier  [Ann.  Soc.  G.  Nord.,  16,  270,  1888-89],  Bull.  Soc.  Miu.,  13,  160,  1890. 

Stated  to  be  a  silico-phosphate  of  calcium  occurring  in  the  chalk  of  Ciply  and  other 
points  in  Belgium,  associated  with  phosphorite.  Composition,  based  upon  an  analysis  of 
impure  material  :  4CaO.2P2O5.SiO2?.  It  is  only  feebly  soluble  in  sulphuric  acid  and  hence 
can  be  separated  from  the  enclosing  mass.  No  physical  description  is  given. 

677.  DIADOCHITE.    Diadochit  Breith.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  10,  503,  1837.     Phosphoreisensinter 
Eg.     Destinezite  Forir  &  Jorisser*,  Bull.  Soc.  G.  Belg.,  7,  117,  1881. 

Monoclinic.  In  microscopic  six-sided  tables,  perhaps  related  to  gypsum  in 
form  (Cesaro).  Reniform  or  stalactitic;  structure  curved  lamellar. 

Fracture  conchoidal.  Fragile.  H.  =3.  G.  =  2*035.  Luster  resinous, 
inclining  to  vitreous.  Color  yellow  or  yellowish  brown.  Streak  uncolored. 

Couip. — Formula  uncertain.  Destinezite,  anal.  4,  gives  2Fe203.2S03.P205. 
12H20  (Cesaro)  =  Phosphorus  pentoxide  16'9,  sulphur  trioxide  19*1,  iron  sesqui- 
oxide  38-2,  water  25 -8  =  100. 

Rammelsberg  calculates  for  anal.  1,  7Fe2O3.6SO3.3P2O5.54H2O. 

Anal.— 1,  Plattner,  Rg.,  Min.  Oh.,  360,  1860.  2,  3,  Carnot,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  3,  39,  1880; 
the  material  in  2  was  brown,  Vitreous,  of  3  whitish,  earthy.  4,  Cesaro,  Mem.  Soc.  G.  Belg.,  12, 
173,  1885. 

1.  Arnsbach 

2.  Isere          G.  =  2'22 

3.  "  G.  =  2-10 

4.  Destiuezite 

a  14-9  p.  c.,  Rg. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  much  water  in  the  closed  tube,  and  swells  up,  becoming  lusterless  and 
opaque  yellow;  when  ignited  gives  off  sulphuric  acid.  B.B.  in  the  forceps  swells  up  and  falls 
to  powder,  but  carefully  ignited  fuses  easily  to  a  grayish  black  slag,  and  colors  the  flame  bluish 
green.  On  charcoal  affords  a  steel-gray  magnetic  globule.  With  soda  affords  metallic 
particles,  and  gives  a  sulphide  which  blackens  silver.  With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  reacts 
for  iron.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — From  alum-slate  near  Grafenthal  and  Saalfeld  in  Thuringia.  Also  at  the  anthracite 
mine  of  Peychagnard,  Isere,  France.  Named  from  diddoxot,  a  successor,  on  the  supposition 
that  it  is  an  iron  sinter,  in  which  phosphoric  acid  has  replaced  the  arsenic  acid. 

Destinezite  occurs  in  yellowish  white  nodular  masses  of  an  earthy  aspect  on  the  surface, 
but  dull  on  the  fracture;  it  is  from  the  ampelite  at  Argenteau,  Belgium.  Named  after 
M.  Destinez. 

678.  PITTIOITE.    Eisenpecherz  Karsten  [not  Wern.~\,  Tab.,  66,  98,    1808.      Fer  oxyde, 
resinite  Hauy,  Tabl.,  98,  1809.     Pittizit  Hausm.,  Handb.,  285,  1813.     Eisensinter  Wern.,  Hoffm. 
Min.,  3,  b,  302,  1816;  4,  b,  141,  1817;  fr.  Freiesleben  G.   Arb.,   5,  74,  261.      Arseneisen sinter 
Germ.     Pitchy  Iron  Ore.     Diarsenate  of  Iron.     Sideretine  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  609,  1832  [not  Pittizite 
Beud...  p.  484].     Pitticit  Hausm.,  Handb.,  1022,  1847. 

Reniform  and  massive. 

H.  =  2-3.  Gr.  =  2 -2-2 -5.  Luster  vitreous,  sometimes  greasy.  Color 
yellowish  and  reddish  brown,  blood-red  and  white.  Streak  yellow  to  white. 
Translucent  to  opaque. 

Comp. — A  hydrated  arsenate  and  sulphate  of  ferric  iron,  but  formula 
doubtful;  perhaps  not  homogeneous. 

Anal.— 1,  Rg.,  Pogg.,  62,  139,  1844.  2,  Id.,  Min.  Ch.,  384,  1860.  3,  Frenzel,  Jb.  Min., 
787,  1873.  4,  Church,  Chem.  News,  24,  135,  1871.  5,  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  205,  1890. 
Also  earlier,  5th  Ed. ,  p.  589. 

As2O6     SO3    Fe2O3     H2O 

1.  Seiglitzstollen  S4-67      5'20    54  66  [15  47]  =  100 

2.  Schwarzenberg  26  70    13'91     34'85    24'54    =  100 
S.Freiberg              G.  -  2'398        29'53     13'84    29'27    25'16ft  CuO  0'94  =  98'74 

4.  Redruth  33'99      728    32'54    24'92   =100  [SiO2  1  -92  =  100-09 

5.  Utah  39-65      1-14    33'89    18'24  CuO    1-17,     Fe2O3    (insol.)    4'08, 

a  At  100°,  loses  15-56  p.  c.  H2O. 


868 


PHOSPHATES,   ARSENATES,   ETC. 


Anal.  5  shows  almost  no  sulphuric  acid,  Genth  calculates  4FeAsO4.Fe(OH)3  -f-  10H3O.  An 
iron-sinter  mentioned  on  p.  821,  from  Nerchinsk,  analyzed  by  Hermann  had  the  composition  of 
scorodite. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  yields  water,  and  at  a  high  heat  gives  off  sulphur  dioxide. 
In  the  forceps  and  on  charcoal  like  scorodite.  With  soda  on  charcoal  gives  arsenical  fumes 
and  a  sulphide  which  blackens  silver. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  old  mines  near  Freiberg  and  Schneeberg  in  Saxony,  and  elsewhere; 
occurs  also  at  Red  ruth  in  Cornwall.  An  ore  on  Hopkins's  farm  near  Edeuville,  N.  Y.,  is 
referred  by  Beck  to  this  species.  The  mineral  analyzed  by  Genth  (anal.  5)  was  from  the 
Clarissa  mine,  Tintic  district,  Utah. 


679.  SVANBERGITE.     Svanbergit  Igelstrom,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  11,  156,  1854. 
Rhombohedral.     Axis  6  =  1-2063;  0001  A  1011  =  54°  19£'  Dauber1. 

Forms  :  c  (0001,  0),  r  (1011,  U),  n  (4041,  4),    F (5051,  5);  s  (0221,  -  2). 
Angles:  en  =  79°  49V,     cV  —  81°  50',     cs  =  70°  15',     rr'  =  89°  25', 
nn'  -  116°  57',     VV  =  118°  1',     SB'  =  109°  12',     rn  =  25°  30'. 

In  rhombohedral  crystals,  resembling  cubes;  also  in  modified 
forms. 

Cleavage:  basal,  perfect.  H.  =5.  G.  =  3-30;  2-571  Breith.; 
3'29  Blomstrand.  Luster  vitreous  to  adamantine.  Color  honey- 
yellow  to  yellowish  brown,  reddish  brown,  and  rose-red.  Streak 
reddish  or  colorless.  Subtransparent.  Optically  uniaxial,  positive. 
Double  refraction  strong. 

Comp. — A  hydrated  phosphate  and  sulphate    of  aluminium 
and  calcium  chiefly;  formula  doubtful. 
Anal.— 1,  IgelstrOm,  1.  c.,  and  J.  pr.  Ch.,  64,  252,  1855.     2,  Blomstrand,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh,, 
25,  204, 1868. 


Seligmann. 


G. 

1.  Wermland  3 -30 

2.  Westana      3  29 


17-80 
15  70 


SO, 

17-32 


A12O3 
37-84 


FeO    MnO  PbO  MgO 
1  40      —       —       — 


CaO 
6-00 


Na2O 
12-84 


15-97    34-95    0'73      tr.      3'82    024    1659 


H20     Cl 
680      tr. 

[=  100 
12-21      — 
[=  100-21 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  a  tube  yields  acid  water.  B.B.  on  coal  fuses  only  on  the  thinnest  edges;  with 
soda  in  reducing  flame  a  red  hepatic  mass,  which  becomes  green  with  water  and  yields  hydrogen 
sulphide  with  dilute  acid.  With  borax,  an  iron-colored  glass.  With  cobalt  solution  a  tine  blue. 
But  little  acted  upon  by  acids. 

Obs. — From  Horrsjoberg  in  Wermland,  Sweden,  occurring  with  lazulite,  cyanite,  pyro- 
phyllite,  damourite,  hematite,  etc.,  in  gneiss;  also  from  the  iron  mine  at  Westaua,  Scania.  It  is 
near  beudantite  in  crystallization. 

Ref.— '  Pogg.,  100,  579,  1857;  Seligmann  obtained  nn"  =  62°  54'  whence  c  =  1-2389  and 
rr'  =  90°  26',  but  he  measures  rr'  =  89°  13'.  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  227,  1881. 


680.  BEUDANTITE.    Levy,  Ann.  Phil.,  11,  195,  1826.     Bieirosite,  Corkite,  Dernbachite 
Adam,  Tabl.  Min.,  49,  1869. 

Rhombohedral.     Axis  6  =  1-1842;  0001  A  1011  =  53°  49*'  Dauber1. 

Forms:  c  (0001,  0)«;  r  (1011,  .R)2,  F(5051,  5)3;  ?  (Olll,  -  I)3, 
*  (0221,  -  2)2,  t  (0552,  -  f)3,  u  (-  0441,  -  4)2,  v  (0551,  -  5)2. 

Angles  :  cr  =  53°  49',  cs  =  69°  55',  et  —  73°  42',  cu  =  79°  38', 
cv  =  81°  41',  rr'  =  *88°  42',  ss'  =  108°  51',  tH  —  112°  26*', 
uu'  =  116°  50',  mf  =  117°  56i'. 

Crystals  usually  acute  rhombohedrons,  often  modified; 
also  in  nearly  square  rhombohedrons  (r),  with  c,  resembling 
the  isometric  cube  with  octahedron.  Faces  c  flat,  dull; 
r  bright,  curved. 

Cleavage:  c  easy.  H.  =  3-5-4-5.  G.  =  4-4-3.  Luster 
vitreous  to  subadamantine,  resinous.  Color  dark  to  clear  olive-green,  yellowish 


LINDACKERITE—L  UNEBERGITE.  869 

green,  black,  brown.     Streak  greenish  gray  to   yellow.      Usually   opaque,   rarely 
transparent.     Optically  negative. 

Comp. — A  phosphate  or  arsenate  with  sulphate  of  ferric  iron  and  lead; 
formula  doubtful.  Includes  (1)  the  mineral  from  Cork  and  Dernbach  with  little 
or  no  arsenic,  and  (2)  that  from  Horhausen  (the  original  beudantite)  with  little 
phosphorus. 

The  Cork  crystals  are  black,  brown,  or  green  and  opaque;  G.  =  4*295,  green,  Rg.;  those 
of  Dernbach,  olive-green  to  yellowish  green,  sometimes  transparent,  with  H.  =  35,  G.  =  4'002 
Sandberger.  These  two  varieties  form  Cork  and  Dernbach  have  been  called  by  Adam,  corkite 
and  dernbachite,  respectively,  while  the  name  beudantite  is  given  to  that  from  Horhausen. 

Beudantite  and  svanbergite  have  nearly  the  same  form  and  may  prove  also  to  have  analo- 
gous formulas. 

Anal.— 1.  Sandberger,  Pogg.,  100,  611,  1857.  2,  Rg.,  ibid.,  p.  581.  3,  4,  Percy,  Phil. 
Mag.,  37,  161,  1850.  5,  Sandberger,  1.  c. 

P3O5    AsaO6      S03       Fe203      PbO      CuO       H3O 

1.  Dernbach        G.  =  4'002    f    13'22       tr.         4'61      44'11      26-92       tr.        11-44  =  100'30 
3.  Cork,  green     G.  =  4'295    f      8'97     0'24      13'76      40'69      24'05      3-45        9'77  =     99'93 

3.  Horhausen  1-46      9'68      12-31      42'46      34-47      8 -49  =    98'87 

4.  "  und.    13-60      12'35      37'65      29-52      8'49  =  101 '61 

5.  2-79    12-51        1-70      47'28      23'43  [13'39]=  100 

Pyr.,  etc. — Heated  yields  water.  B.B.,  alone,  the  Cork  mineral  is  infusible,  but  yields  on 
charcoal  fumes  of  sulphur  dioxide  and  affords  a  yellow  slag,  and  with  soda  a  kernel  of  lead;  the 
Dernbach  fuses  easily  on  charcoal  with  intumescence  to  a  globule  of  lead,  mixed  with  a  black 
hepatic  slag;  the  Horhausen  also  fuses  easily,  affording  a  gray  slaggy  globule,  and  after  long 
blowing  the  odor  of  arsenic. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  the  Glendore  iron  mine,  near  Cork,  with  quartz  and  limonite;  at  Dernbach, 
near  Montabaur,  in  Nassau;  at  Horhausen,  on  limonite. 

Ref.— '  Cork;  from  Dernbach  rr'  =  88°  51',  Horhausen,  88°  12',  Pogg.,  100,  579,  1857. 
Rath  obtained,  for  Dernbach  crystals,  9sf  =  108°  50',  .-.  rr'  =  88°  40',  Vh.  Ver.  Rheinl.,  34,  177, 
1877. 

*  Dauber,  1.  c.     3  Sandb.,  ib.,  p.  614,  1857. 

681.  LINDACKERITE.    J.  F.  Vogl,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  4,  552,  1853. 

Orthorhombic.  In  oblong  rhombohedral  tables,  grouped  in  rosettes,  and  in  reniform 
masses. 

H.  =  2-2'5.  G.  =  2-0-2-5.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  verdigris-  to  apple-green.  Streak 
paler  to  white. 

Comp.— Perhaps  3NiO.6CuO.SO3  2As2O5.7H2O  =  Arsenic  pentoxide  33 "7,  sulphur  trioxide 
5-9,  cupric  oxide  34 -8,  nickel  protoxide  16'4,  water  9'2  =  100. 

Anal. — Lindacker  quoted  by  Vogl,  1.  c. 

As206  28-58        S03  6'44        CuO  36  34        NiO  16-15        FeO  2'90        H2O  9-32  =  99'73 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  alliaceous  fumes,  and  fuses  to  a  black  bead.  With  borax 
and  salt  of  phosphorus  a  copper  reaction.  Soluble  after  long  heating  in  hydrochloric  acid,  the 
solution  giving  a  yellowish  brown  precipitate  with  hydrogen  sulphide. 

Obs. — From  Joachimsthal. 

682.  LUNEBURGITE.    Nollner,  Ber.  Ak.  Munchen,  291,  1870. 

lu  flattened  masses  with  fine  crystalline  fibrous  to  earthy  structure.     G.  =  3'05. 
Comp.— 3MgO.B2O3.P2O5.8H2O     =   Phosphorus    pentoxide    29*8,    boron    trioxide    14'7, 
magnesia  25'2,  water  30  3  =  100. 
Anal.— Nollner,  1.  c. 

P2O6  29  8  BaO,  12-7  MgO  25'3  HaO  32'2  =  100 


Upon  ignition  a  little  (0'7  p.  c.)  fluorine  goes  off. 

Obs.— From  the  gypsum-bearing  marl  of  Luneburg,  Hannover. 


870  PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES— NITRATES. 

APPENDIX   TO   PHOSPHATES,    ARSENATES,   ETC. 

MIRIQUIDITE  Frenzel,  Jb.  Min.,  939,  1872,  673,  1874. 

Rhombohedral.  In  minute  crystals  with  r  (1011,  It)  and  e  (Oli2,  —  4);  approx.  angles 
rr  —  114°,  re  —  57°  Rath.  Faces  r  often  horizontally  striated  and  curved.  Also  massive. 
Brittle.  H.  =  4.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  blackish  brown  to  yellowish  or  reddish  brown. 
Streak  ocher-yellow.  Translucent  to  opaque. 

Contains  As2O6  P2O5,  PbO,  Fe2O3,  H2O;  not  analyzed. 

B.B.,  fusible  to  a  globule,  coloring,  the  charcoal  yellow  (PbO).  In  matrass  gives  water, 
and  with  the  fluxes  reacts  for  iron. 

Found  at  Sclmeeberg  with  chalcocite,  pyromorphite,  cuprite,  torbernite,  etc. 

The  following  arsenates  of  nickel  need  confirmation: 

ARSENATE  OP  NICKEL.  Nickelerz  G.  Bergemann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  75,  239,  1858.  ^Erugite 
Adam,  Tabl.  Min.,  43,  1869.  Crystalline  massive  or  amorphous.  H.  =4.  G.  —  4'838.  Color 
dark  grass-green  to  brownish  in  spots  where  amorphous;  streak  lighter. 

Comp.— Perhaps  Ni5As2Oi0  or  5NiO.As2O5  =  Arsenic  pentoxide  38'0,  nickel  protoxide 
62'0  =  100.  Analysis  afforded  : 

As2O»  36  57    P2O6  0-14    NiO  62'07    CoO  0'54    CuO  0'34    Bi2O3  0'24    Fe2O3  tr.  =  99-90 

Unaltered  in  the  closed  tube.  B.B.  on  charcoal  affords  arsenical  fumes;  with  borax  in  R.F. 
gives  a  gray  bead  (nickel);  with  soda  on  charcoal  gives  off  arsenical  fumes  and  yields  a  magnetic 
mass.  From  Johanngeorgenstadt,  along  with  the  normal  nickel  arsenate  below,  also  nickel  oxide 
and  native  bismuth. 

ARSENATE  OP  NICKEL.  Nickelerz  C.  Bergemann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  75,  239,  1858.  Xanthiosite 
Adam,  Tabl.  Min.,  42,  1869.  Amorphous.  H.  =4.  G.  =  4  982.  Color  sulphur-yellow. 
Comp. — Perhaps  Ni3As2O8  or  3NiO.As2O6  =  Arsenic  peutoxide  50 '5,  nickel  protoxide  49 -5  = 
100.  Analysis  by  Bergemaun,  1.  c. : 

As2O.  50-53        P2O»  tr.        NiO  48 '24        CoO  0-21        CuO  0-57        Bi2O3  0*62  =  100-17 
Like  the  preceding  in  pyrognostic  characters.     Also  occurs  at  Johanngeorgenstadt. 


Nitrates. 

683.  Soda  Niter  ISTaNO,     Ehombohedral  6  =  0-8276 

684.  Niter  KN03      Orthorhombic    a:  l\  6  =  0-5910  :  1  :  0-7010 


685.  Nitrocalcite  Ca(N03)2  +  rcH20 

686.  Nitromagnesite  Mg(N03)a  -f  ^H20 

687.  Nitrobarite  Ba(N03)2  Isometric,  tetartohedral 


&  \l  :6 
688.     Gerhardtite  Cu4(OH)6(N03)9    Orthorhombic    0-9217  :  1  :  1-1562 


689.  Darapskite  NaN03.Na2S04  -f  H20        Tetragonal 

690.  Nitroglauberite  6NaNO,.2Na,S04  +  3H,0 


683.  SODA    NITER.     Soude  nitratee  native  M.  de  Rwero,  Ann.  Mines,   6,  596,  1821. 

Nitrate  of  Soda.    Soda  Niter.    Cubic  Niter.  Niter  cubique.    Natron-Salpeter  Leonh.,  Handb., 

246,  1826.      Nitratin  Raid.,    Handb.,    1835.  Natronitrite   Weisbach,    Synops.    Min.,    8,    1875. 

Chilisalpeter,  Salpetersaures  Natron,  Germ.  Nitro,  Salitre  sodico,  Caliche,  Span. 

Ehombohedral.     Axis   6  =  0-8276;    0001  A  1011  =  43°  42',  rr'  =  *73°   30' 
Brooke-Rammelsberg1. 


NITER.  871 

Isomorphous  with  calcite.  Usually  in  massive  form,  as  an  incrustation  or  in 
beds. 

Cleavage:  /-perfect.  Fracture  conchoidal,  seldom  observable.  Kather  sectile. 
H.  =  1-5-2.  G.  =  2-24-2-29;  2-290  Tarapaca,  Hayes.  Luster  vitreous.  Color 
White;  also  reddish  brown,  gray,  and  lemon-yellow.  Transparent.  Taste  cooling. 
Optically  — .  Double  refraction  strong.  Kefractive  indices  for  yellow  (Na): 

GO  =  1-58739  e  =  1-33608     Schrauf9 

Comp. — Sodium  nitrate,  NaN03  =  Nitrogen  pentoxide  63-5,  soda  36-5  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Deflagrates  on  charcoal  with  less  violence  than  niter,  causing  a  yellow  light, 
and  also  deliquesces.  Colors  the  flame  intensely  yellow.  Dissolves  in  three  parts  of  water  at 
60°  F. 

Obs. — In  the  district  of  Tarapaca,  northern  Chili,  and  also  in  the  neighboring  parts  of 
Bolivia,  the  dry  pampa  for  40  leagues,  at  a  height  of  3,300  feet  above  the  sea,  is  covered  with 
beds  of  this  salt  (caliche)  several  feet  in  thickness,  along  with  gypsum,  common  salt,  glauber 
salt,  and  remains  of  recent  shells.  The  azvfrado  or  caliche  jaune  is  a  deposit  rich  in  the  nitrate 
and  colored  yellow  by  alkaline  iodides,  cf.  V.  L'Olivier,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  7,  289,  1876.  These 
nitrate  deposits  are  of  great  commercial  value;  they  formerly  belonged  to  Peru,  but  passed  into 
the  hands  of  Chili  in  1884. 

Deposits  also  occur  in  Humboldt  Co.,  Nevada,  25  miles  east  of  Lovelock's  station;  also  near 
Calico  San  Bernardino  Co.,  Cal.  Reported  from  southern  New  Mexico  (Min.  Res.,  1882). 

Ref.— '  Ann.  Phil.,  21,  452,  1823;  Rg.,  Kryst.  Ch.,  348,  1881;  Haily  gives  73°  44',  Mohs  73° 
27',  Schrauf  74°  10'.  An  increase  of  100°  C.  causes  rr'  to  increase  about  27'  Mir.  2  Ber.  Ak. 
Wien,  41,  784,  1860. 

684.  NITER.  Nitrate  of  Potash.  Saltpeter.  Salpeter,  Salpetersaures  Kali,  Germ.  Kali- 
fialpeter  Hausm.,  Handb.,  849,  1813.  Potasse  nitratee  Fr.  Salitre  Span. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  b  :  6  =  0-5910  :  1  :  0-7010  Miller1. 

100  A  HO  =  30°  35',  001  A  101  =  49°  52',  001  A  Oil  =  35°  If. 

Forms:  a  (100,  i-l\  b  (010,  i-i),  c  (001,  0);  m  (110,  /);  x  (012,  i-2),  k  (Oil,  14),  t  (021,  2-?); 
P  (111,  1). 

Angles:    mm"  =  *61°  10',    xnf  =  38°  38',    W  =  *70°  3*',    if  =  1»9°  0',   pp'  =  88°  20', 

pp"  =  108°  3',  pp'"  =  48°  38'. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  m,  pseudohexagonal,  resembling  aragonite.  Generally  in  thin 
crusts,  silky  tufts,  and  delicate  acicular  crystallizations. 

Cleavage:  k  (Oil)  perfect;  b  less  so;  m  imperfect. 
Fracture  subconchoidal  to  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  2. 
G.  =  2-09-2-14.  Luster  vitreous.  Streak  and  color 
white.  Subtransparent.  Taste  saline  and  cooling. 

Optically  -.  Ax.  pi.  ||  a.  Bx  _L  c.  2E  =  8°  40', 
Mir.  Refractive  indices  for  yellow  (Na) : 

a  ft  y 

1-33463    1-50562    1-50643      .-.  2V =7' 12'    2E=10°  51'  Schrauf2 
1-3327      1-5031      1-5046      and  2E=7°'5  Kohlrausch3 

Comp. — Potassium  nitrate,  KN03  =  Nitrogen  pent-  After  Mir. 

oxide  53-5,  potash  46-5  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Deflagrates  vividly  on  burning  coals,  and  detonates  with  combustible  substances. 
Colors  the  flame  violet.  Dissolves  easily  in  water;  not  altered  by  exposure. 

Obs. — Found  generally  in  minute  needle-form  crystals,  and  crusts  on  the  surface  of  the 
earth,  on  walls,  rocks,  etc.  It  forms  abundantly  in  certain  soils  in  Spain,  Egypt,  and  Persia, 
especially  during  hot  weather  succeeding  rains.  Also  manufactured  from  soils  where  other 
nitrates  (nitrate  of  calcium  or  sodium)  form  in  a  similar  manner,  and  beds  called  nitriaries  are 
arranged  for  this  purpose  in  France,  Germany,  Sweden,  Hungary,  and  other  countries.  Refuse 
animal  matter,  also,  if  putrified  in  calcareous  soils,  gives  rise  to  the  calcium  nitrate.  Old  plaster, 
lixiviated,  affords  about  5  p.  c.  of  niter.  In  India  it  is  obtained  in  large  quantities  for  the  arts. 

In  Madison  Co.,  Kentucky,  it  is  found  scattered  through  the  loose  earth  covering  the  bottom 


872  NITRATES. 

of  a  large  cave.  Also  in  other  caverns  in  the  Mississippi  valley.  Those  of  Tennessee,  along  the 
limestone  slopes  and  in  the  gorges  of  the  Cumberland  table-land,  afford  it  abundantly. 

Niter,  according  to  Fran keuheim,  is  dimorphous,  like* calcium  carbonate;  one  form  ortho- 
rhombic  and  isomorphous  with  aragonite,  the  other  rhomboJiedral,  like  soda  niter  (q.v.), 
isomorphous  with  calcite.  The  former  is  the  normal  one  between  —  10°  C.  and  300°  C. ;  and 
between  these  temperatures  the  rhombohedral  is  easily  transformed  -into  it.  Above  300°  the 
rhombohedral  is  the  normal  one,  the  orthorhombic  here  changing  to  it,  and  retaking  again  its 
form  on  a  diminution  of  temperature,  Pogg.,  92,  o54,  1854. 

Ref.— »  At  19°  C.,  Phil.  Mag.,  17,  Stf,  1840;  Min.,  601,  1852;  an  increase  of  100°  increases 
kV  about  44',  mm'  remains  about  constant.  '-  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  41,  787,  1860.  3  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  102, 
1877. 

685.  NITROCALCITE.    Kalksalpeter  Haus.,  Handb.,  1813.     Nitrate  of  lime.     Calcium 
nitrate.     Chaux  nitratee.     Nitrocalcite  Shep.,  Min.,  2,  84,  1835.     Calciuitre  HuoL,  Min.,  2,  430, 
1841. 

In  efflorescent  silken  tufts  and  masses.     Color  white  or  gray.     Taste  sharp  and  bitter. 

Comp. — Hydrous  calcium  nitrate,  Ca(NO3)2  +  wHaO.  The  amount  of  water  of  crystalliza- 
tion is  uncertain. 

Pyr.,  etc. — On  burning  coals  it  slowly  fuses  with  a  slight  detonation,  and  dries.  Very  deli- 
quescent before,  but  not  after,  being  desiccated  by  heat. 

Obs.— It  occurs  in  silky  efflorescences,  in  many  limestone  caverns,  as  those  of  Kentucky. 
The  salt  forms  in  covered  spots  of  earth,  where  the  soil  is  calcareous,  and  is  extensively  used  m 
the  manufacture  of  saltpeter.  According  to  Hausmann,  a  large  part  of  the  so-called  niter  in 
nature  is  this  salt. 

On  the  crystallization  of  the  artif.  salt,  Ca(NO3)2 -f  4H2O,  cf.  Rg.,  Kr.  Ch.,  358,  1881 
(Mgc.,  etc.). 

686.  NITROMAGNESITE.      Nitrate  of  Magnesia  Beud.,   Tr.,    2,    384,    1832.      Nitro- 
magnesite  Shep.,  Min.,  2,  85,  1835.     Magnesiuitre  Huot.,  Min.,  2,  431,  1841.     Magnesie  nitratee. 
Magnesia  sal  peter. 

Ii?  efflorescences.     White.     Taste  bitter. 

Comp.— Hydrous  magnesium  nitrate,  Mg(NO3)2  -4-  wH2O. 

Obs.— From  limestone  caves,  along  with  nitrocalcite. 

The  existence  of  this  species  as  a  natural  product  has  not  yet  been  clearly  made  out. 

On  the  artif.  salt,  Mg(NO3)2  4-  6H2O,  cf.  Rg.,  Kr.  Ch.,  359,  1881  (Mgc.). 

687.  NITROBARITE.  Barytsalpeter,  SalpetersaurerBaryt,  Germ.  Nitrobarite  H.  C.  Lewis. 
Amer.  Nat..  16,78,  1882. 

Isometric;  tetartohedral.  In  octahedrons  made  up  of  the  plus  and  minus  tetrahedrons, 
111  and  111;  also  in  twins  like  spinel. 

Crystals  colorless,  in  part  covered  with  a  thin  brownish  black  coating  resembling  wad. 

Comp.— Barium  nitrate,  Ba(NO3)2  =  Nitrogen  pentoxide  41 '4,  baryta  58'6  —  100. 

Obs. — From  Chili,  exact  locality  unknown. 

Artificial  crystals  are  tetartohedral  and  often  highly  modified.  Cf.  Sec.,  Pogg.,  109,  366, 
1860;  Baumh.,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  51,  1877;  Lewis,  ib.,  2,  64;  Wulff,  ib.,  4,  122,  1879;  Henriques,  ib., 
5,  365,  1881;  a  summary  is  given  in  Rg.,  Kr.  Ch.,  354,  J881. 


688.  GERHARDTITE.    H.  L.  Wells  and  S.  L.  Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  30,  50,  1885. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  1 :  6  =  0-92175  :  1  :  1-15617  Penfield. 
100  A  HO  =  42°  40',  001  A  101  =  51°  26£',  001  A  Oil  =  49°  8f. 

Forms:  z  (201,  2-1)  w  (223,  $)  t  (778,  f)  s  (221,  2) 

c  (001,  O)  y  (112,  |)  v  (7-7-10,  TV)  p  (111,  1)  r  (551,  5) 

m  (110,  /)  *  (13-13-20,  ft)  u  (334,  f) 

mm'"  =  85°  20'  cw  =  48°  40*'  cp  -  59°  37'  ss   =  89°  45' 

ce    =  *68°  16'  cv  =  50°  3'  cs  =  73°  40'  pp"'  =  71°  34' 

22"'   =  43°  28'  cu  =  51°  59'  cr  -  83*  19'  ss'"  -  81°  8$' 

cy   =  40°  28'  ct  =  56°  11'  pp'  =  78°  44'  zp  =  *39°  3^' 

ex   -  47°  57' 


NITROQLA  UBERITE.  873 

In  crystals,  the  pyramidal  zone   strongly  striated   and   the   faces   often   in 
oscillatory  combination. 

Cleavage:  c  highly  perfect,  yielding  flexible  laminae; 
a  less  perfect.  Sectile,  fragile.  H.  =  2.  G.  =  3  426. 
Luster  vitreous,  brilliant.  Color  deep  emerald-green. 
Streak  light  green.  Transparent.  _ 

Pleochroic:  ||  c  (a)  blue,  |  b  (b)  and  ||  a  (6)  green. 
Optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bx  J_  c.  Dispersion  p  <  v. 
Axial  angles:  2Ky  =  76°  20',  2Kgr  =  80°  4'  (ny  =  1-703,  ngr  =  I' 

Comp — Basic    cupric    nitrate,   Cu(N03)2.3Cu(OH)a   or   4CuO.N,Os..3H90   = 
Nitrogen  pentoxide  22*5,  cupric  oxide  66 -2,  water  11-3  =  100. 

Anal.— H.  L.  Wells,  1.  c. 

1.  N3OS  22-76  CuO  66'38  H2O  11 '26     =     100'40 

2.  [22-25]  66-26  11-49     =     100 

Pyr.,  etc. — Fuses  at  2,  coloring  the  flame  green.  With  soda  on  charcoal  easily  reduced  to 
metallic  copper  with  deflagration.  In  the  closed  tube  gives  nitrous  fumes  and  strongly  acid 
water.  Soluble  in  dilute  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Obs.— Occurs  with  acicular  crystals  of  malachite  in  cavities  in  cuprite  at  the  United  Verde 
copper  mines  at  Jerome,  Arizona;  only  a  few  specimens  have  been  found. 

Named  after  Charles  Gerhardt,  the  chemist  who  first  established  the  composition  of  the 
corresponding  artificial  salt,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  18,  178,  1846,  or  C.  R.,  22,  961,  1846. 

Artif. — Obtained  by  Gerhardt  (1.  c.)  as  already  noted.  Further,  the  same  compound  has 
been  formed  by  Wells  by  heating  a  solution  of  normal  nitrate  with  metallic  copper  in  a  sealed, 
tube  to  150°  C.  for  24  hours  or  more.  The  crystals  (Pfd.)  were  tabular  |  c  and  elongated  |  £. 
The  form  is  near  that  of  the  natural  crystals,  but  they  are  referred  to  the  monoclinic  system  with 
the  axial  ratio  d  :  b  :  c  —  0'9178  :  1  :  M402;  <3  =  *85°  27'  =  001  A  100.  Observed  forms: 
a  (100),  c  (001),  m  (110),  d  (101),  e  (Oil).  Angles:  cd  =  *48°  25f,  ee'  =  *97°  19',  mm'"  =  84° 
55',  cm  =  86°  39'.  Twins:  tw.  pi.  a. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect.  Brittle.  Luster  brilliant.  Color  dark  green.  Transparent.  Pleo- 
chroic. green  and  blue.  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Negative  bisectrix  in  the  obtuse  axial  angle.  Dispersion 
p  <  v.  2Hgr  =  63°  50'  (section  not  exactly  i  fc). 

Bourgeois,  however,  has  repeated  these  experiments  and  obtained  orthorhombic  crystals;  he 
has  also  obtained  similar  results  by  heating  the  nitrate  of  copper  in  a  sealed  tube  at  130°  with 
urea,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  13,  66,  1890.  Michel  has  also  obtained  orthorhombic  crystals  of  the  same 
basic  nitrate  at  ordinary  temperatures  and  under  the  normal  atmospheric  pressure  by  the  action 
for  several  years  of  a  solution  of  cupric  nitrate  and  fragments  of  Iceland  spar  (ibid.,  p.  139). 


689.  DARAPSKITE.     A.  Dietze,  Zs.  Kr.,  19,  445,  1891. 

Tetragonal.     In  square  tabular  crystals  with  several  undetermined   pyramids 
on  the  edges.     Colorless.     Transparent. 

Comp. — NaN08.NaaS04  -\-  H20  =  Nitrogen  pentoxide  22-0,  sulphur  trioxide 
32-7,  soda  38 '0,  water  7'3  =  100  ;   or,  Sodium  nitrate  34-7,  sodium  sulphate  58'0, 
water  7 '3  =  100. 
Anal. — Dietze,  I.e. 

N2O5  22-26  SO3   32-88  Na2O  38'27  H2O  7'30  =  100'71 

The  water  is  readily  expelled  by  heat,  without  decrepitation. 

Obs.— From  the  Pampa  del  Toro  in  Atacama,  Chili ;  intimately  associated  with  blodite  and 
soda  niter.     Named  after  Dr.  L.  Darapsky. 

690.  NITROGLAUBERITE.     Sclmartzemberg,  Domeyko,  3d  App.,  Min.  Chili,  46,  1871. 
From  the  desert  of  Atacama,   forming  a  white,  homogeneous  mass  with  fibrous  crystalline 
structure.      Comp.— 6NaNO3.2Na2SO4.3H2O  —  Sodium  nitrate  60'1,   sodium   sulphate  33'5, 
water  6 "4  =  100.     Analysis: 

Na2SO4  33-90  NaNO3  60'35  H2O  5'75     =     100 

Dissolves  in  water.     An  artificial  salt,  having  the  composition  2NaNO3.2Na2SO4.3HaO,  has 
been  described,  cf.  Rg.,  Kryst.  Ch.,  468,  1881. 


Oxygen    Salts. 


5.   BORATES. 


The  alurainates,  ferrates,  etc.,  allied  chemically  to  the  borates,  have  heen  already  intro- 
duced among  the  oxides.  They  include  the  species  of  the  Spinel  Group,  pp.  220-229,  also 
chrysoberyl,  p.  229,  etc. 


691.  Nordenski'dldine 

692.  Jeremejevite 

693.  Sussexite 

694.  Ludwigite 

695.  Pinakiolite 

696.  Hambergite 

697.  Szaibelyite 

698.  Boracite 

699.  Rhodizite 

700.  Warwickite 

701.  Howlite 


CaSn(B03)2 

A1B03 

H(Mn,Mg,Zn)BO, 

Mg.FeFe.B.0,. 

n     in 
Mg,MnMnaB2010 

Bea(OH)BO, 
H6Mg10B80,6? 
Mg,Cl,BltOs. 
EAl2B8Oe 

Mg.FeTUB.O,.? 
HtCa,BtSi0lt 


Rhombohedral 
Hexagonal 

Orthorhombic 
Orthorhombic 


=  0-8221 
=  0-6836 


&  :  I  :  6 

0-8338  :  1  :  0-5881 
0-7988:  1  :  0'7268 


Isometric,  tetrahedral 

Isometric,  tetrahedral 
Orthorhombic         &  :  I  =  0'977  :  1 
Orthorhombic 


702.  Lagonite  Fe(B02)3.l|H20 

703.  Larderellite        (NH4)2BB013.4H30        Monoclinic? 

a  :  1)  :  b  ft 

704.  Colemanite         Ca2B6On.5H20  Monoclinic    0-7748  :  1  :  0-5410  69°  51' 

Priceite,  Panderrnite 

705.  Pinnoite  MgB204.3H20  Tetragonal    6  =  0-7609 

a  :  I  :  6  ft 

706.  Heintzite  K?Mg4B]h032.16H20?  Monoclinic    2-9137  :  1  :  1-7338  80°  12' 

707.  Borax  Na,B407.10H20  Monoclinic     1-0995  :  1  :  0-5632  73°  25' 

708.  Ulexite  NaCaB&09.8H20? 

709.  Bechilite  CaB407.4H20 

Hayesine      CaB407.6HQ0? 

710.  Hydroboracite    CaMgB6On.6H20         Monoclinic? 

874 


NORDENSKIOLDINE—JEREMEJE  VITE. 


875 


691.  NORDENSKIOLDINE.     Nordenskioldin  W.  C.  Brogger ,  G.  For.  Forh.,  9,  255,  1887; 
Zs.  Kr.,  16,  61,  1890. 

Rhombohedral.     Axis  c  =  0-8221;  0001  A  1011  =  43°  30£'  Brogger. 

In  tabular  crystals  with  the  forms:    c  (0001,  0),  a  (1120.  i-2),  r  (1011.  E). 
Angles:  cr  =  *43°  30£',  rr'  =  73°  12',  ar  =  53°  24'. 

Cleavage:  basal,  perfect.  Fracture  conchoidal. 
Brittle.  H.  =  5-5-6.  G.  =  4-200  Cleve.  Luster  some- 
what pearly  on  c;  elsewhere  vitreous.  Color  sulphur-, 
lemon-,  or  wine-yellow.  Transparent  to  translucent. 
Optically  negative.  Double  refraction  strong. 

Comp.— A  borate  of  calcium  and  tin,  CaSn(B03)2  or  CaO.Sn02.B203  =  Boron 
trioxide  25'1,  tin  dioxide  54-5,  lime  20 '4  =  100. 

Regarded  by  Groth  as  a  stannate,  Ca(BO)2SnO4.     Brogger  points  to  similarity  in  axial  ratio 
to  proustite,  also  calcite  and  soda  niter. 
Anal.— P.  T.  Cleve,  1.  c. 


B2O3  [23-18] 


SnO2  53-75 


ZrO2(?)0-90 
Probably  also  B2O3. 


CaO  20-45 


ign.  1-72*  =  100 


Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  on  the  platinum  wire,  when  strongly  heated,  sinters  but  does  not  fuse, 
though  coloring  the  flame  green,  especially  after  being  moistened  with  sulphuric  acid.  Gives 
a  colorless  glass  with  salt  of  phosphorus  after  long  blowing.  Only  imperfectly  decomposed 
by  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — From  the  island  Aro  in  the  Langesund  fiord,  southern  Norway;  occurs  very 
sparingly,  with  meliphanite,  homilite,  cancrinite,  elseolite,  etc. 

Named  in  honor  of  the  Swedish  mineralogist  and  explorer,  A.  E.  Nordenskiold. 

692.  JEREMEJEVITE.  Jeremeiewit  Damour,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  6,  20,  1883.  Eichwaldit 
Websky,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  671,  1883,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  1,  1884.  Jeremejewit  Germ.,  Jeremejeffite, 
Yeremeyevite. 

Hexagonal.     Axis  6  =  0-68358;  0001  A  lOll    =  38°  17'  6"  Websky. 

Forms:  a  (1120,  i-2),  e  (2130,  i-f),  n  (1014,  i),  /  (1013,  i),  d  (1011,  1),  q  (7075,  f), 
g  (4153,  f -f ).  Also  various  vicinal  forms,  e,  /*,  etc. 

Angles :  nn'"  =  22°  19f,  ff'"  =  29°  29',  dff"  =  76°  34',  qq"'  =  95°  43',  nri  =  11°  6J', 
ff  =  14°  37',  deF  =  36°  5f ,  qq'  =  43°  31',  gg'  =  29°  11',  gff*  =  16°  44'. 

In  elongated  prisms  resembling  beryl;  summits  rounded  and  prismatic  faces 
broken  by  vicinal  planes. 

Cleavage  none.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  6'5.  G.  =  3*28.  Luster 
vitreous.  Colorless  to  pale  yellow.  Transparent.  Optically  negative. 


Figs.  1-3,  Websky;  4,  Klein. 


Websky  describes  the  crystals  as  consisting,  in  the  first  place,  of  an  outer  zone  which  is 
hexagonal  with  perhaps  pyramidal  (or  trapezohedral)  hemihedrism  and  optically  uniaxial — to 


876  BO  RATES. 

this  he  limits  the  original  name  of  Damour.  He  assumes  also  a  twinning  with  tw.  axis 
_L  a  (1120)  with  hemimorphic  development.  Within,  more  or  less  irregularly  bounded,  is  a 
core  in  sectors  seeming  to  form  an  orthorhombic  trilling;  to  this  he  gives  the  name  eichwaldite. 
Optically  biaxial.  For  the  former  he  gives  c  =  0*68358;  for  the  latter  he  deduces  a  :  b  :  c  = 
0-5523  :  1  :  0-5434,  with  the  forms  x  (104),  p  (101),  y  (136).  Optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  inclined  30° 
to  the  prismatic  edges.  2E  =  52°,  p  >  •».  ft  =  1*64.  The  terminal  planes  referred  to  the 
eichwaldite  project  at  the  extremity  beyond  the  jeremejevite  (f .  2,  3).  The  crystallographic  results, 
based  upon  the  various  reflections  from  .the  parts  of  the  rounded  summits,  must  be  regarded  as 
more  or  less  uncertain,  and  it  is  difficult  to  believe  that  the  two  parts  of  the  crystals  are 
fundamentally  distinct. 

Klein  (Jb  Miu.,  1,  84,  1891)  has  studied  the  optical  structure  more  minutely.  He  finds  a 
section  to  consist  of  three  and  often  four  parts  (f.  4),  of  which  A  is  uniaxial;  B  is  biaxial  with 
variable  angle,  6°  to  35°  (in  air),  ax.  pi.  ledge  B/C-,  C,  divided  into  differently  orientated  sectors, 
is  biaxial  with  an  angle  of  52°,  ax.  pi.  in  d  _L  line  bisecting  angle  B^,  etc.;  finally,  D,  some- 
times but  not  always'observed,  is  uniaxia1  and  negative  like  A.  Elevation  of  temperature  makes 
no  change  in  optical  relations,  but  pressure  normal  to  the  axis  c  made  A  biaxial  with  ax.  pi. 
_L  pressure;  while  with  both  B  and  G  the  axial  angle  could  be  increased,  or  diminished  to  0", 
according  as  the  pressure  was  normal  or  parallel  to  the  ax.  plane.  No  difference  in  density 
could  be  detected  between  the  parts  A,  B,  C. 

Comp. — An  aluminium  borate,  A1B03  or  A1203.B203  =  Boron  trioxide  40'6, 
alumina  59*4  =  100.  A  little  iron  sesquioxide  replaces  part  of  the  alumina. 

Anal.— Damour,  1.  c. 

G.  =  3-28  B2O3  [40-19]  A12O3  55-03  Fe2O3  4-08  K2O  0'70  =  100 

Pyr. — B.B.  in  the  forceps  loses  its  transparency,  becomes  white  and  tinges  the  flame  green, 
but  does  not  fuse.  Gives  a  fine  blue  when  moistened  with  cobalt  solution  and  subsequently 
ignited.  In  fine  powder  dissolves  in  concentrated  caustic  potash  leaving  a  faint  residue  of  iron 
sesquioxide. 

Obs.— Collected  by  the  director  of  the  Neichinsk  mines,  J.  I.  Eichwald,  at  Mt.  Soktuj,  a 
northern  extension  of  the  Adun-Chalon  chain  in  Dauria,  in  the  Nerchinsk  mining  region  in  east- 
ern Siberia;  the  crystals  were  found  loose  in  a  granitic  sand  beneath  the  turf. 

Jeremejevite  is  named  after  Prof.  Eremeyev  (Germ.  Jeremejew),  of  the  School  of  Mines  at 
St.  Petersburg  ;  the  name  here  retains  essentially  the  German  form. 

On  a  borate  of  aluminium,  3A12O3.B2O3,  and  other  borates  prepared  by  Ebelmen,  cf.  Ann. 
Ch.  Phys.,  33,  63,  1851,  also  Mallard,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  11,  308,  1888. 

693.  SUSSEXITE.     G.  J.  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  46,  140,  240,  1868. 

Orthorhombic^?).     In  fibrous  seams  or  veins. 

H.  =3.  G.  =  3-42.  Luster  silky  to  pearly.  Color  white  with  a  tinge  of 
pink  or  yellow.  Translucent, 

Comp.— HRB03,  where  R  =  Mn,  Zn,  and  Mg,  or  2(Mn,Zn,Mg)O.B203.H20  = 
Boron  trioxide  34'1,  manganese  protoxide  41-5,  magnesia  15*6,  water  8*8  =  100. 
Here  Mn  (-f  Zn)  :  Mg  =  3  :  2.  In  anal.  2,  the  ratio  of  Mn  :  Zn  :  Mg  =  0-536  : 
0  -040  :  0-398. 

Anal.— 1,  Brush,  mean  of  6  partial  analyses,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  46,  240,  1868.  2,  Penfield,  Am. 
J.  Sc.,  36,  323,  1888. 

B2O3        MnO         Zn         MgO       H2O 

1.  31-89        40-10          —         17-03        9'59  =  98*61 

2.  G.  =  3-123  33-31        38'08        3'24        15'92        8'53  H2O  at  250°  0'90  =  &9'98 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  darkens  in  color  and  yields  neutral  water.  If  turmeric 
paper  is  moistened  with  this  water,  and  then  with  dilute  hydrochloric  acid,  it  assumes  a  red 
color  (boric  acid).  In  the  forceps  fuses  in  the  flame  of  a  candle  (F  =  2),  and  B.B.  in  O.F. 
yields  a  black  crystalline  mass,  coloring  the  flame  intensely  yellowish  green.  With  the  fluxes 
reacts  for  manganese.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — Found  on  Mine  Hill,  Franklin  Furnace,  Sussex  Co.,  N.  J.,  associated  with  franklinite, 
zincite,  willemite,  and  other  manganese  and  zinc  minerals.  Named  from  the  county  in  which 
the  locality  is  situated. 

Ret—1  Cf.  Dx.,  Min.,  2,  15,  1874. 


L  UD  WIG1TE—PINAKIOLITE.  877 

694.  LUDWIGITE.     G.  TscJiermak,  Miu.  Mitth.,  59,  1874. 

Orthorhombic,  Renard'.  Prismatic  angle:  mm'"—  89°  20'.  Observed  forms: 
110,  410,  310,  120  Mallard2. 

In  finely  fibrous  masses;  fibers  parallel,  often  radiating;  also  short  and  inter- 
woven. Extinction  parallel. 

Tough  upon  fracture,  but  easily  cut.  H.  =5.  G.  =  3*91-4*02.  Luster  silky 
on  fresh  fracture.  Color  blackish  green  to  nearly  black  with  a  tinge  of  violet; 
greenish  brown  in  microscopic  splinters.  Streak  dark.  Strongly  pleochroic. 
Axial  plane  probably  J_  prismatic  axis. 

Comp. — Perhaps  3MgO.B203  +  FeO.Fe203  =  Boron  trioxide  16*6,  iron  sesqui- 
oxide  37*9,  iron  protoxide  17'0,  magnesia  28*5  =  100. 

The  above  formula  of  Tschermak  and  Ludwig  finds  some  support  in  the  fact  that  a  corre- 
sponding composition  is  obtained  by  Fliuk  for  piuakiolite,  which  he  characterizes  as  a  inanganese- 
ludwigite.  Whittield's  analysis,  however,  gives  different  results.  He  obtains  the  ratio 
MgO  :  FeO  :  Fe2O3  :  B2O3  :  H2O  =  76  :  24  :  24  :  17  :  20;  the  first  three  terms  here  agree  with 
Tschermak's  formula,  the  others  do  not.  Further,  RO  :  (B2O3  -f-  Fe2O3)=3  :  1,  also  H2 :  Mg  :  Fe 
=  1:3:1  and  B  :  Fe  =  2  :  3  nearly.  The  .corresponding  percentage  composition  is  :  Boron 
trioxide  11 '2,  iron  sesquioxide  38'4,  iron  protoxide  17'3,  magnesia  28*8,  water  4'3  =  100. 

The  formula  is  then  3(H2,Mg,Fe)O.(B,Fe)2O3  or  3RO.B2O3,  analogous  to  that  of  sussexite. 

Anal. — 1,  2,  Ludwig  and  Sipocz;  1  mean  of  7  partial  analyses.  3,  Whitfield,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
34,  284,  1887. 

G.  B203       Fe203        FeO         MgO       MnO       H2O 

1.  Dark  green  3'951  16-09        39'92        12'46        31-69         tr.  —      =     100-16 

2.  Black  4-016  15-06        39*29        17'67        26  91         tr.  —      =      98'93 

3.  "  12-04        37-93        15*78        30*57        0'16        3'62     =     lOO'lO 

Pyr.,  etc. — Heated  in  the  air  the  mineral  becomes  red;  in  fine  splinters  fusible  with  difficulty 
to  a  black,  strongly  magnetic,  slag.  With  the  fluxes  gives  the  reaction  for  iron.  Dissolved 
slowly  by  cold  hydrochloric  acid  when  in  the  state  of  a  fine  powder. 

Obs. — Occurs  embedded  in  a  crystalline  limestone,  with  irregularly  situated  beds  of  mag- 
netite, at  Morawitza  in  the  Banat,  Hungary;  the  magnetite  is  embedded  in  the  mineral  in  the 
form  of  grains  or  fine  thread-like  veins. 

Named  after  Ernst  Ludwig,  Professor  of  Chemistry  at  Vienna. 

Alt.— F.  Berwerth  has  described  (ibid.,  247,  1874)  ludwigite  altered  to  limonite.  An  analysis 
of  material,  having  a  brownish  red  color,  and  graduating  insensibly  into  pure  ludwigite,  afforded: 
FeaO3  75-34,  MnO  tr.,  CaO  0*09,  MgO  5'80,  CO2  1*65,  SiO2  2*83,  H2O  14-51,  B2O3  0*80=101*02. 
G.  =  3-41.  Besides  the  limonite  (88*17  p.  c.),  some  talc,  brucite,  magnesite,  and  calcite  are  also 
present  as  mechanically  mixed  impurities. 

Artif. — An  artificial  borate  allied  to  ludwigite  has  been  prepared  by  Ebelmen,  cf.  Mid.,  I.e.; 
it  is  orthorhombic  with  a  prismatic  angle  of  89°  lO7. 

Ref.— i  Bull.  Ac.  Belg.,  9,  547,  1885.     2  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  11,  310,  1888. 

695.  PINAKIOLITE.    Piuakiolith  G.  Flink,  Zs.  Kr.,  18,  361,  1890. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  b  :  6  =  0-83385  :  1  :  0*58807  Flink1. 

100  A  HO  =  39°  49^',  001  A  101  =  35°  llf ',  001  A  Oil  =  30°  27}'. 

Forms :    b  (010,  i-l),     I  (310,  £3),     e  (Oil,  1-i)  as  tw.  plane. 
Angles:    bl  =  74°  28',     II'  =  *31°  4',     ee'  =  *60°  55',     le  =  82°  12'. 

In  small  rectangular  crystals  tabular  |  #,  usually  thin  and  often  bent  or  broken. 
Twins  common  with  e  (Oil)  as  tw.  pi. ;  in  habit  cruciform,  the  axes  crossing  at 
angles  of  nearly  60°  and  120°. 

Cleavage:  b  rather  perfect.  Very  brittle.  H.  =  6.  G.  =  3-881.  Luster 
metallic,  brilliant  on  crystalline  faces.  Color  black.  Streak  brownish  gray. 
Absorption  b  >  a  >  c.  Optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  ||  c.  Bx  JL  b.  Ax.  angle  about 
60°.  Dispersion  probably  v  >  p. 

Comp — 3MgO.B203  -j-  MnO.Mn208  =  Boron  trioxide  16*7,  manganese   sesqui- 
oxide 37*7,  manganese  protoxide  16'9,  magnesia  28*7  =  100. 
.—Flink,  1,  c.     la  from  1,  after  deducting  SiO2  and  HaO. 


878 


BORATES. 


la. 


B203 
15-65 
16-05 


Mn304 
49-39 
50-63 


Fe304 
2'07 
2'12 


MgO 

28'58 
29  30 


CaO 
1"09 
M2 


PbO 

0'76     SiO2  1 
0'78     =  100 


H2O  0'47  =  99'22 


A  determination  of  the  oxygen  set  free  gave  4'34  p.  c.  (required  by  the  formula  3*80). 


Pyr.,  etc.—  Fuses  with  some  difficulty  to  a  black  non-magnetic  glass.  With  potassium 
bisulphate  and  fluorite  colors  the  flame  intensely  green.  Reacts  for  manganese  with  the  fluxes. 
Dissolves  in  warm  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid  with  the  evolution  of  chlorine. 

Obs.—  Occurs  at  Langban,  Wermland,  Sweden,  in  bands  in  granular  dolomite  with  haus- 
mannite.  Also  associated  with  tephroite?,  manganophyllite,  berzeliite. 

Named  from  TUVCX.KIOV,  a  small  tablet,  and  A/^oS,  stone,  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the 
crystals. 

Ref.  —  J  L.c.;  cf.  also  Biogger,  ibid.,  p.  376,  on  the  morphological  relations  of  pinakiolite  to 
maugauite,  etc. 


696.  HAMBERGITE.     W.  C.  Brogger,  Zs.  Kr.,  16,  65,  1890. 
Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  b  :  c  -  0'79877  :  1  :  0-72676  Brogger. 
100  A  HO  =  38°  37',  001  A  101  =  42°  17  j-',  001  A  Oil  =  36°  0£'. 

Forms:    a  (100,  i-l),  b  (010,  *-i);  m  (110,  7);  e  (Oil,  l-«). 

Angles:    mm'"  =  77°  14',  bm  =  *51C  23',  ee'  =  *72°  1',  me  =  68°  28|'. 

In  prismatic  crystals  (1  1),  the  faces  a  vertically  striated. 

Cleavage:  b  perfect;  a  less  so.  Brittle.  H.  =  7'5.  G.  =  2'347.  Luster 
vitreous.  Color  grayish  white.  Transparent  to  translucent. 

Optically  -{-•  Ax.  pi-  II  ^  Bx  J_  c.  Double  refraction  very  strong.  Disper- 
sion small  v  >  p.  Axial  angles,  Bgr.  : 


1.               For  Li                 2Ha.r    =  95° 

21' 

2H 

o.r      — 

102C 

46' 

2Vr    =  86° 

50' 

/<<^\         For  Na               2Hay    =95° 

42' 

2H 

o.y     = 

102C 

28' 

2Vy   =  87° 

7 

S 

SSK\      For  Tl                 2Ha.gr  =  96° 

8' 

2H 

o.gr   — 

102C 

13' 

2Vgr  =  87° 

24*' 

Refractive  indices: 

•  '  f 

tn 

a 

m 

b 

ar    =  1-5542             fir    =  1 

5891 

r* 

mn^     -| 

6294 

<xy    =  1-5595              /3y   =  1 

5908 

7y 

=  1 

6311 

'.  2Vy  =  87 

°40' 

ttgr   =    1-5693                   ffer  =    1 

5928 

Y& 

=  1- 

6331 

.--i" 

—  '  —  -, 

*r 

Comp.—  Be2(OH)B03 

or  4BeO. 

B.O.- 

H20 

=  Boron 

trioxide  3 

ry.-i 

7  1, 

beryllium  oxide  53-3,  water  9*6  = 

100. 

Anal.—  Backstrom,  quoted  by  Brogger,  1. 

c. 

B3O3  [36  72] 


BeO  53-25  f 


H20  10-03    =     100 


The  water  goes  off  only  at  a  strong  red  heat,  and  the  last  fourth  requires  the  blast  lamp. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.  decrepitates  violently,  but  does  not  fuse.  Insoluble  in  ordinary  acids,  but 
completely  dissolved  by  digestion  with  hydrofluoric  acid  over  a  water  bath. 

Obs.—  -Occurs  in  a  small  vein  near  Helgaraen  on  the  mainland  near  the  entrance  to  the 
Langesund  fiord,  southern  Norway.  The  vein  consists  of  feldspar,  black  mica,  barkevikite, 
red  spreustein,  and  in  traces  zircon  and  fluorite. 

Named  after  the  Swedish  mineralogist,  A.  Hamberg. 


697.  SZAIBELYITE.     Szaibelyit  K.  F.   Peters,    Ber.  Ak.   Wien,   44,  143,  June  1861. 
Boromagnesit  Groth,  Tab.  Ueb.,  38,  1874. 

In  small  nodules  bristled  with  acicular  crystals. 

H.  —  3-4.      Gr.  =  3.      Color   white   outside,    yellow  within.      Streak   white. 
Translucent.     Optically  biaxial. 

Comp.—  2Mg5B4On.3H20    or    5Mg0.2B,03.l|H20    =    Boron    trioxide     38'1, 
magnesia  54*5,  water  7*4  =  100. 

Anal.—  Strompver.  Ber.  Ak.  Wieu.  47  (IV  347,  1863,  after  deducting  i 


C.  ystals 


B2O3  [38-35] 


MgO  54  65 


H9O  7-00     =     100 


BORACITE. 


879 


A  granular  form  contained  more  water  (12'35  p.  c.). 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water.     B  B.  splits  open,  glows,  and  fuses  to  a  pale,  hornlike,  brownish 
gray  mass,  coloring  the  flame  yellowish  red.     Dissolves  with  difficulty  in  hydrochloric  acid. 
Obs. — Occurs  in  kernels  embedded  in  a  gray  granular  limestone  at  Rezbanya,in  Hungary. 
Named  after  Szajbelyi,  who  collected  the  limestone  containing  it. 


698.  BORACITE.  Kubische  Quarz-Krystalle  (fr.  Luneburg)  Lasius,  Crell's  Ann.,  2,  333, 
1787.  Luneburger  Sedativ  Spath  Westrumb,  Kl.  phys.-ch.  Abh.,  3,  167,  1789.  Borazit  Wern. 
Bergm.  J.,  393, 1789,  234,  1790.  Borate  of  Magnesia.  Magnesie  boratee  Fr.  Parasit  0.  Volger, 
Pogg.,  92,  77,  1854.  Massive  Boracite  of  Stassfurt  =  Stassfurtit  G.  Hose,  Pogg.,  97,  632,  1856. 

Isometric  and  tetrahedral  in  external  form  under  ordinary  conditions,  but  in 
molecular  structure  orthorhombic  and  pseudo-isometric;  the  structure  becomes 
isotropic,  as  required  by  the  form,  only  when  heated  to  265°.  Observed  forms1 : 

n,  (211,  -  2-2) 
u  (431,  4-|)4 
v   (531,  5-|) 
,2  (552,  |)2  n  (211,  2-2)6 

Also  doubtful  12-1-0  and  C  (116). 

1.  2.  3. 


a  (100,  £») 
d  (110,  i) 
o  (111,  1) 
o,  (111.  -  1) 

rj  (17-3-0,  a-1/-)4 
4  (13-3-0,  tf-1/)4 
h  (410,  z-4)3 
/  (310,  *-3)2 

e    (210,  z-2)3 
I     (530,  z-f)4 
p    (221,  2)3 
.2  (552,  |)3 

p  (441,  4)5 
<r,(881,  -  8)5 
r,  (16-16-1,  -16)5 
n  (211,  2-2)6 

A       d         1 

0 

r 

\ 

a 

a 

a 

YX 

J 

Penetration-twins:  tw.  pi.  o.  Habit  cubic  and  tetra- 
hedral or  octahedral ;  also  dodecahedral.  Crystals  usually 
isolated,  embedded ;  less  often  in  groups.  Faces  o  bright 
and  smooth,  ot  dull  or  uneven.  Also  massive. 

Cleavage:  o,  o,  in  traces.  Fracture  conchoidal, 
uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  7  crystals.  G.  =  2-9-3.  Luster 
vitreous,  inclining  to  adamantine.  Color  white,  inclining 
to  gray,  yellow,  and  green.  Streak  white.  Subtrans- 
parent  to  translucent.  Commonly  shows  double  refrac- 
tion6, wmch,  however,  disappears  upon  heating  to  265°, 
when  a  section  becomes  isotropic.  Refractive  indices,  Dx. : 


nr  =  1-663 
Also,  Mid.: 

ft  -  a  =  0-00477 

.'.  a  =  1-6622 


=  1-667 


After  Groth. 
=  1-675 


y  _  a  =  0-01074  y  -  ft  =  0'00597 

ft  =  1-6670  (Dx.)  Y  =  1-6730 


Strongly  pyroelectric7,  the  opposite  polarity  corresponding  to  the  position  of 
the  -j-  and  —  tetrahedral  faces.  The  faces  of  the  dull  tetrahedron  0,  (111)  form 
the  analogous  pole,  those  of  the  polished  form  o  (111)  the  antilogous  pole,  Rose. 

As  very  early  observed,  boracite  commonly  shows  double  refraction,  at  variance  with  the 
external  form;  this  has  been  variously  explained,  and  some  authors  have  attributed  it  to  altera- 
tion. Sections  show  tw.  lamellae  which  in  general  may  be  explained  (Mallard)  as  having  the 
•lodecahedral  faces  as  tw.  plane;  further,  a  simple  dodecahedral  crystal  has  a  structure  as  if 
/m»dp.  \jp  of  twelve  biaxial  individuals  (ax.  angle  about  90°),  with  ax.  pi.  parallel  to  the  longer 
diagonal  of  the  rhombic  face  to  which  the  bisectrix  is  normal;  other  forms,  however,  show 


880  BORATES. 

distinct  types  of  internal  structure.  Increase  of  temperature  brings  about  a  change  in  position 
of  the  tw.  lamellae,  and  at  265°  (Mallard)  they  disappear  and  a  section  becomes  normally  isotropic, 
at  the  same  time  the  pyroelectricity  disappears  also;  the  molecular  structure  then  agrees  with 
the  external  crystallographic  form.  No  chemical  change  has  taken  place,  for  even  at  300°  no 
chlorine  is  lost  (Jannasch).  The  molecular  structure  of  boracite  has  been  minutely  studied 
optically  and  by  etching  especially  by  Klein  and  Baumhauer,  alsopyroelectrically  by  Mack  (cf. 
references  beyond). 

Comp.— Mg7Cl2B16030  or  6MgO.MgCla.8B3Os  =  Boron  trioxide  62-5,  magnesia 
31-4,  chlorine  7'9  =  101-8,  deduct  (0  =  01)  1-9  =  100. 

A  little  iron  (FeO)  is  sometimes  present  (as  an  impurity?)  and  theEisenstassfurtit(irou- 
boracite,  Huyssenite,  Dana,  Min.,  799,  1868)  of  Huysseu  from  Stassfurt  is  described  as  hiving 
half  the  Mg  replaced  by  Fe,  Jb.  Min.,  329,  1865.  For  analyses  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  596. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary.  In  crystals  of  varied  habit.  2.  Massive,  with  sometimes  a  subcohimnar 
structure;  Stassfartite  of  Rose.  It  resembles  a  fine-grained  white  marble  or  granular  limestone. 
Parasite  of  Volger  is  the  plumose  interior  of  some  crystals  of  boracite. 

Pyr.,  etc.— The  massive  variety  gives  water  in  the  closed  tube.  B.B.  both  varieties  fuse  at 
2  with  intumescence  to  a  white  crystalline  pearl,  coloring  the  flame  green;  heated  after  moisten- 
ing with  cobalt  solution  assumes  a  deep  pink  color.  Mixed  with  oxide  of  copper  and  heated  on 
charcoal  colors  the  tlanie  deep  azure-blue  (copper  chloride).  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Alters  very  slowly  on  exposure,  owing  to  the  magnesium  chloride  present,  which  takes  up 
water.  It  is  the  frequent  presence  of  this  deliquescent  chloride  in  the  massive  mineral,  thus  origi- 
nating, that  led  to  the  view  that  there  was  a  hydrous  boracite  (stassfurtite).  Parasite  of  Volger 
is  a  result  of  the  same  kind  of  alteration  in  the  interior  of  crystals  of  boracite  ;  this  alteration 
giving  it  its  somewhat  plumose  character,  and  introducing  water. 

Obs. — Observed  in  beds  of  anhydrite,  gypsum,  or  salt.  In  crystals  at  Kalkberg  and  Schild- 
stein  in  Lilneburg,  Hannover;  at  Segeberg,  near  Kiel,  in  Holstein;  at  Luneville,  La  Meurthe, 
France;  massive,  or  as  part  of  the  rock,  also  in  crystals,  at  Stassfurt,  Prussia.  When  from  the 
carnallite  layer  it  is  fine  granular  or  compact,  with  conchoidal  fracture,  white  or  greenish;  from 
the  kainite  layer  it  is  white,  soft,  with  earthy  fracture  and  yellowish  or  reddish  in  color  (Precht 
and  Wittjeu).  It  occurs  at  Douglashall,  Westeregeln,  in  ciystals  pseudomorph  after  quartz 
(Ochsenius,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  271,  1S89). 

It  has  been  urged  that  the  original  mineral  from  which  the  pseudomorphous  crystals  called 
achtaragdite  may  have  been  formed  was  boracite,  cf.  p.  435  and  Zs.  Kr.,  17.  93,  1889. 

Artif.— Obtained  by  Heintz  (Pogg.;  110,613,  18(50)  by  fusing  a  mixture  of  10  parts  boric 
acid,  100  of  sodium  chloride,  5  of  magnesium  borate.  Also  in  the  wet  way  by  A.  de  Gramont, 
Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  13,  252,  1890. 

Ref.— i  See  Mir.,  Min..  602,  1852.  a  Schrauf,  Min.  Mitth.,  114,  1872,  Atlas  xxxvi,  1877. 
*  Klein,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  242,  1884.  4  Mgg.,  ibid.,  1,  251,  1889.  5  Bkg.,  Westeregeln,  Zs.  Kr.,  15 
572,  1889;  n,  (not  ri)  is  given  by  Miller. 

6  On  the  double  refraction  phenomena  of  boracite  see  :  Brewster,  Ed   Phil.  J.,  5,  217,  1821; 
Biot,  C.  R.,  13, 155, 1841;  Volger,  Monographic,  Hannover,  1855;  Dx.,  K  R.,  p.  5,  1867,  Miu     2, 
4,  1874;  Mid.,  Ann.  Mines,  10,  93,  1876;    Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  2,  147,   1879;    also  on  the  effect  of 
heat,  ibid.,  5,  144,  214,  1882,  and  6,  122,  129,  1883;  E.  Geinitz,  Jb.  Min.,  484,  1876,  394,  1877; 
Baumhauer,  Zs.  Kr.,  3,  337,  1879,  and  later  10,  451,  1885;  Klein,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  209,  1880,  1,  239, 
1881,  1,  235,  1884,  also  ib.,  p.  181,  ref.  (critique  of  Mid.). 

7  On  the  pyroelectricity,  Friedel  and  Curie,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  6,  191,  1883;   Mack,  Zs.  Kr.,  8, 
503,  1883.     Also  earlier  Hankel,  Riess  and  Rose,  etc.     Boracite  was  first  shown  to  be  pyroelec- 
tric  by  Hatty  in  1791. 

699.  RHODIZITE.  Rhodizit  G.  Hose,  Pogg.,  33,  253,  1834,  39,  321,  1836.  Rhodicit 
Hausm. 

Isometric  and  tetrahedral,  like  boracite.  In  dodecahedrons,  faces  o  smooth 
and  shining,  d  often  uneven, 

H.  =8.  G.  =  3'41  Rose;  3*38  Dmr.  Luster  vitreous,  inclined  to  adamantine. 
Color  white.  Translucent.  Pyroelectric,  the  angles  replaced  by  o,  the  antilogous 
pole,  Rose.  Exhibits  the  phenomena  of  double  refraction,  analogous  to  boracite, 
but  does  not  become  isotropic  with  elevation  of  temperature2. 

Comp. — A  borate  of  aluminium  and  potassium,  with  also  caesium  and  rubidium; 
perhaps  R20.2A1203.3B203. 

Anal.— Damour,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  5,  98,  1882. 

B2O,  A12O,         Fe2O3     K2O,Cs2O,Rb2O    Na2O          CaO  MgO 

33-93  41-40  1-93  12'00  1'62  0'74  0 '82  ignition  2 '96  =  95'40 

The  loss  and  2-96  of  volatile  matter  (at  a  white  heat)  are  referred  to  boric  acid  giving  41'49 
p.  c.  There  is  probably  no  water  present,  possibly  a  little  fluorine,  Dmr. 


WAR  WICK1TE—HO  WLITE.  881 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  in  the  platinum  forceps  fuses  with  difficulty  on  the  edges  to  a  white  opaque 
glass,  tingeiug  the  flame  at  first  green,  then  green  below  and  red  above,  and  finally  red  throughout. 
With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  fuses  to  a  transparent  glass. 

Obs.— Found  by  G.  Rose  in  minute  crystals  on  red  tourmalines  from  near  Sarapulsk  and 
Shaitansk  in  the  vicinity  of  Ekaterinburg  in  the  Ural,  and  named  from  podi^eiv,  in  allusion  to 
its  tiugeing  the  flame  red.  The  largest  crystals  seen  were  two  lines  in  diameter. 

Ref.-1  Bull.  Soc.  Mm.,  5,  31,  72,  1882.     *  Cf.  Klein,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  77,  1891. 

700.  WARWICKITE.    Shepard,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  34,  313,   1838,   36,  85,  1839.     Enceladite 
T.  S.  Hunt,  ib.,  2,  30, 1846,  11,  352,  1851. 

Orthorhombic.    Axes  a  :  b  =  0'977  :  1  Des  Cloizeaux1. 
Forms:    a  (100,  i-l),  b  (010,  i-l);  h  (310,  £-3),  m  (110,  /),  g  (130,  »*-§). 
Angles:    ma  =  *44°  20',  mm"1  =  88°  40',  hh"'  =  36°  5',    gg'  =  37°  41'. 

Usually  in  elongated  prismatic  crystals  with  rounded  terminations. 

Cleavage:  a  perfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  3-4.  G.  =  3'355 
Dmr. ;  3'362  Smith.  Luster  of  cleavage  surface  submetallic-pearly  to  subvitreous; 
often  nearly  dull.  Color  dark  hair-brown  to  dull  black,  sometimes  a  copper-red 
tinge  on  cleavage  surface.  Pleochroic.  Streak  bluish  black. 

Optically  -(-.  Double  refraction  strong.  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bx  J_  a.  2E  =  125° 
approx.,  Lex.2 

Comp.— Perhaps  6MgO.Fe0.2Ti02.3B203  =  Boron  trioxide  30-7,  titanium  diox- 
ide 23*5,  iron  protoxide  10*6,  magnesia  35'2  =  100. 
Anal.— J.  L.  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  432,  1874. 

B2O3  TiO2  FeO  MgO 

27-80  23-82  7'02  36  80    SiO2  I'OO,  A12O3  2'21  =  98'65 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water.  B.B.  infusible,  but  becomes  lighter  in  water;  moistened  with 
sulphuric  acid  gives  a  pale  green  color  to  the  flame.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  in  O.F.  a  clear 
bead,  yellow  while  hot  and  colorless  on  cooling;  in  R.F.  on  charcoal  with  tin  a  violet  color 
(titanium).  With  soda  a  slight  manganese  reaction.  Decomposed  by  sulphuric  arid;  the  product, 
treated  with  alcohol  and  iguited,  gives  a  green  flame,  and  boiled  with  hydrochloric  acid  and 
metallic  tin  gives  on  evaporation  a  violet-colored  solution. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  granular  limestone  2|m.  S.W.  of  Edenville,  N.  Y.,  with  spinel,  chondro- 
dite,  serpentine,  etc.  Ciystals  usually  small  and  slender;  sometimes  over  2  iu.  long  and  f  in. 
broad.  The  latter  are  the  enceladite  of  Hunt. 

Ref.—1  Dx.,  Min.,  2,  16,  1874.    *  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  9,  74,  1886. 

701.  HOWLITE.    Silicoborocalcite  H.  How,  Phil.  Mag.,  35,  32,  1868.     Howlite  Dana, 
Min.,  p.  598,  1868. 

Orthorhombic?  Penfield.  In  small  rounded  embedded  nodules  consisting  of 
microscopic  thin  flattened  prismatic  crystals,  sometimes  terminated  by  two  domes. 
Extinction  parallel.  Ax.  pi.  J_  to  axis  of  crystals.  Texture  compact,  without 
cleavage;  also  chalk-like  or  earthy. 

Fracture  nearly  even  and  smooth.  H.  —  3'5;  often  less.  G.  =  2'55;  2'59 
Pfd.  Luster  subvitreous,  glimmering.  Color  white.  Subtranslucent,  or  trans- 
lucent in  thin  splinters. 

Comp.— A  silico-borate  of  calcium,  H5Ca2B5Si014  or  4Ca0.5B,03.2SiO,.5H20  = 
Silica  15-3,  boron  trioxide  44'6,  lime  28'6,  water  11-5  =  100. 

AnaL— 1,  How,  I.e.     2,  Penfield  and  Sperry,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  34,  220,  1887. 

SiO,  B203  CaO         Na2O        K3O         H2O 

1.  15-25          [44-22]          28'69  —  —  11 '84     =     100 

3.  G.  =  2-59  15  33  44'52  27  94          0'53          0'13          11-55     =     100 

A  small  amount  of  gypsum  has  been  deducted  in  both  cases,  4-3  p.  c.  for  anal.  2.  The 
water  does  not  go  off  below  360°  C. 

Pyr.— Ignited  in  the  closed  tube,  water  reacting  for  boron  with  turmeric  paper  is  given  off 
Obs.— Occurs  in  Nova  Scotia,  in  nodules,  of  the  size  mostly  of  filberts,  embedded  in  anhy- 


882  BORATE 8. 

drite  or  gypsum,  at  Brookville,  about  3  m.  S.  of  Windsor,  and  associated  with  ulexite;  a  harder 
kiud  occurs  in  anhydrite,  and  a  softer  in  gypsum.  Also  30-40  miles  N.E.  of  Brookville  and  at 
other  points  in  Hants  Co.  In  aggregates  of  transparent  scales  in  gypsum  at  Winkworth  in  the 
same  region,  the  nodules  sometimes  as  large  as  a  man's  head. 

WINKWORTHITE  H.  How,  Phil.  Mag.,  41,  270,  1871. 

In  embedded  nodules,  crystalline  on  fracture.  Glistening.  H.  —  2'3.  Colorless  to  white. 
Translucent.  Analysis.— SiO2  4'98,  B2O3  [14-37J,  SO3  31 '51,  CaO  31'14,  H2O  18'00  =  100. 
Found  in  gypsum  at  Winkworth,  Nova  Scotia. 

Probably  to  be  regarded  as  a  mixture  .of  howlite  and  gypsum. 

702.  LAGONITE.    Borate  de  Fer  Omalius  d'Halloy,  1833.     Lagonite  Huot,  Min.,  1,  290, 
1841.     Sideroborine  Huot,  1,  273,  1841.     Lagunit  Kenny. 

An  earthy  mineral  of  an  ocherous  yellow  color,  occurring  as  an  incrustation. 

Comp. — Fe2O3.3B2O3.3H2O  =  Boron  trioxide  49'5,  iron  sesquioxide  37'8,  water  12'7=100. 

Anal.— Bechi,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  17,  129,  1854. 

B,O3  47-95  Fe2O3  36'26  H2O  14-02  MgO,CaO  and  loss  1-77  =  100 

Occurs  as  an  incrustation  at  the  Tuscan  lagoons.  First  mentioned  by  Beudant,  Min.,  2, 
250,  1832. 

703.  LARDERELLITE.    Mascagni  [Viagg.  Tosc.,  3,  1806],  AcMardi,  Min.,  Tosc.,  1, 
858,  1872.     Larderellite  BecM,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  17,  129,  1854. 

Monoclinic,  Very  light,  white  to  yellowish,  and  tasteless.  Appearing  under 
the  microscope  to  be  made  up  of  minute  tabular  crystals  with  the  plane  angle  of 
the  prism  66°  or  67°  with  sometimes  also  100  and  010,  Dx.1  Extinction  parallel 
to  the  diagonals  of  the  base. 

Comp. — A  hydrous  borate  of  ammonium  (NH4)20.4B203.4H20  =  Boron  tri- 
oxide 69-2,  ammonium  oxide  12-9,  water  17'9  =  100. 
Anal. — Bechi,  ib. 

B203  C8-57  (NH4)2O  12'73  H2O  18'33  =  99'63 

In  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  120,  1855  (also  Contin.  at  Georg.,  1,  128,  1853,  quoted  by  Achiardi, 
Min.  Tosc.,  1,  258,  1872),  the  results  given  arc  :  B2O3  69'24,  (NH4)aO  12'90,  H2O  17'86  =  100. 
This  is  obviously  an  error,  for  these  numbers  give  the  exact  theoretical  composition. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Gives  off  ammonia  fumes  in  the  glass  tube.  B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  colorless 
glass  which  gives  a  green  color  to  the  flame  when  treated  with  alcohol. 

Dissolves  in  hot  water,  and  is  transformed  into  a  new  salt,  represented  by  the  formula 
(NH4)2O.6B2O3.9H2O.  A  salt  with  the  formula  (NH4)2O.4B2O3.6H2O  is  also  known. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  the  Tuscan  lagoons. 

Named  after  Sr.  Larderel,  a  proprietor  of  the  Tuscan  borax  industry. 

Ref.— »  Min.,  2,  9,  1874. 

704.  COLEMANITE.    Neuschwander,  H.  G.  Hanks,  3d  Rep.  Min.  California,  86,  1883. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-774843  :  1  :  0-540999;  fi  =  69°  50'  45"  =  001 
A  100  Jackson1. 

100  A  HO  =  36°  1'  55",  001  A  101  =  41°  59'  46",  001  A  Oil  =  26°  55'  29". 


Forms2:  J   (370,  £|)  CT  (601,  64)  v    (221,2)  ^  (321,  3-|) 

o    (100,  i-l)  #(130,  *-3)                ro11    1  ,,  q    (331,3)  e    (121,  -  2-2)3 

*  !E? '  ^  r  <101>  -  14)  a  (Si  24)  *    (311,  -  3-3)       «  <131'  ~  ^ 

A    (201,  -24)  .   m      _n  A>    (412,2-4)  r   (232,  |-|) 

<     (210,  ^-2)  #    (101,  14)                          _  ^  B   (411,  4-4)  e  (231,  3-|) 

m  (110,  /)  A    (201,  24)  A  ]**  '         '_  &  (311,  3-3)  d  (121,  2-2) 

P  (10-19-0,  e-i-§)  TF(3013  34)  „   ««/'«!    "    '  »  (?21,  7-|)  §(241,  4-2) 

*  (120,  *'-2)  !F(401,  44)  y  (ill,  1}  ^(211,2-2)  *  (131,  3-3) 

Also  doubtful  (7  (10't-l.  -  10-10)3-     $  (711,  -  7-7)3,    D  (731,  -  7-|)3- 


COLEMANITE. 


883 


it" 


=    39°  58' 


mm'" 

— 

*72° 

3' 

51" 

zz' 

— 

69° 

ov 

cA 

— 

41° 

31' 

ci 

—  - 

40° 

48' 

ch 

— 

*68° 

24' 

21" 

cW 

— 

81° 

57' 

cW 

— 

89° 

10$' 

ca' 

= 

110° 

9' 

aa'  = 
eft     = 

C(7       = 

cm 
cy 
cv 
cq 

CO 

coo 


33°  45|' 
55°  19' 
*73°  49' 
47°  31' 
72°  37V 
83°  37' 
69°  44V 
53°  12' 


KK'      =    53°  51' 


cd 

— 

57° 

52' 

GO  GO' 

— 

94° 

43' 

ak 

aft 

CLK 

fty 

aoo 

a'y 

—  • 

23° 

45° 
72° 
62° 
59" 
71° 

38' 
40' 

40' 
46' 
40' 

00' 

BB 

XX' 

= 

53° 
90° 
39° 
71° 
22° 
21° 
113° 

42' 
43' 
37' 
32' 
0' 
55V 
17' 

ftft' 

—  : 

39° 

48' 

m'W 

— 

44° 

33' 

o-ar' 

— 

60° 

29' 

, 

1. 


3. 


gray. 


Figs.  1,  2,  after  Jackson.     3,  4,  Washington. 

Crystals  usually  short  prismatic  with  m  predomi- 
nating, highly  modified  and  resembling  datolite. 
Faces  y  (111)  strongly  striated  ||  edge  y/d.  Also 
resembling  acute  rhombohedral  forms  (fig.  3,  4)  with 

W  (301)  rounded.     Massive  cleavable  to  granular  and 
compact. 

Cleavable:  Z>  highly  perfect;  c  distinct.    Fracture 
uneven  to  subconchoidal.     H.  =  4-4-5.     G.  =  2-417 
B.  &  K. ;  2-428  Evans.   Luster  vitreous  to  adamantine, 
brilliant.     Colorless  to  milky  white,  yellowish  white, 
Transparent  to  translucent. 


Optically  +.      Ax.  pi.  and  Bx0  J_  I. 
82°  34?  B.  &  R.     Dispersion  p  <  v  small. 


Bxa.y  A  t  =  83°  44'  Hj.; 


2Ey  =  95 
2Ey  =  95 


1'    2Ha.y  =  55' 
15'    2Ha.y  =  54< 
Also  for  D,  a  =  1-58626 


18'    2H0.y  =  124°  29'     .-.  2Va.y  =  55°  21'    fty  =  1-5876  Hj. 
48'    2H..y  =  122°  45'     .-.  2Va.y  =  55°  20'     /?y  =  1-5910  B.  &  ] 
ft  =  1-59202      y  =  1  "61398      .%    2Vy  =  54°  52'  Millheims4 


Comp.— Ca2B60M.5H20,  perhaps  HCa(B02)3  +  2H30  or  2Ca0.3B208.5H20  = 
Boron  trioxide  50-9,  lime  27'2,  water  21'9  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  T.  Price,  3d  Rep.  Min.  Gal.,  p.  86.  2,  Hjortdahl,  1.  c.  3  Bodewig,  1.  c. 
4,  5,  Whitfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  34,  282,  1887. 

1.  California 

2. 

3. 

4.  Death  Valley 

The  figures  of  Evans,  Bull.  Cal.  Acad. ,  p.  59,  Feb.  1884,  apparently  give  simply  the 
theoretical  composition. 

Pyr.— B.B.  decrepitates,  exfoliates,  sinters,  and  fuses  imperfectly,  coloring  the  flame  yellow, 
ish  green.  Soluble  in  hot  hydrochloric  acid  with  separation  of  boric  acid  on  cooliug. 

Obs.— First  discovered  (Oct.  1882)  in  Death  Valley,  Inyo  Co.,  California;  later  (1883)  in 
greater  abundance  in  Calico  district,  San  Bernardino  county.  The  beautiful  crystals,  somelimes 
2  or  3  inches  in  length,  line  geodes  in  the  massive  mineral,  associated  with  quartz  crystals  as 


B203 

[4812] 
47-64 
49-70 
50-70 
49-59 

CaO 
28-43 
27-97 
27-42 
27-31 
27-38 

H2O 

22-20  Al2O3,Fe2O3  0'60,  SiO2  0'65  =  100 
22-79  Si02  1-28,  Al2O3,Fe2O3  0'19,  MgO  0-13  = 
22-26  =  99-38 
21-87  MgO  0-10  =  99-98 
22-68  MgO  0-26,  SiO2  0'45  =  100'36 

100 

884  BORATES. 

an  earlier  deposit,  also  strontianite,  etc.  A  snow-white  massive  borate  sometimes  covers  the 
crystals  (see  priceite  below). 

Named  after  Mr.  William  T.  Coleman  of  San  Francisco. 

Ref. — 'Bull.  Cal.  Acad.,  No.  2,  January  1885  (read  Oct.  1884);  the  measurements  of  vom 
Rath,  Vh.  Ver.  llheiul.,  41,  333,  1884,  Zs.  Kr.,  10,  179,  1884,  Hjortdahl,  Vid.-Selsk.  Christ., 
Oct  17  1884,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  10,  25,  Arzruui,  ib.,  10,  272,  agree  closely  with  these  resulls. 
8  Jackson,  1.  c.  3  Id.,  ibid.,  358,  1886.  4  Zs.  Kr.,  14,  230,  1888,  also  for  B,  C,  E,  etc. 

PRICEITE.  Cryptomorphite  (?),  Chase,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  5,287,  1873.  Priceite  Silliman,ibid.,  6, 
128,  1873.  Pandermite  Muck,  vom  Ratti,1&vv.  nied.  Ges.,-p.  193,  July  2,  1877. 

Massive,  loo§ely  adherent,  friable  aud-chalky  (priceite),  to  tirm  and  compact  (paudermite). 

H.  -  3.     G.  =  2-26-2-30;  248.     Color  snow-white. 

Comp. — A  hydrous  borate  of  calcium,  near  colemanite.  Whitfield's  analyses  for  both 
minerals  correspond  nearly  to  5CaO.6B2O3.9H2O.  =  Boron  trioxide  48  7,  .lime  32'5,  water 
18  8  =  100.  The  various  analyses  are  discussed  by  Kemigott,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  241,  1885. 

Analyses.— 1,  Silliman,  1.  c.  2,  Chase,  1.  c.  3,  Whitfield,  ib.,  34,  283,  1887.  4,  Muck,  1.  c. 
5,  Pisani,  Min.,  p.  215,  1875.  6,  Whitfield,  1.  c.,  p.  284. 

B203  CaO  H20 

\    Priceite                f  [48'92]  31'83  18'29  NaCl,Fe2O3,Al2O3  0'96  =  100 

2        "                          [47-04]  29-96  22-75  alkalies  0  25  =  100 

3.        "                            48-44  32-15  19'42  =  lOO'Ol 


4.  Pandermite  [54'59]        29'33        15*45  FeO  0'30,  MgO  0'15,  K2O  0'18  =  100 

50-1] 
6.          "  48-63         32-16        19'40  =  10019 


5.          "  [50-1]          32-0          17-9     =  100 


B.B.  gives  a  green  flame,  and  fuses  at  a  red  heat.  In  the  matrass  gives  off  neutral  water. 
Insoluble  in  water,  but  perfectly  so  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Priceite  is  from  Curry  Co.,  Oregon,  five  mites  north  of  Chetko,  where  it  occurs  in  a  hard, 
compact  form  in  layers,  between  a  bed  of  slate  above,  the  cavities  and  fissures  of  which  it  fills, 
and  a  tough  blue  steatite  below;  also  occurring  in  boulders  or  rounded  masses  completely 
embedded  in  the  steatite.  Many  of  these  masses  weigh  200  Ibs.  each.  Others  are  smaller, 
from  20  Ibs.  down  to  small  pellets  the  size  of  a  pea.  Named  after  Mr.  Thomas  Price  of 
San  Francisco. 

Pandermite  occurs  in  more  or  less  irregular  lumps  or  nodules  of  varying  size  up  to  a  ton, 
in  an  extensive  bed  beneath  a  thick  stratum  of  gypsum,  on  the  Chinar  San,  a  small  stream, 
emptying  into  the  Rhyndacus  river  which  flows  into  the  sea  of  Marmora  near  the  port  of 
Panderma.  Of.  C.  G.  Warn  ford  Lock,  J.  Soc.  Arts,  28,  767,  1880. 

These  two  minerals  are  obviously  identical,  they  may  represent  a  massive  and  not  entirely 
pure  variety  of  colemanite. 

705.  PINNOITE.    Staute,  Ber.  Chem.  Ges.,  17,  1584,  1884. 

Tetragonal,  with  pyramidal  hemihedrism.      Axis  6  =  0'7609;  001  A  101  = 
37°  16',  Luedecke1. 

Forms  :    a  (100,  z-t),  e  (101,  !-»'),  o  (111,  1),  z  (312,  f-3). 
Angles:     ee'  =  50°  42',     ee"  =  74°  32',     oo'  =  62°  23f,     oo"  -  94°  12', 
eo  =  31°  12',     ao  =  *58°  48  2',     az  =  43°  9',     a'z  =  75°  55£'. 

Rarely  in  distinct  prismatic  crystals,  showing  pyramidal 
hemihedrism  in  the  form  z  (312).  Usually  crystalline  and  fine 
granular  to  faintly  fibrous,  in  nodules  with  radiated  fibrous  struc- 
ture. 

Fracture  even.      H.  =  3-4.      G.  =  3'27  St.,  3'373  L.     Luster 
vitreous.       Color   sulphur-   or   straw-yellow,  sometimes    pistachio- 
green.     Translucent. 
Luedecke.  Comp. — A     hydrous     magnesium     borate,     MgB204.3H20    or 

MgO.B203.3H,0    =   Boron   trioxide    42*6,    magnesia   24/4,    water 
33  0  -  100. 

Anal.—l,  Staute,  1.  c.     2,  3,  Stromeyer,  Zs.  Nat.  Halle,  58,  646,  1885. 

B2O3         MgO        II 2O          Fe          Cl 

1  [42-50]        24-45        32'85        0'15        0'18  =  100'13 

2  mass    tiw.  [42-68]        24  19        32 '50        0'23        0'40  =  100 
3*  crysi.'gran.,  gray  [42'85]        24'07        32-50        0"21        0'37  =  100 


HEINTZITE.  885 

Pyr. — B.B.  fuses  with  some  difficulty  to  a  dense  white  mass.     Soluble  in  acids. 

Obs.— From  the  upper  kainite  layers  at  Stassfurt,  associated  with  earthy  boracite,  also  with 
kainite.  Named  after  Oberbergrath  Pinuo. 

Ref.— !  Zs.  Ver.  Halle,  58,  645,  1885. 

KALIBORITE  W.  Feit,  Ch.  Ztg.,  13,  1188,  1889;  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  58,  341,  1890. 

Massive,  resembling  pinuoite;  separating  into  microscopic  granules,  clear  and  colorless 
when  digested  in  water.  G.  —  2  05.  Anal.— W.  Feit,  after  deducting  1-2  p.  c.  NaCl : 

B2O3  57-46  MgO  12-06  KaO  6'48  H20  24-00  =   100 

B.B.  fuses  with  difficulty  to  a  colorless  glass.  Slightly  soluble  in  water  yielding  an  alkaline 
solution ;  readily  dissolved  in  warm  acids. 

Occurs  with  boracite  (and  stassfurtite),  also  pinnoite  in  the  upper  kainite  layers  at 
Schmidtsmaunshall  near  Aschersleben;  it  contains  a  small  amount  of  sodium  chloride  which 
probably  cements  together  the  minute  granules.  Regarded  as  an  alteration-product  of 
pinuoite. 

706.  HEINTZITE.  Bin  neues  Mineral,  etc.,  Luedecke,  Zs.  Nat.  Halle,  62,  354,  1889. 
Heintzit  Id.,  Zs.  Kr.,  18,  481,  1890.  Hintzeite  L.  Milch,  ibid.,  p.  478. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  21937  :  1  :  1-7338;  ft  =  80°  12'  =  001  A  100 
Milch. 

.100  A  HO  =  65°  10J',  001  A  101  =  34°  28|',  001  A  Oil  =  59< 

Forms  :  c    (001,  0)  x  (101,  1-i)  o  (112,  i) 

a  (100,  i-l)  m  (110,  /)  n  (111,  -  1)  r  (311,  -  3-3) 

mm"'  =  130°  21'  cm  =  85°  54'  nri  =  102°  18' 

a'x      =  *57°  49'  co    =  45°  11'  nri"  =  *77°  42' 

ex        =41°  59'  m'o  =  48°  55'  oo'  =    80°  24' 

en       =    58°  51±'  a'r  =  37°  49'  rr'  =    64°  10' 

mn      =    27°    3'  an   =  64°    2'  xn  -  *81°  33' 

With  Luedecke,  the  forms  lettered  as  above  have  the  following  symbols: 
a  (100)  =  of  (100),    c  (001)  =  d  (102),    x  (101)  =  c  (001),   m  (110)  =  m  (120), 
n  (111)  =  o(lll),  x  (311)  =  (211).   He  measures  ac  -  57°  41 -4'  (a'd  =  57°  49'  M), 
ed  =  42°  6-5'  (xc  =  41°  59'  M),    am  =  65°  23'  (am  =  65°  lOf  M).      He  gives  perfect  cleavage 
d  (102)  and  c  (901),  also  less  perfect  a  (100). 

In  small  crystals,  sometimes  aggregated  together;  faces  m,  c,  n,  often  hemi- 
morphically  developed. 

Cleavage:  a,  c,  both  perfect.  H.  =  4— 5.  G.  =  2'13.  Luster  vitreous.  Color- 
less to  white.  Transparent,  sometimes  clouded. 

Optically  -f-.     Ax.  pi.  and  Bx0  J_  b.     Axial  angles,  Milch: 

2Hr  =  105°  42'  Li  2Hy  =  104°  27'  Na          2Hgr  =  104°  54'  (ny  =  1-4678) 

Milch  gives  Bxa  A  c  =  —  7°  or  c  A  100  =  83°;  while  Luedecke  gives  Bxa  A  c  =  —  64°  44' 
or  c  A  100  =  25°  16'.  Obviously  there  is  an  error  here,  probably  due  to  the  confounding  of 
the  two  cleavage-faces. 

Comp. — A  hydrous  borate  of  magnesium  and  potassium,  but  formula  doubtful, 
since  the  two  analyses  differ  widely. 

Anal.  1  gives  K2O.4MgO.9B2O3.16H2O.     Anal.  2,  K2O.4MgO.llB2O3.14H2O. 
Anal.— 1,  Baurath,  quoted  by  Milch,  1.  c.     2,  Luedecke,  1.  c. 

B203         MgO        K20        H20       Na20 

1.  G.  =  2127  52-39*        13-80        8'14        23'83        0'39  Cl  0'35  =  98'90 

2.  G.  =  2-129  |  60-53b        12'23        7 -39        19'85          —    =  100 

•  Another  determination  gave  51-88.  b  Do.,  59*27. 

The  sodium  and  chlorine  in  1  are  probably  present  as  NaCl. 


886 


BORATES. 


Pyr.,  etc.— Fuses  very  easily  (below  1)  coloring  the  flame  intensely  green.  Easily  soluble  in 
hydrochloric  and  nitric  acids. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Leopoldshall,  Stassfurt,  embedded  in  nodules  of  pinnoite. 

Named  Heintzite  after  the  chemist  Heintz  of  Halle,  and  simultaneously  Hintzeite  after  the 
German  mineralogist,  Ch.  Hintze.  Luedecke's  name  is  taken  because  he  first  announced  the 
species,  but  it  is  impossible  to  decide  which  chemical  and  optical  data  should  be  accepted  where 
they  differ. 


707.  BORAX.  Tinkal  or  Tincal  of  India.  Chrysocolla  (ex  uitro  confecta),  Borras,  Agric., 
1546.  Borax  Wall.,  Min.,  1748.  Borate  of  Soda.  Borsaures  Natron  Germ.  Soude 
boratee  Fr. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  1 :  6  =  1'0995  :  1  :  0-5632;    /3  =  *73°  25'  =  001  A  100 
Mohs-Zippe1. 

100  A  HO  =  46°  30',  001  A  101  =  29°  53f ',  001  A  Oil  =  28°  21£'. 

Forms2 :  7i  (750,  £-J)3  s  (041,  4-i) 

a  (100,  i-i)  m  (110,  /)  o  (111,  1) 

b  (010,  i-l)  u  (201,  24)3  z  (221,  2) 
c  (001,  0) 


hh'" 

= 

73° 

56' 

cm' 

=  101° 

20' 

mm'" 

= 

*93° 

0' 

a'o 

=  78° 

20' 

cu 

= 

54° 

13' 

a'z 

=  62° 

53' 

ss' 

— 

130° 

18' 

oo' 

=  *57° 

27' 

CO 

— 

40° 

31' 

zz' 

=  83° 

28' 

cz 

— 

64° 

8' 

In  angles  and  in  habit,  borax  is  near 
pyroxene,  also  mirabilite. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  a.  Crystals  prismatic,  sometimes  very  large;  faces  m,  o,  z, 
often  striated  ||  edge  m/c. 

Cleavage:  a  perfect;  m  less  so;  b  in  traces.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Rather 
brittle.  H.  =  2-2-5.  G.  =  1*69-1-72.  Luster  vitreous  to  resinous;  sometimes 
earthy.  Color  white;  sometimes  grayish,  bluish,  or  greenish.  Streak  white. 
Translucent  to  opaque.  Taste  sweetish-alkaline,  feeble. 

Optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  _L  b.  Bxa  J_  b.  Bxor  A  t  —  —  56°  50',  Bxobl  A  t 
=  —  54°  50'  Dx.4  The  position  of  c  (—  Bx0.r)  suffers  a  change  of  3°  26'  between 
21*5°  and  86°.  Dispersion  crossed  large;  p  >  v  also  large.  Axial  angles: 

2Er  =  59°  30'  2Ebl  =  56°  30'  at' 17°  C.;        also  2Er  =  60°  56'  at  56° -5  C. 

«y  =  1-447,  /Jy  =  1-470,  ry  =  1'473;  . '.  2Vy  =  39°  14',  2Ey  =  59°  8',  and  2Ey  =  58°  59'  meas.  Dx. 


Also,  Tschermak5: 


2Er  =  59°  53' 
2Ey  =  59°  23' 
2Egr  =  58°  18' 


2Ha.r  =  39°  27' 

2Ha.y    =   39°    12' 

2Ha.gr  =  38°  35' 


2H0.r  =  140°  29' 
2H0.r  =  140°  56' 
2Ho.gr  =  38°  35' 


Refractive  indices: 

For  Li 

Na 

green  glass 

blue       " 


a 

1-4442 
1-4468 
1-4493 
1-4535 


4657 
4686 
4714 
4756 


Also  from  0  and  2E,  2Vr  =  39°  46' 


2Vy  =  39 


Y 

1-4686 
1-4715 
1-4743 

1-4785 
'  25' 


.-.  2Vr  =  39°  28' 
.-.  2Vy  =  39°  10' 
.-.  2Vgr  =  38°  35' 

2V 

.-.  39°  52' 
.-.  39°  36' 
.-.  39°  22' 

.-.     39°  22' 
2Vgr  =  38°  42' 


Comp.—  ]STa2B407.10H20    or    Na20.2B203.10H20  =  Boron  trioxide  36  -6,  soda 
16-2,  water  47  '2  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc.—  B.B.  puffs  up  and  afterward  fuses  to  a  transparent  globule,  called  the  glass  of 
borax.  Fused  with  miorite  and  potassium  bisulphate,  it  colors  the  flame  around  the  assay  a 
clear  green.  Soluble  in  water,  yielding  a  faintly  alkaline  solution.  Boiling  water  dissolves 
double  its  weight  of  this  salt. 

Obs.—  Borax  has  been  obtained  since  very  early  times  from  the  salt  lakes  of  Tibet,  and  until 
the  discoveries  in  California  and  Nevada  this  was  the  most  important  source;  it  was  brought  to 
Europe  in  the  crude  state  under  the  name  of  tincal  and  there  purified. 


BORAX—  ULEXITE.  887 

The  lakes  furnisiiiug  the  borax  or  tiucal  are  in  Laduk  and  Great  Tibet.  The  most  westerly 
deposits  are  in  the  lake-plain  of  Pugha  on  the  Rulangchu  (a  branch  of  the  Indus)  at  an  elevation 
of  15,000  feet.  The  deposits  of  impure  borax  (sohaga)  here  occur  over  an  area,  2  miles  long  by 
f  mile  broad,  covered  by  a  saline  efflorescence;  successive  crops  are  obtained  by  the  action  of 
moisture  (rain  or  snow)  and  subsequent  evaporation.  Deposits  also  occur  to  the  east  of  the  Pugha 
district,  at  the  lakes  of  Rudokh  where  a  purer  material  (chu  tsale)  or  water  borax  is  obtained; 
also  farther  east  at  the  large  lakes  of  Teugri-Nur,  100  miles  north  of  Lhasa,  and  further  at  the 
lake  Bui  Cho  to  the  north  and  Yamdok  Cho  or  Patte  to  the  south.  (See  further  Spon's 
Encyclopedia,  1,  533,  1882).  H.  Warth  shows  that  borax  is  present  in  the  waters  of  Sambhar 
Lake  in  Rajputana,  India,  and  also  in  the  saline  efflorescence  called  "reh"  (p.  155)  from 
Aligarh  (Rec.  G.  Surv.  India,  24,  68,  1891).  Borax  has  also  been  found  at  Viquiutizoa  and 
Escapa  in  Peru;  at  Halberstadt  in  Transylvania;  in  Ceylon.  It  occurs  in  solution  in  the 
mineral  springs  of  Chambly,  St.  Ours,  etc.,  Quebec,  Canada  (Hunt,  Logan's  G.  Rep.,  1853). 

In  California,  it  is  abundant  in  Lake  Co.,  80  miles  north  of  San  Francisco,  at  Borax  Lake 
and  Hachinharna,  two  small  alkaline  lakes  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Clear  Lake; — it  is  stated 
to  have  been  discovered  here  in  1856.  It  is  present  in  solution  in  the  lake  waters  and  in  the 
case  of  Borax  Lake  has  been  obtained  also  in  large  quantities  in  fine  crystals  embedded  in  the 
lake  mud  and  the  surrounding  marshy  soil.  The  crystals  are  sometimes  very  large,  up  to  5  or  7 
inches  in  length  and  weighing  a  pound  each.  Nine  hundred  pounds  of  crystals  have  been  taken 
from  one  cofferdam,  four  feet  square  (Ayres).  It  has  also  been  found  in  fine  large  clear  crystals 
at  Borax  Lake,  San  Bernardino  Co.,  with  hanksite  (which  it  sometimes  incloses),  thenardite, 
and  other  soda  salts;  at  Death  Valley,  Inyo  Co.  Also  occurs  with  the  ulexite  of  Rhodes  Marsh, 
etc.,  Esmerakla  Co.,  Nevada.  Cf.  H.  G.  Hanks,  3d.  Min.  Rep.  California,  1883. 

Named  borax  from  the  Arabic  buraq,  which  included  also  the  niter  (sodium  carbonate)  of 
ancient  writers,  the  natron  of  the  Egyptians.  Borax  was  called  chrysocolla  by  Agricola  because 
used  in  soldering  gold. 

Prof.  Bechi  has  analyzed  a  borate  occurring  as  an  incrustation  at  the  Tuscan  lagoons,  which 
afforded:  B2O3  43'56,  Na2O  19*25,  H2O  37'19  =  100,  giving  the  formula  Na2O.2B2O3.6H2O. 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  17,  129,  1854. 

Ref._ i  Min.,  54,  1839,  credited  to  Naurnann.  2  Mohs-Zippe,  1.  c.  3  Dx.,  Min.,  2,  7,  1874. 
4  Dx.,  ibid.  5  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  57  (2),  641,  1868. 

TINCALCONITE  C.  U.  Shepai'd.  Borax  from  California,  pulverulent  and  efflorescent,  32, 
p.  c.  water.  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  1,  144,  1878. 

708.  ULEXITE.  Boronatrocalcit  Ulex,  Lieb.  Ann.,  70,  49,  1849  Natronkalk-borat. 
Ulexite  Dana,  Min.,  695,  1850.  Natronborocalcite.  Tinkalzit  (fr.  Africa)  Kletzimky,  Polyt. 
Centr.,  1384,  1859.  Tiza  8.  America. 

Usually  in  rounded  masses,  loose  in  texture,  consisting  of  fine  fibers,  which 
are  acicular  or  capillary  crystals. 

H.  =  1.  G.  =  1-65  N.  Scotia,  How.  Luster  silky  within.  Color  white. 
Tasteless. 

Comp. — A  hydrous  borate  of  sodium  and  calcium,  probably  NaCaB509.8H20  = 
Na20.2Ca0.5B203.16H20  =  Boron  trioxide  43'0,  lime  13*8,  soda  7'7,  water  35'5 
=  100. 

Some  doubt  exists  as  to  the  quantity  of  water;  analysis  7  gives  only  12  H2O  (calc.  29'2  p.  c.). 

Anal.— 1,  Raimondi,  Min.  Perou,  263,  1878.  2,  Holtz,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.  Erg.,  51,  1886. 
3,  Rg.,  Pogg.,  97,  301,  1856,  Min.  Ch.,  216,  1875.  4,  Rg.,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  158,  1884.  5,  Kyle, 
An.  Soc.  Argent.,  10,  169,  1880.  6,  H.  How,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  32,  9,  1861.  7,  Whittield,  Am.  J. 
Sc.,  34,  284,  1887.  Also  5th  Ed.,  pp.  598,  599. 

B2O3  CaO  Na2O  H2O 

1.  Tarapaca  f    43'05  14'05  6'98  36-13  =     100'21 

2.  Atacama  [42-31]  14-71  8 '43  33'69  Fe2O3   0'86  =  100 

3.  Iquique  [44-25]  13'67  7'45  34'63  =     100 

4.  Argentine  R.  42'06  15-91  8*90  33'48  =     100'35 

5.  "  Prov.  Salta  44  71  14-03          8'22          33-04    =    100 

6.  Nova  Scotia  44' 10        -  14  20          7 "21          34 '49     =     100 

7.  Rhodes  Marsh,  Nevada  45'34  15'04          8'83          30'79     =     100 

Impurities  have  been  deducted  (gypsum,  KC1,  NaCl,  SiO2,  etc.):  in  1,  4*07  NaCl,  in  3,  7*7 
p.  c.  NaCl. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water.  B.B.  fuses  at  1  with  intumescence  to  a  clear  blebby  glass,  color- 
ing the  flame  deep  yellow.  Moistened  with  sulphuric  acid  the  color  of  the  flame  is  momentarily 
changed  to  deep  green.  Not  soluble  in  cold  water,  and  but  little  so  in  hot;  the  solution  alkaline 
in  its  reactions. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  the  dry  plains  of  Iquique,  Chili,  in  the  province  of  Tarapaca  (where  it  is 


888  BORATKS. 

called  tiza),  in  whitish  rounded  masses,  from  a  hazelnut  to  a  potato  in  size,  which  consist  of 
interwoven  fibers  of  the  ulexite.  with  pickeringite,  gluuberite,  halite,  gypsum,  and  other  impuri- 
ties; at  Salinas  de  la  Puna,  Province  of  Jujuy,  Argentine  Repub.;  also  at  the  Laguna  Blauca, 
Catamarca,  and  in  Prov.  Salta;  on  the  West  Africa  coast. 

In  Nevada,  in  large  quantities  in  the  salt  marshes  of  the  Columbus  Mining  District,  in  the 
south-eastern  part  of  Esmeralda  Co.  Thus  in  the  deposits  called  Teel's  Marsh,  Rhodes  Marsh, 
Columbus  Marsh,  and  Fish  Lake  valley— these  are  oval-shaped  alkali  flats  covering  10,000  to 
20,000  acres  each.  The  ulexite  occurs  here  in  the  saline  crusts  formed  by  evaporation ;  it  is  mixed 
with  common  salt,  also  gypsum  and  glauberite;  it  occurs  in  part  in  the  form  of  balls  ("  cotton- 
balls")  3-4  inches  through  embedded"  in  Jthe  salt.  In  California,  in  San  Bernardino  Co.;  also 
the  variety  called  "sheet  cotton"  from  Death  Valley,  Inyo  Co.,  and  from  Desert  Springs, 
also  called  Cane  Springs,  in  Kern  Co.  Also  in  Nova  Scotia,  at  Windsor,  Brookville,  and  New- 
port Station,  filling  narrow  cavities,  or  constituting  distinct  nodules  or  mammilla  ted  masses 
embedded  in  white  gypsum,  and  associated  at  Windsor  with  glauber  salt,  the  luster  internally 
silky  and  the  color  very  white. 

Named  after  the  German  chemist,  G.  L.  Ulex,  who  gave  the  first  correct  analysis  of  the 
mineral. 

Alt.  — Occurs  altered  to  gypsum. 

The  following  are  near  ulexite: 
FRANKLANDITE  Reynolds,  Phil.  Mag.,  3,  284,  1877. 

Massive,  with  fine  fibrous  structure.  H.  =  1.  G.  =  1  65.  Color  white.  An  analysis 
gave: 

B2O3  CaO  Na2O  H2O  (Na,K)Cl      CaSO4  -f  2  aq. 

[43-76»]  12-10a  12-37  27'92  2'41  1-44     =     100 

•  Other  independent  determinations  gave  B2O3  41  -81,  CaO  11*94,  H2O  27'66. 

Deducting  impurities,  the  formula  deduced  is  Na2CaBr,On.7^H2O.  It  is  very  near  ulexite. 
Slightly  soluble  in  water,  readily  in  dilute  hydrochloric  and  nitric  acids.  Fuses  easily.  From 
Tarapaca,  Chili.  Named  after  the  English  chemist,  Frankland. 

CRYPTOMORPHITE  H.  How,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  32,  9,  1861:  Min.  Mag.,  1,  257,  1877. 

In  dull  white  kernels  consisting  of  microscopic  rhombic  plates.  Near  ulexite  in  composi- 
tion. Analysis. — How,  after  deducting  impurities  : 

B203  59-10  CaO  15-55  Na2O  5'61  H2O  1972 

Occurs  in  white  lusterless  kernels  of  the  size  of  a  pea  or  bean  lying  between  crystals  of 
gypsum  and  glauber  salt  at  Windsor,  Nova  Scotia.  Named  from  KpvnrdS,  concealed,  and 
// o p <p?/,  for ?n,  because  the  structure  is  only  revealed  by  the  microscope. 

709.  BECHILITE.  Borate  de  Chaux  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  249,  1832.  Hayesine?  Bechi,  Am.  J. 
Sc.,  17,  129.  Ib54.  Bechilite  Dana.  Hydrous  Borate  of  Lime.  Borocalcit  Groth.,  Tab.  Ueb., 
38,  1874.  Alger- Phillips,  Min.,  318,  1844. 

In  crusts,  as  a  deposit  from  springs. 

Comp.— CaB4O7.4H2O  or  CaO.2B2O3.4H2O=Boron  trioxide  52'2,  Iime20'9,  water  26  9=100. 

Anal.— Bechi,  1.  c. 

B2O3  51-14  CaO  20'85  H2O  26'25  SiO2,AlaO3,MgO  1-75  =  99'99 

Pyr.,  etc.— Yields  water.  B.B.  fuses  easily,  coloring  the  flame  reddish  yellow;  moistened 
with  sulphuric  acid  the  flame  is  colored  green. 

Obs. — Found  by  Bechi  (after  whom  it  is  named)  as  an  incrustation  at  the  baths  of  the  boric 
acid  lagoons  of  Tuscany.  The  borate  mentioned  by  Beudant  (1832)  was  from  Monte  Rotondo, 
Tuscany. 

The  Hayesine  of  D  Forbes  (Phil.  Mag  ,  25,  113,  1863),  from  the  waters  of  the  hot  springs, 
Banos  del  Toro,  in  the  Cordilleras  of  Coquimbo,  nuiy  be  the  above  species.  It  occurs  in  the 
waters  in  the  form  of  snow-white  silky  or  feathery  flakes,  and  also  as  a  flaky  sediment  at  the 
bottom.  Forbes  suggests  that  the  mineral  is  formed  by  the  action  of  hot  vapors,  volcanic  in 
source,  on  the  lime  of  the  waters  through  which  they  pass. 

HAYESINE  Hydrous  borate  of  lime  A.  A.  Hayes,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  46,  877,  47,  215,  1844. 
Borocalcite.  Hydroborocalcite  Hausm.,  Handb. ,  p.  1429,  1847.  Hayesine  Dana,  Min.,  217, 
1850. 

The  supposed  borate  of  lime  of  Hayes  (CaB4O-,  6H2O  =  Boron  trioxide  46  0,  lime  184, 
water  35-6  =  100)  has  been  shown  to  be  ulexite  (cf.  5th  Ed.,  p.  599,  and  Raimondi,  Min.  Perou, 
252,  264.  1878)  The  «»me  is  true  of  the  mineral  analyzed  by  Reichardt  (JB.  Ch.,  737,  1858,  760, 
186'3;  these  analyses,  however,  are  quoted  by  Dx.,  Min..  2,  10,  1874).  Two  recent  analyses  par 
tially  sustaining  the  species  have  been  made.  1,  Brun.  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  390,  1882.  2,  Darton,  Am.  J. 
Sc.,  23,  458,  1882. 


HYDROBORA  CITE—  URANINITE.  889 

B2O3  CaO  NaaO          H2O 

1.  Chili  [48-49]  14-69  1'87  34- 95     =     100 

2.  Bergen  Hill,  N.  J.  46'10  18'39  35'46     =      99'95 

The  mineral  analyzed  by  Darton  is  stated  to  have  come  from  a  cavity  with  datolite  at 
Bergen  Hill,  N.  J. 

710.  HYDROBORACITE.  G.  Hess,  Pogg.,  31,  49,  1834.  Hydrous  Borate  of  Lime  and 
Magnesia. 

MonoclinicX?)-  Structure  lamellar-fibrous.  Eesembles  fibrous  and  foliated 
gypsum;  fibers  flattened  parallel  to  the  plane  of  symmetry  (b)  of  a  prism  of  122° 
to  130°. 

Cleavage  in  one,  or  perhaps  in  two  directions.  H.  =  2. ,  G.  —  1-9-2.  Color 
white,  with  spots  of  red  from  iron.  Thin  plates  translucent.  Optically  biaxial. 
Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  A  bisectrix  strongly  inclined  to  the  vertical  edge. 

Comp.— CaMgB6011.6H2Oor"CaO.Mg0.3B203.6H20  =  Boron  trioxide  50'7,;iime 
13'5,  magnesia  9"7,  water  26'1  =  100. 
Anal. — Hess,  1.  c. 

I  B2O8  [49-58]  CaO  13  52  MgO  10  57  H2O  26'33  =  100 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  to  a  clear  glass,  tingeing  the  flame  slightly  green,  and  not  becoming 
opaque.  In  a  matrass  affords  water.  Somewhat  soluble  in  water,  and  yielding  a  slightly  alka- 
line reaction.  Dissolves  easily  in  hydrochloric  and  nitric  acids. 

Obs.— First  observed  by  Hess,  in  a  collection  of  Caucasian  minerals.  The  specimen  was 
full  of  holes  filled  with  clay,  containing  different  salts.  It  may  be  mistaken  for  gypsum, 
but  is  readily  distinguished  by  its  fusibility. 

Ref.— '  Dx.,  Mm.,  2,  14,  1874. 


Uranates. 

711.  TTraninite  Contains  U03,  U02,  PbO,  N,  etc.  .  Isometric 

Broggerite  also  Th02. 

Cleveite  "     Th02,Y203,  etc. 

Nivenite 

712.  Gummite  (Pb,Ca)U3Si012.6H20? 

Thorogummite 

713.  Uranosphaerite  (BiO)2U207.3H20 


711.  URANINITE.  Schwarz  Beck-Erz  (fr.  Joach.)  Bruckm.,  Magn.  Dei,  204,  1727. 
Beck-Blande  =  Pseudogalena  picea  pt.  [rest  (?  all)  pitch-like  Zinc-blende]  Wall.,  249,  1747. 
Swart  Blende  =  Pechblende  (fr.  Saxony,  etc.)  pt.  [id.]  Cronst.,  198,  1758.  Pseudogalena  nigra 
coinpada.  Pechblende  (fr.  Jcach.  and  Joh.),  De  Born,  Lithoph.,  133,  1772.  Pechblende,  Eisen- 
perlierz  [put  under  Iron  Ores]  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  1789.  Uranerz  (fr.  Joach.)  Klapr.,  Mem.  Ac. 
Berl  ,  17815-87,  160.  pub.  in  1792,  Beitr.,  2,  197,  1797  (discov.  of  metal  uranium).  Pecherz 
Karst  ,  Tab,  56.  1800.  Uraue  oxydule  H.,  Tr.,  1801.  Pitchblende,  Protoxide  of  Uranium. 
Unm.-itenmite  Ghapm.,  Pract  Min.,  148,  1853.  Uranin  Haid.,  Handb.,  549,  1845.  Nasturan 
Kobell  Min.-Namen  84,  1853.  Pitchblende.  Uranpecherz,  Pechuran,  Germ.  Urane  oxydule 
fr  Pec ura no,  Urano  ossidolato,  ItaL  Pezblenda  Span. 

Sch \\-erurainerz  (fr.  Pfibram)  Breith.,  Handb.,  903,  1847.  Coracite  (fr.  L.  Sup.)  Le  Conte, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  3,  117,  173,  1847.  Kristallisirtes  Uranpecherz  (fr.  Norway)  Th.  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  77, 
570,  1847  =  Uranoniobit  Herm.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  76,  326,  1859. 

(Jleveile  A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  G.  For.  Forh.,  4.  28.  1878.  Broggerite,  Thor-uranin,  C.  W. 
Blomstrand,  ibid.,  7,  60,  1884.  Nivenite  Hidden  and  Mackintosh,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  38,  481,  1889. 


890  URANATES. 

Isometric.  In  octahedrons  (o),  also  with  dodecahedral  planes  (d)\  less  often 
in  cubes  with  o  and  d.  Crystals  rare.  Usually  massive  and  botryoidal;  also  in 
grains;  structure  sometimes  columnar,  or  curved  lamellar. 

Fracture  conchoidal  to  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  —  5*5.  G.  =  9'0  to  9*7  of  crys- 
tals; of  massive  altered  forms  from  6*4  upwards,  see  below.  Luster  submetallic, 
to  greasy  or  pitch-like,  and  dull.  Color  grayish,  greenish,  brownish,  velvet-black. 
Streak  brownish  black,  grayish,  olive-green,  a  little  shining.  Opaque. 

Comp. — A  uranate  of  uranyl,  lead,  usually  thorium  (or  zirconium),  often  the 
metals  of  the  lanthanum  and  yttrium  groups ;  also  containing  nitrogen  in  varying 
amounts  up  to  2*6  p.  c.  Calcium  and  water  (essential  ?)  are  present  in  small  quan- 
tities; iron  also,  but  only  as  an  impurity.  The  relation  between  the  bases  varies 
widely  and  no  definite  formula  can  yet  be  given.  Cf.  Hillebrand,  ref.  below. 

When  the  composition  of  the  minerals  here  provisionally  included  together  is  more 
thoroughly  understood,  it  may  prove  that  they  should  be  separated,  as  two  or  three  independent 
species. 

The  ratio  of  UO3  and  UO2  varies  widely  even  in  different  specimens  from  the  same  locality. 
Thus  the  oxygen  ratio  of  UO3  to  other  bases  varies  from  1  :  4'37  (Brauchville)  to  1:1  in 
broggerite;  while  uivenite  gives  an  acid  ratio.  This  fact,  coupled  with  the  behavior  of  the 
material  when  treated  with  acids,  has  led  Hillebrand  to  suggest  that  while  the  variation  may  be 
only  due  to  alteration,  it  is  perhaps  more  probable  that  all  specimens  examined  are  simply  mix- 
tures of  two  (or  more)  compounds  in  varying  amounts. 

The  presence  of  nitrogen,  first  shown  by  Hillebrand,  to  whom  we  owe  most  of  our  present 
knowledge  of  the  composition  of  the  species,  is  a  remarkable  fact,  as  being  the  only  case  in 
which  this  element  has  been  identified  in  a  mineral  belonging  to  the  original  crust  of  the 
earth.  The  part  played  by  the  nitrogen  is  still  uncertain;  the  amount  seems  to  bear  some  rela- 
tion to  the  UO2  present.  The  nitrogen  is  set  free,  as  nitrogen  gas,  by  a  non-oxidizing  inorganic 
acid  and  by  fusion  with  an  alkaline  carbonate;  probably  also  by  caustic  alkalies  in  a  current 
of  CO2. 

Var. — The  varieties  of  uraniuite  include: 

1.  Crystallized.     Uranniobite  of  Hermann,  from  Norway.     In  crystals,  usually  octahedral, 
with  G.  varying  for  the  most  part  from  9'0  to  9*7:  occurs  as  an  original  constituent  of  coarse 
granites  (pegmatyte).     The  variety  from  Branchville,  which  is  as  free  from  alteration  as  any  yet 
examined,  contains  chiefly  UO2  with  a  relatively  small  amount  of  UO3.     Nitrogen  is  present 
in  the  maximum  quantity,  as  yet  observed,  26  p.  c.     Thoria  is  prominent,  while  the  earths  of 
the  lanthanum  and  yttrium  groups  are  only  sparingly  represented. 

Broggerite,  as  analyzed  by  Hillebrand,  gives  the  oxygen  ratio  of  UO3  to  other  bases  of 
about  1:1.  It  occurs  in  octahedral  crystals,  also  with  d  and  a.  G.  =  9'03. 

Clewite  and  nwenite  contain  UO3  in  larger  amount  than  the  other  varieties  mentioned,  and 
are  characterized  by  containing  about  10  p.  c.  of  the  yttrium  earths.  Cleveite  is  a  variety  from 
the  Areudalt  region  occurring  in  cubic  crystals  modified  by  the  dodecahedron  and  octahedron. 
€r.  =  7*49.  'Niveuite  occurs  massive,  with  indistinct  crystallization.  Color  velvet- black.  H. 
=  5'5.  G.  =  8'01.  It  is  more  soluble  than  other  kinds  of  urauinite,  being  completely  decom- 
posed by  the  action  for  one  hour  of  very  dilute  sulphuric  acid  at  100°. 

2.  Massive,  probably  amorphous.     Pitchblende;  nasturan  of  Kobell  (from  vaoroS,  dense). 
Contains  no  thoria;  the  rare  earths  are  also  absent,  and  nitrogen  is  very  sparingly  present  if  at  all. 
Water  on  the  other  hand  is  prominent  and  the  specific  gravity  is  much  lower,  in  some  cases  not 
above  6'5.     These  last  differences  are  doubtless  largely  due  to  alteration.     Here  belong  the  kinds 
of  pitchblende  which  occur  in  metalliferous  veins,  with  sulphides  of  silver,  lead,  cobalt,  nickel, 
iron,  zinc,  copper,  as  that  from  Johanngeorgeustadt,  Pfibram,  etc.;   probably  also  that  from 
Black  Hawk,  Colorado,  (Hillebrand). 

Anal.— 1-11,  15-21,  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  384,  1890;  also  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Bull.  78. 
In  the  latter  place  the  methods,  results,  and  conclusions  are  stated  more  minutely.  12-14,  22, 
Id.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  390,  1891.  In  these  analyses  the  La2O3  group  includes  the  earths  insoluble 
in  potassium  sulphate,  the  Y2O3  group  those  soluble  in  it.  • 

Earlier  analyses  are  more  or  less  incomplete  or  untrustworthy,  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  155;  also 
Branchville,  Comstock,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  220,  1880  (in  which  the  thorium  is  overlooked). 

Further,  23,  Blomstrand,  1.  c.  24,  G.  Lindstrom,  quoted  by  Nordenskiold,  1.  c.  (cf.  Blom- 
strand,  1.  c.,  p.  69).  25,  Hidden  and  Mackintosh,  1.  c.  26,  Lorenzen,  Nyt  Mag.,  28,  249,  1884. 
The  absence  of  thorium  in  anal.  26,  while  Hillebraud  obtained  a  considerable  amount  in  material 
stated  to  have  come  from  the  same  locality,  is  not  explained. 

For  analyses,  see  p.  891,  opposite. 

Blomstraud  (I.e.),  in  discussing  the  composition  of  the  natural  uranates,  deduces  for  uraninite 

IV      VI 

the  formula  of  an  ortho-uranate,  U3(UO6)2,  or  (UO2)3(UO3)2 ;   this  Hillebrand  shows  has  no 
general  application. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  infusible,  or  only  slightly  rounded  on  the  edges,  sometimes  coloring  the 
outer  flame  green  (copper).  With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  a  yellow  bead  in  O.F., 
becoming  green  in  R.F.  (uranium).  With  soda  on  charcoal  gives  a  coating  of  lead  oxide,  and 


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0    -b 


892  URANATES. 

frequently  the  odor  of  arsenic.  Many  specimens  give  reactions  for  sulphur  and  arsenic  in  the 
open  tube.  Soluble  in  nitric  and  sulphuric  acids;  the  solubility  differs  widely  in  different 
varieties,  being  greater  in  those  kinds  containing  the  rare  earths.  Not  attractable  by  the 
magnet. 

Obs. — As  noted  above,  uraninite  occurs  either  as  a  primary  constituent  of  granitic  rocks  or 
«ls  a  secondary  mineral  with  ores  of  silver,  lead,  copper,  etc.  Under  the  latter  condition  it  is 
found  at  Johanngeorgenstadt,  Marienberg,  and  Schueeberg  in  Saxony,  at  Joachimsthal  and 
Pfibram  in  Bohemia,  and  Rezbauya  in  Hungary.  It  is  associated  with  torberuite  at  Tincrof  t  and 
Tolcarn  mines  near  Redruth  in  Cornwall;  also  near  Adrianople,  Turkey.  Occurs  in  Norway 
in  pegmatyte  veins  at  several  points  near  Moss,  viz.:  Annerod  (broggerite},  Elvestad,  Huggenils- 
kileu,  Skraatorp;  also  near  Arendal  at  tli6  Garta  feldspar  quarry  (cleveite),  associated  with  orthite, 
fergusouite,  thorite,  etc. 

In  the  U.  States,  at  the  Middletown  feldspar  quarry,  Conn.,  in  large  octahedrons,  rare;  also 
more  abundantly  at  Bale's  quarry  in  Glastonbury,  a  few  miles  N.E.  of  Middletown.  At 
Branch ville,  Conn.,  in  a  pegmatyte  vein,  not  uncommon  as  small  octahedral  crystals,  often 
aggregated  together;  usually  embedded  in  albite.  In  N.  Carolina,  at  the  Flat  Rock  mine  and 
other  mica  mines  in  Mitchell  Co.,  rather  abundant,  but  usually  altered,  in  part  or  entirely,  to 
gummite  and  uranophane;  the  crystals  are  sometimes  an  inch  or  more  across  and  cubic  in  habit. 
In  S.  Carolina,  at  Marietta.  In  Texas,  at  the  gadolinite  locality  in  Llano  Co.  (nivenite).  In 
large  quantities  at  Black  Hawk,  near  Central  City,  Colorado.  Rather  abundant  in  the  Bald 
Mountain  district,  Black  Hills,  S.  Dakota. 

Also  with  monazite,  etc.,  at  the  Villeneuve  mica  veins,  Ottawa  Co.,  Quebec,  Canada. 

Cleveite  is  named  after  the  Swedish  chemist,  P.  T.  Cleve.  Broggerite  after  the  Swedish 
mineralogist,  W.  C.  Brogger.  Nivenite  after  Mr.  William  Niven,  of  New  York  City. 

Alt.— The  hydrous  mineral  called  gummite  occurs  asa  result  of  the  alteration  of  this  species; 
also  uranic  ocher. 

Coracite  is  from  about  90  m.  above  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  on  the  north  side  of  L.  Superior;  it 
appears  to  be  a  uraninite  partly  altered  to  gummite.  Analyses. — 1,  Whitney,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  7,  434, 
1849,  5th  ed.,  p.  155.  2,  Genth,  ibid.,  23,  421,  1857.  Whitney  found  15'92  p.  c.  CaCO,,  which 
was  separated  by  Geiith  before  analysis. 

UOs.UO,      PbO        Fe2O8       CaO         MgO          SiO2          H2O 

1.  72-60          6-56          2-74*        5'99  —  5'33          5'68    A12O3  1-10  =  100 

2.  62'68«         7-39          3'51          5'33          0'56          13-15          6'14b  A12O3  0'52  =     99'28 

•  FeO.  b  Incl.  CO2.  '  UO3  46'21,  UO2  16*47. 

712.  GUMMITE.  Feste  TJranokker  pt.  Wern.,  Min.  Syst.,  26,  1817,  Hoffm.  Min.,  4,  a, 
279.  Lichtes  Uranpecherz  Freiesleben.  Uranisches  Gummi-Erz,  Breith.,  Uib.,  60,  1830,  Char., 
218,  1832.  Urangummi  Breith.,  Handb.,  903,  1847.  Phosphor-Gummit  Herm.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  76, 
327,  1859. 

Urauisches  Pittin-Erz,  Pittinus  inferior,  Breith.,  Haudb.,  901,  1847.  Eliasit  Said.,  Jb.  G. 
Reichs.,  3,  No.  4,  124,  1852.  Pittinit  Herm.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  76,  322,  1859. 

Crystalline  (Foullon);  perhaps  in  part  amorphous.     In  rounded   or  flattened 
pieces,  looking  much  like  gum. 

H.  =  2-5-3.     G.  =  3-9-4-20  Breith.     Luster  greasy.     Color  reddish  yellow  to 
orange-  or  hyacinth-red,  reddish  brown.     Streak  yellow.     Feebly  translucent. 
Comp. — An  alteration-product  of  uraninite  of  doubtful  composition. 

Foullon  calculates  the  formula  (Pb,Ca,Ba)U3SiO12-|-6H2p,  for  the  essential  part  of  gummite 
which  is  associated  with  uranophaue  (p.  699)  aud  sometimes  intimately  mixed  with  it. 

Anal.— 1,  Kersten,  Schw.  J.,  66,  18,  1832.  2,  Ragsky,  Pogg.,  Erg.,  4,  348,  1854.  3,  Her- 
mann, 1.  c.  4-10,  von  Foullon,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  33, 1, 1883.  11,  Genth,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  1,  89, 1879. 

1.  Johanngeorgenstadt 

2.  Joachimsthal,  Mia*. 

3.  "  Pitt. 

4.  "  Elias. 
5. 

6. 

7. 

8.  Mitchell  Co. ,  N.  C. 

9. 
10. 
11.  "  G.=484 


U03 

72-00 

PbO  Fe2O3 

Mn2O3  CaO 
0-05    6-00 

MgO 

BaO  SiO2 
—      4-26 

H20 

14-75 

P2 

0* 

[2-30,  As, 

Ftr. 

=  99 

•36 

61-33 

4-62 

6'63 

1 

•17a 

3-09 

2-20 

• 

5-13 

10-68 

P3 

<>6 

[0 

84,  FeO  1-09 

,  C02 

2-52,  As  tr. 

=  99 

•80 

68-45 

2-51 

4-54 

2-26 

0-55 

— 

500 

10-06 

Bi, 

O, 

[2-67 

,  insol 

.  3-20 

=  99 

•24 

6338 

5-04 

8-64 

1 

•92 

4-54 

0-85 

— 

4-92 

10-24 

=  99-53 

63-76 

4-44 

8-55 

1 

•84 

4-36 

0-82 

— 

501 

9-41 

=  98 

19 

66-91 

4-47 

7-38 

0 

•97 

3-41 

0-09 

— 

4-63 

10-24 

=-98 

•10 

66-57 

3-92 

7-25 

0 

•74 

3-87 

tr. 

— 

4-96 

11-86 

Cu  tr 

—  - 

7467 

und 

046 

— 

3-38 

—  j. 

1-06 

5-02 

9-80 

[99 

:17 

74  92 

5-51 

0-36 

— 

3-01 

— 

1-01 

5-03 

9-91 

=  99 

75 

74-50 

4-69 

1  06 



3-04 

— 

0-92 

5-04 

9-94 

=  99 

•19 

75-20 

5'57 

— 

0 

•53* 

2  05 

— 

l-08b 

4-63 

10-54 

P2 

O, 

[0-12 

=  99 

•72 

,0. 

b  Incl. 

SrO. 

Q  UMMITE—  URANOSPH^BITE.  893 

Genth,  discussing  anal.  11,  arrives  at  the  conclusion  that  it  represents  a  mixture  of  uranium 
hydrate  (40  p.  c.),  uranotile  (33  4),  lead  uranate  (22*7),  and  barium  urauate  (4'3). 

Pyr.,  etc.— Yields  much  water  and  a  bituminous  odor.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  in  O.F. 
gives  a  yellow  bead,  becoming  green  in  R.F.  (due  to  uranium),  leaving  an  undissolved  skeleton 
of  silica. 

Obs.— From  Johanngeorgenstadt,  with  uraninite.  Eliasite  and  pittinite  are  from  Joachims- 
thai,  where  they  occur  with  pitchblende.  Eliasite  is  somewhat  resin-like  in  aspect;  G.  =  4'087- 
4-237  Zeph.  Color  dull  reddish  brown.  Pittinite  is  black  in  color;  streak  olive-green ;  luster 
greasy  submetallic;  G.  =  4  8-5  0  Breith. ;  5'16  Herm. 

Gummite  is  also  abundant  at  the  Flat  Rock  mine,  Mitchell  Co.,  N.  C. ;  crystals  examined 
by  Foullon  consisted  of  a  lemon-yellow  granular  or  earthy  exterior  (uranophane)  inclosing  the 
orange-red  gurnmite  and  often  in  the  center  a  nucleus  of  uraninite.  Also  at  many  other  localities 
with  uraninite,  as  at  Branchville,  etc.  On  coracite  see  p.  892. 

YTTROGUMMITE  A.  E.  Norde-nskiold,  G.  For.  Forh.,  4,  31,  1878.  Occurs  with  cleveite  (p. 
890)  and  is  probably  a  final  decomposition-product  of  it.  It  has  the  appearance  of  orangite. 
Luster  brilliant.  Color  black  to  yellow.  Translucent-  fracture  conchoidal.  Optically  aniso- 
tropic.  H.  =  5.  A.  hydrous  compound  containing  yttrium  and  uranium  oxides.  Between  the 
black  opaque  cleveite  and  the  translucent  honey-yellow  yttrogummite  occur  many  intermediate 
products. 

THOROGUMMITE  Hidden  and  Mackintosh,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  38,  480,  1889.  Occurs  with  ferguson- 
ite,  cyrtolite,  and  other  species  at  the  gadolinite  locality  in  Llano  Co.,  Texas.  Usually  massive, 
sometimes  in  groups  of  crystals  near  zircon  in  form.  H.  =  4-4'5.  G.  =  4-43-4-54.  Color 
dull  yellowish  brown.  Easily  soluble  in  nitric  acid.  After  ignition  becomes  of  a  dull  greenish 
hue.  Anal.: 

UO,      ThO2      SiOa    (Ce,Y)2O3    PbO    A12OS  FeaO,    CaO     H2O 

22-43      41-44      13'08       669a         216      0'96      0'85      0'41      7'88  P3O5  M9,  hygr.  H2O 1'23 

[=  98-32 
a  At.  wght.  135. 

The  formula  calculated  for  the  above  is  UO3.3ThO2.3SiO2.6HaO. 

CHLOROTHORITE  Hidden,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sc.,  8, 185,  May  27, 1889.  A  name  provisionally 
suggested  for  "a  tetragonal  thorium  silico-uranate. "  Apparently  the  same  as  the  above,  thoro- 
gummite.  So  named  because  it  turns  green  upon  ignition. 

713.  URANOSPH-2ERITE.     Wetibach,  Jb.  Berg-Hutt.  Sachs.,  and  Jb.  Min.,  315,  1873. 

In  half-globular  aggregated  forms,  sometimes  with  a  dull  or  a  slightly  lustrous 
surface,  sometimes  rough  and  drusy,  made  up  of  minute  acutely-terminated  crys- 
tals. Structure  concentric,  also  radiated. 

H.  =  2-3,  Gr.  =  6-36.  Color  orange-yellow,  brick-red  (Winkler).  Luster 
greasy.  Streak  yellow. 

Comp.— (BiO)2U207.3H20  or  BiQ03.2TJ03.3II20  =  Uranium  trioxide  52'7,  bis- 
muth  trioxide  42'4,  water  4-9  =  100. 

Anal. — 1,2  Wiukler:  1,  impurities  (11  p.  c.)  deducted,  2,  perfectly  pure  material,  J.  pr.  Ch., 
7,  5,  1873. 

UO,  Bi203  H2O 

1.  50-32  44-12  5-56     =     100 

2.  50-88  44-34  4'75    =      99 -97 

Pyr.,  etc.— Decrepitates  on  heating,  and  falls  to  pieces  to  a  mass  of  crystalline  needles,  with 
silky  luster,  homogeneous  and  of  brown  color. 

Obs.— Occurs  with  other  related  uranium  minerals  at  the  mine  Weisser  Hirsch,  near 
Schneeberg,  Saxony. 


Oxygen  Salts. 
6.     SULPHATES,  CHROMATES,  TELLURATES. 

A.  Anhydrous  Sulphates,  etc. 

B.  Acid  and  Basic  Sulphates. 

C.  Hydrous  Sulphates. 


714.  Mascagnite 

715.  Taylorite 

716.  Thenardite 

717.  Aphthitalite 

718.  Glauberite 


A.   Anhydrous  Sulphates,  etc. 

(NH4),S04  Orthorhombic 


6 
0-7309 


0-5642  : 
(NH4)2SO,5K2S04 

Na2S04         Orthorhombic         a\l:6  =  0-5976  :  1  :  1*2524 
(K,Nu)aS04  Khomboheclnil        6  =  1-2839 

1:1:6 

Na2Ca(S04)2     Monoclinic     1-2200  :  1  :  1-0275     ft  =  67°  49' 

Barite  Group.     KS04.     Orthorhombic. 


719.  Barite 

720.  Celestite 

721.  Anglesite 

722.  Anhydrite 

723.  Zinkosite 

724.  Hydrocyanite 


a 

I 

6 

BaS04 

0-8152 

1 

1-3136 

SrS04 

0-7790 

1 

1-2801 

PbS04 

0-7852 

1 

1-2894 

CaS04 

0-8933 

1 

1-0008 

ZnS04     (artif.) 

0-8925 

1 

1-4137 

CuS04 

0-7971 

1 

1-1300 

725.  Crocoite  PbCr04  Monoclinic         0-9603  :  1  :  0-9159     77°  33' 

726.  Phcenicochroite     Pb3O209  Orthorhombic? 

727.  Vauquelinite        2(Pb,Ou)Or04.(Pb,On),PsOl        Monoclinic 

a  :  b  :  6  =  0-7498  :  1  :  1-3908;  ft  =  69°  3' 


714.  MASCAGNITE.  Mascagni,  Dei  Lagoni,  etc.,  in  Siena,  1779.  Sel  ammoniac 
Yitriolique,  Sel  ammoniac  secret  de  Glauber  (fr.  Solfatara  near  Naples),  Sage,  Mm.,  1,  62,  1777. 
Ammoniaque  sulfatee  Fr.  Sulphate  of  Ammonia.  Maskaguin  Karat.,  Tab.,  40,  75,  1800. 
Schwefelsaures  Animoniak  Germ. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  d  :  b  :  c  —  0-5642  :  1  :  0-7309  Mitscherlich1. 
100  A  HO  =  29°  26',  001  A  101  —  52°  20',  001  A  Oil  =  36°  in'. 


TA  YLORITE—THENARDITE.  895 

Forms:  a  (100,  i-l\  6(010,  i-i),  c  (001,  0);  m  (110,  /),  /  (130,  *-3);  w  (Oil,  14), 
t>  (021,  2-1);  o  (111,  1). 

Angles  :  mm'"  =  *58°  52',  /'  =  61°  8',  uu'  =  72°  20',  m'  =  *111°  15',  co  =  56°  5', 
oo'  =  92°  34',  oo'"  =  48°  8'. 

i        Twins:  tw.  pi.  m,  pseudo-hexagonal,  like   the  artificial   potassium   sulphate. 
Usually  in  mealy  crusts  and  stalactitic  forms. 

Cleavage:  c  distinct.  H.  =  2—2*5.  G.  =  1'76—  1'77.  Luster  when  crystal- 
lized, vitreous.  Color  yellowish  gray,  lemon-yellow.  Translucent.  Taste  pungent 
and  bitter. 

Optically  +.     Ax.  pi.  ||  Z>.      Bx  J_  a.      Dispersion  weak,  p  <  v.     Ax.  angles: 
2Er  =  87°  44',  2Ebl  =  88°  47'.    The  angle  is  increased  by  rise  of  temperature,  Dx.* 
Comp.  —  Ammonium  sulphate,  (NH4)2S04  =  Sulphur  trioxide  6O6,  ammonium 
oxide  39-4  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  yields  water  and  is  sublimed;  with  lime  gives  off  ammonia 
vapors.  Dissolves  readily  in  water. 

Obs.—  Occurs  about  volcanoes,  in  the  fissures  of  the  lava,  as  at  Etna,  Vesuvius,  and  the 
Lipari  Isles,  and  is  also  one  of  the  products  of  the  combustion  of  mineral  coal.  Also  found  in 
the  guano  of  the  Guanape  Islands,  Peru. 

Named  after  Professor  Mascagiii. 

Ref.—  *  Artif.  cryst.,  Pogg.,  18,  169,  1830;  Rg.,  Kr.  Ch.,  387,  1871.  2  Propr.  Opt.,  2,  24, 
1859,  N.  R.,  96,  1867. 

715.  TAYLORITE.  Sulphate  of  Potash  and  Ammonia  W.  J.  Taylor,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad., 
309,  1859.  Taylorite  Dana,  Min.,  614,  1868. 

In  small  compact  lumps  or  concretions;  structure  crystalline. 

H.  =  2.  Color  yellowish  white.  Taste  pungent  and  bitter.  Unalterable  in 
the  air. 

Comp.—  5K2S04.(NH4)2S04  =  Sulphur  trioxide  47  -8,  potash  46  -9,  ammonium 
oxide  5-2  =  100. 

Anal.—  1,  2,  W.  J.  Taylor,  1.  c. 

SO,  Na,O  K2O  (NH4)aO 

" 


•        1.  48-40  1-68  43-45  5'37  org.  matter  tr.  =  98  90 

2.  48-30  46-49  5'10    "         "       tr.  =  99'89 

Pyr.,  etc.—  B.B.  on  platinum  foil  blackens  and  fuses  with  difficulty,  leaving  a  white  bead, 
which  is  soluble  in  water  and  tastes  a  little  saline  and  bitter.  Heated  in  a  platinum  crucible 
becomes  first  black  and  then  snow-white,  not  fusing  at  a  high  heat  (Taylor). 

Obs.  —  From  the  guano  beds  of  the  Chiucha  Islands. 

An  artificial  sulphate  of  potassium  and  ammonium  was  described  by  Link  as  early  as  1796. 
According  to  Lang  the  salt  lOK^SO^CNH^SO*  is  isprnorphous  with  potassium  sulphate  and 
like  that  occurs  in  pseudohexagonal  forms,  both  twins  and  trillings,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  31,  97, 
1858. 

716.  THENARDITE.    /.  L.   Casaseca,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  32,  308,    1826.      Pyrotechnite 

Scacchi,  Mem.  Incend.  Vesuv.,  Napoli,  1855.     Makite  Adam,  Tabl.  Min.,  61,  1869. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  &  :  b  :  6  =  0  5976  :  1  :  1-2524  Barwald1. 

100  A  HO  =  30°  51f  ',  001  A  101  =  64°  29f,  001  A  Oil  =  51°  23f. 

Forms2:  c  (001,  0);  b  (010,  *-*);  m  (110,  7);  r  (101,  1-i)  and  e  (Oil,  1-S)4  as  tw.  pi.; 
t  (106.  \l)\  o  (111,  1),  *  (131,  3-3). 

Angles  :  mm'"  =  61°  43f,  tf  =  38°  30f,  rr  =  128°  59',  ee'  =  102°  47',  co  =  67°  43f. 
cs  =  76°  55',  oo'  =  *105°  11',  oo'"  =  *56°  41',  ss'  =  56°  39',  ss'"  =  116°  34'. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  (1)  r  (101)8;  (2)  e  (Oil),  cruciform  twins4  (f.  3),  the  vertical  axes 
inclined  102°  47'  and  77°  13'.  Habit  pyramidal,  o  with  c;  also  short  prismatic  (m) 
or  tabular  with  c  rough  and  striated. 

Cleavage  :  c  distinct.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.=  2-3.  G.  =  2'68-2  69. 
Luster  vitreous.  Color  white  to  brownish.  Transparent  to  translucent. 


896 


SULPHATES,    CHROMATE3,  ETC. 


Optically  +.      Ax.  pi.  ||  c.      Bx  J_  a.      Dispersion  weak,  p  >  v  (oil).      Axial 
angles,  Barwald*: 

2Ha.r  =  83°  36'  Li     2Ha.y  =  83°  35' Na      2Ha.gr  =  83°  35' Tl        .*.    2Vr    =  89°  59' 
2H0.r  =  96°  20'  2H0.y  =  96°  25'  2H0.gr  =  96°  31'  .-.     2Vp.  =  90°    <H' 

Also  Des  Cloizeaux6: 

2Er  =  152°  42';  and  (from  Ha  and  H0)    2Vr  =  83°  5'     2VW  =  82°  39'    fit  =  1-470     A,,  =  1'483 
Thenardite  probably  goes  over  to  a  Hexagonal  form  on  heating7. 

1.  2.  3. 


Figs.  1,  Atacama.    2,  3,  California,  Ay  res. 


Comp.— Sodium  sulphate,  NaaS04  =  Sulphur  trioxide  43*7,  soda  56*3  —  100. 
Anal.— 1,   Dunham,   Am.   J.   Sc.,  22,  204,  1881.      2,  Barwald,  1.  c.,  containing  a  little 
glauberite.    Also  3,  Darapsky,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  66,  1890,     Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  616. 


1.  Arizona 

2.  Aguas  Blancas 

3.  Atacama 


SO3  Na2O 

G.  =  2-681    f  56-36  [43'02J 

54-34  41-91 

54-24  41-66 


CaO 

0-12  MgO  0-02,  Cl  0-10,  insol.  0'38  =  100 
2-66  H20  0-93  =  99-84 

0-23  A12O3  0-06,  Fe2O3  0'20,  MgO  0'07,  Cl  0'36, 
[insol.  2-45,  H3O  0'73  =  100 


Pyr.,  etc. — Colors  the  blowpipe  flame  deep  yellow.     Wholly  soluble  in  water. 

Obs. — Often  observed  in  connection  with  salt  lakes,  as  in  Central  Asia,  Africa,  etc. ;  thus  in 
lakes  north  of  the  Caspian;  in  the  Caucasus;  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Balkhash,  Central  Asia. 
Also  in  Spain,  at  Espartinas,  5  leagues  from  Madrid  and  2|  from  Aranjuez.  The  water  exudes 
during  winter  from  the  bottom  of  a  basin,  and  becoming  concentrated  in  the  summer  season, 
deposits  crystals  of  thenardite.  Also  in  S.  America  in  Tarapaca,  Chili  (called  Sal  de  San 
Sebastian),  also  near  Aguas  Blancas,  at  Salinas  and  other  points  in  the  desert  of  Atacama  (cf. 
Darapsky).  Also  on  the  scoria  of  Vesuvius  (pyrotechnite)  of  the  eruption  of  1855;  on  solution 
and  evaporation,  octahedral  crystals  were  obtained  by  Scacchi  with  the  planes  m,  r,  o,  s,  with 
mm'"  =  61°  23',  rr'  =  128°  58',  etc. 

In  the  U.  S.  forms  extensive  deposits  on  the  Rio  Verde,  Arizona  (anal.  1).  In  California,  at 
Borax  Lake,  San  Bernardino  Co.,  with  hanksite,  glauberite,  etc.  With  ulexite,  etc.,  at  Rhodes 
Marsh,  Esmeralda  Co.,  Nevada. 

Pseudomorphs  of  calcite  or  less  often  quartz  after  thenardite,  in  part  twins  with  r  as  tw.  pi., 
occur  in  volcanic  tufa  of  the  hill  Rosenegg  in  the  Hegau,  southern  Wurtemberg. 

Ref. — l  Aguas  Blancas,  Zs.  Kr. ,  6,  36,  1881.  The  position  is  that  suggested  by  Hausmann 
(Pogg.,  83,  577,  1851)  to  show  the  isomorphism  with  the  corresponding  potash  salt;  see  also 
Mitsch.,  Pogg.,  12,  139,  1828  (artif.  cryst.);  Sec.,  1.  c.;  Rg.,  Kr.  Ch.,  394,  1881;  Miigge,  Jb. 
Min.,  2,  1,  1884.  2  Cf.  Sec.  3  Cf.  Dx.,  N.  R.,  100,  1867,  Barwald,  etc.  4  E.  F.  Ayres,  Am.  J. 
Sc.,  37.  235,  1889.  5  On  pseudomorphs  from  the  Rosenegg,  Leuze,  Jahresheft.  Ver.  Wiirtt., 
319,  1889.  6  L.  c.  '  Cf.  Mugge,  1.  c. 

DIHYDRO-THENAKDITE  [J.  Russ.  Phys.-Ch.  Ges.,  19,  252,  22,  26,  27],  Ber.  Ch.  Ges.,  20, 
546  ref.,  1887,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  16  ref.,  1890,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  60,  156,  1891. 

Described  by  Mar kovnikov  as  a  hydrous  sodium  sulphate,  Na2SO4.2H2O,  from  L.  Gori,  Gov't 
Tiflis.  Form  monoclinic  with  c  (001),  m  (110),  I  (210),  p  (111)  with  a:b:c  —  0-4651  :  1  :  0'7194, 
ft  —  78°  55'  Wyrouboff.  Cleavage  |  c.  Later  stated  to  be  only  blodite  (astrakanite)  containing 
thenardite  in  considerable  amount. 


APHTHITALITE.  897 

717.  APHTHITALITE.  Vesuvian  Salt  Smithson,  Phil.  Trans.,  256,  1813.  Aphthalose 
Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  477,  1832.  Aphthitalite,  Shepard,  JViin.,  1,  36,  1835.  Aftalosa.  Aftalosio, 
Sofato  potassico,  Hal. 

Arcauite  Maid.,  Handb.,  492,  1845.  Glaserite  Hausm.,  Handb.,  1137,  1847.  Sulphate 
of  Potash.  Schwefelsaures  Kali,  Kalisulphat,  Germ.  Potasse  sulfatee  Fr. 

Ehombohedral.     Axis  6  =  1-2839;  0001  A  loll  =  *56°  0'  Mitscherlich1. 
Forms:    c  (0001,  0);    m  (1010,  J);     a  (1120,  2-2),     e  (1012,  i),     r  (1011,  R),     d (0114,  -  i), 
e  (0112,  -  4),    #  (0111,  -  1). 

Angles :    ce  =  36°  33',    ry  =  48°  59',    ee'  =  62°  6',    rr'  =  91°  46*'. 

1.  2.  3. 


Figs.  1-3,  Douglashall,  Bucking. 

Occurs  in  rhombohedral  crystals,  often  thin  tabular;  also  in  distorted  forms 
which  appear  to  be  orthorhombic  in  symmetry,  and  again  united  in  groups  resem- 
bling the  pseudohexagonal  twins  of  aragonite  (f.  3),  but  throughout  optically 
uniaxial  (Bkg.).  Also  in  blades  made  up  of  aggregated  crystals;  massive,  or  im- 
perfectly mammillary,  and  in  crusts. 

Cleavage:  m  rather  distinct;  c  imperfect.  H.  —  3-3-5.  G.  =  2-63-2-656 
Bkg.  Luster  vitreous,  inclined  to  resinous.  Color  white,  sometimes  tinged  with 
blue  or  green.  Transparent  to  translucent,  or  opaque.  Taste  saline  and  bitter, 
disagreeable.  Unalterable  in  the  air.  Optically  -J-.  Indices : 

GO  =  1-493  e  =  1-501     Senarmont  (Dx.). 

ForNa,  GO  =  1-4907  e  =  1-4993  Bucking. 

Comp. — Sulphate  of  potassium  and  sodium,  (K,Na)2S04;  if  K  :  Na  =  3  :  1,  as 
found  by  Sec.  (1.  c.)  the  percentage  composition  is:  Sulphur  trioxide  48*2,  potash 
42-5,  soda  9*3;  or,  Potassium  sulphate  78*6,  sodium  sulphate  21'4  =  100. 

Geserick  (quoted  by  Bucking)  found  that  crystals  from  Douglashall  near  Westeregeln,  con- 
taining 10  to  14  p.  c.  of  sodium  chloride  as  impurity,  consisted  of  K2SO4  and  Na2SO4  in  the  ratio 
of  5  :  2,  and  3  :  1.  An  analysis  of  the  Rocahnuto  salt  gave  Rath,  Pogg.  Ann.,  Erg.-Bd.,  6,  360, 
1873: 

SO,  49-50  K2O  33-24  Na2O  [17'26]  =  100 

This  corresponds  nearly  to  4K2SO4  +  3Na2SO4. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Fuses  before  the  blowpipe  without  intumescence.     Soluble  in  water. 

Obs. — Found  at  Vesuvius,  upon  lava,  in  delicate  crystallizations,  and  also  in  masses  an  inch 
or  more  in  thickness.  Occurs  at  Douglashall  near  Westeregelu  in  blodite,  which  with  the  halite 
forms  a  deposit  between  kainite  and  halite  in  the  kieserite  region.  Also  at  Rocalmuto,  Sicily. 
These  crystals  were  regarded  by  Rath  as  orthorhombic,  but  Strilver  shows  (Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  5, 
750,  1889)  that  it  is  throughout  optically  uuiaxial  and  identical  with  aphthitalite  of  Scacchi. 
Bucking  earlier  proved  the  same  for  the  Westeregeln  crystals  as  above  noted. 

The  artificial  salt  (K,Na)2SO4  is  dimorphous.  Cf.  Mitscherlich,  1.  c.,  or  Rg.,  Kr.  Ch.,  401, 
1881.  Sec.,  Mem.  Ace.  Napoli,  1,  read  May  12,  1863  (Tolisimin.  Crist.,  p.  11  et  seq.),  also  5,  Mch. 
12,  1870;  6.  Dec.  13.  1873.  Rath,  Pogg.  Erg.,  6,  362,  1873.  Mid.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  5,  226, 
1882;  also  arcanite  beyond. 

Named  aphthalose  by  Beudant,  in  1832,  from  a</>fhro£,  unalterable,  and  aA£,  salt;  and 
changed,  by  Shepard.  to  the  less  incorrect  form  from  these  Greek  words,  aphthitalite.  Arcanite 
of  Haidinger  was  derived  from  one  of  its  alchemist ic  names,  Arcanum  duplicatum.  Glaserite 
given  by  Hausmann  in  1847,  after  the  chemist  Christoph  Glaser  (1664),  the  salt  having  been, 
early  called  Sal  polychrestum  Glateri. 

*Ref.— l  Artif.  cryst.,  Pogg.  Ann.,  58,  468,  1843.  The  rhombohedral  nature  of  the  Yesuvian 
mineral  was  shown  by  Scacchi.  Bucking  obtained  for  the  Douglashall  crystals,  0001  A  1012  — 
36°  38',  whence  c  =•  1-2879,  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  561,  1889. 


898 


SULPHATES,    CHRO MATES,  ETC. 


The  following  description  is  based  upon  the  artificial  potassium  sulphate,  which  thus  far  has 
not  been  identified  in  nature,  although  formerly  supposed  to  be  represented  by  the  mineral  from 
liocalmuto. 

ARCANITE.     Orthorhombic.      Axes  a  :  b  :  c  =  0'5727  :  1  :  0'7464  Mitscherlich. 
100  A  110=  29°  48',  001  A  101  =  52°  30',  001  A  Oil  =  36°  44£  . 

Forms  :  a  (100,  i-i),  b  (010,  i-i\  c  (001,  0);  m  (110,  /),  /(1 30,  £3); 
e(102,  B);  MOH,  14);  v  (021,  24),  s  (112,  i),  o  (111,  1). 

Angles:  mitf"  =  *59°  36',  ff1  =  60°  24',  ee  —  66°  11',  uu'  =  73° 
28|',  m'  =  *112°  22',  cs  -  36°  54',  co  =  56°  21',  ss'  =  62°  49',  s*'"  = 
34°  43f,  00'  =  92°  29',  oo'"  =  48°  52'. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  m,  repeated,  yielding  pseudohexagonal  forms,  resem- 
bling aragonite;  also/ (130).  Crystals  prismatic,  m,  also  pyramidal,  o. 
Cleavage:  c  distinct;  also  b,  m.  Fracture  uneven  to  couchoklal.  Rather 
brittle.  Optically  -J-.  Ax.  pi.  ||  a.  Bx  ±  c.  Dispersion  feeble,  p  >  V 
oil,  p  <  v  in  air.  Axial  angles,  Dx.: 

.-.     2Er    =  110°  15';         2Ha.bi  =  67°  31'         .'.     2Eb!  =  110°  26' 
fiy  =  1-4935        ry  =  1*4970         .'.  2Vy  =  66°  30'        2Ey  =  109°  57' 


2Ha.r    =  68°   3i' 

Also  a   =  1-4920 


The  axinl  angle  is  increased  about  10°  C.  in  passing  from  17°  to  155°  -8  C.  Mallard  notes 
that  crystals  are  uuiaxial  and  negative  above  650°. 

Composition  :  Potassium  sulphate,  K2SO4  =  Sulphur  trioxide  46'0,  potash  54'0  =  100; 
also  (K,Na)2SO4. 

On  artif.  cry  St.,  Pogg.,  18,  169,  1830;  58,  468,  1843.  Rg.,  Kr.  Ch.,  389,  401,  1871;  also 
Baumhauer,  Zs.  Kr.,  12,  308,  1886,  Tf.  vi.  Cf.  also  Sec.,  etc.,  references  under  aphthitalite. 
Dx.,  Propr.  Opt.,  2,  23,  1859;  N.  R.,  98,  1867.  See  also  Mid.,  on  the  effect  of  heat,  Bull.  Soc. 
Min.,  5,  219,  1882. 


718.  GLAUBERITE.    Glauberite   Brongniart,    J.    Mines,    23,   5,   1808.    Brongniartin. 
Leonh.,  Handb.,  270,  1826. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  1  :  6  =  1-21998  :  1  :  1-02749  ;    /?  =  67°  49'  7"  =  001 
A  100  Zepharovich1. 

100  A  HO  =  *48°  29'  6",  001  A  101  =  30°  36'  54",  001  A  Oil  =  43°  34'  30". 


Forms2 : 
a  (100,  i-i) 
c  (001,  0) 


z  (302,  |4) 
t  (201,  24) 
/  (023,  |4)» 
g  (021,  24)5 


ft  (113,  -  i)« 
d  (112,  -  i)5 
a  (334,  -  l)^ 

e  (445,  -  |)4 


8    (111,   -  1) 

£  (66%  -  6)3 

«  (113,  i) 
u  (112,  |)3 


n  (111,  1) 
a  (331,  3) 
e  (311,  3-3) 


1. 


Fig.  1,  Common  form.     2,  Aranjuez,  Laspeyres.     3,  Westeregeln,  after  Zepharovich. 


mm'"  —  96°  58' 

cz        =  65°  55' 

ct        =  76°  52' 

f       =  64°  46f 

00'       =  124°  33' 

eft       =  20°  20V 


cS  =  27°  57' 
ca  =  36°  41' 
ce  =  38°  7' 
cs  =  43°  2' 
cm  =  *75°  30'  30" 
ms  =  *32°  28'  45" 


cv    -  24°  38f' 

cu    =  36°  11' 

en    =  61°    0' 

ex    =  89°  17' 

/3P=  31°  llf 

66    =  42°  31' 


aa'  =  55°  2' 

ee'   =  57°  2' 

$«'     =  63°  42' 

nri  -  87°  7V 

ee'     =  44°  15' 


OLAUBERITE—BARITE  GROUP:  BARITE.  899 

Crystals  tabular  ||  c,  the  prism  m  sometimes  wanting;  also  prismatic  by  exten- 
sion of  s  (HI).  Faces  c  and  $  often  striated  ||  edges  with  c/s. 

Cleavage :  c  perfect.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  2 -5-3.  G.  =  2*7- 
2*85.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  pale  yellow  or  gray;  sometimes  brick-red.  Streak 
Mrite.  Taste  slightly  saline. 

Optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  J_  b;  also  ||  b.  Axial  angles  very  variable  with  change  of 
temperature.  Bxa.r  A  6  =  -  31°  3',  Bxa.y  =  -  30°  46',  Bxa.bl  A  6  =  -  30°  10'. 
The  optical  character  (— )  and  the  position  of  the  axes  of  elasticity  remain  sensibly  constant 
between  0°  and  100°.  The  ax.  pi.,  however,  at  first  .]_  b  with  horizontal  dispersion  and  v  <  p 
becomes  on  rise  of  temperature  ||  b  with  inclined  dispersion  and  v  >  p.  The  axial  angle  accord- 
ingly diminishes  to  0°  at  a  temperature  depending  upon  the  wave-length  and  then  increases  in 
the  new  plane.  In  white  light,  therefore,  the  interference-figures  are  abnormal  and  change  with 
rise  in  temperature.  Axial  angles,  Laspeyres7: 

red  (Li)  yellow  (Na)  green  (Tl)  blue 

At     5°  2E    =  16°    6'  14°    8'  11°  42'  8°  51' 

22°  =  13°  30'  11°    8'  8°  14'  0°  (at  18°) 

36°  =  11°     V  8°    9'  0°  8°  42' 

46°  =    8°  40'  0°  7°    8'  11°    8' 

58°  =     0°  7°  14'  10°  32'  13°    2' 

85°  =  10°  47  13°  14'  15°  15'  17°    T 

Comp.— ]STa2S04.CaS04  =  Sulphur  trioxide  57-6,  lime  201,  soda  22'3  =  100; 
or,  Sodium  sulphate  5T1,  calcium  sulphate  48'9  =  100.  Analyses  agree  closely, 
see  5th  Ed.,  p.  628. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  decrepitates,  turns  white,  and  fuses  at  1*5  to  a  white  enamel,  coloring  the 
flame  intensely  yellow.  On  charcoal  fuses  in  O.F.  to  a  clear  bead;  in  R.F.  a  portion  is  absorbed 
by  the  charcoal,  leaving  an  infusible  hepatic  residue.  With  soda  on  charcoal  gives  the  reaction 
for  sulphuric  acid.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid.  In  water  it  loses  its  transparency,  is  partially 
dissolved,  leaving  a  residue  of  calcium  sulphate  and  in  a  large  excess  this  is  completely  dis- 
solved. On  long  exposure  absorbs  moisture  and  falls  to  pieces. 

Obs.— In  crystals  in  rock  salt  at  Villa  Rubia,  near  Ocana,  in  New  Castile;  also  at 
Aussee,  in  Upper  Austria;  Berchtesgaden,  in  Bavaria;  at  Douglashall,  Westeregeln,  also  at 
Leopoldshall,  Stassfurt,  sometimes  in  large  crystals  3x2  inches  across;  at  the  salt  mines  of 
Vic,  in  France;  at  Varengeville,  near  Nancy,  a  red  variety  in  salt  with  polyhalite  and  anhy- 
drite; with  thenardite,  hanksite,  etc.,  Province  of  Tarapaca,  Chili,  with  ulexite;  at  the  Mayo 
salt  mines  in  Punjab,  India.  In  the  volcanic  tufa  of  the  hill  Rosenegg,  Rielasingen,  Hegau, 
crystals  changed  to  calcite. 

In  crystals  in  the  Rio  Verde  Valley,  Arizona,  with  thenardite,  mirabilite,  etc.;  the  crystals 
are  tabular  ||  c  with  the  prism  nearly  wanting;  they  are  sometimes  altered  to  calcite,  cf.  Blake, 
1.  c.  Borax  lake.  San  Bernardino  Co.,  California. 

Alt. — Occurs  altered  to  calcite,  as  above  noted. 

Artif.— On  the  artificial  preparation  of  glauberite,  J.  Fritzsche,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  72,  291,  1857; 
Rg.,  ibid.,  35,  105,  1887. 

Ref._i  Westeregeln,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  69  (1),  16,  1874.  2  Mir.,  Min.  p.  532,  cf.  also  Zeph., 
1.  c.  3  Senarmont,  Iquique,  Chili,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  36,  157,  1852.  4  Zeph.,  1.  c.  5  Schimper, 
Punjab,  India,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  70,  1877.  6  E.  S.  D.,  Arizona,  quoted  by  Blake,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  39, 
43,  1890.  7  Lasp.,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  529,  1877. 

SULPHATITE.  This  name  has  been  given  to  liquid  sulphuric  acid  which  is  present  in  water 
in  some  volcanic  regions  and  at  other  points.  Cf.  5th  Ed.,  p.  614. 


Barite  Group.     Orthorhombic. 

719  SARITE.  Lapis  Bononiensis,  Litheosphorus,  F.  Licetus,  Ulini,  1640;  Mentzel,  in 
Misc.  Ar.  N.  Cur.,  1673,  1674,  and  Lap.  Bon.  in  obscuro  lucens,  1675.  (1)  Lysesten,  Bononien- 
sisksten,  Gypsum  irregul  are,  lamellosum,  etc.,  Wall.,  Min.,  56,  1747;  (2)  M  armor  metallicum, 
Spatum  tessulare  (G.  =  4'266),  id.,  58,  1747.  (1)  Gypsum  spatosum  pt.,  Marmor  metallicum, 
Spatum  Bononiense  (G  =  4'5),  Tungspat,  Cronst.,  Min.,  21,  1758;  (2)  Terra  calcarea  phlogisto 
et  acido  vitrioli  mixta,  Leswersten,  Lapis  hepaticus,  id. ,  25)  1758.  Gypsum  ponderosum  v.  Born, 
Litkoph.,  1,  14,  1772.  Spath  pesant  ou  seleniteux  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  1772,  with  figs.;  ib.,  1783. 
Heavy  Spar;  Bolognian  Spar;  Cauk,  Calk,  Cawk,  Derbysh.  Miners,  Withering,  Phil.  Tr.,  1784. 
Schwerspath  Wern.,  etc.  Spathum  pondercsum  =  Terra  ponderosa  vitriol ata  Bergm.,  Sciagr., 
1782.  Sulphate  of  Baryta.  Baryte  sulfatee  FT.  Schwefelsaures  Baryt  Germ.  Stangenspatk 
Wern  Strahlbaryt.  Baroselenite  Kirw.,  Min.,  1,  136,  1794.  Barytite  Delameth.,  T.  T.,  2,  8, 


900  SULPHATES,    CHROMATES,   ETC. 


1797.  Baryt  #ar**.,  Tab.,  38,  75,  1800.  Baryte  H.,  Tr.,  2,  1801.  Barytine  Beud.,  Tr.,  441, 
1824.  Barytes.  Michel-levyte  Lacroix,  C.  R,  108,  1126,  1889.  Schwerspath  Germ.  Tungspat 
Swed.  Spato  pesato  Ital.  Baritina  Ital. ,  Span. 

Hepatit  Karst.,  Tab.,  38,  75,  1800;  =  Lapis  hepaticus  Cronst.,  v.  supra;  =  Terr.  pond.  vit. 
petroleo  imbuta  Bergm.,  Sciagr.,  1782;  =  Leberstein pt.  Germ.-,  =  Fetid  Heavy  Spar.  Allomor- 
phit  Breith.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  15,  322,  1838.  Calstronbarite  Shep.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  34,  161,  1838. 
Barytocolestin  Waltersh.,  Pogg.,  94,  137,  1855. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  &  :  b  :  6 '=  0-81520  :  1  :  1-31359  Helmhacker1. 

100  A  HO  =  39°  11'  13",  001  A  101  =  58°  10'  36",  001  A  Oil  =  52°  43'  8". 

Forms2:  a  (105,  \-l)  e    (089>  f  *)?  «    (HI.  1)  *    (364,  f-2) 

a  (100,  i-l)  I    (104,  f  ?)  o    (Oil,  14)  p  (441,  4)6  2  (121,  2-2) 

5  (010,  £i)  #    (103,  £4)  *     (021,  24)  ^  (91g   3  <j)8  ^  (362,  3-2) 

c  (001,  0)  q    (308,  |4)1J  W  (031,  34)"  mg'  |V8  *    (136,  £-3) 

r  (410,  i4)  *  <205'  H)  *  <041>  44)9  I     14-2-9,  ^  J  (138'  ^ 

/*  (310,  tf)  1 (1°3'  H)  i  ^  (°51'  54)16  -^  (15-3-10,  f-5)3  *  <132'  H) 

A  (210  *-2)  F(608,H)"  e  (0-11-2,  ¥-*)?  M414  ^  #  (181,  3-3)3 

77(530!  *-f)  *  (203>  H)  «  (071,  74)-  ft   ^.^  f^  m  (276,  f  f)* 

r,  (320  4  r    (4°5'  ^"  *  <0-1(H'  1(H>6  t    (11-3-6   &  F  (146'  H)1 

A  (540!  ^        ^  |?or?t\IH)3    >€     <1'1'80'  ^          "  (313'  I:B)$  ?    M^f  J1S 

m  (11°'  J)  S    S02'  si  H  (119'  ^  ^  (312'  **>  T      1?'  !" I 

jyr(230,  #|)       f,  ^'  I"  *   ^118'  »  J  (524'  ^')6  o   i «  f  1 

n  (120,  *-2)          ^ (20L  *+?  P  (116,  i)4  0    (213,  |-2)"  «  (155'  ^^ 

^  (130,  ^-3)         a   (0-1-12,  Ty$)        .«    (115,  ^)  r   (324,  3-|)12  ^    (154>  ^"?)5 

L  (140,  i4)         a  (018,  H)  Q    (H4,  i)  ^   (212,  1-2)  2  /(!^3'  tSl'1 

7?  (\  ^H    i"  ^M6          Q     /014     1   ?\H  V      /11Q     1\  ^     \****»  5-O)* 

J»,..  "»«    iSSi!      ;s;i::    j ;;«•;* 
SH  iSjy    *S!      ;ffi{S     °™*«'* 

The  above  list  includes  all  common  forms  and  some  others.  Recent  investigations  have 
added  a  large  number  to  these,  some  of  which  can  be  accepted  without  question,  others  are 
doubtful,  and  still  others  are  simply  vicinal  planes.  These  additions  are  as  follows  : 

(10-1-0)18,  (710)18,  (610)18,  (740)15,  (13-7-0)18,  (320)22,  (450)20,  (650)33,  (711 'O)18,  (370)'8,  (130)22, 
(4-11-0)23,  (290)18,  (1-22-0)23,  (1-30-0)23,  (l'44'O)23,  (l'50'O)23? 

U'0-40)18,  (1-0-30)18,  (1-0-13)18,  (107)18,  (307)11,  (19-0-48)18,  (307)",  (22-0'15)18,  (405)T,  (18-Q-7)18. 

(0-2-5)20,  (0-5-12)18,  (035)20,  (079)1&,  (O-16'l)23,  (O'20'l)23. 

(I'l  -27)18,  (1-1-25)",  (1-1 -10)19,  (117)",  (6-6-13)16. 

(10-1 -7)10,  (56-8-35)10,  (55-11-30)10,  (12-4-9)",  (H'5'55)12,  (322)18?,  (28-16'7)23,  (455)1B?,  (3'4'10)13? 
(1-2-44)18,  (1-2-40)",  (137)18,  (159)18,  (177)",  (1-23-20)30. 

Also  other  forms  in  etching-figures,  cf.  Valentine2*  (36-35-0),  (750),  (1-0-50),  (1'0'20), 
(905),  (22-20-55),  (2'21'21). 

TT"'    =     23°    2'  dd'     =  *77°  42'  56"  cz    =  64°  19'  vv'     =  106°  49' 

ftp"    =     30°  24'  uu'    -  116°  21'  cp    =  83°    9'  yy1     =     52°    2' 

AA'"    =    44°  21'  UU  =  145°  31'  cy   =  6go  u>          ss'       =    40°    4' 

•n-n'"     =     57°    3'  aa'   =     18°  39'  cv    =  60°    7'  rr"'    =     54°  10f 

mm'"  =  *78°  22'  26"  00'  =     66°  36'  cy    =  57°    1'  zz"'     =     69°  25' 

NN'    =     78°  33'  oo'     =  105°  26'  cs     =  64°  50'  w'"  =     38°  12' 

nri      =     63°    3'  ii'      =  138°  19'  cp    =  53°  57'  yy'"    —    91°  18' 

XX'  44°  29'  ck  Uo34,  ^=58-31'  «"'     =118-49' 

cv  =  22°  35'  mf  =  34°  37'  md  =    60°  54' 

ww'     =     30°    4'  cq  =  27°  28'  ff'  =  53°  24'  mo  =     59°  49' 

U'        =    43°  53'  c/  =  34°  43'  rr'  =  67°  55'  do  =61°  51' 

gg       =     56°  29'  cr  =  46°  6'  22'  =  88°  37' 


BAEITE  GBOUP—BARITE. 


901 


Twins":  (1)  m,  only  as  tw.  lamellae,  developed  by  .pressure  and  producing  a 
structure  somewhat  similar  to  that  of  a  triclinic  feldspar.  (2)  (601)  also  as  tw. 
lamellae,  forming  striations  on  c  and  m,  the  latter  inclined  about  19°  to  the  vertical 
edge;  (3)  o  (Oil)  as  polysynthetic  tw.  lamellae,  also  producing  fine  striations  which 


i. 


3. 


4. 


d        \ 


5. 


9. 


A~- 

^"""x 

50 

m 

A 

a 

X 

m 

\i 

^ 

_/ 

-3. 

10. 


11. 


12. 


13. 


14. 


m' 


Figs.  1-8,  10,  11,  Simple  forms.     9,  Buckingham  Co.,  Va.    12,  De  Kalb,  N.  Y.,  Chester. 
13,  Colorado.     14,  Cheshire.     15,  Vernasca,  Sansoni. 


on  m  are  inclined  about  45°  to  the  basal  edge.  Crystals  commonly  tabular  |  c,  and 
united  in  diverging  groups  having  the  axis  I  in  common;  also  prismatic,  most 
frequently  ||  axis  5,  d  (102)  predominating,  but  also  ||  axis  6,  m  prominent,  or  again 
|  d  with  o  (Oil)  prominent.  Karely  apparently  hemimorphic"  in  direction  of  axes 


902 


SULPHATES,    CHROMATES,    ETC. 


a  (f.  12)  or  6,  but  only  as  a  result  of  secondary  development,  not  properly  a 
molecular  hemimorphism  as  concluded,  after  pyroelectrical  experiments,  by 
Hankel,  and  also  by  Valentin  on  the  ground  of  the  symmetry  of  the  etching- 
figures.  Also  in  globular  forms,  fibrous  or  lamellar,  crested;  coarsely  laminated, 
laminae  convergent  and  often  curved;  also  granular,  resembling  white  marble,  and 
earthy;  colors  sometimes  banded  as  in  stalagmite. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect;  m  also  perfect,  fig.  1  the  form  yielded  by  cleavage;  also  I 
imperfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  2-5-3-5.  G.  —  4-3-4 -6;  4-486, 
G.  Rose,  a  pure  colorless  crystal.  Luster  vitreous,  inclining  to  resinous;  sometimes 
pearly  on  c,  less  often  on  m.  Streak  white.  Color  white;  also  inclining  to  yellow, 
gray,  blue,  red,  or  brown,  dark  brown.  Transparent  to  translucent  to  opaque. 
Sometimes  fetid,  when  rubbed. 

Optically  +.     Ax.  pi.  ||  b.     Bx  _[_  a.     Refractive  indices,  etc.,  Arzruni28 : 


ForC 

"   D 
«   F 

ForD 


20° 


50° 
100° 
200° 


a 

1-63351 
1-63609 
1-64254 

1-63575 
1-63512 
1-63344 


ft 

1-63457 
1-63712 
1-64357 

1-63678 
1-63612 
1-63474 


r 

1-64531 
1-64795 
1-65469 

1-64726 
1-64643 
1-64426 


2E 

2V 

64°    1' 

37°  28' 

68°  51' 

77°  16' 

38°  43' 
40°  15' 

(204°)      44°  18' 

•5,  =  74°  42'  at  195  -8°. 

Dx.  gives  2Er  =  63°  5'  at  12°  C.,  =  69°  49'  at  95C 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary,  (a)  Crystals  usually  broad  or  stout;  sometimes  very  large,  weighing 
100  Ibs. ;  again  in  slender  needles,  (b)  Crested;  massive  aggregations  of  tabular  crystals,  the 
crystals  projecting  at  surface  into  crest-like  forms,  (c)  Columnar;  the  columns  often  coarse 
(Stangenspath)  and  loosely  aggregated,  and  either  radiated  (Strahlbaryt)  or  parallel;  rarely  fine 
fibrous.  Werner's  Stangenspath  was  from  Freiberg,  (d)  In  globular  or  nodular  concretions, 
subfibrous  or  columnar  within.  Bologna  Stone  is  here  included,  being  radiated,  globular,  often 
reddish  gray  in  color.  It  is  from  a  bed  of  clay  in  Mt.  Paterno,  near  Bologna,  and  was  early  a 
source  of  wonder  because  of  the  phosphorescence  it  exhibited  after  heating  with  charcoal. 
"Bologna  phosphorus"  was  made  from  it  in  the  form  of  sticks,  by  powdering  the  mineral  and 
uniting  it  again  with  gum.  (e)  Lamellar,  either  (a)  straight  or  (ft)  curved;  the  latter  sometimes 
as  aggregations  of  curved  scale-like  plates;  the  krummschaliger  Schwerspath  of  Werner,  from 
Freiberg,  is  included  here;  it  contained  some  lime,  and  Breithaupt  gives  mm"  =  78°  7'  and  G.  = 
4-02-4-29.  (/)  Granular,  (ff)  Compact  or  cry ptocrystal line,  (h)  Earthy,  (i)  Stalactitic  and 
stalagmitic;  similar  in  structure  and  origin  to  calcareous  stalactites  and  stalagmites  and  of  much 
beauty  when  polished. 

Michel-levy te  from  Perkin's  Mill,  Templeton,  Quebec,  was  described  by  Lacroix  as  a  mono- 
clinic  form  of  barium  sulphate,  but  shown  by  the  author  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  39,  61,  1890)  to  be  simple 
barite.  It  is  peculiar  in  showing  a  strong  pearly  luster  parallel  usually  to  one  face  of  prismatic 
cleavage  (also  to  both)  and  in  this  direction  separates  easily  into  thin  laminae.  This  is  the  result 
of  pressure  from  the  inclosing  crystalline  limestone,  which  has  also  produced  polysynthetic 
twinning  ||  m (110)  and  o  (Oil).  Cf.  Bauer24,  who  has  studied  the  twinning  structure  minutely 
and  who  shows  that  crystals  standing  free  in  cavities  are  without  these  secondary  tw.  lamellae 
and  peculiarities  of  cleavage. 

The  barite  of  Muzsaj,  Hungary,  and  of  Betler,  near  Rosenau,  was  early  called  Wolnyn.  It 
is  common  barite,  in  crystals,  usually  oblong  in  the  direction  of  the  vertical  axis.  See  Schrauf, 
Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  39,  286,  1860;  Schmidt,  Zs.^Kr.,  3,  428,  1879,  et  al. 

Gawk  is  the  ordinary  barite  of  the  Derbyshire  lead  mines.  Withering,  who  first  analyzed  it, 
describes  it  as  occurring  in  roundish  forms,  consisting  of  rhomboidal  laminae  confusedly 
aggregated  and  white  or  reddish  in  color,  with  G.  =  4'330;  and  a  second  variety  as  radiated 
fibrous,  somewhat  silky  in  luster,  and  at  times  concentric  in  structure,  yellowish  white,  and 
opaque,  with'  G.  =  4'00.  Greg  &  Lettsorn  (1858)  confine  the  term  to  an  opaque  earthy  variety 
of  the  Derbyshire  lead  mines. 

2.  Fetid;  so  called  from  the  odor  given  off  when  struck  or  when  two  pieces  are  rubbed 
together,  which  odor  may  be  due  to  carbonaceous  matters  present;  a  highly  fetid  variety  is 
obtained  in  Berks  Co.,  Pennsylvania. 

3.  Allomorphite  Breith.,  a  kind  having  the  form  and   cleavage  of  anhydrite,  and  found 
at  Unterwirbach,   near  Rudolstadt;    G.  =  4'36-4'48.     Probably  pseudomorphous;    Breithaupt 
regarded  it  as  a  case  of  dimorphism. 

4.  Calcareobarite  Thomson,  Min.,  1,  105.      A  white  barite  from   Strontian  in  Argyleshire, 
containing,  probably  as  mixture,  6'6  p.  c.  of  lime,  and  some  silica  and  alumina. 

5.  Celestobarite ;  the  variety  containing  much  strontium  sulphate,  as  that  of  the  Binnenthal, 
Switzerland,  to  which  von  Waltershausen   applied  the   name  barylocelestine;   also  from  other 
localities.     See  further  p.  906. 


BARITE  GROUP-BARITE.  903 

6.  Calstronbarite,  from  Schobarie,  N.  Y.,  has  the  aspect  of  a  mere  mixture.  Shepard  made 
it  a  compound  of  carbonates  of  stroutium  and  calcium,  with  65-55 

p.  c.  of  sulphate  of  barium,  and  says  it  is  partly  soluble  in  hydro-  16. 

chloric  acid  with  effervescence.     Von  Hauer    found   a  specimen 
from  Scboharie  labeled  calstronbarite  to  consist  of  sulphate  alone. 

Schoarite  Adam,  Tabl.  Min.,  62,  is  a  barite  containing  some 
10  p.  c.  of  silica. 

Comp. — Barium  sulphate,  BaS04  =  Sulphur  triox- 
ide  34-3,  baryta  65*7  =  100. 

Strontium  sulphate  is  often  present,  also  calcium  sulphate 
and  rarely  ammonium  sulphate  (as  noted  below);  further,  as 
impurities,  silica,  clay,  bituminous  or  carbonaceous  substances. 
Analyses,  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  618. 

A  barite  from  Pettis  Co.,  Missouri,  has  been  "described  by 
Luedeking  &  Wheeler  (Am.  J.  Sc.,42,  495,  1891)  which  showed 
thin  white  or  yellowish  bands  parallel  to  the  edges  of  the 
tabular  crystals  (f.  16).  These  bauds  consist  of  a  mixture  of  the 
sulphates  of  barium  and  strontium  with  small  amounts  of  the 
sulphates  of  calcium  and  ammonium.  An  analysis  of  the  white  Pettis  Co. ,  Mo.  L  &W 
barite  gave : 

BaS0487'2         SrSO4  10'9     .    CaSO4  0-2         (NH4)2SO4  0  2          H2O  2'4  =  100'9 

The  ammonium  sulphate  is  present  to  somewhat  greater  extent  in  the  yellow  than  in  the 
white  kinds. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  decrepitates  and  fuses  at  3,  coloring  the  flame  yellowish  green;  the  fused 
mass  reacts  alkaline  with  test  paper.  On  charcoal  reduced  to  a  sulphide.  With  soda  gives 
at  first  a  clear  pearl,  but  on  continued  blowing  yields  a  hepatic  mass,  which  spreads  out  and 
soaks  into  the  coal.  If  a  portion  of  this  mass  be  removed,  placed  on  a  clean  silver  surface,  and 
moistened,  it  gives  a  black  spot  of  silver  sulphide.  Should  the  barite  contain  calcium  sulphate, 
this  will  not  be  absorbed  by  the  coal  when  treated  in  powder  with  soda.  Insoluble  in  acids. 

Obs.— Occurs  commonly  in  connection  with  beds  or  veins  of  metallic  ores,  especially  of  lead, 
also  copper,  silver,  cobalt,  manganese,  as  part  of  the  gangue  of  the  ore;  also  often  accompanies 
stibnite.  Sometimes  present  in  massive  forms  with  hematite  deposits.  It  is  met  with  in 
secondary  limestones  and  sandstones,  sometimes  forming  distinct  veins,  and  in  the  former  often 
in  crystals  along  with  calcite  and  celestite;  in  the  latter  often  with  copper  ores.  Sometimes 
occupies  the  cavities  of  amygdaloid,  porphyry,  etc.;  forms  earthy  masses  in  beds  of  marl. 
Occurs  as  the  petrifying  material  of  fossils  and  occupying  cavities  in  them,  cf.  Roth,  Allg.  Ch. 
Geol.,  1,  608,  1879. 

Barium  sulphate  as  a  cement  in  sandstone  occurs  near  Nottingham.  It  is  deposited  by  mine- 
water  in  boxes  and  pipes  at  the  coal  mines  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne  in  layers,  white  and  brown, 
rather  soft;  they  contain  90  p.  c.  BaSO4,  8  SrSO4,  1  CaSO4,  also  SiO2,  A12O3,  Fe2O3;  the  mine 
waters  contain  some  BaCl2.  Clowes,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.,  46,  363,  368,  1889. 

At  the  Dufton  and  Silverband  lead  mines,  in  Westmoreland,  England,  large  transparent 
crystals  occur,  sometimes  of  gigantic  dimensions;  some  were  found  lying  in  the  mud  at  the 
bottom  of  a  cavern,  and  one  weighed  100  Ibs.  Other  English  localities  are  in  the  Gwennap  and 
Liskeard  districts,  Cornwall;  in  Cumberland  and  Lancashire;  in  Derbyshire,  Staffordshire,  etc. — 
thus  beautiful  blue  crystals  come  from  the  Gillfoot  hematite  mine  near  Egremont  in  Cumber- 
land; also  Friziogton;  Cleator  Moor;  Alston  Moor;  fine  stalactitic  at  Newhaven;  also  from 
Middleton  near  Matlock,  Derbyshire.  In  Scotland,  in  Argyleshire,  at  Strontian;  in  Perthshire, 
of  a  bright  yellow  color  at  Ballindean;  at  the  Cumberland  lead  mine;  in  Ireland,  in  thick  veins 
in  old  red  sandstone,  at  Ballynascreen  in  Londonderry. 

The  septaria  of  Durham.  England,  which  are  cut  and  polished  for  tables,  etc.,  have  the 
veinings  lined  with  brown  heavy  spar,  adding  much  to  their  beauty.  Some  of  the  most  im- 
portant of  the  many  European  localities  are  at  Felsobanya,  Nagybanya,  Schemnitz,  and 
Kremuitz,  in  Hungary,  often  with  stibuite;  Hiittenberg,  Carinthia;  at  Freiberg,  Marienberg,  in 
Saxony;  Clausthal  in  the  Har/;  Pribram,  Bohemia;  with  the  manganese  ores  of  lief  eld,  (Ehren- 
stock,  etc.;  at  Royal  and  Ron  re  in  Auvergne. 

In  the  United  States,  in  N.  Hamp.,  at  Piermont.  In  Mass.,  at  Hatfield  and  Leverett.  In 
Conn.,  at  Cheshire,  large  crystals,  sometimes  transparent,  intersecting  the  red  sandstone  in  veins 
with  chalcocite  and  malachite;  at  Berlin,  Farmington,  and  Southington.  In  N.  York,  at  Pillar 
Point,  opposite  Sackett's  Harbor,  massive,  2-3  ft.  thick,  in  compact  limestone,  affording  large 
slabs,  beautiful  when  polished;  at  Scoharie,  a  fibrous  variety  with  calcite,  the  two  often  mechan- 
ically mingled;  in  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  fine  tabular  or  prismatic  crystals  at  De  Kalb,  the  crystals 
often  opaque  and  earthy  white  on  the  surface;  at  Fowler  with  hematite,  at  the  Parish  ore  bed, 
and  on  the  farm  of  J.  Morse,  in  Gouverneur,  with  calcite  and  hematite,  and  on  the  bunks  of 
Laidlavv  lake  in  Rossie;  the  crested  variety  at  Hammond,  with  crystals  of  pyrite;  at  Wolcott, 
Wayne  Co.,  near  the  stratum  of  lenticular  iron  ore,  and  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Mohawk,  opposite 
Little  Falls. 


904  SULPHATES,    CHRO MATES,   ETC. 

In  Penn.,  in  crystals  at  Perkiomen  lead  mine.  In  Virginia,  at  Eldridge's  gold  mine  in 
Buckingham  Co.;  3  m.  S.W.  from  Lexington,  in  Rockbridge  Co.;  a  beautiful  white  variety  on 
the  plantation  of  J.  Hord,  Esq.,  Fauquier  Co.  In  N.  Carolina,  a  vein  of  white  massive  barite 
occurs  at  Crowders  Mt. ,  Gaston  Co. ;  also  another  iu  Madison  Co. ;  in  crystals  at  the  Phoenix 
mine  in  Cabarrus  Co.  In  Kentucky,  near  Paris,  in  a  large  vein.  In  Tenn.,  on  Brown's  Creek; 
at  Haysboro',  near  Nashville;  in  large  veins  iu  sandstone  on  the  W.  end  of  I.  Royale,  L.  Superior, 
and  on  Spar  Id.,  N.  shore,  one  vein  (containing  also  calcite)  14  ft.  wide,  sometimes  in  crystals. 
In  Missouri,  not  uncommon  with  the  lead  ores;  a  peculiar  variety,  containing  ammonium 
sulphate,  as  noted  above,  occurs  at  Smithton  and  Sedalia,  Pettis  county;  also  interesting  crystals 
at  the  Last  Chance  mine,  Morgan  Co.;  in  earthy  form  near  St.  Louis;  in  concretionary  forms  at 
Salina, Saline  Co.,  Kansas.  In  Colorado,  at  Sterling,  Weld  Co.;  Apishapa  Creek;  also  in  El  Paso 
and  Fremont  Cos.  In  the  Bad  Lands  of  S.  Dakota,  wine-yellow  crystals  occupying  the  cavities 
of  fossils,  e.g.,  the  tooth  of  a  Brontotherium.  In  fine  crystals  near  Fort  Wallace,  New  Mexico. 

Near  Perkiu's  Mill.  Templetou,  Quebec  (Michel-levy te,  p.  902),  embedded  in  granular  lime- 
stone which  carries  apatite  in  the  neighborhood;  in  a  vein  cutting  Laurentian  limestone  at  Hall, 
Ottawa  Co.  In  Ontario,  in  Bathurst,  and  N.  Burgess,  Lanark  Co.;  Gal  way,  Peterborough  Co.; 
as  large  veins  on  Jarvis,  McKellar's,  and  Pie  islands,  in  L.  Superior,  and  near  Fort  William, 
Thunder  Bay.  In  Nova  Scotia,  in  veins  in  the  slates  of  East  River  of  the  Five  Islands, 
Colchester  Co. 

Named  from  fiapoS,  weight,  or  fidpvS,  heavy. 

Alt. — Occurs  altered  to  calcite,  siderite,  cerussite,  quartz,  limonite,  hematite,  pyrite,  psilo- 
melane,  gothite. 

Artif. — Obtained  crystallized  by  Gorgeu  from  a  solution  of  the  sulphate  in  the  fused  chlo- 
ride. Bull.  Soc.  Mm.,  10,  284,  1887. 

Ref. — !  Svarov,  Deukschr.  Ak.  Wien,  32,  pt.  2,  1,  1872;  the  variation  for  crystals  of  differ- 
ent localities  is  not  inconsiderable.  Cf.  Dbr.,  Pogg.,  108,  440,  1859;  Hkr.,  1.  c.;  also  Kk.,  Min. 
Russl.,  7,  25,  58,  1875.  This  is  the  common  position,  which  the  cleavage  makes  natural;  some 
authors  make  the  cleavage  planes  010  and  101,  then  d  —  120,  etc. 

*  See  Mir.,  Min.,  529,  1852;  Hkr.,  I.e.,  and  Min.  Mitth.,  71,  1872;  Schrauf,  Atlas,  Tf.  xxx, 
xxxi,  1872;  Kk.,  1.  c.;  Trechmann,  Min.  Mag.,  7,  49,  1886;  Gdt.,  Index,  1,  279,  1886;  Her- 
schenz,  ref.  1T  below. 

3  Hkr.,  1.  c.  4  Strilver,  Val  Alvernia,  etc.,  Att.  Ace.  Torino,  6,  371,  1871.  *  Schrauf, 
Pfibram,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  64,  199,  1871,  and  1.  c.  6  Schmidt,  Telekes,  Hungary.  Zs.  Kr.,  6, 
554, 1881.  7  Miers.  LaCroix,  ib.,  6,  600,  1881.  8Id.,  ib.,  7,  651.  9  Grunliug,  Binnenthal,  ib.,  8,  243.  • 
1883.  10  Busz,  Mittelagger,  ib.,  10,  32,  1884.  n  Fenyes  [Term.  Fuz.,  8,  288,  1884],  Zs.  Kr.,  10, 
89.  »  Trechmann,  Addiewell,  Midlothian,  1.  c.  13  Schmidt,  wolnyn,  Zs.  Kr.,  12,  105,  1886. 
14  Beckenkamp,  Kaiserstuhl,  Zs.  Kr.,  13,  25,  1887.  15  Artiui,  Mem.  Ace.  Line.,  4,  89,  1887. 
16  Traube,  Neurode,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  69,  1887 

11  Herschenz,  Harz,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Halle,  1888,  and  Zs.  Nat.  Halle,  61, 143.  1888.  18  Dilsing, 
Zs.  Kr.,  14,  481,  1888.  19  Cathreiu,  Valsugana,  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  107,  1889.  *°  Hamberg,  Harstig 
mine,  G.  For.  Fdrh.,  11,  224,  1889.  91  Graeff,  Waldshut.  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  380,  1889.  22  Valentin, 
Kronthal,  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  576,  1889.  23  Brunlechner,  Huttenberg,  Min.  Mitth.,  12,  62,  1891. 

24  On  twinning  lamellae  ||  (601)  see  Bauer,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  37,  1887;  also  ||  (110)  and  (Oil),  Id., 
Perkin's  Mill,  ibid.,  1,  250,  1891,  on  massive  specimens;  the  crystals  (with  the  form  (0-T12))  are 
free  from  twinning.     Gonnard  notes  crystals  crossing  with  lateral  axes  at  right  angles  as  if  twins 
with  tw.  pi  9-11-0  (100  A  9'H'O  =  44°  54'),  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  13,  351,  1890. 

25  On    the    supposed   hemimorphic  character,  cf.  Reuss,   Ber.  Ak.    Wien,    59,   623,   1869; 
Chester,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  33,  288,  1887.     Cf.   Schrauf,  Atlas,  f.  4,  12,  15.     Also  Hankel,  1.  c.,  and 
Valentin  (and  etching  figures),  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  576,  1889. 

28  Refractive  indices,  Arzruni,  Zs.  Kr.,  1, 171,  1877.  Cf.  also  Heusser,  Pogg.,  87,  462,  1852; 
Dx..  N.  R.,  43,  1867;  Mallard  and  Chatelier,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  13,  123,  1890.  On  hardness, 
Exner,  Unt.  Harte,  60,  1873.  On  constants  of  elasticity,  Voigt,  Nachr.  Ges.  Gott.,  561,  1887; 
Niedniann,  Zs.  Kr.,  13,  362,  1887.  Pyroelectricity ,  Hankel,  Abh.  Sachs.  Ges.,  10,  281,  1874. 

LEEDSITE  Thomson.     A  mixture  of  CaSO4  71 '9,  BaSO4  28'1,  from  near  Leeds. 

DREELITE.  Dreelite  Dufrenoy,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  60,  102,  1835.  Dreeit  Glocker,  Syn.,  261, 
1847. 

Supposed  to  be  rhombohedral  and  in  composition  between  barite  and  anhydrite,  3BaSO4. 
CaSO4,  with  G.  =  3'2-3-4.  Dufrenoy  obtained  on  analysis: 

BaS04  CaSO4  CaCO,  SiO,  A12O,  CaO  H2O 

61-73  14-27  8-05  9'71  2'40  1'52  2'31     =     100 

Occurs  in  small  unmodified  crystals,  disseminated  on  the  surface  and  in.  the  cavities  of  a 
quartzose  rock,  at  Beaujeu,  France,  Dept.  of  the  Rhone;  also  at  Baden weiler,  Baden.  Named 
by  Dufrenoy  after  M.  de  Dree,  a  liberal  patron  of  science. 

Shown  by  Lacroix  (Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  8,  435,  1885)  to  be  simply  barite,  the  crystals  ortho- 
rhombic  and  not  rhombohedral. 


BARITE  GROUP— CELESTITE. 


905 


EGGONITE  Schrauf,  Zs.  Kr.,  3,  352.  1879.  Described  as  occurring  in  miuute  crystals 
resembling  barite,  but  assumed  to  be  triclinic  by  Schrauf.  In  composition  supposed  to  be 
essentially  a  cadmium  silicate.  Later  shown  (priv.  contr.)  to  be  simply  barite.  It  occurs  on 
and  implanted  in  crystallized  calamine  jit  Altenberg  (natural  association?),  which  in  turn  fills 
cavities  in  smithsonite;  so  called  from  eyyovo^,  grandson,  as  being  supposed  to  be  the  third 
generation  in  the  series  of  zinc-cadmium  compounds. 

720.  CELESTITE.  Fasriger  Schwerspath  [=Fibrous  Heavy  Spar]  (fr.  Pennsylvania,  Pa.) 
Schutz,  Beschr.  Nordamer.  Foss.,  12,  Leipz.,  1791.  Schwefelsaurer  Strontianit  aus  Peunsyl- 
vanien  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  2,  92,  1797.  Strontiane  sulfatee  (fr-  Sicily)  (after  Vauqueliu's  anal.)  Dolo- 
mieu,  J.  Phys.,  46.  203,  1798  (disc,  by  D.  in  S.  in  1781).  Ccelestin  Wern.,  Min.  Syst,,  1798; 
Lew,  Miu.,  233,  1800;  Karst.,  Tab.,  54,  95,  1808.  Sicilianite  Lenz,  Min.,  233,  1800.  Schutzit 
Gerhard.  G.  Karst.,  Tab.,  36,  75,  1800.  Zolestin  other  Germ,  orthogr.  Calciocelestine  Wickc, 
Arch.  Pharm.,  152,  32, 

Barytosulphate  of  Strontian  Thorn.,  Min.,  1,  111,  1836. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes    a  :  I :  c  —  0-77895  :  1  :  1-28005  Auerbach1. 
100  A  HO  ==  37°  55',  001  A  101  =  58°  40f,  001  A  Oil  =  52°  OJ'. 


Forms2 : 
a  (100,  i-l) 
b  (010,  i-l) 
c  (001,  0) 

A  (10-3-0,  i- 
j>  (210,  i-2) 
t  (530,  z-|) 
u  (320,  i-f) 
<»  (750,  i-l) 
7  (650,  «'-!) 
w  (110,  /) 
n  (120,  i-2) 


S  (108,  fi) 

i    (013,  H) 

A  (2-0-11,  TVi)* 

A   (012,  |-i) 

1  (104,  H) 

C    (023,  |-i) 

r  (207,  f-i)4 

0    (Oil,  1-i) 

g  (103,  i-i) 

e   (021,  24) 

d  (102,  i-i) 
e  (304,  f-i) 

a  (115,  £) 
5    (114,  I) 

X(908,  f-i)« 
k  (101,  1-i) 

f   (H3,  i) 
*    (112,  i)4 

€  (0-1-12,  TV») 

z    (111,  1) 

/a  (018,  \-l) 

<7  (221,2) 

r  (015,  f  I) 

F(524,  H)« 
Z>  (215,  I-2)5 
9  (324,  l-f) 

«  (124,  f2)6 
y  (122,  1-2) 
/?  (121,  2-2) 

#(253,  H) 
w  (5-12-10,  f 
a?  (135,  |-3) 
^  (133,  1-3) 
M  (132,  f-3) 
e  (131,  3-3) 


77  (277,  l-l)4 
J£(146,  H) 
*  (144,  1-4) 
^  (143,  |-4) 
r  (142,  2-4) 
B  (153,  f-5)» 
L  (155,  1-5)' 
^  (169,  f-6) 
0  (166,  1-6) 
^  (187,  f-8) 
/  (1-16-24,  f-16) 
it  (1-16-16,  1-16) 
H(l-24'23,  ff  24) 


1. 


3. 


Fig.  1,  Sicily.     2,  L.  Erie.     3,  W.  Virginia,  G.  H.  Williams  (with  b  (010)  in  front). 


mm" 
nn' 

=    42°  34' 

'  =  *75°  50' 
=     65°  23' 

IV 

99' 
dd' 
kM 

=     44°  40' 
=     57°  25i' 
=  *78°  49' 
=  117°  21' 

ii' 

=     12°  11' 
=     18°  11' 
=    46°  13' 

hhf  =  65°  14' 

oo'  =  104°  0' 

ee'  -  137°  20' 

ca  =  22°  37' 

eg   =  27°  30|' 

c/  =  34°  46i' 

c«    =  46°  10' 

c«    =  64°  21' 

co-  =  76°  30' 

cy   =  56°  41' 


cju      -  64°  25' 
cr      =  69°  36' 

zz  =  90°  40' 
yy'  =  53°  40' 
=  41°  34' 
=  61°  45' 
=  37°  16' 
=  28°  23' 
=19°  8i 

aa'"  =  27°  20' 


JUJU 


XX 


yy  „,  = 

XX'" 
mo 


=     67°  17' 
=    89°  22' 
112°    2' 
106°     9' 
96°  37' 
99°  38' 

59°  57' 
61°  2' 
61°  36' 


Crystals  resembling  those  of  barite  (q.v.)  in  habit;  commonly  tabular  ||  cor 
prismatic  ||  axis  a  or  b',  also  more  rarely  pyramidal  by  the  prominence  of  the 
forms  $  (133)  or  x  (144);  in  the  latter  the  faces  often  rounded  and  the  crystals 


906 


SULPHATES,    CHEOMATE8,  ETC. 


lenticular  in  shape  (f.  3). 
sionally  granular. 


Also  fibrous  and  radiated;  sometimes  globular;  occa- 


Herrengrund,  after 
Schrauf. 

Also,  Dx.10  : 


Cleavage:  c  perfect;  m  nearly  perfect;  b  less  distinct. 
Fracture  uneven.  H.  =  3-3 -5.  G.  =  3'95-3'97;  3'959,  crys- 
tals, Beudant;  3-973  Tharand,  Breith. ;  also  below.  Luster 
vitreous,,  sometimes  inclining  to  pearly.  Streak  white. 
Color  white,  often  faint  bluish,  and  sometimes  reddish. 
Transparent  to  subtranslucent. 

Optically  '-f .  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bx  J_  a.  Axial  angles,  in- 
dices, etc.,  Arzruni9: 


For  C,    20° 
"    D,     " 

"    F,      " 

ForD,  50° 
"  100° 
"  200° 


a 

ft 

Y 

2E, 

2V 

1-61954 

1-62120 

1-62843 

1-62198 

1-62367 

1-62092 

89°  13' 

51°  12' 

1-62790 

1-62960 

1-63697 

1-62162 

1-62346 

1-63053 

92°  0' 

52°  23f 

1-62107 

1-62297 

1-62976 

95°  44' 

54°  19' 

1-61958 

1-62168 

1-62790 

105°  26' 

58°  35' 

At20°C.  2Er  =  88°30'  /5r  =  1-623  2Ey  =  89°  36'  /3y  =  1-625  2Ebl  =  92°  49' 
Also  2Er  =  89°  15'  at  6°  '6,  92°  -4  at  47°,  93°  42'  at  76°  '5,  95°  56'  at  100°  '5. 
Also  (measured),  Arzruni9: 


/?bl  =  1-635 


2Er  =  87°  2'  Li 


2Ey  =  88°  38'  Na 


2Egr  =  89° 


55£'  Tl 


Var.  —  1.  Ordinary,  (a)  In  crystals  of  varied  habit  as  noted  above,  aud  giving  varying 
fundamental  angles,  cf.  ref.  ';  a  tinge  of  a  delicate  blue  is  very  common  and  sometimes  belongs 
to  only  a  part  of  a  crystal. 

The  variety  from  Montmartre,  called  apotome  by  Hauy  (Min.,  2,  33,  1822),  was  prismatic  by 
extension  of  o  (Oil)  and  doubly  terminated  by  the  pyramid  ^  (133);  his  dioxynite  (p.  35)  was 
similar  with  also  d  (102),  from  Meudon. 

(b)  Fibrous,  either  parallel  or  radiated,  (c)  Lamellar;  of  rare  occurrence,  (d)  Granular. 
(e)  Concretionary.  (/)  Earthy;  impure  usually  with  carbonate  of  lime  or  clay. 

2.  Calciocelestite.     Containing  much  calcium. 

3.  Barytocelestite.     Contains  much  barium.     Cf.  below. 

Comp.  —  Strontium  sulphate  =  SrS04  =  Sulphur  trioxide  43'6,  strontia  56*4 
=  100. 

Many  celestites  are  pure  strontium  sulphate,  thus  from  Liineburg,  G.  =  3*975  Pliutze,  1.  c.  ; 
Torda,  G.  =  3-89-3'94  A.  &  Fr.  Koch,  Min.  Mitth.,  9,  416,  1887. 

Calcium  is,  however,  often  present  in  small  quantities,  usually  less  than  0"5  p.  c.  Cf.  Arz- 
runi, 1.  c.;  also  Barwald,  Zs.  Kr.,  12,  228,  1886,  who  gives  G.  =  3'902-3  931. 

Barium  is  less  common,  though  in  some  varieties  present,  in  large  amount.  A  celestite  from 
Greiner  gave  Ullik  48'9  p.  c.  BaO,  G.  =  4'133,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  57  (1),  929,  1868;  in  one  from 
Lairdsville,  N.  Y.,  Chester  found  7"28  BaO,  2-01  CaO,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  33,  286,  1887.  Collie  found 
in  Clifton  barytocelestite  varying  amounts  of  BaO,  Min.  Mag.,  2,  220,  1879.  The  barytocelestite 
from  Werfen,  Salzburg,  contains  BaSO4  and  SrSO4  in  the  ratio  of  4  :  1,  Hatle  and  Tauss.,  Min. 
Mitth.,  9,  227,  1887. 

General  analyses,  besides  those  noted  above,  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  620. 

Wittstein  attributes  the  blue  color  of  the  celestite  of  Jena  to  a  trace  of  iron  phosphate. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.  frequently  decrepitates,  fuses  at  3  to  a  white  pearl,  coloring  the  flame 
strontia-red;  the  fused  mass  reacts  alkaline.  On  charcoal  fuses,  and  in  R.F.  is  converted  into  a 
difficultly  fusible  hepatic  mass;  this  treated  with  hydrochloric  acid  and  alcohol  gives  an  intensely 
red  flame.  With  soda  on  charcoal  reacts  like  barite.  Insoluble  in  acids. 

Obs.  —  Celestite  is  usually  associated  with  limestone,  or  sandstone  of  Silurian,  Devonian, 
Jurassic,  and  other  geological  formations;  occasionally  with  metalliferous  ores,  as  with  galena 
and  sphalerite  at  Condorcet,  France.  Occurs  also  in  beds  of  gypsum,  rock  salt,  and  clay;  some- 
times fills  cavities  in  fossils,  e.g.,  ammonites;  and  with  sulphur  in  some  volcanic  regions,  some- 
times incloses  sulphur  in  crystals,  in  one  case  14  p.  c.,  Johnston-Lavis.  Observed  as  a  recent 
formation  at  Bourbonue  d'Archambault. 

Sicily,  at  Girgenti  and  elsewhere,  affords  splendid  groups  of  crystals  along  with  sulphur 
and  gypsum.  Fine  specimens  are  met  with  at  Bex  in  Switzerland,  and  Conil  in  Spain;  at  Dorii- 
burg,  near  Jena,  fibrous  and  bluish;  in  the  department  of  the  Garonne.  France;  in  the  Paris 
basin  at  Montmartre  and  elsewhere;  in  Tyrol;  Rezbanya,  Hungary;  at  Northen,  Liineburg,  in 
Hannover;  in  rock  salt,  at  Ischl,  Austria.  Also  found  at  Aust  Ferry,  near  Bristol;  in  trap  rocks 


BARITE  GROUP:    CELESTITE—ANGLESITE. 


907 


near  Tantallan,  in  East  Lothian;  at  the  Calton  Hill,  Edinburgh;  near  Kuaresborough,  in  York- 
shire; at  Popayan,  U.  S.  Colombia. 

Specimens,  finely  crystallized,  of  a  bluish  tint,  are  found  in  limestone  about  Lake  Huron, 
particularly  on  Drummond  Island,  also  on  Stroutian  Is.,  Put  in  Bay,  L.  Erie,  and  at  Kingston  in 
Ontario,  Canada;  Chaumont  Bay,  L.  Ontario,  Schoharie,  and  Lockport,  N.  Y.,  have  afforded 
good  specimens;  also  the  Rossie  lead  mine;  Depauville  and  Stark  (farm  of  James  Coill),  N.  Y. 
A  blue  fibrous  celestite  occurs  at  Bell's  Mills,  Blair  Co.,  Penn.,  associated  with  pearl  spar  and 
anhydrite,  and  this  was  the  celestite  taken  to  Europe  by  Schiltz,  and  named  by  Werner  after  an 
analysis  by  Klaproth. 

In  Mineral  Co.,  W.  Virginia,  a  few  miles  south  of  Cumberland,  Md.,  in  pyramidal  blue 
crystals  up  to  3  inches  in  length,  f.  3,  also  5-9.  They  are  found  in  small  cavities  in  an  argil- 
laceous limestone  used  for  cement.  The  cavities  apparently  represent  former  concretions,  but 
are  now  partially  empty  and  in  part  filled  with  clay  (G.  H.  Williams,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  39,  183,  1890). 
In  cavities  in  limestone  at  Nashville,  Tenn.  In  Brown  Co.,  Kansas,  a  red  variety  in  large  crys- 
tals. In  Texas,  at  Lauipasas,  in  very  large  crystals.  At  Glen  Eyrie,  Colorado.  In  fine  clear 
crystals  with  the  colemauite  of  Death  Valley,  San  Bernardino  Co.,  California. 

In  Canada,  in  crystalline  masses  at  Kingston,  Froutenac  Co.;  Lansdowne,  Leeds  Co.;  in 
radiating  fibrous  masses  in  the  Laurentian  of  Renfrew  Co.;  also  a  red  variety  in  dolomite  at 
Caledou,  Peel  Co. 

The  dark  blue  fibrous  celestite  of  Jena  is  peculiarly  pleochroic;  and  its  color  also  varies  with 
the  angle  between  the  principal  cleavage  and  the  direction  of  the  fibers;  the  color  with  the  angle 
86°,  dark  blue;  67%  sky-blue;  46°,  pale  blue  (Schmid,  Pogg.,  120,  637.  1867). 

Named  from  ccelestis,  celestial,  in  allusion  to  the  faint  shade  of  blue  often  present. 

Alt. — Pseudomorphs  of  calcite,  occurring  in  acute  pyramidal  forms  (f.  10,  11)  from  Obers- 
dorf,  near  Saugerhausen,  Thuringia — the  so-called  barleycorn  (Gerstenkorner)  pseudomorphs — 
have  been  referred  to  gay-iussite  (Breith.),  to  celestite,  Haiiy's  apotome  (Dx.),  gypsum  (Kenng.), 
anhydrite  (Groth).  They  occur  as  complete  crystals,  often  in  interpenetrating  groups,  up  to 
two  inches  or  more  in  length,  embedded  in  clay.  Color  pale  yellow,  the  exterior  usually 
smooth  and  hard;  the  interior,  cavernous  with  loosely  coherent  calcite  grains.  They  have  been 
called  natrocalcite  on  the  idea  that  they  contained  soda. 

Similar  pseudomorphs,  but  not  all  of  like  origin,  have  been  noted  from  a  number  of  other 
localities.  For  a  list  of  these  cf.  E.  S.  D.,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Bull.  12,  p.  25,  1884;  also  Blum, 
Pseudomorphosen,  18,  1843;  Roth,  Allg.  Ch.  Geol.,  1,  201,  1879. 

5.  7.  9.  10.  11. 


Figs.  5-9,  Celestite,  Mineral  Co.,  W.  Va.,  Williams.     10,  11,  Pseudomorphs,  Sangerhausen. 

The  recent  discovery  by  G.  H.  Williams  of  celestite  in  pyramidal  crystals  (f.  3.  also  5-9) 
resembling  closely  the  pseudomorphs  and  occurring  like  them  embedded  in  clay  makes  it  almost 
certain  that  Des  Cloizeaux's  explanation  was  correct.  The  apparently  related  forms  from  the 
thinolite  of  Lake  Lahontan  (p.  271)  cannot,  however,  be  explained  in  this  way. 

Artif.-Cf   Gorgeu,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  10,  284,  1887;  Bourgeois,  ib..  p.  323. 

Ref.— '  Bex  and  Herrengrund,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  59  (1),  549,  1869,  the  axial  ratio  varies 
widely  for  different  localities.  Cf.  Dbr.,  Pogg.,  108,  447,  1859;  Kk.,  Min.  Russl.,  5,  5,  1866; 
Arzruni,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  24,  477,  484.  1872. 

9  Cf.  Hugard,  Ann.  Mines,  18,  3,  1850;  Mir.,  Min.,  527,  1852;  Websky,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  9,303, 
1857:  Auerbach,  1.  c.;  Schrauf,  Atlas  XL vm,  1877;  Gdt.,  Index,  1,  447,  1886. 

3  Arzruni,  1.  c.  4  Schmidt,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  99.  1882.  5  Panebianco,  Att.  Soc.  Veneto,  9,  1, 
1M84.  also  (1-0-10)  doubtful.  6  Hintze,  Luueburg,  also  vicinal  planes,  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  220,  1885. 
1  Zimanyi.  Zs.  Kr.,  17  512,  1890.  8  Stuber,  Scharfenberg,  Saxony,  Zs.  Kr.,  19,  437,  Oct.  1891. 
9  Arzruni,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  177,  1877.  10  Dx.,  N.  R.,  47,  1867;  also  Barwald,  Zs.  Kr.,  12,  228, 
1886.  Pyroelectricity,  Hankel,  Wied.  Ann.,  6,  54,  1879. 

721.  ANGLESITE.  Vitriol  de  Plomb  Monnet.  Syst.  Min.,  371,  1779.  Plumbum  acido 
vitriolico  mineralisatum  Bergm.,  Sciagr.,  116,  1782.  Lead  mineralized  by  vitriolic  acid  Withering, 
Trl.  Bergm.  Sciagr.,  1783.  Lead  mineralized  by  vitriolic  acid  and  iron  (on  L  Anglesea  "in  im- 
mense quantities")  Withering,  ib.  Vitriol  de  Plomb  (fr.  Andalusia)  Proust.,  J.  Phys.,  30, 


908 


SULPHATES,    CHROMA TES,   ETC. 


394,  1787.  Bleiglas  (fr.  the  Harz)  Lasius,  Beob.  Harzgeb.,  2,  355,  1789.  Nat.  Bleivitriol 
Karsten,  Tab.,  24,  1791.  Lead  Vitriol,  Sulphate  of  Lead.  Vitriolbleierz  Germ.  Plomb  sulfate 
Fr.  Anglesite  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  459,  1832.  Sardinian  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  24,  320,  1865,  25,  194, 
1866. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-78516  :  1  :  1-28939  Koksharov1. 

100  A  HO  =  38°  8i'f  001  A  101  =  58°  39f ',  001  A  Oil  =  52°  12J'. 


Forms2  : 

7^    (340,  *-f) 

/  (0-2-11,  T8T4)4 

T  (221,  2) 

t  (233,  1-|)6 

a    (100,  i-l) 

S    (230,  t-f) 

B  (Q39,  f  i)5 

1  (331,  3)5 

w  (128,  i-2)4 

b    (010,  i-i) 

F  (580,  e-f)5 

«  (013,  ^-z)4 

J  (441,  4)l°? 

/«  (124,  i-2) 

c    (001,  0) 

7i    (120,  *1) 

0  (012,  i-i) 

(»  (214,  -i-2) 

r  d23,  |-2) 

M  (410,  *-  4)6 
N  (310,  «-3)6 
A.    (210,  i-2) 
P  (740,  £-|)5 
t     (320,  a-f  )4 
#    (430,  £f)5 
m  (110,7) 
r   (780,  i-l) 
U  (790,  £$) 

K   (130,  e-3) 
TF(270,  e-f) 

k   (1-0-24,  ^-^)8 
J"  (107,  H)1 
'IT  (106,  ^-i)6 
^    (104,  H) 
e    (103,  i-i)3 
d!    (102,  i-i) 

«   (018,  |4) 

z  (035,  |4)5 
o  (Oil,  14) 
O  (021,  24) 
ft  (031,  34) 

6   (116,  i) 
/  (H4,  i)6 

g  (H3,  i)3 

r  (112,  i) 
«'  (HI,  1) 

uw   ^MTA-VI     2   *v/ 

y  (212,  1-2) 
^  (324,  |-f  ) 

f   (892,  f-f)5 
n  (781,  8-f)5 
f)  (561,  6-f)6 
q  (8-10-1,  10-|)5 
P  (342,  2-f) 
0  (7-10-1,  10--V0-)5 

y  (122,  1-2) 
t   (121,  2-2) 
^  (133,  1-3) 
«  (132,  |-3) 
u  (146,  f  4)M 
^  (144,  1-4) 
C  (142,  2-4) 
7t  (155,  l-5)4>' 
^  (166,  1-6)' 
V  (1-12-12,  1-12)' 

Sella5  adds  the  following,  observed  once  only  and  needing  confirmation:  520,  IO'9'O. 
9-10  0,  1-0  22,  1-0-15,  108,  2'0'15;  0'1'16;  11 -12-2,  1011 -2,  9-10'2,  782,  671,  562,  792,  236,  126." 
131,  143,  295,  168,  1-10-20,  Ml'13.  Also  vicinal,  1'0'949. 


7. 


8. 


Figs.  1,  5.  8,  Phcenixville.     2,  Anglesea,  Lang.     3,  Felsobanya,  Knr.  (b,  010,  in  front). 
4,  7,  Siegen,  Lang.     6,  9,  Miisen. 


BARITE  GROUP— ANGLE8ITE. 


909 


AA.'" 
mm' 
Mi 
nri 

II 
dd' 


42°  52' 

*76°  16£' 

87°  23'" 

64°  59' 

44°  384' 

78°  47' 

46°  31' 

65°  37' 

*104°  24f 

137°  37' 


cr  =  46°  14' 

cz  =  64°  24f 

cr  =  76°  32' 

cv  =  60°  27' 

cp  =  54°  16' 

cy  =  56°  48V 

ct  =71°  53' 

cs  —  64°  33' 

<£  =  69°  43' 

rr'  =  69°  13' 

zz  =  90°  22' 

rr'  =  99°  48' 


yy 
a 


rr 

zz"1 
pp' 


=  53°  25' 

=  61°  24' 

=  41°  19' 

=  37°     5i 

=  28°  15' 

=  33°     4' 

=  22°  46' 

=  52°  58' 
=  67°  42' 
=  44°  14' 


=  89°  48' 

=  106°  35' 

=  112°  26' 

=  97°     2' 

=  100°     3' 

=  126°  43' 

Ten'"  =  101°  33' 

md    =  60°    3V 

mo     =  60°  47V 
ii 


W 

it'" 


I 


do 


61°  44' 


Lang  (1.  c.)  gives  a  long  list  of  calculated  angles. 

Crystals  sometimes  tabular  ||  c\  more  often  prismatic  in  habit,  and  in  all  the 
three  axial  directions,  m,  d,  o,  predominating  in 
the  different  cases;  also  thick  and  stout.  Also 
pyramidal  of  varied  types.  Faces  m,  a  often 
vertically  striated;  d  horizontally.  Also  massive, 
granular  to  compact.  Sometimes  stalactitic;  in 
nodular  forms,  often  inclosing  a  nucleus  of  galena, 
with  concentric  structure,  being  made  up  of  layers 
of  different  color. 

Cleavage:  c,m  distinct,  but  interrupted.  Frac- 
ture conchoidal.  Very  brittle.  H.  =  2 '75-3.  G. 
=  6-12-6-39;  6'35  Phenixville,  Smith.  Luster 
highly  adamantine  in  some  specimens,  in  others  in- 
clining to  resinous  and  vitreous.  Color  white, 
tinged  yellow,  gray,  green,  and  sometimes  blue. 
Streak  uncolored.  Transparent  to  opaque. 

Optically  +.    Ax.  pi.  ||  b.     Bx  _L  a.     Ax.  angles  and  indices,  Dx.» 


Anglesea,  after  Lang. 


2Ha.r  =  89°  44'        -.-.  2Vr  =  66°  45' 

At  15°  ar  =  1-8740 

aj  =  1-8770 

Also,  Arzruni11: 


For  C  at  20° 
D      V 

F      «« 

D  at  50° 
"  100° 
"  200° 


1-86981 
1-87709 
1-89549 

1-87636 
1-87529 
1-87260 


2Hfcy  = 

/3r  =  1-8795 
ftf  =  1-8830 


1-87502 
1-88226 
1-90097 

1-88166 
1-88080 
1-87833 


52' 


2Vy  =  66° 


2Ha.bi  =  90°  59 


yr  =  1-8924  .'.  2Vr  =  66°  40' 

y,  =  1-8970 


y 

1-88630 
1-89365 
1-91263 

1-89281 
1-89134 

1-88754 


2V 


2Vy  =  60°5<y 


2V  (calc.) 
from  a,  ft,  y 


75°  24' 

77°  40' 
82°  44' 
89°  17' 


68° 


72° 
77° 


Comp.— Lead  sulphate,  PbS04  =  Sulphur  trioxide  26-4,  lead  oxide  73-6  =  100. 
Analyses,  5th  Ed.,  p.  624. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  decrepitates,  fuses  in  the  flame  of  a  candle  (F.  =  1'5).  On  charcoal  in 
O.F.  fuses  to  a  clear  pearl,  which  on  cooling  becomes  milk-white;  in  R.F.  is  reduced  with 
effervescence  to  metallic  lead.  With  soda  on  charcoal  in  R.F.  gives  metallic  lead,  and  the  soda 
is  absorbed  by  the  coal;  when  the  surface  of  the  coal  is  removed  and  placed  on  bright  silver 
and  moistened  with  water  it  tarnishes  the  metal  black.  Difficultly  soluble  in  nitric  acid. 
Soluble  in  citrate  of  ammonia  (J.  L.  Smith).  Soluble  in  22,816  parts  of  water  of  11°  C. 
(Fresenius).  Soluble  in  30,062  parts  of  water  (Rodwell). 

Obs.— First  observed  by  Monnet  as  a  result  of  the  decomposition  of  galena,  and  often 
found  in  its  cavities:  also  surrounds  a  nucleus  of  galena  in  concentric  layers.  At  Leadhills  it 
occurs,  occupying  the  cubical  cavities  of  galena,  or  disposed  on  the  surface  of  the  ore;  and 
this  locality,  and  also  that  of  Wanlockhead,  formerly  afforded  large  and  beautiful  crystals,  some 
transparent  and  several  inches  in  diameter.  First  found  in  England  at  Pary's  mine  in  Anglesea. 
Occurs  also  at  Melanoweth  in  Cornwall;  in  Derbyshire  and  in  Cumberland  in  crystals;  Clausthal, 
Zellerfeld,  and  Giezenbach,  in  the  Harz;  near  Siegen  in  Prussia;  Schapbach  and  Baden weiler  in 


910  SULPHATES,    CHROMATES,  ETC. 

Baden;  Schwarzenbach  and  Mies  in  Carinthia;  Felsobanyaand  elsewhere  in  Hungary ;  Nerchinsk 
In  Siberia;  and  at  Monte  Poni,  Sardinia  in  small  but  perfect  transparent  crystals;  Fondou  in 
Granada;  massive  in  Siberia,  Andalusia,  Alston  Moor  in  Cumberland;  in  Australia,  whence  it  is 
exported  by  the  ton  to  England.  In  the  Sierra  Mojada,  Mexico,  in  immense  quantities,  mostly 
massive. 

In  the  United  States  it  occurs  in  large  crystals  at  Wheatley's  mine,  Phenixville,  Pa.;  less  well 
crystallized  in  Missouri  lead  mines;  at  the  lead  mine  of  Southampton,  Mass.;  at  Rossie,  N.  Y.; 
with  galena  at  the  Walton  gold  mine,  Louisa  Co.,  Va.  In  fine  crystals  of  varied  habit  at  the 
Mountain  View  mine,  near  Union  Bridge,  Carroll  Co.,  Maryland,  associated  witli  galena,  also 
cerussite  and  native  sulphur  (G.  H.  Wijliams,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Bulletin,  April,  1891).  In 
Colorado  at  various  points,  but  less  common  than  cerussite.  At  the  Cerro  Gordo  mines  of 
California  (argentiferous  galena),  with  other  lead  minerals,  also  mimetite,  chrysocolla,  smithson- 
ite,  etc.  In  Arizona,  in  the  mines  of  the  Castle  Dome  district,  Yuma  Co.,  aud  elsewhere. 

Named  from  the  locality,  Anglesea,  where  it  was  first  found  by  Dr.  Withering. 

Alt. — Anglesite  occurs  altered  to  cerussite  (lead  carbonate);  also  to  a  hydrous  anglesite, 
according  to  Breith.  Cf.  ref.  6,  also  Slg.,  Vh.  Ver.  Rheiul.,  33,  253,  1876.  Pseudomorphs 
of  mimetite  (cf.  p.  772),  perhaps  after  auglesite  from  Mexico,  are  described  by  Genth  and  Rath, 
Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  24,  33,  1887. 

Artif.— Obtained  in  crystals  at  a  temperature  of  300°  C.  from  solution  in  water  (Dr.  Sullivan); 
in  lamellar  crystals  by  fusing  a  mixture  of  gypsum  and  common  salt,  and  treating  with  water; 
A  .Gages.  A  recent  formation  at  Bourbonnes  les-Bains. 

Ref._ '  Min.  Russl.,  1,  34,  1853,  2,  167,  1854;  cf.  Lang,  also  Dbr.,  Pogg.,  108,  444,  1859. 
2  Cf.  Mir.,  Min.,  526,  1852;  Lang,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  36,  241,  1859,  an  exhaustive  monograph  with 
many  figures;  Helmhacker,  ref.  under  barite,  p.  904;  Schrauf,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  39,  913,  1860; 
Atlas,  Tf.  xi-xv,  1871;  Zeph.,  ibid.,  50  (1),  369,  1864;  Hbg.,  Min.  Not..  5,  31,  1863;  Sella, 
Sardinia,  Trans.  Ace.  Line.,  3,  150,  1879,  also  Mem.  Ace.  Line.,  2,  199,  1885;  Gdt.,  Index,  1, 
205,  1886. 

.'Zeph.,  Huttenberg,  Lotos,  Dec.,  1874.  4  Knr.,  Hungary,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  321,  1877.  5  Sella, 
1.  c.  6  Erem.,  pseud,  altered  to  cerussite,  Nerchinsk,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  18,  108,  1883,  Zs.  Kr.,  7, 
637,  1883.  7  Franzenau  [Term.  Fiizetek,  8,  77,  119,  1884],  Zs.  Kr.,  10,  88,  1884.  8  Liweh, 
Badenweiler,  Zs.  Kr.,  9,  498,  1884.  9  Slg.,  Zs.  Kr.,  9,  420,  1884.  10  Cf.  Goldschmidt,  Zs.  Kr., 
18,  287,  1890. 

11  Arzruni,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  182,  1877.  Cf.  also  Ramsay,  ibid.,  12,  217,  1886;  Dx.,  N.  R.,  pp. 
30,  204,  1867.  On  Pyroelectricity,  Hankel,  Wied.  Ann.,  6,  54,  1879. 


722.  ANHYDRITE.  Muriazit,  Salzsaurer  Kalk  (fr.  Hall,  Tyrol)  Abbe  Poda,  Fichtel's  Min. 
Aufsiitze,  Wien,  228,  1794.  Wilrfelspath  Wern.,  1800,  Ludwig's  Min.,  1,  51,  166,  1803  =  Cube 
Spar.  Soude  muriatee  gypsifere  (of  Hall)  (from  Klapr.  anal,  in  Beitr.,  1,  307,  1795)  H.,  Tr.,  2, 
1801.  Chaux  sulfatee  auhydre  (fr.  Bex)  Vauq.,H.,  Tr.,  4,  1801.  Anhydrit  Wern.,  1803,  Ludw., 
2,  212,  1804.  Wiirfelgyps  Ludwig,  2,  169.  Anhydrous  Sulphate  of  Lime,  Anhydrous  Gypsum. 
Kai'stenit  Hausm.,  Handb.,  880,  1813. 

Gekrossteiu  (fr.  Bochnia  and  Wieliczka)  Wern.;  Tripe  Stone  EngL;  Pierre  de  tripes  Fr.; 
—  Anhydrit  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  4,  231,  1807.  Pierre  de  Vulpino;  Marmor  Bardiglio  di  Bergamo; 
Bardiglione;  Chaux  sulfatee  quartzifere  Vauq.,  H.,  Tr.,  4,  251, 1801;  Siliceous  Anhydrous  Gyp- 
sum. Kieselgyps,  Vulpinit,  Ludwig,  2,  170,  1804. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  b  =  0-89325  :  1  :  1-0008  Hessenberg1. 
100  A  HO  =  41°  461',  °01  A  101  =  48°  15/>  °01  A  Oil  =  45°  1J'. 


Forms2:  v  (103,  f  if  x  (304,  f-l)3  h  (502,  |4)2  ju  (053,  f4) 

a  (100,  i-l)  e  (205,  |-i)3  I  (405,  f-i)2  e  (501,  54)3  <r  (031,  34) 

b  (010,  «)  u  (102,  4-i)2  r  (101,  14)  d  (m   ,^  Q  (m    1} 

c  (001,  0)  q  (203,  |-*)'  k  (403,  |4)2  r  ^  f  -  n    m   a.g) 


mm'"  =  83°  33'  rr'  =    96°  30'  en   =  66°  27'  bn      =  36°  53' 

ww'     =  25°  16'  ii'  =  131°  54'  cf    =  72°  40  bf      =  26°  34' 

tt'        =  31°  18'  dd'  =     53°  10'  oo'   =  76°  45'  oo'"    -  67°  22' 

DV'       =  40°  57i'  **'  =     90°    3  nri  =  53°  12'  nri"  =  106°  14' 

uu       =  58°  31'  o-o-  =   143°    9^'  ff    =  39°    0'  ff "    =  126°  51' 

qq'       =  73°  31'  co  =     56°  21'  bo    =  56°  19' 


BAR1TE  GRO  UP— A  NH  YD  RITE. 


911 


Twins:  1,  tw.  pi.5  d  (012)  with  II.  =  53°  10'  and  W  =  76°  29'  Hbg.;  2,  tw. 
pi.  r  (101)  occasionally  as  tw.  lamellae,  which  may  be  developed  by  heat*.     Crystals 


Figs.  1,  2,  Stassfurt,  Hbg.     3,  Aussee,  Id.    4,  Santorin,  Id. 

not  common,  thick  tabular,  also  prismatic  ||  axis  b,  often 
terminated  by  a  horizontally  striated  brachydome,  prob- 
ably d  (012)  in  oscillatory" combination7  with  b.  Also 
massive,  cleavable,  and  then  somewhat  resembling  an 
isometric  mineral  with  cubic  cleavage;  fibrous,  lamellar, 
granular,  and  sometimes  impalpable.  The  lamellar  and 
columnar  varieties  often  curved  or  contorted. 

Cleavage :  in  the  three  pinacoidal  directions  yielding 
rectangular  fragments  but  with  varying  ease,  thus,  c  very 
perfect;  b  also  perfect;  a  somewhat  less  so.  Fracture 
uneven,  sometimes  splintery.  Brittle.  H.  =  3-3-5. 
G.  =  2-899-2-985;  2-956  Aussee;  2'985  Stassfurt.  Lus- 
ter: c  pearly,  especially  after  heating  in  a  closed  tube; 
a  somewhat  greasy;  b  vitreous;  in  massive  varieties, 
vitreous  inclining  to  pearly.  Color  white,  sometimes  a  grayish,  bluish,  or 
tinge;  also  brick-red.  Streak  grayish  white. 

Optically  +.     Ax.  pi.  |  b.     Bx  J_  a.     Axial  angles,  Grailich8: 


reddish 


2Er  =  71°  24'-71°  42'  Dx. 


Indices 


a  =  1-571 


2Er  =  70°  18' 
=  1-576 


2EV  =  72°  42' 
y  =  1-614  Miller9 


Var.— 1.  Ordinary,  (a)  Crystallized;  crystals  rare,  more  commonly  massive  and  cleavable 
in  its  three  rectangular  directions  (Wurfelanhydrit  Germ.)  as  noted  above,  (b)  Fibrous;  either 
parallel,  radiated  or  plumose,  (c)  Fine  granular,  (d)  Scaly  granular.  Vulpinite  is  a  scaly 
granular  kind  from  Vulpiuo  in  Lombardy;  it  is  cut  and  polished  for  ornamental  purposes.  It 
does  not  ordinarily  contain  more  silica  than  common  anhydrite.  A  kind  in  contorted  concre- 
tionary forms  is  the  tripestone  (Gekrosstein  or  Schlangenalabaster). 

2.  Pseudomorphous;  in  cubes  after  rock-salt. 

Comp. — Anhydrous  calcium  sulphate,   CaSO    =  Sulphur  trioxide  58*8,  lime 
41-2  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  at  3,  coloring  the  flame  reddish  yellow,  and  yielding  an  enamel-like 
bead  which  reacts  alkaline.  On  charcoal  in  R.F.  reduced  to  a  sulphide;  with  soda  does  not  fuse 
to  a  clear  globule,  and  is  not  absorbed  by  the  coal  like  barite;  is,  however,  decomposed,  and 
yields  amass  which  blackens  silver;  with  fluorite  fuses  to  a  clear  pearl,  which  is  enamel-white 
on  cooling,  and  by  long  blowing  swells  up  and  becomes  infusible.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric 
acid. 

One  hundred  parts  of  water,  at  18'75°  C.,  dissolve  0'2  part  of  anhydrite  Cf.  further  under 
gypsum,  p.  935. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  rocks  of  various  ages,  especially  in  limestone  strata,  and  often  the  same 
that  contain  ordinary  gypsum,  and  also  very  commonly  in  beds  of  rock-salt.  It  was  first  dis- 
covered at  the  salt  mine  near  Hall  in  Tyrol,  by  Abbe  Poda;  and  next  that  of  Bex,  Switzerland. 
Other  localities  are  at  Aussee,  both  crystallized  and  massive,  the  former  sometimes  in  splendid 
geodes,  the  latter  brick-red;  at  Sulzon  the  Neckar,  in  Wlirteniberg;  Himmelsberg,  near  lief  eld; 
Andreasberg  Bleoberg  in  Carinthia;  Liineburg,  Hannover;  Lauterberg  in  the  Harz;  Kapnik  in 


912  SULPHATES,   CHRO MATES,  ETC. 

Hungary:  Wieliczkain  Poland;  Ischl  in  Upper  Austria;Berchtesgaden  in  Bavaria;  at  Rienthal 
and  elsewhere  in  the  Alps,  crystals,  or  other  cavities,  within  quartz  crystals;  Stassfurt,  in  fine 
crystals,  embedded  in  kieserite.  in  cavities  in  lava  at  Santonn. 

In  the  U.  States,  at  Lockport,  N.  Y.,  fine  blue,  in  geodes  of  black  limestone,  accompanied 
by  crystals  of  calcite  and  gypsum;  also  at  Hillsboro,  New  Brunswick,  etc.  In  Pennsylvania, 
at  the  Darby  Tunnel  on  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  R.  R.  near  Philadelphia;  in  cavities  in  limestone 
at  Nashville,  Tenn.  In  Nova  Scotia  it  forms  extensive  beds  at  the  estuary  of  Ihe  Avon  and  the 
St.  Oroix  rivers,  also  near  the  Five  Islands  and  elsewhere,  associated  with  gypsum,  iii  the 
Carboniferous  formation. 

Alt.— Absorbs  moisture  and  changes  to  gypsum,  cf.  Hammerschmidt,  Min.  Mitth.,  5,  245, 
1882.  Extensive  beds  are  sometimes  thus  altered  in  part  or  throughout,  as  at  Bex,  in  Switzer- 
land, where,  by  digging  down  60  to  100  ft.,  the  unaltered  anhydrite  may  be  found.  Sometimes 
specimens  of  anhydrite  are  altered  between  the  folia  or  over  the  exterior.  Also  altered  to  quartz 
and  siderite. 

Artif.— Obtained  from  fusion  (Mitscherlich),  also  (Hoppe-Seyler)  by  heating  gypsum  in  a 
closed  vessel  with  sodium  or  calcium  chloride;  again  (Gorgeu)  from  a  solution  at  a  red  heat  in 
the  chlorides  of  potassium,  sodium,  etc.  Cf.  Rose  (Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  363,  1871),  who  describes 
the  transformation  of  gypsum  into  anhydrite  in  a  solution  of  sodium  chloride;  also  Hammer- 
Schmidt,  I.e.  Spezia  (Att.  Ace.  Torino,  21,  912,  1886)  shows  that,  contrary  *o  earlier  statements, 
Sressure  alone,  even  up  to  500  atmospheres,  is  not  sufficient  to  cause  the  formation  of  annydrite 
istead  of  gypsum. 

Ref.— '  Min  Not.,  10,  1,  1871.  This  is  the  position  of  Grailich  and  von  Lang,  Ber.  Ak. 
Wien,  27,  25,  1857;  with  Mir.  and  Dx.,  a  =  100,  b  (above)  =  001,  c  =  010,  r  =  110, /  =  113; 
with  Naumann  and  Schrauf,  a  —  001,  b  -  100,  c  =  010,  r  =  Oil,/  =  311.  The  dissimilarity 
in  cleavage  makes  an  attempt  to  obtain  correspondence  in  angle  between  this  species  and  barite, 
celestite  and  auglesite  quite  unsatisfactory. 

2  Cf.  the  monograph  of  Hbg.;  he  adds  as  probable  706,  708,  067.  3  Mir.,  Phil.  Mag.,  47, 
124,  1874;  also  doubtful  021,  023.  4  Groth,  Min.-Samml.,  141,  1878.  5  Hbg.,  Santoriu,  1.  c. 
6  Mgg.,  Jb.  Miu.,  2,  258,  1883.  7  Vater,  Stassfurt,  Zs.  Kr.,  10,  390,  1885.  8  Grailich,  1.  c.,  Dx., 
Propr.  Opt.,  2,  23,  N.  R.,  70,  1867.  9  Mir.,  Phil.  Mag.,  19,  177,  1841,  also  cf.  1.  c.,  1874. 


723.  ZINKOSITE.    Zinkosit  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  11,  100,  1852.     Almagrerite. 
Anhydrous  zinc  sulphate,    ZuSO4,   according  to  Breithaupt,   occurring  at    the  mine  of 

Barrauco  Jaroso  in  the  Sierra  Alinagrera,  Spain.     In  crystals  isomorphous  with  anglesite  and 
barite.     G.  =  4*331.     Needs  confirmation. 

Artificial  crystals  of  ZnSO4,  with  001,  101,  Oil,  gave  de  Schulten  :  101  A  101  =  64°  32', 
Oil  A  Oil  =  70°  33'.  G.  =  3-74.  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  C.  R,  107,  405,  1888. 

724.  HYDROCYANITE.    Idrociano  A.  Scacchi,  Note  Min.,    1,  p.  26,  1873;    from  Atti 
Accad.  Sci.  Napoli,  5,  read  March  12,  1870.     Hydrocyan. 

'  Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  b  :  b  =  0-7971  :  1  :  1-1300  A.  Scacchi1. 
100  A  HO  =  38°  33J',  001  A  101  =  54°  48',  001  A  Oil  =  48°  29J'. 

Forms:  k  (120,  i-2)        e  (012,  $-1)       //  (112,  |) 

b   (010,  i-i)  u  (102,  H)        d  (Oil,  1-2)        n  (212,  1-2) 

7»(110,  /,  1,  Sec.) 

mm'"  ~  77°    7'  be      =  *60°  32'  nu'"  =    49°  30' 

kkr      -  64°  12'  dd'    =    96°  59'  nn'     =  101°  58' 

bk       =  *32°    6'  fifi'  =    63°  21V  nn"    =  113°  32' 

uu'      -  70°  39i'  nfJL"  =    84°  23'  nn'"  =    36°    5' 

eef        =     58°  56' 
—f     I/ 
e'" 

After  Scacchi  Color   pale   green,    brownish   or   yellowish,   also   sky-blue. 

Translucent. 

Comp. — Cupric   sulphate,   CuS04  =  Sulphur   trioxide  50*3,  cupric  oxide  49  •? 
=  100. 

Anal. — Scacchi,  1.  c. 

SO,  50-30  CuO  49-47    =    99'77 

Pyr.,  etc. — Completely  soluble  in  water.  Effloresces  very  readily  in  contact  with  the  air. 
When  preserved  in  the  matrix  untouched  the  crystals  will  remain  two  or  three  days  without 
sensible  alteration,  but  upon  being  detached,  or  even  touched,  they  change  color  almost  imme- 


CROCOITE. 


913 


diately.  In  the  alteration  the  crystals  first  show  a  blue  color,  then  split  to  pieces  slowly,  and 
separate  into  minute  granules,  which  seem  to  be  crystals,  though  too  smnll  to  allow  of  their  form 
being  determined.  The  cause  of  the  efflorescence  in  this  case  is  the  absorption  of  the  water  from 
the  atmosphere,  not  the  loss  of  water,  as  is  generally  true.  The  change  when  complete  results 
in  the  production  of  chalcanthite. 

Obs. — Found  at  Vesuvius,  having  been  produced  by  sublimation  at  the  time  of  the  eruption 
of  October,  1868.  The  name  is  derived  from  vd GO p,"  water,  KvavoS,  azure  blue,  in  allusion  to 
the  change  of  color  noted  above. 

Rex.—1  L.  c. ;  the  position  here  taken  is  that  which  brings  out  the  relation  in  form  to 
Darite,  etc. 


725.  CROCOITE.  Nova  minera  Plumbi  /.  G.  Lehmann,  Acad.  Petrop.,  1766;  Pallas, 
Voyages,  2,  235,  1770.  Minera  Plumbi  rubra  Wall.,  Miu.,  1778.  Rotlies  Bleierz  Wern.,  Auss. 
Kenuz.,  296,  1774.  Plomb  rouge  Macquart,  J.  Phys.,  34,  1789;  Vauquelin.  Bull.  Soc.  Philo- 
math., and  J.  Phys.,  45,  393,  1794,  46,  152,  311,  1798.  Plomb  chromate  H.,  Tr.,  3,  1801. 
Chromate  of  Lead.  Chromsaures  Blei,  Bleichromat,  Chrombleispath,  Germ.  Kallochroin 
Hausm.,  Handb.,  1086,  1813.  Crocoise  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  669,  1832.  Crocoisit  Kbl.,  Grundz.,  282, 
1838.  Krokoit  Breith.,  Haudb.,  2,  262,  1841.  Lehmaunite  B.  &  M.,  557,  1852. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-960342  :  1  :  0-915856;   ft  =   77°   32'   50"    = 
001  A  100  Dauber-Koksharov1. 

100  A  HO  =  43°  9'  36',  001  A  101  =  37°  40'  57",  001  A  Oil  =  41°  48'  23". 


Forms2: 
a  (100,  i-l) 

n  (401,  —  4-1) 

$  (331,  -  3) 
8    (44i}_4) 

g  (841,  -  8-2) 
Q  (953,  -  3-D 

^(621,  6-3) 
F(931,  9-3) 

b  (010,  i-l) 

A;  (101,  1-1) 

A  (112,  £) 

#(435,  -  f|) 

B  (521,  5-f) 

c  (001,  0) 

x  (301,  3-1) 

r  (223,  f  ) 

6  (11-10-1,-11-R) 

u  (211,  2-2) 

a  (310,  i-3) 
e?  (210,  i-2) 

I   (401,  4-1) 
e  (501,  5-1) 

A  (Aoi  fi-in 

«  (111,  1) 
e  (11-1-1,  -  11-11) 

j)  (13-1-5,  -^-13) 
r  (911,  9-9) 

#(328,  1-|) 
o   (8-7-10,  ff) 

g  (320,  i-f)3 

V7    ^UVl,    U    v) 

#(911,  -  9-9) 

r  (612,  3-6) 

Jf(6-10'9,  —  -^ 

w(110,  /) 

w  (012,  i-l) 

(7(812,  —  4-8) 

4  (511,  5-5). 

o-  (352,  _  !-A) 

C  (350,  #4) 

z   (Oil,  1-i) 

JV(711,  -  7-7) 

^(18-4-1,  18-|) 

t    (123,  -  |-2) 

/  (120,  i-2) 

y  (oai,2-i) 

77  (412,  -  2-4) 

£  (411,  4-4) 

jn  (154,  -  f-5) 

7i  (101,  -  1-1) 

t  (111,  -1) 

q  (12-4-1,  -  12-3) 

/3  (31  2,  |-3) 

#(265,  f-3) 

p  (502,  -  f-1) 

n  (221,  -  2) 

L  (2-1  -10,  -  £-2) 

0(311,  3-3) 

1. 


3. 


5. 


\m\ 


Figs.  1-5,  after  Dauber;  1-3,  Siberia;  4,  Brazil. 

Dauber  adds  the  following  as  probable:  230,  601,  443,  665,  10  3'4,  16-54,  532,  852,  652,  512, 
922,  11-34,  722,  932,  13'5'2,  12-5'4,  15'7-5,  532,  13-8-6,  ll'10'lO,  783,  3-4-12,  348,  588, 123,  3-8-12; 
and  the  following  as  doubtful:  530,  450,  340,  380,  501,  803,  702,  085,  554,  332,  ll'3'l,  13'5'1, 
12-9  4.  13-1-4,  12-1-4,  lS'2'3,  713,  2i-3'5,  i8'3'4,  17'5-4,  416,  12-3-2,  il-5'1,  743,  iO'9'10.  11  10  6, 
456,  362. 


914  SULPHATES,    CHROMATES,   ETC. 

act"'  =  34°  43'  ww'  =     48°  11'              cX     =  35°  44'  qq'  '=  34°    0' 

dd"    =  50°  14|'  zs      =     83°  37'              cv     =  58°  24'  w'  =  72°  18' 

mm'"  =  86°  19'  yy'   =  *121°  35'                 ,       _  Aft0  oo-  ww'  =  49°  12' 

jpt                       frryo       Q/  Oili          —     rtO      OO  /  <JQ°       Q> 

^         -  57     8  o      ,                ,               o      /  a  «  =  38      3 


en 


=  = 

=  63°  56'  cO    =     67°  20f  ,      _       O      ,  fi    ! 


=  49°  32'  c*     -     70°  34' 


„,      _  6QO  5Q,  . 

*      Z  ?q<>  S,  I  ,15.  £ 

-  ™  ^ 


ex        -  82°  11V  cw   =     80°  57'  , 

c*         =  87°  16' 

Crystals  usually  prismatic  (my  rarely  t  (111)  ),  but  habit  very  varied;  some- 
times resembling  acute  rhombohedral  forms  (f.  4).  Faces  mostly  smooth  and 
brilliant;  m  vertically  striated.  Also  imperfectly  columnar  and  granular. 

Cleavage:  m  rather  distinct;  c,  a  less  so.  Fracture  small  conchoidal  to  un- 
even. Sectile.  H.  =  2-5-3.  G.  =  5-9-6-1.  Luster  adamantine  to  vitreous. 
Color  various  shades  of  bright  hyacinth-red.  Streak  orange-yellow.  Translucent. 

Optically  +.  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bxa  A  &  =  +  5°  30'.  Dispersion  inclined,  very 
large  (oil).  Axial  angle  large: 

2Hr  =  97°  35     2Hy  =  97°  0'     ny  =  1-468     .'.  2Vy  =  54°  3'      /?y  =  2'42  approx.,  Dx.< 

Comp.  —  Lead  chromate,  PbCr04  =  Chromium  trioxide  31*1,  lead  protoxide 
68-9  =  100. 

Anal.—  1,  Barwald,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  170,  1883.     Also  Pfaff,  Berzelius,  5th  Ed. 

1.  Berezov  CrO3  31  "16  PbO  68  82     =     99'98 

Vauquelin  discovered  the  metal  chromium  in  this  mineral  in  1797. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  blackens,  but  recovers  its  original  color  on  cool- 
ing. B.B.  fuses  at  1*5,  and  on  charcoal  is  reduced  to  metallic  lead  with  deflagration,  leaving  a 
residue  of  chromium  oxide,  and  giving  a  lead  coating.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  an  emerald- 
green  bead  in  both  flames. 

Obs.  —  First  found  at  Berezov,  in  crystals  in  quartz  veins,  or  intersecting  gneiss  or  granite; 
also  occurs  at  Mursinka  and  near  Nizhni  Tagilsk  in  the  Ural,  in  narrow  veins,  traversing  decom- 
posed gneiss,  and  associated  with  gold,  pyrite,  galena,  quartz,  and  vauquelinite;  in  Brazil,  at 
Congonhas  do  Campo,  in  fine  crystals  in  decomposed  granite;  at  Rezbauya  in  Hungary,  at  the 
mine  of  St.  Anthony;  Moldawa  in  Hungary;  on  Luzon,  one  of  the  Philippines,  whence  crystals 
were  received  by  J.  D.  Dana  in  1842,  from  El  Sefior  Roxas  of  Manila,  and  understood  to  be  from 
the  northern  peninsula  of  Luzon;  according  to  Dr.  Hochstetter,  at  the  mines  of  Labo,  in  the 
Province  of  North  Camarines,  on  the  southeastern  peninsula  of  Luzon  (Dauber).  Occurs  in 
limited  quantities  with  vanadinite,  wulfenite,  etc.,  in  some  of  the  mines  of  the  Vulture  district, 
Maricopa  Co.,  Arizona. 

This  species  was  first  noticed  by  Lehmanu  (I.e.).  The  name  Crocoite  is  from  KpoKoS,  saffron. 
Berthier,  in  1832,  gave  the  word  the  bad  form  Crocoise,  which  von  Kobell  altered,  in  1838,  to 
Crocoisite,  and  Breithaupt,  in  1841,  to  Crocoite  (Krokoit),  and  v.  Kobell  also  to  this  last-mentioned 
form  in  his  later  works. 

Artif.  —  Formed  by  Manross  (Lieb.  Ann.,  82,  359,  1852)  by  the  fusion  together  of  potassium 
chromate  and  lead  chloride;  also  by  Drevermann  (ib.,  89,  36,  1854)  by  the  diffusion  method 
using  potassium  chromate  and  lead  nitrate.  Also  more  simply  in  crystals  like  the  native 
mineral  by  Bourgeois,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  10,  187,  1887. 

Ref._  i  Ural,  Dbr.,  Ber.  Ak.  Wieu,  42,  19,  1860;  Pogg.,  106,  150,  1859,  and  Kk.,  Min. 
Russl.,  7,  97,  1875.  See  Dbr.  for  values  for  other  localities. 

2  See  Dbr.,  1.  c.  ;  Mir.,  Min.,  557;  Hbg.,Min.  Not.,  3,  27,  1860,  who  gives  a,  /Jfrom  Berezov. 
3  Mir.,  1.  c.,  not  noted  by  Dbr.,  but  requiring  confirmation.  4  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  5,  103,  1882; 
Cf.  also  Barwald,  who  makes  the  refractive  index  somewhat  higher,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  170,  1882. 

A  lead  chromate  from  Pretoria,  Transvaal,  S.  Africa,  afforded  Dawson:  CrO3  25'24, 
PbO  74-76  =  100.  This  corresponding  nearly  to  4PbO.3CrO3.  Min.  Mag.,  6,  xvm,  1885. 

726.  PHCENICOCHROITE.  Melanochroit  Hermann,  Pogg.,  28,  162,  1833.  Phceniko- 
chroit  Glocker,  Grundr.,  612,  1839.  Subsesquichromate  of  Lead  Thorn.  Phonicit  Raid.,  Handb., 
504,  1845. 

Orthorhombic  ?  Crystals  usually  tabular,  and  reticularly  interwoven. 
Also  massive. 

Cleavage  in  one  direction,  perfect.  H.  =  3-3-5.  G.  =  5-75.  Luster  resinous 
or  adamantine,  glimmering.  Color  between  cochineal-  and  hyacinth-red;  becomes 
lemon-yellow  on  exposure.  Streak  brick-red.  Subtranslucent  to  opaque. 

Comp.—  A  basic  lead  chromate,  3Pb0.2Cr03  =  Chromium  trioxide  23  '2,  lead 
protoxide  76  -8  =  100. 


VAUQUELINITE. 


915 


Anal.— Hermann,  1.  c. 


Cr03  23-31 


PbO  76-69     =    100 


Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  readily  to  a  dark  mass,  which  is  crystalline  when  cold. 
In  R.F.  on  charcoal  gives  a  coating  of  lead  oxide,  with  globules  of  lead  and  a  residue  of 
chromium  oxide.  Gives  the  reaction  for  chromium  with  fluxes.  Dissolves  in  hydrochloric  acid 
with  the  separation  of  lead  chloride. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  limestone  at  Berezov  in  the  Ural,  with  crocoite,  vauqueliuite,  pyromorphite, 
and  galena. 

Named  Melanochroite  by  Hermann,  from  yue'Aa?,  black,  and  ^poa,  color.  But,  as  the  color 
is  red,  and  not  black,  and  the  name  is  therefore  false  to  the  species,  Glocker  changed  it  to  Phwni- 
cochroite,  from  (ftoiviKoS,  deep  red,  and  XP^a\  and  in  this  he  is  followed  by  Hausmann.  The 
abbreviated  form  ph&nicite  is  bad,  because  it  is  too  much  like  the  name  of  another  mineral, 
phenacile. 

Artif. — Meunier  obtained  phoenicocroite  by  the  action  of  a  solution  of  potassium  dichromate 
on  galena,  C.  R.,  87,  656,  1878.  Of.  earlier,  Drevermaun,  Lieb.  Ann.,  89,  36,  1854. 


727.  VAUQUELINITE.  Vauqueline  Berz.,  Afh.,  6,  246,  1818.  Vauqueliuite  Berz., 
N.  Syst  Min.  Paris,  202,  1819.  Chromate  of  Lead  and  Copper  Phillips.  Laxmannite  A.  E. 
Nordenskiold,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  24,  655,  1867;  Pogg.  Ann.,  137,  299,  1869.  Phosphochromite 
Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  1,  447,  1870. 

Monoclinic.      Axes  a  :  1 :  6  =  0-74977  :  1  :  1-39083;  ft  =  *69°  3'  —  001  A  100 
Koksharov1. 

100  A  HO  =  35°  0',  001  A  101  =  *79°  0',  001  A  Oil  =  52°  24J'. 


Forms  2  : 

w  (940,  1-1)1 

a  (100,  i-l) 

z    (320,  t'-|) 

c  (001,  0) 

ra(110,  /) 

8  (410,  t-4) 

/  (120,  i-2) 

88"        = 

19°  51V 

zz'"      = 

50°    3' 

mm'"  = 

*70°     0' 

ff'        = 

71°    3V 

9  (370,  ft)? 

e  (102,  -  i- 
x  (304,  -  |- 


n  (102,  -H) 
p  (304,  |-i) 
h  (101,  14) 


d  (Oil,  14) 

u  (931,  9-3)? 
y  (146,  f-4) 


ce  =  33°    2V 
ex  =  40°  57' 
en  =  52°  21' 


cp    =    68°  51' 
ddf  =  104°  49' 

cu   =    72°  49' 


cy    =  45°  44V 
uu'  =  26°  47' 
yy'   =  85°  36' 


Twins:  tw.  pi.  e  (102)3.  Crystals  usually  minute,  often  wedge-shaped; 
irregularly  aggregated,  and  in  mammillary  forms.  Also  reniform  or  botryoidal, 
and  granular;  amorphous. 

Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  2*5-3.  G.  =  5'8-6'l.  Luster  adamantine 
to  resinous,  often  faint.  Color  green  to  brown,  apple-green,  siskin-green,  olive- 
green,  ocher-brown,  liver-brown ;  sometimes  nearly  black.  Streak  greenish  or 
brownish.  Faintly  translucent  to  opaque. 

Comp. — A  phospho-chromate  of  lead,  perhaps,  as  suggested  by  Rammelsberg, 
2(Pb,Cu)Cr04.(Pb,Cu)8PapB  =  Chromium  trioxide  15*0,  phosphorus  pentoxide  10*6, 
lead  protoxide  69*5,  cupric  oxide  4 '9  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Nordenskiold,  1.  c.  3,  Hermann,  1.  c.  4,  Pisani,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  3,  196, 
1880.  5,  Nicolayev,  Min.  Russl.,  8,  353. 

1.  Laxmannite  G.  =  5 '77 

2. 

3.  Phosphochromite    G.  —  5'80 

4. 

5.  "Vauquelinite"     G.  =  6'06 

Berzelius  gave  for  the  original  vauquelinite:  CrO3  28 '33,  PbO  60'87,  Cu  10'80  =  100,  which 
correspond  to  3(Pb,Cu)O.2CrO3;  he  probably  overlooked  the  phosphoric  acid,  for  the  observations 
of  Des  Cloizeaux  and  Koksharov  make  it  almost  certain  that  vauquelinite  and  laxmannite  are 
identical,  although  Nordenskiold  argues  for  the  presence  of  a  pure  chromate,  free  from  phosphoric 
acid,  with  his  laxmannite.  All  the  crystals  examined  by  Koksharov  proved  to  contain  P2OS,  but 
varying  somewhat  in  amount  (8  to  10  p.  c.)  as  explained  by  the  associated  pyromorphite.  Some 
authors  give  the  name  laxmannite  to  the  above  phospho-chromate,  the  existence  of  which  is  suffi. 


P206 

CrO3 

PbO 

CuO 

Fe2O3 

H2O 

8-05 

15-26 

61-26 

12-43 

1-09 

1-31  =    99-40 

8-57 

16-76 

61-06 

10-85 

1-28 

0-90  =    99-42 

9-94 

10-13 

68-33 

7-36 

2-80 

1-16  =    99-72 

9-78 

15-80 

70-60 

4-57 

— 

—    =  100-75 

9-23 

11-95 

62-70 

9-58 

— 

3-00  =    96-46 

916  SULPHATES,    CHROMATES,  ETC. 

ciently  proved,  and  retain  vauquelinite  for  the  still  hypothetical  chromate,  assumed  to  have  tTio 
composition  given  above.  This,  by  the  way,  is  identical  with  that  of  phoenicochroite  except  in 
the  presence  of  copper. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  on  charcoal  slightly  intumesces  and  fuses  to  a  gray  submetalHc  globule, 
yielding  at  the  same  time  small  globules  of  metal.  With  borax  or  salt  of  phosphorus  affords  a 
green  transparent  glass  in  the  outer  flame,  which  in  the  inner  after  cooling  is  red  to  black, 
according  to  the  amount  of  mineral  in  the  assay;  the  red  color  is  more  distinct  with  tin.  Partly 
soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  with  crocoite  at  Berezov  in  the  Ural,  generally  in  mammillated  or  amorphous 
masses,  or  thin  crusts;  early  reported  at' Pontgibaud  in  the  Puy-de-D6me  (but  needs  confirma- 
tion, Dx.);  also  with  the  crocoite  of  Brazil. 

At  the  lead  mine  near  Sing  Sing  it  has  been  reported  by  Dr.  Torrey  in  green  and  brownish 
green  mammillary  concretions,  and  also  nearly  pulverulent;  and  at  the  Pequa  lead  mine  in  Lan* 
caster  Co..  Pa.,  in  minute  crystals  and  radiated  aggregations  on  quartz  and  galena,  of  siskin-  to 
apple-green  color,  with  cerussite.  Probably  also  with  crocoite,  vunadinite,  wulfenite  at  some  of 
the  mines  in  the  Vulture  district  in  Muricopa  Co.,  Arizona.  All  these  American  localities 
require  revision. 

Named  after  Vauqueliu,  the  discoverer  of  the  metal  chromium,  and  also  the  first  one  tG 
notice  the  crystals  of  this  species  (J.  Mines,  6.  737).  Laxmannite  is  for  the  chemist  Prof.  E. 
Laxmanu,  who  early  traveled  extensively  in  Siberia,  and  (Nd.)  tirst  called  attention  to  the  min« 
erals  of  Berezov. 

John  describes  a  greenish  or  brownish  chromo-phosphate  of  lead  and  copper  (Chrom-Phosphor- 
kupferbleispath)  from  Berezov,  Siberia,  as  occurring  in  small  crystalline  concretions,  having  thft 
surface  covered  with  capillary  prisms;  H.  =  2-3;  opaque  to  subtrauslucent;  fracture  uneven; 
powder  dull  greenish.  Analysis  afforded  (Jb.  Min.,  67,  1845):  PbCrO4  45'0,  PbO  190,  CuO  11 '20, 
P2O&  4-10,  OO3  7'50,  manganese  tr.,  H2O  1-78,  impurities  11 '42.  To  a  large  extent  soluble  in 
nitric  or  hydrochloric  acid.  It  is  probably  only  an  impure  vauqueliuite. 

Ref. — '  Crystals  with  the  composition  given  in  anal.  5,  Miu.  Russl.,  8,  345.  1878.  See  also 
Nd.,  1.  c.,  and  Dx.,  Bull.  Soc.  Miu.,  5,  53,  1882,  whose  angles  vary  rather  widely  from  these. 
2  Kk.,  p.  357,  also  Dx.  3Haid.;  the  specimen  supposed  to  be  from  Pontgibaud,  cf.  Dx., 
1.  c.,  p.  56. 

JOSSAITE  Breithaupt,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  17,  54,  1858.  From  Berezov,  occurring  in  small  orange, 
yellow  crystals  with  vauquelinite.  Described  as  orthorhombic,  with  a  prismatic  angle  of 
62°-70°,  and  traces  of  prismatic  cleavage;  the  luster  between  vitreous  and  waxy;  streak  dull 
yellowish  white;  H.  =  3'0;  G.  =  5'2.  According  to  Plattner,  it  gives  the  reactions  of  chromio 
acid  and  oxides  of  lead  and  zinc. 

TAUAPACAITE  Raimondi,  Mineraux  du  Perou,  p.  274,  1878.  Occurs  in  minute  fragments  oi 
a  brilliant  yellow  color,  in  the  midst  of  soda  niter  (the  variety  called  caliche  azufradp,  p.  871). 
Essentially  a  potassium  chromate,  but  mixed  with  a  little  sodium  chloride,  sodium  nitrate,  and 
sodium  and  potassium  sulphates.  From  the  province  of  Tarapaca,  Chili;  also  (Domeyko,  Miu. 
Chili,  3d  Ed.,  447)  in  the  natural  salt  deposits  of  the  desert  of  Atacama,  Chili.  It  needs  furthei 
examination. 

CALCIUM  CHROMATES.  On  the  artificial  formation  and  crystalline  form  of  various  calcium 
chromates,  see  H.  B.  v.  Foullon,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  40,  421,  1890.  The  salts  described  have  the 
composition  :  Ca2CrO5  +  3H2O,  monoclinic;  CaCrO4  +  2H2O,  monoclinic  and  isomorphoua 
with  gypsum;  CaCrO4  -f  H2O,  orthorhombic. 

SULPHATES  OF  MERCURY.  Seyfriedsberger  has  described  two  sulphates  of  mercury  from 
the  mercury  furnace  at  Idria,  Hg2SO4  and  HgSO4.  The  former  occurs  in  orthorhombic  crys^ 
tals,  with  a  (100).  b  (010),  c  (001),  m  (110),  p  (230), /(102),  g  (203),  h  (101),  d  (Oil),  o  (111).  Axial 
ratio  d  :  b  :  c  =  0-666  :  1  :  0'707.  Angles:  mm'"  =  67°  20',  hh'  =  93°  30',  dd'  =  70°  33',  etc.  Zs. 
Kr.,  17,  433,  1890. 


Sulphates  with  Chlorides,  Carbonates,  etc.— In  part  hydrous 

compounds. 

728.  Sulphohalite      3JSTa0S04.2NaCl  Isometric 

d:  1:6 

729.  Caracolite          NaaS04.Pb(OH)Cl?        Orthorhombic        0-5843 :  1  :  0-4213 

a:l  :6  ft 

730.  Kainite  MgS04.KCl  -f  3H20    Monoclinic     1-2187:  1  :  0-5863     85°  6' 

731.  Connellite          Cu1B(Cl,OH)4SOI6  +  15H20  Hexagonal          6  =  1-1562 

732.  Spangolite          (AlCl)Cu.(OH)19S04  +  3H.P          Rhombohedral  6  =  2-0108 


SULPHOHALITE—  CA  RA  OOLITE.  917 

733.  Hanksite  4Xa2S04.N"aacOa  Hexagonal          6  =  1-0140 

a:l:6  ft 

734.  Leadhillite        4PbO.S03.2C02.H20?    Monoclinic     1-7476  :  1  :  2-2154  89°  48' 
Two  double  salts,  sulphates  and  nitrates  of  sodium,  are  described  on  p.  873. 


728.  SULPHOHALITE.     W.  E.  Hidden  and  /.  B.  Mackintosh,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  36,  463,  1888. 
Sulfohalit  Germ. 

Isometric.  In  dodecahedrons,  also  with  cubic  and  octahedral  faces;  an  appa- 
rent development  of  the  latter  according  to  tetrahedral  symmetry  has  been  noted1. 
H.  =  3-5.  Gr.  =  2 '489.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  faint  greenish  yellow.  Trans- 
parent. 

Comp.— 3Na0S04.2NaCl  =  Sulphur   trioxide   44-2,   chlorine   13-0,   soda   45«7 
=  102-9;  or,  Sodium  sulphate  78*5,  sodium  chloride  21'5  —  100. 
Anal. — Mackintosh,  1.  c. 

SO3  42-48  Cl  1312  Na2C03  1-77 

This  is  interpreted  as  Na2SO4  75-41,  NaCl  21 '62,  KaaC03  1-77  =  98-80.  If  the  loss  is 
regarded  as  Na2SO4  and  the  Na*COi  is  taken  as  replacing  a  small  part  of  the  sulphate,  the 
above  formula  is  obtained.  Slowly  soluble  in  water. 

Obs. — Observed  implanted  upon  crystals  of  hanksite  from  Borax  lake,  San  Bernardino 
Co.,  California;  obtained  from  a  cavity  reached  in  boring  at  a  depth  of  35  feet. 

Ref.— »  Cf.  Hidden,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  41,  438,  1891. 

729.  CARACOLITE.     Websky,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  p.  1045,  1886. 

Orthorhombic  (?)  and  pseudo-hexagonal  by  twinning.  Axes  a  :  b  :  6  = 
0-5843  :  1  :  0-4213  Websky1. 

100  A  110  =  30°  17}',  001  A  101  =  35°  47f ',  001  A  Oil  =  22°  50£'. 
Measured  augles:    pp'"  =  *37°  44',  pp"  =  *100°  16',  also  pp'  =  67°  13'  (calc.). 
As  a  crystalline  incrustation;  the  crystals  have  the  form  of  a  hexagonal  pyramid 
with  base  and  prism,  but  are  explained  as  trillings,  analogous  to  aragonite,  with 
the  prism  as  twinning  plane,  mm"'  =•  60°  35^'. 

Cleavage  not  noted.     H.  =  4'5.     Luster  vitreous.     Colorless. 
Comp.— Perhaps  Pb(OH)Cl.Na2S04  =  Sulphur  trioxide  20'0,  lead  protoxide 
55-5,  soda  15-5,  chlorine  8-8,  water  45  =  104'3. 
Anal. — Websky,  1.  c.,  on  impure  material. 

SO3  Cl  Pb          Cu         FeO       ZnO 

16-70        10-18        50-88        2'51        0'33        0'29  insol.  1*84  =  82'73  +-2-30  (O  =  Cl)  =  85'03 

Adding  12'46  Na2O  =  equiv.  of  SO3  (diminished  by  equiv.  of  ZnO  and  FeO),  2'51  p.  c.  H2O 
remains.  This  is  interpreted  as  consisting  of  83'9  p.  c.  caracolite  and  14'26  percylite  (with  1'84 
residue),  but  the  result  is  very  problematical. 

Pyr. — Fuses  in  the  Bunsen  flame  to  a  brown  glass  giving  a  strong  soda  flame  with  a  blue 
spot  close  to  the  assay.  Partially  dissolved  by  water,  the  solution  evaporated  depositing  cubes 
of  sodium  chloride,  etc. 

Obs. — Occurs  intimately  mixed  with  blue  cubes  of  percylite  as  an  incrustation  and  in  crevices 
in  a  gaugue  consisting  of  galena,  anglesite,  and  quartz.  From  Mina  Beatriz,  Sierra  Gorda, 
Atacama,  some  20  or  30  miles  from  Caracoles,  Chili  (cf.  Fletcher,  1.  c.,  and  Sandb.,  Jb.  Min., 
2,  75,  1887. 

Ref. — '  L.  c.,  it  may  prove  that  the  crystals  belong  to  the  hexagonal  system  to  which  they 
approximate  closely;  cf.  Fletcher,  Min.  Mag.,  8,  172,  1889. 

CHLOROTHIONITE.  Clorotionite  A.  Scacchi,  Att.  Accad.  Napoli,  6,  1873  (Contrib.  Min.,  n, 
p.  59). 

Occurs  in  thin  crystalline  mammillary  crusts  of  a  bright  blue  color.     Analysis: 

SO4  32-99  Cl  20-04  Cu  19'56  K  26'29  loss  1-12     =     100 

Crystals  obtained  by  recrystallization  from  a  solution,  and  thus  purer  than  the  original 
material,  gave  essentially  the  same  result,  Formula  K2SO4.CuCl2  =  SO4  31  '2.  Cl  230,  Cu 
20-5,  K  25-3  =  100.  From  Vesuvius,  as  a  result  of  the  eruption  of  April,  1872.  The  name 
records  the  presence  of  chlorine  and  sulphur  (Seior). 


918 


SULPHATES,    CHROMATES,  ETC. 


730.  KAINITE.    Zincken,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  24,  79,  1865. 
xe 

100  A  HO  =  50°  31f,  001  A  101  =  24°  43J',  001  A  Oil  =  30°  17§'. 


Monoclinic.      Axes  a  :  1 :  6  =  1-21866  :  1  :  0-58635;  ft  =  85°  5f'=  001  A  100 
Groth1. 


Forms1 : 

•  (100,  i-l) 
(010,  i-i) 
(001,  0) 

Also4  doubtful  7t  (980),  4  (4'18-7). 


(310,  »-3)» 

*  (101,  -  l-£)3 

e  (334,  -  !)• 

(210,  *-2)« 

r  (201,  -  2-i) 

o  (111,  -  1) 

(110,  /) 

7i  (401,  -  44)3 

o  (221,  -  2)' 

d  (021,  2-i)2 

e  (223,  f  )* 

(111,    1) 

(311,  -  3-S)3 
(131,  -  3-3)2 
(131,  3-3) 


1. 


«'" 

=  44° 

4' 

ex 

=     60° 

11' 

,           ,%•'" 

=  62° 

31' 

00 

=  *63° 

52' 

.            mm'"=10l° 

3' 

a'fi 

3     =    *71° 

51 

\m'     cr 

=  41° 

32' 

000 

"  ^*105° 

47' 

dd' 

=  98° 

53' 

oo' 

=     54° 

1' 

K 

CO 

=  35° 

58' 

GOGO'  =     57° 

ir 

/ 

cv 

=  60° 

39' 

XX' 

=  113° 

38' 

d 

b   C(a 

=  38° 

14V 

& 

=  117° 

6' 

\ 

Crystals   often 

tabular 

1    c 

also  prismatic  (a?),  pyramidal  o 
and    &?.     Faces   c   uneven    and 
broken.     Also  granular  massive 
Figs.  1,  2,  Loederburg,  Luedecke.  and  in  crystalline  crusts. 

Cleavage:    a   very   distinct; 

m  distinct;    ~b  less  so;   also  o,  GO  Bkg.     H.  —  2-5-3.     G.  =  2-067-2-188.     Luster 
vitreous.     Color  white  or  colorless  to  dark  flesh-red. 

Optically  -.     Ax.  pi.  ||  b.     Bxa  A  6  =  -  8°  Groth,  -  10°  43'  Zeph.     Disper- 
sion inclined,  very  distinct.     Axial  angles : 


Also 
2Ha.r  =  87°  8'  Li 


2Ey  =  141°  approx. 


2Hy  =  86°  40'  Groth 


2Ha.y  =  87°  3'  Na     2Ha.gr  =  87°  0'  Tl     2H0.y  =  98°  30'    .-.  2Vy  =  84°  33' 


Comp.—  MgS04.KCl  +  3H20  =  Sulphur  trioxide  32-1,  chlorine  14-3,  magnesia 
16*1,  potassium  18*9,  water  21-8  =  103*2;  or,  Magnesium  sulphate  48'2,  potassium 
chloride  30-0,  water  21-8  =  100. 

Anal.—  1,  Philipp,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  17,  649,  1865.  2,  Frank,  Ber.  Ch.  Ges.,  1,  121,  1868,  Rg., 
Min.  Ch.,  261,  1875.  3,  Hauer,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  20,  141,  1871.  4,  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien, 
63  (1),  311,  1871.  5,  Liuck,  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  572,  1889. 


SO3 

Cl 

MgO 

K 

Na 

H20 

1.  Stassfurt 

32-98 

14-52 

16-49 

13-54 

1-30 

21-00  = 

99-83 

2. 

33-54 

14-15 

16-41 

16-29 



19-47  = 

99-86 

3.  Kalusz 

32-24 

15-03 

16-12 

15-25 

0-69 

21-37  = 

100-70 

4  ,      .< 

32-34 

14-56 

16-75 

15-66 

0-03 

20-73  = 

100  07 

5.  Douglashall 

34-30 

1397 

16-61 

14-99 

— 

21-11  = 

100-98 

Does  not  deliquesce,  but  easily  soluble  in  water.  The  solution  yields  crystals  of  picromerite 
leaving  the  potassium  chloride  behind,  whence  the  earlier  view  that  kainite  of  Zincken  was 
nothing  but  the  impure  picromerite.  (cf.  5th  Ed.,  p.  642). 

Obs.—  Found  in  granular  masses,  less  often  in  crystals,  at  Stassfurt;  with  picromerite 
(schoenite),  halite,  and  sylvite  at  Aschersleben  ;  at  Kalusz,  Galicia,  in  beds  of  considerable 
thickness  (Tsch.,  1.  c.). 

Artif.—  A.  de  Sclmlten  (C.  R.,  Ill,  928,  1890)  describes  the  synthesis  of  kainite  by  the 
evaporation  of  a  concentrated  solution  of  500  gr.  of  crystallized  magnesium  chloride  with  a  solu- 
tion containing  40  gr.  potassium  sulphate  and  56  gr,  of  magnesium  sulphate.  An  analysis  of 
crystals  obtained  gave  : 


S03  33-30 


Cl  14-03 


MgO  17-17 


K  15-09 


H2O  20-50  =  100- 


Ref.— J  Stassfurt,  Pogg.,  137.  442,  1869.    2Zeph.,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  234,  1881.    3  Luedecke,  Loeder 
burg,  Zs.  Nat.  Halle,  58,  656,  1885.     4  Bkg.,  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  569,  1889. 


COXNELLITE—SPAXGOLITE. 


919 


731.  CONNELLITE.  Copper  Ore  of  an  azure-blue  color,  composed  of  needle  crystals 
(fr.  Wheal  Providence)  Rashteigh,  Brit.  Min.,  2,  13,  pi.  12,  f.  1,  6,  1802.  Sulphato-cliloride  of 
Copper  Connel,  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.,  1847.  Comiellite  Dana,  Min.,  523,  1850. 

Hexagonal.     Axis  6  =  1-1562;  0001  A  1011  —  53°  10'  N.  Story-Maskelyne1. 


Forms1  :    c  (0001,  0),  m  (1010,  I),  a  (1120,  z-2),  p  (1011,  1),  w  (Il-2i3'3, 


Angles:     mp  =  36°  50',   pp'  =  47°  10f,   pp'"  =  *106°  20',  ww' 
i  =  21°  0',  ap  =  46°  7',  aw  =  24°  4f ,  mw  =  13°  18'. 


=  42°  48*' 


=  21°  59', 


1. 


Crystals  slender,  or  acicular,  usually  hexagonal  prisms,  #,  with  the  pyramid 
p-,  sometimes  also  with  the  dihexagonal  pyramid  w;  also 
stout  prisms,  a,  m  with  basal  plane.     In  radiating  groups, 
forming  botryoidal  or  rounded  masses. 

H.  —  3.  Gr.  =  3-364.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  fine 
blue;  of  the  powder  pale  greenish  blue.  Translucent. 
Optically  uniaxial,  positive,  Btd. 

Comp.  —  Probably  CuI5(Cl,OH)4S016. 15H20.  Neg- 
lecting the  hydroxyl,  regarded  as  replacing  part  of  the 
chlorine, the  percentage  composition  is:  Sulphur  trioxide 
4-8,  cupric  oxide  72-1,  chlorine  8'6,  water  16'4=  101-9. 

Anal.— Peufield,  made  on  0'074  gram,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  82, 1890. 

SO8  4-9        Cl  7-4        CuO  72'3        H2O  16  8  (at  100°  0'4)  =  101 '8 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  at  2  to  a  black  shining  globule  coloring 
the  flame  green.  Gives  acid  water  abundantly  in  the  closed  tube. 
Insoluble  in  water,  but  easilv  soluble  in  nitric  or  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs.— In   Cornwall,  at  Wheal  Unity  and  Wheal    Damsel,  in  Figs.  1,  2,  Cornwall, 

slender  crystals,  not  over  ¥^  in.  in  diameter  and  TV  in.  thick.  Maskelyue. 

Recently  (1885)  found  in  crystals  up  to  4  mm.  in  length  at  the 

Marke  Valley  mine  in  Eastern  Cornwall  with  cuprite,  malachite,  and  chalcophyllite,  and  in  the 
Camborne  district  with  cuprite,  azurite,  malachite,  brochantite,  etc.  Also  noted  with  cuprite, 
malachite,  and  quartz  from  Namaqualand,  S.  Africa  (Prior.  Min.  Mag.,  8,  182,  1889). 

Ref.— '  Phil.  Mag.,  25,  39.   1863.     Penfield  (1.  c.)  obtained  pp'  =  49°  39'  and  Trechmann 
47°  31',  Min.  Mag.,  6,  171,  1885.    'Miers  notes  c  (0001),  ibid.,  p.  167. 


732.  SPANGOLITE.    8.  L.  Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  39,  370.  1890. 
Ehombohedral.    Axis  6  =  2-0108;  0001  A  1011  =  66°  42'  Penfield. 


Forms : 

c    (0001,  0) 
m  (1010,  J) 

ck  =  26°  41' 
en  =  33°  50' 
co  =  45°  9' 

1. 


a  (1120,  z-2) 
k  (1128,  i-2) 
n  (1126,  £-2) 

cp  =  56°  27' 
d  =  59°  53' 
cp  =  *63°  33£' 


0  (1124,  i-2) 
p  (3368,  f-2) 

1  (3367,  f-2) 

ex  =     71°  394' 
cy  =     76°     2' 
cz  =     80°  35' 


Figs.  1,  2,  Penfield. 


p  (1122,  1-2) 
x  (3364,  |-2) 


oo'    =     41°  3H' 
pp'  =  *53°  11|' 


y  (1121,  2-2) 
z  (3362,  3-2) 


ytf  =    68°    3' 
mp  =     39°    9' 


In  hexagonal  crystals  with  promi- 
nent basal  plane;  sometimes  short 
prismatic  with  faces  a  horizontally 
striated;  also  flattened  with  a  series 
of  pyramids  in  oscillatory  combina- 
tion. These  pyramids  are  shown  to 
belong  to  the  second  series  by  the 
etch  ing- figures. 

Cleavage:  basal,  perfect.     Frac- 


ture conchoidal.  Etching-figures  on  c  rhombohedral  in  symmetry,  and  correspond- 
ing to  various  scalenohedrons  varying  with  the  kind  of  acid  or  its  degree  of  con- 
centration. H.  =  2  on  c,  on  pyramidal  faces  =  3.  G.  =  3*141.  Luster  vitreous. 
Color  dark  green.  Pleochroism  not  strongly  marked,  green  (a?)  and  bluish  green 


920 

(e).     Optically  — . 
A  =  525  approx. 


SULPHATES,    CHROMATEb,    KT*, 

Double  refraction  strong.     Indices:  GO  =  1-694,  e  =      641  for 

3.  4.  5. 


Figs.  3-5,  Peufield,  basal  sections  showing  etching-figures:   3,  in  dilute  sulphuric  acid;  4,  in 
very  dilute  sulphuric  acid;  5,  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Comp.— A  highly  basic  sulphate  of  aluminium  and  copper,  Cu6A101S010.9H20 
which  may  be  written  (AlCl)S04.6Cu(OH)9  +  3H20  =  Sulphur  trioxide  10-1, 
alumina  6-3,  cupric  oxide  59-7,  chlorine  4 -5,  water  20'4,=  101/0,  deduct  (0  =  201) 
1-0  =  100. 

Anal.— Penfield,  1.  c. 

|  SO3  10-11  Cl  4-11  A12O3  6'60  CuO  59-51  H2O  20-41  =  100-74 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  at  3  to  a  black  slaggy  mass,  coloring  the  flame  green.  On  charcoal 
in  the  reducing  flame  yields  globules  of  metallic  copper.  Yields  acid  water  abundantly  in  the 
closed  tube.  Insoluble  in  water,  but  readily  soluble  in  dilute  acids. 

Obs. — From  the  neighborhood  of  Tombstone,  Arizona,  but  exact  locality  unknown;  perhaps 
from  the  Globe  district.  Only  a  single  specimen  has  thus  far  been  preserved;  this  shows  a  mass 
of  impure  cuprite  nearly  covered  with  the  flue  hexagonal  crystals  of  spangolite  associated  with 
a  few  crystals  of  azurite  and  a  prismatic  mineral,  perhaps  atacamite. 

Named  after  Mr.  Norman  Spang  of  Etna,  Allegheny  Co.,  Penn. 

733.  HANKSITE.     W.  E.  Hidden,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  30, 133,  1885. 
Hexagonal.     Axis  6  =  1-0140;  0001  A  Ml  =  *49°  30'  Hidden1. 

Forms:    c  (0001,  0);  m  (1010,  I);  p  (4045,  f)'2,  o  (1011,  1),  *  (2021,  2). 

Angles:     cp  =  43°  8',  co  -  49°  30',  cs  =  66°  52|',  pp'  =  39°  58*',  oo'  =  44°  4H',  ss'  =  54°  45'. 

3.  In  hexagonal  prisms,  usually  short 

prismatic  to  tabular;  often  in  inter- 
penetrating groups.  Faces  m  striated 
horizontally.  Also  in  quartzoids. 

Cleavage:  c  distinct.  Fracture  un- 
even to  subconchoidal.  Brittle.  H. 
=  3-3-5.  G.  =  2-562.  Luster  vitreous, 
rather  dull.  Color  white,  inclining  to 
yellow.  Transparent  to  translucent. 
Optically  uniaxial,  negative.  Taste 
saline. 

Comp. — An  anhydrous  sulphate-car- 
bonate of  sodium,  4Na2S04.Na2CO,  = 
Sulphur  trioxide  47-5,  carbon  dioxide 
6-5,  soda  46-0=100;  or,  Sodium  sulphate 
84-3,  sodium  carbonate  15-7  =  100. 
AnaL— 1,  J.  B.  Mackintosh,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  30,  134,  1885.  2,  S.  L.  Penfield,  ib.,  p.  137. 


m 


Figs.  1-3,  Ayres. 


SO3  CO2  Na2O  Cl  ign.  insol. 

45-89  5-42  46'34  2'36  —       =  lOO'Ol 

43-59  5-42  40'86  2  13  1'32  4-41     K  2  33  =  100'06 


LEADHILLITE.  921 

The  bases  in  1  were  calculated  as  soda.  In  2  the  insoluble  portion  is  admixed  clay  which 
rendered  the  crystal  partially  opaque;  the  chlorine  is  probably  due  to  impurity  (NaCl);  inclusions 
of  cubic  crystals  were  observed  microscopically. 

Pyr. — Fuses  easily  with  a  yellow  tlame.     Readily  soluble  in  water.     Effervesces  with  acids. 

Obs.— Found  with  halite,  theuardite,  glauberite,  troua,  borax,  etc.,  at  Borax  Lake,  San 
Bernardino  Co.,  California;  cf.  Hanks,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  37,  63,  1889.  Hauksite  is  sometimes  inclosed 
in  borax  crystals.  Also  known  from  Death  Valley,  Inyo  Co.,  and  reported  from  Nevada.  The 
crystal  analyzed  by  Penfieid  was  a  low  hexagonal  prism,  75  mm.  across;  from  California,  but 
exact  locality  unknown. 

Named  after  Henry  G   Hanks,  formerly  State  Mineralogist  of  California. 

Ref.— l  L.  c.     Bode  wig  measured  oo  =  44°  31',  co  =  49°  15i',  Am.  J.  Sc.,  38,  165, 


734.  LEADHILLITE.  Plomb  carbonate  rhomboidal  Bourn.,  Cat.,  p.  343,  1817.  Sulphato- 
tricarbouate  of  Lead  Brooke,  Ed  Phil.  J.,  3,  117,  1820.  Leadhillite  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  366,  1832. 
Bleisulphotricarbonat,  Teruarbleierz,  Weiss.  Psiniythit  Olocker,  Syn.,  256,  1847.  Maxite 
Laspeyres,  Jb.  Min.,407,  508,  1872;  292,  1873. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  1-74764  :  1  :  2-21545;   ft  =  89°  47'  38"  =  001 
A  100  Laspeyres1. 

100  A  HO  =  60°  13'  18",  001  A  101  =  51°  36' 18",  001  A  Oil  =  65°  42' 24". 

Forms2  :  m  (110,  /)  a  (014,  ±-i)  Y  (612,  -  3-6)3  ju  (418,  f  4)3 

a  (100,  i-i)  .    203   _  3    .  g  (012,  \-i)  S  (418,  -  i-4)3  g  (414,  1-4) 

b  (010,  a)  ^  ;101'  _  J   '  ^  (034,  f-i)  *  (414,  -  1-4)  p  (814,  2-4) 

c  (ooi,  0)  (302;  _  sl^a        ft  (113  -  i)3          e  <214'  -  ^)3       *>  (212,  i-*) 

d  (410,  a}          «  (201,  -  ii)       { (112,  - 1)        *  ^«  - if)       -  ;^J.  HP' 

«,  (310,  ,'.8)  tw.pl.        y  (401,  -  4-I)3  *  (111,  -  1)  £  412,  -  4-2  )3  *  (434,  1-|)3 

J   (210,  i-2)  /  (101.  1-i)  «  (112,  i)  d4'  ~  r  (477,  1-|)3 

L  (430,  z-f)3  «  (201,  2-*)  r  (111,  1)  A  (4'1-12,  i-4)3  w  (474,  f-f) 

dd'"  =  47°  12'  6^  =  *42°  4'  26"          cr  =  68°  42'  to  =  *36°    7'  54" 

fijc,3/  =  60°  27'  gg'  =  95°  51'  cs  =  54°  1'  w'  =     86°  17' 

M'"  =  82°  18'  M''=  117°  55'  e&  =  59°  10|'  rr'  —  107°  55|' 

mm'"  =  120°  27'  c<  =  51°  51'  c?  =  54°  16'  ss'  =     37°  48' 

cu  =  68°  18'  ex  =  68°  31'  c/>  =  59°  24'  qq'  =     37°  56' 

cj  =  51°  5H'  cm  =  89°  54'  tt'  =  »o  6'  ^  =  *69°  15'  37" 

ce  =  68°  39'  ct?  =  51°  59'  xx  =  107°  44' 

Twins:    tw.  pi.  m,  analogous  to  aragonite;    also  GO  (310)  as  tw.  lamellae,  some- 
times developed  by  elevation  of  temperature.     Crystals 
commonly  tabular  ||  c. 

Cleavage:  c  very  perfect;  a  in  traces.  Fracture 
concboidal,  scarcely  observable.  Rather  sectile.  H.=  2'5. 
G-.=  6-26-6-44.  Luster  of  c  pearly,  other  parts  resinous, 
somewhat  adamantine.  Color  white,  passing  into  yellow, 
green,  or  gray.  Streak  uncolored.  Transparent  to  trans- 
lucent. 

Optically    — .     Ax.  pi.  ||  a.     Bx   sensibly  _J_  c.     Dis-  Sardinia,  Laspeyres. 

persion  p  <  v  rather  large.     Axial  angle  diminishes  with 
increase  of  temperature,  and  finally  a  section  becomes  uniaxial  and  negative. 

At  15°  C.,  2Er  =  20°  32'.  2Ebi  =  22°  22'.  2Er  =  20°  28'  at  21° '5,  6°  46'  at  47°,  0°  at  121°. 
Again,  2Er  =  20°  54'  at  13°  C  and  0°  at  146° '5.  Again,  2Er  =  23°  16'  at  12°,  10°  22'  at  47°, 
83  26'  at  17-)°-8Dx.4 

Hintze5  found  it  uniaxial  at  125°,  Miigge6  at  300°,  previous  tw.  lamellae  having  completely 
disappeared. 

Comp.— Sulphate-carbonate  of  lead,  perhaps  (Groth)  4PbO.S03.2C02.H,0  = 
Sulphur  trioxide  7'4,  carbon  dioxide  8-2,  lead  oxide  82'7,  water  1*7  =  100. 

Hintze  wrote  the  formula  7PbO.2SO3.4CO2.2H2O. 

Anal.— 1  2,  Laspeyres,  1.  c. ;  2,  mean  of  several  analyses.  3,  Bertrand,  Bull.  Soc.  Ch.,  19, 
67,  1873.  4,  Hintze,  1.  c.  5-7,  Collie,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  55,  91,  1889. 


922 


SULPHATES,    CHROMATES,   ETC. 


1.  Leadhills 

2.  Sardinia,  Maxite 
3. 

4. 

5.  Leadhills 

6. 

7. 


G.  =  6-60 
G.  =  6-547 


SO3 

8-42 

8-12 

7-14 

8-17 

9-2 

8-0 

7-3 


C02 

7-98 
8-03 

12-12 
9-18 
8-6 
9-8 

11-5 


PbO 

81-78 

81-98 

8072 

80-80 

82-3 

81-8 

81-3 


H20 
1-82 

1-87 

2-00 

1-5 

1-6 

1-8 


100 
100 
99-98 
100-15 
101-6 
101-2 
101-9 


Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  intuinesces,  fuses  at'1'5,  and  turns  yellow;  but  becomes  white  oil  cooling. 
Easily  reduced  on  charcoal.  With  soda  affords  the  reaction  for  sulphuric  acid.  Effervesces 
briskly  in  nitric  acid,  and  leaves  white  lead  sulphate  undissolved.  Yields  water  in  the  closed  tube. 

Obs.— Found  at  Leadhills,  with  other  ores  of  lead;  also  in  crystals  at  Red  Gill,  Cumberland, 
and  near  Taunton  in  Somersetshire;  at  Matlock,  Derbyshire.  From  the  Mala-Calzetta  lead 
mine  near  Iglesias,  Sardinia  (maxite),  associated  with  galena,  cerussite,  anglesite;  it  was  supposed 
at  tirst  to  be  an  independent  species  (cf.  App.  n.  38,  in,  67).  Grenada  is  also  stated  to  be  a 
locality  of  it,  and  the  island  of  Seriphos,  Grecian  Archipelago.  The  crystals  seldom  exceed  an 
inch  in  length,  and  are  commonly  smaller. 

Reported  by  C.  U.  Shepard  from  Newberry  District,  S.  C.,  but  there  is  some  doubt  as  to  the 
locality;  also  from  the  Morgan  silver  mine,  Spartanburg  District,  S.  C.  Observed  from  Arizona, 
at  the  Schulz  gold  mine  with  wulfenite,  vanadinite,  cerussite;  it  is  partly  altered  to  cerussite 
(Pfd.). 

The  name  maxite  was  given  for  the  Belgian  mining  engineer,  Max  Braun. 

Ref. — l  Zs.  Er.,  1, 193,  1877;  the  form  was  first  made  monoclinic  by  Haidinger,  later  ortho- 
rhombic  and  hemihedral,  cf.  Haid.,  Trans.  R.  Soc.  Edinb.,  10,  217,  1826  (1824);  "Mir.,  563, 1852. 
Artini  (ref.  below)  calculates  d  :  b  :  c  =  1  "751 52  :  1  :  2'22608;  ft  =  89°  31'  55'. 

2  Cf.  Lasp.  and  Mir.,  Min.  563,  1852.  3  Artiui,  monograph  of  the  Sardinian  mineral,  Giorn. 
Min.,  1.  1,  1890.  4  Dx.,  Propr.  Opt.,  2,  38,  N.  R.,  72,  1867.  5  Hintze.  Pogg.,  152,  259,  1874; 
cf.  also  Bertraud,  C,  R.,  86,  348,  1878.  ti  Mgg.,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  63,  204,  1884. 

SUSANNITE.  Sulphato-tricarbonate  of  Lead  pt.  (fr.  Susanna  mine,  Leadhills)  Brooke,  Ed. 
N.  Phil.  .!.,  3,  117,  138,  1827.  Suzannit  Haid.,  Handb.,  505,  1845. 

Regarded  at  one  time  as  rhombohedral  and  dimorphous  with  leadhillite,  but  it  is  very 
probably  only  a  modification  of  that  species. 

In  attached  crystals,  described  as  acute  rhombohedral,  rr'  =  107^°,  at  the  Susanna  mine, 
Leadhills,  in  Scotland;  at  Moldawa  in  Hungary;  Nerchinsk  in  Siberia. 

Cf.  Leadhillite. 


735.  Misenite 


B.   Acid  and  Basic  Sulphates. 


HKSO. 


Monoclinic  ? 


736.  Alumian  A1(A10)(S04)2          Rhombohedral? 


737.  Lanarkite          (Pb20)S04  Monoclinic         0*8681  :  1  :  1-3836  88°  11' 

738.  Dolerophanite   (Cu20)S04  "  1-4813:1:1-4761  66°    8' 

&-.  b  :6 

739.  Caledonite         (Pb,Cu)2(OH)2S04   Orthorhombic?  0-9163  :  1  :  1-4032 

740.  Brochantite       Cu4(OH)6S04  "  0-7739  :  1  :  0-4871 

a  :  b  :  6  /3 

711.  Linarite  PbCu(OH)2S04        Monoclinic          1-7161  :  1  :  0-8296  77°  23' 


735.  MISENITE.    A.  ScaccJii,  Mem.  G.  sulla  Campania,  98,  1849. 
In  silky  fibers  of  a  white  color.     Soluble;  taste  acid  and  bitter. 
Comp.— Probably  acid  potassium  sulphate,  HKS04  or  K2S04.H,S04  =  Sulphur 
trioxide  58-8,  potash  34-6,  water  6-6  =  100. 
Anal.— Scacchi,  1.  c. 

SO3  56-93  K2O  36-57  H2O  6'12  A12O3  0'38    =     100 


AL  UMIAN—LANARKITE. 


923 


Pyr.,  etc. — Fuses  easily  in  the  flame  of  a  Bunsen  burner,  imparting  to  it  a  violet  color. 
Soluble  in  water. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  a  hot  tufa  cavern  at  Cape  Misene  near  Naples. 

The  artificial  salt  is  dimorphous,  being  obtained  ordinarily  in  orthorhombic  crystals,  and  also 
in  silky  fibrous  forms  and  acicular  crystals  which  are  mouoclinic.  Of.  Marignac  and  Rg.,  Kr. 
Oh. ,  391, 1881.  The  monoclinic  modification  has  been  studied  by  Wyrouboff ,  who  concludes  that 
misenite  belongs  to  this,  the  less  stable  form.  It  has :  110  A  110  =  68°,  001  A  HO  =  80°,  001  A 
101  =62°,  ft  =  77°  55',  G.  =  2'245.  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  7,  5,  1884. 

736.  ALUMIAN.    Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  17,  53,  1858. 

Rhombohedral  ?    Crystals  microscopic.     Also  massive. 

Cleavage,  traces.  H.  —  2-3.  G.  =  2'702-2'781.  Luster  of  small  crystals  vitreous;  of 
masses  weak.  Color  white.  Subtranslucent. 

Comp.— Perhaps  AlaO».28O«  =  Sulphur  trioxide  61  -1,  alumina  38'9=  100.  According  to 
Utenddrffer's  determinations  (1.  c.),  contains  37-38  p,  c.  of  alumina,  with  sulphuric  acid,  and  no 
water. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B  B.  unaltered;  only  hygroscopic  water  given  off,  but  at  a  high  temperature 
sulphuric  acid,  which  may  be  detected  by  litmus  paper.  With  cobalt  solution  a  tine  blue. 

Obs. — From  mines  in  the  Sierra  Almagrera,  southern  Spain.  What  appears  to  be  the  same 
mineral  was  earlier  mentioned  by  Goebel  as  an  efflorescence  on  the  north-east  side  of  Mt.  Ararat. 
He  found:  SO3  58 -58,  A12O3  38'75,  FeSO4  2  78  =  100-11,  Schw.  J.,  60,  401,  1-830. 


737.  LANARKITE.  Sulphato-carbonate  of  Lead  Brooke,  Ed.  Phil.  J.,  3,  117,  1820. 
Lauarkite  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  366,  1832.  Dioxylith  Breith. ,  Char.,  1832.  Kohlenvitriolbleispath, 
Halbvitriolblei,  Germ. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-86811 :  1  :  1-38363;  /?  =  88°  11'  =  001  A  100 
Schrauf1. 

100  A  110  =  40°  56f ',  001  A  101  =  56°  35f ',  001  A  Oil  =  54°  7|'. 

Forms1 :    a  (100,  i-l),  c  (001,  0);  u  (103,  -  H),  cr(302,  f-I),  z  (131,  -3-3),  s  (110'5,  -  2-10.) 
Also  less  certain  «  (10-1-29),   W (13-4-37),  r  (231-15). 

Angles:  cu  =  27°  34f,  ca  =  88°  11',  ccr  =  68°  51',  cz  =  76°  42',  cs  =  70°  3|',  zz'  =  130* 
36',  az  =  69°  9'. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect;   a,  u  (103)  in  traces.     Laminae   flexible.     H.  =  2-2'5. 
G.  =  6-3-6'4  Thomson;    6'8    Pisani.      Luster   of   the 
cleavage-face  pearly ;  elsewhere  adamantine,  inclining  to 
resinous.     Streak  white.     Color   greenish  white,  pale 
yellow  or  gray.     Transparent  to  translucent. 

Optically  — .    Double  refraction  strong.    Ax.pl.  \\  b. 


2Hr  =  65°  3' 


2Hgr  =  63°  55'  Pisani 


Comp.— Basic  lead  sulphate,  Pb.SO,  or  PbS04.PbO  Leadhills,  Schrauf. 

=  Sulphur  trioxide  15'2,  lead  protoxide  84-8  —  100;  or, 
Lead  sulphate  57'6,  lead  protoxide  42*4  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Pisani,  C.  R.,  76,  114,  1873.     2,  Flight,  J.  Oh.  Soc.,  27,  103,  1874.     3-4,  Collie, 
ib.,  55,  92,  1889.     All  from  Leadhills. 


G.  =  6-8 


S03 

1510 

PbS04 

57-70 
57-2 
57-7 
57-65 


PbO 

82-73 

PbO 

42-89 

40-6 

42-9 

41  6 


ign. 

0-83     = 
ign. 

0-8      = 
0-5      = 


98-66 


100-89 
98-6 

100-6 
996 


Pyr,,  etc. — B.B.  on  charcoal  easily  reduced.  Partially  dissolved  in  nitric  acid,  leaving  a 
residue  of  lead  sulphate. 

Obs. — At  Leadhills,  Lanarkshire,  Scotland,  with  caledonite  and  susannite;  of  very  rare 
occurrence.  Massive  at  Siberia,  and  at  Taime,  in  the  Harz;  at  Bibervveier,  Tyrol. 

Ret.—1  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  31,  1877. 


924 


SULPHATES,    CHROMATES,   ETC. 


738.  DOLEROPHANITE.    Dolerofano  A.  ScaccJii,  Note  Min.,  1,  p.  22,  Napoli,  2873. 
Extract  from  Atti  Accad.  Sc.  jSTapoli,  5  (read  March  12,  1870).     Dolerophau. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  1*4813  :  1  :  1-4761;    ft  =  *66°  8'  =  001  A  100 
Scacchi. 

100  A  HO  =  53°  33£  ',  001  A  101  =  33°  0',  001  A  Oil  =  53°  28J'. 


Forms  : 

a  (100,  i-l) 
b  (010,  a) 
c  (001,  0) 


d  (103,  - 
e  (103,  $-1) 
/  (203,  H) 
0  (101,  14) 


li  (302,  f  -I) 
,^  (331    _  gv 
y    Til'  ix 


p  (739,  —  f  |) 
r  (533,  —  f-£) 
A  (531,  -  5-f) 


r  (322,  f  -  f  ) 
«  (133,  1  1-3) 
9  (139,  £-3) 


The  composition  of  dolerophanite  seems  to  correspond  to  that  of  lanarkite,  tmt  the  relation 
in  form  is  not  clear. 


cd  = 

ce  = 

tf  = 

eg  = 
cli  = 
en  = 


14C 

19C 
39C 
56C 
73C 
*65C 


594' 

20' 

43' 

47' 

52V 

40' 


ct  = 
cr  = 
cs  = 
an  = 
aju  = 
ar  = 


52*' 
33' 


69 
50 
50°  39' 
*50°  44' 
37°  37' 
38°  17' 


as     = 

nn'  = 
it'  - 
ss'  = 
rr'  = 


65°  41' 

98°  5' 
102°  12' 
97°  57' 
61°  43| 
73°  5' 


After  Scacchi. 


Crystals  small,  rarely  having  a  diameter  of  more  tbar» 
two  millimeters.  Faces  brilliant. 

Color  brown.     Powder  brownish  yellow.     Opaque. 

Comp. — A  basic  cnpric  sulphate,  probably  corre- 
sponding to  lanarkite,  Cu2SOB  or  2CuO.S03  —  Sulphur 
trioxide  33*6,  cupric  oxide  66-4  =  100. 

SO3  CuO  insol. 

36-07  62-27  1'22      =      99 '56 

33-49  65-20  [1'31]     =     100 


Pyr.,  etc. — Kept  for  some  time  in  water,  the  crystals  dissolve  in  part,  giving  a  blue  solution; 
they  preserve  their  form,  however,  though  the  color  changes  from  brown  to  bluish.  Dissolves 
easily  in  nitric  acid.  B.B.  fuses,  leaving  a  black  scoriaceous  residue.  Unaltered  at  a  temper- 
ature of  260°.  With  the  fluxes  gives'  reaction  for  copper. 

Obs. — Found  at  Vesuvius,  having  been  produced  by  sublimation  during  the  eruption  of 
October,  1868.  The  name  is  derived  from  8  oXep  6$,  fallacious,  <}>aivecr$ca,  to  appear. 


739.  CALEDONITE.    Cupreous  Sulphate-carbonate  of  Lead  Brooke,  Ed.  Phil.  J.,  3, 117, 
1820,  Ann.  Phil.,  4,  117,  1822.     Caledonite  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  367,  1832. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  d  :  I  :  c  —  0-9163  :  1  :  1-4032  Brooke-Miller1. 
100  A  HO  =  *42°  30',  001  A  101  =  56°  51£',  001  A  Oil  =  *54°  31J'. 


Forms9  : 

x    (201,  2-1) 

#  (018,  \-  1) 

b    (010,  i-l) 

H  (0-1  -24,  ^-l) 

k  (016,  f  I) 

c   (001,  0) 

X  (0-1-20,  ^4) 

ip  (013,  H) 

m  (110,  /) 

h  (0-1-16,  Tyi) 

/  (012,  -H) 

Y  (0-1-10,  TVi) 

mm!"  =  85°  0' 

xx'  =  143°  50' 

ff  =  70°  6V 

eJ  -  109°  3' 


cs  =  54°  10' 
cr  =  64°  17 

ct  =  76°  28' 


e    (Oil,  14) 
d    (021,  2-ft 

2  (335,  |) 
s    (223,  |) 


ss'  =  73°  25' 
rr'  =  83°  15|' 
U'  =  91°  35' 


r  (111,  1) 
«  (774,  1) 
t  (221,  2) 
w  (20-20-1,  20)? 


ss'"  =  66°  25' 
rr'"  =  74°  59 J' 

tt"1  =  82°  r 


Crystals  prismatic  in  the  direction  of  the  brachy diagonal  axis;  usually  minute; 
occasionally  in  divergent  groups. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect;  a  less  so.  Fracture  uneven.  Rather  brittle.  H.  — ^'o-d. 
G.  =  6-4.  Luster  resinous.  Color  deep  verdigris-green  or  bluish  green;  inclining 
to  mountain-green  if  the  crystals  are  delicate.  Pleochroic.  Streak  greenish  white. 
Translucent. 


CALEDONITE—BROCHAHTITE.  925 

Optically  — .     Ax.  pi.  ||  a.     Bx  J_  010.     Axial  angles,  Dx.s 
2Ha.r  =  112°  27'  2Ha.bi  =  113°  27|'  2H0.r  =  142°  5f  2H0.bi  =  141°  32' 

-.  2Vr     =    82°  37'  2V bi    =    83°    3'  #.  =  1-846  /Jw  =  1-864 

Coinp. — A  basic  sulphate  of  lead  and  copper.    Perhaps  (Pb,Cu)S04.  (Pb,Cu)  (OH), 
or  2(Pb,Cu)O.S03.H20.     If  Pb  :  Cu  =  2:1  the  percentage  composition  is:  Sulphur 
trioxide  17 '9,  lead  protoxide  66-3,  cupric  oxide  11 '8,  water  4'0  =  100. 
Anal.— 1,  W.  Flight,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  27,  101,  1874.     2,  Collie,  ib.,  55,  92,  1889. 

SO3  PbO  CuO  H2O 

1.  Leadhills  17-30  6842  10'17  4'05     =  99*94 

2.  "  15-6*  67-7*  10-7  35    CO,  1'9  =  994 

a  Given  as  PbSO4  59.1,  PbO  24  2. 

The  analysis  of  Brooke  gave  CO2,  which  according  to  N.  Story-Maskelyne  and  Flight 
belongs  with  the  admixed  cerussite. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  on  charcoal  easily  reduced.  Partially  soluble,  with  a  slight  effervescence 
when  impure  with  lead  carbonate,  in  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  residue  of  lead  sulphate. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Leadhills,  Scotland,  accompanying  other  ores  of  lead,  in  crystals  with 
linarite;  at  Red  Gill  in  Cumberland;  also  at  Rezbanya  in  Hungary;  Tanne  in  the  Harz;  Mala- 
Calzetta  mine  near  Iglesias,  Sardinia,  with  leadhillite  in  a  quartzose  gangue  (Rath).  In  the  Ural 
at  the  Preobrayensk  mine  near  Berezov,  in  gold  quartz  with  cerussite,  auglesite,  bismite. 

Said  to  occur  at  Mine  la  Motte,  Missouri,  but  needs  confirmation.  In  California  at  the 
argentiferous  galena  mines  of  Cerro  Gordo,  with  anglesite,  mimetite,  smithsonite,  etc. 

Ref. — '  The  early,  though  not  very  satisfactory,  measurements  of  Brooke  are  accepted  here, 
as  is  done  by  Koksharov  (Min.  Russl.,  9,  40,  1884).  Schrauf  refers  crystals  from  Rezbanya  to 
the  raonoclinic  system,  the  macrodiagonal  axis  of  Miller  becoming  the  cliuodiagonal  axis;  the 
crystals  are  regarded  as  twins  with  numerous  tw.  lamellae;  thus  e  (Oil)  becomes  e  (101)  and 
//  (101),  etc.  The  same  conclusion  is  reached  by  Eremeyev  after  the  study  of  Uralian  crystals. 
The  axial  ratios  deduced  by  these  authors  are: 

a  :  b  :  c  =  1-09134  :  1  :  1-57860  ft  =  89°  18'     Schrauf 

1-08956  :  1  :  1-57725  88°  22'     Erem. 

The  question  cannot  be  regarded  as  definitely  settled,  until  the  complex  structure  assumed 
is  confirmed  by  optical  examination.  On  the  crystallization  of  the  species,  see:  Brooke,  Ann. 
Phil.,  4,  117,  1822;  Greg  and  Lettsom,  Min.,  403,  1858;  Mir.,  Min.,  561,  1852;  Peters,  Ber.  Ak. 
Wien,  44(1),  170,  1861;  Hbg.,  Min.  Not.,  9,  48,  1870;  Schrauf,  Rezbanya,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  64 
(1),  179,  1871,  Atlas  XL,  1873;  Erem.,  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Pet.,  31,  No.  16,  1883;  Rath,  Ber.  nied. 
Ges.,  Feb.  8,  1886. 

2  Cf.  Mir.,  Schrauf,  Erem.,  1.  c.  3  Dx.,  N.  R.,  205,  1867,  he  finds  no  proof  of  the  twinning 
assumed,  cf.  remark?  quoted  by  Kk. 

740.  BROCHANTITE.  Brochantite  (Ural)  Levy,  Ann.  Phil.,  8,  241,  1824.  Konigine 
(fr.  Russia)  Levy,  ib.,  11,  194,  1826.  Brongnartine  (fr.  Mexico)  Huot,  Min.,  1,  331,  1841. 
Krjsuvigit  (fr.  Iceland)  Forclihammer,  Skand.  Nat.  Stockh.,  1842,  Arsb.,  192,  1843.  Waring- 
tonite  (fr.  Cornwall)  Maskelyne,  Ch.  News,  10,  263,  1864,  Phil.  Mag.,  29,  475,  1865.  Warring- 
tonite,  wrong  orthogr. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  1 :  6  =  0-7739  :  1  :  0-4871  Koksharov1. 
100  A  HO  =  37°  44J',  001  A  101  =  32°  llf ,  001  A  Oil  =  25°  58J'. 

Forms:  a  (100,  i-l)  b  (010,  i-i\  c  (001,  0) ;  m  (110,  /),  r  (120,  i-%);  «  (101,  14),  x  (201,  2-i); 
e  (012,  -H). 

Schrauf1,  who  makes  the  species  monocliuic-triclinic,  adds:  A  (610),  /*  (730),  n  (340),  i  (Oil), 
o  (112),  k  (12-1-4),  /(616),  g  (313),  p  (212),  t  (532),  s  (136). 

Angles:  mm'"  =  75°  28',  rr'  =  65°  46',  w'  =  64°. 22',  xx'  =  103°  4',  ee'  =  27°  22$',  mx  =  5i° 
44',  kk'  =  123°  50',  kk'"  =  6°  31*'. 

Crystals  commonly  prismatic  ||  6,  with  faces  m,  r,  b  vertically  striated;  ait*) 
elongated  ||  b  with  curving  faces.  In  groups  of  acicular  crystals  and  drusy  cruses. 
Massive  with  reniform  structure. 

Cleavage :  b  very  perfect ;  m  in  traces.  Fracture  uneven.  H.  =  3*5—4.  G.  = 
3 -907  Rose.  Luster  vitreous;  a  little  pearly  on  the  cleavage-face  b.  Color  emerald- 
green,  blackish  green.  Streak  paler  green.  Transparent  to  translucent. 


926 


SULPHATES,    CHRO MATES,   ETC. 


Optically  — .     Ax.  pi.  ||  a.     Bx  J_  b.     Axial  angles: 
2Ha  =  95°  6'  Chili,  =  98°  Nizhni  Tagilsk,  Btd.     Also  2Hgr  ^ 


1°  10'  Dx.,  Chili. 


Comp — A  basic  sulphate  of  copper,  OuS04.3Cu(OH)2  or  4CuO.S03.3H2u  = 
Sulphur  trioxide  17*7,  cupric  oxide  70*3,  water  12'0  —  100. 


i. 


Figs.  1,  Ural,  Rose.     2-4,  Utah,  Washington2. 

Anal.— 1,  Ludwig,  Min.  Mitth..  38  1873;  earlier  Magnus.  2,  Forchhammer,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  30. 
396,  1843.  3,  Risse,  Pogg.,  105,  614,  1858.  4.  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  51  (1),  131,  1865i 
5,  Chester,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  33,  287,  1887.  6,  Church,  J.  Ch.  Soo.,  18,  85,  1865.  7,  Maskelyne, 
Phil.  Mag.,  29,  475,  1865.  8,  Pearce,  Proc.  Col.  Soc.,  1,  119,  1884. 

SO3  CuO  H2O 

1.  Rezbanya  17'38  70'64  11-97 

2.  Krisuvig  18'88  67'75  12  81 

3.  Nassau  19'0  67'8  13'2 

4.  N.  S.  Wales  G.  =  3'89  19-4  69'1  11  "5 

5.  Chili  18-21  71 '73  10'06 

6.  Cornwall,  Waringtonite  18'93  68'27  12'22 

7.  "  "  G.  =  3-43  16-73  68'24  14'64 

8.  Colorado  18'65  68*70  [12'65] 


=     99-44 

Cl  tr.  =  100 

=  100 

=  100 

insol.  0-58  =  100 

=  99-61 

=  100 


Ludwig  found  that  the  water  went  off  above  300°;  Church  gives  H2O  1'04,  below  260°. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary  Brochantite.  The  analyses  vary  considerably,  as  shown  below.  The 
crystals  are  vertically  striated. 

2.  Waringtonite.  Essentially  brochantite  in  composition ,  but  occurring  in  non-striated  crys- 
tals in  form  like  a  doubly  curving  wedge,  of  paler  green  color  than  ordinary  brochantite,  with 
G.  -  3-39-3-47,  and  H.  =  3-3'5. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water,  and  at  a  higher  temperature  sulphuric  acid,  in  the  closed  tube, 
and  becomes  black.  B.B.  fuses,  and  on  charcoal  affords  metallic  copper.  With  soda  gives  the 
reaction  for  sulphuric  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  small  but  well-defined  crystals,  with  malachite  and  native  copper,  at  Gume- 
shevsk  and  Nizhni  Tagilsk  in  the  Ural;  the  konigine  (or  konigite)  was  from  Gumeshevsk;  in 
small  brilliant  crystals  with  malachite  in  a  quartzose  rock  near  Rough  ten  Gill,  in  Cumberland; 
in  Cornwall  (in  part  Waringtonite),  and  sometimes  with  crystals  of  brochantite  on  the  so-called 
Waringtonite;  at  Rezbanya;  in  Nassau,  with  chalcopyrite;  in  small  beds  at  Krisuvig  in  Iceland 
(krisumgite);  in  ^Mexico  (brongnartine);  in  Chili,  at  Andacollo,  Atacama  with  atacamite,  with  which 
it  can  easily  be  confounded;  in  Australia  (brought  from  Sydney,  N.  S.  W.);  Balade  mine,  New 
Caledonia. 

In  the  U.  States,  found  at  Monarch  mine,  Chaffee  Co.,  Colorado;  Bill  Williams  Fork, 
Arizona.  In  Utah,  Tiutic  district,  at  the  Mammoth  mine;  also,  near  Frisco. 

Named  after  Brochant  de  Villiers.     Waringtonite  is  for  Warington  W.  Smyth  (1817-1890). 

Artif.— Formed  in  a  bright  green  powder  by  Field  (Phil.  Mag.,  24,  123,  1862)  by  adding  to 
a  strong  solution  of  sulphate  of  copper  a  small  quantity  of  caustic  potash,  boiling,  filtering,  and 
washing  till  all  the  sulphate  of  copper  is  removed;  analysis  after  drying  at  100°  C.  afforded 
SO3  16;98,  CuO  67-51,  H2O  [15-51]  =  100.  See  further  under  LANGITE. 

Also  by  Meunier  as  the  result  of  the  action  of  concentrated  sulphate  of  copper  upon  galena 
for  11  months,  C.  R.,  86,  686,  1878.  Atanasesco  heated  copper  sulphate  in  a  closed  tube  at  200° 
with  (A)  oxide  of  copper  and  (B)  with  water.  The  brochantite  obtained  had  the  following  com- 
position: 


S03 

23-00 

22-51 


CuO 
67-46 
67-20 


H20 

10-36     =     100-82 

10-47     -     100-18 


LINARITE. 


927 


These  correspond  to  3CuO.SO3.2H2O.     Bull.  Soc.  Ch.,  44,  14,  1885. 

Ref.— J  Min.  Russl.,  3,  260.  Compare  also  Rose,  Reis.,  Ural,  1,  267,  1837;  Levy,  Heul.  Min., 
3,  98,  1837;  Schrauf,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  67  (1),  275,  1873.  Scbrauf  gives  an  exhaustive  monograph 
of  the  species;  he  makes  it  isomorphous  with  malachite,  and  in  crystalline  form  approximately 
rnouocliuic.  He  distinguishes  four  types.  I.  Brochantite  from  Rezbauya  (in  two  varieties), 
Redruth,  Cornwall,  etc.,  triclinic.  II.  Waringtonite  from  Cornwall,  aud  a  variety  from 
Rezbanya,  monoclinic  (?).  III.  From  Nizhni  Tagilsk,  mouoclinic-triclinic.  IV.  Konigine  from 
Russia,  also  a  variety  from  Rezbauya,  monoclinic  or  orthorhombic. 

Cf.  also  Groth,  Min.-Samml.,  Strassb.,  155,  1878.  2  Washington,  Utah,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  35, 
306,  1888;  Dx.,  Btd.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  3,  56,  1880. 


741.  LINARITE.  Cupreous  Sulphate  of  Lead  Brooke,  Ann.  Phil.,  4,  117,  1822. 
Cupreous  Anglesite.  Linarite  Alger-Phillips,  Min.,  552,  1844.  Bleilasur,  Kupferbleispath, 
Kupferbleivitriol,  Germ. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  1-71613  :  1  :  0*82962;    /3  =  *77°  22'  40"  =  001 
A  100  Koksharov1. 

100  A  110  =  59°  9'  25",  001  A  101  =  23°  6'  23",  001  A  Oil  =  38°  59'  33". 


y  (101,  -  1-S)  x  (302,  f-i) 

7?  (501,  -  5-1)  p  (39-0-20,  JHH) 

d  (108,  H)  ^  (?°1>  3-*) 

o  (203,  f-i)  TT  (703,  l-l) 

t  (506,  f-i)  /?  (12-0-5,  V-i) 

*  (101,  1-i)  p  (701,  7-i) 

Also  doubtful  k  (28-5-27),  A  (24-5.21),  A  (28-5-3 
1. 


Forms2 : 
a  (100,  i-l) 
b  (010,  t-i) 
c  (001,  0) 

J    (210,  i-2) 
m  (110,  /) 


w  (012,  fl) 
r  (Oil,  1-i) 

9  (112,  |) 
«  (111,  1) 
n  (221,  2) 
0  (22-1-14, 


a(lB-l-13,  1-13) 
^  (11-1-10,  {£-11 
6  (919,  1-9) 
z   (817,1-8) 
9  (211,  2-2) 
o-  (121,  2-2) 


3' 

1 

5 

Figs.  1,  2,  After  Koksharov. 


11"' 

_ 

79° 

53' 

a'u 

= 

*52° 

31' 

mm 

"  =  *118° 

18'  50" 

ww' 

— 

44° 

41 

CO 

_ 

18° 

41f 

rr' 

— 

77° 

59' 

ct 

__ 

23° 

19' 

cq 

~ 

26° 

19' 

cs 

_ 

27° 

49' 

ce 

= 

46° 

20' 

ex 

_ 

40° 

3^' 

en 

^^ 

67° 

10| 

cu 

—  • 

50° 

6 

cm' 

= 

96° 

26' 

m'e  =  50°    6' 

c0    =  57°  36£ 

cl    =  99°  39' 

I'g    =  42°    2' 

a'*   =  78°  12' 

a'r  =  99°  47' 


a'0  =  59°  27' 
66'  =  10°  10' 
eef  =  77°  22' 
o-o-'  =  116°  2' 
00'  =  66°  43' 
nri  =  105°  34' 


Twins3 :  tw.  pi.  a.     Crystals  elongated  ||  I,  and  often  tabular  ||  c\  also  ||  s  (101). 

Cleavage:  a  very  perfect;  c  less  so.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.=  2*5. 
G-.  =  5-3-5-45.  Luster  vitreous  or  adamantine.  Color  deep  azure-blue.  Streak 
pale  blue.  Translucent. 

Comp. — A  basic  sulphate  of  lead  and  copper,  (Pb,Cu)S04.(Pb,Cu)(OH)2  or 
PbO.CuO.S03.H20  =  Sulphur  trioxide  20*0,  lead  oxide  55 -7,  cupric  oxide  19-8, 
water  4-5  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Kobell,  5.  pr.  Ch.,  83,  454,  1861.     2,  Collie,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  55,  93,  1889.     3,  Peter- 
sen,  Sandb.  Erzg.,  125,  1882.     4,  Frenzel,  Jb.  Min.,  675,  1875. 


1.  Nerchinsk 

2.  Leadhills 

3.  Schapbach 

4.  Argentine  R. 


G.  =  5-47 
G.  =  5-06 


PbSO4 
76-41 
75-3 

74-88a 
74-42 


CuO 

17-43 

19-6 

19-06 

20-22 


H20 

6-16  Cl  tr.  =  100 

5-2  =     100 

4-75  =      98-69 

4-69  =      99-33 


SO,  20-08,  PbO  54-80. 


928 


SULPHATES,    CHROMATE8,    ETC. 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water  and  loses  its  blue  color.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses 
easily  to  a  pearl,  and  in  R.F.  is  reduced  to  a  metallic  globule  which  by  continued  treatment 
coats  the  coal  with  oxide  of  lead,  aud  if  fused  boric  acid  is  added  yields  a  pure  globule  of  copper. 
With  soda  gives  the  reaction  for  sulphuric  acid.  Decomposed  by  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  white 
residue  of  lead  sulphate. 

Obs. — Formerly  found  at  Leadhills.  Occurs  at  Roughten  Gill,  Red  Gill,  aud  near  Keswick, 
in  Cumberland,  in  crystals  sometimes  an  inch  long;  near  Schneeberg,  rare;  in  Dillenburg,  at  the 
mines  Aurora  aud  Thomas;  Nassau  on  the  Lahn;  at  Schapbach,  in  Baden  (Sandberger,  1.  c.), 
and  from  Baden weiler  (Liweh,  Zs.  Kr.,  9,  522,  1884);  at  Rezbanya;  at  the  Kadainski  mine, 
Nerchinsk  in  E.  Siberia;  in  the  vicinity  of  Berezov  in  the  Ural;  supposed  formerly  to  be  found 
at  Linares  in  Spain,  whence  the  name.  ' 

From  the  Ortiz  mine  in  the  Sierra  Capillitas,  Argentine  Republic;  from  Chili  (Stelzner,  Min. 
Mitth.,  249,  1873;  Frenzel,  1.  c.).  Also  from  the  state  of  Jalisco,  Mexico. 

In  the  United  States,  in  fine  specimens  at  the  Cerro  Gordo  mines  in  Inyo  Co.,  California. 

Alt.— Liuarite  occurs  altered  to  cerussite,  a  change  like  that  of  anglesite  to  cerussite 

Ref.— »  Cumberland,  Bull.  Ac.  St.  Pet.,  13,  472,1869,  Miu.  Russl.,  5,  206.  Cf  Erem.,  Ural 
and  Altai,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  19,  15,  1884. 

2  Mir.,  Min.,  554,  1852;  Greg  and  Lettsom,  Min.,  395,  1858;  Hbg.,  Min.  Not.,  6,  31,  1864; 
Kk.,  1.  c.;  Schrauf,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  64  (1),  172,  1871,  65  (1),  241,  1872;  Zeph.,  Erzberg,  Lotos, 
Dec.  1874.  3  Rath,  Ber.  nied.  Ges.,  79,  1878,  or  Zs.  Kr.,  4,  426,  1880. 

ANTLERITE  W.  F.  ffillebrand,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Bull.  55,  54,  1889. 

Massive;  in  soft  lumps  of  a  light  green  color.  G.  —  3'93  corrected.  Composition,  perhaps 
3CuSO4.7Cu(OH)2  or  10CuO.3SO3.7H2O  =  Sulphur  trioxide  20'7,  cupric  oxide  68 -4,  water  10'9 
=  100.  Anal. — Hillebrand,  1.  c.,  after  deducting  8  and  6 p.  c.  gangue. 


S03 
20-46 
21-49 


CuO 
6819 
6764 


ZnO 
0-29 
0-04 


CaO 

0-05 
0-04 


H2O 

11-11     =     100-10 
10-76     =      9997 


From  the  Antler  mine,  Yucca  Station  (Atlantic  &  Pacific  R.R.),  Mohave  Co.,  Arizona. 


C.   Hydrous  Sulphates.— Normal  Division, 

&  :  1 :  6 

742.  Lecontifce     (Na,NH4,K),S04  +  2H20  Orthorhombic     0-7848  :  1  :  1-5312 

a  :l:t  ft 

743.  Mirabilite  Na,S04  +  10H20  Monoclinic   1-1158  :  1  :  1-2372  72°  15' 

744.  Kieserite     MgS04  +  H20  "  0'9147  :  1  :  1-7571  89°    6' 

745.  Szmikite      MnS04  +  H20 

746.  Gypsum       CaS04  +  2H20  Monoclinic  0'6899  :  1  :  0-4124  80°  42' 

747.  Ilesite         (Mn,Zn,Fe)S04  +  4HaO      Monoclinic? 


Epsomite  Group.     RS04  +  7H30.     Orthorhombic. 


748.  Epsomite 

Tauriscite 

749.  Goslarite 

Ferro-goslarite 

750.  Morenosite 


MgS04  +  7H20 
(Fe,Mg)S04  +  7H80 
FeS04  +  7H20? 
ZnS04  +  7H  0 
(Zn,Fe)S04  +  7H20 
+  7H.O 


0-9902  :  1  :  0*5709 

0-9807  :  1  :  0-5631 
0-9816  :  1  :  0-5655 


SULPHATES,    CHRQMATES,   ETC.  929 

Melanterite  Group.     RS04  -j-  7H20.     Monoclinic. 

a  :l:6  ft 

751.  Melanterite  FeS04  +  7H20  1*1828  :  1  :  1-5427     75°  44' 

Luckite  (Fe.Mn)S04  +  7H20 

752.  Mallardite  MnS04  -f  7H20 

753.  Pisanite  (Fe,Cu)S04  +  7H20  1-1609  :  1  :  1-5110    74°  38' 

754.  Bieberite  CoS04  +  7H20  1-1815  .  1  :  1*5325     75°  20' 

Cupromagnesite      (Cu,Mg)S04  +  7H20 


755.  Chalcanthite      CuS04  +  5H,0  Triclinic 

a  :  I  :  6  =  0-5656  :  1  :  0-5507;  a  =  82°  21',  ft  =  73°  11',  y  =  77°  37' 


a:l:6  ft 

756.  Syngenite           K2Ca(S04)2  +  H20        Monoclinic  1*3699  :  1  :  0-8738  76°    0' 

757.  Lbweite  Na2Mg(S04)2  +  2£H20  Tetragonal 

758.  Blodite               Na2Mg(S04)2  +  4H20    Monoclinic  1-3494  :  1  :  0-6705  79°  22' 


a:b:6  ft 

759.  Boussingaultite  (NH4)2Mg(S04)2+6H20  Monoclinic  0*7438  :  1  :  0-4862  71°  50' 

760.  Picromerite        K2Mg(S04)2  +  6H20  "          0-7265  :  1  :  0*4900  75°  12' 

761.  Cyanochroite      K2Cu(S04)2  +  6H20  "          0-7477  :  1  :  0*5052  75°  30' 


762.  Polyhalite          K2MgCa2(S04)4-f-2H20  Monoclinic? 

Krugite 

763.  Wattevillite       Na2Ca(S04)2  +  4H20? 


Alum  Group.     Isometric. 

RA1(S04)2  +  12H20  or  R2S04.A12(S04)3  +  24HaO 

764.  Kalinite  KA1(S04)2  +  12H20 

765.  Tschermigite  (NH4)A1(S04)2  +  12H20 

766.  Mendozite  NaAl(S04)2  +  12H20 


767.  Tamarugite  NaAl(S04)2  +  6H20 


Halotrichite  Group.     Monoclinic. 
RA12(S04)4  +  22H20  (or  24H20) 

T68.  Pickeringite  MgAl2(S04)4  -f  22H20 

Stiivenite  (Na2,Mg)Al2(S04)4  +  24H20 

769.  Halotrichite  FeAl2(S04)4  +  24H20,  or  perhaps  22H2O 


930  SULPHATES,    CHROMATES,  ETC. 

770.  Apjohnite  MnAl2(S04)4  +  24H20 

Bushmanite  (Mn,Mg)Al2(S04)4  +  24H20 

771.  Dietrichite  (Zn,Fe,Mn)Al2(S04)4  -f-  22H20 


772.  Coquimbite          Fe2(S04)3  +  9H20          Rhombohedral  b  =  1-5613 

a:l:6  ft 

773.  Quenstedtite        Fe2(S04)3  +  10H,0  Monoclinic  0-3940  :  1  :  0-4058     78° 

774.  Ihleite  Fe,(S04)3  +  12H.O 

775.  Alunogen  A12(S04)3  +  18H20  Monoclinic 


776.  Krohnkite  Na2Cu(S04)2  +  2H20        Monoclinic 

777.  Ferronatrite        Na3Fe(S04)3  -f  3H20        Rhombohedral        b  =  0-5528 

ii  in 

778.  Roemerite  FeFe2(S04)4  +  12H20      Triclinic 

&  :  I  :  6  =  0-9684  :  1  :  2-6425;  a  =  116°  3',  ft  =  94°  41',  y  =  80°  7' 


742.  LECONTITE.     W.  J.  Taylor,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  26,  273,  1858. 
Orthorhombic.     Axes   &  :  I  :  6  =  0-7848  :  1  :  1-5312  J.  D.  Dana1. 
100  A  HO  =  38°  7f,  001  A  101  =  62°  51f  ',  001  A  Oil  =  56°  51'. 

Forms  :    m  (110,  /),    g  (120,  £2);    d  (104,  H). 

Angles:    mm'"  =  76°  15',    gg'  —  *65°  0',     dd'  =  *52°  0'. 

In  prismatic  crystals,  long  or  short. 

H.  =  2-2-5.     Luster  vitreous.     Colorless,  when  pure,  and  transparent.     Taste 
saline  and  rather  bitter.     Permanent  in  the  air. 

Comp.  —  Hydrous  sulphate  of  sodium,  ammonium,  and  potassium,  (Na,NH4,K) 
S04  +  2H20. 

Anal.—  Taylor,  1.  c. 


SO3  NaaO        (KH4)2O        K2O  H2O 

44-97  17-56  12-94  2'67  19-45    residue  2'41,  P,O6  tr.  =  100 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  Only  partially  sublimed  in  the  closed  tube,  but  otherwise  reacts  like  mascagnite. 

Obs.  —  From  tbe  cave  of  Las  Piedras,  near  Comayugua,  Central  America,  embedded  in  a 
black  mass  made  up  of  the  excrement  of  bats.  The  crystals  often  have  a  coating  of  organic 
matter.  The  cave  is  worked  for  the  niter,  which  the  earth  of  the  floor  near  its  mouth  affords  by 
lixiviation.  , 

Named  after  Dr.  John  L.  Le  Conte. 

GUANOVULITE   Wttel,  Ber.  Ch.  Ges.,  7,  392,  1874. 

Found  in  crystalline  deposits  filling  the  eggs  of  birds  in  Peruvian  guano.  H.  =2.  Gr.  =• 
2'33-2  -65.  Color  yellowish  white.  Luster  silky.  A  sulphate  of  potassium  and  ammonium. 
Calculated  formula,  7K2O.2(NH4)2O.12SO3.11H2O.  Analysis,  after  deducting  impurities: 

SOS  49-60  K2O  35-49  (NH4)2O  509  HaO  9'82     =     ICfl 

In  water  dissolves,  leaving  a  very  small  residue,  and  giving  a  light  yellowish  solution,  which 
has  a  snlty  tasle.  Insoluble  in  ether  or  alcohol.  Heated  in  a  glass  tube  it  first  loses  water  and 
ammonia,  then  becomes  black,  and  on  stronger  heating  melts  and  gives  off  much  sulphuric 
acid. 


MIRABILITE. 


931 


743.  MIRABILITE.  Glauber  Salt.  Sal  mirabile  Glauber  (the  artificial  salt  at  the  time  of 
its  first  formation).  Natiirliches  Wundersalz,  Glaubersalz,  Germ.  Glauber  Salt.  Sulphate  of 
Soda.  Soude  sulfatee,  Sel  de  Glauber,  Fr.  Mirabilite  Haid.,  Handb.,  488,  1845.  Gediegen 
Glaubersalz  (fr.  Saidschitz  and  Sedlitz)  JReuss,  Crell's  Ann.,  2,  18,  1791;  =  Natiirliches  Bittersalz 
pt.  Lenz,  Min.,  1,  489,  1794;  =  Reussin  KarsL,  Tab.,  40,  1800. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  c  =  1-11584  :  1  :  1-23719;  fi  =  *72°  15'  =  001  A  100 
Haidinger. 

100  A  HO  =  46°  44V,  001  A  101  =  57°  55',  001  A  Oil  =  49°  40}'. 


Forms2 : 

a  (100,  i-l ) 
*  (010,  i-l) 


c  (001,  0) 
m  (110,  /) 
w  (102,  - 


I  (102,  H) 
r  (101,  1-1} 
H  (Oil,  14) 


v  (021,  24) 
*  (112,  -  i)3 
d  (111,  -  1) 


u  (221,  -  2)8 
y  (112,  i) 
n  (111,  1) 


1. 


m 


Figs.  1,  2,  Aussee,  Zepharovich. 


mm'" 

=  *93° 

29' 

////' 

=    99° 

21*' 

cm 

=  77° 

56*' 

a'n 

— 

62°    3' 

cw 

=     24° 

18' 

w' 

=  134° 

1' 

cy 

=  43° 

35V 

ce' 

— 

49°  20' 

cl 

=     32* 

26' 

ce 

=     34° 

5' 

en 

=  67° 

18' 

dd 

— 

69°  19' 

cr 
a'r 

=     57° 
=  *49° 

55' 
50' 

cd 
cu 

=    49° 
=     62° 

47' 
5*' 

ad 
an 

=  46° 

=  78° 

59' 
37' 

yy'f 

nn 

=  • 

61°  47*' 
86°  47' 

Twins  :  tw.  pi.  a,  rare.  Crystals  like  pyroxene  (also  borax)  in  habit  as  well 
as  angles.  Usually  in  efflorescent  crusts. 

Cleavage:  a  perfect;  c,  b,  in  traces.  H.  =  1-5-2.  G.  =  1-481  Haid.  Luster 
vitreous.  Color  white.  Transparent  to  opaque.  Taste  cool,  then  feebly  saline 
and  bitter. 


Optically  — .      Ax.  pi.  and  Bxa  J_  b. 
26°  31'.     Ax.  angles,  Dx.4 

2Ha.r  =  73°  35'        .'.  2Er  =  122°  48' 


Bxor  A  6  =  +  30°  56'.      Bx 


obl 


2Ha.bi  =  72°  51'        .-.  2EW  =  122°  42' 


Artif.  cryst.  yellowish  with  a  trace  cf  vanadium  were  positive,  with  the  bisectrix  in  plane 
I  b  and  nearly  normal  to  c;  Ba.r  A  c  =  20°  15',  Bxa.bi  A  c  =  18°  26'.  Also  2Hy  =  58°  0'  and 
2Ey  =  90°  45'. 

Comp — Hydrous  sodium  sulphate,  NaaS04  -f-  10H20  =  Sulphur  trioxide  24-8, 
soda  19-3,  water  55'9  =  100. 

Analyses,  5th  Ed.,  p.  636;  also  Sicily,  Zs.  Kr.,  4,  639,  1880;  Peru,  Raimondi,  Min.  Perou, 
288,  1878. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  much  water;  gives  an  intense  yellow  to  the  flame.  Very 
soluble  in  water.  Loses  its  water  on  exposure  to  dry  air  and  falls  to  powder. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Ischl,  Hallstadt,  and  Aussee  in  Upper  Austria;  also  in  Hungary,  Switzer- 
]and,  Italy;  at  Guipuzcoa  in  Spain,  etc. ;  abundantly  at  the  hot  springs  at  Carlsbad;  in  consider- 
able beds  near  Bompensieri  Montedoro,  Sicily,  In  beds  in  the  province  of  Tarapaca,  Chili;  at 
Kailua,  on  Hawaii,  Sandwich  Islands,  abundant  in  a  cavern,  and  forming  from  the  action  of 
volcanic  heat  and  gases  on  salt  water. 

Effloresces  with  other  salts  on  the  limestone  below  the  Genesee  Falls,  Rochester,  N.  Y. ;  at 
Windsor,  Nova  Scotia;  also  near  the  Sweetwater  River,  Rocky  Mountains.  Large  quantities  of 
this  sodium  sulphate  are  obtained  from  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  Utah.  It  is  present  in  solution  in 


932  SULPHATES,    CHRO MATES,   ETC. 

the  waters  of  the  lakes,  and  in  winter  when  a  temperature  falls  to  a  certain  point  the  precipitation 
begins  and  the  salt  accumulates  so  that  it  can  be  gathered  from  the  bottom  and  is  thrown  upon 
the  shores  by  the  waves.  ''Under  favorable  circumstances  the  shores  become  covered  to  a 
depth  of  several  feet  with  crystallized  mirabilite.  .  .  .  Speaking  only  of  the  amount  thrown 
upon  the  shores  and  of  most  ready  access,  the  source  is  practically  inexhaustible.  The  substance 
must  be  gathered,  if  at  all,  soon  after  the  deposit  first  appears;  as,  if  the  water  puce  rises  above 
the  critical  temperature,  the  whole  deposit  is  taken  again  into  solution.  This  change  is  verj 
rapid,  a  single  day  being  often  sufficient  to  effect  the  entire  disappearance  of  all  the  deposit's 
within  reach  of  the  waves."— J.  E.  Talmage,  Science,  14,  446,  Dec.  27,  1889. 

The  artificial  salt  was  discovered  by  Glauber,  a  German  chemist,  about  the  middle  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  while  he  was  operating  with  sulphuric  acid  and  common  salt;  and  the 
name  sal  mirabile  was  his  own  expression  of  surprise  at  its  formation. 

Ref.— !  Min.  Mohs,  2,  31,  1825.  2  See  Haid.;  also  Miller,  Min,,  p.  545,  1852;  with  him,  a  is 
the  base  and  c  the  orthopiuacoid.  Cf.  also  Rg.,  Kr.  Ch.,  395,  1881.  3  Aussee,  Zeph.,  Lotos, 
1877.  4  Propr.  Opt.,  1,  73,  1857.  N.  R.,  175,  1867. 

The  so-called  Reussin  is  impure  glauber  salt,  as  pronounced  by  Retiss  in  1791,  after  his  early 
study  of  it.  It  occurred  as  a  deposit  of  crystals  and  efflorescent  crusts  in  or  about  the  mineral 
springs  of  Saidschitz  and  Sedlitz.  The  crystals  had  the  form  of  glauber  salt.  The  analysis  by 
Reuss  corresponded  to  68'0  of  glauber  salt,  31 -7  of  epsomite,  and  0'3  of  gypsum  =  100. 

EXANTHALOSE  Beudant,  Tr.,  2,  475,  1832.  A  white  efflorescence,  such  as  results  fiom  the 
exposure  to  the  air  of  glauber  salt.  Beudant  obtained  Na2SO4  +  2H2O;  analyses: 

SO,  Na2O  H2O 

1.  Vesuvius  44-8  35'0  20'2     =  100 

2.  Hildesheim  42  "5  33 '4  18 '8    gangue  5  "3=  100 

The  Vesuvian  mineral  was  from  the  lavas  of  1813,  according  to  Beudant.  It  was  named 
from  e^arQetr,  to  effloresce,  and  aAs,  salt. 

744.  KIESERITE.  Kieserit  Reichardt,  Salzbergwerk  Stassfurt,  1860;  B.  H.  Ztg.,  2O,  39, 
1861.  Martinsite  Kenngott,  Ueb.,  22,  1856-57;  Rammelsberg,  Pogg.,  98,  262,  1856  (not  Mar- 
tinsite  Karsten,  1845). 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-91470  :  1  :  1-75713;  /?  =  89°  5f  =  001  A  100 
Tschermak1. 

100  A  HO  =  42°  26}',  001  A  101  =  63°  12f,  001  A  Oil  =  60°  21f . 

Forms:  t  (101,  -  1-1)  cleavage;  u  (012,  f  i);  x  (113,  -  i),  p  (111,  -  1);  h  (229,  f),  v  (113,  i), 
e  (111,  1). 

uu'  =  82°  36'  cp  =  68°  24'  w    =  *28°  20*  vv'     =  *52°  50' 

ct     =61°  47'  cv  =  41°  14'  xx'  =     52°  11'  ee'     =  *78°  28' 

ex    =  40°  40'  ce  =  69°  34'  pp'  =     77°  44f  pe'"  =     42°     2' 

Rarely  in  crystals.  Habit  pyramidal,  resembling  lazulite  in  form  and  angle. 
Faces  e,  v,  brilliant  and  smooth,  p  less  so;  x,  u  rounded. 
Twinning  lamellae  of  undetermined  position  observed  in 
grains.  Usually  massive,  coarse  to  fine  granular,  or  com- 
pact. 

Cleavage :  e,  v  perfect ;  p,  t,  u  less  so.  Friable  to  firm. 
H.  =  3-3-5.  G.  =  2-569  Tsch.;  2-517  Bischof.  Luster 
vitreous.  Color  white,  grayish  white,  to  yellowish.  Trans- 
lucent to  opaque.  Little  soluble. 

Optically +.  Ax.  pi.  |  I.  Bxa  A  6  =  76°  25'.  Dis- 
persion inclined  distinct  (30'),  p  >  v  also  distinct. 

2Er  =  90°  42'         2EV  =  90°  Na        2EOT  =  89°  38'         2Ebl  =  89°  16' 
Hallstadt,  Tschermak. 

Comp. — Hydrous  magnesium  sulphate,  MgS04  -f  H20 
=  Sulphur  trioxide  58-0,  magnesia  29'0,  water  13-0  '=  100. 

The  water  goes  off  above  200°  (Tschermak),  whence  the  formula  H(MgOH)SO4. 
'     Analyses  agree  with  formula  closely;  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  641;  also  Wieser,  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  130, 
1871,  and  Tschermak,  1.  c.,  both  of  Hallstadt.     Also  Preclit  and  Wittjen,  Ber.  Ch.  Ges.,  14, 
2131,  1881,  who  show  that  the  massive  and  crystallized  varieties  have  the  same  composition. 


SZMIKITE—  GYPSUM.  933 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  yields  water.  B.B.  fuses  easily,  and  with  soda  on  charcoal 
gives  the  sulphuric  acid  reaction.  But  little  altered  at  100°  C.  Dissolves  in  nitric  acid,  leaving 
a  small  residue  of  impurities.  Soluble  slowly,  but  completely,  in  water,  100  of  water  taking  up 
40  '9  parts;  a  residue  is  deposited  of  microscopic  crystals  of  anhydrite,  or  of  stassfurtite. 

Obs.  —  From  the  salt  mine  of  Stassfurt,  often  mixed  with  carnallite  and  gypsum.  F.  Bischof 
divides  the  Stassfurt  salt  beds  vertically  (Ann.  Oh.  Phys.,  5,  305,  1865,  and  B.  H.  Ztg.,  24,  1865) 
into  four  regions,  corresponding,  he  observes,  to  the  natural  order  of  origin  from  an  evaporating 
saline:  1,  or  lower,  the  anhydrite  region;  2,  the  polyhalite;  3,  the  kieserite;  and  4,  the  carnallite. 
The  kieserite  is  in  beds,  9  to  12  in.  thick,  alternating  with  common  salt.  The  whole  deposit  is 
about  190  feet  thick,  and  has  the  following  as  its  mean  percentage  composition:  Common  salt  65. 
kieserite  17,  carnallite  13,  magnesium  chloride  (hydrated)  3,  anhydrite  2  —  100.  At  Neu-Stass- 
furt  it  forms  a  mass  with  halite  on  the  border  of  the  white  carnallite;  the  solution  of  the  halite 
leaves  the  kieserite  in  crystals  resembling  anhydrite. 

Occurs  also  at  the  Hallstadt  salt  beds  with  blodite,  halite,  anhydrite,  glauberite;  at  Kalusz 
in  Galicia.  In  the  Mayo  salt  mines,  Punjab,  India. 

Named  after  Mr.  Kieser,  President  of  the  Academy  of  Jena.  For  the  martinsite  of  Karsten, 
see  under  HALITE,  p.  156. 

Ref.—  »  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  63  (1),  317,  1871. 

ABRAUM  SALTS.  Abraumsalze  Germ.  (From  the  German  Abraum,  abraumeja,  i.e.,  to  be 
removed).  The  mixed  salts  overlying  the  rock-salt  deposits  at  Stassfurt,  Prussia;  they  consist 
chiefly  of  carnallite,  sylvite,  and  kieserite. 

745.  SZMIKITE.    /.  von  Schrockinger  ,  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  115,  1877. 

Amorphous,    stalactitic,    with    botryoidal   surface.      H.  =  1*5.      GL  =  3'15. 
Color  whitish,  on  the  fracture  reddish  white  to  rose-red. 

Comp.  —  MnS04  +  H20  —  Sulphur  trioxide  47*4,   manganese  protoxide  41'9, 
water  10'7  =  100. 

Anal.—  1,  Schrauf;  2,  Dietrich,  both  1.  c. 

SO,  MnO  H,O 

1.  47-43  41-78  10-92     =     100-13 

2.  47-11  41-61  11-19     =      99-91 

Exposed  to  damp  air  in  small  fragments  becomes  deeper  red,  and  increases  slightly  in 
waight. 

Obs.—  From  Felsobanya,  Hungary.     Named  after  Bergrath  Szmik. 

746.  GYPSUM.      JTt^oS    [=  mostly    burnt    Gypsum]    Herodotus,    Plato,    TTieophrastus. 
2ehyrirr?S,  'Acppoae^rfvor,  Dwscorides,  5,  152,  159.     Lapis  specularis  (principal  part),  Gyp- 
sum (=  burnt  gypsum  only),  Plin.     Lapis  specularis,  Gypsum,   aeki?rirr?s,  Germ.  Gips  and 
Fraueneis,  Ital.  Lumen  de  Scaiola  [Scagliola],  Agricola,  Foss.,  251,  luterpr.,  465,  1546.  Glacies 
Marise,  Marienglas  [=  SeleniteJ,  Gips,  Gypsum,  Alabastrum  (fine-grained  G.),  Selenites  (cryst. 
G.),  Wall,  Miii.,  50,  1747.     Marmor  fugax  Linn.,  Syst.,  1736.     Gypsum,  Terra  calcarea  acido 
vitrioli  saturata,  Alabaster,  Selenites,  Cronst.,  Min.,  18,  1758.     Montmartrite  Delameth.,  Le£ons, 
2,  380,  1812.     Gips,    Gyps,    Fraueneis,  Wern.     Gesso  Ital.     Yeso  Span.     Sulphate  of  Lime, 
Alabaster,  Plaster  Stone.     Chaux  sulfatee,  Albatre,  Fr.     Satin  Spar. 

Perhaps  in  part  'Ahafiaarpir-rfs,  TJieophr.,  Plin. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0*68994  :  1  :  0-41241;  /3  =  80°  42%'=  001  A  100 
Des  Cloizeaux1. 

100  A  110  =  34°  15',  001  A  101  =  28°  16f  ',  001  A  Oil  =  22°  Sf  '. 


a 


Forms2:  m  (110,  J)  r  (140,  i-l)  t   (101,  1-i)  C  (733,  -  f  J)» 

(100,  i-i)  g  (230,  *-f)  0  (290,  *-f)  (023  A  i)4  £  (697,  -  H)7 


•  ' 


Also  doubtful  (besides  some  included  above):  ll-5'O,  13'23'0,  ll'25'O,  7'25'0,  5'23'0,  7'0'H, 
225  or  7-7-18,  245  or  S'10-12,  il:21'26. 


934 


SULPHATES,    CHROMATES,  ETC. 


zz'"      =     25°  34V 
aa"'    =     37°  36' 

W"    =     48°  50' 

mm'  " 

99' 


cA      =10°  47' 
ad      =  52°  25V 


Mi' 
kk' 
rr' 


1. 


"  =  *68°  30' 

—     88°  47V 

=     72°  35' 

=     52°  10' 

=     40°  19V 

2. 


ce 
a'e 

ct 


=  11°  29' 

=  87°  49' 
=  33°     8V 


yy*  —  30°  22' 
0®'     =  44°  17V 
cl       =  33°  10' 


cm 

cy 

cw 

en 

nm' 

ex 

cu 

cs 


=  82°  19|' 

=  51°  2' 

=  13°  52' 

=  38°  25V 

=  *59°  15' 

=  48°  3' 

=  25°  2' 

=  56°  2<y 


yy'  = 


nn'  = 


88°  52V 
15°  38V 

or  i/ 


20' 


#41 

74°  4' 
44°  48' 
4' 


=     97 


7. 


9. 


10. 


Figs.  1-5,  etc.,  Common  forms.     6,  Sicily,  Pirsson.     9,  Wasenweiler,  Kaiserstuhl,  Hbg. 


Twins:  (1)  tw.pl.  a,  and  usually  contact-twins,  very  common,  often  the  famil- 
iar swallow-tail  twins;  the  reentrant  angle  formed  by  the  pyramid  ?;  also  as  cruci- 
form penetration-twins.  (2)  d  (101),  contact-twins  and  usually  bounded  by  in  or  n; 
again  in  forms  represented  by  f.  9.  Crystals  usually  simple  in  habit,  common 


form   (f.  1)   flattened  ||  b  or  prismatic  to   acicular  ||  6;    again   prismatic   (f.  3)  by 

extension  of   I  (111).     The  faces  m,  b  often  vertically 
11-  striated.     Also  lenticular  by  rounding  of  I  (111)  and 

e  (103).  The  form  e  (103),  whose  faces  are  usually 
rough  and  convex,  is  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the 
vertical  axis  (edge  m/m'"),  hence  the  apparent  hemi- 
morphic  character  of  the  twin,  f.  6.  Simple  crystals 
often  with  warped  as  well  as  curved  surfaces.  Also 
foliated  massive;  lamellar-stellate;  often  granular 
massive;  and  sometimes  nearly  impalpable. 

Cleavage  :  b  eminent,  yielding  easily  thin  polished 
folia;  a  (100),  giving  a  surface  with_  conchoidal  fracture; 
n  (111),  with  a  fibrous  fracture  ||  t  (101)  ;  a  cleavage  frag- 
ment has  the  rhombic  form  of  fig.  11,  with  plane  angles 
of  66°  and  114°.  Also  cleavage  ||  ft  (509)  and  e  (103) 
developed  by  pressure  in  thin  cleavage  fragments.  H. 

=  1-5-2.     G.  —  2-314-2*328,  when  pure  crystals.     Luster  of  b  pearly  and  shining, 


GYPSUM.  935 

other  faces  subvitreous.  Massive  varieties  often  glistening,  sometimes  dull  earthy. 
Color  usually  white;  sometimes  gray,  flesh-red,  honey-yellow,  ocher-yellow,  blue; 
impure  varieties  often  black,  brown,  red,  or  reddish  brown.  Streak  white.  Trans- 
parent to  opaque. 

Optically  -j-.  Ax.  pi.  at  ordinary  temperatures  ||  b,  and  Bx  A  c  =  +  52J° 
(at  9-4°  C.),  cf.  f.  16.  Dispersion  p  >  v,  also  inclined  strong,  Bxr  A  Bxbl  =  0°  30'. 
Axial  angles,  Dx. : 

2Er  =  95°14'at  20°,     75°  58' at  47°,     59°  19' at  71^°,     39°  1'  at  95 J°,     0°  at  116°. 

With  increase  of  temperature  the  axes  come  together,  and  at  116°  the  axial  angle  is  0°  for 
red  rays;  at  120°  tbe  axes  (red)  open  in  a  plane  1  b  with  small  horizontal  dispersion. 
Bx,  changes  its  position  5°  38'  between  20°  and  95°,  the  axial  figure  in  the  polariscope  showing 
the  more  rapid  motion  for  the  blue  rays  than  for  the  red. 

Refractive  Indices,  Lang8 : 

a(16-8°)  /?  (17-7°)  y  (16'8°) 

ForB  1-517427  1-519407  1-527251 

C  1-518325  1-520365  1-528142 

D  1-520818  1-522870  1  "530483 

E  1-523695  1-525806  1 "533552 

F  1-526269  1'528262  1  "535994 

G  1-530875  1-532831  1-540736 

The  values  corrected  by  Cauchy's  formula  agree  closely,  e.g.: 

ForD  1-520717  1 '522772  1-530483 

Also  axial  angles  (observed): 
2VB  -  57°  18'    2Vc  =  57°  42'    2VD  =  58°  8'    2VE  =  58°  6'    2VF  =  57'  28'     2VG  =  56°  13' 

Further  at  19°,  Dufet:8 
ForD  a  =1-52046  ft  =  1'52260  y  =  1-52962  .'.  2VD  =  58°  If 

Var.— 1.  Crystallized,  or  Selenite;  either  in  distinct  crystals,  or  in  broad  folia,  the  folia 
sometimes  a  yard  across  and  transparent  throughout.  Usually  flexible  and  yielding  a  fibrous 
fracture  ||  t  (101),  but  the  variety  from  Montmartre  rather  brittle. 

An  arenaceous  variety  occurs  in  Sussex,  N.  Brunswick,  the  crystals  containing  much 
sand,  which  is  often  regularly  arranged  within  (O.  C.  Marsh). 

2.  Fibrous;  coarse  or  fine,    (a)  Satin  spar,  when  fine- fibrous,  a  variety  which  has  the  pearly 
opalescence  of  moonstone  (cf.  p.  266);  (b)  plumose,  when  radiately  arranged. 

3.  Massive;  Alabaster,  a  fine  grained  variety,  either  white  or  delicately  shaded;  scaly -granu- 
lar; earthy  or  rock  gypsum,  a  dull-colored  rock,  often  impure  with  clay,  calcium  carbonate  or 
silica,  and  sometimes  with  anhydrite.      The  Montmartre  gypsum  contains  calcium  carbonate, 
and  Delametherie  called  it  Montmartrite. 

Also,  in  caves,  curious  curved  forms,  often  grouped  in  rosettes  and  other  shapes. 

Comp. — Hydrous  calcium  sulphate,  CaS04  +  2H20  =  Sulphur  trioxide  46 '6, 
lime  32-5,  water  20'9  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  water  and  becomes  opaque.  Fuses  at  2 '5-3,  coloring 
the  flame  reddish  yellow.  For  other  reactions,  see  ANHYDRITE,  p.  911.  Ignited  at  a  tempera- 
ture not  exceeding  260°  C.,  it  again  combines  with  water  when  moistened,  and  becomes  firmly 
solid.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  and  also  in  400  to  500  parts  of  water. 

Recent  experiments  on  the  solubility  of  gypsum  and  anhydrite  in  water  have  been  mads  by 
McCaleb,  Aui.  Oh.  J.,  11,  30,  1889.  The  specimens  employed  were  as  follows:  A,  gypsum, 
pink  foliated  mass,  Saltville,  Va. ;  B,  do.,  white  massive,  Nova  Scotia;  C,  selenite,  honey-yellow 
crystal,  Montmartre;  D,  gray  massive  anhydrite,  impure  (81  p.  c.)  13  p.  c.  sand,  Salzburg; 
E,  do.,  grayish  massive,  pure  (97  p.  c.),  Nova  Scotia;  F,  gypsum  and  anhydrite  mixed,  white 
massive,  Nova  Scotia.  The  following  figures  give  the  amount  of  calcium  sulphate  in  grams 
dissolved  from  each  square  centimeter  in  one  week  : 

A  B  C  D  E  F 

0-2388  0-2219  0'1177  0'0666  0'0601  0-2184 

The  differences  in  A,  B,  C,  are  due  to  the  different  amount  of  surface  presented;  in  C  only 
the  face  b  was  exposed. 

Obs.— Gypsum  often  forms   extensive  beds    in  connection  with  various  stratified  rocks, 


936  SULPHATES,    CHROMATES,  ETC. 

especially  limestones,  and  marlytes  or  clay  beds.  It  occurs  occasionally  in  crystalline  rocks. 
It  is  also  a  product  of  volcanoes,  occurring  about  fumaroles,  or  where  sulphur  gases  are  escap- 
ing, being  formed  from  the  sulphuric  acid  generated,  and  the  lime  afforded  by  the  decomposing 
lavas — lime  being  contained  in  augite  and  labradorite.  It  is  also  produced  by  the  decomposition 
of  pyrite  when  lime  is  present;  and  often  about  sulphur  springs  where  hydrogen  sulphide  is 
emitted,  this  gas  changing,  through  reaction  with  vegetable  matter,  into  sulphuric  acid. 
Gypsum  is  also  deposited  on  the  evaporation  of  sea-water  and  brines,  in  which  it  exists  in  solu- 
tion. Crystals  may  be  seen  to  form  on  evaporating  a  drop  of  sea-water  in  the  field  of  a 
microscope. 

Fine  specimens  are  found  in  the  salt  'jniues  of  Bex  in  Switzerland;  at  Hall  in  Tyrol;  in 
the  sulphur  mines  of  Sicily;  in  the  gypsum  formation  near  O£ana  in  Spain;  in  the  clay  of 
Shotover  Hill,  near  Oxford;  and  large  lenticular  crystals  have  been  met  with  at  Montmartre, 
near  Paris.  A  noted  locality  of  alabaster  occurs  at  Castelino,  35  m.  from  Leghorn,  whence  it  is 
taken  to  Florence  for  the  manufacture  of  vases,  figures,  etc. 

This  species  occurs  in  extensive  beds  in  several  of  the  United  States,  and  more  particularly 
N.  York,  Ohio,  Illinois,  Virginia,  Tennessee,  and  Arkansas,  and  is  usually  associated  with  salt 
springs,  also  with  rock  salt.  Also  on  a  large  scale  in  Nova  Scotia,  etc. 

Handsome  selenite  and  snowy  gypsum  occur  in  N.  York,  near  Lockport  in  limestone  along 
with  pearl  spar  and  anhydrite;  also  near  Camillus,  Onondaga  Co.;  occasionally  crystals  are  met 
with  in  the  vicinity  of  Manlius.  In  Maryland,  large  grouped  crystals  on  the  St.  Mary's  in  clay; 
also  near  the  mouth  of  the  Patuxent.  In  Virginia,  large  beds  of  gypsum  with  rock  salt,  in 
Washington  Co.,  18  m.  from  Abingdou;  also  near  Lynchburg.  In. Ohio,  large  transparent 
crystals  have  been  found  at  Ellsworth  and  Caniield,  Trumbull  Co.  In  Tenn.,  selenite  and 
alabaster  in  Davidson  Co.  In  Kentucky,  in  Mammoth  Cave,  it  has  the  forms  of  rosettes,  or 
flowers,  vines,  and  shrubbery,  often  called  oulopholites  (cf.  Encyc.  Brit.,  15,  449).  Also  common 
in  isolated  crystals  and  masses,  in  the  cretaceous  clays  in  the  western  U.  S. 

In  N.  Scotia,  in  Sussex,  Kings  Co.,  on  Capt.  McCready's  farm,  large  single  and  grouped 
crystals,  which  mostly  contain  much  symmetrically  disseminated  sand. 

Named  from  yil^oS,  the  Greek  for  the  mineral,  but  more  especially  for  the  calcined  min- 
eral. The  derivation  ordinarily  suggested,  from  yrj,  earth,  and  e^eiv,  to  cook,  corresponds 
with  this,  the  most  common  use  of  the  word  among  the  Greeks.  Theophrastus,  after  mention- 
ing localities,  speaks  of  the.  making  of  gypsum  by  burning  the  proper  stones  (among  which 
alabaster  is  included);  of  making  plaster  or  cement  from  it  by  "powdering  it,  pouring  on  water, 
and  stirring  it  with  wooden  instruments,  there  being  too  much  heat  for  the  hand;"  of  the 
necessity  of  preparing  it  "  immediately  before  the  use  of  it,  because  it  soon  dries  and  becomes 
hard;"  of  its  value  for  whitening  the  walls  of  houses,  and  of  its  being  an  excellent  material  for 
making  images  and  ornaments. 

The  word  yv$o$  in  Plato  and  Herodotus  has  been  sometimes  translated  chalk,  but  not  so 
by  the  best  authorities.  The  sentences  in  Herodotus  containing  it,  and  the  verb  yv^oco  derived 
from  it  meaning  to  cover  or  whiten  with  gypsum,  are  most  intelligible  if  calcined  gypsum,  or 
preparations  from  it,  are  understood. 

Powdered  chalk  is  not  likely  to  have  been  used  for  a  whitewash;  and  awash  is  implied 
instead  of  dry  cha'lking.  Moreover,  true  chalk  was  probably  unknown  to  the  Greeks,  it  being  a 
production  of  more  western  countries;  and,  according  to  Pliny,  even  the  Romans  included  un- 
der their  term  Greta  (Latin  for  chalk)  principally  clays,  and  prominently  the  "  Cimoliau  earth  " 
(cimolite,  p.  689),  true  chalk  being  what  Pliny  calls  "  the  inferior  kind."  Theophrastus  speaks 
of  a  Tymphaan  gypsum  (so  called  by  the  people  of  Tymphsea)  which  was  a  fuller's  earth  of  some 
kind.  The  word  yviboS  is,  therefore,  much  more  likely  to  have  been  applied  at  times  to  white 
clays  than  to  the  chalk.  The  ancients  were  acquainted!  with  lime  from  the  burning  of  lime- 
stone, and  could  not  have  called  this  yvipoS.  Plato's  expression,  Trjv  6e  ocrrj  XevKrj  yvtyov  % 
XiovoS  XevKorepav,  "  Whiter  than  gypsum  or  snow,"  is  not  improved  by  supposing  it  chalk; 
for  there  is  nothing  whiter  than  calcined  gypsum,  or  the  ceilings  or  ornaments  made  from  it. 

Selenites  (=  moonstone)  of  Dioscorides,  which  he  says  was  also  called  aphroselenon  (moon- 
froth),  "  because  it  was  found  at  night  while  the  moon  was  on  the  increase,"  was  probably  crys- 
tallized gypsum  or  modern  selenite.  His  description  XevxoS,  diavyifi,  Kov<po$  (—  white, 
transparent,  light),  is  good  as  far  as  it  goes;  and  the  uses  of  the  stone  which  he  mentions  also 
agree  better  with  this  view  than  with  that  of  its  being  either  the  modern  moonstone  or  cats-eye, 
to  which  it  has  been  referred.  The  name  is  from  crekrfvr],  moon,  and  alludes  probably  to  the 
peculiar  moon-like  white  reflections.  Some  aggregated  crystallized  masses  might  well  have 
suggested  the  name  aphroselenon.  It  is  doubtful  what  Pliny  had  in  view  under  the  name 
selenitis  (37,  67);  it  is  probable,  from  his  brevity  on  the  subject,  that  he  did  not  know  the 
mineral. 

Lapis  specularis  (Specular-stone)  of  Pliny  was  mostly  crystallized  gypsum  (the  rest  being 
mica):  he  speaks  of  it  (36,  59)  as  affording  by  burning  the  best  of  gypsum. 

1 'AA.afiao-rpirr?S  (or  alabaster-stone,  meaning  the  stone  out  of  which  ointment  vases  of  the 
kind  called  alabaslra  were  made)  was  with  Theophrastus  and  Pliny  mainly  if  not  wholly 
stalagmite,  which  is  now  often  called  oriental  alabaster  (see  under  CALCITE,  p.  268);  and  Thebes 
in  Egypt  was  a  famous  locality.  Such  vases  were  made  of  other  materials,  and  it  is  possible 
that  gypsum-alabaster  was  one;  for  when  polished  it  often  resembles  some  clouded  stalagmites. 
This  opinion  is  favored— though  not  placed  beyond  question— by  the  statement  in  Theophrastus, 


O  JPSUM—ILESITE. 


937 


which  Pliny  reiterates,*  that  the  gypsum-stone  is  "  very  similar  to,"  "'  not  unlike"  (meaning  in 
the  rough  state,  of  course)  alabastrites,  which  resemblance  is  not  obvious  if  stalagmite  is  the  only 
alabastntes.  The  alabastritis  of  Pliny,  from  Syria,  said  to  be  white  spotted  with  various  tints, 
may  be  of  this  kind,  as  Syria  was  noted  for  its  gypsum-stone,  according  to  Theophrastus  and 
Pliny. 

'  A/\.d/3aorpov  (alabastron)  occurs  as  the  name  of  alabaster-stone  in  the  writings  of  the 
historian  Herodiauus  about  two  centuries  after  Christ,  but  without  description.  The  alabastrum 
of  Pliny,  something  white  and  froth-like,  called  also,  as  he  says,  stimmi,  stibi,  and  larbasis,  and 
coming  from  silver  mines,  cannot  be  alabaster.  There  is  here  probably  some  mistake  on  the 
part  of  Pliny. 

Burnt  gypsum  is  called  Plaster -of -Paris,  because  the  Montmartre  gypsum  quarries,  near 
Paris,  are,  and  have  long  been,  famous  for  affording  it. 

Alt.— Gypsum  occurs  altered  to  calcite,  malachite,  quartz;  also  to  anhydrite;  cf.  Hammer- 
schmidt,  Min.  Mitth.,  5,  245,  1882. 

Ref.— '  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  9,  175,  1886;  cf.  also  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  10,  53,  1844.  Trustworthy 
angles  are  difficult  to  obtain;  the  dimensions  change  sensibly,  with  change  of  temperature; 
cf.  Beckenkamp,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  450,  1882.  Beckenkamp  deduces  the  following  : 


At 


0° 

25° 

50° 

75° 

100° 

120° 


0-689724 
0-689515 
0-689301 
0-688998 
0-688596 
0-688395 


0-413411 
0-413251 
0-413072 
0-412916 
0-412661 


1  :  0-412517 


98 c 


99° 
99° 


56' 

58' 

59' 

1' 

3' 


17-7" 
6-4" 
59-0" 
32-8" 
25-6" 


5'    29-6" 


See  earlier,  Neumann,  Pogg.,  27,  240,  1833.  With  Dx.,  m  is  also  the  unit  prisu  but 
n  —  Oil,  t  —  001,  etc.;  in  the  5th  Ed.  n  was  the  unit  prism,  t  =  100,  etc. 

2  See  Hbg.,  Min.  Not.,  4,  1,  1861,  and  Breziua,  Min.  Mitth.,  17,  1872,  for  lists  of  plan*,*,  and 
early  authorities;  also  Dx.,  1.  c.,  Gdt.  Index,  2,  121,  1888.  3  Hbg.,  Girgenti,  1.  c  4  Hbg., 
Wasenweiler,,  ib.,  10,  30,  1871.  5  Schrauf,  Harz,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  63  (1),  157,  1871.  •  Brezina, 
Kalinka  1.  c  .  7  Lasp.,  Eisleben,  Min.  Mitth.,  113,  1875,  who  gives  the  axes  : 


a  :  b  :  c  =  0'6895  :  1  :  0  4133 


=  81' 


On  experiments  on  hardness,  see  Exner,  Unt.  Harte,  71,  1873;  on  artificial  twinning,  Lex., 
Bull.  Soc.  Miu.,  12,  515,  1889.  Elasticity,  Reusch,  Pogg.,  136,  135,  1869,  Min.  Mitth.,  67,  1876, 
Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  259,  1883;  Laspeyres,  1.  c;  Coromilas  (abstr.  in  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  408),  Iiuug.  Diss., 
Tubingen,  1877.  Gliding  planes,  Miigge,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  13,  1883;  percussion-figure,  id.,  ibid.,  1,  51, 
1884.  Etching-figures,  Baumhauer,  Ber.  Ak.  Miinchen,  1875.  TJiermo-electricity,  Hankel,  Wied., 
1,  277,  1877.  Thermal  expansion,  Beckenkamp,  1.  c.,  and  Neumann  (1833),  1.  c.  8 Optic  axes 
of  elasticity  and  effect  of  heat,  Lang ..  Wien,  76  (2),  793,  1877;  also  Dufet,  Bull.,  4,  113,  191, 
1881,  11,  123,  1888,  14,  144,  1891,  and  J.  Phys.,  8,  292,  1888. 

CALCIUM  CHROMATE.  An  artificial  calcium  chromate,  isomorphous  with  gypsum,  has  been 
described  by  Foullon.  Cf.  p.  916. 


747.  ILESITE.      A.   F.  Wuenscfi,   Mining  Index,    Leadville,    Colorado,   Nov.  5,    1881. 
M.  W.  lies,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  3,  420,  1881. 

Monoclinic?,  in  artificial  crystals  Hillebrand1. 

In  loosely  adherent  crystalline  aggregates,  prismatic.  Color  clear  green, 
becoming  white  on  exposure  in  consequence  of  loss  of  water.  Taste  bitter, 
astringent.  Friable.  Soluble  in  water. 

Comp.— RS04  +  4H20  with  E  =  Mn  :  Zn  :  Fe  =  5  :  1  :  1.  This  requires: 
Sulphur  trioxide  35'6,  manganese  protoxide  22*5,  zinc  protoxide  5*2,  iron  protoxide 
4-6,  water  32-1  =  100. 

Anal. — M.  W.  lies,  mean  of  several  partial  analyses,  deducting  residue  (0'63  SiO2). 


S03 
36-07 


MnO 
22-31 


ZnO 
597 


FeO 

4-18 


H20 

31-60     =     100-13 


*  It  is  not  clear  that  Pliny  is  here  independent  authority.  He  appears  to  be  citing  from 
Theophrastus  in  the  most  of  what  he  says  about  gypsum;  and  in  one  or  two  cases  he  cites  blun- 
deringly. He  says,  for  instance,  that  plaster  after  hardening  may  by  pounding  be  powdered  [for 
use  again];  whereas  Theophrastus  states  more  correctly  that  "  by  burning  it  may  again  and  again 
be  made  fit  for  use. " 


938 


SULPHATES,    CHEOMATES,   ETC. 


The  amount  of  water  is  in  doubt,  and  in  the  unaltered  mineral  is  probably  larger  than  in 
the  material  analyzed  (Hillebrand). 

Obs. — Occurs  in  a  siliceous  gangue  with  the  sulphides  of  iron  and  zinc  (from  which  it  has 
been  formed),  in  veins  2  to  8  inches  wide;  found  in  several  mines  at  the  head  of  Hall  Valley, 
Park  Co.,  Colorado.  Named  after  Dr.  M.  W.  lies  of  Deuver. 

Ref..— '  Proc.  Col.  Soc.,  1,  140,  1884. 


748.  EPSOMITE.  Epsom  Salt.  Sal  nativum  catharticum  A.  Hermann,  De  Sale  nativo 
cathartico  in  fodinis  HuugariaB  recens  invento,  Posouii,  1721.  Sal  neutrum  addulare,  Sal 
Anglican  urn,  Wall.,  Min.,  184,  1747.  Id.,  Sel  d'Epsom  FT.  Trl.  Wall-,  1,  339,  1753.  Halo- 
trichum  Scopoli,  De  Hydrarg.  Idriense  Tent.,  Venet.,  1761  (Klapr.  Beitr.,  3, 104),  Priucip.  Min., 
1772.  Magnesia  vitriolata  (Sal  Anglicus,  Epsomensis,  Seidlizeusis,  Seydschiitensis,  amarus,  etc.) 
Bergm.,  Sciagr.,  1782.  Bittersalz  Wern.  Gletschersalz.  Haarsalz  pt.  Epsomite  Beud.,  Tr., 
445,  1824.  Reichardtit  Krause  [Arch.  Pharm.,  5,  423,  6,  41],  Zs.  Nat.  Halle,  44,  554.  1874. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  b  :  c  —  0-9902  :  1  :  0'5709  Miller1. 

100  A  HO  =  44°  43',  001  A  101  =  29°  58',  001  A  Oil  =  29°  43J'. 


m 


Forms : 

a  (100,  i-l) 
b  (010,  i-l) 


m  (110,  7) 
/  (120,  i-2) 
n  (101,  14) 


x  (201,  2-1) 
v  (Oil,  14) 
r(021,  24) 


mm 

nn' 
xx' 

ml 


=  *89°  26' 
=    53°  35' 

=    59°  56' 

=    98°    8' 
=    59°  27' 


rr'  =    97°  34f 
zz'    -    53°  12 

zz"  =  78°  7' 
zz'"  =  *52°  38' 
ss'  =  90°  5' 


ss'" 
it' 
tt" 
it'" 


2(111,   1) 

8  (211,  2-2) 
t  (121,  2-2) 

=  104°  17f 
=    41°    1' 
=    41°  36' 
=  103°  58' 

=    89°22i' 


After  Miller. 


Crystals  prismatic  in  habit;  often  hemihedral  in  the 
pyramidal  planes.      Also  in  botryoidal  masses  and  deli- 
cately fibrous  crusts. 
Cleavage:  b  very  perfect;  v  (Oil)  less  perfect;  m  in  traces.     Fracture  conchoi- 
dal.     H.  —  2-0-2-5.     G.  —  1-751;  1-685,  artif.,  Schiff.     Luster  vitreous  to  earthy. 
Streak  and  color  white.     Transparent  to  translucent.     Taste  bitter  and  saline. 
Optically  — .     Ax.  pi.  ||  c.     Bx  _L  b.     Axial  angles: 

2Er  =  77°  59',     78°    5',     78°  11'  in  three  sections,  Dx.2 
2EV  -  77°  43',     77°  44',     78°    3'   "      " 
Refractive  indices  for  D  line,  Topsoe  and  Christiansen2: 

a  -  1-4325        /?  =  1-4554        y  —  1'4608        .'.     2E  =  78°  18'        2V  =  51°  25' 

Comp. — Hydrous  magnesium  sulphate,  MgS04  +  7H20  =  Sulphur  tri  oxide 
32'5,  magnesia  16-3,  water  51  2  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Liquefies  in  its  water  of  crystallization.  Gives  much  water  in  the  closed  tube  at 
a  high  temperature;  the  water  is  acid.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  at  first,  and  finally  yields  an 
infusible  alkaline  mass,  which,  with  ccbalt  solution,  gives  a  pink  color  on  ignition.  Very 
soluble  in  water,  and  has  a  very  bitter  taste. 

Obs.— Common  in  mineral  waters,  and  as  a  delicate  fibrous  or  capillary  efflorescence  on 
rocks,  in  the  galleries  of  mines,  and  elsewhere.  In  the  former  state  it  exists  at  Epsom,  England, 
and  at  Sedlitz  and  Saidschitz  (or  Saidschiitz)  in  Bohemia  At  Idria  in  Carniola  it  occurs  in  silky 
fibers,  and  is  hence  called  hairsalt  by  the  workmen.  Also  obtained  at  the  gypsum  quarries  of 
Montmartre,  near  Paris;  in  Fitou,  Dept.  of  the  Aude,  France;  at  the  anthracite  mine  of  Peychag- 
nard,  Is£re,  in  large  crystals;  in  Aragon  and  Catalonia  in  Spain;  in  the  Cordillera  of  St.  Juan  in 
Chili;  and  in  a  grotto  in  Southern  Africa,  where  it  forms  a  layer  U  in.  thick.  Also  found  at 
Vesuvius,  at  the  eruptions  of  1850  and  1855.  A  massive  variety  (reichardtite)  occurs  in  thin  layers 
with  carnallite  at  Leopoldshall,  Stassfurt. 

The  floors  of  the  limestone  caves  of  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and  Indiana,  are  in  many  instances 
covered  with  epsomite,  in  minute  crystals,  mingled  with  the  earth.  In  the  Mammoth  Cave, 
Ky.,  it  adheres  to  the  roof  in  loose  masses  like  snowballs.  At  the  Alum  Cave,  in  Sevier,  Tenn., 
on  the  headwaters  of  the  West  Fork  of  Little  Pigeon  River,  masses  of  nearly  pure  epsomite, 
almost  a  cubic  foot  in  volume,  have  been  obtained  (Safford's  Rep..  119).  It  effloresces  from  the 
calcareous  sandstone,  10  m.  from  Coeymans,  on  the  east  face  of  the  Helderberg,  N.  Y.  Said  to 
occur  also  over  the  California  plains,  east  of  San  Diego  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  6,  389,  1848).  Also  efflo- 
resces from  a  pyritiferous  serpentine  in  Marmora,  Ontario;  and  on  dolomites  of  the  Clinton 
formation  (Silurian)  in  sheltered  places  between  Niagara  Falls  and  Lake  Huron  as  at  Dundas, 
where  layers  occur  1  in.  thick. 


GOSLARITE.  939 

Ref.— >  Min.,  546,   1852;   earlier,  Brooke,  Ann.  Phil.,  6,  40,  1823;   see  also  Mitsch.,  ib.,  11 
327,  1827,  and  Kg.,  Pogg.,  91,  324,  1854. 

2  Propt.  Opt.,  2,  39,  1859.     Topsoe  and  Christiansen,  Pogg.,  Erg.,  6,  545,  1874. 

On  the  wide  variation  in  form,  for  different  isomorphous  compounds  of  MgSO4  +  7H2O 
and  ZnSO4  -f-  7H2O,  see  Dufet,  Bull.  Soc.  Miii.,  12,  22,  1889;  cf.  also  Rg.,  1.  c. 

TAURISCITE.     Tauriszit  G.  H.  0.  Volger,  Jb.  Min.,  152,  1855. 

Orthorhombic.  Planes  and  angles  those  of  epsomite.  In  acicular  crystals.  Luster  and 
other  physical  characters  those  of  copperas  (melanterite),  p.  941.  Composition  stated  to  be  that 
of  copperas,  FeSO4  -f-  7H2O,  but  needs  confirmation. 

From  Windgalle  in  the  Canton  Uri  (Pagus  Tauriscorum  of  the  Romans),  Switzerland, 
associated  with  copperas  and  alum.  The  crystal  is  stated  to  be  a  rhombic  prism  with  pyramidal 
terminations. 

749.  GOSLARITE.  Atramentuin  sutorium,  candidum,  potissimuin  reperitur  Goselarise, 
translucidum,  crystalli  instar,  Agric.,  Foss.,  213,  1546.  A.  album  fossile  durum  Goslarianum 
Gesner,  Foss.,  13,  1565.  Vitriolurn  Ziuci  album  nativum,  Galizensten,  Hvit  Viktril,  Wall.,  157, 
1747.  Zinc  Vitriol,  White  Vitriol,  White  Copperas,  Sulphate  of  Zinc.  Zinc  sulfatee,  Couperose 
blanche,  Fr.  Gallizinite  Beud.,  Tr.,  446,  1824.  Galiznite.  Goslarit  Raid.,  Haudb.,  490,  1847. 
Ferro-Goslarite  H.  A.  Wheeler,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  41,  212,  1891. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  b  :  6  =  0-9807  :  1  :  0-5631  Brooke1. 

100  A  110  =  44°  26f,  001  A  101  =  29°  51f ',  001  A  Oil  =  29°  23'. 

Forms:  m  (110,  /)  «  (201,  24)  r  (021,  2-i)  s  (211,  2-2)? 

a  (100,  i-l)  f  (120,  i-2)  v  (Oil,  1-*)  z  (111,  1)  t  (121,  2-2) 

b  (010,  i-l)  n  (101,  l-i) 

mm"'  =  *88°  53'  m'  =    58°  46'  zz'    =  53°  ,9f  **'  =  90°    2' 

ff '       =     54°    2'  bv  =  *60°  37'  zz"   -  77°  37'  tt'  =  41°  44' 

nri      =     59°  44'  rr'  =     96°  47f  zz"'  =  52°    3'  tt'"  =  88°  39' 
xx'       =     97°  54f 

In  long  acicular  crystals;  commonly  massive  or  stalactitic. 

Cleavage:  b  perfect.  Brittle.  H.  =  2-2-5.  G.  =  1-9-2-1 ;  2-036;  1-953, 
artif.  cryst.,  Schiff.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  white,  reddish,  yellowish,  bluish. 
Transparent  to  translucent.  Taste  astringent,  metallic,  and  nauseous. 

Optically  — .     Ax.  pi.  ||  c.     Bx  J_  b.     Dispersion  p  <  v  small,  Dx. 

2Er  =  70°  23'  2EV  =  70°  6',  Dx. 

Refractive  indices  for  D  line,  Topsoe  and  Christiansen2 : 

a  =  1-4568    /J  =  1-4801    y  —  1-4836    .-.  2Ey  =  71°  3'    2VT  =  46°  14' 

Comp. — Hydrous  zinc  sulphate,  ZnS04  -f  7H20  =  Sulphur  trioxide  27*9, 
zinc  oxide  28*2,  water  43 -9  =  100.  Iron  may  be  present  replacing  the  zinc. 

Anal.— 1,  Frenzel,  Jb.  Min.,  675,  1875.  2,  Hillebrand,  quoted  by  Pearce,  Proc.  Col.  Soc., 
2,  12,  1885. 

SO3           ZnO         CuO      (Mn,Fe)O      MgO  H2O 

I.Freiberg                29'52          21 '58           —                              6-18  [42  72]  =  100 

2.  Butte                     28-09        [27-56]        0'12           0'30  43  93   =  100 

In  2,  six  molecules  of  water  escape  at  100°. 

Wheeler  found  4  9  p.  c.  FeSO4  in  the  ferro-goslarite. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Yields  water.  On  charcoal  with  soda  gives  a  zinc  coating,  and  a  sulphide  which 
tarnishes  silver.  Easily  soluble  in  water. 

Obs.— This  salt  is  formed  by  the  decomposition  of  sphalerite,  and  is  found  in  the  passages  of 
mines.  It  occurs  at  the  Rammelsberg  mine  near  Goslar.  in  the  Harz;  atSchemnitz  in  Hungary; 
at  Falun  in  Sweden;  and  at  Holywell  in  Wales;  Elba  at  Capanne  Vecchie.  It  is  not  of  com- 
mon occurrence. 

In  Montana  at  the  Gagnon  mine,  Butte,  derived  from  the  alteration  of  a  cupriferous  zinc  sul- 

Ehide.    Ferro-goslarite  occurs  associated  with  sphalerite  at  Webb  City,  Jasper  Co.,  Missouri;  it 
5  in  mammillary  or  stalactitic  incrustations  of  a  light  yellow  to  brown  color.     Goslarite  is  com- 
mon in  the  drainage  of  the  mines  of  the  region. 

Ref.-1  Ann.  Phil.,  6,  437,  1823  ;  Mir.,  Min.,  547,  1852.  Cf.  also  Schrauf,  Jb.  Min.,  675, 
1875.  2  Ibid.,  (epsomite),  p.  548 


940  SULPHATES,    CHRO  MATES,   ETC. 

750.  MORENOSITE.  Nickel-Viktril,  Vitriolum  ferrum  et  nicolum  continens  ("of  a 
deep  greeu  color,  with  Kupfernickel,  in  Cobalt  miiies  ")  Cronst.  (the  discov.  of  the  metal  Nickel), 

Bergm.,  Sciagr. 

in  Revista  Minera 

1851.     Nickel  Vitriol  T.  8.  Hunt.  Dana  Min.,  679,  1850,  Logan's  G.  Rep.  Can.,  1863'     Pyromelin 

KbL,  Gel.  Anz.  Munch.,  35,  215.,  18*2.  J.  pr.  Ch.,  58,  44. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  A  :  I  :  6  =  0'9816  :  1  :  0-5655  Marignac1. 

100  A  110  =  44°  28',  001  A  101  =  29°  56f ',  001  A  Oil  =  29°  29£', 

Forms:  /  (120,  i-2)  x  (201,  2-1)  r  (021,  24)  s  (211,  2-2) 

b  (010,  i-l)  /i(101,  14)  0(011,  14)  z  (111,  1)  t  (121,  2-2) 

m  (110,  I) 

mm'"  =  *88°  56'  xx'  =    98°    5'  zz"  =  77°  50'  ss'     =  90°  10' 

ff'       =53°  59'  w>'  =    58°  58i'  zz'"  =  52°  13'  ss'"  =  40°  40f 

nn'      =    59°  53|'  zz    =  *53°  16' 

In  acicular  crystals  and  thin  prisms.     Also  fibrous;  and  as  an  efflorescence. 

Cleavage:  b.  H.  =  2-2*25.  G.  =  2 '004,  Fulda.  Luster  vitreous.  Color 
apple-green  to  greenish  white.  Streak  white,  faintly  greenish.  Soluble;  taste 
metallic  astringent. 

Optically  — .     Ax.  pi.  \\  c.     Bx  J_  ~b.     Dispersion  p  >  v  large. 

2Er  =  64°  24'  2EV  =  63°  45'  Dx. 

Refractive  indices  for  D  line,  Topsoe  and  Christiansen2: 
a  =  1-4669        ft  =  1-4388        y  =  1  '492.1        .-.     2Ey  =  64°  .22'        2Vy  =  41°  56' 

Comp. — Hydrous  nickel  sulphate,  NiS04  -f-  7H30  =  Sulphur  trioxide  28*5, 
nickel  protoxide  26'6,  water  44-9  =  100. 

Fyr.,  etc.— B.B.  in  tube  gives  water,  strongly  acid,  swells  up,  and  hardens,  becoming 
yellow  and  opaque.  On  charcoal  glows  strongly  and  evolves  sulphurous  acid.  With  borax  and 
phosphorus  salt  gives  a  distinct  nickel  reaction.  The  Kiechelsdorf  mineral  colors  the  outer 
flame  blue,  from  the  presence  of  arsenic. 

Obs. — A  result  of  the  alteration  of  nickel  ores.  Occurs  near  Cape  Hortegal,  in  Galicia, 
Spain,  on  magnetite,  with  which  some  millerite  is  mixed;  at  Riechelsdorf,  in  Hesse;  as  an 
earthy  crust,  mountain-green  in  color,  with  native  bismuth  and  arsenical  nickel,  at  the  Friedens 
mine  near  Lichtenberg  in  Bayreuth  (pyromeline).  Also  in  acicular  crystals  and  crusts  at 
Wallace  mine,  Lake  Huron,  upon  a  sulphide  of  nickel  and  iron;  at  the  Gap  nickel  mine,  Lan- 
caster Co.,  Pennsylvania. 

Named  by  Casares  after  Sr.  Moreno,  of  Spain.  A.  M.  Alcibar  states  that  Prof.  Casares 
sent  a  communication  on  this  mineral  to  the  Societe  de  Pharmacie  of  Paris  in  1849,  which  was 
not  published. 

Ref. — J  Mem.  Soc.  Geneve,  14,  242,  1858.  There  has  also  been  believed  to  be  a  tetragonal 
form,  3cf.  Haid.,  Pogg.,  6,  196,  1826;  Mitsch.,  ib.,  12,  144,  1828,  but  according  to  Marignac 
this  contains  only  QH^O. 

2  Ibid,  (epsomitp),  p.  549.     3  Lang,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  31,  99,  1858. 

TECTICITE  Breith.  Graulit  Olocker,  Syn.,  1847.  A  clove-brown  mineral,  easily  soluble  in 
water  and  attracting  moisture  readily,  occurring  in  small  pyramidal  and  acicular  crystals  sup- 
posed to  be  orthorhombic,  and  also  massive.  Probably  a  hydrous  sulphate  of  ferric  iron;  but 
composition  not  ascertained,  H.  =  1*5-2. 

From  Graul,  near  Schwarzenberg,  in  Saxony,  and  Braunsdorf  in  the  Erzgebirge.  Named 
from  TTjKTixoS,  in  allusion  to  the  deliquescence;  but  changed  to  graulite  by  Glocker,  because 
the  Greek  signifies  liquefying  actively,  and  not  passively  as  in  deliquescence. 

FAUSERITE.     Fauserit  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  24,  301,  1865. 

Orthorhombic.  Prismatic  angle  88°  42'.  Cleavage:  brachypinacoidal,  distinct;  prismatic, 
in  traces  or  none;  basal,  rather  distinct.  Crystals  grouped  in  stalactitic  forms.  H.  =  2-2'5. 
G.=  1'888.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  reddish  and  yellowish  white  to  colorless.  Translucent  to 
transparent.  Taste  astringent,  bitter. 

Comp.— Perhaps  (Mn,Mg)SO4  -f-  6H2O,  with  Mn  :  Mg  =  2  :  1,  requiring:  Sulphur  trioxide 
32'2,  manganese  protoxide  19'0,  magnesia  5'4,  water  43'4  =  100.  Some  authors  giVe  7H2O. 


MELANTERJTE  GROUP—  MELANTER1TE.  941 

Anal.—  1,  2,  Mollnar,  quoted  by  Breithaupt. 

SO3  MnO  MgO  H2O 

1.  34-49  19-61  5-15  42'66  Al2O3,FeaO3  trace 

2.  33-78  20-05  5  '63  40'54 

Obs.  —  Stated  to  be  from  Herrengrund  in  Hungary.     Named  after  Mr.  Fauser. 

A  mineral  called  fauserite  by  Loczka,  from  Hodrusbanya,  Hungary,  was  epsomite,  MgSO4  -f- 
7H3O,  with  only  small  quantities  of  zinc  (0'54  ZnO),  manganese  (0-54MnO),  cobalt  (0.08  CoO), 
iron  (0-04  FeO).  Ber.  aus  Ungarii,  8,  108,  1890.  This  throws  doubt  over  Breithaupt's 
mineral. 

Melaiiterite  or  Copperas  Group.     Monoclinic. 

The  species  here  included  are  the  ordinary  vitriols.  They  are  identical  in 
general  formula  with  the  species  of  the  Epsomite  group,  and  are  regarded  as  the 
same  compound  essentially  under  oblique  crystallization.  The  copper  sulphate 
diverges  from  the  others  in  crystallization,  and  contains  but  5  of  water. 

SYNONYMY  BEFORE  1750.  XaA.KavQov,  XaXKiTrfi,  MeA.arri?pia,  2dopv,  Miav,  Dioscor., 
5,  114-118.  [Chalcanthum  (from  ^aA/coS,  brass,  and  avQoS,  flower)  is  vitriol  of  any  kind;  Spain 
is  given  as  a  locality;  Chalcitis,  a  disintegrating  pyrites,  iron  or  copper,  impregnated  with  the 
same,  as  a  result  of  its  alteration;  Melanteria  (fr.  juekar,  ink),  a  salt-like  chalcanthus,  or  earth 
containing  it;  Swu,  a  black  earth  or  stone  impregnated  with  some  vitriol  ;  Misu,  a  yellowish 
vitriolic  stone,  perhaps  partly  copiapite,  and  partly  yellow  ocher  impregnated  with  vitriol  of 
some  kind.] 

Atramentum  sutorium  =  Chalcanthum,  Chalcites,  Sory,  Misy,  Plin.,  34,  29-32;  evidently 
In  part  from  Dioscorides.  [The  description  of  Chalcanthum  gives  prominence  to  blue  vitriol, 
while  its  use  as  shoemaker's  ink  (which  Atr.  sutorium  signifies)  implies  the  presence  of  green 
(or  iron)  vitriol,  the  material  still  used  for  blackening  leather;  Chalcites  and  sory  are  the  same  as 
above;  Misy  is  yellow  and  pulverulent,  like  the  mineral  now  called  copiapite.] 

Atramentum  sutorium  =  Melanteria  =  Chalcanthum,  Chalcites,  Sory,  Misy,  Agric.,  Foss., 
212-214,  1546;  Kupferwasser  id..  Interpr.,  463,  1546.  [The  first  three  of  these  names  are  syno- 
nyms for  any  vitriol  or  all;  and  include  (as  partly  also  in  Dioscorides)  capillary  or  wool-like, 
plumose,  stalactitic,  and  salt-like  kinds,  besides  Lapis  atramenti;  Agricola  mentions  the  varieties 
Atramentum  sutorium  candidum  (=  XevKoiov  Gr.),  which  is  white  or  zinc  vitriol;  A.  s.  mride, 
which  is  green  vitriol;  A.  s.  cceruleum,  which  is  blue  vitriol;  Sory,  a  gray  or  blackish  stone,  often 
nodular  (glebae  rotundas),  impregnated  with  any  vitriol;  Misy,  a  yellow  efflorescent  or  mealy 
vitriol.  Goslar  in  the  Harz  is  the  principal  locality  cited  by  Agricola.  Chalcites  is  said  to  be 
between  sory  and  misy  in  texture,  and  rubra  et  ceris  colore;  perhaps  a  red  ocher  (a  frequent  result 
of  the  alteration  of  pyrites)  containing  copperas  and  some  unaltered  pyrites. 

Atramentum  viride,  a  quibusdam  Vitreolum  vocatur,  Albertus  Magnus,  De  Min.,  Libr.  5,  c. 
3,  1270.  Vitriolum  Agric.,  ib.,  213.  [So  named  from  vttrium,  glass,  in  allusion  to  the  glassy 
appearance  of  the  crystals  of  vitriols;  Agricola  speaks,  in  connection  with  his  explanation  of  the 
word,  of  "A.  candidum  translucidum  instar  Crystalli."] 

Atramentum  Gesner,  Foss.,  13,  1565;  divided  into  A.  album  durum  Goslarianum  [or  Zinc 
vitriol],  A.  viride  [or  Iron  vitriol],  A.  coeruleum  Cyprium  pulcherrimum  [or  Blue  vitriol]  ,  etc. 
Melanteria,  Sory,  Misy,  Gesner,  ib.,  15,  16. 

Vitriolum  Wallerius,  Miu.,  155X  1747,  and  Cronstedt,  Min.,  113,  1758;  a  genus  including  the 
species  V.  Cupri  (=  V.  Cypri,  V.  Veneris);  2,  V.  viride  (=  V.  fern,  V.  martis);  3,  V.  album,  vel 
zinci  (from  Goslar);  besides  4,  V.  mixtum  (a  mere  mixture);  5,  6,  Terra  vitriolica  and  Lapis 
atramentarius  (earth  or  stone  impregnated  with  vitriol  of  some  kind),  and  including  Lapis 
atramentarius  flavus,  or  Misy. 


751.  MELANTERITE.  Mt-Xavrypia,  XdhKavQov,  etc.,  Dioscor.  Chalcanthum,  Atra- 
mentum sutorium,  etc.,  Plin.  Melanteria,  Atramentum  sutorium  viride,  Agric.  Vitriolum  pt. 
Albertus  Magnus.  Atrameutum  viride  Gesner.  Vitriolum  viride,  V.  ferri,  V.  martis,  Wallerius. 
Green  Vitriol.  Copperas.  Sulphate  of  Iron.  Fer  sulfate  Fr.  Melanterie  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  482, 
1832.  Luckite  Carnot,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  2,  168,  1879.  Alcaparrosa  verde  S.  Amer.,  Raimondi, 
Min.  Perou,  212,  1878.  Vitrolo  verde  Span. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  -  1-1828  :  1  :  1-5427;    j3  =  75°  444'  =  001  A  100 
Zepharovich1. 

100  A  110  =  48°  54',  001  A  101  =  43°  44',  001  A  Oil  =  *56°  13^'. 


942  SULPHATES,    CHROMATES,   ETC. 


Forms2  ; 

w  (103,  -  f  i) 

t    (101,  14) 

r  (111,  -  1) 

a  (100,  i-l) 

t>    (101,  -  14) 

«  (013,  fi) 

n  (211,  -  2-2) 

b  (010,  *4) 

<w  (301,  -34) 

0  (Oil,  1-i) 

ft  (121,  -  2-2) 

c  (001,  0) 

0    (105,  l-l) 

P  (112,  -  i) 

cr(121,  2-2) 

m  (110,  /) 

mm"'  =  *97°  48'  cp  =  40°     9'  ca    =     78°  111' 

cw       =    20°  50'  cr  -  55°  59'  rr'    =     78°  33' 

av        =    32°     0|'  cw  =  *80°  41'  nn'  =     52°  45' 

ct         =    61°  46'  cw  =  60°  47'  ft  ft'  =  117°    6*' 

ee'        =    52°  59'  cs  =  67°  51'  crcr'  =  128°  44' 
oo'        =  112°  27' 

Crystals  (artif.)  short  prismatic  in  habit;  usually  in  capillary,  fibrous,  stalactitie, 
and  concretionary  forms  ;  also  massive  and  pulverulent. 

Cleavage :  c  perfect;  m  less  so.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.=  2.  G.  =  1  '89 
-1'90;  1*79  Idria.  Luster  vitreous.  Color,  various  shades  of  green,  passing  into 
white;  becoming  yellowish  on  exposure.  Streak  uncolored.  Subtranspareut  to 
translucent.  Taste  sweetish,  astringent,  and  metallic. 

Optically  -\-.  Ax.  pi.  \\  b.  Bxar  /\  6  =  —  61°.  Dispersion  p  >  v,  inclined 
weak.  Axial  angles,  Dx.3 

2Ha.r  =  86°  54'          SH0.r  =  94°  13'          /Jr  =  1'469         .-.    2Va.r  =  86°  21}'  (mean) 
2Ha.y  =  86°  49'          2H0.y  =  94°  24'          fty  =  1-470          .-.     2Va.y  =  86°  13' 
2Ha.bi  =  86°  33'          2H0.bi  =  94°  46'          0bi  =  1'478         .'.     2Va.w  =  85°  53*'      <« 

Comp.— Hydrous  ferrous  sulphate,  FeS04  +  7H20  =  Sulphur  trioxide  28'8, 
iron  protoxide"  25*9,  water  45'3  =  100.  Manganese  and  magnesium  sometimes  re- 
place part  of  the  iron,  the  former  in  the  variety  luclcite. 

Anal.— 1,  Janovsky,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  79  (1),  187,  1879.     2,  Carnot,  1.  c. 

An  impure  iron -magnesium  sulphate  from  Falun,  sold  as  "  botryogen,"  belongs  here,  see 
analyses  by  Blaas,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  88  (1),  1135,  1884;  Hockauf,  Zs.  Kr.,  12,  253,  1886. 

SO3      FeO  MuO  MgO      H2O 

1.  Idria  G.  =  1'79     4  29'80    20'37     —    4'60     45'07  =  99'84 

2.  Utah,  Luckite  26'3      21-7      1'9    0'2      [42'2J  CaO  0'5,  insol.  7'2  =  100 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  yields  water,  and  after  a  time  sulphurous  and  sulphuric  acids. 
On  charcoal  turns  at  first  brown,  then  red,  and  finally  black,  becoming  magnetic.  '  With  the 
fluxes  reacts  for  iron.  Soluble  in  twice  its  weight  of  water,  and  the  solution  is  blackened  by  a 
tincture  of  nutgalls.  Exposed  to  the  air  becomes  covered  with  a  yellow  powder,  which  is  the 
ferric  sulphate. 

Obs. — This  salt  usually  proceeds  from  the  decomposition  of  pyrite  or  marcasite,  which  readily 
afford  it,  if  occasionally  moistened  while  exposed  to  the  atmosphere.  Occurs  near  Goslar  in  the 
Harz;  Bodenmais  in  Bavaria;  Falun,  Sweden;  at  Hurlet,  near  Paisley;  and  in  many  mines  in 
Europe  and  elsewhere.  Usually  accompanies  pyrite  in  the  U.  States,  occurring  as  an  efflorescence; 
at  Copperas  Mt.,  a  few  miles  E.  of  Bain  bridge,  Ohio,  it  is  associated  with  aium  and  pyrite. 

Luckite  is  from  the  "  Lucky  Boy  "  mine,  Butterfield  Canon.  Utah. 

Ref.— '  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  79  (1),  183,  1879,  measurements  of  the  pure  iron  sulphate;  the  pres- 
ence of  magnesium  in  varying  amounts  makes  a  sensible  change  in  angle,  cf.  Zeph.,  1.  c.,  and 
Rg.,  Pogg  ,  91  325,  1854;  Schrauf,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  236,  1886.  Cf.  epsomite,  p.  938. 

2  Cf.  Brooke,  Ann.  Phil.,  6,  120,  1823;  Mir..  Min.,  550,  1852. 

Rnmmelsberg  shows  that  there  is  a  close  relation  in  form  between  the  monoclinic  melanterite 
and  orthorhombic  epsomite,  Kr.  Ch.,  425,  1881.  See  also  Schrauf,  Ber.  Ak.  Wieu,  39,  894,  1860; 
Zeph..  1.  c.  3  Dx.,  N.  R.,  173,  1867. 

BOURBOLITE.  Lefort,  C.  II.,  55,  919,  1862.  An  impure  sulphate  of  iron,  apparently  a 
mixture  of  melanterite  and  a  ferric  sulphate;  from  Bourboule,  in  the  Dept.  of  Puy-de-D6me, 
France.  Derived  apparently  from  the  alteration  of  marcasite.  Lefort's  analyses  obtained: 

S03  Fe203  FeO  H2O 

38-04  5-08  16-08  40'80=100 

37-55  8-71  13-83  39-91  =  100 

3522  8-25  12'99  43'54  =  100 

It  is  a  friable  greenish  substance,  partly  soluble  in  water  and  partly  in  acids. 


MELANTERITE  GROUP:    MALLARDITE—PISANITE—BIEBERITE.        943 

752.  MALLARDITE.     Carnot,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  2,  117,  1879. 

Monoclinic,  Mid.     In  crystalline  masses  with  fibrous  structure.     Colorless. 
Comp.  —  Hydrous  manganese   sulphate,  MnS04  -j-  7HaO  =  Sulphur  trioxide 
28*9,  manganese  protoxide  25*6,  water  45'5  =  100. 

Analyses  by  Carnot  and  Rioult  agree  closely,  1.  c.  and  App.  m,  p.  72. 

Pyr.,  etc.—  Easily  soluble  in  water.  Changes  rapidly  on  exposure;  effloresces,  becomes 
opaque,  and  finally  pulverulent.  Is  decomposed  by  strong  heating,  losing  the  sulphuric  acid  and 
water,  and  leaving  a  reddish  brown  residue.  Carnot  obtained  from  a  solution  of  manganese 
sulphate  at  15°  C.  the  salt  MuSO4  -f  5H2O  in  tricliuic  crystals;  but  at  a  temperature  of  6°  C.  he 
obtained  mouoclinic  crystals  with  the  composition  MuSO4  4-  7H2O. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  in  a  gray  clay-like  gangue,  with  quartz  sand  and  barite.  From  the  silver 
mine  "  Lucky  Boy,"  south  of  Salt  Lake,  near  Butterfleld  Canon,  Utah. 

753.  PISANITE.     F.  Pisani,  C.  R.,  48,  807,  1859.      Pisanit  Kenng.,  Ueb.  1859,  10,  1860. 
Cyanoferrite  Adam,  Tabl.  Min.  ,  66,  1865.    Cuproferrite  Das  Cloizeaux,  N.  R.  ,  157,  1867.    Kupfer- 
eiseu  vitriol  Germ. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  1  :  6  =  T1609  :  1  :  1-5110;    ft  =  74°  38|'  =  001  A  100 
Des  Cloizeaux1. 

100  A  HO  =  48°  13£',  001  A  101  =  62°  26£',  001  A  Oil  =  55°  32£'. 


Forms:  6(010,  i-i),  c(001,  0);  m  (110,  /);  w  (103,  -  f  l\  t  (101,  1-i);  0(011,  1-i);  /J(S-5-22,&), 
it  (112,  |),  y  (889,  f). 

Angles  mm!"  =  *96°  27',  cw  =  *20°  34',  oo'  =  111°  4',  cit  =  49°  17',  nit'  =  70°  6',  cm  =  *79°  50'. 

In  concretionary  and  stalactitic  forms,  occasionally  showing  distinct  crystals. 
Cleavage:   c  easy.     Luster  vitreous.     Color   bright   blue.     Becomes  ocherous 
externally.    Optically  +•    Ax.  pi.  ||  b.    Bxa  nearly  ||  axis  a.     Axial  angles,  Hintze2. 

2Ha.r  =  86°    8'  2Ha.y  =  85°  52'  2Ha.gr  =  85°    3' 

2Hor  =  94°  25'  2H0.y  =  94°  59'  2H0.gr  =  95°  31' 

Comp.  —  An  iron  vitriol  (melanterite)  with  the  iron  in  part  replaced  by  copper, 
(Fe,Cu)S04  +  7H20. 

Anal.—  Pisani,  1.  c.     2,  C.  Hintze,  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  309,  1878. 

SOS  FeO  CuO  H2O 

1.  Turkey  29'90  10-98  15-56  43'56  =  100 

2.  Tuscany  28'84  und.  10'07  und. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.  gives  with  the  fluxes  reactions  for  copper.     Otherwise  like  melanterite, 
Obs.  —  Occurs  with  chalcopyrite  at  a  copper  mine  in  the  interior  of  Turkey.     The  interior  of 

the  mineral  has  sometimes  druses  of  minute  crystals.     Also  as  a  recent  formation  at  the  mines  of 

chalcopyrite  and  pyrite  near  Massa  Marittima,  Tuscany. 
Ref.—  »  N.  R.,  157,  1867.  2  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  309,  1878. 

754.  BIEBERITB.  Cobalt  Vitriol  Sage,  J.  Phys.,  39,  53,  1791.  Kobaltvitriol  Kopp, 
Gehlen's  J.,  6,  157,  1808.  Red  Vitriol.  Sulphate  of  Cobalt.  Rhodhalose  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  481, 
1832.  Bieberit  Raid.,  Handb.,  489,  1845. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  a  -.1:6=  1-1815  :  1  :  1*5325;  ft  =  75°  19  J'  =  001  A  100 
Marignac1. 

100  A  HO  =  48°  49',  001  A  101  =  43°  22',  001  A  Oil  =  56°  0'. 


Forms: 

b  (oio,  a> 

c  (001,  0) 

m  (110, 
/  (103, 
v   (101, 

n 

1-1) 

t  (101,  1-i) 
e  (013,  fi) 

o  (Oil, 
r(lll, 

1-i) 
-1) 

n  (121, 
v  (121, 

2-2) 

mm 

cv 
ct 

a  

*97° 
20° 
43° 
61° 

38' 
39' 
22' 
51' 

CO    — 

52° 
112° 
*56° 

36'            cr   = 
0'            cm  = 
0'            en  = 

55°  38' 
80°  24' 
67°  35' 

cv 
nri 

=     78° 
=     78° 
=  116° 

13' 
6' 

944 


SULPHATES,   CHROMATES,  ETC. 


Usually  in  stalactites  and  crusts,  investing  other  minerals. 
G.  =  1-924,  artificial  crystals,  Schiff.     Luster  vitreous.     Color  flesh-  and  rose- 
red.     Subtransparent  to  translucent.     Friable.     Taste  astringent. 

Comp. — Hydrous  cobalt  sulphate,  CoS04   -j-  7H30  =  Sulphur  trioxide  28-5, 
cobalt  oxide  26 -6,  water  44'9  —  100. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  a  matrass  yields  water,  and  when  strongly  heated,  sulphur  dioxide.  Gives  a 
blue  bead  with  borax. 

Obs.— In  the  rubbish  of  old  mines  at  Bieber,  in  Hesse;  at  Leogang  in  Salzburg;  at  Tres 
Puntas,  near  Copiapo,  Chili. 

Beudaut's  name  Rhodhalose  is  not  an  admissible  derivative  from  podoeiS,  rose-colored,  and 
•ctAs,  salt,  and  is  uumineralogical  in  its  termination;  it  sliould  have  been  Rhodohalite.  Instead 
of  making  it  right  (in  which  case  it  would  be  no  longer  Beudant's  name),  it  appears  better  to 
adopt  the  name  applied  by  Haidinger,  derived  from  the  longest  known  locality. 

Ref.— J  Mem.  Soc.  Phys.  Geneve,  14,  245,  1855.     See  also  Rg.,  Kr.  Ch.,  1,  419,  1881. 

CUPROMAGNESITE.  Scacchi,  Rend.  R.  Accad.  Sc.  Napoli,  Oct.,  1872;  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  24,  506. 
Found  at  Vesuvius  as  a  product  of  the  eruption  of  April,  1872,  in  bluish  green  crusts,  consisting 
of  copper  vitriol  and  sulphate  of  magnesium.  From  the  solution  crystals  are  obtained  having  the 
composition  (Cu,Mg)SO4  -|-  ?H2O,  and  isomorphous  with  iron  vitriol. 


755.  CHALOANTHITE.  XdXKavBov,  Chalcanthum  pt.,  Dioscor.,  Plin.,  Atramentum 
«o3ruleum,  Agric.,  Oemer.  Vitriolum  Cupri  =  V.  Cypri  =  V.  Veneris,  Wall.,  Cronst.  Sulphate 
of  Copper,  Blue  Vitriol,  Copper  Vitriol.  Kupfervitriol  Germ.  Couperose  bleue,  Cuivre  sulfate, 
Fr.  Vitriolo  di  Rame  Hal.  Cyanose  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  486,  1832.  Chalkanthit  v.  Kobell,  Tafeln, 
31,  1853.  Vitriolo  azul  Span. 

Triclinic.  Axes  &  :  b  :  6  =  0-56562  :  1  :  0-55067;  a  =  82°  21i',  ft  =  73°  10$' 
y  =  77°  37i'  Kupffer1. 

100  A  010  =  *100°  41',  100  A  001  =  105°  37|',  010  A  001  =  94°  2iy. 


Forms2 : 

a  (100,  i-l,  n  Mir.) 
b  (010,  i-i,  rMlr.) 
c  (001,  0,  o  Mir) 


d  (210,  i-2') 
w(110,  /',  tMlr.) 
h  (120,  i-2') 
a  (130,  e-3') 


/  (310,  't.§) 
r  (210,  7-2) 
Jlf  (110,  '/,  m  Mir.) 

k  (Oil,  14') 


0  (021,  24') 
g  (Oil,  '14) 
^(021,  '24) 

P  (111,  1') 


s  (121,  2-S') 
a?  (131,  3-3') 

z  (121,  '2-2) 


mp  — 
cs     = 
ap    = 
«&    = 
ftp   = 
as    — 
bp    = 
5s     = 
bx    - 
b'z   = 
Mp  = 
Mv  = 

*52°  20' 
62°  55' 
59°  10' 
*109°  38' 
50°  28' 
68°  46' 
*76°  33' 
55°    2f 
40°  47' 
41°  14' 
71°  39' 
54°    2i' 

15°  47' 
30°  51' 
53°  24' 

bm    =  *69°  50' 
25°  59' 
56°  50' 
=    29°  18' 
=    49°  32' 
=    27°  20' 
=    44°  51' 
=    54°  57' 
=  107°  17' 


Crystals  commonly  flattened  fl  p.  Occurs  also  massive,  stalactitic,  reniform, 
sometimes  with  fibrous  structure. 

Cleavage:  M9  m,  p  imperfect.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  2-5. 
G-.  =  2-12-2-30.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  Berlin-blue  to  sky-blue,  of  different 
shades;  sometimes  a  little  greenish.  Streak  uncolored.  Subtransparent  to  trans- 
lucent. Taste  metallic  and  nauseous. 

Optically  — .  Acute  bisectrix  in  the  right  quadrant  behind;  a  plane,  8, 
normal  to  it  makes  the  following  angles,  Pape8  (see  Introduction,  p.  xxxiii) : 

mS  =  81°  31'  M8'  -  43°  41' 

Axial  angle,  2V  =  56°  2'. 


Dispersion  p  <  v. 
line,  Pape3: 


pS  =  72°  52f 
Refractive  indices  for  the 


Also 


a  =  1-5156 
a  =  1-5140 


/?  =  1-5394 
/?  =  1-5368 


y  =  1-5464 
y  =  1-5433 


2E  =  93°  1'  K.4 


SYXGENITE. 


945 


Comp. — Hydrous  cupric  sulphate,  CuS04  +  5H20  =  Sulphur  trioxide  32  •!, 
cupric  oxide  31'8,  water  36'1  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water,  aiid  at  a  higher  temperature  sulphur  trioxide. 
B.B.  with  soda  ou  charcoal  yields  metallic  copper.  With  the  fluxes  reacts  for  copper.  Soluble 
in  water;  a  drop  of  the  solution  placed  on  a  surface  of  iron  coats  it  with  metallic  copper. 

Obs. — Found  in  waters  issuing  from  mines  and  in  connection  with  rocks  containing  chal- 
eopyrite.  by  the  alteration  of  which  it  is  formed.  Some  of  its  foreign  localities  are  the  Rammels- 
berg  mine  near  Goslar  in  the  Harz;  Falun  in  Sweden;  at  Parys  mine,  Auglesea;  at  various 
miues  in  Co.  of  Wicklow;  formerly  in  crystals  an  inch  long  at  Ting  Tang  mine  in  Gwennap; 
also  Rio  Tinto  mine,  Spain.  The  waters  of  the  Rio  Tinto  mine  have  yielded  annually  1,800  cwt. 
of  copper,  consuming  2,408  cwt.  of  iron.  At  Wicklow  about  500  tons  of  iron  were  laid  in  the 
pits  at  one  time,  and  in  about  12  months  the  bars  were  dissolved,  and  each  ton  of  iron  yielded  1£ 
to  2  tons  of  a  reddish  mud  which  was  cement  copper  (Cementkupfer  Germ.)  containing  for  every 
ton  16  cwt.  of  pure  copper.  It  has  been  observed  at  Vesuvius  among  the  products  of  the  erup- 
tion of  1855;  at  Copiapo,  Chili,  with  stypticite. 

Found  at  the  Hiwassee  copper  mine,  also  in  large  quantities  at  the  Isabella  and  other  mines, 
in  Polk  Co.,  Tennessee,  30  m.  from  Cleveland;  at  the  Canton  mine,  Georgia.  In  Arizona,  at 
the  Yavapai  mine  near  Clifton,  Graham  Co.,  and  at  Jerome,  Yavapai  Co. 

On  the  ancient  chalcanthum,  see  p.  645.  Beudant's  name  cyanose  (with  cyanosite  derived 
from  it,  from'/cuaKof)  is  rejected  like  other  names  in  which  the  terminal  s  of  the  Greek  is 
retained.  Moreover,  chalcanihite,  meaning  flowers  of  copper,  is  old  and  good. 

Ref.— '  Pogg.,  8,  218,  1826.  s  Mir.,  Miu.,  556,  1852,  Gdt.,  Index,  2,  277,  1888.  3  Pape, 
Pogg.,  Erg.,  6,^35,  1873;  cf.  also  ib.,  138,  364,  1868  (corrosion  ellipsoid,  etc.).  4  Kohlrausch, 
Zs.  Kr.,  2,  102,  1877. 


756.  SYNGENITE.    v.  Zepharovich,  Lotos,  137,  213,  June,  1872;  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  67  (1), 
128,  1873.     Kaluszite  Rumpf,  Min.  Mitth.,  117,  1872.     Kalk-Kali-Sulfat  Germ. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  &:l:6=  1-3699  :  1  :  0'8738  ;    ft  =  *76°  0'  =  001  A  100 
Zepharovich1. 

100  A  HO  =  53°  2 J',  001  A  101  =  28°  12',  001  A  Oil  =  40 


Forms1 : 
a  (100,  i-l) 
b  (010,  i-l) 
c  (001,  0) 

h  (810,  i-S) 


k  (610,  z-6) 
I  (410,  i-l) 
$(310,  e-3) 
A  (210,  i-2) 
€  (650,  *-f) 


m  (110,  /) 
g  (120,  i-2) 

p  (203,  -f-i) 
T  (101,  -1-*) 


u  (101,  l-l) 
v  (201,  2-1) 

q  (OH,  i-i) 
o  (111,  -  1) 


00  (111,  1) 

Tt  (221,  2) 

1  (411,  -4-4) 
e  (211,  2-2) 


a&      =  *23°  53|'  co  =    42°  17' 

0$'"  =    47°  48'  cm  =    81°  38' 

W    =    67°  13'  ceo  =    51°    9' 

mm'"  =  106°    5'  cir  =    71°  46' 

gg'      =    41°  14'  ao  =    55°  40f 

ar       =    47°  48'  aq  =  *79°  22' 


a'u  =  67°  48' 
a'v  =  43°  11' 
qq  =  80°  35' 


a' GO  =    72°  55' 
oo     -    65°  50' 

coca '  =    77°  57' 


Twins:  tw.  pi.  «,  observed 
in  the  lamellar  aggregates;  also 
on  artif.  cryst.2  Crystals  pris- 
matic and  "flattened  ||  a ;  faces 
a  vertically  striated,  also  $,  A. 


Fig.  1,  2,  After  Rumpf. 


Cleavage:  m  perfect;  a  also  perfect.  Fracture conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  2'5. 
G.  =  2-603.  Luster  vitreous.  Colorless  or  milky- white.  Transparent  to  trans- 
lucent. 

Optically  — .     Ax.  pi.  JL  1.     Bx  A  b  =  +  87°  14',  hence  nearly  _L  a. 


2Er  rr  41°  36' 

2Er  =  41°  35'        2Ebl  =  46°  22'        /?  =  1'55 


2Ey  =  44°  23' 


2Ebl  =  49°  45'  Tsch.» 
2Vr  =  26°  31'        2VW  =  29°  24'  Vrba.4 


Comp.— CaS04.K2S04  +  H20  =  Sulphur  trioxide  48-8,  lime  17-1,  potash  28'6, 


946  SULPHATES,    CHROMATES,   ETC. 

water  5'5  =  100;  or,   Calcium  sulphate  41*5,  potassium  sulphate  53*0,  water  5 '5 
=  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Ullik,  Min.  Mitth.,  120,  1872.    2,  VOlker,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  66  (1),  197,  1872. 

SO3  CaO  K2O  H2O 

1.  |    48-44  16-88  28  "55  5  "47*  =  99  "34 

2.  4.9-04  16-97  28'03  5'85  (also  0'46  MgO)  =  99'89 

a  Also  in  one  anal.,  1'42  Na.Cl. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  flame  of  a  Bunsen  gas-burner  becomes  milky,  colors  the  flame  violet,  and 
melts  easily  to  a  colorless  (on  cooling  white)  bead,  with  a  crystalline  granular  texture.  In  closed 
tube  gives  off  water,  decrepitating  violently.  Easily  attacked  by  water,  dissolving  in  part  with 
the  separation  of  calcium  sulphate.  Vrba  found  that  one  part  of  syngenite  dissolved  in  400  pts. 
of  water,  like  gypsum. 

Obs. — Found  in  cavities  in  halite  at  Kalusz,  East  Galicia;  it  occurs  below  the  level  of  the 
"  Abraum  Salts  "  (p.  933),  and  in  gypsum-anhydrite-bearing  rock  salt.  Name  derived  from 
<rvyyevrt$  (related),  alluding  to  its  close  relation  to  polyhalite. 

Artif. — The  artificial  salt  is  well  known;  it  was  described  by  Miller5  and  Lang6  as  ortho- 
rhombic,  which  has  led  to  the  supposition  of  dimorphism1.  It  is  shown,  however,  by  Zepharo- 
vich  that  the  natural  and  artificial  salts  are  identical  and  both  monocliuic,  but  the  latter 
often  twins. 

Ref.-1  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  67  (1),  128,  1873.  2  Brz.,  Min.  Mitth.,  47,  1873,  also  Zeph.,  1.  c. 
8  Min.  Mitth.,  198,  1872.  4  Lotos,  212,  1872,  quoted  by  Zeph. ;  cf.  also  Murmann  &  Rotter,  Ber. 
Ak.  Wien,  34,  135,  1859.  5  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  3,  348,  1850,  Min.  Mitth.,  47,  1873.  6  Lang,  Ber.  Ak. 
Wien,  61  (1),  194,  1870.  7  Rumpf,  p.  123;  Kg.,  Kr.  Ch.,  446,  1881. 

757.  LOWEITE.  Loweit  Haid.,  Abh.  Ges.  Wiss.  Prag,  4,  1846;  Raid.,  Ber.  Fr.  Nat. 
2,  266,  1847.  Loeweite. 

Tetragonal.  Cleavage  octahedrons  yield  the  angles  68°  16'  and  74°  58'.  Mas- 
sive, cleavable. 

Cleavage:  basal,  distinct;  prismatic,  imperfect;  octahedral  in  traces.  Fracture 
conchoidal.  .  H.  =  2'5  — 3*0.  G.  =  2-376.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  yellowish-white 
to  honey-yellow,  also  reddish.  Taste  weak. 

Optically  uniaxial,  positive.  Double  refraction  strong;  GO  =  1-491,  e  =  1*494, 
Haid. 

Comp. — Hydrous  sulphate  of  magnesium  and  sodium,  MgS04.NaaS04  -f  2|H20 
=  Sulphur  trioxide  52'1,  magnesia  13-0,  soda  20*2,  water  14'7  =  100;  or,  Magnesium 
sulphate  391,  sodium  sulphate  46'3,  water  14-7  =  100. 
Anal.— 1,  Karafiat,  1.  c.     2,  Hauer,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  605,  1856. 

SO3  MgO  Na20  H20 

1.  52-35  12-78  18-97  14'45  Fe2O3,Al2O3  0'66  =  99-21 

2.  52-53  14-31  18-58  14-80  FeaO8,NaCl  *r.=  100'22 

Obs. — In  pure  crystalline  masses  an  inch  thick,  involved  with  foliated  anhydrite,  at  thelschl 
salt  mine,  Austria. 

Named  after  A.  Lowe  of  the  Mint. 


758.  BLODITE.    Blodit  John,  Unters.,  1811.      Astrakanit  G.  Rose,  Reis.  Ural,  2,  270. 
271,  1842.     Simonyit  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  60  (1),  718,  1869.     Warthite.     Bloedite. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  &  :  I  :  6  =  1-34940  :  1  :  0-67048;  ft  =  79°  21f  '  =  001  A  100 
Groth  and  Hintze1. 

100  A  HO  =  52°  59',  001  A  101  =  24°  6',  001  A  Oil  =  *33°  23'. 

Forms2:  n    (210,  *-2)  r  (101,  1-i)4  w  (112,  |)  «  (212,  1-2) 

a    (100,  i-l)  I    (320.  »-|)  q  (201,  2-*)  u  (111,  1)  o  (121,  -2-2) 

b    (010,  a>  m  (110,  /)  d(011,  14)  y  (221,  2)  z  (131,-3-3) 

e    (001,  0)  v  (120,  i-2)  e  (021,  2-i)  t    (311,  3-3)  x  (121,  2-2) 

~ 


A  (310,  *-3)  >  p  (111,  - 


BLODITE. 


947 


A  A"' 

— 

47° 

42' 

CO 

— 

52° 

10' 

nn'" 

— 

67° 

6' 

cz 

— 

61° 

48' 

11'" 

— 

82° 

58' 

cv 

-- 

32° 

58' 

mm'" 

— 

105° 

58' 

cs 

— 

55° 

16*' 

w' 

= 

41° 

19' 

ap 

= 

60° 

4' 

Hl.i' 

= 

28° 

13' 

ad 

— 

81° 

8' 

cr 

= 

28° 

16' 

a'u 

= 

75° 

13' 

eg 

— 

50° 

6' 

pp' 

55 

*57° 

42^' 

dd' 

— 

66° 

46' 

uu1 

— 

65° 

9^ 

eef 

— 

105° 

37' 

yy' 

= 

91° 

59' 

cp 

— 

*36° 

55' 

00' 

•  —  • 

95° 

33' 

cm 

= 

83° 

37' 

zz' 

— 

117° 

39' 

cw 

—  • 

23° 

15V 

ss' 

= 

54° 

44' 

cu 

ss 

42° 

5' 

vv' 

= 

35° 

26' 

Fig.  1,  2,  Stassfurt,  after  Groth. 


=     63°  32' 


In    short    prismatic     crystals 
often  highly  modified.  Also  massive 
granular  or-  compact,  also  somewhat  fibrous. 

Cleavage  not  observed.  H.  =  25.  G.  =  2'22-2'28.  Luster  vitreous.  Colorless 
and  transparent  to  bluish  green,  reddish  yellow  and  translucent;  also  flesh-red  to 
brick-red.  Taste  faint,  saline  and  bitter. 

Optically—.  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bxr  A  6  =  -  44°  48',  Bxbl  A  c=  -  43°  21'.  Axial 
angles1 : 

2Ha.r  =  71°  17'  2H0.r  =  112°  23'  .-.     2Vr  =  70°  5'  /?r  =  1-500 

2Ha.bi  =  73°  22'  2H0.bi  =     108°  55'  .-.     2Vbi  =  72°  34' 

Var. — The  original  blodite  from  Ischl,  analyzed  by  John,  was  massive,  somewhat  fibrous, 
flesh-red  to  brick-red  in  color,  and  splintery  in  fracture.  The  astrakanite,  from  near  Astrakhan, 
was  in  whitish  crystals.  Simonyite  from  Hallstadt  was  supposed  to  differ  from  blodite  in  not 
efflorescing  in  the  air,  which,  however,  has  been  shown  not  to  be  true  of  the  characteristic 
mineral. 

Comp. — Hydrous  sulphate  of  magnesium  and  sodium,  MgS04.NaQS04  +  4H.,0 
=  Sulphur  trioxide  47'9,  magnesia  12'0,soda  18'6,  water  21*6  =  100;  or,  Magnesium 
sulphate  36-4,  sodium  sulphate  42'0,  water  21 -6  =  100. 

Analyses  agree  closely  with  the  formula;  one  by  Paul,  Stassfurt,  gave:  SO3  48'14,  MgO 
11-97,  Na2O  18-55,  H2O  21*60  =  100-26,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  23,  671,  1871  ;  see  also  5th  Ed.,  p.  659; 
Tschermak,  1.  c.  (simouyite);  Zimmermaun,  Stassfurt,  quoted  by  Luedecke,  l.c.etal.  Foullou 
obtained  a  somewhat  abnormal  composition  (12-6  MgO,  24  H2O,  etc.)  for  blodite  from  Hall  in 
Tyrol  (Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  38,  1,  1888). 

Pyr.,  etc. — Heated  loses  water  rapidly;  at  a  red  heat  fuses  quietly  to  a  transparent  globule, 
which  is  white  on  cooling.  Somewhat  deliquescent  in  a  moderately  moist  atmosphere. 

Obs. — From  the  salt  mines  of  Ischl;  at  Hallstadt  (simonyite)  in  thin  layers  between  rock  salt; 
at  Stassfurt  in  crystals,  sometimes  an  inch  across,  on  the  massive  mineral  or  on  carnallite.  Also 
from  salt  lakes  near  Astrakhan,  east  of  the  mouth  of  the  Volga;  the  soil  of  the  country  near 
Mendoza,  between  San  Luis  de  la  Punta  and  the  foot  of  the  Andes,  especially  east  of  San  Juan, 
occurring  in  imperfect  crystals  at  the  junction  of  two  layers  of  common  salt,  one  to  two  feet 
below  the  surface.  Also  common  in  northern  Chili  in  the  Pampa  del  Toro,  Atacama  (Dietze, 
Zs.  Kr.,  19,  446,  1891),  and  at  Cerros  Pintados,  in  Tarapaca  (Schulze,  Vh.  Ver.  Santiago,  2,  54, 
1889).  In  India,  in  rock  salt  at  the  Varcha  mine,  30  miles  from  Shahpur,  Punjab. 

Named  after  the  chemist  and  mineralogist  Blode.  Simonyite  from  F.  Simony,  who 
discovered  the  Hallstadt  locality. 

Ref.— i  Stassfurt,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  23,  670,  1871;  also  Rath.  Pogg.,  144,  586,  1871.  8  See  Groth, 
and  Hintze,  1.  c.,  and  vom  Rath.  1.  c.  Brezina  noted  on  simonyite  c,  n,  m,  d,  p,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien, 
60  (1),  718,  1869,  Min.  Mitth.,  20,  1872. 

3  Schimper,  Punjab,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  71,  1877. 

4  Luedecke,  Zs.  Nat.  Halle,  59,  157,  1886.     Cf.  also  Backing,  Douglashall,  Westeregeln,  Zs. 
Kr.,  15,  568,  1889. 

A  sulphate  of  magnesium  and  sodium  having  the  formula  Na2SO4.4MgSO4  -f-  7H2O  is  men 
tioned  by  Domeyko  as  occurring  at  Canota,  55  miles  from  Mendoza,  Argentine  Republic.  An 
analysis  gave: 


SO3  33-45 


MgO  14-00 


4-60 


H2O  47-95  =  100 


It  is  fibrous  in  structure,  white,  translucent. 


948 


SULPHATES,    CHROMATES,  ETC. 


759.  BOUSSINGAULTITE.    E.  Bechi,  C.  R.,  58,  583,  1864.     Cerbolit  0.  Popp,  Lieb. 
Ann.,  Suppl.  Bd.  8,  1,  1872. 

Monoclinic.     For  artif.  cryst.,  axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-7438  :  1  :  0-4862;  p  =  71°  50' 
=  001  A  100  Brooke1. 

100  A  110  =  35°  15',  001  A  101  =  27°  17J',  001  A  Oil  =  24°  47f. 

Forms:    b  (010,  i-i),  c  (001,  0);  m  (110,  7),  I  (130,  i-3),  n  (201,  -  2-1),  r(201,  2-1),  §(011,  1-1), 

O  (111,  -  1),  8  (111,   1). 

Angles:   mm"   =  *70°  30',  IV  =  50°  30',  en  =  41°  26',  cr  =  *64°  30',   go'  =  49°  35A',   co  = 
32°  44f,  cm  =  *75C  15',  cs  =  44°  11*',  <w'  =  37°  40 ,  ss'  =  65°  29'. 

Crystals  prismatic  (m)  with  c  prominent.     G.  =  1-68-1-72.     Bx   nearly  \\  A. 
Ax.  pi.  ||  b.     Axial  angles  and  indices,  Heusser2: 


2Er  =  77°  26' 
/?r  =  1-46772 


2Ey  =  77-28 
/3y  =  1-47369 


2Ebl  =  75°  50' 
/3bl  =  1-48461 


Comp. — A  hydrous  sulphate  of  ammonium  and  magnesium  (NHJ.SO  .MgSO  4- 
6H20  =  S03  44-4,  MgO  11-1,  (NH4)20  14  4,  H20  30 -0  =  100;  or,  Ammonium  sul- 
phate 36-7,  magnesium  sulphate  33-3,  water  30*0  =  100. 

Anal. — 1,  2,  O.  Popp,  1.  c.:  1  of  crystals  obtained  by  recrystallization ;  2,  crystallized  product 
from  evaporation  of  lagoon  waters. 

S03  MgO        (NH4)2O        H2O 

1.  |  44-39  11-05  9-38  35-16  =  99'98 

2.  f  44  30  10-27  9  32  34'67  FeO  0'38,  MnO  0'73,  CaO  0'34  =  lOO'Ol 

Obs.— Occurs  in  the  water  of  the  boric  acid  lagoons,  Tuscany,  especially  at  the  f  umaroles  of 
Monte  Cerboli;  the  amount  increases  as  the  quantity  of  borou  diminishes. 

Ref.— J  Ann.  Phil.,  7,  117,  1824.  Of.  Kg.,  Kr.  Oh.,  447,  1881.  *  Heusser,  Pogg.,  91,  506, 
1854. 

A  soft  white  mineral  occurring  in  irregular  granular  masses  in  Sonoma,  California,  gave 
Goldsmith:  SO3  38'86,  MgO  15'56,  (NH4)2O  5'03,  H2O  40'55  =  100.  G.  =  1'67.  Proc.  Acad. 
Philad.,  264,  1876. 


760.  PICROMERITB.    Picromeride  Scacchi,  Mem.  Incend.  Vesuv.,  191,  1855.    Pikromerit 
Kg.,  Min.  Ch.,  281,  1860.     Schoenite  E.  Reichardt,  Jb.  Mm.,  602,  1865,  340,  1866. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a:  I  :  c  =  0-7265  :  1  :  0-4900;  ft  =  *75°  12'  =  001  A  100 
Scacchi  *. 

100  A  HO  =  *35°  5',  001  A  101  =  29°  5J',  001  A  Oil  =  *25°  21'. 


Forms1  : 
a    (100,  f-*) 

c 
m 

(001,  0) 
(HO,  /) 

n  (120,  i-2)* 
*  (130,  *-&)« 

q  (Oil,  1-1) 
o  (111,  -  1)' 

b    (010,  i-l) 

u 

(230,  z-1)2 

6  (201,  2-1)                w  (111,  1) 

mm'" 

=  70° 

10' 

ce 

=  63° 

19' 

cm 

=  77° 

56' 

sm'  = 

48° 

25' 

=  87° 

1' 

99' 

=  50° 

42' 

CM 

=  44° 

14' 

ao     = 

49° 

11' 

nri 

=  70° 

53' 

CO 

=  34° 

31' 

oo' 

=  38° 

54' 

a'u  = 

68° 

44' 

*t 

=  50° 

46*' 

1. 

2. 

3. 

Figs.  1-3,  Aschersleben,  Luedecke. 


PICROMERITE—CYANOCHROITE.  949 

As  a  white  crystalline  incrustation;  the  solution  of  this  (Vesuvius)  yielded 
Scacchi  the  crystals  described  by  him.  G.  =  2-10-2 '20.  Also  rarely  in  natural 
crystals,  f.  1-3,  Luedecke. 

Optically  +.      Ax.  pi.  ||  b.     ac  =  —  1°  0'  or  ta  =  13°  48',  hence  Bxa  A  t  = 

—  76°  12'.     Dispersion  p  >  v.     Axial  angles,  M.  &  R.3 

2H  =  48°  22'      2E  =  74°  2'      2V  =  48°  21'      fir  =  1'468      /3y  =  1-470      /ffw  =  1*476 
Also,  Des  Cloizeaux 4: 

2Er  =  72°  20'  2EV  =  71°  16'  2Vr  =  47°  37'  /3r  =  1*462 

Comp. — Hydrous  sulphate  of  magnesium  and  potassium,  MgS04.K3S04  -\-  6H,0 
=  Sulphur  trioxide  39*8,  magnesia  9'9,  potash  23 '4,  water  26*9;  or,  Magnesium 
sulphate  29-9,  potassium  sulphate  32 -2,  water  26'9  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  H.  Reichardt,  Jb.  Min.,  602,  1865;  340,  1866.  3,  Staute,  Zs.  Nat.  Halle,  58, 
653,  1885.  4,  Rosenthal,  ibid.  5,  Niedzwiedzki,  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  149,  1890. 

SO3  MgO  K2O         H2O 

1.  Leopoldshall                             39'74  10*40  23'28        26'87    Cl  0'28  =  100*57 

2.  "                                         38-52  11-56  22'82  [26 -29]  Cl  0'81  =  100 

3.  Aschersleben                              38  "85  9'64  23'01        28  -49    =  99 -99 

4.  "                                         39-49  10-40  23'99        26'54  Cl  0'99  =  101 '41 

5.  Galusz             G.  =  2-10          39'78  lO'Ol  22'35        26-71  NaaO  1  '54,  Cl  0'48  =  100-87 

Fyr.,  etc. — Loses  11  p.  c.  water  at  100°,  and  all  the  rest  by  heating  to  133°,  Reichardt. 
According  to  Graham,  the  artificial  salt  loses  its  water  wholly  at  132°. 

Obs. — Found  at  Vesuvius  among  the  salts  produced  at  the  eruption  in  1855,  in  crystals 
along  with  crystals  of  cyanochroite,  an  isomorphous  species  in  which  copper  replaces  the  magne- 
sium. Further  as  a  thin  incrustation  upon  the  kainite  of  Leopoldshall,  Stassf  urt  (schoenite);  also 
at  Aschersleben  in  the  kainite  region;  with  kainite  at  Galusz  in  East  Galicia. 

Named  from  niKpoS,  bitter,  and  juepoS,  part,  in  allusion  to  the  magnesium  present. 
Schoenite  is  for  the  mining  Officer  Schoeue  of  Leopoldshall. 

Ref. — l  L.  c.  The  artificial  c^stals  have  been  measured  by  Brooke,  Murmaun  and  Rotter, 
and  Rarnmelsberg  with  results  agreeing  for  the  most  part  with  the  above,  cf.  Rg.,  Kr.  Ch.,  1,  448, 
1881.  2  Luedecke,  Zs.  Nat.  Halle,  58,  651, 1885.  3  Murmann  and  Rotter,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  34, 142, 
1859.  4  Dx.,  Propr.  Opt.,  2,  51,  1859. 

761.  CYANOCHROITE.    Cianocroma  Scacchi,  Mem.  Vesuv.,  191,  1855. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  a  :l  :&  =  0*7477  :  1  :  0-5052;  ft  =  *75°  30'  =  001  A  100 
Scacchi1. 

100  A  110  =  *35°  54',  001  A  101  =  38°  13',  001  A  Oil  =  26°  3f '. 

Forms:  a  _(100,  t-i),  b  (010,  f-i),  c  (001,  0);  m  (110,  7);  rj  (101,  1-i),  e  (201,  24); 
o  (Oil,  1-i);  n  (111,  1);  fi  (121,  2-2). 

Angles  :    ce  =  63°  10*,     en  =  44°  31',     nri  =  49°  39',    nn'  =  85°  82 f,    em'  =  *52°  32'. 

In  crystalline  crusts  of  a  clear  blue  color,  crystals  obtained  from  solution. 
Artif.  crystals  of  this  salt  have  been  measured  by  Brooke2. 

Optically  +.     Ax.  pi.  ||  b.     ac  =  +  4°  23'  or  ta  =  18°  53',  hence  Bxa  A  t  = 

—  71°  7'.     Dispersion  p  >  v.     Axial  angles,  Murmann  and  Rotter3: 

2H  =  49°  39'      2E  =  76°  12'      2V  =  48°  53'      ftt  =  1'489      /?y  =  1-491      /Jbl  =  1-498 

Comp. — Hydrous  sulphate  of  copper  and  potassium,  CuS04.K2S04  +  6H00  = 
Sulphur  trioxide  36'3,  cupric  oxide,  17-9,  potash  21-3,  water  24-5  =  100;  or, 
Cupric  sulphate  36'1,  potassium  sulphate  39'4,  water  24*5  =  100. 

Obs.— From  the  saline  crusts  formed  on  the  lavas  during  the  eruption  of  Vesuvius  in  1855. 

Named  in  allusion  to  the  color  from  KvaroS,  blue,  and  xpoa,  color.  Scacchi 's  name  has 
been  changed  to  the  above,  in  order  to  secure  the  termination  ite  and  avoid  ambiguity  (the 
mineral  containing  no  chrome). 

Ref.-1  L.  c.  *  Ann.  Phil.,  7,  118,  1824.  3  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  34,  169,  1859.  Cf.  Rg.,  Kr. 
Ch..  1.  462.  1881. 


950  SULPHATES,    CHROMATES,  ETC. 

762.  POLYHALITE.  Polyhalites  Strom.,  Comment.  Soc.  R.  Getting.,  4,  139.  Polyhalit 
Strom.,  Unters.,  1,  444,  1821. 

Probably  monoclinic1.     Usually  in  compact  fibrous  or  lamellar  masses. 

Cleavage  easy  in  one  direction.  H.  .=  2'5-3.  G.  =  2-769;  2'784  Pfeiffer. 
Luster  resinous  or  slightly  pearly.  Streak  red.  Color  flesh-  or  brick-red,  some- 
times yellowish.  Translucent  to  opaque.  Taste  bitter  and  astringent,  but 
very  weak. 

Comp. — Hydrous  sulphate  of  calcium,  magnesium,  and  potassium,  2CaS04. 
MgS04.K2S04  -f  2H20  —  Sulphur  trioxide  53*2,  lirne  18'6,  magnesia  6'6,  potash  15-6*, 
water  6'0  =  100;  or,  Calcium  sulphate  45*2,  magnesium  sulphate  19'9,  potassium 
sulphate  28 '9,  water  6'0  —  100. 

Analyses  conform  closely  to  the  formula  after  deduction  of  impurities  (NaCl,Fe2O3,  etc.); 
see  5th  Ed.,  p.  641:  also  Schober,  Berchtesgadeu,  Jb.  Min.,  578,  1869;  v.  Lill,  Stebnik  Galicia 
Min.  Mitth,  89,  1874;  E.  Pfeiffer,  Stassfurt  [Arch.  Pharni.,  219,  1881],  Zs.  Kr.,  10  524' 
1885.  et  al. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  water.  B.B.  fuses  at  To,  colors  the  flame  yellow. 
On  charcoal  fuses  to  a  reddish  globule,  which  in  R.F.  becomes  white,  and  on  cooling  has  a  saline 
hepatic  taste;  with  soda  like  glauberite.  With  fluorite  does  not  give  a  clear  bead.  Partially 
soluble  in  water,  leaving  a  residue  of  calcium  sulphate  which  dissolves  in  a  large  amount  of 
water. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  the  mines  of  Ischl,  Ebensee,  Aussee,  Hallstadt,  and  Hallein  in  Austria, 
with  common  salt,  gypsum,  and  anhydrite;  at  Berchtesgaden  in  Bavaria;  at  Stassfurt,  cf.  kieser- 
ite,  p.  932;  at  Stebnik,  Galicia;  at  Vic  in  Lorraine. 

The  name  polyhalite  is  derived  trom  noXvS,  many,  and  a'As,  salt,  in  allusion  to  the  number 
of  salts  in  the  constitution  of  the  mineral. 

Ref.— J  Cf.  Dx.,  N.  R.,  202,  1867,  who  finds  that  the  Ischl  variety  is  amorphous,  inclosing  a 
biaxial  mineral  whose  ax.  pi.,  about  the  -f-  bisectrix,  is  strongly  inclined  to  the  plane  of  cleavage 
and  oblique  to  the  direction  of  fibers. 

KRUGITE  Precht,  Ber.  Ch.  Ges.,  14,  2138,  1881.  Near  polyhalite.  Massive,  crystalline. 
H.  =  3-5.  G.  =  2-801. 

Formula,  4CaSO4.MgSO4.K2SO4  +  2H2O  =  Calcium  sulphate  62'3,  magnesium  sulphate  13'7, 
potassium  sulphate  19'9,  water  4'1  =  100.  Anal.— Precht : 

CaSO4        MgSO4        K2SO4          H2O          NaCl 

1.  63-15  13-71  18-60  4'16  0'38     =     100 

2.  63-85  13-34  17*85  4'20  0'80     =     100-04 

In  cold  water  the  magnesium  sulphate  is  dissolved,  and  gypsum  and  the  double  salt 
K2SO4.CaSO4  -f-  2H2O  are  left  insoluble;  in  hot  water  the  magnesium  and  potassium  sulphates 
are  dissolved  out,  and  only  the  gypsum  is  left  behind.  Named'for  the. Mining  Director,  D.  Krug 
v.  Nidda. 

MAMANITE  A.  Goebel.  Bull.  Ac.  St.  Petersb.,  9,  16,  1865.  Like  polyhalite  in  aspect  and 
characters,  but  stated  to  have  the  CaO,  MgO,  K2O  in  the  ratio  3:2:  1.  Color  white;  luster 
silky;  structure  foliated  fibrous.  In  nodules  as  large  as  the  fist,  at  the  salt  mine  of  Mamau  in 
Persia,  with  carnallite,  and  also  investing  or  intersecting  nodules  of  carnallite. 

763.  WATTEVILLITE.    Singer,  Inaug.  Diss.  Wilrzburg,  p.  18,  1879. 

In  very  minute  acicular  crystals,  orthorhombic  or  monoclinic;  in  pa.rt  twins;  forms  fine 
fibrous  aggregates.  G.  =  1-81.  Color  snow-white.  Luster  silky.  Taste  first  sweet,  then 
astringent. 

Comp.— Perhaps  CaSO4.Na2SO4  +  4H2O  =  Sulphur  trioxide  45-7  lime  16'0,  soda  20'6, 
water  17*7  =  100;  or,  Calcium  sulphate  38'8,  sodium  sulphate  43'5,  water  17'7  =  100. 

The  calcium  is  replaced  in  part  by  magnesium  and  about  one  third  of  the  sodium  by  potas- 
sium. The  water  corresponds  more  closely  to  4iH2O. 

Anal. — Singer,  1.  c.,  after  deducting  33'69  p.  c.  hygroscopic  water. 

SO3        A12O3      FeO       NiO       CoO        CaO        MgO       K2O      Na2O        HaO 
44-01        0-24        0-88        1'05        1'30        16'87        2'49        4'74        10'46        17'73  =  99'77 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  swells  up  and  fuses  with  difficulty  to  a  white  blebby  enamel.  Very 
soluble  in  water;  from  the  concentrated  solution,  crystals  of  gypsum  separate  on  standing, 
and  still  more  quickly  on  warming. 

Obs.— Found  on  lignite,  associated  with  other  related  sulphates  on  the  Bauersburg,  near 
Bischofsheim  vor  dem  Rhon,  in  Bavaria.  Named  after  M.  v.  Watteville,  of  Paris. 


ALUM  GROUP— KALINITE.          .  951 

Alum  and  Halotrichite  Groups. 

The  ALUMS  proper  are  isometric  in  crystallization  and,  chemically,  are  hydrous 
sulphates  of  aluminium  with  an  alkali  metal  and  12  (i.e.,  if  the  formula  is  doubled, 
24)  molecules  of  water.  The  HALOTRICHITES  are  oblique  in  crystallization,  com- 
monly fibrous  in  structure,  and  are  hydrous  sulphates  of  aluminium  with  magnesium, 
manganese,  etc. ;  the  amount  of  water  in  some  cases  is  given  as  22  molecules,  and 
in  others  24,  but  it  is  not  always  easy  to  decide  between  the  two. 

The  species  here  included  are  not  easily  distinguishable  by  the  taste  or  external  characters, 
and  hence  early  authors  on  minerals  include  all  under  one  or  two  names.  The  old  synonymy 
and  the  history  of  the  species  are  therefore  more  conveniently  given  here  than  under  the  several 
subdivisions  of  the  group. 

.  Alumen  Plin.  [embracing  vitriols  as  well  as  the  alums]. 

! .iii c A.\ i_*  .  J  „      ^7 . '  V*  ~2 j* 'V  _ 


the  var.  A.  candidum  Neapolitan um  (fr.  Naples),  A.  capillare,  ib.,  A.  Placodes  (latas  crustas 
habens),  ib.,  etc.].  Ahm,  Aluinen  [including  var.  a  solidum,  ft  crystallisatum,  y  plumosum,  or 
Fjftder-Aluo],  Wall.,  Min.,  161,  1747.  Alun,  Argilla  acido  vitrioli  imbuta,  Cronst.,  115,  1758. 
Argilla  vitriolata  [  =  Sulphate  of  Alumina]  Bergm.,  Sciagr.,  1782.  Alaun,  Haarsalz,  Federalaun 
[all  as  one  species,  or  if  two,  without  right  distinctions],  Wern.,  and  other  Min.  before  1800. 
Alumine  sulfatee  alkaline  H.,  Tr.,  2,  278,  1801  [citing  Yauquelin's  anal,  of  potash-alum,  but 
including  all  alums]. 

In  1795  Elaproth  proved  (Beitr.,  1,  311),  and  in  1792  Breislak  (Essais  Min.  sur  la  Solfatara, 
etc.),  that  some  alum  (that  of  Miseno  and  the  Solfatara,  near  Naples)  was  potash-alum.  In  1802 
Klaproth  showed  (Beitr.,  3,  102)  that  the  Federalaun  of  Freyenwald  was  iron-alum.  Beudant 
ascertained  that  there  was  a  native  alum-like  mineral  which  had  the  constitution  attributed  in  the 
last  century  to  true  alum— that  is,  was  a  simple  sulphate  of  aluminium,  without  an  alkali  or 
other  protoxide  (Tr.,  449,  1824).  Gruuer,  in  1821  (Gilb.  Ann.,  69,  218),  made  known  a  native 
ammonia-alum;  Thomson,  in  1828  (Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.,  3,  19,  1828),  a  native  soda-alum;  A.  A. 
Hayes,  in  1845  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  47,  360),  a  magnesia- alum. 

Alaun  Germ.     Alun  Fr.    Allume  Ital.     Alumbre  Span. 

764.  KALINITE.  Potash  Alum.  Native  Alum.  Kalialaun,  Kalinischer  Alumsulphat, 
Germ.  Alumen  Weisbach,  Synops.  Min.,  9,  1875.  Kalinite  Dana. 

Isometric.  Usually  fibrous  or  massive,  or  in  mealy  or  solid  crusts.  Artif. 
cryst.  commonly  octahedral,  also  cubic  and  with  d  (110,  i),  n  (211,  2-2),  p  (221,  2), 
and  the  pyritohedron  e  (210,  i-2)1.  Twins:  tw.  pi.  o. 

H.  =  2-2'5.  G-.  =  1'75.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  white.  Transparent  to 
translucent.  Often  exhibits  anomalous  double  refraction3.  Refractive  index, 
n  =  1-4557  for  D,  Fock2. 

The  anomalous  double  refraction  was  early  explained  by  Biot3  as  due  to  lamellar  polariza- 
tion, but  Reusch3  (Pogg.,  132,  618,  1867)  showed  that  this  hypothesis  would  not  answer,  since 
the  more  transparent  the  crystals  the  more  distinctly  the  phenomena  are  shown,  but  that  they 
were  probably  to  be  explained  by  secondary  internal  tension.  The  subject  has  been  discussed 
by  Mallard  3,  from  his  standpoint  an  octahedral  crystal  being  regarded  as  made  up  of  eight 
hexagonal  pyramids  having  their  bases  coincident  with  the  octahedral  faces  and  their  vertices  at 
the  center.  Again  by  Klocke3,  who,  after  giving  the  results  of  detailed  observations,  shows  that 
Mallard's  Hypothesis  does  not  explain  the  facts  observed,  but  they  are  rather  to  be  referred  to 
secondary  disturbances  in  the  normal  isotropic  molecular  structure.  The  investigations  of  the 
same  author  have  extended  also  to  the  etching- figures  and  related  points. 

Coinp. — Hydrous  sulphate  of  aluminium  and  potassium,  K2S04.A12(S04)3  -f- 
24H,0  =  Sulphur  trioxide  33'7,  alumina  10*8,  potash  9'9,  water  45-6  =  100; 
or,  Potassium  sulphate  18*1,  aluminium  sulphate  36*3,  water  45*6  =  100. 

The  alum  from  Yulcano  contains  traces  of  caesium  and  rubidium,  Cossa. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  in  its  water  of  crystallization,  and  froths,  forming  a  spongy  mass; 
with  cobalt  solution  an  intense  blue;  on  charcoal  gives  a  hepatic  mass.  Soluble  in  from  16  to  20 
times  its  weight  of  cold  water,  and  in  little  more  than  its  weight  of  boiling  water. 

Obs. — Effloresces  on  argillaceous  minerals,  and  more  particularly  alum  slate.  Whitby  in 
Yorkshire  is  a  noted  locality,  also  Hurlet  and  Campsie  near  Glasgow.  Also  obtained  at  the 
volcanoes  of  the  Lipari  isles  and  Sicily.  Cape  Sable,  Maryland,  has  afforded  large  quantities  of 
alum.  An  alum,  formerly  described  from  the  caves  of  the  Unaka  Mts.,  Eastern  Tennessee,  in 
Sevier  Co.,  is  mentioned  with  analysis  on  p.  955  (=  apjohnite);  masses  a  cubic  foot  in  size 
have  been  obtained. 


952  SULPHATES,    CHROMATES,   ETC. 

Ref.— '  Of,  Weber,  Pogg.,  109,  379,  1860.  See  also  Wulff,  Zs.  Kr.,  5,  81,  1881.  *  Fock, 
Zs.  Kr.,  4,  593,  1880.  On  the  refractive  indices  and  dispersion  of  various  alums  (Ga-Cs,  Ga-Th, 
etc.),  see  Soret,  Bibl.  Univ.,  20,  517,  1888. 

"Biot,  C.  R.,  12,  967,  13,  155,  391,  1841.  Reuscb,  Pogg.,  132,  618,  1867,  or  Ber.  Ak. 
Berlin,  424,  June,  1867.  Mallard,  Ann.  Mines.  10,  116,  1876.  Klocke,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  53,  158, 
1880;  also  on  etching-figures,  etc.,  Zs.  Kr.,  2,  126,  293,  298,  552,  1876. 

765.  TSCHERMIGITE.       Ammonia    Alum.       Ammoniakalaun,   Ammoualaun,    Germ. 
Ammonalun  Bend.,  2,  497,  1832.     Tscheriiiigit  v.  Kobell,  Tafelu  Bestimm.,  1853. 

In  octahedrons  and  fibrous. 

H.  =  1-2.  G,  —  1-50.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  white.  Transparent  to 
translucent. 

Comp. — Hydrous  sulphate  of  aluminium  and  ammonium,  (NH4)2S04.Al2(S04)3-f- 
24H20  =  Sulphur  trioxide  35*3,  alumina  11*3,  ammonium  oxide  5*7,  water  47*7  = 
100;  or,  Aluminium  sulphate  37*7,  ammonium  sulphate  14*6,  water  47*7  =  100; 

An  analysis  of  ammonia  alum  occurring  in  white  fibrous  plates  near  Dux,  Bohemia,  gave 
Deichmuller  (Isis,  p.  33,  1885): 

SO3  34-99  AlaO,  11-40  (NH4)2O  3*83  H2O  49'72  Xa  0'06  =  100 

*  Alkali  sulphate  not  volatilized. 

Pyr.,  etc.— lu  the  closed  tube  yields  water  and  ammonium  sulphate;  B.B.  sublimes;  on 
charcoal  gives  a  coating  of  ammonium  sulphate,  and  leaves  a  residue  which  gives  a  fine  blue 
with  cobalt  solution;  with  soda  gives  ammonia  fumes,  and  the  reaction  for  sulphuric  acid. 

Obs. — From  Tschermig,  and  from  the  mine  near  Dux,  in  Bohemia.  This  salt  is  manufactured 
from  the  waste  of  gas  works,  and  used  extensively  in  place  of  potash  alum. 

766.  MENDOZITE.      Soda  Alum.       Natronalaun,    Natrumalaun,    Germ.       Natronalun 
Huot,  2,  448,  1841.     Solfatarite  pt.  Shep.,  Min.,  2,  187,  1835  (not  in  Min.  of  1857).     Mendozite 
Dana,  Min.,  653,  1868. 

In  white  fibrous  masses. 

H.  =  3,  and  G.  =  1*88  Thomson.  Externally  white  or  pulverulent.  Some 
resemblance  to  fibrous  gypsum,  but  harder. 

Comp. — Hydrous  sulphate  of  aluminium  and  sodium,  Na2S04.Al2(S04)3  -f- 
24H20  =  Sulphur  trioxide  34-9,  alumina  11-1,  soda  6*8,  water  47'2  =  100;  or, 
Sodium  sulphate  15-5,  aluminium  sulphate  37 -3,  water  47'2  —  100. 

Some  doubt  exists  as  to  the  amount  of  water,  which  is  sometimes  taken  as  22,  or  even  20, 
molecules;  the  theoretical  amounts  corresponding  to  these  are  45'0  and  42'7  p.  c.  Thomson's 
early  analysis  gave  41*96  p.  c.  HQO.  The  normal  amount,  however,  can  hardly  differ  from  that 
of  the  other  isometric  alums.  This  is  confirmed  by  an  analysis  by  Mori  (Ch.  News,  44,  218, 
1881),  of  a  soda  alum  from  Shimane,  Prov.  Idzumo,  Japan: 

SO3  34-73  A12O3  11-27  Na2O  7'26  H2O  46'74  =  100 

Pyr,  etc. — Resembles  ordinary  alum. 

Obs.— Occurs  near  Mendoza,  in  the  Argentine  Republic. 

Thomson  found  for  the  composition  of  a  soda  alum  from  Southern  Peru,  which  he  called 
Subsesquisulphate  of  Alumina  (Phil.  Mag.,  22,  192,  1843):  SO3  32-95,  AlaO3  22'55,  Na2SO4 
6-50,  H2O  39-20  =  101 '20.  G.  =  1-584. 


767.  T  AMARU  GITE.     H.  Schulze,  Vh.  Ver.  Santiago,  2,  56,  1889. 

Structure  fibrous.  H.  =  1.  G.  =  2-03-2'04.  Luster  vitreous.  Colorless.  Composition 
like  meudozite,  but  contains  only  half  as  much  water:  Na2SO4.Al2(SO4)3  +  12H2O  =  Sulphur 
trioxide  45'7,  alumina  14'6,  soda  8'9,  water  30'8  =  100.  Analysis: 

SO3  45  66       A12O3  14-48       Na2O  9'04       CaO  0'20       CoO  tr.      H«O  30-86      Cl  0-12  =  100-36 

From  the  Cerros  Pintados.  Tarapaca,  Chili.     Named  from  the  Pampa  del  Tamarugal. 
An  alum  (alumbre  nativo)  analyzed  by  Domeyko  (Min.,  2d  App.  to  3d  Ed.,  p.  30,  1883)  is 
near  the  above  and  may  be  the  same  thing;  he  obtained: 

SO3  41-94          A12O3  15-10          NaaO  10-70          CaO  0'89          H2O  31*37  =  100 


HAL  0  TRICHITE  GRO  UP— PICKERING ITE. 


953 


Hayes,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  46,  360,  1844. 
Alurabre. 


Magnesia  Alum  ib.    Magnesia- 


768.  PICKERINGITE. 

alauu,  Talkerde-Alaun,  Germ. 

Monoclinic?     lu  fine  acicular  crystals;  in  long  fibrous  masses;  and  in  efflo- 
rescences. 

H.  =  1.     Luster   silky.      Color   white,    yellowish,    pale   rose-red.      Becomes 
pulverulent  and  white  on  exposure.     Taste  bitter  to  astringent. 

Comp. — Hydrous  sulphate  of  aluminium  and  magnesium,  MgS04.Al,(S04)t  + 
22H2O  =  Sulphur  trioxide  37*3,  alumina  11*9,  magnesia  4*7,  water  46'1  =  100;  or, 
Aluminium  sulphate  39'9,  magnesium  sulphate  14*0,  water  46'1  =  100. 
Some  authors  give  24H2O,  but  this  is  not  confirmed  by  the  analyses. 

Anal.— 1,  Hayes,  1.  c.  2,  Schulze,  Vh.  Ver.  Santiago,  2,  58,  1889.  3,  Schickendantz, 
Brackebusch,  Miu.  Argentina,  74,  1879;  also  other  analyses  giving  similar  results.  4,  H.  How, 
J.  Ch.,  Soc.,  16,  200,  1863.  5,  Goldsmith,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  333,  1876. 


1.  Chili 

2.  " 

3.  Argentine  R. 

4.  Newport,  N.  S. 

5.  Colorado 


G. 


1-729 


S03 

A1203 

FeO 

MgO 

CaO 

36-32 

12-13 

0-43" 

4-68 

0-13 

37-28 

11-85 

0-03b 

464 

0-31 

37-02 

10-90 

— 

6-75 

1-30 

36-33 

10-64 

0-58* 

4-79 

— 

3869      11-90        — 


H20 

45-45  HC1  0-60  =  99'74 
46-10  Cl  0-02  =  100-23 
4495  =  100-91 
46-06  CoO  0-06,  Ni  0-14, 
[CuO  0.02,  K2O  0-23,  slate  0-72  =  99'57 
4-89      0-68      41-94  sand  1'90  =  100 


Incl.  MnO.        b  CuO,CoO. 


In  two  other  trials  How  obtained:  SO3  36'36,  36'59,  and  H2O  46'16,  46-07. 

Pyr.j  etc. — In  the  matrass  yields  water,  and  acts  like  other  alums.  Tastes  like  ordinary 
alum. 

Obs. — From  the  Cerros  Pintados,  northern  Chili,  and  at  other  points.  From  various  points  in 
the  Argentine  Republic  (Brackebusch,  Min.  Argent.,  74,  1879).  From  Colorado  City,  Colorado 
(anal.  5).  Also  from  N.  Scotia,  in  Newport,  on  the  bank  of  the  Meander,  as  an  efflorescence  on 
the  slate  or  shale  (Silurian)  of  a  sheltered  cliff,  where  it  results  from  the  action  on  the  shale  of 
decomposing  pyrite — and  probably  a  kind  containing  traces  of  cobalt  and  nickel. 

Named  after  the  Hon.  John  Pickering  of  Boston  (d.  1846). 

STUVENITE  L.  Darapsky,  Vh.  Ver.  Santiago,  107,  1886. 

Occurs  in  slender  acicular  crystals.  Apparently  intermediate  between  meudozite  and 
pickeringite,  but  somewhat  doubtful.  Composition,  (Na2.Mg)SO4.Al2(SO4)3  -J-  24H2O.  Analysis: 

f    SO8  361        AlaOs  11-6        MgO  1-0        Na2O  2'7        K2O  tr.        H2O  47'6  =  99'0 

Occurs  with  other  sulphates  at  the  old  mine  of  Alcaparossa,  near  Copiapo,  Chili.  Named 
after  the  mining  engineer  Enrique  Stilven. 

Sesqui-Magnesiaalaun  of  Darapsky  (1.  c.,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  131,1887)  is  an  alum  near  pickeringite 
from  the  Cerros  Pintados,  Chili,  for  which  the  formula  is  calculated  UMgSO4.Al2(SO4)3-}-264H2O. 
The  homogeneity  of  the  substance  is  well  questioned  by  Groth.  Analysesi 


1.  Compact 

2. 

3.  Fibrous 


S03 
37-93 
3595 
35-17 


A1203 

7-75 

11-60 

10-26 


MgO 

818 
5-82 
690 


H20 
45-22 
45-97 
48-54 


MgCl, 
0-20 
0-24 
0-14 


insol. 

0-73  =  100-11 
0-36  =    99-94 


An  analysis  is  also  given  of  an  altered  kind. 

The  following  are  near  each  other,  and  related  to  pickeringite;  they  require  further 
examination. 

SONOMAITE  E.  Goldsmith,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  263,  1876.  Crystalline.  G.  =  1-604.  Silky 
luster.  Colorless.  Composition,  3MgSO4.Al2(SO4),  +  33H2O.  Analysis : 

|    SO3  38-54          A12O3  8-01          FeO  1-78          MgO  7'33          H3O  [44'34]  =  100 

From  the  neighborhood  of  the  Geysers,  Sonoma  Co.,  California. 

PICROALLUMOGENE  G.  Roster,  Boll.  Com.  Geol.,  302,  1876.  Stalactitic;  in  nodular  and 
fibrous  radiated  masses.  Color  white,  with  a  rose-red  tinge.  Streak  nearly  white.  Semi- 
translucent.  Taste  acid,  bitter.  Composition,  if  homogeneous,  2MgSO4.Al2(SO4)3  +  28HaO. 
Analysis: 

SO,  A12O3  MgO  H2O 

36  39  9-16  8-19  45'69  K2O  0-37,  CoO  tr.  =  99  80 


954  SULPHATES,    CHEOMATES,  ETC. 

Fuses  easily  in  its  own  water  of  crystallization,  and  swells  out,  becoming  opaque  and 
porous.  Dissolves  in  slightly  warmed  water,  forming  an  acid  solution,  from  which  oblique 
prisms  resembling  gypsum  separate  on  slow  evaporation.  Occurs  with  sulphur  and  melanterite, 
in  the  iron  mine  of  Vigueria,  Island  of  Elba. 

DUMREICHERITE  Doelter,  Capverd  Inseln,  93,  1882. 

Monoclinic  ?.  In  thin  crusts  consisting  of  aggregated  columns.  Taste  astringent.  Soluble 
in  water.  Composition,  4MgSO4.Al2(SO4J3  +  36H2O.  Analysis,  F.  Kertscher : 

SO3  36-65        A12O3  7-14        MgO  11-61        H2O  45'01        Na3O,Cl  tr.  =  100*41 

From  crevices  in  the  lava  of  the  Paule  valley,  S.  Antao,  one  of  the  Cape  Verde  islands. 
Named  after  A.  von  Dumreicher  of  Eisbon. 

AROMITE  L.  Darapsky,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  49,  1890. 

Crystalline.     Fracture  conchoidal. 

Resembles  epsomite,  but  B.B.  swells  up  slightly,  and  is  decomposed  rapidly  on  exposure. 
Composition,  6MgSO4.Al2(SO4)3.54H2O.  Analysis: 

SO3  A12O3  MgO  H2O 

1.  33-71  5-00  12-71  48'58  =  100 

2.  33-21  1-15  15-90  49'87  =  100-3 

From  the  Pampa  de  Aroma,  in  the  northern  part  of  Tarapaca,  Chili. 

A  related  sulphate  from  the  neighborhood  of  Copiapo  is  near  aromite.  It  is  in  fibrous 
masses.  Color  yellowish.  Luster  vitreous,  dull.  Analysis: 

SO3  A1203  FeO  MgO  Na2O  CuO  H2O 

34-59  4-68  9'45  2'87  1-03  2'12  45'36  Cl  tr.  =  10010 

The  copper  belongs  to  admixed  copper  sulphate. 

769.  HALOTRICHITE.  Federalaun  vom  Freyenwalde  (with  anal,  showing  it  to  be  an 
iron  alum)  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  3,  102,  1802.  Eiseualaun  Germ.  Iron  Alum.  Halotrichit  Glocker, 
Gruudi",  691,  1839.  Hversalt  Forchhammer,  JB.  Ch.,  23,  263,  1843.  Halotrichine  Scacchi, 
Mem.  Geol.  Camp.  Nap.,  84,  1849. 

Monoclinic  or  triclinic.  Silky  fibrous.  Yellowish  white.  Taste  inky- 
astringent.  Becomes  dull  and  pulverulent  on  exposure. 

Comp.— FeS04.Al2(S04)3  -f  24H20  =  Sulphur  trioxide  34-5,  alumina  ll'O, 
iron  protoxide  7*8,  water  46 '7  =  100;  or,  Aluminium  sulphate  36*9,  ferrous  sul- 
phate 16-4,  water  46-7  =  100. 

The  early  analyses  gave  only  22  H2O;  the  formula  then  requires  :  Sulphur  trioxide  35'9, 
alumina  11 '5,  iron  protoxide  8'1,  water  44'5  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Rg.,  Pogg.,  43,  399,  1848.  2,  Silliman,  Dana  Min.,  226,  1850.  3,  Arppe,  Finsk. 
Min.,  1857.  4,  Forchhammer,  1.  c.  5,  Scacchi,  1.  c.  6,  Linck,  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  26,  1888. 

7,  Janovsky,  quoted  by  Zepharovich,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  79  (1),  183,  1879,  after  deducting  impurities. 

8,  F.  W.  Clarke,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  28,  24,  1884. 

SO3     A12O3  FeO  MgO   CaO    H2O 

1.  Morsfeld  36'03    10'91    9'37     0'23      —     43-03  K2O  0'43  =  100 

2.  Urumia  33'81     10'62    9'15      —       —     41*61  SiO2   3  34,    Fe2O3 

[1-05  =  99-58 

3.  Finland  34-71  13*33    6'23  —  —  44'20  =  98'47 

4.  Hversalt  35'16  11 '22    4'57  2'19  —  45'63  Fe2O3  =  100 

5.  Halotrichine  34'12  9-76  10'20  —  —  45'92  —  100 

6.  Chili  G.  =  1-885        33'98  10'43    5'55  0'78  0'69  46'94  Ti2O3  0'95  =  99-32 

7.  Idria  G.  =  2*04          34'90  10-29    4'36  1'94  —  47-11  Fe2O3  1  -40  =  100 

8.  Gila  R.,  N.  Mexico  G.  =  1'89  37'19  7'27  13'59*  —  —  40'62  insol.  0'50  =  99-17 

a  A  trace  as  Fe2O3. 

Lippitt  gives  for  a  sulphate  from  Tepeji,  Mexico:  SO4  41'59,  Al  4'92,  Fe  7'81,  Ca  0'52, 
H2O  43-60  =  98-44,  Ch.  News.  48,  98,  1883. 

The  name  Halotrichite  is  from  aA?,  salt,  and  Spz'g,  hair. 

Berg  butter  (Beurre  de  Montague}  is  an  impure  alum  or  copperas  efflorescence,  of  a  butter- 
like  consistence,  oozing  from  some  alum  slates.  A  yellowish  kind  from  Wetzelstein,  near 


HALOTRICHITE  GROUP— APJOHNITE. 


955 


Saalfeld,  afforded  R.  Brandes  (Schw.  J.,  39,  417,  1823) :  SO3  34'82,  A1203  7'00,  FeO  9'97, 
MgO  0-80,  NaaO  0'73,  (]SH4)2O  1'75,  H2O  43'50  =  99W 

Pyr.,  etc.— Fuses  in  its  own  crystallization-water,  cracks  open,  and  if  strongly  heated  gives 
off  sulphuric  oxide,  leaving  a  brown  residue;  with  the  fluxes  reacts  for  iron,  and  with  soda  on 
charcoal  gives  au  hepatic  mass. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Bodenmais,  Bavaria,  and  at  Morsfeld  in  Rhenish  Bavaria.  Also  at 
Urtimia,  Persia,  where  the  inhabitants  use  it  for  making  ink  of  a  tine  quality;  at  Hurlet  and 
Campsie  near  Glasgow;  at  Bjorkbakkagard  in  Finland;  at  the  Solfatara  at  Pozzuoli  (halo- 
trichine).  At  the  Tierra  Amarilla  near  Copiapo,  Chili,  in  white  silky  fibrous  forms  with  oblique 
extinction  (tricliuic?).  The  Hversalt  of  Forchhammer  is  an  allied  alum  from  Iceland. 

Probably  at  Rossville,'  Richmond  Co.,  N.  Y.  (Beck).  The  related  sulphate  of  anal.  8 
occurs  in  white  asbestiform  fibers  at  the  headwaters  of  the  Gila  River,  40  miles  north  of 
Silver  City,  New  Mexico;  the  deposit  of  aluminous  sulphates  is  said  to  cover  some  two  thousand 
acres.  The  salt  analyzed  by  Lippitt  was  in  fine  flexible  fibers  of  a  greenish  white  color,  from 
Tepeji,  State  of  Mexico,  Mexico. 

770.  APJOHNITE.  Manganese  Alum  Apjolm,  Phil.  Mag.,  12,  103,  1838.  Manganalaun. 
Apjohuit  Glocker,  Syn.,  298,  1847. 

Bushmanite.  Manganese  Alum  pt. ,  Maugano-magnesian  Alum.  Bosjemanite  Dana,  Min., 
654,  1868.  Biischmanite.  Bosch  jesmanite. 

Monoclinic  ?     In  fibrous  or  asbestiform  masses;  also  as  crusts  and  efflorescences. 

H.  =  1-5.  G.  —  1-782  (anal.  3).  Luster  silky.  Color  white  or  with  faint 
tinge  of  rose,  green,  or  yellow.  Taste  like  that  of  ordinary  alum,  but  less  strong. 

Com  p.,  Var. — Hydrous  sulphate  of  aluminium  and  manganese,  MnS04.Al2(S04)3 
-f-  24H20  =  Sulphur  trioxide  34*6,  alumina  11*0,  manganese  protoxide  7'7,  water 
46'7  =  100;  or,  Manganese  sulphate  16'3,  aluminium  sulphate  37'0,  water  46'7 
=  100. 

Bushmanite  is  intermediate  between  pickeriugite  and  apjohnite  ;  formula,  (Mn,Mg)SO4. 
Al2(S04)3+22  (or  24)  H2O. 

Anal.— 1,  Apjohn,  1.  c.  2,  Ludwig  [Arch.  Pharm.,  143,  97],  Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  273,  1875. 
3,  W.  G.  Brown,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  6.  97,  1884. 

4,  Stromeyer,  Pogg.,  31,  137,  1834.  5,  J.  L.  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,379,  1854.  6,  E. 
Schweizer,  Kenng.  Ueb.,  12,  1859. 


Apjohnite. 

1.  S.  Africa 

2. 

3.  SevierCo  ,Tenn 


Bushmanite. 
S.  Africa 
Utah 
Maderanerthal 


SO3  A1203  MnO  H20 

32-79  10-65  6-60  48'15MgSO4  1'08  =  9927 

35-90  10-47  7-44  46'99  (NH4),O  1'54  =  102-34      [insol.  0'06  =  100'07 

.  35-47  10-03  8-73  44'78  FeO  0'39,  MgO  0'30,  (Co.Ni)O  0'29,  CuO  0'02, 

S03  A1203  FeO  MnO      MgO        H2O 

36-77  11-52  —  2-17        3'69        45'74  KC1  0'20  ^  100-09 

35-85  10-40  0-15  2'12        5'94        46'00  K2O  0'20  =  100-66 

35-69  10-55  1-06  2'51        3'74        44-26CaOO'27,  K2OO'58,  CuO  0'22, 

[insol.  1-12  =  100 


In  the  last  there  was  some  ammonia  with  the  wrater. 

Brown  (1  c.)  shows  that  anals.  1,  2.  4  agree  with  the  general  formula  given  above,  while  the 
others  agree  with  R.3A14(SO4)9  +  51H2O. 

Pyr. — Nearly  the  same  as  for  ordinary  alum,  but  gives  with  fluxes  a  reaction  for  manganese. 

Obs.— Apjohnite  is  from  Lagoa  Bay  in  South  Africa. 

The  mineral  of  anal.  3  is  from  Alum  Cave,  Sevier  Co.,  Tenn.;  it  had  been  earlier  called 
kalinite.  The  cave  is  situated  at  the  headwaters  of  the  Little  Pigeon,  a  tributary  of  the  Tennessee 
river;  it  is  properly  an  overhanging  cliff  80  or  100  feet  high  and  300  feet  long  under  which 
the  alum  has  collected.  It  occurs  in  masses,  showing  in  the  cavities  fine  transparent  needles 
with  a  silky  luster;  extinction  oblique;  color  of  the  mass  white,  with  faint  tinge  of  rose,  pale 
green  or  yellow:  H  =  1'5;  G.  =  T782.  Epsomite  and  melanterite  also  occur  with  it. 

Bushmanite  covers  the  floor  of  a  cave  near  the  Boschjesman  (Bosjesman  =  Bushman)  river 
in  South  Africa,  to  a  depth  of  six  inches;  the  roof  is  a  reddish  quartzose  conglomerate,  contain- 
ing  magnesia  and  pyrites;  it  rests  on  a  bed  of  epsomite,  H  inches  thick.  Also,  a  related  alum  is 
found  in  the  Maderanerthal  in  Canton  Uri.  Switzerland  (called  keramohalite  by  Schweizer)  and 
at  Alum  Point  near  Salt  Lake,  in  Utah.  This  Utah  mineral  was  made  a  manganesiau  alum  by 
Dr.  Gale,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  15,  434,  1853. 


956 


SULPHATES,    CHROMATES,  ETC. 


771.  DIETRICHITE.  Von  Sclirockinger ,  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  189,  1878.  Arzruni,  Zs.  Kr.. 
6,  92,  1881. 

Mouoclinic  (?),  Arzruni. 

In  fine  tibrous,  tufted  forms,  as  an  efflorescence  or  incrusting. 

H.  =  2.  Luster  silky.  Color  dirty  white  to  brownish  yellow.  Easily  soluble  in  water; 
taste  like  vitriol.  B.B.  fusible. 

Comp.— (Zn,Fe,Mn)SO4.Ala(SO4)s  4-  22H2O. 

Anal. — Dietrich,  quoted  by  Von  Schrockinger. 


S03 
35-94 


ZnO          FeO          MnO          MgO  H2O 

3-70  3-11  1-74  0-33  44*38  =  10012 

A  recent  formation  (within  14  years)  in  an  abandoned  working  at  Felsobanya,  Hungary. 


A12O3 
1092 


772.  OOQUIMBITE.    Neutrales  schwefelsaures  JEisenoxyd  H.  Rose,  Pogg.,  27,  310,  1833. 
White  Copperas.     Coquimbit  Breith.,  Handb.,  100,  1841.     Blakeite,  Dana,  Min.,  447,  1850. 

Rhombohedral.     Axis  6  =  1-5613;  0001  A  1011  =  60°  59'  Linck1. 


i. 


2. 


Forms2  : 

c  (0001,  0) 
m  (1010,  I) 
a  (1120,  £2) 


y  (1012,  i) 

q    (3035,f) 
r    (1011,  1) 


o  (3032,  | 
a  (3031,  3) 
n  (0337,  -  f ) 
b  (0334,  -  |) 
rj  (0111,  -  1) 
A  (0331,  -  3) 
d  (1122,  1-2) 
s  (1121,  2-2) 


cz      =31°    0' 
cy     -     42°    2' 
cr     =     60°  59' 
m'rj  =  *29°    1' 
co     =     69°  42' 
ca    =     79°  31|' 

cd   =     57°  22' 
cs    =     72°  14$' 
rr'  =     98°  27V 
oo'  —  108°  38' 
rr}  =     51°  51' 
a<?  =     35°  41' 

1,  2,  Copiapo,  Chili,  Linck. 


Twins:  Tw.  pi.  c,  the  faces  a  coinciding  and  often  showing  a  reversed  stria- 
tion  ||  edge  o/a.  Commonly  in  hexagonal  prisms,  f.  1,  also  in  rhombohedral  forms; 
again  in  forms  simulating  a  regular  octahedron,  f.  2.  Also  granular  massive. 

Cleavage  imperfect:  m,  r,  rj.  H.  =  2-2-5.  G.  =  2-092  Breith.;  2-105  Linck. 
Color  white,  yellowish,  brownish,  greenish,  sometimes  with  a  violet  or  amethystine 
tint.  Taste  astringent.  Optically  -(-.  Refractive  indices: 


=  1-5376  Li 
1-5469 


=  1-5468 
1-5508 


=  l-5455Na 
1-5519 


ey  =  1-5547  Arzruni 
l-5575Liuck 


Comp.— Fea(S04)9  +  9H20  =  Sulphur  trioxide  =  42'7,  iron  sesquioxide  28'5, 
water  28-8  =  100.     The  iron  may  be  partly  replaced  by  aluminium. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Bamberger,  Zs.  Kr.,  3,  522,  187-9.      3,  Linck,  Zs.  K.,  15,  10,  1888.      4-6,  J.  B. 
Mackintosh,. Am.  J.  Sc.,  38,  242,  1889. 


Chili 


G. 


2-07 
2-089 


SO3        Fe2O3        H2O        A12O3 


42-53 
43-57 
42-28 
43-40 
42-90 
42-32 


23.61 
22-63 
28-40 
22-17 
26-10 
28-10 


28-75 
[28-92] 
29-32 
29-79 
29-08 
28-67 


4-92   =  99-81 

4-88   =  100 

tr.     =  100 

4-39  Na2O  0'25,  CaO,MgO  tr.  =  100 

1-65  Na2O  0-27,  CaO,MgO  tr.  =  100 

0-91a  =  100 


Incl.  SiO2 


From  1  and  2  some  admixed  epsomite  and  silica,  and  from  3,  1-3  p.  c.  silica,  have  been 
deducted.  Water  expelled  at  110°  in  anals.  4,  5,  6  =  5,  6,  5£  molecules  respectively.  The 
material  of  anal.  4  was  amethystine  in  color,  crystalline,  transparent;  of  5,  amethystine,  massive, 
translucent;  of  6,  white,  massive,  opaque. 

Earlier  analyses  by  H.  Rose  (1.  c.  and  5th  Ed.,  p.  650)  established  the  composition. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B-  resembles  melanterite.  Wholly  soluble  in  cold  water;  if  the  solution  be 
heated,  iron  sesquioxide  is  copiously  precipitated.  Soluble  in  dilute  hydrochloric  acid. 


Q  UENSTEDTITE-IHLEITE.  957 

Obs. — Forms  a  bed  in  a  feldspathic  or  trachytic  rock,  Tierra  Amarilla  near  Copiapo,  in  the 
province  of  Atacama,  Chili.  The  bed  of  salt  is  on  the  increase,  and  is  probably  derived  from 
decomposing  sulphides.  Pits  20  ft.  deep  have  been  formed  in  it  by  the  people  of  the  country. 
Also  north  of  Sierra  Gorda  near  Caracoles.  The  mineral  does  not  occur  in  Coquimbo,  from 
which  it  takes  its  name. 

A  mineral  referred  here  by  Scacchi  was  observed  by  him  about  fuuiaroles  after  the  eruption 
of  Vesuvius  in  1855,  partly  in  a  brownish  friable  crust,  which,  by  solution  and  evaporation, 
afforded  yellow  hexagonal  crystals;  also  as  a  yellowish  crust,  in  many  parts  tinged  green,  com- 
pact in  texture,  with  the  luster  of  a  surface  of  fracture  very  bright. 

Ref.— '  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  5,  1888;  Arzruni  gave  b  =  1'5645,  ibid.,  3,  516,  1879;  Rose  gavec  =  1'562, 
Pogg.,  27,  309,  1833.  2  Cf.  authors  quoted. 

The  name  blakeite  (Dana,,  Min.,  447,  1850)  was  given  to  a  mineral  "from  Coquimbo,  "analyzed 
by  Blake  and  having  the  composition  of  coquimbite  but  supposed  to  occur  in  regular  octahedrons. 
It  is  doubtless  identical  with  coquimbite,  as  remarked  by  Linck,  who  notes  that  the  combination 
e,  o  (f.  2)  has  nearly  the  form  of  an  octahedron  co  =  69°  42',  oo'"  =-71°  22'. 

773.  QUENSTEDTITE.     G.  Linck,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  213,  1888,  Zs.  Kr.,  15, 11,  1888. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-39397  :  1  :  0-40584;   ft  =  78°  7£'  Linck.1 
100  A  'HO  =  21°  5',  001  A  101  =  39°  45  J-',  001  A  Oil  —  21< 


Forms:  p  (350,  »$)        r  (O'lMO,  ft-i)          t   (074,  |4)  v   (094,  f-1) 

b    (010,  i-l)         q  (Oil,  14)        «  (085,  f-i)  u  (0'15'8,  V"*)        *>  (052,  f-i) 

ro  (110,  /) 

mm'"  =    42°  10'  pp'  =  114°  33'  it'  =    69°  36'  ww'  =    89°  35^' 

bm       =  *68°  55'  qq'    =    43°  19'  bt  —  *55°  12'  m'q  =  *92°  37' 

Crystals  tabular  \\  b  and  elongated  ||  a,  resembling  gypsum;  clinodome  faces 
striated  ||  a. 

Cleavage:  b  perfect;  a  100  (or  a  prism)  less  perfect,  yielding  a  fibrous  fracture. 
H.  =  2 -5.  G.  =  2-116.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  reddish  violet.  Transparent. 
Optically  -.  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bx  A  6  =  +  21°. 

Comp.-Fe2(S04)3  +  10H20  or  Fe203.3S03.10HaO  =  Sulphur   trioxide  41-4, 
iron  sesquioxide  27-6,  water  31*0  =  100. 
Anal. — Linck,  1.  c. 

|    S03  39-83        Fe2O8  27'66        H2O  31-35        CaO  0'40       Al2O3,MgO  tr.  =  99'24 

Also  SO3  41-40,  FeaO3  27'59.  Of  the  water  20'84  p.  c.  goes  off  at  100°,  3'60  at  140°,  4  "68  at 
180°,  1-01  at  240°,  1-61  above.  It  is  readily  soluble  in  water. 

Obs.— Occurs  with  coquimbite  and  other  sulphates  of  the  Tierra  Amarilla  near  Copiapo, 
Chili. 

Named  after  the  German  mineralogist,  Prof.  F.  A.  von  Quenstedt  (1809-1889). 

Ref. — J  L.  c.;  Linck  give  as  a  fundamental  angle  110  A  Oil  =  87°  23';  this,  however, 
gives  ft  =  84°  14',  while  the  value  of  ft  measured  on  b  was  found  to  be  78°  approx.,  the 
supplement  of  87°  23'  or  92°  37'  gives  results  agreeing  approximately  with  his  (he  gives  a  :  b  :  c  = 
0-3942  :  1  :  0'4060,  ft  =  77°  58'). 

774.  IHLEITE.    Schrauf,  Jb.  Min.,  252,  1877 

An  efflorescence  on  graphite,  having  a  botryoidal  or  small  reniform  structure. 
G.  —  1*812.  Color  orange-yellow,  becoming  pale  yellow  in  dry  air. 

Comp. — An  iron  sulphate  near  coquimbite,  probably  Fe,(S04)8  -j-  12HaO  = 
Sulphur  trioxide  39*0,  iron  sesquioxide  25-9,  water  35*1  =  100. 
Anal. — Schrauf. 

S03  38-2  Fe903(Al2Os)  24  5  FeO  2'1  H2O  35'5  =  100'3 

Soluble  in  cold  water. 

Occurs  at  the  graphite  deposits  at  Mugrau,  Bohemia,  owing  its  origin  to  the  decomposition 
of  embedded  crystals  of  pyrite.  Named  for  Mr.  Ihle,  superintendent  of  mines  in  Mugrau. 

KORNELITE  Krenner,  abstract  in  Ch.  Ztg.,  861,  1888,  from  the  Hungarian  Academy.  Stated 
to  be  a  hydrous  ferric  sulphate  Fe2(SO4)j  -j-  7iH3O  =.  Sulphur  trioxide  44'9,  iron  se'squioxide 
29  9,  water  25 '2  =  100. 


958  SULPHATES,    CHROMATES,   ETC. 

775.  ALUNOGEN.  Hydro-trisulfate  d'alumine  Beud.,,  Tr.,  449,  1824.  Davite  (?)  Mill, 
Quart.  J.,  25,  382,  1828.  Aluuogeue  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  488,  1832.  Solfatarite  pt.  8?tep.,  Min.,  188, 
1835.  Keramobalit  Glocker,  Gruudr.,  689,  1839.  Saldanite  Huot,  Min.,  2,  451,  1841.  Stypterit 
Olocker,  Syu.,  297,  1847.  Halotricbit  pt.  Hausm.,  Hundb.,  2,  1174,  1847  (not  Halotrickit  Glocker). 
Schwefelsaures  Thouerde.  Haarsalz  Rg. 

Monoclinic,  Jurasky.    Usually  in  delicate  fibrous  masses  or  crusts;  also  massive. 
H.  —  1*5-2.     G.  =  1 '6-1*8.    .Luster  vitreous  to  silky.     Color  white,  or  tinged 
with  yellow  or  red.     Subtranslucent  to  subtransparent.     Taste  like  that  of  common 
alum. 

Coinp. — Hydrous  aluminium  sulphate,  A12(S04)3  +  18H20  =  Sulphur  trioxide 
36-0,  alumina  15'3,  water  48 •?  =  100. 

Analyses  agree,  for  the  most  part,  closely,  except  for  impurities;  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  649,  also 
references  as  in  App.  m;  Jb.  Min.,  2,  254.  1882;  Clarke,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  28,  24,  1884;  Hof,  Teueriffe, 
Min.  Mitth.,  12,  39,  1891.  Marguerite-Delacharlonny  has  obtained  an  artificial  sulphate  with 
only  16H2O,  which  requires  45 '7  p. c. ;  an  analysis  of  the  mineral  from  Bolivia  confirms  this, 
giving  45-38  p.c.  H2O,  C.  R.,  Ill,  229,  1890. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water,  and  at  a  higher  temperature  sulphuric  acid,  in  the  closed  tube. 
Gives  a  fine  blue  with  cobalt  solution.  Soluble  iu  water. 

Obs.— This  species  results  both  from  volcanic  action,  and  the  decomposition  of  pyrite  in 
coal  districts  and  alum  shales,  and  occurs  at  numerous  localities;  as  at  Kolosoruk  near  Bilin. 
Bohemia;  Bodenmais;  Pusterthal,  Tyrol.  The  Pasto  mineral  was  from  the  crater  of  a  volcano. 
It  has  been  observed  by  Scacchi  at  Vesuvius;  at  Konigsberg,  Hungary,  it  occurs  in  thick  druses 
with  iron  vitriol.  At  various  points  in  Peru  and  Bolivia;  the  Argentine  Republic;  Wallewarang, 
New  South  Wales;  Teneriffe,  Canary  Islands. 

It  is  found  as  an  efflorescence  in  numerous  places  in  the  United  States.  A  white  fibrous 
alunogen  (?)  occurs  abundantly  at  Smoky  Mtn.,  Jackson  Co.,  N.  C.,  where,  it  is  said,  tons  may 
be  obtained.  Extensive  deposits  occur  on  the  Gila  river,  40  miles  north  of  Silver  City, 
N.  Mexico. 

Davite  was  obtained  from  a  hot  spring  at  Chiwachi,  a  day's  journey  from  Bogota.  Mill 
obtained:  SO3  28 '8,  A12O3  15'0,  H2O  51  -8,  Fe2O3  1'2,  earthy  matters  3'2  =  100. 


776.  KROHNKITE.    Kronnkite  I.  Domeyko,  5th  Appendix,  Min.  Chili,  p.  33,  1876;  also 
3d  Ed.,  Miu.  Chili,  250,  1879.     Kronkite. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-44625  :  1  :  0-43521,  /3  =  72°  41'  =  001  A  100 
Darapsky1. 

100  A  HO  =  23°  4£',  001  A  101  =  35°  49-J-',  001  A  Oil  =  22°  34'. 
Forms :  b  (010,  i-i),  m  (110,  J),  e  (Oil,  1-1),  p  (111,  -  1). 
Angles :  mm'"  =  46°  9',  ee'  -  45°  8',  me  =  66°  13',  m'e  =  95°  53'. 

In  irregular  prismatic  crystalline  masses  with  coarsely  fibrous  structure. 

Cleavage :  m,  b,  distinct.     Fracture  conchoidal.    H.  —  2'5.    G.  =  T98.     Luster 
vitreous.     Color  azure-blue,  changing  somewhat  on  exposure  to  the  air. 

Comp. — A  hydrous  sulphate  of  copper  and  sodium,  CuS04.Na2S04  -j-  2HQ0  = 
Sulphur  trioxide  47*5,  cupric  oxide  23*5,  soda  18*4,   water  10'7  =  100;  or,  Cuprio 
sulphate  47-2,  sodium  sulphate  42-1,  water  10'7  =  100. 
Anal.— 1,  2,  Darapsky,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  192, 


S03  CuO  Na20  H2O  Cl 

1.  White  47-02  22'34  [19'24]  11-40  tr.  =  100 

2.  Green  cryst.  46'64  21 '38  19'52  12-58  tr.  =  lOO'lO 

The  analysis  of  Krohnke,  quoted  by  Domeyko  (who  writes  Kronke  and  Kronnke),  gave  • 
CuSO4  46-28  Na2S04  42 '95  H2O  10-77  =  100 

Another  analysis  by  Domeyko  gave  : 

SO3  4656,    CuO  23-20,    Na2O  18-04,    H9O  [11-08],    AlaO8  0-22,    CuS04  0'90  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  decrepitates  and  fuses  to  a  green  mass.  Easily  soluble  in  water,  giving  an 
acid  solution. 

Obs. — Found  in  the  copper  mines  near  Calama,  on  the  road  from  Cabiia  toPotosi,  Alacama; 
from  the  mining  district  of  Incahuase  with  sideronatrite.  Named  for  B.  Kr&hnke. 

An  artificial  salt  of  this  composition  is  known. 

Ref.— !  L.  c. ;  his  calculations  do  not  entirely  agree  with  the  above. 


PERRON  A  TRITE-ROMERITE.  959 

PHILLIPITE  I.  Domeyko,  5th  Appendix,  Min.  Chili,  p.  38,  1876;  3d  Ed.,  Min.  Chili,  p.  248, 
1879. 

Compact,  granular,  or  with  fibrous  structure,  transverse  to  veins  in  the  chalcopyrite.  Luster 
vitreous.  Color  azure-blue.  Translucent,  astringent.  Composition  approximately  given  by 
the  formula,  CuSO4.Fe2(SO4)3  -f-  nH2O.  Analysis  gave  : 

SO3  28-96,  Fe2O3  9  80  (iron  subsulphate  2'28),  CuO  14'39,  MgO  0'85,  H2O  43-72,  A1?O3  tr. 
=  100.  Soluble  in  water,  but  unaffected  by  exposure  to  the  air.  Found  at  the  copper  mines  in 
the  Cordilleras  of  Condes,  province  of  Santiago,  Chili.  Produced  from  the  decomposition  of 
chalcopyrite,  and  found  in  small  irregular  masses  and  bands  with  it  in  an  argillaceous  ocher. 

777.  FBRRONATRITE.    J.  B.  Mackintosh,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  38,  244,  1889.     Gordait  Frenzel, 
Min.  Mitth.,  11,  218,  1890. 

Khombohedral.     Axis  6  =  0*55278;  0001  A  1011  =  *32°  33'  Arzruni1. 
Forms  :  c  (0001,  0),  in  (1010,  /)  cleavage,  «  (1120,  £-2),  s  (1012,  ±),  r  (1011,  B),  rj  (0111,-  1). 
Angles :  cs  -  17°  42',  cr  =  32°  33',  ss'  =  30°  32',  rr  =  55°  33',  rrj  =  31°  13',  ar  —  62°  14'. 

Rarely  in  distinct  acicular  crystals,  combination  of  a  and  r;  usually  in  spheri- 
cal forms  having  a  lamellar-stellate  structure,  often  resembling  wavellite. 

Cleavage:  in  perfect;  a  less  so.  H.  =  2.  G.  —  2-547-2*578  Genth  &  Penfield. 
Color  pale  greenish  white,  grayish  white,  white.  Optically  uniaxial,  positive. 
Indices:  ojy  =  1-558,  ey  =  1-613  Pfd.2 

Comp.— 3Na2S04.Fe2(S04)3  +  6H20  or  3Na2O.Fe203.6S03.6H20  =  Sulphur 
trioxide  51  '4,  iron  sesquioxide  17*1,  soda  19 -9,  water  11'6  =  100;  or,  Sodium 
sulphate  45*6,  ferric  sulphate  42-8,  water  11'6  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Mackintosh,  1.  c.  2,  F.  A.  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  202,  1890.  3,  Frenzel,  Zs.  Kr., 
18,  595,  1891. 

SO3        Fe2O3     A12O3     Na2O       K2O       H2O 

1.  50-25        17-23        0-43        18'34        0-40        11 '14  insol.  2'00  =  99'79 

2.  451-30        17-30          —  19-95*  11-89=100-44 

3.  50-85        17-69  20-22  11 '90  =  100'66 

Of  the  H2O,  5|  molecules  are  lost  at  110°  C.,  the  remainder  is  easily  soluble  in  water.  In 
anal.  2,  the  loss  at  100°  was  0  28  p.  c.  after  two  hours. 

Obs.— Occurs  with  other  sulphates  at  Sierra  Gorda  near  Caracoles,  Chili. 
Ref.— '  Zs.  Kr.,  18,  595,  1891.    2  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  202,  1890. 

778.  ROMBRITE.     GrailicTi,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  28,  272,  1858.     Biickingit  G.  Linck,  Jb. 
Min.,  1,  213,  1888.     Roemerite. 

Triclinic.  Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0*96840  :  1  :  2-64250;  a  =  116°  3J',  ft  =  94°40J', 
y  =  80°  W  Linck1. 

100  A  010  =  *98°  43',  100  A  001  =  *89°  36',  010  A  001  =  *64°  20'. 

Forms :  c  (001,  0)  y  (508,  'f  4')  I  (014,  'H)  n  (012,  'H) 

a  (100,  i-l)  w(110,  /')  x  (101,  ,14,)  t  (0-5-18,  'TV*)  q  (Oil,  '14) 

b  (010,  *4)  n  (320,  'a-f)  e  (Oil,  1-*')  s  (013,  'H) 

am  —     51°  45'  ex  =  *688  27'  cs  =  52°  38'  cq   =  93°  46' 

bm  =  *46°  58'  ce  =    48°  10'  en  =  70°  46'  cm  =  69°  33' 

cy    =     56°  58f  cl  =    40°  19' 

Crystals  tabular  ||  c,  often  monoclinic  in  habit;  faces  a,  c  striated  ||  their  inter- 
section-edge, brachydome  faces  vertically  striated.  Also  coarsely  granular, 
crystalline. 

Cleavage:  1)  perfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  3-3-5.  G.  =  2-174 
Gl.;  2-102  Linck.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  light  to  dark  chestnut-brown,  violet- 
brown,  rust-brown  to  yellow.  Pleochroic.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Taste 
saline,  astringent. 

Optically  — ;  double  refraction  weak.  Ax.  pi.  on  c  bisects  obtuse  angle  of 
edges  a/c  and  b/c.  Bisectrix  inclined  about  30°  to  c.  2Ha  —  57°  45'. 


960 


SULPHATES,   CHROMATES,   ETC. 


Comp.— Perhaps   FeS04.Fea(S04),  +  12H20  =  Sulphur    trioxide    41-7,    iron 
sesqnioxide  20*8,  iron  protoxide  9*4,  water  28'1  =  100. 

Some  analyses  give  more  water,  15H2O  call  for  32 -9  p.  c.     Mackintosh  calculates  13'7  p.  c., 
Anal.— 1,  L.  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  28,  277,  1858.  2,  Linck,  1.  c.     3,  J.  B.  Mackintosh 
Ain.  J.  Sc.f  38,  243,  1889. 


1.  Goslar 

2.  Chili 

3.  " 


G.  =  2-15 


SO3  Fe2O3  A12O3  FeO  H2O 

|  41-54  20-63        —  6-26  28'00  ZnO  1*97,  CaO  0'58,  insol   0*50 

38-47  17-62  1'02  9'06  34-10  CaO  tr.  =  100-27        [=  99*48 

40-19  19-40.       —  9-52  [30-85]  Na2O  014  =  100 


Easily  soluble  in  water,  giving  an  acid  solution;  basic  salts  separate  on  heating. 

Obs.— From  the  Ramrnelsberg  mine  near  Goslar  in  the  Harz,  along  with  copiapite  (cf.  p. 
964).  Also  from  Persia.  From  Tierra  Amarilla,  near  Copiapo,  Chili,  with  other  iron  sulphates. 

Named  for  A.  Homer  (or  Roemer),  of  Clausthal. 

Ref.— '  Chili,  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  22,  1888;  on  the  form  of  the  mineral  from  Persia,  see  Blaas,  Ber. 
Ak.  Wien,  88(1)  (1121),  1883. 


C.  Hydrous  Sulphates.— Basic  Division. 


779.  Langite  Cu4(OH)6S04  -f  H20     Orthorhombic     0-5347:1:0-6346 

780.  Herrengrundite  (Cu,Ca)6(OH)6(S04)2  -f  3H20  Monoclinic 

a  :  I  :  6  =  1-8161  :  1  :  2-8004;     ft  =  88°  50' 
780A.  Arnimite     Cu&(OH)6(S04)2  -f-  3H20 

781.  Cyanotrichite      Cu4Al2(OH)12S04  +  2H20  Orthorhombic 

782.  Serpierite  Contains  S03,  CuO,  ZnO,  H20  Orthorhombic 

&  :  I  :  6-=  0-8586  :  1  :  1-3637 


783.     Castanite 


Fe2S209.8H20 


784. 

Copiapite 

Fe4SB021.18H20       Monoclinic 

785. 

Knoxvillite 

Hydrous  Chromium  sulphate 

786. 

Utahite 

Fe2S06.HH80                     Kho 

787. 

Amarantite 

Fe2S209.7H20                      Trie 

&  \l  :6  = 

0-7691  :  1:  0-5738;     a  =  95°  38 

788. 

Fibroferrite 

Fe2S209.10H20                    Mon 

789. 

Raimondite 

Fe4S3016.7H20                    Hex* 

790. 

Carphosiderite 

Fe6S4021.10H20                  Rhor 

791. 

Aluminite 

A12S06.9H20                      Mom 

792. 

Glockerite 

Fe4S09.6H20 

793. 

Felsb'banyite 

A14S09.10H20                     Orth 

794. 

Paraluminite 

A14S09.15H70 

795. 

Cyprusite 

Al2Fe14S10054.14H20  ?        Hexj 

n                   in 

796. 

Voltaite 

(Fe,Mg)1(Fe,Al)<S,0041.15H!0? 

797, 

Metavoltine 

(K.1)Ka2,Fe)FeS,,01,18HO 

Monoclinic 

a  :  b  :  6  ft 

0-4790  :  1  :  0'9751     72°  3' 

johedral  6  =  1-1389 

ic 
38',  ft  =  90°  24',  y  =  97°  13' 

nic  ? 
Hexagonal  or  rhombohedral 


Hexagonal  or  rhombohedral 


Hexagonal 

ii   in  a  :  I  :  6  ft 

798.  Botryogen  MgFeFe2S4017.18H20  Monoclinic  0-6522  :  1  :  0*5992  62°26' 

799.  Sideronatrite       Na4FeaS40IV7HaO  ?  Orthorhombic 


LANGITE.  961 

800.  Alunite  KAl,SaOn.3HsO  Rhombohedral        6  =  1'2520 

801.  Jarosite  EFeJ8,Ou.3H,0  "  6=  1-2492 

802.  Lowigite  KAlaSs011.4^H10 

803.  Ettringite  Ca6Al2S3018.33H20  ?  Hexagonal  6  =  0-9434 

804.  duetenite  MgFeaS,018.13H30  Monoclinic? 

805.  Zincaluminite  Zn6Al6S2Oai.18HaO  Hexagonal? 


806.  Johannite  Hydrous  copper-uranium  sulphate  Monoclinic 

807.  Uranopilite        CaU.S,0ll.25H10 

The  simple  empirical  formulas  are  given  for  most  of  the  basic  hydrous  sulphates  abcre, 
since  the  data  in  most  cases  are  not  sufficient  to  determine  the  rational  formula. 


779.  LANGITE.  A  new  British  mineral  N.  S.  Maskelyne,  Phil.  Mag..  27,  316  1864. 
Langite  Maskelyne,  Pisaui,  C.  R.,  59,  633,  1864,  Maskelyne  Phil.  Mag.,  29,  473,  1865.  Devil- 
line  Pisani,  0.  R.,  59,  813,  1864  =  Lyellite  Maskelyne,  Ch.  News,  10,  263,  1864. 

Orthorhombic.       Axes   a  :  b  :  6   =   0-5347  :  1  :  0-6346  Maskelyne1. 
100  A  HO    =  28°  8',  001  A  101  =  49°  53',  001  A  Oil  =  32°  24'. 

Forms:  a  (100,  *-»),  b  (010,  i-l),  c  (001,  0);  m  (110,  /);  /(021,  2-1).  Angles  :  mm"'  =  *56° 
16',  c/=*51°46'. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  m,  in  forms  resembling  aragonite.  Crystals  small  and  short; 
simple  forms  not  observed.  Also  in  fibro-lamellar  and  concretionary  crusts,  with 
earthy  surface. 

Cleavage:  c,  1.  H.  =  2-5-3.  G.  =  3-48-3-50.  Luster  of  crystals  vitreous; 
of  crusts  somewhat  silky.  Color  fine  blue  to  greenish  blue;  pleochroic.  Trans- 
lucent. Optically  —  .  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bx  J_  c. 

Comp.  —  Near  brochantite,  but  contains  one  molecule  of  water  of  crystalliza- 
tion, formula  CuS04.3Cu(OH)2  +  HaO  or  4CuO.S03.4H20  =  Sulphur  trioxide 
17'0,  cupric  oxide  67'6,  water  15'3  =  100. 

Anal.—  1,  Church,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  18,  87,  1865.  2,  3,  Warington,  ibid.  4,  Pisani,  1.  c. 
Also  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  51  (1),  127,  1865. 


1.  Cornwall 

2.  " 

3.  " 

4.  " 

5.  Demlline 

Anals.  1,  2  on  material  dried  in  vacuo;  3,  do.  at  100°. 

Maskelyne's  early  analysis  (1.  c.)  gave  18  p.  c.  H2O. 

The  demlline  (or  lyellite),  which  includes  the  incrusting  variety,  is,  as  Tschermak  has  shown, 
langite  mixed  with  gypsum,  which  is  apparent  in  scales.  His  analysis  (ref.  above)  was  made 
on  the  deviiliue  containing  18  p.  c.  of  gypsum;  and  he  slates  that  Pisaui's  analysis  of  the  saaie  (5) 
indicates  the  presence  of  34  p.  c.  For  an  analysis  of  the  lyellite  by  Church,  see  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  18, 
83,  1865. 

Pyr.,  etc.—  B.B.  on  charcoal  yields  water,  acid  fumes,  and  metallic  copper.  Heated  it 
passes  through  (1)  a  bright  green  color,  losing  1  equivalent  of  water,  and  then  having  the  ratio 
of  some  brochautite;  (2)  various  tints  of  olive-green;  and  (3)  becomes  black.  It  has  finally  a 
strongly  acid  reaction. 

Obs.  —  Found'  in  argillaceous  schist  (killas)  in  Cornwall,  in  minute  twinned  crystals;  also  as 
a  blue  crust,  partly  earthy.  It  is  associated  sometimes  with  conuellite. 

Named  langite  after  Dr.  Victor  v.  Lang,  formerly  of  the  British  Museum,  later  Professor  of 
Physics  at  Vienna.  « 

The  analyses  of  so-called  brochantite  by  Berthier  of  a  Mexican  specimen,  and  Field  of  a 
Chilian,  as  well  as  of  the  artificial  mineral,  have  the  same  composition  assigned  by  Pisani  and 
Church  to  the  langite;  and  there  is  yet  some  uncertainty  as  to  the  true  limits  between  the  two 
species.  The  specimens  had  the  green  color  of  brochautite. 


S03 

CuO 

HaO 

16-79 

67-48 

15-73  =  100 

1672 

67-31 

16-25  =  100-28 

16-88 

67-88 

15-53  =  100-29 

16-77 
23-65 

65-92 
51-01 

16-19  CaO  0-83, 
16-60  CaO  7-90, 

MgO  0-29  = 

FeO  2-77    = 

100 
101-93 

962  SULPHATES,   CHRO MATES,  ETC. 

Ref.— •  Phil.  Mag.,  29,  473,  1865;  cf.  Brezina,  Zs.  Kr.,  3,  374,  1879. 

WOODWARDITE  Church,  Ch.  News,  13,  85,  113,  1866,  J.  Chem.  Soc.,  19,  130,  1866. 

A  complex  sulphate  of  aluminium  and  copper,  perhaps  allied  to  cyanotrichite  (lettsomite), 
or  perhaps  only  au  impure  uncrystallized  variety  of  langite,  mixed  with  aluminium  hydrate. 
Occurs  in  Cornwall,  in  minute  botryoidal  concretions,  of  a  rich  turquois-blue  to  greenish  blue 
color,  translucent  to  almost  transparent.  G.  =  2  38.  Anal. — 1,  Church,  1.  c.  2,  3,  Wariugton 
ibid.  4,  Pisani,  C.  R.,  65,  1142,  1867C 

SO3  A12O3  CuO  H2O 

1.  Cornwall  13'95  17'97  48'34  18-48    =     98'74 

2.  "  13-04       .     1864  48  67  [19-65]  =  100 

3.  "  12-54  17-93  46'80  [22-73]  =  100 

4.  "  11-7  13-4  46-8  [26'9]     SiOa  1-2  =  100 

The  material  of  1,  2  was  dried  at  100°,  of  3  in  vacua  over  H2SO4. 

Church  and  Warington  also  found  traces  of  silica,  lime,  magnesia,  and  phosphoric  acid, 
which  were  undetermined.  Pisani  makes  the  mineral  impure  langite.  He  analyzed  (1.  c.) 
another  similar  material  from  Cornwall  (received  from  Mr.  Tailing),  of  a  clear  green  color,  and 
obtained  :  SO3  4'7,  A12O3  33'8,  Cup  17'4,  H2O  88 -7,  SiO2  6'7  =  100'5;  showing  a  mixture  of  the 
»X>pper  sulphate  with  a  hydrous  silicate  of  aluminium  as  well  as  hydrate;  and  this  he  considers 
as  proving  that  woodwardite  is  only  a  mixture.  Analyses  by  Maskelyne  &  Flight  (J.  Ch.  Soc., 
24,  1,  1871),  confirm  this  view. 

The  mineral  is  soluble  with  scarcely  any  residue  in  diluted  acids.  Named  after  Dr.  S.  P. 
Woodward. 

780.  HERRENGRUNDITE.  Brezina,  Zs.  Kr.,  3,  359,  1879.  Urvolgyite  Szabb,  Min. 
Mitth.,  2,  311,  1879,  and  Lit.  Ber.  Ungarn,  3,  510,  1B79. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  1-8161 :  1  :  2-8004;  /?  =  88°  5GJ-'  =  001  A  100 
Brezina1. 

100  A  HO  =  61°  9J',  001  A  101  =  57°  51',  001  A  Oil  =  70°  20f. 

Forms1 :  y  (540,  *-£)  .  y  (350,  *-J)  e  (102,  -  |-i)  d  (507,  %-i ) 

c  (001,  0)  m(110,  I)  $(120,  *-2)  5(507,  -  f-i)  q  (111,  1) 

/?(980,  *-£)?  C  (450,  «'4)  x-(250,  ££)?  e  (102,  -H) 

mm"  =  122°  19'  cd  =  47°    8'  cq     =  73°    8'  qq'  =  113°  55' 

$$'     =    30°  47^  ce  =  38°    3i'  cm'  =  90°  34'  qe   =    59°    8' 

ce       =    37°  12'  cd  =  48°  24' 

Twins :  tw.  pi.  c  (001) ;  perhaps  also  n  (750).  In  thin  six-sided  tabular  cry& 
tals  with  c  striated  ||  a.  Usually  in  spherical  groups. 

Cleavage:  c  perfect;  y  (or  m)  rather  distinct;  also  e  or  e.  Eather  brittle. 
H.  =  2 '5.  G.  =  3*132.  Luster  vitreous;  on  c  sometimes  pearly.  Color  emerald- 
green,  verdigris-green,  and  bluish  green.  Pleochroic:  |  c  yellowish  green,  ||  b  bluish 
green.  Streak  light  green.  Transparent. 

Optically  — .     Ax.  pi.  J_  b  and  sensibly  ||  a.     Bx  _[_  c.     Axial  angles,  Brezina: 

2Er  =  59°  2'  Li  2Ey  =  65°  18'  to  66°  53'  Na  2Egr  =  68°  39'  Tl 

Comp.— 2(CuOH)2S04.Cu(OH)2  -f-  3H20  with  one-fifth  of  the  copper  replaced 
by  calcium,  or  Ca0.4Cu0.2S03.6H20  =  Sulphur  trioxide  25'0,  cupric  oxide  49-4, 
lime  8-7,  water  16*9  —  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Berwerth,  Zs.  Kr.,  3,  373,  1879.  2,  Schenek,'  Min.  Mitth.,  2,  315,  1879. 
8,  Winkler,  Jb.  Berg-Hutt,  Sachs.,  1886. 

SO3  CuO  CaO  H2O 

1.  24  62  54-16  2'05  19'61  =  100'44 

2  24-62  49-52  S'59  16*73  S2O2  0-33,  FeO  0'14,  MnO.MgO  tr.  =  99'93 

3.      G.  =  2-906  24-59  49'96  8'17  '17-76  =  100-48 

Brezina  regards  the  CaO  as  present  in  the  form  of  gypsum  as  an  impurity;  deducting  this 
the  result  obtained  is  :  SO3  23*04,  CuO  57'52,  H2O  19'44  —  100.  Szabo,  on  the  contrary, 


GTANO  TRICHITE—SERPIERITE.  963 

regards  the  CaO  as  essential,  which  is  confirmed  by  Wiukler,  and  also  indirectly  by  Weisbach 
(cf.  arnimite,  following). 

Pyr.,  etc. — On  charcoal,  loses  its  green  color,  becomes  black  and  fuses;  with  soda  a  copper 
bead.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid  in  hydrochloric  acid  and  in  ammonia  with  a  residue  of  calcium 
sulphate. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  malachite  and  calcite  in  a  quartz-conglomerate  at  Herrengrund  in 
Hungary.  Related  to  langite,  brochantite,  etc.  Also  on  the  Sandberg,  between  Altgebirg  and 
Herrengrund.  Named  from  the  locality  Herrengrund  =  Urvolgy  in  the  Hungarian  language. 

Ref.— '  L.  c.;  these  forms  are  not  all  certain.     Cf.  Gdt.,  Index,  2,  149,  1890. 

780A.  Arnimite.     Weisbach,  Jb.  Berg-Hutt.,  Sachs.,  1886. 

Forms  a  bright  green  incrustation,  consisting  of  short  acicular  or  scaly  crystals. 

Comp.— 2(CuOH)2SO4.Cu(OH)2  -f  3H2O  or  5CuO.2SO3.6H2O  =  Sulphur  trioxide  24'1, 
cupric  oxide  59'6,  water  16'3  =  100.  Corresponds  to  the  preceding  species,  but  differs  in  con- 
taining no  lime. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Wiukler;  2  containing  gypsum. 

SO3  CuO  Fe2O3,Al2O3  CaO  H2O 

1.  24-43  56-81  0'35  0'56  [17'85]  =  100 

2.  '    |  28-73  46-38  0'84  6'89  [17-16]  =  100 

Deducting  impurities  and  recalculating,  the  result  obtained  is :  SO3  24'07,  CuO  59'69, 
H2O  16*24  =  100.  This  corresponds,  as  noted  above,  to  herrengrundite. 

Obs. — Occurs  on  porcelain-jasper  in  the  coal  region  at  Planitz  near  Zwickau.  Named  for 
the  family  von  Arnim. 

781.  CYANOTRICHITE    or  LETTSOMITE.     Kupfersammeterz,  Kupfersarnmterz,  Wern., 
Karsten's  Tab.,  62,  1808.     Velvet  Copper  Ore  Jameson,  Min.,  3.  153,  1816.     Sammeterz  Breith., 
Char.,  168,  1823,   320,  1832.      Cuivre  veloute  Fr.     Cyanotrichit  Glocker,  Grundr.,  587,1839. 
Lettsomite  Percy,  Phil.  Mag.,  36,  100,  1850. 

Orthorhombic.  Occurs  in  velvet-like  druses  of  short  capillary  crystals;  some- 
times in  spherical  globules. 

Color  clear  smalt-blue,  sometimes  passing  into  sky-blue;  strongly  pleochroic. 
Luster  pearly.  Optically  biaxial,  negative.  Ax.  pi.  \  and  Bxa  J_  to  the  direction  of 
elongation  of  the  crystals.  Dispersion  p  <  v  large  Btd.1 

Comp.— Perhaps  4CuO.Al203.S03.8H20  (Genth)  =  Sulphur  trioxide  12-4, 
alumina  15*9,  cupric  oxide  49 -3,  water  22*4  —  100. 

Percy  calculated  6CuO.Al2O3.2SO3.12H2O,  which  requires  :  Sulphur  trioxide  16'8,  alumina 
10-7,  cupric  oxide  49'8,  water  22'7  —  100. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Percy,  1.  c.  3,  Pisani,  C.  R,  86,  1418,  1878.  4,  5,  Geuth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40, 
118,  1890. 

SO3       A1203     Fe2O3      CuO       H2O 

1.  Moldawa  15-39  ll'TO  48'16      23-06   =  98'30 

2.  "  14-12      11-06        1-18        46-59      23'06  insol.  2'35  =  98'36 

3.  Cap  Garonne  12'10      11 '21        1-41        49 '00      22'50   CaO  2'97  =  99'19 

4.  Arizona  G.  =  2'737          f  12'49      16'47        1'34        46'71       21  "89   insol.  0'44  =  99'34 

5.  Utah  12-60      15'45        0'91        49'54    [21-50]  =  100 

Obs. — Occurs  sparingly  at  Moldawa  in  the  Banat,  coating  the  cavities  of  an  earthy  hydrated 
iron  oxide,  along  with  a  white  amorphous  aluminium  sulphate.  Also  at  the  copper  mines  of 
Cap  Garonne,  Dept.  du  Var,  France. 

In  Utah,  at  Copperopolis,  formerly  the  American  Eagle  mine,  Tintic  district;  also  in 
Arizona,  at  the  Copper  Mountain  mine  near  Morenci,  Graham  Co. 

Named  Cyanotrichite  from  KvaroS,  blue,  and  Bpit-,  hair;  and  Lettsomite  after  the  English 
mineralogist,  W.  G.  Lettsom. 

Ref.—1  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  4,  11,  1881. 

782.  SERPIERITE.    Des  Cloizeaux,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  4,  89,  1881. 

i 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  1 :  6  =  0-8586  :  1  :  1-3637  Des  Cloizeaux. 
100  A  HO  =  40°  39',  001  A  101  =  57°  48*-',  001  A  Oil  =  53°  44$'. 
Forms:  c  (001,  0);  m  (110,  /);  p  (111,  1);  also  probable,  rj  (034,  f-i),  e  (Oil,  !-«);  and  uncer. 
tain,  a  (203,  f -1),  x  (043,  f-2),  y  (053,  f  4),  z  (081,  84),  perhaps  a  (100,  i-l). 


964  SULPHATES,    CHROMATES,   ETC. 

Angles :  mm"'  =  *81°  18',    aa'  =  93°  16f ,    w'  =  91°  18',    ee'  =  107°  30',    xx'  =  122°  23', 
yy'  -  132°  30',  cp  =  *64°  28',  pp'  =  86°  25',  pp'"  =  72°  0'. 

Crystals  minute,  tabular  ||  c,  and  elongated  ||  axis  a\  faces  c  striated  ||  a; 
often  grouped  in  light  tufts. 

Color  bluish  green.  Transparent.  Optically  negative.  Ax.  pi.  ||  a.  Bx  J_  c. 
Dispersion  p  >  v  strong.  Axial  angles,  Dx. : 

2Ha.r  =  43°40'.\  2Er  =  66°5';   2Ha.r  =  44°  20'  /'.  2Er  =  67°  10';    2Ha.r  =  43°  35'  .-.  2Er  =  65°  57' 

Comp. — Stated  by  Damour  to  be  a  basic  sulphate  of  copper  and  zinc. 
This  may  prove  to  belong  near  brochautite. 

Obs. — Occurs  on  smithsonite  at  the  zinc  mines  of  Laurium,  Greece.    The  probable  existence 
of  two  other  undetermined  basic  sulphates  of  copper  at  the  same  locality  is  also  mentioned. 


783.  CASTANITE.    L.  Darapsky,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  267,  1890. 

Monoclinic,  with  a  prismatic  angle  of  82°,  and  terminated  by  one  or  two  oblique 
planes.  Usually  in  prismatic  crystals,  perhaps  twins;  they  seldom  show  distinct 
faces,  which  are  then  dull  and  rounded.  United  in  massive  aggregates;  also  in 
minute  crystals  lining  cavities. 

H.  —  3.  G.  =  2-118.  Luster  vitreous,  brilliant.  Color  chestnut-brown.  Powder 
orange-yellow. 

Comp. — Fe203.2S03.8H20  =  Sulphur  trioxide  34'5,iron  sesquioxide  34'5,  water 
31-0  =  100. 

Differs  from  amarantite,  p.  967,  only  in  containing  one  molecule  more  of  water. 
Anal.— Darapsky,  1.  c. ;  la  after  deducting  impurities. 

S08  Fe2O3  H2O 

1.      33-80  33-92  30'76    A12O3  tr,  barite  1'15  =  99'63 

la.    34-32  34-45  31-23  =  100 

Loss  of  water  at  50°,  1'Op.  c.;  80°,  9-5;  100°,  11-8;  145°,  15'5;  170°,  20'5. 

Only  very  slightly  soluble  in  water,  but  dissolves  in  warm  hydrochloric  acid.  Remains 
unchanged  on  exposure  to  the  air  and  also  in  the  desiccator  over  calcium  chloride. 

Obs.— From  Sierra  Gorda,  Chili;  occurs  implanted  upon  olive-green  crystalline  copiapite  and 
associated  with  minute  barite  crystals. 

Named  in  illusion  to  its  chestnut-brown  color. 

RUBRITE  L.  Darapsky,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  65,  1890. 

In  indistinct  lamellar  crystals  of  a  deep  red  color,  penetrated  by  white  nodules  and  clear 
zones,  which  are  present  even  in  the  purest  portions  and  hence  make  the  physical  characters  and 
composition  of  the  remainder  more  or  less  doubtful.  Iron  sesquioxide  is  separated  by  cold 
water.  Analyses: 

SO3  41-15        Fe203  18-22        A12O3  3'01        MgO  5'62        CaO  4'10        H2O  27'64  =  99*84 

For  this  the  formula  calculated  is:  2iCaO.4pIgO.Al2O3.4Fe2O3.17SO3.51H2O.  Deducting 
gypsum  and  epsomite,  the  result  is:  Fe2O3.2SO3.3H2O  =  Sulphur  trioxide  42'8,  iron  sesquioxide 
42-7,  water  14'5  =  100. 

From  the  neighborhood  of  the  Rio  Loa,  Chili. 

784.  COPIAPITE.    Miav  Diosc.    Misy  (fr.  Cyprus,  elc.)Plin.,  34,  31.    Misy,  Germ.    Gelb 
Atrament  (fr.  Harz,  etc.)  Agric.,  Nat.  Foss.,  213.  457,  Iiiterpr.,  466,  1546.     Misy,  Gul  Atrament 
Sten,  Lapis  atramentarius  tlavus,  Wall,  Min.,  159,  1747.     Misy(fr.  Harz)  Hausm.,  Handb.,  1061, 
1813,   1203,   1847.     Gelbeisenerz  Breith.,   Char.,  97,   288,   1823,  223,   1832.     Yellow  Copperas. 
Basisches  schwefelsaures  Eisenoxyd,  H.  Rose,  Pogg.,  27,  314,  1833.     Copiapite,  Haid.,  Handb., 
489,  1845.     Xanthosiderit  pt.  Olocker,  Syn.,  65,  1847. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  a  \l  :  6  =  0-47904  :  1  :  0'97510;  ft  =  72°  3'=  001  A  100 
Linck1. 

100  A  110  =  24°  30',  001  A  101  =  49°  571',  001  A  Oil  =  42°  51'. 


COPIAPITE.  965 

Forms1 :          p  (120,  i-2)        r  (023,  |-i)        x  (427,  -  f-2)        y   (15  "2 18,  f4f) 
b    (010,  *-i)         d  (409,  f-Z)        g  (Oil,  14)        o  (449,  f)  n  (7*4*28,  H) 

m  (110,  7)          *  (015,  i-i) 

mm'"  =    49°  0'  ?T'    =     63°  28'  oo'   —    40°  19V  bs    =     79°  29 

#p'      =     95°  Iff  qq'    =     85°  42'  bm  =  *65°  30'  bg    —  *47°  9' 

ss'       =     21°  1'  ra'0  =     53°  22'  bo    =     69°  50'  mq  —  *60°  49' 

Crystals  tabular  |  b.     Usually  in  loose  aggregations  of  crystalline  scales,  or 
granular  massive,  the  scales  rhombic  or  hexagonal  tables.     In- 
crusting. 

Cleavage:  b.  H.  =  2 '5.  G.  =  2-103  Linck.  Luster  pearly. 
Color  sulphur-yellow,  citron-yellow.  Translucent. 

Optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  J_  b,  and  nearly  coinciding  with  d. 
Bx0  J_  b.  Ax.  angles  : 

2H0.r  =  113°  10*'       2H0.y  =  114°  15'  Dx.       2H0.y  =  111°  36  Linck. 

Comp.— ^A  basic  ferric  sulphate,  perhaps  2Fe203.5S03.18H20 
=  Sulphur  trioxide  38'3,  iron  sesquioxide  30-6,  water  31*1  = 
100. 

Anal.— 1.  Linck,  after  deducting  1-6  quartz  sand,  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  17,  Chili,  Linck. 

1888.     2,  J.  B.  Mackintosh,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  38,  242,  1889.     3,  L.  Darapsky, 

Jb.  Min.,  1,  62,  1890.     4,  5,  Melville  &  Lindgren,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Bull.  61,  25,  1890.     Earlier 
anals.,  5th  Ed.,  p.  655;  also  Domeyko,  Min.  Chili,  155,  1879. 

SO,        Fe2O3      A12O3        H.,O 

1.  Chili  38-91        30  10         tr.  30*74    CaO  tr.  =  99  75 

2.  "  39  03        29-16  [29'94]  FeO  1'56,  Na2O  0'31  =  100 

3.  "  38  47        28-18        2'95          29*50  MgO  0*15,  CaO  tr.  insol.  0*78  =  100'03 

4.  Kuoxville,  Cal.         39'97        26*54  30"43  FeO  0*46,  MnOO'21,  MgO  3 '06  —  100*67 
.  5.  Sulphur  Bank,  Cal.  38*82        26'79        0'37        [29*57]  FeO  3'28,  MnO  tr.,  MgO  0'16,  CaO  0  26, 

[insol.  0*75  =  100 

Loss  of  water  in  anal.  1.  12'73  p.  c.  at  110°;  in  2,  two-thirds  (12  molecules)  at  110°;  in  3,  1 
molecule  at  75°,  2*  at  100°,  4  at  140°,  6  at  150°,  7  at  190°. 

Melville  calculates  for  anal.  4,  the  formula:  RO.2R2O3.6SO3.20H2O,  but  in  other  analyses 
protoxides  are  nearly  or  quite  wanting.  Darapsky  writes  the  formula:  Fe2O3.2^SO3.8H2O  for  the 
mineral  analyzed  by  him,  or  intermediate  between  coquiinbite  and  amarantite.  He  proposes, 
moreover,  to  drop  the  name  coquimbite.  and  to  use  copiapite  broadly  for  ferric  sulphates  soluble 
in  water,  which  have  one  equivalent  of  iron  sesquioxide  to  more  than  two  of  sulphur  trioxide. 
The  individual  minerals  he  would  call,  violite,  flaveite,  elciite,  niveite,  etc. 

Misy  is  an  old  term,  which  has  been  somewhat  vaguely  applied.  It  seems  to  belong  in  part  here 
and  in  part  also  to  other  related  species  (cf .  metavoltine,  p.  972).  The  description  of  Dioscorides  is 
unsatisfactory,  but  that  of  Pliny,  not  over  25  years  later,  is  good,  and  may  represent  the  true  //z'crt; 
of  the  Greeks:  also  that  of  Agricola,  which  was  taken  from  specimens  from  the  Rammelsberg 
mine  near  Goslar  in  the  Harz,  to  which  the  name  has  been  particularly  applied.  It  is  the  resuh 
there  of  the  decomposition  of  pyrite.  Analyses  by  List  (Lieb.  Ann.,  74,  239, 1850)  of  this  mineral 
gave: 

SO3  Fe203  ZnO  MgO          K2O  H2O 

1.  Goslar          42'92  30*07  2'49  2'81  0'32  21*39  =  100 

2.  "  43-21  30*37  —  —  undet. 

Rammelsberg  deducts  magnesium  sulphate  17*25,  zinc  sulphate  8*83,  potassium  sulphate 
0'57,  and  obtains: 

SO3  47-15  Fe2O3  41 -00  H2O  11*85  =  100 

For  this  he  calculates  4Fe2O3.9SO3.llH2O;  but  the  result  is  doubtful. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water,  and  at  a  higher  temperature  sulphuric  acid.  On  charcoal  becomes 
magnetic,  and  with  soda  affords  the  reaction  for  sulphuric  acid.  With  the  fluxes  reacts  for 
iron.  Soluble  in  water,  and  decomposed  by  boiling  water. 

Obs. — The  original  copiapite  described  by  Rose  was  from  Copiapo.  It  is  well  represented  at 
the  Tierra  Amarilla,  near  Copiapo,  Chili,  as  an  incrustation  on  coquimbite,  or  alone  with  copper 
and  iron  vitriols:  also  near  Caracoles,  in  crystalline  masses. 


966  SULPHATES,    CHEOMATES,  ETC. 

Occurs  in  soft  masses  of  sulphur-yellow  scales  at  the  Redington  mine,  Knoxville,  Cal. ;  the 
crystals  are  described  as  orthorhorabic  with  prism  of  78°,  ax.  pi.  ||  b  (010),  Bx0  J_  c.  Also  at 
Sulphur  Bank,  Lake  Co.,  California,  as  a  result  of  the  decomposition  of  marcasite,  on  cinnabar. 

A  ferric  sulphate,  containing  38  p.  c.  SO3  (Hillebraud)  has  been  noted  from  the  neighborhood 
of  Las  Vegas,  N.  Mexico  (Pearce,  Proc.  Col.  Soc.,  3,  228,  1889). 

Ref.— '  Zs.  Kr.,  15,  14,  1888;  a  number  of  doubtful  planes  are  added. 

785.  KNOXVILLITE.      G.  F.  Becker,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Mon.,  13,  279,  389,  1888  (issued 
1889).     W.  H.  Melville  &nd  W.  LindgrenU.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Bull.  61,  24,  1890. 

Orthorhombic?  In  rhombic  plates  with  angles  of  78°  and  102°,  and  inferred  to  be  isomorphous 
with  copiapite. 

Cleavage:  basal,  perfect;  prismatic  and  orthodiagonal,  also  good.  Color  greenish  yellow. 
Pleochroic.  Optically  biaxial.  Of  the  axes  of  elasticity  in  the  basal  plane,  the  greater  is  parallel 
to  the  brachydiagonal  axis. 

Comp.— A  hydrous  basic  sulphate  of  chromium,  ferric  iron,  and  aluminium,  probably  related 
to  copiapite. 

The  calculated  ratio  gives  the  complex  formula  54RO.70R203.165S03.540H2O,  which  is  not 
very  far  from  3RO.4R2O3.9SO3.30H2O. 

Anal.— Melville  and  Lindgren,  1.  c.,  on  0148  grams. 

SO3      Cr2O3  A12O3   Fe2O3      FeO     MgO      NiO    H20  above  100°    H2O  (100°)       gangue 
35-90      7-41      4  84      15'36      3'81      3'22        0'83  17'60  9'30  1'73  =  100 

Obs. — Occurs  with  redingtonite  at  the  Redington  mercury  mine,  Knoxville,  California. 

REDINGTONITE.  G.  F.  Seeker,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Mou.,  13,  279,  1888.  W.  H.  Melville  and 
W.  Lindgren,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Bull.  61,  23,  1890. 

A  hydrous  chromium  sulphate,  occurring  in  finely  fibrous  masses  of  a  pale  purple  color,  in 
part  white  with  silky  luster  and  only  purple  on  a  surface  perpendicular  to  the  fibers.  Also  mas- 
sive with  crystalline  structure.  G.  =  T761.  Extinction  oblique  (13°  to  38°).  Double  refraction 
feeble.  Soluble  in  water.  When  heated  turns  green  without  losing  all  its  water. 

In  composition,  a  hydrous  sulphate  of  chromium,  aluminium,  iron,  etc.  The  calculated 
formula  is  9RO.8R2O3.33SO3.171H2O.  The  sample  analyzed  was  moist  and  part  of  the  water 
may  hence  be  simply  hygroscopic. 

Anal. — Melville  and  Liudgren,  1.  c. 

SO3     Cr2O3  A12O3  Fe2O3     FeO     NiO     MgO  H2O  (above  100°)  H2O  (100°)      gaugue 
35-35      7-51      3-14      019      4'58      I'OO      1'85  14'34  27'03  3'46  =  100'51 

Occurs  at  the  Redington  mercury  mine,  Knoxville,  California,  where  (Becker)  it  results  from 
the  action  of  solfataric  gases  on  chromite. 

786.  UTAHITE.    A.  Arzruni,  Zs.  Kr.,  9,  558,  1884;  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  4,  126,  1884. 
Rhombohedral.     Axis  6  =  1-1389;  0001    A    1011    =   *52°  45'  Arzruni.      In 

aggregates  of  fine  scales  resolved  under  the  microscope  into  tabular  hexagonal  crystals 
(Cj.rn)  with  rhombohedral  faces  (r). 

Color  orange-yellow.     Luster  silky. 

Comp. — 3Fe203.3S03.4H20   =   Sulphur  trioxide  30'3,   iron  sesquioxide  60-6, 
water  =  9-1  =  100. 

Anal.— Damour,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  7,  128,  1884. 

SO3  28-45  Fe2O3  58'82  H2O  9'35  As2O6  3'19  =  99-81 

Pyr.,  etc. — Gives  off  acid  water  in  the  closed  tube  and  turns  red.  On  charcoal  becomes  black 
and  fuses  with  some  difficulty  to  a  black  magnetic  scoria. 

Obs. — Occurs  as  an  incrustation  on  quartz  at  the  Eureka  Hill  mine,  in  the  Tintic  district, 
Utah. 

Genth  &  Penfield  mention  a  ferric  sulphate  occurring  in  minute  brownish  white,  apparently 
hexagonal,  scales  at  the  Mimbres  mine  near  Georgetown,  N.  Mexico,  with  vanadinite,  descloizite, 
quartz.  It  seemed  to  contain  no  water,  and  the  results  of  an  incomplete  analysis  led  to  the  ratio 
of  Fe2O3  :  SO3  =  1:1,  with,  however,  17  or  18  p.  c.  unaccounted  for.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  203, 
1890. 


AMARANTITE. 


967 


787.  AMARANTITE.    Frenzel,  Min.   Mitth.,   9,   398,   1887      Hohmannite  A   Frenzel 
Min.  Mitth.,  9,  397,  1887. 

Triclinic.      Axes  a  :  I  :  c  —  076915:  1  :  0-57383:    a  =  95°  38'  15".   6  =  90° 
23'  43",  y  =  97°  13'  4"  Penfield1. 

100  A  010  =  82°  42'  25",  100  A  001  =  *88°  53',  010  A  001  =  *84°  16'. 


Forms : 
a  (100,  i-l) 
b  (010,  i-i) 
c  (001,  0) 


M (110,  '/) 
*  (101,   '14') 
d  (Oil,  !-«') 


h  (012,  '44) 
e  (Oil,  '14) 
/  (021,  '24) 


T»  (121,  2-2') 
o  (111,  ,1) 
p  (111,  '!) 


1. 


2. 


=  36°  24f 

=  52°  28f 

=  *31°  25' 

=  40°  18' 


cM'  = 
cp     = 


92°  48' 
42°  46' 


=  *92°  48' 


ap  =  *57°  48' 
bn  =    42°  89*' 
&'l>  =     72°  53' 


Crystals  slender  prismatic,  with  the  faces  a,  #  vertically 
striated.  Usually  in  columnar  or  bladed  masses,  also 
radiated. 

Cleavage:  a,  I  perfect.     Brittle.     H.  =  2-5.     G.  =2-11;         Chili'  Penfield- 
2-286  Pfd.     Color  orange-red,  brownish  red,  amaranth-red.     Streak  lemon-yellow. 
Pleochroism  not  strong  on  a,  stronger  on  b  (brownish  red  and  lemon -yellow). 

Optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  inclined  about  38°  to  6,  its  trace  on  a  (100)  passing  from 
right  above  to  left  below.  Extinction  on  b  (010)  inclined  16°-17°  to  6  in  the 
acute  angle  (3  above,  behind.  Axial  angles  measured  on  cleavage-plates  ||  a,  and 
hence  not  strictly  J_  Bx,  gave  Penfield: 


2Er  =  59°  3'  Li 


2Ey  =  63°  3'  Na 


Comp. — Fe203.2S03.7H20  =  Sulphur  trioxide  35 -9,  iron  sesquioxide  35-8, 
water  28-3  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Frenzel,  1.  c.  2,  J.  B.  Mackintosh,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  38,  243,  1889.  3,  L.  Darapsky, 
Jb.  Min.,  1,  55,  1890.  4,  F.  A.  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  201,  1890. 


SO3 
35-58 
36-15 
36-20 
35-46 


Fe2O3 
3726 
35-69 
35-62 
37-46 


H20 

27-62      =  100-46 

[27-44]*  A1203  0-21,  Na2O  0-51  =  100 
28'33b     =  100-15 
28-29*     Alk.  0-70  =  101-91 


»At  110°,  3-5  molecules.     b  At  100°,  3  molecules;  at  140°,  4;  at  175°,  5;  at  200°,  5|;  the 
remainder  at  a  red  heat.     c  Do.  12  '17  p.  c.  =  3  molecules. 

The  fine  powder  is  gradually  decomposed  by  cold  water,  forming  a  basic  insoluble  salt. 

Hohmannite  is  amarantite,  in  part  slightly  altered.  The  following  are  analyses :  1,  Frenzel, 
i.  c.  2,  Id.,  ibid.,  p.  423,  on  fresher  material.  3,  Id.,  ibid.,  11,  215,  1890.  4,  Darapsky,  Jb. 
Min.,  1,  56,  1890. 

'SO3          Fe2O3         HaO 

1.  G.  =  2-24  30-88          40'05          29'63  =  100-56 

2.  33-84          35-58          30 '08  =     99*50 

3.  G.  =  2-17  35-76          37-03          27-71  =  100-50 

4.  36-85          36-86          26'34  gangue  0'53  =  100'58 

Cf.  also  Frenzel,  1.  c.,  and  Min.  Mitth.,  11,  21,  223. 

Obs. — From  a  vein  of  argentiferous  lead  ores  with  sphalerite,  chalcopyrite,  atacamite,  etc., 
near  Caracoles,  Chili,  some  leagues  north  of  Sierra  Gorda;  it  occurs  in  copiapite;  also  from  the 
Sierra  de  la  Caparrosa  between  Calama  and  Sierra  Gorda. 

Named  amarantite  in  allusion  to  the  red  color;  hohmannite  after  the  discoverer,  mining 
engineer  Th.  Hohmann  of  Valparaiso. 

Ref.— i  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  199,  1890.  The  optical  determinations  of  Wulfing  (Min.  Mitth.,  9, 
403,  1887)  agree  substantially  with  those  of  Penfield. 

PAPOSITE  L.  Darapsky  [Bol.  Soc.  Min.,  Santiago,  735,  1887],  Jb.  Min.,  1,  23  ref.,  1889. 

In  crystals  and  in  radiate-fibrous   masses.      Cleavage  distinct.     Brittle.     Color  dark  red. 


968  SULPHATES,    CHROMATES,  ETC. 

Composition  calculated  by  Darapsky,  2FeO3.3SO3.10H2O  =  Sulphur  trioxide  32'5,  iron  sesq ui- 
oxide  43-2,  water  24 '3  -  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Darapsky,  1.  c.     2,  Grabner,  quoted  by  Frenzel,  Min.  Mitth.,  11,  223,  1890. 

1.  SO3  24-72  Fe2O3  30-00  H2O  16-43  Chalcauthite  28'85  =  100 
la.          34-74                          42-17                        23'09     =  100 

2.  36-18  35-92  28'13     =  100-23 

The  analysis  of  Grabner  as  shown  by,  Frenzel  makes  paposite  identical  with  hohmannite 
and  amarantite;  this  assumes  that  essentially  the  same  minerals  were  analyzed  in  the  case  of 
anals.  1  and  2. 

Occurs  at  the  Union  mine,  Reventon  district,  near  Paposa  in  Atacama,  embedded  in  massive 
copper  vitriol. 

FERRIC  SULPHATES.  Mackintosh  has  analyzed  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  38,  243,  245,  1889)  several 
ferric  sulphates  from  Chili,  which  cannot  be  classed  with  known  species,  and  yet  which  are  not 
sufficiently  known  to  deserve  independent  position. 

A.  Occurs  with  copiapite  and  amarantite  in  pulverulent  orange  flakes  arranged  in  parallel 
layers.      It   may   be   a  result  of    the    alteration    of    amarantite;     the  calculated    formula    is 
Fe2O3.2SO3.4H2O.     Loss  of  water  at  110°,  0'304  molecules;  cf.  also  rubrite,  p.  964. 

B.  White,  pulverulent;  calculated  formula,  4FeO.Fe2O3.6SO3.19H2O.     Loses  9'6  molecules 
of  water  (or  one  half)  at  110°. 

C.  D.  Both  white  powders.     For  C,   the  approximate  formula  belongs  :    12Na2O.7FeO. 
6Fe2O3.AlaO3.10SO3.10H2O.     For  D,  lpTa2O.12FeO.8FeO.14SO3.19H2O.     Analyses: 


SO3  Fe2O3         Al2Oa          FeO          NaaO  H2O 


A.  41-24  41-22 

B.  38-00  12-16  —  22-51  0'58 

C.  47-90  5-64  0'65  80-81  4'42 

D.  45-61  5-14  —  35-05  0'33 


"1754 
26-75 

10-58 
13-87 


=  100 
=  100 
=  100 
=  100 


788.  FIBROPERRITE.  H.  Rose,  Pogg.,  27,  316,  1833.  Fibroferrite  Prideaux,  Phil. 
Mag.,  18,  397,  1841.  Stypticit  Hausm.,  Handb.,  2,  1202,  1847.  Copiapite  J.  L.  Smith,  Am.  J. 
Sc.,  18,  375,  1854. 

Monoclinic  ?     In  delicately  fibrous  aggregates. 

H.  —  2-2-5.  G.  =  1-84  Smith;  1-857  Linck.  Luster  silky,  pearly.  Color 
pale  yellow,  or  nearly  white.  Translucent. 

Comp. — Fe203.2S03.10H20  (Linck)  =  Sulphur  trioxide  32-0,  iron  sesquioxide 
32-0,  water  36-0  =  100.  Smith  gives  10JHaO.  Linck  writes  the  formula 
Fe2(OH)2(S04)2  +  9H20. 

Anal.— 1,  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  375,  1854.  2,  Tobler,  Lieb.  Ann.,  96,  383, 1855,  1;  3  p.  c. 
insol.  deducted.  3,  Field,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  14,  156,  1861.  4,  Brun,  Zs.  Kr.,  5,  103,  1880.  5,  Linck, 
Zs.  Kr.,  15,  19,  1888.  6,  L.  Darapsky,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  64,  1890.  7,  Pisani,  C.  R.,  59,  911,  1864. 
8,  E.  C.  Woodward,  priv.  contr.  Also  5th  Ed.,  p.  656,  and  Domeyko,4th  App.  Miu.  Chili,  p.  8, 
1874. 

SO3  Fe2O3  H2O 

1.  Chili          G.  =  1-84  30-25  31-75  38-20  insol.  0'54  =  100'74 

81-49  31-69  [36  82]  =  100 

31-94  31-89  35-90  =    99'73 

31-24  30-99  36-41  insol.  1-36  =  100     [0'63  =  100'72 

G.  =  1-857  32-94  32'43  34'32  CaO  0-40,    A12O8,  MgO  tr.,   insol. 

30-60  32-13  35-74  insol.  1'41  =  99'88 

7.  Paillieres  29'72  33-40  [36'88]CaO  tr.  =  100 

8.  Colorado  30'7  30'9  undet. 

Linck  found  the  loss  of  H2O  21 '37  p.  c.  at  110°;  5'52atl55°;  4'15at210°;  2'59at260°; 
1-57  above.  In  anal.  6,  24'96  p.  c.  H2O  was  expelled  at  100°. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Same  as  for  copiapite. 

Obs. — From  the  Tierra  Amarilla  near  Copiapo,  Chili,  in  delicately  fibrous  masses,  associated 
with  coquimbite;  also  from  the  mines  of  Paillieres,  Dept.  du  Gard,  France  (cf.  pastreite  below). 
An  iron  sulphate  of  similar  appearance  (anal.  8)  occurs  at  the  Black  Iron  mine,  Red  Cliff,  Colorado. 

The  name  alludes  to  the  fibrous  structure.  There  is  no  reason  to  doubt  the  identity  of  Pri 
deaux's  fibrofewite  of  1841  with  the  mineral  analyzed  by  Rose,  Smith,  and  others,  and  which 
Hausmann  named  stypticite  in  1847. 


RAIMONDITE—CARPHOSIDERITE.  969 

789.  RAIMONDITE.     Raimondit  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  25,  149,  1866. 

Hexagonal  or  rhombohedral.  In  thin  six-sided  tables  with  replaced  basal 
edges,  scale-like. 

Cleavage:  basal,  perfect.  H.  =  3-3'25.  Gr.  =  3'190-3'222.  Luster  pearly. 
Color  between  honey-  and  ocher-yellow.  Streak  ocher-yellow.  Opaque.  Optically 
uniaxial,  negative. 

Comp.— 2Fe203.3SO,.7H,0  =  Sulphur    trioxide   35'0,    iron   sesquioxide   46'6, 
water  18 -4  =  100. 
Anal. — Rube,  1.  c. 

Bolivia  SO3  36  08  Fe2O3  46'52  HaO  17 -40  =  100 

Rg.  refers  here  the  mineral  from  Greenland  analyzed  by  Pisani;  this  analysis  is  given  under 
carphosiderite  below. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Probably  the  same  as  for  copiapite,  but  in  water  insoluble. 

Obs.— From  the  tin  mines  of  Ehrenfriedersdorf,  in  scales  on  cassiterite;  also  from  the  tin 
mines  of  Bolivia  (unless  the  two  localities  have  been  confounded),  cf.  Raimondi,  Min.  Perou, 
231,  1878. 

PASTREITE  Norman,  Bergemann,  Vh.  Ver.  Rheinl.,  17,  1866.  This  may  be  the  above 
species,  if  part  of  the  iron  is  present  as  limonite.  According  to  Bergemann,  it  occurs  amorphous 
or  reuiform,  of  a  yellow  color,  at  Paillieres,  near  Alais,  Dept.  du  Gard,  with  cerussite,  limonite, 
calcite,  gypsum,  tibroferrite  (cf.  anal.  7,  above);  B.B.  infusible,  in  hydrochloric  acid  easily  solu- 
ble. The  analyses  gave  : 

S03     Si02    As205    Fe2O3   PbO    H2O 

1.  Yellow  30-47    2-40      1'86      46'50    1-25    16-04  A12O3,  MnO,  CaO  0'89  =  99-41 

2.  Yellowish  brown         30'55     —        2'05      52'80  13*95  A12O3,  CaO,  sand  0'63  =  99'98 

Received  b}r  Dr.  Bergemann  from  Dr.  Normann,  of  Marseilles,  who  named  it  after  President 
Past  re,  of  that  city.  It  approaches  jarosite  except  in  the  absence  of  alkalies. 

APATELITE  Meillet,  Ann.  Mines,  3,  808,  1841. 

In  small  friable  nodules  or  balls.  Color  clear  yellow.  Resembles  copiapite.  Composition, 
perhaps,  4Fe2O3.6SO3.3H2O  =  Sulphur  trioxide  40'9,  iron  sesquioxide  54'5,  water  4'6  =  100. 

Anal.— Meillet. 

SO3  42-90  Fe2O3  53-30  H2O  3'96  =  100*16 

Occurs  at  Meudon  and  Auteuil,  disseminated  in  an  argillaceous  bed  connected  with  the 
plastic  clay. 

790.  CARPHOSIDERITE.     Karphosiderit  Breith. ,  Schw.  J.,  50,  314,  1827. 
Rhombohedral?     In  reniform   masses,   and   incrustations;    also    in   lamellae 

grouped  as  in  mica. 

Cleavage:  basal,  easy.  H.  =  4-4*5.  G.  =  2'49-2'50  Breith.;  2 -728  Pisani. 
Luster  resinous.  Color  pale  and  deep  straw-yellow.  Streak  yellowish.  Feel 
greasy.  Optically  uniaxial,  positive.  Double  refraction  strong. 

Comp. — A  basic   ferric  sulphate,  perhaps  3Fe203.4S03.10H20  =  Sulphur  tri- 
oxide 32'7,  iron  sesquioxide  48'9,  water  18'4  =  100. 
The  P2O5  is  regarded  (Lex.)  as  partly  replacing  the  SO3. 

Anal.— 1,  Pisani,  C.  R.,  58,  242,  1864,  after  deducting  15  p.  c.  sand,  9  p.  c.  gypsum. 
2,  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  10,  142,  1887. 

S03         Fe2O3         H2O 

1.  Greenland  G.  =  2'728  31'82        49-88          18-30  =  100 

2.  St.  Leger  3018        48'52          18'48  P2O6  2:72  =  99*90 

Supposed  by  Harkort  after  blowpipe  trials  to  be  a  hydrous  phosphate;  but  shown  by 
Pisani's  analysis  of  an  original  specimen  to  be  a  sulphate. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  nearly  like  copiapite,  but  insoluble  in  water.  Readily  soluble  in  hydro- 
chloric acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  fissures  in  mica  slate,  and  was  first  distinguished  by  Breithaupt  among  some 
specimens  which  he  says  were  from  Labrador.  Pisani's  specimens  were  from  the  Kolburg  col- 
lection in  Paris,  and  were  labeled  Greenland,  most  probably  the  true  locality.  In  the  sandstone 
quarries  at  Saiut-Leger  near  MScon,  France. 

The  name  alludes  to  the  color,  and  is  from  xdpfioS,  straw,  aidrjpoS,  iron. 


970  SULPHATES,    CHROMATES,   ETC. 

791.  ALUMINITE.     Reine  Thonerde  (fr.  Halle)  Wern.,  Ueb.  Croustedt,  176,  1780.     Native 
Argill  Kirwan,  Mm.,    1,    175.      Alumiiiit   C.   C.  Haberle,  Das  Mineralreich,  etc.,  1807;  Karat., 
Tab.,  48,  1808. .    Hallite  Delameth.,  Miu.,  2,  1812.      Websterite  Levy,  in  Brooke,  1823.     Hydro- 
sulphate  d'alumiue,  Websterite,  Bend.,  Tr.,  449,  1824. 

Monoclinic.     Usually  in  compact,  reniform  masses. 

Fracture  earthy.  H.  =  1-2.  G.  =  1-66.  Luster  dull,  earthy.  Color  white. 
Opaque.  Adheres  to  the  tongue;  meager  to  the  touch. 

Comp. — A  hydrous  aluminium  sulphate,  AlaO,.S08.9HaO  =  Sulphur  trioxide 
23-3,  alumina  29-6,  water  47'1  =  100.  J 

Analyses  agree  closely,  see  5tb  Ed.,  p.  658;  also  App.  n,  in. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  much  water,  which,  at  a  high  temperature,  becomes 
acid  from  the  evolution  of  sulphurous  and  sulphuric  acids.  B.B.  infusible.  With  cobalt  solu- 
tion a  fine  blue  color.  With  soda  on  charcoal  a  hepatic  mass.  Soluble  in  acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  connection  with  beds  of  clay  in  the  Tertiary  and  Post-tertiary  formations. 
First  found  in  1730  in  the  Garden  of  the  Paedagogium  at  Halle;  afterward  suspected  to  be 
an  artificial  product  from  a  manufactory  near  by;  subsequently  found  elsewhere  in  the  plastic 
clay  of  the  region,  and  proved  to  be  native.  Since  discovered  by  Mr.  Webster  at  Newhaven, 
Sussex,  in  reniform  and  botryoidal  concretions,  embedded  in  ferruginous  clay,  which  rests  on 
the  Chalk  strata;  under  similar  circumstances  at  Eperuay,  in  Lunel  Vieil,  and  Auteuil,  in 
France;  also  at  Miihlhausen  near  Kralup;  at  Kuchelbad  in  Bohemia. 

WERTHEMANITE  Raimondi,  Min.  Perou,  p.  244,  1878;  Domeyko,  5th  Append.,  Min. 
Chili,  1876. 

Massive,  easily  reduced  to  powder.  G.  =  2*80.  Color  white.  Gives  an  argillaceous  odor, 
and  adheres  to  tbe  tongue.  Composition,  A12O3.SO3.3H2O  =  Sulphur  trioxide  33'9,  alumina 
43'2,  water  22  9  =  100.  Analysis: 

SO3  34  50  A12O3  45-00'  Fe2O3  1'25  H2O  19*25  =  100 

B.B.  infusible.  Soluble  in  acids.  B.B.  infusible;  after  ignition  gives  a  blue  color  with 
cobalt  solution.  Insoluble  in  acids.  Found  in  a  bed  of  clay  near  the  city  of  Chachapoyas,  Peru. 
It  differs  from  aluniinite  only  in  containing  less  water. 

WINEBERGITE  Oumbel  [Ostbayer.  Grenzgeb.,  260]  Roth,  Allg.  Ch.  G.,  1,  239,  1879. 
A  basic  sulphate  of  aluminium  occurring  with  pissophanite  at  the  Lowmuhl  near  Passau; 
also  at  Bodenmais.     Analysis: 

S03  15-61  A12O3  40-80  FeO  2-00  MgO  0'78  H2O  40-21  =  100 

792.  GLOCKERITE.      Vitriolocker  Berz.,  Afh.,  5,  157,  1816.     Fer  sous-sulfate  terreux 
Berz.,  N.  Min.  Syst.,  1819.     Vitriol  Ocher.     Pittizite  Beud.,  Tr.,  447,  1824.      Glockerit  Naum., 
Min.,  254,  1855. 

Massive,  sparry  or  earthy.     Stnlactitic. 

Luster  resinous  or  earthy.  Color  brown  to  ocher-yellow,  also  brownish  black  to  pitch-black; 
dull  green.  Streak  ocher-yellow  to  brown.  Opaque  to  subtrauslucent. 

Comp.,  Var. — 2Fe2O3.SO3.6H2O  =  Sulphur  trioxide  15  7,  iron  sesquioxide  63-0,  water  21-3 
=  100.  This  formula  was  given  by  Berzelius  for  a  brown  to  ocher-yellow  variety,  occurring 
with  botryogeu  at  Falun,  containing  according  to  him:  SO3  15'9,  Fe2O3  62'4,  H2O  21'7  =  100. 

The  same  for  a  stalactitic  variety  from  Obergrund,  near  Zuckmautel,  the  stalactites  of  which 
are  sometimes  2  feet  long,  brown  to  pitch-black,  yellowish  brown,  and  dark  green  in  color,  with 
yellowish  brown  to  ocher-yellow  streak,  shining  luster  to  earthy,  and  insoluble  in  water.  It  is 
the  GLockerite  of  Naumann,  who  cites  Hochstetter's  analysis:  SO3 15*19,  Fe2O3  64*34,  H2O  207, 
agreeing  closely  with  that  by  Berzelius. 

Jordan  obtained  for  a  compact  and  earthy  vitriol  ocher  from  the  Rammelsberg  mine  near  Gos- 
lar  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  9,  95, 1836),  and  Scheerer  for  another  from  Modum,  Norway  (Pogg. ,  45, 188,  1838): 

SO3       Fe2O3        H2O 

1.  Goslar,    compact  13'59        63-85        18'46  ZnO  1'23,  CuO  0-87,  gangue  2'00  =  100 

2.  "          earthy       9'80        68-75        15'52  ZnO  1 '29,  CuO  0'50,  gangue  4'14  =  100 

3.  Modum,  brown       6-00        80-73        13'57  =  100'30 

Obs.— A  result  of  the  alteration  of  pyrite  or  marcasite. 

Olockerite  was  named  after  the  mineralogist  E.  F.  Glocker.  Pitticite  is  the  name  of  pitch 
ore  (p.  867). 


FELSOBANYITE—PARAL  UMINITE—CYPR  USITE.  971 

793.  FELSOBANYITE.    Felsobanyt  Kenng.,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  10,  294,  1853;  Haid.,  ib., 
12,  183,  1854. 

Orthorhombic.  Massive,  and  in  concretions,  grouped  or  single,  consisting  of 
scales,  which  are  hexagonal,  and  have  two  angles  of  112°.  Cleavage  perfect. 
Optically  biaxial. 

H.  =  1-5.  G.  =  2-33.  Luster  of  cleavage-face  pearly.  Color  snow-white, 
surface  often  yellowish.  Translucent  to  subtransparent. 

Comp.— 2Al203.S03.10HaO  =  Sulphur  trioxide  17%  alumina  44'0,  water  38'8 
=  100. 

Anal.-Hauer,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  12,  188,  1854. 

|     SO3  16-47  Ala03  45-53  HaO  37-27  =  99-27 

Pyr.,  etc.— Nearly  as  for  aluminite.' 

Obs. — From  Kapnik  near  Felsobanya  in  Hungary,  the  concretions  sometimes  grouped  on 
barite. 

794.  PAR  ALUMINITE.     Paraluminit  Steinberg,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  32,  495,  1844, 
Massive,  and  like  aluminite.     White  to  pale  yellow. 

Comp. — Near  aluminite,  but  supposed  to  be  2A12O3.SO3.15H2O  =  Sulphur  trioxide  14'5, 
alumina  36'8,  water  48'7  =  100. 
Anal. — Schmid,  1.  c. 

S03  14-54  A12O3  36-17  HaO  49'03  =  99'74. 

Other  analyses  (5th  Ed.,  p.  661)  correspond  more  or  less  closely.  The  species  cannot  be 
regarded  as  well  established. 

Obs. — Similar  in  its  modes  of  occurrence  to  aluminite.  Found  in  Pressler's  Mountain  and 
elsewhere,  near  Halle,  and  at  Huelgoat  in  Brittany. 

PISSOPHANITE.     Pissophau  BreitJi.,  Char.,  101,  1832.     Garnsdorfite. 

Amorphous  or  stalactitic,  somewhat  pitch-like  in  appearance.  Fracture  couchoidal.  Very 
fragile.  H.  —  1'5.  G.  =  1 '93-1-98.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  pistachio-,  asparagus-,  or  olive 
green.  Transparent.  Analyses.— Erdmann,  Schw.  J.,  62,  104,  1831. 

SO3  A12O,          Fe2O3  H2O 

1.  Green  f    12'59  35'23  9'77  41 '69  0'72  =  100 

2.  Yellow  ocherous  11-90  6'80  40*06  40'13  I'll  =  100 

For  the  most  part  insoluble  in  water.  Easily  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid.  B.B.  becomes 
black.  In  a  glass  tube  gives  off  alkaline  water. 

Occurs  at  Garnsdorf,  near  Saalfeld,  and  at  Reichenbach,  Saxony,  on  alum  slate.  Named 
from  rtiaaa,  pitch,  and  <paiv€(T&ai,  to  appear.  Probably  not  a  simple  mineral. 

795.  CYPRUSITE.    P.  F.  Reinsch,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.,  33,  119,  1881.    J.  Deby,  J.  R.  Micr. 
Soc.,  4,  186,  1884. 

Hexagonal  ?  An  aggregation  of  microscopic  crystals  with  hexagonal  cross- 
sections. 

Soft,  chalk-like.  H.  =  2.  G.  =  1*7— 1*8.  Color  yellowish;  in  powder  intense 
sulphur-yellow. 

Comp. — A   hydrous   ferric    sulphate,    perhaps   7Fea03.Al203.10S03.14HsO    = 
Sulphur  trioxide  35'2,  iron  sesquioxide  49'2,  alumina  4-5,  water  ll'l  =  100. 
Anal.— H.  Fulton,  after  deducting  insoluble  portion,  J.  R.  Micr.  Soc.,  4,  187,  1884. 

SO3  35-34  Fe8O3  49-68  A12O3  3'89  H3O  11-06  =  99'97 

The  amount  of  alumina  is  variable.  An  earlier  approximate  analysis  was  made  by  Reinsch, 
1.  c. 

Insoluble  or  but  slightly  soluble  in  water.     Soluble  in  acids,  leaving  a  residue. 

Obs. — Forms  veins  of  considerable  magnitude  in  a  doleryte  on  the  island  of  Cyprus,  in  the 
district  of  Chrysophone,  especially  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Balahussa.  The  veins  are  marked 
on  the  surface  by  a  series  of  ridges  several  hundred  meters  long  and  25  to  90  broad,  having  a 
yellow  or  vermilion  color.  The  mineral  incloses  great  quantities  of  the  siliceous  shells  of 
Radiolaria. 


972  SULPHATES,    CHROMATES,   ETC. 

ERUSIBITE  Sliepard,  Rep.  Mt.  Pisgah  Copper  Mine,  N.  Huven,  1859;  Am.  J.  Sc.,  28,  129, 
1859.  A  "rusty  insoluble  ferric  sulphate"  of  undetermined  nature.  His  copperasine  (ib.)  is 
announced  as  a  "hydrous  cuprous  aud  ferric  sulphate,"  from  the  same  place.  His  leucanterite 
(ib.)  is  an  efflorescence  on  the  copperasiue.  These  are  names  without  descriptions. 

796.  VOLTAITE.    Voltaite  A.  ScaccM,  Accad.  Sci.  Nap.,  1840.     Zs.  G.  Ges.,  4,  163, 1852. 
Isometric  ?     In  octahedrons,  cubes,  and  dodecahedrons,  and  combinations  of 

these  forms1. 

Fracture  conchoidal.  H.  =  3-4.  G.  =  2*79.  Luster  resinous.  Color  dull 
oil-green,  greenish  black,  brown,  or  black.  Streak  grayish  green.  Opaque. 

Comp.— Perhaps  5R0.2R,03.10S03.15H20  Blaas.  Tschermak  calculates  for 
anal.  1,  K20  :  FeO  :  Fe203  :  S03  :  H20  =  1:5-5  :  3'4  :  15-6  :  22-6. 

Anal.— 1,  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  56  (1),  831,  1867.  2,  Blaas,  ibid.,  87  (1),  143,  1883. 
An  early  incorrect  analysis  was  made  by  Dufrenoy,  and  another  on  artificial  crystals  by  Abich 
(5th  Ed.,  p.  652). 

G.  S03    A1203  Fe203    FeO    MgO  K2O   Na2O  H2O 

1    Kremnitz  2'79  48'0      51      12-9      15'6       —      3'6        tr.      15-3    =  100'5 

2.  Persia-  2'6  49-12    3'72    13-85      5'24    7'35    2'37    162    16'60  =    99'87 

Pyr.,  etc. — Soluble  in  water  with  difficulty,  aud  at  the  same  time  decomposes. 

Obs. — This  species  was  first  observed  at  the  solfatara  near  Naples,  by  Breislak  (1792).  It  has 
been  found  by  F.  Ulrich  at  the  Rammelsberg  mine  near  Goslar  in  the  Harz.  The  last  contains 
manganese  protoxide  as  well  as  iron.  From  Kremnitz  in  melauterite. 

In  a  pyritiferous  trachyte  from  the  region  of  Madeni  Zakh,  Persia;  the  crystals  (anal.  2)  are 
described  by  Blaas,  1.  c.,  as  tetragonal,  having  c  =  nearly  1  and  with  the  forms:  111,  100,  101, 
and  102.  Complex  twins,  fourlings  resembling  hausmannite,  as  inferred  from  the  optical  exami- 
nation. Optically  uniaxial.  Color  greenish  black. 

Ref._ i  On  the  form  see  Blaas,  above,  and  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  87  (1),  143,  1883;  but  cf.  Streng, 
Jb.  Min.,  2,  164  ref.,  1884.  Tschermak  describes  the  crystals  examined  by  him  as  isometric,  and, 
in  habit,  octahedral  with  cubic  and  dodecahedral  faces.  Both  the  form  and  composition  are 
hence  somewhat  uncertain;  it  is  possible  that  analyses  1,  2,  were  made  on  different  minerals. 

PETTKOITE.  A.  Paulinyi,  Jb.  Min.,  457,  1867.  Described  as  isometric,  in  cubes.  H.  =  2'5. 
Luster  bright.  Color  pure  black.  Streak  dirty  greenish.  Taste  sweetish.  Anal. — A.  Paulinyi: 

SO3  45-32  Fe2O3  44'92  FeO  6-66  H2O  1-51  =  98-41 

From  Kremnitz,  in  a  breccia,  along  with  iron-vitriol  (melanterite),  in  crystals  from  the  size 
of  peas  to  millets,  and  in  grains.  Named  after  Bergrath  v.  Pettko. 

Tschermak  has  shown  that  pettkoite  is  only  voltaite,  the  analysis  being  incorrect.  Ber.  Ak. 
Wien,  58  (1),  831,  1867. 

797.  METAVOLTINE.    /.  Blaas,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  87  (1),  155,  1883. 

Hexagonal.  In  aggregates  of  minute  six-sided  scales.  H.  =  2*5.  G.  =  2'53.  Color  yellow. 
Dichroic:  oo  yellow,  e  green. 

Comp.— Perhaps  5(K2,Na2,Fe)O.3Fe2O3.12SO3.18H2O.     Analysis.— Blaas,!.  c. 

SO3  46-90        Fe2O321'20        FeO  2'92        K2O  9'87        Na2O  4'65        H2O  14-58  =  100-12 

Dissolves  slowly  and  imperfectly  in  cold  water;  upon  heating  a  red  powder  separates.  Slowly 
soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  with  voltaite  in  a  pyritiferous  trachyte  from  Madeni  Zakh  in  Persia.  The 
author  states  that  much  so-called  misy  belongs  here. 

The  above  is  very  near  the  compound  sometimes  named  Maus's  salt  (Maus,  Pogg.,  11,  78, 
1827)  (the  mausite  of  Haidinger,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  11,  393,  1853). 

798.  BOTRYOGEN.     Rother  Eisen- Vitriol  Sere.,  Afh.,  4,  307,  1815.     Red  Iron  Vitriol. 
Fer  sulfate  rouge  Fr.     Botryogeu  Haid.,  Pogg.,  12,  491,  1828.     Neoplase  pt.  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  483, 
1832.     Botryt  Glock.,  Syn.,  300,  1847. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  a:  I  :  6  =  0-65215  :  1  :  0-5992;  J3  =  62°  26|'  =  001  A  100 
Xlaitunger1. 

100  A  HO  =  30°  2',  001  A  101  =  54°  47|',  001  A  Oil  =  27°  58f. 

Forms:    b  (010,  i-i),  c  (001,  0);    m  (110,  7),  /(120,  i-2);    x  (101,  1-1);    v  (023,  f  i);  n  (111,  1). 


BO  TR  TO  G  EN—SIDERONA  TRITE.  973 

Angles:  mm"'  =  *60°  4',  ff'  =  81°  42',  a'x  =  62°  46$',  ««'  =  *39°  0',  cm  =  *66°  23'.  en  = 
6fr*  24f,  »»'  =  56°  6'. 

Crystals  short  prismatic,  small;  faces  m,  f  vertically  striated.  Usually  in  reni- 
lorm  and  botryoidal  shapes,  consisting  of  globules  with  a  crystalline  surface. 

Cleavage:  m  rather  distinct;  /(120)  in  traces.  H.  =  2-2-5.  G.  =  2 -04-2 -14. 
Luster  vitreous.  Color  deep  hyacinth-red;  massive  varieties  sometimes  ocher- 
yellow.  Streak  ocher-yellow,  a  little  shining.  Translucent.  Taste  slightly  astrin- 
gent. Pleochroic:  vibrations  ||  6  orange,  J_  6  orange-gray. 

Comp.— Perhaps  MgO.FeO.Fe203.4S03.18H20  (Hockauf)  =  Sulphur  trioxide 
34'9,  iron  sesquioxide  17 '4,  iron  protoxide  7*9,  magnesia  4 -4,  water  35*4  =  100. 
Some  manganese  protoxide  is  also  present. 

Anal.— 1,  Hockauf,  1.  c.,  0'3  p.  c.  insol.  residue  deducted.  2.  Blaas,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  87  (1), 
161,  1883.  Cf.  also  ibid.,  88  (1),  1134. 

SO3         Fe3O3       FeO      MnO      MgO       CaO        H2O 

1.  Falun  |  36-94        16'38        2'23        1*93        7'63        0'90        33  99  =  100 

2.  Persia  G.  =  2-138        40'95        20'50        4'12  3'59  30'82  =    99'98 

For  the  early  results  of  Berzelius,  see  5th  Ed.,  p.  657. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  iutumesces  and  gives  off  water,  producing  a  reddish-yellow  earth.  On 
charcoal  becomes  magnetic;  with  soda  gives  a  hepatic  mass.  Remains  unaltered  if  kept  dry, 
but  in  a  moist  atmosphere  it  becomes  covered  with  a  dirty  yellowish  powder.  Partly  soluble  in 
boiling  water,  leaving  an  ocherous  residue. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  the  copper  mine  of  Falun,  in  Sweden,  coating  gypsum  or  pyrite.  Much  of 
the  so  called  botryogen  is  not  this  mineral,  but  a  mixture  of  other  sulphates,  cf.  Blaas,  Hockauf, 
1.  c.  From  the  region  of  Madeui  Zakh.  Persia,  where  it  incloses  crystals  of  voltaite.  Also  noted 
byjRaimondi  (called  alcaparossa  amarilla)  as  occurring  in  Peru  (and  Chili). 

Named  from  fiorpvS,  a  bunch  of  grapes,  and  -yer^*,  producing  (from  yiyrecrQai,  to 
become}.  This  last  part  of  the  name  is  bad  and  is  well  thrown  aside  by  G  locker,  who  makes  it 
botryte;  botryite  would  be  more  correct. 

Ref. — ]  L.  c. ;  this  is  Miller's  position.  There  is  some  uncertainty  about  the  true  symbol  of  n, 
cf.  Hockauf,  Zs.  Kr.,  12,  240,  1886,  who  also  calls  attention  to  the  resemblance  in  angle  to 
auorthite  and  the  possible  asymmetry  of  the  crystals,  based  upon  an  extended  series  of  measure- 
ments. 

799.  SIDERONATRITE.  Raimondi,  Minerauxdu  Perou.  212,  233,  1878.  Domeyko,  3d  Ed. 
Min.  Chili,  p.  158,  1879.  Urusit  Frenzel,  Miu.  Mitth.,  2,  133,  359,  1879. 

Orthorhombic  Pfd.1  In  crystalline  masses  of  fine  fibrous  structure,  separating 
into  thin  splinters. 

Cleavage:  probably  pinacoidal.  H.  =  2-2-5.  G.  =  2'153;  2'355  G.  &  P.  Color 
orange-yellow  to  straw-yellow.  Streak  pale  yellow  to  yellowish  white.  Optically  -{-. 
C  (=  Bxa)  ||  fibers,  Pfd!1 

Comp.— 2Na,O.Fe203.4S03.7H20  (Genth)  =  Sulphur  trioxide  43'8,  iron  sesqui- 
oxide 21-9,  soda  17'0,  water  17'3  =  100. 

The  above  description  applies  to  sideronatrite.  Urusite,  which  seems  to  be  the  same  mineral, 
occurs  iu  pulverulent,  earthy  forms;  also  in  lumps,  consisting  of  minute  prismatic  crystals. 
Soft.  G.  =  2 '22.  Color  lemon-  to  orange-yellow.  Streak  ocher-yellow.  Transparent  in 
minute  crystals. 

Anal.— 1,  Raimondi,  1.  c.  2,  Frenzel,  Min.  Mitth.,  11,  214,  1890.  3,  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
40,  201,  1890.  4,  Frenzel,  Min.  Mitth.,  2,  133,  1879.  5,  Id.,  ib.,  p.  359. 

SO3        Fe2O3       Na2O        H2O 

1.  Sideronatrite  43'26        21 -60        15*59        15-35  NaCll'06,  gangue  3  20  =  100-06 

2.  G.  =  2-31        42  93        22-86        17'49        15'66    =    98'94 

3.  44-22        21-77        16'39        17'07a  =    99'45 

4.  Urusite  42'08        21-28        16'50        19'80   =    99'66 

5.  41-64        22-00        17'24       [19  -12]  =  100 
a  At  110°  loses  4  molecules  H2O,  Genth. 

Both  sulphates  are  insoluble  in  cold  water,  but  decomposed  by  boiling  water  with  separation 
of  Iron  sesquioxide;  soluble  in  acids. 

Obs.— Sideronatrite  is  from  the  mine  San  Simon,  Huantajaya,  province  of  Tarapaca,  Chili. 

Urusite  is  found  underlying  deposits  of  iron  vitriol  (melanterite)  on  the  Urus  plateau,  near 
Sarakaya,  on  the  naphtha  island,  Cheleken,  in  the  Caspian  Sea. 

Ref.—1  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  201,  1890. 


974 


SULPHATES,    CHROMATES,   ETC. 


800.  ALUNITE.  Alurneu  de  Tolplia,  quod  primum  fossuin  est  in  Italia,  Pii  2di  Poutificis 
temporibus  (Piccolomini,  1458-1464),  Gesner,  Foss.,  13,  1565.  Romersk  Aluusten  Wall.,  Min., 
163,  1747.  Alaunstein  (fr.  Tolfa)  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  376,  1789.  Aluinstoiie.  Alumiuilite 
Delameth.,  T.  T.,  2,  113,  1797.  Alun  de  Rome  pt.  H.,  Tr.,  1801.  Pierre  alumineuse  de  la  Tolfa 
Fr,  Alunite  Beud.,  449,  1824.  Alauu-Spath  Breith.,  Char.,  1823. 

Khombohedral.     Axis  6  =  1-2520;  0001  A  1011  =  55°  19f  Breithaupt1. 


Forms2: 

c    (0001,  0) 
m  (1010',  1  )3 


a  (1120,  £-2)3 
v  (3034,  f)3 


to  (7079,  |)3 
r  (1011,  #) 
q  (6067,  f ) 


*  (6065,  |) 
t  (0221, -2) 


Bereghszasz,  Breitbaupt. 


cp 
cv 
cw 
cr 
cq 


1°  18' 
47°  19' 
48°  21' 
55°  20' 
51°  6' 


cs 

ct 

pp' 


=  60°    2' 

=  70°  55' 
=       2°  14f 

=  79°    5' 

=  80°  39' 


rr'  =  *90°  50' 

qq'  =     84°  45' 

ss'  =     97°  14' 

tt'  =  109°  51|' 


50') ;    often  terminated  by  the 
c/r.     Also  massive,  having 


Inrhombohedrons,  resembling  cubes  (rr'  =  90 
vicinal  rhombohedron  p.  Faces  /•  often  striated  || 
a  fibrous,  granular,  or  impalpable  texture. 

Cleavage:  c  distinct;  r  in  traces.  Fracture  flat  conchoidal,  uneven;  of  mas- 
sive varieties  splintery;  and  sometimes  earthy.  Brittle.  H.  =  3*5-4.  G.  =  2 '58- 
2*752;  2-594  Erem.  Luster  of  r  vitreous,  basal  plane  somewhat  pearly.  Color 
white,  sometimes  grayish  or  reddish.  Streak  white.  Transparent  to  subtranslucent, 
Optically  positive. 

Comp. — Hydrous  sulphate  of  aluminium  and  potassium,  K20.3A120S.4S03.6H20 
=  Sulphur  trioxide  38 '6,  alumina  37 '0,  potash  11-4,  water  13-0  =  100. 

The  formula  may  be  written  K(A1O)3(SO4)2  +  3H2O. 

Analyses  agree  closely,  cf.  5th  Ed.,  p.  659;  also  Rev.  Geol.,  13,  38, 1877;  Lsx.,  Jb.  Min., 
142,  1875. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  decrepitates,  and  is  infusible.  In  the  closed  tube  yields  water,  sometimes 
also  ammonium  sulphate,  and  at  a  higher  temperature  sulphurous  and  sulphuric  oxides.  Heated 
with  cobalt  solution  affords  a  fine  blue  color.  With  soda  and  charcoal  infusible,  but  yields  a 
hepatic  mass.  Soluble  in  sulphuric  acid. 

Obs. — Forms  seanis  in  trachytic  and  allied  rocks,  where  it  has  been  formed  as  a  result  of  the 
alteration  of  the  rock  by  means  of  sulphurous  vapors. 

Met  with  at  Tolfa,  near  Civita  Vecchir ,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Rome,  in  crystals;  at  Montipni 
in  Tuscany;  at  Musaz  and  Bereghszasz  in  Hungary;  on  Milo,  Argeutiera,  and  Nevis,  Grecian 
Archipelago,  and  with  opal  on  Santorin;  at  Mt.  Dore,  France;  near  Hadji-Khan,  Buchara; 
with  the  hyalite  and  opal  of  Queretaro,  Mexico. 

In  the  U.  S.,  occurs,  associated  with  diaspore,  in  rbombohedral  crystals,  tabular  through  the 
presence  of  c  (0001)  at  the  Rosita  Hills,  Ouster  Co.,  Colorado,  particularly  Democrat  Hill  and 
Mt.  Robinson.  The  crystals  are  dull  and  opaque  with  rough  faces  and  consist,  of  alunite  but 
with  a  granular  structure,  they  being  pseudomorphs  after  an  earlier  formation  of  alunite.  The 
formation  of  the  alunite  is  explained  by  the  action  of  sulphurous  gases  upon  the  highly  aluminous 
andesytes. 

The  compact  varieties  from  Hungary  are  so  hard  as  to  admit  of  being  used  for  millstones. 
Alum  is  obtained  from  it  by  repeatedly  roasting  and  lixiviating,  and  finally  crystallizing  by 
evaporation. 

This  species  was  first  observed  at  Tolfa,  near  Rome,  in  the  15th  century,  by  J.  de  Castro,  a 
Genoese  who  had  been  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  alum,  from  an  alumstone  or  "  Rock- 
aluni  "  found  near  Edessa  in  Syria.  It  was  named  Aluminilite  by  Delamgtherie  in  1797,  a  long 
name  well  changed  to  Alunite  by  Beudant  in  1824. 

Ref.— i  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  4,  25,  1852.  2  Breith.,  1.  c.  3  Eremeyev,  Buchara,  Vh.  Min.  Ges., 
18,  221,  1883. 


801.  JAROSITE.  Gelbeisenerz  Rg.,  Pogg.,  43, 132, 1838.  Misy  Raid.,  Handb.,  512,  1845. 
Vitriolgelb,  Gelbeisenerz,  Hausm.,  Handb.,  1205,  1847  [not  Gelbeisenerz  fr.  Harz  Breith.,  Char., 
1832]  Jarosit  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  6,  68,  1852.  Moronolite  Shep.,  Suppl.  Append.  Min.,  p. 
4,  1857. 

Khombohedral.     Axis  c  =  1/2492;  0001  A  1011  =  55°  16',  Koenig1. 
Forms2:  c  (0001,  0),  r  (1011,  R),  s  (0221,  -  2)2.    Angles:  rr'  =  *90°  45',  cs  =  70°  53',  ss'  =  109°  49'. 
Often  in  druses  of  minute  indistinct  crystals;  less  often  crystals  rhombohedral 


JAROSITE.  975 

in  habit,  or  with  c,  and  then  somewhat  resembling  cubes  with  tetrahedrai  planes. 
Also  fibrous,  and  granular  massive.  Also  in  nodules,  or  as  an  incrustation  with  a 
tuberose  or  coralloidal  surface. 

Cleavage:  c  distinct.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  2*5-3'5.  G.  =  3-15- 
3*26  cryst.  Luster  vitreous  to  subadamantine;  brilliant,  also  dull.  Color  ocher- 
yellow,  yellowish  brown,  clove-brown.  Streak  yellow,  shining. 

Var. — (1)  Crystallized;  Jarosite,  which  occurs  also  fibrous  and  granular;  G.  =  3  256,  Spain; 
3-244,  Maryland,  Breith.;  3-144  Arizona;  3*163  Utah.  (2)  Concretionary,  the  ordinary  form  of 
the  Norway  and  Bohemian  mineral,  and  the  moronolite  of  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y. ;  G.  —  2*62 

(moronolite)-2*79. 

Comp.—  K20.3Fe203.4S03.6H20  =  Sulphur  trioxide  31'9,  iron  sesquioxide  47 '9, 
potash  9-4,  water  10-8  =  100. 

The  formula  may  be  written  K(FeO)3(SO4)2  +  3H2O. 

Anal.— 1,  Ferber,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  23,  10,  1864.  2,  Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  21,  160,  1881.  3, 
Koenig,  1.  c.  4,  5,  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  39,  73,  1890.  See  also  5th  Ed.,  p.  660. 

G.  SO3  FeaO3  K2O     Na2O     H2O  SiO2 

1.  Spain  31-76  49*24  590      0*80  11-35       —  A12O3 1-25=100*30 

2.  Vulture  M.,  Arizona  3-09  30-42  48'27  8-53      0'28  [11-42]     1-08  =  100 

3.  Arrow  M.,  Colorado  3  144  29*33  52'36  7*30      0'90  10-55       —    =  100*44 

4.  Tintic  distr.,  Utah      3-163  29*60  50-41  9'23  10-68      0'08=100 

5.  "  "  28-93      51-16      9*05      0'33      10'24      0*29  =  100 

The  water  determined  in  2,  viz.,  12*91 ,  was  too  high;  the  result  obtained  by  difference  is 
more  nearly  correct.  In  3,  the  silica  has  been  deducted,  and  8*8  p.  c.  of  turgite  remains  to  be 
rejected. 

For  the  Gelbeisenerz  from  near  Bilin,  Rammelsberg  calculates  K2O.4Fe2O3.5SO3.9H2O,  and 
for  that  from  Modum  Na2O.4Fe2O3.5SO3.9H2O.  Analyses.— 1,  Rg.,  1.  c.  2,  Scbeerer,  Pogg., 
45,  188,  1838. 

SO3  Fe2O3  K2O          Na2O          H2O 

1.  Bilin  32-11  46'74  7'88  —  13*56  CaO  0'64  =  100-93 

2.  Modum          f  32-45  49'63  5*20  13'11  =  100*39 

Both  of  the  above  come  very  near  jarosite.  Weisbach  has  used  the  name  kolosorukite  for 
the  above,  Synops.  Miu.,  42,  1875. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Nearly  as  for  coquimbite,  p.  956. 

Obs. — The  original  Gelbeiseuerz  (cf.  above)  was  from  Luschitz,  between  Kolosoruk  and 
Biliu,  Bohemia,  in  brown  coal;  and  later  from  Modum,  Norway,  in  alum  slate. 

The  jarosite  was  from  Barranco  Jaroso,  in  the  Sierra  Almagrera,  Spain,  on  limonite;  also, 
according  to  Breithaupt  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  25,  149,  1866),  from  Maryland,  of  granular  form,  with 
quartz  and  a  magnetite  altered  to  hematite;  Mexico;  Saxony,  Theklamine,  near  Hauptmanngr'dn 
in  Voigtland,  in  small  crystals  on  turgite  (hydrohematite)  and  limouite;  Erzgebirge,  near 
Schwarzenberg,  at  the  Frisch  Gliick  mine.  In  the  Ural  near  Berezov,  15  versts  from  Ekaterin- 
burg. Also  from  the  province  of  Cajamarca,  Peru. 

In  the  U.  S.,  occurs  on  quartz  at  the  Vulture  mine,  Arizona;  at  the  Arrow  mine, 
Chaffee  County,  Col.;  at  the  Mammoth  mine,  Tiutic  district,  Utah,  lining  cavities  in  a  siliceous 
limonite. 

Moronolite  is  from  Monroe,  N.  Y.,  where  it  occurs  on  gneiss.  It  contains  less  alkali  (viz 
3'81  p.c.  Tyler)  than  is  required  for  the  formula.  Named  moronolite  from  juoopor,  mulberry, 
alluding  to  a  resemblance  to  the  mulberry  calculus. 

Ref.— i  Am.  Ch.  J.,  2,  375,  1880;  cf.  Kk.,  Min.  Russl.,  6,  227,  1874,  8,  242.  Breithaupt 
gives  rr'  =  91°  2',  and  Koksharov  90°  49$'.  2  Pfd.,  Utah,  Am,  J.  Sc.,  39,  73,  1890,  he  obtained 
rr'  =  91°  33'. 

BARTHOLOMITE  Cleve,  Ak.  H.  Stockholm,  9,  Nov.  1870;  Geol.  W.  I.  Islands,  p,  31.  A 
hydrous  sulphate  of  ferric  iron  and  sodium  of  uncertain  nature.  An  analysis  on  impure  mate, 
rial,  after  deducting  2*88  NaCl  (halite),  3*87  MgSO4  +  7H2O  (epsomite),  3'56  insol.  yielded : 

SO3  48-66  Fe2O3  25*41  Na2O  19-11  H2O  6*82  =  100 

Occurs  with  mendozite  in  yellow  nodules  composed  of  small  needles,  an  alteration-product 
of  pyrite,  at  St.  Bartholomew,  West  Indies. 

PLAGIOCITRITE  Sandberger;  Singer,  Inaug.  Diss.,  p.  13,  Wurzburg,  1879. 

Monoclinic  or  triclinic.  In  microscopic  prismatic  crystals.  G.  =  1*881.  Color  lemon- 
yellow.  Translucent.  Taste  astringent. 


976  SULPHATES,    CHROMATES,   ETC. 

Composition,  perhaps  (K,J3a)2O.2FeO.3(Al,Fe)2O3.6S03.27H2O.  Analysis,  after  deducting 
9'85  p.  c.  hygroscopic  water  : 

SO3       A12O3    Fe2O3    FeO     NiO     CoO     MgO     CaO     Na2O    K2O      H2O 

35-44      14-37      7'95      1'64      0'97      0'58      M9      0'43      4'04      4-23      29'42  =  100'26 

Easily  soluble  in  water,  the  solution  giving  an  acid  reaction;  by  boiling,  Fe2O3  separates 
out  free  from  1SO3.  Decomposes  on  exposure,  becoming  orange-yellow.  B.B.  swells  up,  fuses 
in  its  own  water  of  crystallization,  and  -leaves  a  reddish  brown  spongy  residue. 

Occurs  with  other  related  sulphates  at  the  Bauersberg  near  Bischoisheim  vor  dem  Rhon; 
derived  from  the  decomposition  of  pyrite? ' 

CLINOPH^EITE.     Klinophaeit  Sandberger;  Singer,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Wiirzburg,  p.  16,  1879. 

In  microscopic  crystals,  probably  monocliuic,  with  planes  c  (001),  m  (110),  d  (101);  prismatic 
angles  85°  and  95°.  G.  =  2 '979.  Color  blackish  green.  Streak  light  grayish  green.  Luster 
vitreous.  Translucent  to  opaque.  Taste  astringent. 

Composition,  perhaps  4(K,Na)2O.FeO.(Fe,Al)2O3.5SO3.8H2O.  Analysis,  after  deducting 
7 '88  p.  c.  hygroscopic  water: 

SO3       Fe203    A1203      FcO  NiO(CoO)  MgO       CaO      Na2O       K2O         H2O 
37:01        9-48        4-04        6'06        0'76        1-88        0'77        6'35        21-79        14-72  =  102'86 

Difficultly  soluble  in  water;  on  boiling,  iron  sesquioxide  separates  from  the  aqueous  solution. 
B.B.  fuses  with  intumescence,  leaving  finally  a  black  magnetic  residue.  Occurs  with  other 
sulphates  at  the  Bauersberg,  near  Bischofsheim,  as  a  result  of  the  decomposition  of  pyrite. 

CLINOCROCITE.     Klinocrocit  Sandberger;  Singer,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Wiirzburg,  p,  9,  1879. 

A  mineral  of  a  deep  saffron-yellow,  occurring  in  microscopic  crystals,  probably  mono- 
clinic.  According  to  a  qualitative  examination,  a  hydrous  sulphate  of  aluminium,  ferric  iron, 
sodium,  and  potassium  (lime  in  traces).  From  the  Bauersberg,  near  Bischofsheim,  formed  by 
the  decomposition  of  pyrite  in  basalt  tufa.  Related  to  the  more  clearly  defined  mineral, 
clinophceite. 

802.  LOWIGITE.    Alaunstein  Homer,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  8,  246,  1856.     Lowigit  A.  MitscTierlich, 
J.  pr.  Ch.,  83,  474,  1861.     Loewigite. 

In  rounded  masses,  similar  to  compact  alunite. 

H.  =  3-4.  G.  =  2'58.  Luster  feeble.  Color  pale  straw-yellow.  Slightly  subtranslucent. 
Fracture  perfectly  conchoidal. 

Comp.— Perhaps  K2O.3A1203.4SO3.9H2O  (Rg.)  =  Sulphur  trioxide  36'3,  alumina  34'7, 
potash  10-7,  water  18;4  =  100. 

This  is  like  alunite  except  in  the  presence  of  more  water. 

Anal.— 1,  Lowig,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  8,  246,  1856.     2,  Mitscherlich,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  83,  474,  1861. 

SO3  A12O3          Fe2O3          K20  NaaO  H2O 

1.  34-84  33-37  —  10-10  —  18*32  SiO2,  etc.,  3'37  =  100 

2.  34  81  34-95  0'68  9'30  0'39  17'87  SiO2,  etc.,  2'00  =  100 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  nearly  like  alunite.  The  water  is  expelled  at  a  lower  temperature  than  in 
alunite;  and  the  compound  resulting  after  heating,  instead  of  containing  a  mixture  affording 
alum  and  insoluble  hydiated  alumina,  affords  to  water  sulphate  of  potassium  and  subsulphate  of 
aluminium.  Partially  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  while  alunite  is  not  at  all  so. 

Obs.— Fbuud  in  a  coal  bed  at  Tabrze  in  Upper  Silesia,  in  compact  lumps,  having  the  luster, 
color,  and  texture  of  the  Soleuhofeu  lithographic  stone,  but  blackish  externally  from  a  coaly 
crust;  also  with  alunite  at  Tolfa, 

IGNATIEVITE.  Ignatiewit  K.  K.  King,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  23,  116,  1887.  Occurs  in  nodules 
and  reniform  masses,  having  a  fibrous  structure  in  white  sand  in  the  district  of  Bakhrnut, 
Ekaterinoslav,  South  Russia.  An  impure  hydrous  sulphate  of  aluminium  and  potassium. 

803.  ETTRINGITE.    Lehmann,  Jb.  Min.,  273,  1874. 
Hexagonal.     Axis  c  =  0'94345;  0001  A  1011  =  47°  27'  Lehmann. 
Forms:   c  (0001,  0);  m  (1010,  J);  o  (1012,  £),  p  (1011,  1). 

Angles :   co  =  28°  35',  oo'  =  30°  53',  cp  =  47°  27',  pp'  =  43°  14',  mp  =  *42°  33'. 

In  minute  needle-like  prismatic  crystals,  seldom  more  than  3  mm.  in  length,  thickness 
^j  to  \  mm. 

Cleavage:  m  perfect.  H.  =  2-2'5.  G.  =  1'75.  Colorless.  Transparent.  Optically 
uniaxial,  negative,  Btd. 

Comp — Perhaps  6CaO.Al2O3.3SO3.33H2O  (Rg.)  =  Sulphur  trioxide   18'9,   alumina  8'0, 


Q  UETENITE-ZINCAL  UMINITE.  977 

lime  26 -4,   water  46 '7  =  100.      The  small  quantity  analyzed  makes  the  complex  formula 
doubtful. 

Anal. — Lehmanu,  1.  c  ,  on  0'36  gr. 

SO,  A1203  CaO  H20  loss(SO3?) 

16-64  7-76  27-27  45'82  2'51          =  100 

Pyr.— B.B.  swells  up  but  does  not  fuse.  Soluble  in  acids,  also  to  a  considerable  extent  in 
water,  giving  an  alkaline  solution. 

Occurs  m  cavities  in  the  limestone-inclusions  in  lava  of  the  Bellenberg  at  Ettringen  and 
Mayen,  in  the  district  of  Laach. 

804.  QUETENITE.    A.  Frenzel,  Min.  Mitth.,  11,  217,  1890. 

Monoclinic  or  triclinic  ?  Massive  and  in  indistinct  prismatic  crystals  embedded 
in  chalcanthite. 

Cleavage:  prismatic,  rather  perfect.  H.  =3.  G.  =  2'08-2'14.  Duster 
greasy,  feeble.  Color  reddish  brown.  Translucent  to  opaque.  Taste  slightly 
astringent. 

Comp.— MgO.Fe203.3S03.13H20  =  Sulphur  trioxide  35-6,  iron  sesquioxide 
23'7,  magnesia  6-0,  water  34'7  =  100. 

Anal.— Frenzel,  1.  c.,  after  deducting  admixed  chalcanthite. 

SO3  37-37  FeaO8  22-70  MgO  5'92  H2O  34-01  =  100 

Decomposed  by  water  with  the  separation  of  iron  sesquioxide. 

Obs. — From  the  Salvador  mine  in  Queteua,  eight  kilometers  west  of  Calama,  Chili;  inti- 
mately associated  with  chalcauthite. 

805.  ZINCALUMINITE.    Bertrand  and  Damour,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  4,  135,  136,  1881. 

In  minute  crystals,  forming  very  thin  hexagonal  plates.  Optically  uniaxial, 
negative,  and  hence  hexagonal,  or  possibly  orthorhombic  with  a  prismatic  angle  of 
about  60°  (Bertrand). 

H.  =  2-5-3.     G.  —  2'26.     Color  white,  or  slightly  bluish. 

Comp.— 2ZnS04.4Zn(OH)2.6Al(OH)3  +  5H20,  or  6Zn0.3AlQ03.2S03.18H,0  = 
Sulphur  trioxide  12*5,  alumina  24'0,  zinc  protoxide  38'1,  water  25'4  =  100. 
Anal.— Damour,  after  deducting  a  little  clay. 

S03  A12O3  ZnO  CuO  H2O 

12-94  25-48  34'69  T85  25'04  =  100 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  in  the  closed  tube  gives  off  abundance  of  water,  Slightly  alkaline,  With 
cobalt  solution  on  strong  ignition  gives  a  greenish  gray  mass  with  blue  at  some  points.  On 
charcoal  a  zinc  coating.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid,  leaving  5  to  7  p.  c.  clay. 

Obs. — From  the  zinc  mines  of  Laurium,  Greece,  associated  with  smithsouite,  serpierite,  etc. 

ENYSITE  Collins,  Min,  Mag.,  1,  14,  1876;  C.  Le  Neve  Foster,  ibid.,  p.  9. 

Forms  a  bluish  green  stalagmitic  crust.  H.  =  2-2'5.  G.  =  1'59.  An  analysis  gave: 
SO3  8-12,  A12O3  29-85,  CuO  16'91,  CaO  1'35.  SiO2  3'40,  CO2  I'Oo  H2O  (over  H2SO4  after  3  days) 
14-04,  at  150°  C.  18-21,  at  a  red  heat  7'17,  Fe2O3,Cl,Na2O  tr.  =  lOO'lO.  Compare  analyses  of 
woodwardite  by  Flight,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  24,  1,  Jan.,  1871;  and  Pisani,  Phil.  Mag.,  35,  320,  1868. 

Found  at  St.  Agnes,  Cornwall,  in  one  of  the  caves  at  the  old  quay.  Named  after  John  S. 
Enys,  F.G.S.  Probably  a  mechanical  mixture.  Cf.  Groth,  Zs.  Kr.,  1,  75,  1877. 

LAMPROPHANITE.     Lamprophan  Igelstrom ,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  23,  93,  1866. 

In  thin  cleavable  folia.  H.  =3.  G.  =  3'07.  Luster  pearly.  Color  and  streak  white. 
An  analysis  afforded  Igelstrom  : 

S03  PbO  MnO  MgO  CaO        Na2O,K2O      H3O 

11-17  28  00  7'90»  5-26  24'65  14'02  8'35  =  99'35 

*  FeO  tr. 

Yields  water.  With  soda  on  charcoal  yields  metallic  lead  and  a  hepatic  mass.  Not  wholly 
soluble  in  acids. 

From  Langban  in  Wermland,    Sweden.     Named  in  allusion  to  the  luster  from 
shining. 


978  SULPHATES,    CHROMATES,  ETC. 

806.  JOHANNITE.      Uranvitriol  John,    Ch.   Unters.,    5,    254,    1821.      Johannit  Haiti., 
Abhandl.,  Bohm.  Ges.  Prag,  1830.     Sulphate  of  Uranium.     Sulfate  vert  d'uraiie  Beud. 

Monoclinic.  Prismatic  angle  111°  and  69°,  ft  —  85°  40'.  Crystals  flattened,  resembling 
those  of  trona,  and  from  one  to  three  lines  in  length;  arranged  in  concentric  druses  or  reniform 
masses. 

H.  =  2-2 '5.  G.  =  3-19.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  beautiful  emerald-green,  sometimes 
passing  into  apple-green.  Streak  paler.  Transparent  to  translucent;  sometimes  opaque.  Sol- 
uble in  water.  Taste  bitter,  rather  than  astringent. 

Comp. — A  hydrous  sulphate  of  uranium  and  copper,  formula  uncertain. 

Anal.— Lindacker,  Vogl.  Min.  Joach.,  1857. 

SO3  20  02  U03  67-72  CuO  5'99  FeO  0'20  H2O  5'59  =  99'52 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  a  glass  tube  at  a  low  heat  does  not  change;  highly  heated  gives  off  water  and 
sulphur  dioxide,  and  becomes  brown  and  finally  black.  B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  sulphurous 
fumes  and  a  scoria  of  black  color  and  dull  green  streak.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  reacts  for 
copper  and  uranium.  Somewhat  soluble  in  water. 

Obs.— Discovered  by  John  near  Joachimsthal  in  Bohemia.  Found  also  at  Johanngeorgen- 
atadt.  Reported  from  the  Middletown  feldspar  quarry  by  Shepard. 

Named  after  the  Archduke  Johann  of  Austria. 

807.  URANOPILITE.     Weisbach,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  258,  1882.     Uranocher  pt. 

A  velvety  incrustation  onuraninite  or  mica  schist  at  Johanngeorgeustadt;  a  similar  substance 
occurs  at  Joachimsthal.  Crystals  minute  flattened,  acicular  and  terminated  obliquely  (79£°); 
extinction  oblique  (9°).  G.  =  3  75-3'97.  Color  yellow. 

Comp.— Perhaps  CaU8S2O31.25H2O  or  CaO.8UO3.2SO3.25H2O  =  Sulphur  trioxide  5'4, 
uranium  trioxide  77'6,  lime  1'9,  water  15'1  =  100. 

Anal.— H.  Schulze,  1.  c. 

SO3  UO3  CaO  H2O  insol. 

1.  3-18  77-17  2-08  16'59  0'39     =       99-41 

2.  4-56  77-46  1'96  14'69  1'33     =     100 

A  basisches  Uransulphat  from  Joachimsthal,  like  the  above,  gave  Dauber  :  SO3  4'0,  U03  79 -9, 
HaO  14'3  =  98'2.  In  microscopic  lemon-yellow  crystals,  Pogg.,  92,  251,  1854. 

MEDJIDITE  J.  L.  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  5,  337,  1848.     Sulphate  of  Uranium  and  Lime. 

Massive,  with  an  imperfectly  crystalline  structure.  H.  =  2'5.  Luster  vitreous  in  the 
fracture.  Color  dark  amber.  Transparent.  A  hydrous  sulphate  of  uranium  and  calcium 
according  to  some  qualitative  trials  by  Smith. 

Occurs  near  Adrianople,  Turkey,  on  pitchblende,  associated  with  liebigite,  in  some  places 
with  crystals  of  gypsum;  also  at  Joachimsthal,  with  liebigite  on  uranium  ore.  Externally  often 
dull  from  loss  of  water.  Named  after  the  Turkish  sultan  Abdul  Medjid. 

The  following  are  uncertain  uranium  sulphates  from  Joachimsthal,  Bohemia,  derived  from 
the  alteration  of  uraniuite. 

URANOCHALCITE.  Uraugriui  Hartmann.  Uranochalzit  Breith.,  Handb..  173,  1841.  In 
small  nodular  crusts  and  velvety  druses,  consisting  of  acicular  crystals.  H.  —  2-2*5.  Color  fine 
grass-green  to  apple-green;  streak  apple-green. 

ZIPPEITE.  Basisches  schwefelsaures  Uranoxyd  (verwitterter  Uran-Vitriol)  J.  F.  John, 
Unters.,  5,  1821,  Jb.  Min.,  299,  1845.  Uranbliithe  Zippe.  Vh.  Ges.  Bohm.,  1824.  Zippeit  Raid., 
Handb.,  510,  1845.  Dauberite  Adam,  Tabl.  Min.,  64,  1869. 

In  delicate  needles;  acicular  rosettes;  warty  crusts.  H.  =  3.  Color  fine  sulphur- yellow, 
lemon-yellow,  orange-yellow. 

VOGLIANITE.  Basic  Sulphate  of  Uranium  Vogl,  Min.  Joach.,  1857.  Voglianite  Dana.  In 
soft  globular,  and  nodular,  earthy  coatings.  Color  pistachio-  to  verdigris-green;  streak  pale 
green  or  apple-green. 

UKACONITE.  Uranocker  Vogl,  Min.  Joach.  ?  Uracouise  Beud.,  T>r.,  2,  672,  1832. 
Uraconite  Dana.  Amorphous,  earthy,  or  scaly,  and  of  a  fine  lemon-yellow  color,  or  orange. 
Uraconise  of  Beudant  was  described  as  a  yellow  pulverulent  ore;  its  composition  is  unknown. 

Analyses  of  these  substances,  Lindacker,  Vogl,  Min.  Joach.,  1857,  5th  Ed.,  pp.  667,  668. 

Uranochalcite 
Zippeite 

Voglianite 

Uraconite,  yellow 
orange 


SO3 

UO,U2O8           FeO 

CuO 

CaO 

H20 

20-03 

36-14 

0-14 

6-55 

10-10 

27-16  = 

100-12 

13-06 

67-86 

Fe20s  0-17 

— 

0-61 

17-69  = 

99-39 

17-36 

62-04 

— 

5-21 

— 

15-23  = 

99-84 

1234 

79-50 

0-12 

— 

1-66 

5-49  = 

99-11 

12-13 

79-69 

0-36 

2-24 

Q-05 

5-25  = 

99-72 

7*12 

7094 

Fe2O3  0-41 

0-24 

— 

20-88  = 

99-58 

10-16 

66-05 

"       086 

— 

2-62 

20-06  = 

99-76 

MONTANITE—EMMONSITE.  979 

Tellurates;  also  Tellurites,  Selenites. 
808.    Montanite  Bia(OH)4Te06? 


809.  Emmonsite  Ferric  tellurite  Monoclinic 

810.  Durdenite  Fea(Te03)3  +  4HaO 

a:i:6  ft 

811.  Chalcomenite       CuSe03  -f  2H20     Monoclinic      0-7222  :  1  :  0-2460    89°  9' 

Molybdomenite 
Cobaltomenite 


808.   MONTANITE.    F.  A.  Genth,  Dana  Min.,  668,  1868;  Am.  J.  Sc.,  45,  318,  1868. 
Incrusting;  without  distinct  crystalline  structure. 

Soft  and  earthy.     Luster  dull  to  -waxy.     Color  yellowish,  greenish  to  white; 
also  brownish  red.     Opaque.    • 

Comp.— Bi203.Te03.2H20  =  Tellurium  trioxide  257,  bismuth  trioxide  68-9, 
water  5-4  =  100. 

AnaL— 1-3,  Genth,  1.  c.     4,  Mingaye,  Rec.  G.  Surv.,  N.  S.  W.,  1,  28. 

TeO3        Bi2O3     Fe2O3       H2O 

1.  Montana  26 -83        66'78        0'56        [5 -44]     Fe2O3  0'56,   PbO  0'39  =  100 

2.  "  25-45        68-78        1'26        [3'47]     Fe2O3  1'26,  Cu20 1'04  =  100 

3.  "  23-90        71-90        032        [2'80]    Fe2O3  0'32,  Cu20 1'08  =  100 

4.  Norongo,  N.  S.  W.  27'65        50'68      14-38          6'16     gangue  1-00  =  99'87 

Pyr.,  etc.— Yields  water  in  a  tube  when  heated.  B.B.  gives  the  reactions  of  bismuth  and 
tellurium.  Soluble  in  dilute  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs.— lucrusts  tetradymite,  from  whose  alteration  it  has  been  formed,  at  Highland,  in 
Montana.  The  waxy  luster  is  observed  when  the  incrustation  has  separated  from  the  scales  of 
tetradymite;  also  with  the  tetradymite  of  Davidson  Co.,  N.  C.  Occurs  with  tetradymite  at 
Norongo  near  Captain's  Flat,  New  South  Wales;  it  has  in  part  a  pale  yellow  color,  also  brown- 
ish red  color  with  G.  =  3  789.  The  former  incrusts  tetradymite;  the  latter  (anal.  4)  is  in  small 
cubical  forms,  and  is  regarded  (T.  W.  E.  David)  as  a  pseudomorph  after  pyrite. 


809.  EMMONSITE.     W.  F.  Hillebrand,  Proc.  Col.  Soc.,  2,  pt.  1,  20,  1885. 

Monoclinic  (?)  In  thin  scales,  formed  by  perfect  cleavage  |  b  (010),  whose 
outlines  are  formed  by  two  unequal  cleavages  giving  the  plane  angles  85°  and  95°. 

Hardness  about  5.  Color  of  scales  clear  yellow-green.  Extinction  on  b  in 
obtuse  angle  (95°)  inclined  13°  to  the  better  cleavage  direction  and  82°  to  the 
other,  E.  S.  D. 

Comp. — Probably  a  hydrated  ferric  tellurite,  but  exact  composition  un- 
determined. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  Hillebrand,  1.  c.:  1,  of  the  brown  substance;  2,  of  green  portions.  From  3-5 
p.  c.  quartz  have  been  deducted. 

Te(Se)  Fe  ZnO  CaO  H2O 

1.  f    59-32  14-32  —  —  3'28 

2.  59-14  14-20  1-94  0'56 

Pyr. — In  a  closed  tube  fuses  to  a  deep  red  globule,  water  collects  in  the  upper  part,  a  faint 
sublimate  of  selenium  and  a  stronger  one  of  selenous  oxide,  lower  down  one  of  tellurous  oxide 
fusible  to  colorless  drops.  Readily  dissolved  in  strong  acids. 

Obs. — Obtained  from  Arizona,  near  Tombstone,  exact  locality  unknown.  The  yellowish 
green  scales  are  in  part  embedded  in  a  hard  brown  gangue  consisting  of  lead  carbonate,  quartz, 
and  a  brown  substance  containing  iron  and  tellurium. 

Named  after  S.  F.  Emmons  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 


980  SULPHATES,    CHROMATES,   ETC. 

810.  DURDENITE.    E.  8.  Dana  and  H.  L.  Wells,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  80,  1890. 
Massive;  in  small  mam  mill ary  forms  showing  but  little  structure  and  exerting 
almost  no  action  on  polarized  light. 

H.  =  2-2  '5.  Friable.  Luster  vitreous,  dull.  Color  greenish  yellow.  Trans- 
lucent to  nearly  opaque. 

Comp — Hydrous  ferric  tellurite,  Fe2(Te03)3  -f  4H20  or  Fe203.3Te02.4H20 
=  Tellurium  dioxide  67*1,  iron  sesquioxide  22*7,  water  10*2  —  100.  Selenium, 
replaces  a  small  part  of  the  tellurium. 

Anal. — 1,  H.  L.  Wells,  1.  c. ;  la,  same  after  deducting  insoluble  matter  (quartz). 

TeO2  SeO2          Fe2O3  H2O  insol. 

1.  4720  1-60  19-24  7  67  23-89  =     99'60 

la.  64-41  2-28  22'97  10'34  —     =  100 

Pyr.,  etc. — Gives  the  usual  reaction  for  tellurium  in  the  open  tube;  fuses  on  charcoal  and 
leaves  a  magnetic  residue.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs.— From  the  El  Plomo  mine,  Ojojoma  district,  Dept.  Tegucigalpa,  Honduras.  It  occurs 
disseminated  in  grains  and  narrow  veins  in  a  quartzose  conglomerate  containing  much  nearly 
pure  metallic  tellurium.  The  same  locality  affords  the  selen-tellurium  noted  on  p.  11. 

Named  after  Henry  S.  Durden  of  the  State  Mining  Bureau  of  San  Francisco. 

FERROTELLURITE  F.  A.  Genth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  17,  119,  1877.  Described  as  occurring  in 
delicate  radiating  tufts,  also  in  very  minute  prismatic  crystals,  as  a  coating  on  quartz  associated 
with  native  tellurium  and  tellurite,  at  the  Keystone  mine,  Magnolia  District,  Colorado.  Color 
between  straw- and  lemon-yellow,  inclining  to  greenish  yellow,  "insoluble  in  ammonia;  soluble  in 
HC1.  A  qualitative  examination  showed  the  presence  of  iron  and  tellurium,  and  the  composition 
FeTeO4  is  suggested;  the  quantity,  however,  was  too  minute  to  allow  of  a  satisfactory  examina- 
tion, and  Dr.  Genth  states  (priv.  contr.)  that  it  is  not  impossible  that  the  crystals  were  tellurous 
oxide  colored  yellow  by  a  salt  of  ferric  oxide. 

MAGNOLITE  F.  A.  Genth,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  17,  118,  1877. 

In  radiating  tufts  of  very  minute  acicular  or  capillary  crystals.  Color  white.  Luster 
silky.  Contains  mercury  and  tellurium,  and  composition  inferred  to  be  Hg2TeO4.  Blackened 
by  ammonia.  A  decomposition-product  of  coloradoite,  found  in  the  upper  part  of  the  Keystone 
mine,  Magnolia  District,  Colorado. 


811.  CHALCOMENITE.    Des  Cloizeaux  and  Damour,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  4,  51,  164,  1881. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  1 :  6  =  0*72219  :  1  :  0*24604  ;  p  =  89°  9'  =  001  A  100 
Des  Cloizeaux. 

100  A  HO  =  *35°  50',  001  A  101  =  *18°  54',  001  A  Oil  =  13°  49J'. 

a  (100,  i-l)        m  (110,  /)  /  (801,  -  S-l)         e  (261,  -  6-3) 

c  (001,  0)         g    (101,  1-i)          8  (421,  -  4-2)        /?  (2-12-1,  -  12-6) 

mm'"  =  71°  40'  cm  =     89°  19'  /3/¥  =  135°     9' 

cf        =  69°     6'  ce  =     58°     9'  ae  =  68°  40' 

eg        =  18°  54'  dd'  =     32°  15'  a/3  =  77°  24f 

a'ff      =  *71°  57'  ee'  =  100°  55V 

Crystals  small ;  faces  c,  g  often  horizontally  striated. 

G.  --  3-76.     Luster  vitreous.     Color  bright  blue.     Transparent.    Optically  — . 
Ax.  pi.  JL  and  Bxa  II  b  (010).     Angle  small.     Dispersion  strong,  p  <  v. 

Comp.— Hydrous  cupric  selenite,  CuSeOa  +  2H,0  or  CuO.Se02.2HaO  =  Sele- 
nium dioxide  49'1,  cupric  oxide  35*0,  water  15*9  =  100. 
Anal. — Damour,  1.  c. 

SeO2  48-12  CuO  35'40  HaO  15'30  =  98'82 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  to  a  black  slag,  giving  off  selenium  fumes,  and  coloring 
the  flame  deep  blue.  In  the  closed  tube  yields  a  little  water  and  a  sublimate  of  SeO2  in  white 
needles.  In  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  in  O.F.  a  greenish  blue  glass,  which  becomes  blood  red 
when  reduced  with  the  addition  of  metallic  tin.  Soluble  in  acids. 


CHALCOMENITE.  981 

Obs. — Occurs  in  minute  crystals  with  the  various  seleuides  of  silver,  copper,  and  lead,  which 
are  found  in  small  veins  in  the  Cerro  de  Cacheuta,  Mendoza,  Argentine  Republic.  Often  inti- 
mately mixed  with  azurite,  iron  oxide,  and  lead  carbonate,  which  have  been  formed  by  the 
alteration  of  the  seleuides  and  of  the  pyrites  which  forms  the  gaugue. 

Named  from  ^r/l/cos,  copper,  and  jur/t'?/,  moon,  in  allusion  to  selenium,  derived  from 
the  more  common  cre/l?;^,  moon. 

Artif.— MM.  Friedel  and  Sarasin  have  made  artificially  (Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  4,  176,  225,  1881, 
Zs.  Kr.,  6,  302  1881)  a  copper  seleuite  having  the  same  form  and  composition  as  chalconienite, 
and  another  differing  in  crystalline  form  (orthorhombic). 

MOLYBDOMENITE.     Seleuite  de  plomb  Bertrand,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  5,  90,  1882. 

Orthorhombic.  In  very  thin,  fragile  scales.  Cleavage  in  two  directions;  easy  ||  large  face  of 
the  scales.  Luster  pearly.  Color  white.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Optically  -}-.  Ax.  pi. 
normal  to  intersection  of  two  cleavages,  and  obtuse  bisectrix  normal  to  easy  cleavage. 

Contains  lead  and  selenium,  and  regarded  as  a  lead  selenite;  some  varieties  also  contain 
copper.  Occurs  associated  with  chalconienite  and  various  selenides  at  Cacheuta,  Mendoza, 
Argentine  Republic.  Named  from  jj.6kvfi6o<->,  lead,  and  ur'jvt],  moon. 

CoBALTOMENiTE1  Bertrand,  ibid.  Associated  with  molybdomenite.  In  minute  rose-red 
monoclinic  crystals,  resembling  eryth rite.  Optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  parallel  to  direction  of  elonga- 
tion of  crystals,  and  acute  bisectrix  normal  to  it,  but  strongly  inclined  to  the  cleavage  direction. 
Contains  cobalj  and  perhaps  a  cobalt  selenite.  There  also  occur  with  the  lead  selenide  at  the 
same  locality  minute  white  acicular  ciystals,  entirely  volatile  and  apparently  consisting  only  of 
seleuous  oxide  (p.  201). 

KERSTENITE.  Seleuichtsaures  Bleioxyd  Kersten,  Pogg.,  46,  277,  1839.  Seleubleispath. 
Kersteuite  Dana.  Bleiselenit  Germ. 

In  small  spheres  and  botryoidal  masses.  Cleavage  distinct  in  one  direction.  H.  =  3-4.  Luster 
greasy  to  vitreous.  Color  sulphur-yellow.  Streak  uncolored.  Brittle.  Fracture  fibrous. 
According  to  Kersten,  it  consists  of  selenous  oxide  and  lead  oxide,  with  a  small  proportion  of 
copper.  On  coal  it  fuses  readily  to  a  black  slag,  giving  off  a  strong  selenium  odor,  and  is  finally 
reduced  to  a  metallic  globule.  With  borax  it  fuses  and  forms  a  yellowish-green  pearl,  which  is 
of  the  same  color  on  cooling.  With  soda  on  charcoal  metallic'lead  is  obtained.  Occurs  with 
seleuide  of  antimony  and  lead,  malachite,  etc.,  at  the  Friedrichsgliick  mine,  near  Hildburg- 
hauseu,  on  the  west  side  of  the  Thuringerwald. 

ONOPRITE  Kohler,  Abhandlung,  etc.  (Programm  zur  Prilfung  der  Zoglinge  der  Gewerbe- 
schule  am  23Marz,  1853),  Berlin.  1853;  also  Pogg.,  89,  146.  1853.  Kohlerite  Adam,  Tabl.  Min., 
71,  1865.  Selenigsaures  Quecksilberoxydul,  Quecksilberselenit,  Germ. 

An  earthy  yellow  mineral  from  S.  Onofre,  Mexico,  intimately  mixed  with  calomel;  regarded 
as  probably  mercurous  selenite,  but  very  doubtful. 


Oxygen  Salts. 
7.    TUNGSTATES,  MOLYBDATES. 


812.  Wolframite 

813.  Hiibnerite 

Ferberite? 


(Fe,Mn)W04 

MnW04 

FeW0 


a  :  I  :6  /3 

0-8300  :  1  :  0-8678      89°  22' 
0-8362  :  1  :  0-8668      89°  7 


814.  Scheelite 

815.  Cuprotungstite 

Cuproscheelite 

816.  PoweUite 

817.  Stolzite 

818.  Wulfenite 


Scheelite  Group.     Tetragonal. 

CaW04  6  =  1-5360 

CuW04 

(Ca,Cu)W04 

Ca(Mo,W)04  6  =  1-5445 

PbW04  6  =  1-5667 

PbMoO.  6  =  1-5771 


819.  Reinite 

820.  Belonesite 


FeW04 
MgMo04? 


6  =  1-279 
26  =  1-3211 


812,  813.  WOLFRAMITE  —  HUBNERITE. 

812.  Wolframite.    Lupi  Spuma,  Lapis  niger  ex  quo  conflatur  candidum  plumbum  [=  Tin], 
Agric.,  Foss.,  255,  1546.     Volfram,  Ferrum  arsenico  mineralisatum,  Spuma  Lupi  (fr.  tin  veins) 
Wall.,  Min.,  268,  1747.      Magnesia  [=  Manganese]  parva-  cum  portione  martis  et  jovis  mixta, 
"Wolfram  (fr.  Alien  berg),  Cronst.,  Min.,  107,  1758.     Wolfram  =  TUNGSTIC  ACID,  Iron,  and  Mang., 
d'Elhuyar,  Chem.  Zergl.  Wolframs.,  1785.      Tungstate  of  Iron  and  Manganese.      Scheeliu  ferru- 
giue  R.,  Tr.,  4,  1801.     Wolframit  Breith.,  Char.,  227,  1832. 

813.  Hubnerite.    E.  Riotte,  Reese  River  (Cal.)  Reveille,  1865;  H.  Credner,  in  B.  H.  Ztg., 
24,  370,  1865.     Manganowolframit  Weisb.,  Synops.  Min.,  40,  1875. 

Megabasit  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  11,  189,  1852.     Blumit  Breith.,  K.  L.T.  Liebe,  Jb.  Min.,  652, 
1863. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  1  :  6  =  0-83000  :  1  :  0-86781;  ft  =  89°  21'6'  =  001  A  100 
Des  Cloizeaux1. 

100  A  HO  =  39°  41£',  001  A  101  =  45°  56£',  001  A  Oil  =  40°  57'. 


Forms2:    . 
a  (100,  i-l) 
b  (010,  i-1) 

•  ^  » 

7i  (810,  «-8)5 
^  (310,  *-3)6 
J  (210,  «) 
q  (830,  z-f)9 


m  (110,  /) 
r  (120,  i-2) 


y  (102,  ±1) 
A  (101,  1-i)5 
d  (304,  f  »)• 


$  (095,  f-i) 
w  (021,  2-i) 


t  (102,~B) 
a;  (101,-1-i)6 
r  (1-0-11,^-i)5 


k  (023,  f-i)  as  tw.  pi. 
/  (Oil,  14) 


c    (112,  |) 
o  (111,  1) 


^  (552,  f)6 
K  (211,  -2-2)7 
r  (831,  -8-f)' 

*  (*n'  2-^ 

o-  (121,  -2-2) 
s  (121,  2-2) 
' 


982 


1. 


WOLFRAMITE— H  UBNER1TE. 
2.  3. 


983 


Figs. 


1-3,   Wolframite,  1,   2,   Zinnwald.      3,  Zinnwald,  Rose. 

(anal.  20),  Pfd. 


4,  Hubnerite,  Silverton,  Col. 


hh'" 

II'" 

mm' 

rr' 

at 

ax 

a'y 

ty 

kkf 
ff 


55°  28' 
36°  11' 

89°  31' 
56°    9' 


inA    = 

moo    = 

me     = 

me    = 

m'o    = 

aoo     = 

=  *89°  31' 
=  *52°  0' 
=  32°  29' 


41°  53' 

61°  38' 
42°  14V 
62°  11V 


ao 
ad 
a'e 


AA'  = 

COGO'  = 

ee'     = 
oo'     = 

36°  31V   dd'    =  41°  13' 

51°  24'      ao-'  =  100°    3' 

=  100°  41' 

=  58°  19' 

mt     =  56°    1' 


=     68°  52'     m'y  =    70°  41'    Wolframite,  Sierra  Almagrera,  after  Slg. 


=  30°  56' 
=  45°  4V 
'=  79°  23* 
=  62°  8' 
=  61°  54' 
=  43°  25' 
=  62°  54' 
=  55°  12' 
=  60°  6' 
=  *81°  54' 
=  120°  6' 
For  hubnerite  from  Silverton,  Colorado  (f.  4  and  anal.  20)  Penfield  calculates  (priv.  contr.): 

d  :  b  :  c  =  0-83623  :  1  :  0'86684;          /S  =  89°  7V- 

Angles:  mm'  =  *100°  12',  bf  =  *49°  5',  bm!  =  *65°  43'. 

Twins:  (1)  tw.  axis  6  with  a  as  comp.-face;  (2)  tw.  pi.  Jc  (023)  Eose,  f.  3. 
Crystals  commonly  tabular  ||  # ;  also  prismatic  with  a  b  d,  or  I  b  c.  Faces  in  pris- 
matic zone  vertically  striated.  Often  in  bladed  crystals;  also  irregular  lamellar; 
coarse  divergent  columnar;  massive  granular,  the  particles  strongly  coherent. 

Cleavage:  b  very  perfect;  also  parting  sometimes  observed  |  «,  and  ||  t  (102) 
(Dx.).  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  5-5-5.  G.  —  7*2-7 *5.  Luster  sub- 
metallic;  metallic-adamantine;  resinous.  Color  dark  grayish  or  brownish  black, 
brownish  red,  hair-brown.  Streak  nearly  black  to  dark  reddish  brown;  yellowish 
brown;  greenish  gray.  Opaque  or  sometimes  translucent.  Sometimes  weakly 
magnetic. 

For  hubnerite,  ax.  pi.  and  Bx0  _i_  b.  Bx^  A  6  =  17°  39J'  Na.  Measure- 
ments (approx.)  on  artif.  cryst. : 


2Har  =93' 


2H0.r  =  141° 


2Vr  =  75°  (Li)  Groth  &  Arzruni 8 


Hubnerite  from  Colorado,  with  extinction-angle  =  17°,  is  pleochroic  (Pfd.9)  with  c  green, 
6  yellowish  brown.  The  color  varies  in  the  same  section  presumably  from  variation  in  amount 
of  FeO. 

Comp.,  Tar. — Tungstate  of  iron  and  manganese  (Fe,Mn)W04.  In  WOLFRAMITE 
Fe :  Mn  =  chiefly  4  :  1  and  2  :  3,  but  varying  from  9  :  1  to  2  :  3.  HiiBtf ERITE  is 
nearly  pure  MnW04. 

The  percentage  composition  for  the  pure  tungstates,  and  the  compounds  in  various  ratios 
between  them,  is  as  follows: 


FeO  r  MnO 
1:0 
5:1 
4:1 
1:1 
2:3 
0  :1 


WO3 
76-3 
76-4 
76-4 
764 
76-5 
76-6 


FeO 
23-7 
19-7 
18-9 
11-9 
9-5 


MnO 

3-9 
4.7 

11-7 
140 
23-4 


100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 


984 


TUNGSTATES,   MOLYBDATES. 


WOLFRAMITE.  Often  in  crystals  as  above  described.  Color  and  streak  nearly  black.  Opaque. 
Chiefly  ferrous  tuugstate. 

HUBNERITE.  Usually  in  bladed  forms,  rarely  in  distinct  terminated  crystals.  Color  brown- 
ish red  to  hair-brown  to  nearly  black.  Streak  yellowish  brown,  greenish  gray.  Often  translucent. 
Optical  characters  as  above.  Chiefly  manganese  tungstate. 

Megabasite,  supposed  to  have  a  different  composition,  was  later  shown  (Rg.)  to  belong  here. 
Crystals  from  Schlackenwald  gave  Groth  and  Arzruni  the  forms:  a,  b,  c,  n,  m,  y,  d,  A,  &?,  d. 

Anal.— 1,  Beck  &  Teich,  Vh.,  Min.- Ges.,  4,  314,  1869.  2,  Liversidge,  Min.  N.  S.  W.,  85, 
1888.  3-6,  Kerndt,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  42,  81,  102,  105,  1847.  7,  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  28,  253,  1857. 
8.  Beck  &  Teich,  ib.,  p.  317.  9,  Carnot,  C.  R.,  79,  637,  1874;  two  other  analyses  gave  0'9,  0'95 
Ta2O5.  10,  Beruouilli,  Pogg.,  Ill,  603,  1860.  11-14,  Kerndt,  1.  c. 

15,  Philipp,  Rg.  Min.  Ch.,  286,  1875,  earlier  analyses  (Rg.)  were  made  on  less  pure  material 
16,  Beck  &  Teich,  ib.,  p.  315.  17,  Kulibin,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  3,  1,  1868.  18,  Pflucker,  Domeyko, 
3d  App.  Min.  Chili,  9, 1871.  19-22,  F.  A.  Genth,  priv.  contr.;  the  hiibnerite  from  Cement  Creek 
has  also  been  analyzed  by  H.  F.  Keller,  J.  Frankl.  Inst.,  128.  153,  1889.  23,  W.  F.  Hillebrand, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  27,  357,  1884.  24,  A.  H.  Low,  ibid.,  p.  358.  See  further  Kerndt.  Schaffgotsch,  1  c  , 
also  5th  Ed.,  pp.  602-605. 


Wolframite. 

1.  Adun-Chalon 

2.  Inverell,  N.  S.  W. 

3.  Chanteloup 

4.  Monte  Video 

5.  Harzgerode 

6.  Ehrenfriedersdorf 

7.  FloweMt.,  N.  C. 

8.  Altai 

9.  Meymac 

10.  Traversella 

11.  Altenberg 

12.  Schlackenwald 

13.  Monroe,  Ct. 

14.  Zinnwald 

Hubnerite. 

15.  Schlackenwald  Megabasite 

16.  Bayevka,  Ural 
17. 

18.  Morochocha 

19.  Bonita  Mt.,  N.  M. 

20.  N.  StarM.,  Silverton 

21.  Cement  Cr.,  Silverton 

22.  Nye  Co.,  Nevada 

23.  Ouray  Co.,  Col. 

24.  Phillipsburg,  Mont. 


G. 

W03 

FeO 

MnO 

6-405 

|  75-55 

21-31 

2-37 

77-64 

18-76 

4-12 

748-7-51 

75-83 

19-32 

4-84 

7-5-7-51 

76-02 

19-21 

4-75 

7-23 

75-90 

19-25 

4-80 

7-50 

75-88 

19-16 

4-96 

7-50 

75-79 

19-80 

5-35 

6-968 

|  75-56 

1622 

8-42 

6'54? 

74-25 

15-85 

6-51 

7-19 

7-48-7-54 
7-41-7-49 
7-22 

75-99 
75-44 

75-68 
7547 
76-34 

16-29 
9-64 
956 
9-53 
9-61 

3-45 
14-90 
14-30 
14-26 
14-21 

4-03 

= 

9976 
99-98 
99-54 
9926 
100-16 

7-267 
7-357 


6-713 
6-891 

7-177 


CaO 

0-26  MgO  0-51  =  100 

—  =  100-52 

—  =    99-99 

—  =    99-98 

—  =    99-95 

—  =  100 

0-32  SnO2Zr.  =  101'26 

—  =  100-20 

0-80  MgO   0-04,    Ta2O6  MO. 
[H2O  0-70  =  99-25 


73-60 
7661 
74-32 

75-12 
76-33 
74-75 
76-63 

74-88 
75-58 


3-74 
4-64 
2-11 
142 
3-82 
2-91 
1-61 
0-56 
0-24 


22-24 
18-59 
20-90 
23-21 
19-72 
21-93 
21-78 
23-87 
23-40 


74-82      0-06    25-00 


—  =99-58 

0-17  MgO  0-20=100-21 
1-30  SiO2  0-28  =  98-91 

0-13  MgO  tr.  =  100 
0-11  MgO  tr.  =    99-70 
0-09  MgO  tr.  =  100-11 
0-14  MgO  0-08,  Cu  0-08=99-61 
0-13  Sib90-62,    Nb2050'05?  = 
[100-02 

—  =  99-88 


Pyr.,  etc.— Wolframite  fuses  B.B.  easily  (F.  =  2'5-3)  to  a  globule,  which  has  a  crystalline 
surface  and  is  magnetic.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  a  clear  reddish  yellow  glass  while  hot, 
wbich  is  paler  on  cooling;  in  R.F.  becomes  dark  red;  on  charcoal  wilh  tin,  if  not  too  saturated, 
the  bead  assumes  on  cooling  a  green  color,  which  continued  treatment  in  R.F.  changes  to  red- 
dish yellow.  With  soda  and  niter  on  platinum  foil  fuses  to  a  bluish  green  muuganate,  Decom- 
posed by  aqua  regia  with  separation  of  tungstic  acid  as  a  yellow  powder,  which,  when  treated 
B.B.,  relicts  as  under  tungstite  (p.  202).  Wolframite  is  sufficiently  decomposed  by  concentrated 
sulphuric  acid,  or  even  hydrochloric  acid,  to  give  a  colorless  solution,  which,  treated  with 
metallic  zinc,  becomes  intensely  blue,  but  soon  bleaches  on  dilution. 

Hilbuerite  is  less  fusible  than  wolframite  and  gives  a  strong  manganese  reaction. 

Obs.— Wolframite  is  often  associated  with  tin  ores;  also  in  quartz,  with  native  bismuth, 
scheelite,  pyrite,  galena,  sphalerite,  etc.  It  occurs  in  fine  crystals  at  Schlackenwald,  Schnee- 
berg,  Geyer,  Freiberg,  Altenberg,  Ehrenfriedersdorf,  Zinnwald,  and  Nerchinsk,  and  other 
places  mentioned  above;  at  Chanteloup,  near  Limoges,  in  France;  near  Red  ruth  and  elsewhere 
in  Cornwall  with  tin  ores;  in  Cumberland  (the  ratio  2  :  3  at  Lochfells,  that  of  4:  1  at  Godolphin's 
Ball);  on  the  Island  of  Rpna,  one  of  the  Hebrides;  in  the  auriferous  sand  of  the  Wicklow  rivers, 
Ireland,  with  tin.  Also  in  S  America,  at  Oruro  in  Bolivia.  With  tin  stone  at  various  points  in 
New  England,  New  South  Wales;  in  quartz  veins  at  Inverell  and  elsewhere  in  Gough  Co. 

In  the  U.  States  it  occurs  at  Lane's  mine,  Monroe,  Conn.,  in  quartz,  associated  with  native 


SCHEELITE  GROUP— SCHEELITE.  985 

bismuth  and  the  other  minerals  above  mentioned,  often  pseud omorphous  after  scheelite;  in  small 
quantities  at  Trumbull,  Conn.,  at  the  topaz  vein ;  massive  and  in  crystals  on  Camdage  farm, 
near  Blue  Hill  Bay,  Me.;  at  the  Flowe  mine,  Mecklenburg  Co.,  N.  C.,  with  scheelite;  in  Mis- 
souri, near  Mine  la  Motte,  and  in  St.  Francis  Co.,  H  m.  from  St.  Francis  River;  in  a  gneiss 
boulder  on  the  W.  shore  of  Chief  Island,  L.  Couchiching,  Ontario. 

The  original  hubnerite  was  from  the  Erie  and  Enterprise  veins,  in  Mammoth  dist.,  Nevada, 
in  a  vein  3-4  feet  wide  in  argillyte,  with  scheelite,  fluorite,  and  apatite.  Occurs  also  in  quartz  of 
the  Royal  Albert  vein,  Uncompahgre  district,  Ouray  County,  Col.;  at  the  North  Star  mine, 
Sultan  Mt.,  and  Cement  Creek,  Bonita  Mt.,  both  near  Silverton,  San  Juan  Co.  At  Phillipsburg, 
Montana;  at  the  Comstock  mine,  Black  Hills,  S.  Dakota;  Bonita  Mt.,  near  White  Oaks,  Lincoln 
Co.,  New  Mexico. 

Also  found  in  Peru,  Morococha,  province  of  Tarma,  and  in  rhodochrosite  with  friedelite 
and  ulabandite  at  Adervielle  in  the  Pyrenees.  The  original  megabasite  was  from  Schlackenwald. 

Alt.— Wolframite  occurs  altered  to  scheelite  by  a  substitution  of  calcium  for  iron;  the 
opposite  exchange  is  more  common,  and  wolframite  pseudoniorphs  after  scheelite  are  often 
met  with. 

Ref.— !  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  19, 168, 1870.  Krenner  gives  for Ehrenfriedersdorf  0'82447  : 1 : 0-86041, 
ft  =  89'  39  38",  Min.  'Mitth.,  p.  9,  1875.  Seligmann,  for  Sierra  Almagrera  (FeO  19'95,  MuO  3  15 
Dodter)  0'82144  :  1  :  0-87111,  ft  =  89°  34',  Zs.  Kr.,  11,  347,  1886.  The  species  was  formerly 
regarded  as  orthorhombic;  its  mouoclinic  character  was  first  suggested  in  1850,  Dx.,  ib.,  28, 163. 
See  also  Rose,  Po^g. ,  64,  171,  1845  (relation  to  columbite),  Kerndt,  1.  c.,  and  Groth  and  Arzruni 
for  measurements  of  artif.  FeWO4,  MnWO4,  etc.,  Pogg.,  149,  237,  1873. 

2  Dx.,  1.  c.,  1850  and  1870.  3  Mir.,  Min.,  473,  1852.  4  Eremeyev.  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  17,  301 
1872.  5  Groth  and  Arzruni,  on  megabasite,  1.  c.  6  Knr.,  Felsobanya,  1.  c.  7  Slg.,  Sierrzr 
Almagrera,  Spain,  1.  c.  8L.  c.,  cf.  also  Dx.,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  5,  105,  1882.  9  Pfd.,  priv.  contr., 
N.  Star  mine,  Silverton,  Colorado. 

FERBERITE.  Ferberit  K.  L.  T.  Liebe,  Jb.  Miu.,  641,  1863,  attributing  the  name  tc 
Breithaupt.  Ferrowolframit  Weisb. ,  Synops.  Miu.,  43,  1875. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  d  :  b  :  c  =  0'8229  :  1  :  0'8462,  assuming  ft  —  89°  22'  as  with  wolframite 
Forms  on  artif.  cryst.  (FeWO4)  :  a  (100,  i-l),  b  (010,  i-i);  m  (110,  /),  g  (120,  £2);  d  (102,  -  $-1), 
e  (Oil,  1-1);  it  (111,  1).  Angles:  mm"  -  78°  53',  gg'  =  62°  34',  cd  =  27°  5',  ce  =  40°  14'. 
See  Groth  and  Arzruni,  Pogg.,  149,  237,  1873. 

The  original  "ferberite"  was  massive,  granular,  with  some  imperfect  planes  of  crystallization. 
Cleavage:  b  perfect.  H.  =  4-4'5.  G.  =  6  801  Breith.;  7'109  Rg.  Luster  imperfectly  vitreous,  a 
little  submetallic-adamantine.  Color  black.  Streak  brownish  black  to  blackish  brown.  Opaque. 

Composition  of  artif.  cryst.,  ferrous  tungstate,  FeWO4  —  Tungsten  trioxide  76  3,  iron  prot- 
oxide 23'7  =  100.  A  little  manganese  is  also  present.  . 

Analyses  of  "ferberite"  from  Spain:  1.  Liebe,  1.  c.,  deducting  1*39  limonite  (Rg.). 
2,  Rg.,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  175,  1864,  and  J.  pr.  Ch.,  92,  263,  1864. 

WO3         SnO2       FeO         MnO      MgO       CaO 

1.  Spain  70-11         0-14        23-29        302        0'42        1*75  A12O3  M7  =  99'90 

2.  •'  [69-27]'       0-16        26-00        300  1'57  =  100 

a  Direct  determinations,  69*49-69-88. 

These  analyses  do  not  conform  to  FeWO4.  rather  to  2FeWO4  -f  FeO  or  3FeWO4  -f-  FeO; 
further  note  that  a  "ferberite"  stated  to  come  from  Sierra  Almagrera  proved  (as  described  by 
Seligmann,  ref.,  above)  to  be  wolframite  with  Fe  :  Mn  =  5:1.  The  existence  of  the  pure 
FeWO4  in  nature  is  hence  not  proved,  though  made  artificially.  The  original  ferberite  was  from 
the  Sierra  Almagrera  in  southern  Spain,  in  argillaceous  schist,  with  quartz.  Named  after  R 
Ferber  of  Gera. 


Scheelite  Group.     Tetragonal. 

814.  BPHEETjITE.  Tennspat,  Lapides  stanniferi  spathacei  "  lik  en  huit  spat"  (fr. 
Bohemia),  Wall.,  Min.,  303,  1747.  Not  Tungsten  von  Bastnaes  [=  Cerite]  Cronst.,  Ak.  H. 
Stockh  ,  1751,  Min.,  183,  1758.  Staunum  spathosum  subdiaphanum  album  Linn.,  Syst  ,  1768. 
Tungsten  (=  TUNGSTIC  ACID  and  Lime)  Scheele,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1781.  Schwerstein  Wern., 
Bergm.  J.,  386,  1789;  Karst.,  Tab  ,  26,  1791.  Scheelerz  KarsL,  Tab.,  56.  1800,  74,  1808. 
Tungstate  of  Lime.  Tungstein.  Scheeliu  calcaire  H.,  Tr.,  4,  1801.  Scheelsputh  Breith.,  Char., 
23,  1820.  Scheelit  Leonh.,  Handb.,  594,  1821. 

Tetragonal;  with  pyramidal   hemihedrism.      Axis  6  =  1*5356;  001  A  101  =s 
56°  55f '  Dauber1. 


TUNGSTATES,   MOLYBDATES. 


Forms2  : 
c   (001,  0) 

a  (100,  *-*) 


r  (430,  £-f) 
q,  (120,  i-2) 


d  (105,  H) 

2  (205,  f-t) 

o  (102,  i-t) 

r  (708,  I-*) 

e  (101,  1-*) 

/   (H4,  i) 


ft  (113,  i) 
«  (112,  i) 
P  (111,  1) 

*  (416,  1-4) 

*  (811,  3-3) 


I  (12-1-12,  1-12) 

k  (515,  1-5) 

*  (414,  1-4) 

h  (313,  1-3) 

9  (212,  1-2) 
d,  (121,  2-2)5 

*,  (131,  3-3) 


fft  (122,  1-2) 
y,  (135,  |-3) 
ht  (133,  1-3) 
w,  (153,  |-5) 
*,  (142,  2-4)2 


1. 


Figs.  1,  Traversella,  Bauer.      2,  Trumbull,  Conn.      3,  7,  Schlackenwald,  Bauer. 

4,  5,  6,  Zinnwald,  Id. 


dd'  =  23°  58' 

22'  =  43°  26£' 

oo'  =51°     1' 

ee'  =  72°  40*' 

ff1  =  39°  26' 

/?/?'  =  48°  59*-' 

w'  =  62°  41' 

pp'  =  79°  55V 

ep  =  39°  58' 

co  =  37°  81' 

ee  =  56°  56' 

dd"  =  34°     9' 

zz"  =  63°     7' 

00"  =  75°    2' 


ee"     =  113°  51' 


ep 

— 

65° 

W 

Jf" 

= 

57° 

0' 

W 

•  — 

71° 

48' 

vv" 

— 

94° 

43' 

pp" 

— 

130° 

33' 

PP" 

= 

*49° 

27' 

cs, 



78° 

22' 

eg 

— 

59° 

47' 

ch 

— 

58° 

17V 

ci 

= 

57° 

43' 

ck 

_ 

57° 

26' 

88" 

— 

23° 

16' 

ffsf* 

—  ; 

60° 

26' 

el 
ek 
ei 
eh 

ep 

68, 


Pff 
ph 
pi 


63°  25' 
64°  34' 
65°  7' 

3°  591' 
9°  31' 
11°  50' 

15°  36' 
22°  44' 
39°  58' 
68°  18V 

28°  21' 
17°  14' 
24°  22' 
28°  8' 


pi 

e'w, 
et, 


a'g, 


=  30°  27' 

-  35°  59' 

=  15°  44' 

=  20°  1' 

=27°  17' 

=  22°  19' 

=  39°  23' 

=  58°  39' 


ss  =51°  57' 
M7  =  41°  40' 
ss/"  =  6°  56' 

m;"  =  31°  13' 


Twins:  (1)  tw.  pi.  a,  both  contact-  and  penetration-twins;  the  comp.-face 
usually  a,  also  c.  Habit  octahedral,  e  predominating,  also  with  p;  again  tabular  |j  c. 
Faces  c  rough;  e  striated  ||  edgee/s,;  in  the  twins  a  feather-like  striation  meeting 
in  a  medial  line.  Also  renit'orm  with  columnar  structure;  and  massive  granular. 

Cleavage:  p  (111)  most  distinct;  e,  (101)  interrupted.  Fracture  uneven. 
Brittle.  H.  —  4-5-5.  G-.  —  5'9-6'l;  6-059  Beauce  Co.,  Quebec,  Ferrier.  Luster 
vitreous,  inclining  to  adamantine.  Color  white,  yellowish  white,  pale  yellow, 


SCHEELITE  GRO  UP—  SCHEELITE. 


987 


brownish,    greenish,    reddish;    sometimes   almost   orange-yellow. 
Transparent  to  translucent.     Optically  +•     Indices: 


Streak  white. 


oo  =  1-918-1-919 


e  =  1-934-1-935  red,  Dx. 


Comp. — Calcium  tungstate,  CaW04  =  Tungsten  trioxide  80'6,  lime  19'4 
=  100. 

Molybdenum  is  usually  present  and  may  replace  a  considerable  part  of  the  tungsten 
(cf.  below).  Copper  replaces  calcium,  see  cuproscheelite  (p.  988).  Didymium  (Ce,La)  may  be 
present,  a  section  of  the  mineral  showing  strong  absorption  bands  (Cossa).  Carnot  found  0'4 
p.  c.  Ta2O5  in  scheelite  from  Meymac,  Correze,  C.  R.,  79,  687,  1874. 

Analyses,  5th  Ed.,  p.  505.  R.  A.  A.  Johnston  obtained  for  the  crystallized  scheelite  of 
Beauce  Co.,  Quebec  : 

G.  =  6-059  Ferrier         WO3  79*90        CaO  19'37        SiO2  0'29        Fe2O3  0'70  =  100'26 

Traube  (Jb.  Mia.,  Beil.  Bd.,  7,  232,  1890)  has  shown  that  molybdenum  is  usually  present 
in  scheelite,  and  sometimes  replaces  a  considerable  part  of  the  tungsten.  The  white  and  light 
yellow  varieties  contain  the  least,  and  the  dark  colored  the  most ;  the  amount  varies  widely 
even  in  crystals  from  the  same  locality.  The  presence  of  the  molybdenum  probably  exerts  an 
important  influence  upon  the  angles  of  the  species,  cf.  ref.  l. 

The  following  are  Traube 's  analyses  : 

G. 

1.  Zinnwald,  red  brn. ,  cryst.  5*88 

2.  "          yw.  brn.       "  6 -03 

3.  light  yw.      "  6 '01 

4.  light  yw.  brn.,  cryst.  6'03 

5.  "          gr.  wh.,  mass.  6'06 

6.  Altenberg,  gr.  wh.,  cryst.  6'07 

7.  Schwarzenberg,  wh.,  kernel  6'12b 

8.  yw.  brn.,  shell  6  02  b 

9.  Schlackenwald,  wh.,  cr.  mass.  6*13 

10.  Haslithal,  transp.  cryst.  6'14 

11.  Traversella,  yw.  gray,  cryst.  6'06 

12.  "  honey -yw.,    "  6 -04 

13.  Carrock  Fells,  yw.  wh.,  mass.  6'01 

14.  PotM.,  S.  Africa,  gray,  mass.  5'96 
15. 

16.  Mt.  Ramsay,  Tasmania  6'09 

17.  New  Zealand  6'01 

» (Ce,Di,La)3O3. 

Molybdenum  is  also  present  in  the  scheelite  of  Yxsio,  Igelstrom,  G.  For.  Forh.,  13, 
122,  1891. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  in  the  forceps  fuses  at  5  to  a  semi-transparent  glass.  Soluble  with  borax  to 
a  transparent  glass,  which  afterward  becomes  opaque  and  crystalline.  With  salt  of  phosphorus 
forms  a  glass,  colorless  in  outer  flame,  in  inner  green  when  hot,  and  fine  blue  when  cold;  varie- 
ties containing  iron  require  to  be  treated  on  charcoal  with  tin  before  the  blue  color  appears. 
In  hydrochloric  or  nitric  acid  decomposed,  leaving  a  yellow  powder  soluble  in  ammonia. 

Obs. — Scheelite  is  usually  associated  with  crystalline  rocks,  and  is  commonly  found  in 
connection  with  cassiterite,  topaz,  fluorite,  apatite,  molybdenite,  or  wolframite,  in  quartz;  also 
associated  with  gold. 

Occurs  at  Schlackenwald  and  Zinnwald  in  Bohemia,  Altenberg  in  Saxony,  and  Filrstenberg 
near  Schwarzeuberg;  from  Riesengrund  in  the  Riesengebirge;  the  Knappenwand  in  the  Unter- 
sulzbachthal,  Tyrol,  and  the  Krimlerthal;  the  Kammegg  near  Gutannen  in  the  Bernese  Oberland; 
in  fine  crystals  at  Carrock  Fells  in  Cumberland,  with  apatite,  molybdenite,  and  wolframite.  Also 
at  Schellgaden  in  Salzburg;  from  the  Meiseberg  near  Neudorf  in  the  Harz;  EhreDfriedersdorf  in 
Saxony;  Posing  in  Hungary;  Traversella  in  Piedmont,  in  fine  crystals,  sometimes  transparent, 
also  very  large  (1  pound);  and  in  the  Val  Toppa  gold-mine,  near  Dorno  d'Ossola.  Piedmont; 
Meymac,  Correze,  France  ^ containing  Ta2O5);  Dalecarlia  and  Bitsberg  in  Sweden ;  Pitkaranta  in 
Finland  at  the  tin  mines  (G.  =  6-084);  Framont  in  the  Vosges,  with  pyrite  in  polished  crystals, 
often  twins;  at  the  copper  mines  of  Llamuco,  near  Chuapa  in  Chili,  of  a  reddish-gray  color, 
mixed  with  green,  due  to  chrysocolla. 

In  New  South  Wales,  at  Adelong,  from  a  gold  mine.  New  Zealand,  massive;  Mt.  Ramsay, 
Tasmania,  with  cassiterite;  at  the  Pot  mine,  in  south-western  Africa. 

In  the  U.  States,  crystallized  and  massive  at  Lane's  Mine,  Monroe,  and  at  Huntington,  Conn., 
with  wolframite,  pyrite,  rutile,  and  native  bismuth,  in  quartz;  at  Trumbull,  sometimes  in  large 


W03 

MoO3 

CaO 

71-08 

8-23 

20-33  =    99-64 

75-29 

3-98 

20-34  -    99-61 

76-78 

3-69 

19-86  =  100-33 

77-84 

2-23 

19-48=    99-55 

78-04 

1-92 

19-57  =    99  53 

77-54 

2-03 

19-91  =    99-48 

79-94 

tr. 

19-57  MgO  tr.  = 

99-51 

80-17 

0-07 

19  49  MgO  tr.  =  99  '83 

79-76 

tr. 

19-67  =    99-43 

80-16 

tr. 

19-65  =    99-81 

78-57 

1-62 

19-37  Ce2O3»  tr. 

=  99-56 

79-68 

0-76 

19-29  Ce2O3»  tr. 

=  99-73 

79-97 

0-35 

19-27  =    99-59 

70-56 

8-09 

20-05  CuO  0-34  = 

=  99-04 

71-59 

7-63 

20-51  =    99-73 

79-77 

tr. 

19-65  =    99-42 

80-29 

tr. 

19-44  =    99-73 

"By 

Freuzel. 

988  TUNGSTATES,    MOLYBDATES. 

crystals  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  often  partly  altered  to  wolframite;  the  crystals  are  embedded 
in  quartz.  Also  at  Chesterfield,  Mass.,  in  albite,  with  tourmaline;  at  Bangle  mine,  in  Cabarrus 
Co.,  N.  C.;  and  Flowe  mine,  Mecklenburg  Co.,  some  crystals  at  the  latter  locality  having  a 
nucleus  of  wolframite;  in  the  Mammoth  mining  district,  Nevada;  with  gold  at  the  Charity  mine, 
Warren's,  Idaho;  at  Murray,  Idaho,  on  the  west  slope  of  Co3ur  d'Aleue  Mts.;  also  at  the  Golden 
Queen  mine,  Lake  Co.,  Colorado. 

Fine  crystals  of  scheelite,  some  over  two  inches  long,  occur,  with  pulverulent  tungstite,  in 
quartz  veins  cutting  the  slates  and  sandstones  of  the  lower  Cambrian  or  gold-bearing  series  in  the 
townships  of  Risborough  and  Marlow,  Beauce  County,  Quebec;  the  associated  minerals  are 
argentiferous  galena,  sphalerite,  pyrite,  c&alcopyrite,  etc.  (Ferrier). 

Tuugstic  acid  was  discovered  in  this  species  by  the  Swedish  chemist  Scheele,  in  1781.  The 
word  tungsten,  first  used  by  Cronstedt,  is  Swedish  for  heavy  stone, 

Alt. — Occurs  altered  to  wolframite,  tungstate  of  iron  and  manganese,  by  the  action  of  a 
solution  of  bicarbonate  of  iron  and  manganese,  or  perhaps  mainly  through  sulphate  of  iron 
arising  from  the  decomposition  of  pyrite;  crystals  more  or  less  altered  to  wolframite  are  common 
at  many  localities.  Also  to  kaolinite  (Ehrenfriedersdorf). 

Ref.— T  Pogg.,  107,  272,  1859;  confirmed  by  Rg.,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  19,  493,  1867,  also  by  Bauer. 
Traube  (1.  c.),  in  discussing  the  presence  of  molybdenum  in  scheelite,  obtains  the  value  ee  = 
72°  36£'  and  c  —  T5315,  for  pure  scheelite  from  Schwarzenberg  and  Riesengrund,  containing  only 
a  trace  of  MoO3.  He  also  gives  the  following  table,  reproducing  the  results  of  the  authors  named; 
to  these  the  value  for  powellite  (p.  989)  is  added. 

c  c 

\  ^™  T'-be  ™d  [  I*™  Db-    ^ean  result.) 

Neudorf  1-5329  Dbr.  Traversella  '  1*5364  Rath 

Zinnwald  1'5354  Dbr.  Powellite  1-5445  Melville 

Neudorf  T5349  Dbr.  CaMoO4  1'5458  Hiortdahl6 

Erimlerthal  1'5349  Zeph. 

2  Bauer,  who  gives  a  monograph  for  the  species,  with  many  figures,  calculated  angles, 
adding  13  new  forms,  Jahr.  Ver.  Wurtt.,  129,  1871.  3  Groth,  Riesengrund,  Min.-Samml. 
Strassb.,  157,  1868.  4Rath,  Traversella,  Ber.  nierl.  Ges.,  Dec.  4,  1882,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  298,  1883. 
6  Zeph.,  Krimlerthal,  Lotos,  1885.  6  On  the  form  of  CaMoO*,  SrMoO4,  BaMoO4,  see  Hiortdahl, 
Zs.  Kr..  12,  411,  1887. 

815.  CUPROTUNGSTITE.  Cuproscheelite  /.  D.  Whitney,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.,  3,  287, 
1866.  Tungstate  de  cuivre,  Domeyko,  Ann.  Mines,  16,  537,  1869.  Cuprotungstite  Adam, 
Tableau  Min.,  p.  32,  1869. 

Crystalline-granular.     Also  in  crusts. 

Cleavage  distinct  in  one  direction.  H.  =  4'5-5.  Luster  highly  vitreous. 
Color  pistachio-green,  passing  to  olive-  and  leek-green.  Streak  light  greenish  gray 
to  greenish  yellow. 

Comp. — Tungstate  of  copper,  CuW04;  also  tungstate  of  copper  and  calcium, 
(Ca,Cu)W04. 

Anal.— 1,  Domeyko,  Ann.  Mines,  16,  537,  1869.  2,  Whitney,  1.  c.  3,  Domeyko,  1.  c.  4, 
Id.,  ibid.,  3,  15,  1843. 

W03  CuO  CaO 

1.  Chili,  Cuprotungstite           56'48  30'63  2'00  Fe2O3  2'53,  SiO2  3'87,  H2O  4-62  =  100-13 

2.  La  P&z.,Cupro*cheelite         79*69  6'77  10'95  FeO  0'31,  H2O  1-40  =  99-12 

3.  Chili                  "                  [76-00]  510  15-25  Fe2O3  1-55,  SiO2  0'40,  H2O  1-70  =  100 

4.  "                                         75-75  3-30  18'05  SiO2  0'75  =  97'85 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  blackens,  and  gives  off  water.  B.R  fuses  to  a  black  glass, 
and  colors  the  flame  an  intense  green.  On  charcoal  blackens,  fuses  with  a  little  intumescence, 
forming  finally  a  slag  containing  minute  particles  of  metallic  copper.  With  fluxes  gives  reactions 
for  tungsten  and  copper.  Easily  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  tungsten  trioxide  being  separated 
from  the  solution. 

Obs. — Cuprotungstite  is  from  the  copper  mines  of  Llamuco,  near  Santiago,  Chili,  and  is 
stated  to  enveiop  kernels  of  cuproscheelite.  Ordinary  scheelite  is  said  to  occur  also,  and  the 
cupreous  varieties  may  be  the  result  of  alteration.  The  original  cuproscheelite  was  from  the 
vicinity  of  La  Paz,  Lower  California,  in  a  red  metamorphic  rock,  associated  with  black  tourmaline. 
Also  mentioned  by  Traube  (1.  c.,  p.  241)  as  enveloping  the  scheelite  from  the  Pot  mine,  south- 
western Africa. 


SCHEELITE  GROUP:    POWELLITE—STOLZITE—WULFENITE. 


816.  POWELLITE.     W.  H.  Melville,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  41,  138,  1891. 
Tetragonal.     Axis  c  =  1'5445;  001  A  101  =  57°  4f  Melville. 

In  minute  octahedral  crystals  with  c  (001,  0),  e  (101,  !-»'),  p  (111,  1). 

Angles:  ee'  =  72°  49',  ee"  =  114°  9',  pp'  =  80°  1',  pp"  =  130°  48',  pp"  =  *49°  12'. 

No   distinct   cleavage.     Fracture   uneven.     Brittle.     H.  =  3-5.     G.  =  4*526. 
JLuster  resinous.  -  Color  yellow  with  marked  greenish  tinge.     Subtransparent. 

Comp. — Essentially  calcium  molybdate,  CaMo04  =  Molybdenum  trioxide  72*0, 
lime  28-0  =  100.     Calcium  tungstate  is  also  present. 
Anal— Melville,  1.  c. 

MoO,  58-58      WO3  10-28      CaO  25'55      SiO2  3'25      MgO  0'16      Fe2O3  1'65  =  99'47 

Pyr.,  etc. — Fuses  about  5  to  a  gray  mass.  Reacts  for  molybdenum  with  salt  of  phosphorus, 
cf .  scheelite.  Decomposed  by  nitric  and  by  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs.— Found  at  the  Peacock  lode  in  the  "  Seven  Devils  "  mining  district  in  western  Idaho. 
It  is  associated  with  an  argentiferous  boruite  and  dark  brown  garnet.  Cf.  ref.6,  p.  988. 

Named  for  Major  J.  W.  Powell,  Director  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 


817.  STOLZITE.  Scheel-Bleispath  Breith.,  Char.,  14,  1820.  Tungstate  of  Lead.  Blei- 
scheelat,  Wolframbleierz,  Scheelsaures  Blei,  Germ.  Scheelitine  Beud.,  Tr.,  2,  662,  1832.  Stolzit 
Haid,  Handb.,  504, 1845.  / 

Tetragonal;    with    pyramidal   hemihedrism.      Axis   c  =  1-5667;    001  A  101 
=  57°  27' Kerndt1. 

Forms  :    c  (001,  0);  m  (110,  /);  e  (101,  1-t);  *>  (112,  i),  n  (111,  1),  o  (221,  2). 

Angles:  ee'  =  73°  10',  w'  =  63°  19',  ee"  =  114°  54',  vv"  =  95°  51',  nri  =  80°  15',  nn"  =  131°  25', 
nnir  —  *48°  35',  oo'  =  87°  13',  oo"  =  154°  34'. 

Habit  acute  octahedral.  Crystals  often 
indistinctly  aggregated. 

Cleavage:  c  imperfect;  n  more  so.  Frac- 
ture conchoidal  to  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  2*75- 
3.  Gr.  =  7-87-8-13.  Luster  resinous,  sub- 
adamantine.  Color  green,  yellowish  gray, 
brown,  and  red.  Streak  uncolored.  Faintly 
translucent. 

Comp.— Lead  tungstate,  PbW04  =  Tung- 
sten trioxide  51'0,  lead  oxide  49'0  =  100. 
Analyses,  5th  Ed.,  p.  607. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  decrepitates  and  fuses  at  2  to  a 
crystalline,  lustrous,  metallic  pearl.  With  soda  on 
charcoal  yields  metallic  lead.  With  salt  of  phosphorus 
gives  in  O.F.  a  colorless  glass,  which  in  R.F.  becomes 
blue  on  cooling.  Decomposed  by  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  yellow  residue  of  tungsten  trioxide. 

Obs.— Stolzite  occurs  at  Zinnwald  in  Bohemia,  with  quartz  and  mica;  in  Chili,  province  of 
Coquimbo;  at  Southampton,  Mass. 

This  species  was  first  made  known,  according  to  Breithaupt,  by  Dr.  Stolz,  of  Teplitz. 

Ref.—1  J.  pr,  Ch.,  42,  113,  1847,  he  gives  nn"  =  48°  35'  14",  but  the  seconds  are  of  no 
value  as  the  crystals  did  not  admit  of  exact  measurement.  Levy,  Pogg.  Ann.,  8,  513,  1826. 


Fig.  1,  Des  Cloizeaux.       Fig.  2,  Levy. 


818.  WULFENITE.  Plumbum  spatosum  flavo-rubrum,  ex  Annaberg  Austr.  v.  Born, 
Lithoph.,  1,  90.  1772.  Karntberischer  Bleispath  v.  Jacquin,  Miscell.  Austr.,  2,  1781,  Vienna; 
Wulfen,  Abhandl.  K.  Bleisp.,  Wien,  1785,  fol.  Plomb  jaune  de  Lisle,  3,  387,  1783.  Gelbbleierz 
Wern.,  Bergrn.  J.,  384, 1789.  Yellow  Lead-spar,  Molybdenated  Lead  Ore,  Kirwan,  Min.,  2,  212, 
1796.  Plomb  molybdate  H.,  Tr.,  3,  353,  1801.  Molybdate  of  Lead.  Molybdanbleispath, 
Bleimolybdat,  Germ.  Melinose  Beud.,  Handb.,  2,  664,  1832.  Wulfenit  Haid.,  Handb.,  504, 
1841.  Chromowulfenite  Schrauf,  Ber.  Ak.  Wieu,  63  (1),  184,  1871. 

Tetragonal,  with  pyramidal  hemihedrism.      Axis  c  =  1*57710;  001  A  101  = 
57°  37J'  Dauber1. 


990 


TUNGSTATES,  MOLTBDATES. 


Forms2  : 

8  (530,  t-|-)< 

c    (001,  0) 

/    (320,  t--t) 

a    (100,  i-i) 
m  (110,  /) 

w    (430,  t-$) 
x   (650,  £f) 

g    (310,  «-3) 

&3  (1-0-264,, 

k   (210,  i-2) 

6    (1-0-16,  r] 

I    (740,  £-|)3 

/S  (1-0-12,  T] 

1. 


1  —  ^^ 

^^^  " 

d- 

j 

•    i 

! 

t    (103,  ft) 

w  (1-1-16,  1 

2    (205,  |-f)8 

«    (118,  i)3 

u    (102,  H) 

/>  (117,  |)3 

#    (203,  f-f) 

h    (229,|) 

a    (101,  1-f) 

«    (118,  i) 

q    (802,1-1) 

w   (111,  1) 

r    (332,  f ) 
d   (221,  2) 

0  (7-l-75,TV7)? 
x    (311,  3-3) 
C    (432,  2-|) 
#  (3-9-18,  H)8? 


7. 


Figs.  1-5,  Goodenough  :  1,  Phenixville  ;  2,  3,  Red  Cloud  mine,  Yuina  Co.,  Arizona  ; 
4,  Phenixville  ;  5,  Utah.     6,  After  Dx.    7,  Bleiberg,  after  Haid. 


«' 

— 

38° 

25' 

W 

= 

11° 

15£ 

•M-U' 

— 

51° 

56' 

U" 

;=; 

55° 

28' 

ee' 

^ 

73° 

20' 

uu" 



76° 

31' 

cu 
ce 

COK)" 

= 

®?0 

0° 

15' 
37' 
41X 

wT 

ee" 

__ 

92° 
115° 
134° 

52' 
15' 
10' 

ww'  = 


cs 
en 
ww" 


11°  12' 
49°  54' 
80°  22' 

36°  38' 
65°  51' 
15°  52' 


w"  =      31°    9' 

pp"  =       35°  217 

ss"  =      73°  15i' 

nn"  =  *131°  42' 

rr"  =r     146°  43' 

dd"  =     154°  44' 


Crystals  commonly  square  tabular,  sometimes  extremely  thin,  with  a  vicinal 
pyramid  replacing  the  basal  plane;  less  frequently  octahedral  in  habit;  also  pris- 
matic, the  prismatic  faces  showing  the  hemihedrism  characteristic  of  the  species. 
Also  granularly  massive,  coarse  or  fine,  firmly  cohesive. 

Cleavage:  n  (111)  very  smooth;  c,  s  (113)  less  distinct.  Fracture  subconchoidal. 
Brittle.  H.  =  2*75-3.  G.  =  6'7-7'0.  Luster  resinous  or  adamantine.  Color 
wax-yellow,  passing  into  orange-yellow;  also  siskin-  and  olive-green,  yellowish  gray, 

frayish  white  to  nearly  colorless,  brown;  also  orange  to  bright  red.     Streak  white, 
ubtransparent  to  subtranslucent.     Optically  negative.     Indices: 


=  2-402 


e  =  2-304,  red,  Dx.6 


Comp. — Lead  molybdate,  PbMo04  =  Molybdenum  trioxide  39*3,  lead  oxide 
60*7  =  100.  Calcium  sometimes  replaces  the  lead. 

Chromium  is  sometimes  present,  but  according  to  Groth  as  an  impurity,  and  not  causing  the 
occasional  red  color  noted,  though  Schranf  gave  the  name  chromowulfenite  on  this  ground; 
vanadium  was  found  by  Smith  in  Phenixville  crystals  (cf.  Groth);  also  by  Wohler  (and  Kg.,  cf. 
Min.  Ch.),  Lieb.  Ann.,  102,  383,  1857. 


SCHEELITE  GROUP:     WULFENITE—REINITE.  991 

Anal.— 1,  3,  F.  Jost,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  592,  1883.  2,  J.  L.  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  20,  245,  1855. 
4,  5,  Reiuitzer,  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  587,  1884.  6,  C.  L.  Allen,  Cli.  News,  44,  203,  1881.  Also  5th 
Ed.,  p.  608. 

MoO3    PbO     CaO 

1.  Phenixville  39'21     GO'OO      —   CrO3  0'38  =  99*59 

2.  "  37-47    60  30      —  V2O5  1'28  =  99'05 

3.  Pfibram  38'54    60'74      —    =  99*28 

4.  Kreuth,  Bleiberg,  light  G.  -  6*7  39*40    57  54    1*07  CuO  0-09,  Al2O3,Fe2O3  1'96-100'06 

5.  "  "          dark  39'60    58'15    1-24  CuO  0*40,  Al2O3,Fe2O3  0*50=  99-89 

6.  Eureka  Co.,  Nev.  G.  =  6'701       39*33    61 -11     1*04  FeaO,  0  38  =  101-86 

Domeyko  gives  6'88  p.  c.  CaO  in  a  Chili  variety. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  decrepitates  and  fuses  below  2;  with  borax  in  O.F.  gives  a  colorless  glass, 
in  R.F.  it  becomes  opaque  black  or  dirty  green  with  black  flocks.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  in 
O.F.  gives  a  yellowish  green  glass,  which  in  R.F.  becomes  dark  green.  With  soda  on  charcoal 
yields  metallic  lead.  Decomposed  on  evaporation  with  hydrochloric  acid,  with  the  formation  of 
lead  chloride  and  molybdic  oxide;  on  moistening  the  residue  with  water  and  adding  metallic 
zinc,  it  gives  an  intense  blue  color,  which  does  not  fade  on  dilution  of  the  liquid. 

Obs. — This  species  occurs  in  veins  with  other  ores  of  lead.  Found  first  at  Bleiberg,  Schwar- 
zenbach,  in  Carintbia;  also  at  Ruskitza  in  Austria;  at  Rezbauya  and  Szaska  in  Hungary;  at 
Pfi brain;  at  Moldawa  in  the  Banat,  where  its  crystals  are  red,  and  have  considerable  resem- 
blance to  crocoite;  in  the  Kirghiz  Steppes  in  Siberia;  at  Anuaberg,  Schneeberg,  Johanuge  ore-en  - 
stadt,  and  Berggieshubel  in  Saxony;  at  Baden weiler  in  Baden;  sparingly  at  Chalauches,  Dept. 
of  Isere,  and  at  the  abandoned  mines  of  Beaujolais  in  France;  in  the  gold  sands  of  Rio  Chico  in 
Autioquia,  Colombia,  S.  A.;  in  Lackentyre,  Kirkcudbrightshire,  Scotland;  Zacatecas  in 
Mexico. 

In  the  IT.  States,  it  is  found  in  small  quantities  at  the  Southampton  lead  mine,  Mass.;  spar- 
ingly near  Sing  Sing,  N.  Y.,  in  tabular  crystals  associated  with  vauadiuite,  pyromorphite,  etc., 
upon  crystalline  limestone;  in  fine  yellow  and  reddish  orange  to  red  crystals  (fig.  4,  and  also 
in  thin  tables)  at  Wheatley's  mine,  near  Phenixville,  Pa.;  at  the  Coinstock  lode  in  Nevada; 
in  large  thin  tables  of  an  orange-yellow  color  at  the  Tecomah  mine,  Utah.  In  New  Mexico,  pale 
yellow  crystals  at  the  Organ  Mts.  In  Arizona  in  fine  large  deep  red  crystals  at  the  Hamburg 
and  other  mines,  Yuma  Co.,  often  with  red  vanadiuite;  also  at  the  Castle  Dome  district,  30  miles 
distant;  at  the  Vulture  mine,  Maricopa  Co.;  at  the  Mammoth  gold  mine  near  Oracle,  Pinal  Co., 
with  vanadinite  and  descloizite;  at  the  Empire  mine,  Inyo  Co.,  California. 

Named  in  honor  of  the  Austrian  mineralogist  Wulfeii  (1728-1805),  who  wrote  a  monograph, 
on  the  Carinthia  lead  ores  in  1785. 

Ref.— !  Bleiberg,  Pogg.,  107,  267,  1859;  crystals  from  different  localities  vary  rather  widely, 
and  make  a  mean  axial  ratio  unsatisfactory;  cf.  Dbr.,  Koch,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  389,  1882,  Kk.,  Min 
Russl.,  8,  408,  Zeph.,  Zs.  Kr.,  8,. 583,  1884;  Goodenough  (priv.  contr.)  obtained  on  faultless 
red  crystals  from  Yuma  Co.,  ss"  =  73°  16£',  .-.  c  =  1-57759.  The  Ca  variety  (anal.  4,  5)  has 
6  =  1-5744  Zeph.,  Zs.  Kr.,  8,  583,  1884. 

2  See  Koch  (1.  c.)  for  literature,  list  of  planes  with  authorities,  etc.  3  Koch,  1.  c. 
4  Goodenough.  5  Dx.,  Propr.  Opt.,  2,  18,  1859. 


819.  REINITE.    X.  v.  Fritsch,  Zs.  Nat.  Halle,  3,  864,  1878;  LuedecJce,  Jb.  Mia.  286,  1879. 
In  tetragonal  pyramids,  p  (111,  1).  with  e  (101,  !-»').     Axis  c  =  1-279;  pp'  =  76°  28;. 
Cleavage:   prismatic  (110),  indistinct.      H.  —  4.     G.  =  6*640.     Luster  dull,  s^bmetallic. 
Color  blackish  brown.     Streak  brown.     Opaque,  except  in  the  thinnest  splinters. 
Comp.— FeWO4  =  Tungsten  trioxide  76*3,  iron  protoxide  23*7  =  100. 
Anal. — E.  Schmidt,  quoted  by  Luedecke,  1.  c. 

WO3  75-47  FeO  24*33  .  CaO,MgO  tr.  =  99-80 

Obs. — Occurs  with  large  quartz  crystals,  from  Kimbosan,  in  Kei,  Japan.  Named  for  Prof. 
Rein,  of  Marburg,  who  brought  the  mineral  from  Japan. 

Reinite  may  prove  to  be  only  a  pseudomorph  after  scheelite;  such  pseudomorphs  are 
common  at  Trumbull  and  Monroe,  Connecticut,  and  their  angles  vary  somewhat  widely  from 
the  original  mineral. 

PATKRAITE.     Paterait  Haidinger,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  7,  196,  1856. 

"  An    impure    massive   mineral   of  black  color,    supposed  to  be  a  molybdate    of  cobtui. 
Analysis.— Laube,  ib.,  14,  303,  1864. 

MoO3  30-0     Bi2O3  2'0     Fe2O3  16'6     CoO  27'0      H2O  8*6     S  12'0     insol.  3*8  =  100 

It  was  so  intimately  mixed  with  pyrite  and  bismuthinite  that,  even  with  the  greatest  care, 
it  could  not  be  completely  separated.  "Subtracting  the  bismuth,  iron,  and  sulphur  in  the  above 
analysis,  molybdate  of  cobalt  remains,  which,  according  to  Laube,  is  the  true  mineral. 


992  TUNG  STATES,  MOLTBDATES. 

Discovered  by  Vogl,  in  the  Elias  mine,  Joacliiinsthal,  with  uranium  ores.  Named  from 
A.  Patera,  who  first  examined  it. 

EOSITE  A.  Schrauf,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  63  (1),  176,  Feb.  1871. 

.  Tetragonal,  in  minute  square  octahedrons.  Axis  c  =  1-378;  cp  =  *62°  50',  pp'  =  77°  58'. 
H.  —  3-4.  Color  deep  aurora- red,  between  that  of  crocoite  and  realgar.  Streak  brownish 
orange-yellow. 

Heated  in  the  closed  tube  darkens,  but  regains  its  color  on  cooling.  Fused  with  potassium 
oisulphate  gives  a  mass  which  s  'ight  yellow  while  hot,  becomes,  on  cooling,  first  reddish  brown 
and  finally  brownish  orange-yellow.  This  dissolved  in  water  and  boiled  with  tin-foil  colors  the 
solution  faint  greenish  blue.  Not  so  rapidly  acted  upon  by  hydrochloric  acid  as  crocoite  or 
wuli'enite.  When  a  splinter  of  eosite  is  placed  on  a  glass  plate,  and  treated  with  hydrochloric  acid, 
with  subsequent  addition  of  alcohol,  and  then  gently  evaporated,  it  affords  a  blue  to  bluish  green 
coating,  with  a  green  precipitate  on  the  edges.  From  these  reactions,  and  a  series  of  compara- 
tive tests  made  with  crocoite,  wulfeuite,  and  vanadinite,  Schrauf  concludes  that  eosite  isvanado- 
molybdate  of  lead. 

Found  implanted  in  very  minute  crystals  on  pyromorphite  and  cerussite  at  Lead  hills, 
Scotland. 

ACHREMATITE  /.  W.  Mallet,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  28,  1141,  1875. 

Massive,  crypto-crystalline.  Fracture  uneven  to  subconchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  3-4. 
G.  =  5*965;  in  powder,  6'178.  Color  pale  sulphur-yellow  to  orange  and  red,  in  the  mass  liver- 
brown,  from  admixed  limonite.  Streak  pale  cinnamon-brown.  Luster  resinous  to  adamantine. 
Translucent  on  thin  edges. 

Analysis  after  deducting  limonite,  10  to  15  p.  c. 

f    As2O3  18-25        MoO3  5-01        PbO  68'31        Pb(for  Cl)  6'28        Cl  2'15     =     100 


formula  calculated  is  3[3Pb3As2O8.PbCl2].4[Pb2MoO5].     That  the  mineral  is  homo- 
is  considered  by  the  author  as  sufficiently  proved.      B.B.  decrepitates  slightly,  turns 


The 

geneous 

dark  brick-red,  and  fuses  easily  to  a  nearly  black  globule,  which  shows  indistinct  crystalline 
facets  on  cooling.  On  charcoal  yields  arsenical  odors,  a  lead  coating,  and  finally  globules  of 
lead.  With  the  fluxes,  reacts  for  iron,  which,  however,  is  only  present  as  an  impurity. 

From  the  mines  of  Guauacere,  Chihuahua,  Mexico.  Named  from  dxpijuctToS,  useless,  in 
allusion  to  the  fact  that  it  was  received  as  a  silver  ore,  while,  in  fact,  of  no  intrinsic  value. 

820.  BELONESITE.  Belonesia  A.  ScaccM,  Mem.  Ace.  Napoli,  1,  No.  5,  announced 
Sept.  8,  1883,  published  1886. 

Tetragonal.     Axis  c  =  0*66054;  001  A  101  =  33°  26f  Scacchi. 

In  minute  acicular  crystals  with  a  (100,  i-i)  small,  -m  (110,  /),  p  (111,  1).  Angles  :  pp'  = 
S7°  43J',  pp"  =  86°  6',  mp  =  *46°  57'. 

Color  white.     Transparent. 

Comp.— A  qualitative  analysis  proved  the  presence  of  magnesium  and  molybdic  acid. 
Regarded  as  probably  magnesium  molybdate,  MgMoO4  =  Molybdenum  trioxide  78 '3,  magnesia 
21-7  =  100. 

Pyr.— B.B.  fuses  with  difficulty.  Dissolves  readily  in  salt  of  phosphorus,  less  easily  in  the 
borax  bead.  Insoluble  in  acids. 

Obs. — From  a  fragment  of  an  ancient  rock  enveloped  in  the  lava  of  1872  at  Vesuvius.  It  is 
near  in  angle  to  the  species  of  the  rutile  group. 

Named  from    ekovr,  needle. 


VII.    SALTS  OF  ORGANIC  ACIDS. 
Oxalates,  Mellates. 

a:l:6  ft 

821.  Whewellite        CaC204  +  H20.       Monoclinic    0-8696  :  1  :  1-3695     72°  414' 

822.  Oxammite  (NH4)2C204  +  2H20 

823.  Humboldtme      2FeC204  +  3H20 


824.    Mellite 


18H20  Tetragonal  6  =  0-7463 


Oxalates. 

821.  WHEWELLITE.  Oxalate  of  Lime  H.  T.  Brooke,  Phil.  Mag.,  16,  449,  1840. 
Oxacalcite  Shepard,  Min.,  Ill,  1844.  Whewellite  B.  &  M.,  Min.,  623,  1852.  Kohlenspath, 
Frenzel,  Min.  Mitth.,  11,  83,  1889. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  I  :  6  =  0-8696  :  1  :  1-3695;    /3  =  72°  4iy  =  001  A  100 
Miller1. 

100  A  HO  =  39°  42',  001  A  101  =  45°  40J',  001  A  Oil  =  52°  35f. 


b  (010,  i-i) 
c  (001,0) 
m  (110,  /) 
u  (120,  «-2) 


I  (130,  «- 


e  (101,  1-1) 
z  (014,  H)* 


uu' 
U' 
ck 
ce 

zz' 

yy' 


"'  =  *79°  24' 

=  62°  7' 

=  43°  45' 

=  31°  21' 

=  *70°  32' 

=  36°  12' 

=  66°  21' 


y  (012,  i-i)2 
x  (Oil,  14) 
/(112,-i) 
*  (132,  |-3) 

11' 


2. 


XX1  =:    105 

cf   =:     38°  54 

cm  =  *76°  46 

ff'  =     48°  41 

*s'    =  122°  38 

wz  =     49°  43 


Twins  common;  tw.  pi.  e  (101)   often  1,  After  Miller.    2,  Burgk,  Weisbach. 

heart-shaped.     Prismatic   faces   vertically 
striated;  also/(112)  ||  edge///.     Only  in  crystals. 

Cleavage:  c,  b,  m\  also  e  Weisbach.  Very  brittle.  Fracture  conchoidal. 
H.  =  2'5.  Luster  vitreous  to  greasy;  on  b  somewhat  pearly.  Colorless.  Trans- 
parent to  opaque. 

Comp— Calcium  oxalate,  CaC204  +  H20  (E.  E.  Schmid)  =  C20349'4,  CaO  38'3, 
H20  12-3  =  100. 

The  related  salt,  CaC2O4  -f-  3H2O  occurs  in  tetragonal  crystals  in  the  cells  of  certain  plants 
(Cacti),  Lieb.  Ann..  97,  225,  1856,  and  Pogg.,  142,  111,  1871. 

Obs. — The  original  crystals  described  by  Brooke  were  from  an  unknown  locality;  in  size 
they  were  from  TV  to  ±  inch  broad  and  occurred  implanted  upon  calcite.  Large  crystals,  3 
inches  in  thickness,  have  been  found,  associated  with  calcite,  in  a  crevice  of  the  foot- wall  of  a 
coal  bed  at  Burgk  near  Dresden  (Weisbach);  also  found  with  the  coal  of  Zwickau  in  Saxony 
(Frenzel)  associated  with  brown  spar  and  chalcopyrite. 

Ref.— J  Miller,  Phil.  Mag.,  16  450,  1840,  and  Min.,  p.  623.  2  Weisbach,  Burgk  near 
Dresden,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  48,  1884. 


994  SALTS  OF  ORGANIC  ACIDS. 

THIERSCHITE  LieUg,  Lieb.  Ann.,  86,  113,  1853.  A  calcium  oxalate,  occurring  as  a  grayish, 
warty,  and  somewhat  opaline  incrustation,  about  a  line  thick,  on  the  marble  of  the  Parthenon, 
Athens.  Not  analyzed.  Its  origin  is  attributed  to  the  action  of  some  kind  of  vegetation  on 
the  marble.  It  is  probably  identical  with  whewellite.  Named  after  Fried,  v.  Thiersch,  the 
discoverer. 

822.  OXAMMITE.     C.    U.   Sliepard,   Rural  Carolinian,  p.  471,  May,  1870.     Guanapite 
Raimondi,  Min.  Perou,  30,  33,  1878. 

Rarely  in  small  distinct  prismatic  crystals  (orthorhombic) ;  usually  in  small 
flattened  grains,  and  pulverulent.  Luster  silky.  Color  yellowish  white.  Trans- 
parent. Inodorous. 

Comp.- Ammonium  oxalate,  (NH4),Ca04  +  2H20  =  C204  55'0,  NH4  22*5,  H20 
22-5  =  100;  or,  0,0,  45'0,  (NH4)20  32-5,  H20  22'5  =  100. 

Anal.— J.  A.  Tanner,  Ch.  News,  32,  162,  1875;  recalculated  after  deducting  5'5  p.  c.  organic 
matter. 

C2O4  NH4  H2O 

Guanape  Islands  53*30  21 '95  24 '75  =  100 

Obs. — Found  with  mascagnite,  which  it  resembles,  in  the  guano  of  the  Guanape  Islands,  Peru 

823.  HUMBOLDTINE.    Faser  Resin  (Honigsteinsaures  Eisen  ?)  Breith. ,  Char.,  75,  1820. 
Humboldtiue,   Oxalsaures  Eisen,   M.  de  Rivero,   Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  18,  207,  1821.     Eisen-Resin 
Breith.,  Gilb.  Ann.,,  70,  426,  1832.     Oxalit  Breith. ,  Char.,  1823.     Humboldtit  Leonh. ,  Handb., 
789,  1826. 

In  capillary  forms;  also  botryoidal  and  in  plates,  or  earthy;  structure  fibrous  or 
compact. 

Fracture  uneven,  earthy.  H.  =  2.  GL  =  213-2-489.  Dull  or  slightly  resinous. 
Color  yellow.  Negatively  electrified  by  friction. 

Comp.— Hydrous  ferrous  oxalate,  2FeC204  +  3H20  =  C203  42-1,  FeO  42% 
H20  15-8  =  100. 

Anal.— Rg.,  Pogg.,  46,  283,  1839.     Cf.  also  ibid.,  53,  633,  1841. 

C2O3  42-40  FeO  41-13  (loss)  16-47  =  100 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  yields  water,  turns  black,  and  becomes  magnetic.  B.B.  on 
charcoal  is  colored  &t  first  black,  but  later  red,  and  with  the  fluxes  reacts  for  iron. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  brown  coal  at  Kolosoruk,  near  Bilin,  Bohemia;  at  Gross-Almerode,  in 
Hessia,  and  according  to  T.  S.  Hunt,  at  Kettle  Point,  in  Bosanquet,  Canada,  as  an  incrustation 
3n  black  shales,  soft,  earthy,  sulphur-yellow. 

OXALATE  OF  SODIUM  AND  AMMONIUM.  Lacroix  notes  the  existence  of  a  mineral,  probably  an 
oxalate  of  sodium  and  ammonium,  in  the  Peruvian  guano.  It  occurs  in  small  masses  consisting 
of  micaceous  laminae;  crystallization  probably  orthorhombic.  Optically  — .  Bx  JL  cleavage. 
2E  =  15°;  dispersion  p  <  v.  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  9,  51,  1886. 

824.  MELLITE.    Honigstein  (fr.  Thuringia)Ferw.,  Bergm.  J.,  1,  380,  395,  1789.     Honig- 
stein Karst.,  Mus.  Lesk.,  2,  P.  1,  335.  1789.     Succin  transparent  en  cristaux  octaedres,  Pierre  de 
miel,  v.  Born,  Cat,  de  Raab,  2.  90.  1790.     Mellites  Gmelin,  Linn.  Syst.,  3,  282,  1793.     Mellilite 
Kirwan,  Min.,  2,  68,  1796.     Mellite  H.,  3,  1801.     Honigstein,  Melilithus,   =  Honigsteiusaure 
(Acidum  melilithicum)  +  Alaunerde  -f  Wasser,  Klapr.,  Ak.  Berlin,  1799,  Beitr.,  3, 114,  1801. 

Tetragonal.  Axis  6  =  0'74628;  001  A  101  =  36°  44'  Dauber1.  In  square 
pyramids,  o  (111,  1).  with  a  (100,  i-i),  c  (001,  0),  m  (110,  /),  e  (101,  1J). 

Anglas:  oof  =  *61°  46',  00"  =  93°  5',  ooiv  =  86°  55',  ao  =  59°  7'. 

Also  in  massive  nodules,  granular  in  structure. 

Cleavage:  o  (111)  very  indistinct.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Sectile.  H.  =  2-2 '5. 
G.  =  V55-V65;  1-636-V642  Kenngott.  Luster  resinous,  inclining  to  vitreous. 
Color  honey-yellow,  of  ten  reddish  or  brownish;  rarely  white.  Streak  white.  Trans- 
parent to  translucent.  Optically  negative;  sometimes  abnormally  biaxial,  Dx.s 
(2Er  =  8°  22').  Refractive  indices,  Schrauf *• 


MELLITE.  995 

ForB  GO  =  !••  53450  e  =  1 '50785 

D  co  =  1-53928  e  =  1 '51101 

E  GO  =  1-54351  6  =  1-51461 

Also,  Dx.'      K)y  =  1-541-1-550         ey  -  1-518-1-525 

Comp.— Hydrous  aluminium  mellate,   AlaClsOia  -f  1SH20  =  Mellitic  acid  40'3 
(=  Carbon  20-15,  oxygen  20'15),  alumina  14'3,  water  45'4  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  Klaprotb,  Beitr.,  3,  114,  1802.  2,  Wohler,  Pogg.,  7,  325,  1826.  3,  J.  v.  Ilenkov 
(Kk.,  Min.,  3,  217). 

C403  A12O3  H2O 

1.  46  16  38  =  100 

2.  41-4  14-5  44-1  =  100 

3.  42-36  14-20  44'16  =  100'72 

Pyr.,  etc.— Whitens  in  the  flame  of  a  candle,  but  does  not  take  fire.  Dissolves  in  nitric  acid; 
decomposed  by  boiliug  water.  In  a  matrass  yields  water. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  brown  coal  at  Arten  in  Thuringia;  at  Luschitz  nearBilinin  Bohemia;  near 
Walchow  in  Moravia;  in  the  Govt.  of  Tula,  Russia  in  Europe;  Nerchinsk,  in  Transbaikal,  E. 
Siberia. 

Artif.— An  artificial  crystal  of  mellite,  see  Friedel  &  Crafts,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  3,  189,  1880; 
Friedel  &  Balsohn,  ibid.,  4,  26,  1881. 

Ref.— i  Posrg.,  94,  410, 1855;  Kupffer  obtained  oo'  =  61°  46^',  oo"  =  93°  5',  93°  6',  Preisschrift, 
121,  1825;  Koksharov  gives  oo"  =  92°  48',  Mm.  Russl.,  3,  217,  1858.  .  2  Dx.,  N.  R.,  15,  1867; 
Schrauf,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  41,  777,  1860.  On  the  pyroelectricity,  see  Haukel,  Wied.,  18,  422,  1883. 

PIGOTITE  Johnston,  Phil.  Mag.,  17,  382,  1840.  A  salt  of  alumina  and  an  organic  acid  called 
mudescous  acid  by  Johnston.  Composition,  4Al2O3.Ci2Hi0O8  -f-  27H2O.  Formed  on  granite, 
in  Cornwall,  from  the  action  of  wet  vegetation.  Reported  also  from  Wicklow,  Ch.  Gaz., 
378,  1852. 

ORGANIC  SALTS  OF  IRON.  Native  compounds  of  iron  and  organic  acids  have  been  indicated 
by  Berzelius  and  other  chemists  as  common  in  marshes.  But  none  of  them  has  yet  been 
properly  investigated,  the  kinds  of  acids,  as  well  as  the  proportions  of  acid  to  bases,  being 
undetermined. 


VIII.    HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS. 

The  HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS  are  divided  into  two  classes:  (1)  the  Hydrocarbons 
proper,  and  (2)  the  Oxygenated  Hydrocarbons.  As  an  appendix  to  the  chapter  are  introduced 
the  highly  complex  substance  Petroleum,  and  the  different  kinds  of  Bitumen,  Asphalt-urn, 
and  Coal. 

The  Hydrocarbons  proper,  including  the  various  kinds  of  mineral  wax,  also  mineral  tallow, 
etc.,  for  the  most  part  belong  to  the  Paraffin  Series,  having  the  general  formula  CnH2n  +  2- 
To  the  paraffins  also  beloug  the  chief  part  of  the  many  compounds  present  in  crude  petroleum; 
the  American  oil  particularly  consists  almost  exclusively  of  paraffins,  gaseous,  liquid  and  solid, 
varying  widely  in  boiling  point.  With  these  are  present  also  some  of  the  olenues  with  the 
general  formula  CnHsn,  and  further  in  some  cases  the  benzenes,  CnH.2n.-&-  Some  kinds  of  coal 
also  yield  large  quantities  of  paraffin. 

The  compounds  of  the  series  CnH2n,  CnHgn-e,  with  perhaps  others  of  the  series  CnHan-4, 
etc.,  may  be  also  represented  independently  in  nature,  but  the  exact  composition  of  the  native  sub- 
stances is  often  in  doubt,  since  in  many  cases  analysis  alone  is  hardly  conclusive,  as  the  difference 
in  amounts  of  carbon  required  by  the  formulas  of  members  of  different  series,  or  even  of  the  same 
series,  may  be  less  than  the  errors  of  analysis.  Further,  members  of  two  series  in  some  cases 
have  the  same  percentage  composition. 

The  Oxygenated  Hydrocarbons  include  chiefly  the  numerous  kinds  of  native  fossil  resins, 
many  of  which  are  included  under  the  generic  term  amber,  also  other  more  or  less  closely  related 
substances.  In  general,  in  these  compounds  weak  acids  (succinic  acid,  formic  acid,  butyric 
&cid,  cinnamic  acid,  etc.)  or  acid  anhydrides,  are  prominent. 

The  Hydrocarbon  compounds  in  general,  with  perhaps  a  few  exceptions,  are  not  homogeneous 
substances,  but  mixtures,  which  by  the  action  of  solvents  or  by  fractional  distillation  may  be 
separated  into  two  or  more  component  parts.  They  are  hence  not  definite  mineral  species  and 
do  not  strictly  belong  to  pure  Mineralogy,  rather,  with  the  recent  gums  and  resins,  to  Chemistry 
or,  so  far  as  they  are  of  practical  value,  to  Economic  Geology.  In  the  following  pages  they  are 
treated  with  some  fullness,  though  not  accorded  the  rank  of  species.  It  may  be  added  here  that 
the  original  acounts  given  of  these  substances,  in  many  cases  leave  much  to  be  desired  in  the  way 
of  minuteness  and  accuracy  of  statement. 

For  a  fuller  discussion,  more  particularly  of  the  economic  products,  petroleum,  bitumen, 
asphaltum,  and  coal  in  its  various  forms,  reference  must  be  made  to  more  technical  works. 

The  microscopic  and  optical  characters  of  various  hydrocarbons,  resins  and  coals  have  been 
investigated  by  H.  Fischer  &  D.  Rilst,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  209,  1882. 


1.     Simple  Hydrocarbons. 

Chiefly  members  of  the  Paraffin  Series  CnH2n+2. 


Scheererite.  Scheererit  Stromeyer,  Kastn.  Arch,,  10,  113,  1827;  Napthaline  resineuse 
prismatique  Konlein,  Bibl.  Univ.,  36,  316,  1827;  Pogg.,  12,  336,  1828.  Macaire-Prinsep,  Bibl. 
Univ.,  40,  68,  1829,  Pogg.,  15,  294,  1829.  Schererite. 

In  monoclinic  crystals,  usually  thin  tabular  (|  010),  sometimes  acicular.  Also  in  loosely 
aggregated  crystalline  grains  and  folia.  Soft.  G.  =  1-1 '2.  Luster  pearly  or  resinous;  feebly 
shining.  Color  whitish,  gray,  yellow,  green,  pale  reddish.  More  or  less  translucent  to  trans- 
parent. Easily  frangible.  Tasteless.  Inodorous.  Feel  not  greasy. 

Comp.,  etc.— According  to  an  imperfect  analysis  by  Prinsep  contains:  Carbon  73,  hydrogen 
24  =  97.  This  corresponds  nearly  to  the  ratio  for  H  =  1  :  4,  or  the  composition  of  marsh-gas  — 
Carbon  75,  hydrogen  25  =  100;  whence,  if  the  results  may  be  trusted,  it  is  a  polymer  of 
marsh-gas. 

Soluble  easily  in  alcohol,  and  also  in  ether.  Melts  at  44°,  and  then  resembles  a  fatty  oil, 
and  like  it  penetrates  paper;  these  spots,  however,  may  be  removed  by  heat.  On  cooling,  the 
mineral  crystallizes  in  acicular  crystals.  May  be  distilled  without  decomposition;  boiling  point 
near  100°  (92°,  Prinsep). 


HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS.  997 

Soluble  in  sulphuric  or  nitric  acid,  and  not  in  alkalies.  Takes  fire  easily  and  burns  without 
residue,  giving  out  much  smoke  and  a  feeble  aromatic  odor. 

Obs. — Found  by  Capt.  Scheerer,  in  the  year  1822,  in  the  coal  of  a  bed  of  brown  coal  in  the 
Tertiary,  at  Uznach,  near  St.  Galleu,  in  Switzerland.  The  bed  of  coal  is  two  to  three  feet  thick, 
and  the  pine  stems  in  it  are  almost  unchanged.  Among  the  species  of  pine,  there  is  the  P. 
sylvestris;  and  the  birches  and  firs  are  those  of  modern  species.  The  age  is  the  same  with  that 
of  the  peat  beds  of  liedwitz.  Besides  scheererite  it  affords  also  tichtelite  and  koulite.  On  cryst., 
Keuug.,  Ber.  Ak.  Wieu,  14,  272,  1854,  and  Min.  Schweiz,  418,  Leipzig,  1866. 

Hatchettite.  Hatchetine  (fr.  Merthyr-Tydvil)  Conybeare,  Ann.  Phi'i.,  1,  136,  1822.  Mineral 
Adipocire,  Mountain  Tallow  (fr.  Loch  Fyue),  Brande,  Ed.  Phil.  J.,  11,  1824.  Adipocerite. 
Hatchetine  (fr.  Glamorganshire)/.  F.  W.  Johnston,  Phil.  Mag.,  12,  338,  1838. 

In  thin  plates,  or  massive.  Reported  as  sometimes  occurring  as  large  crystals  in  fresh 
specimens.  H.  like  that  of  soft  wax.  Feel  greasy.  G.  =  0*916  Johnston;  0*983  Loch  Fyne, 
after  melting  and  excluding  air-bubbles,  Braude;  0*608,  same  before  melting,  id.  Luster  slightly 
glistening  and  pearly.  Color  yellowish  white,  wax-yellow,  greenish  yellow;  blackens  on  exposure. 
Subtransparent  to  translucent;  but  opaque  on  exposure.  Without  odor.  Melting  point  46° 
Merthyr-Tydvil,  Johnston;  47°  Loch  Fyue,  Brande. 

Comp.,  etc.— Ratio  of  C  to  H  =  nearly  1  :  1,  from  Johnston's  analysis,  =  Carbon  85*55, 
hydrogen  14*45  —  100.  Anal. — Johnston,  I.e. 

Glamorganshire  Carbon  85'91  Hydrogen  14*62  =  100*53 

Very  sparingly  soluble  in  boiling  alcohol,  and  precipitated  from  the  solution  on  cooling. 
Also  soluble  sparingly  iu  cold  ether,  and  more  largely  in  boiling;  and  from  the  latter  deposited 
in  a  mass  of  minute  fibers  or  prisms.  After  repeated  boiling  with  ether  there  remains  only  a 
minute  portion  uudissolved,  mixed  with  particles  of  charcoal  derived  from  the  blackened  surface 
of  the  specimen.  Charred  and  decomposed  by  concentrated  and  boiling  sulphuric  acid.  No 
apparent  change  iu  boiling  nitric  acid. 

Obs.— From  the  crevices  of  iron-stone  septaria,  and  often  in  geodes  containing  also  quartz 
crystals,  in  the  Coal-measures  near  Merthyr-Tydvil  in  Glamorganshire  (and,  Johnston  adds,  in 
some  of  the  Midland  Counties  of  England);  also  iu  a  bog  on  the  borders  of  Loch  Fyne  in  Argyle- 
shire,  Scotland.  The  latter  has  not  yet  been  analyzed.  Also  reported  from  Rossitz  in  Moravia 
(Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  5,  898,  1854),  in  the  Segeu-Gottes  mine,  with  spherosiderite  as  a  thin  coating  on 
calcite,  having  H.  —  1,  G.  =  0*892  Patera. 

Cesaro  has  found  some  hatchettite  made  up  of  thin  laminae  which  are  optically  biaxial  and 
positive;  a  less  distinct  axial  figure  was  obtained  from  ozocerite,  but  it  was  also  positive  and  like 
the  hatchettite  was  referred  to  the  orthorhombic  system.  Ann.  Soc.  G.  Belg.,  18,  1891;  cf.  also 
Dx.,  Min.,  2,  38,  1874. 

Named  after  C.  Hatchett.  an  English  chemist  (1765-1847). 

This  species  (or  at  least  the  bog  variety  from  Loch  Fyne)  is  probably  identical  with  the  kind 
of  paraffin  that  fuses  at  45°-47°;  and  which  has  been  obtained  by  the  destructive  distillation  of 
Boghead  coal  and  peat,  and  from  other  sources.  Anderson  obtained  in  his  analyses  of  this 
paraffin: 

C  H  Melting  T. 

1.  From  Boghead  coal,  cryst.  85'1  15-1-15*3  45*5° 

2.  "  "          "      granular  85*0-85-3  15*4  52 

3.  From  peat  f     8509  1510  46*7 

The  Boghead  coal  (from  Boghead  and  TorbaneHill,  near  Bathgate  in  Linlithgowshire)  affords 
on  destructive  distillation  a  very  large  amount  of  different  oils  and  paraffin,  70  p.  c.  of  the  dried 
mass  being  volatile.  See  BATHVILLITE  beyond. 

PARAFFIN.  A  native  crystallized  paraffin,  like  the  above,  is  described  by  O.  Silvestri  as 
occurring  in  cavities  in  basaltic  lava  near  Paterno,  Sicily.  It  is  in  yellowish  white,  wax-like, 
transparent  crystalline  plates.  Melts  at  56°,  volatilizes  at  about  300°.  Nearly  insoluble  iu  cold 
alcohol,  but  readily  dissolves  in  boiling  ether.  An  analysis  gave:  f  Carbon  84*00,  hydrogen  15  85 
=  99-85.  Boll.  Com.  G.,  12,  578,  1881;  also  earlier  [Gazz.'  Ch.  Ital.,  1877]. 

CHRISMATITE.  Chrismatin  (fr.  Wattiu)  Germar,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  1,  40, 1849.  Ozokerit  (fr.  ib.) 
Breslau,  Karst.  u.  Dech.  Arch.,  23,  749,  1850.  Hatchettin  (fr.  ib.)  Wagner,  Jb.  Min.,  687,  1864; 
H.  Fleck,  Steinkohlen  Deutschl.,  1,  37.  4to,  Munchen,  1865. 

Butter-like,  or  of  semi-fluid  consistence.  Soft  at  55°  to  60°.  G.  below  1.  Luster  greasy  to 
silky.  Color  greenish  yellow  to  wax-yellow.  Slightly  translucent.  Tasteless.  Melts  at  a  very  low 
temperature  to  an  oil,  which  is  dark  red  by  transmitted  light,  and  apple-green  by  reflected. 

H.  Fleck  obtained,  34  p.  c.  of  ash  having  been  removed:    Carbon  78*51,  hydrogen  19*19, 


998  HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS. 

oxygen  is  an  essential  constituent,  either  view  of  the  constitution  is  wholly  at  fault.  Burns  with 
u  flame,  without  smell. 

Occurs  in  cavities  of  calcite  and  quartz  crystals  in  an  argillaceous  sandstone  of  the  Carbon- 
iferous formation  at  Wettin,  Saxony. 

Named  from    picr/wa,  ointment. 


Ozocerite.  Part  of  Native  Paraffin.  Ozokerit  (brought  by  v.  Meyer  fr.  Slanik,  Moldavia) 
Glocker,  Schw.  J.,  69,  215.  1833;  Magnus,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  55,  217,  1833.  Cire  fossile  Fr. 
Erdwachs  Germ.  Mineral  wax  pt. 

Like  wax  or  spermaceti  in  appearance  and  consistency.  G.  =  0'85-0'90.  Colorless  to  white 
when  pure;  often  leek-green,  yellowish,  brownish  yellow,  brown;  and  when  brown  sometimes 
greenish  by  transmitted  light.  Often  having  a  greenish  opalescence.  Translucent.  Greasy  to 
the  touch.  Fusing  point  56°  to  63°. 

Comp.,  etc.  —  Essentially  a  paraffin,  and  consisting  chiefly  of  one  of  the  higher  members  of 
the  series.  The  original  ozocerite,  from  Slanik  in  Moldavia,  as  described  by  Glocker  was  wholly 
soluble  in  ether,  and  gave  a  yellow  solution;  also  soluble  in  oil  of  turpentine  and  naphtha;  and 
a  little  soluble  in  boiling  alcohol.  G.  of  the  mass,  0'955  Glocker;  0'953  Schrotter.  Melting 
point  62°  Schrotter. 

The  mineral  wax  of  Urpeth  Colliery,  after  the  separation  of  what  was  soluble  in  cold  ether  (see 
URPETHITE,  p.  999).  afforded  Johnston  another  portion  through  its  solubility  in  boiling  ether; 
and  this  is  apparently  identical  with  true  ozocerite.  While  soluble  in  boiling  ether  it  is  sparingly 
so  in  boiling  alcohol.  As  obtained  from  the  ether  solution  it  was  yellow,  and  had  the  consistence 
of  soft  wax. 

A  kind  from  Boryslaw  in  Galicia,  examined  by  Hofstadter  (Lieb.  Ann.,  91,  326,  1854), 
resembled  the  preceding  in  its  appearance,  but  was  darker  colored,  being  blackish  brown,  in  thin 
pieces  reddish  brown  to  leek-green  by  transmitted  light;  G.  =  0-944;  melting  point  60°.  By 
fractional  crystallization  it  was  separated  into  parts  varying  in  fusibility  from  60°  to  65'5°.  That 
from  Truscawitz,  Galicia,  examined  by  Walter  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  22,  181,  1841)  appears  to  be  similar. 

Anal.—  1,  Schrotter,  Baumg.  Zs.,  4,  2,  1836,  Bibl.  Univ.,  3,  184.  1836.  2,  Johnston,  1.  c. 
3,  Walter,  1.  c.  4,  5,  Hofstadter,  1.  c.  6,  7,  Seal,  J.  Frankl.  Inst.,  130,  402,  1890. 

G.                 C  H  Melting  T.  Boiling  T. 

1.  Slanik                      0'953  84'43  13'69  =  98-12        62°-63°               210° 

2.  Urpeth  C.  86  80  14-06  =  100-86        58°                        ? 

3.  Truscawitz,  crude  84-62  14-29  =  98-91        59°  ov.  300° 

4.  Boryslaw,  A.           0'944  84-94  14-87  =  99  81        61° 

5.  "         B.  85-78        14-29  =  100'07        65-5° 

6.  Utah  0-971  85'44        14*45  =     99-89 

7.  "  85-47        14-57  =  100'04 

The  A  of  Hofstadter  was  the  portion  separated  by  fractional  crystallization  which  had  61° 
as  the  melting  point,  and  the  B  that  which  had  for  this  point  65*5°.  The  material  analyzed  by 
Seal  was  the  white  paraffin  extracted  from  the  crude  material  by  alcohol,  cf.  below. 

Hermann  has  described  a  wax-like  mixture  from  seams  in  a  rock  in  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Baikal  , 
which  he  calls  Baikerite  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  73,  230,  1858).  About  60  '18  p.  c.  of  it  was  soluble  in  boiling 
alcohol,  100  parts  dissolving  1;  and  this  portion  appears  to  be  ozocerite.  It  was  tasteless  and 
inodorous;  melting  point  59°;  G.  =  090.  The  rest  (29  -8.2  p.  c.)  of  the  baikerite  consisted  as 
follows:  7'02  wax-like  substance  insoluble  in  alcohol:  32'41  viscid  resin;  0'39  earthy  impurities. 

The  same  compound  has  been  obtained  from  mineral  coal,  peat,  petroleum,  mineral  tar,  etc., 
by  destructive  distillation.  The  following  are  examples.  1,  Anderson,  Hep.  Brit.  Assoc.,  p.  50, 
1856,  and  J.  pr.  Ch.,  72,  379,  1857.  2,  Hofstadter,  1.  c. 

C  H  Melting  Point. 

1.  Rangoon  Tar  85-15  15'29  =  100-44  61° 

2.  From  bitum.  shale,  Bonn.         86'16  14'36  =  100-52  61° 

Obs.—  Ozocerite  occurs  at  the  localities  mentioned,  in  beds  of  coal,  or  associated  bituminous 
deposits;  that  of  Slanik,  Moldavia,  beneath  a  bed  of  bituminous  clay  shale;  in  masses  of  some- 
times 80  to  100  Ibs.,  at  the  foot  of  the  Carpathians,  not  far  from  beds  of  coal  and  salt;  that  of 
Boryslaw  in  a  bituminous  clay  associated  with  calciferous  beds  in  the  formation  of  the  Carpathians 
in  masses.  Reported  also  from  near  Gaming  in  Austria;  in  Transylvania,  near  Moldavia,  in  the 
Carpathian  sandstone;  at  Uphall  in  Linlithgowshire. 

Ozocerite  also  occurs  in  southern  Utah  on  a  large  scale,  where  it  has  been  mined  to  some 
extent  for  technical  purposes.  The  deposits  are  in  the  form  of  veins  usually  a  few  inches  in 
thickness  and  extend  over  a  wide  area  in  Emery  and  Uintah  counties;  it  is  associated  with  fibrous 
gypsum. 

The  crude  material  has  a  dark-brown  color,  is  of  wax-like  consistency  and  has  a  foliated 
structure.  G.  =  0'9285  Seal.  It  has  a  melting  point  of  51°-55°  Seal;  61  '5°  No  wherry;  it  Is 


HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS.  999 

completely  soluble  in  boiling  ether,  carbon  disulphide  and  benzene;  the  dilute  solution  is  highly 
.fluorescent.  Boiling  alcohol  extracts  from  it  twenty  per  cent  of  a  white  wax-like  substance  (S.  B. 
Newberry,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  17,  341,  1879).  Seal  (1.  c.)  obtained  60  p.  c.  of  this  white  solid  after 
chilling  the  solution  from  the  extractor,  filtering  and  drying.  This  melts  and  becomes  of  a 
yellow-colored  waxy  consistency  and  has  a  specific  gravity  of  0'970&.  It  showed  marked 
resistance  to  the  action  of  a  strong  acid,  agreeing  with  its  character  as  a  paraffin,  one  of  the 
higher  members  of  the  series.  Its  composition  is  shown  to  be  between  Ci8H3,,  and  C2S,H82. 

Ozocerite  has  also  been  found  in  the  clay  fields  of  South  Amboy,  N.  J.  F.  S.  Smith  obtained 
for  a  sample  not  purified:  Carbon  86'46,  hydrogen  12  83  =  99'29.  This  corresponds  to  CnH2n. 
Am.  Ch.  J.,  6,  247,  1884. 

Named  from  o^eir,  to  smell,  and  KripoS,  wax,  in  allusion  to  the  odor. 

On  the  occurrence  and  characters  of  ozocerite  in  general,  see  Rateau,  Ann.  Mines,  11,  147, 
1887. 

Woehler  has  noted  the  existence  in  meteorites  of  a  hydrocarbon  (Kabaite)  near  ozocerite  or 
scheererite,  and  Meunier  has  recently  repeated  the  observation  (C.  R.,  109,  977,  1889).  The  com- 
position of  the  substance  is  not  yet  determined. 

ZIETRISIKITE.  Cire  fossile  de  Moldavie  Magnus,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  55,  217,  1833.  Ozokerite 
(fr.  Zietrisika)  Malaguti,  C.  R.,  4,  410,  1837,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  63,  390,  1836,  Pogg.,  43,  147. 
Zietrisikite  Dana. 

A  mineral  like  ozocerite  in  most  physical  characters  and  in  composition,  but  distinguished 
by  almost  complete  insolubility  in  ether  and  higher  melting  point.  Hardness  like  that  of  bees- 
wax, or  harder.  G.  =  0'9;  0'946  Malaguti.  Color  brown.  Melting  point  90°;  82°-84°  in  the 
crude  or  impure  mineral.  Insoluble  in  ether. 

1.  Magnus,  who  made  the  first  examination  of  the  fossil  wax  brought  by  Meyer  from  Slanik, 
Moldavia,  appears  to  have  had  a  different  substance  in  hand  from  that  examined  by  Glocker  (by 
whom  ozocerite  was  named)  and  by  Schrotter,  as  he  states  that  only  a  very  little  of  it  wras  dis- 
solved by  alcohol  or  ether,  and  the  rest,  after  the  action  of  these  solvents,  was  eroded  with  holes, 
showing  the  presence  of  insoluble  and  soluble  constituents.     The  insoluble  was  soluble  in  oil  of 
turpentine,  and  of  this  part  the  melting  point  was  82°,  and  the  composition  as  given  below. 

2.  The  wax  from  Zietrisika,  Moldavia,  examined  by  Malaguti,  is  regarded  by  him  as  identi- 
cal with  that  of  Magnus.     It  was  foliated,  conchoidal  in  fracture,  pearly  in  luster,  deep  red-brown 
in  color  with  a  greenish  reflection,  but  in  very  thin  pieces  brown,  and  a  little  harder  than  bees- 
wax.    It  was  very  slightly  soluble  in  alcohol  or  boiling  ether,  and  very  soluble  in  oil  of  turpen- 
tine and  naphtha,  with  no  action  from  alkalies  or  cold  sulphuric  acid.     It  melts  at  84°,  and  boils 
at  above  300°.     On  subjecting  it  to  boiling  alcohol,  a  small  portion  was  dissolved,  whose  melting 
point  was  75°;  by  a  second  treatment  another  portion  was  obtained,  having  for  the  melting  point 
78°;  and  at  the  fourth,  the  portion  dissolved  was  found  to  have  the  same  melting  point  as  that 
of  the  undissolved  mass,  which  was  90°.     This  then,  which  he  calls 'drown  ozocerite,  appears  to 
be  the  point  of  fusion  of  the  true  zietrisikite^and  this  alone  was  analyzed  ;  as  the  rest,  his  yellow 
ozocerite,  he  says,  "est  un  melange,  j'ai  juge  inutile  d'en  faire  1'analyse." 

Anal.— 1,  Magnus;  2,  3,  Malaguti,  I.e.,  and  Rg.,  Miu.  Ch.,  964,  1860. 

C  H  Melting  T.     Boiling  T. 

1.  Moldavia  84-61          15-30  =  99  91  82° 

2.  Zietrisika,  Mold.          84'53          14'22  =  98'75  90°  Above  300° 

3.  "  "  84-78          14  37  =  99'15  90° 

The  wax  from  Zietrisika,  in  Moldavia,  occurs  in  large  masses,  and  under  similar  circum- 
stances with  that  of  Slanik. 

URPETHITE.  Part  of  Ozocerite  (fr.  Urpeth  Colliery)  /.  F.  W.  Johnston,  Phil.  Mag.,  12,  389, 
1838.  Urpethite  Dana. 

Consistence  of  soft  tallow.  G.  =  0'885.  Color  yellowish  brown  to  brown.  Adheres  to  the 
fingers,  and  stains  paper. 

Analysis.— Johnston:  Carbon  85'83,  Hydrogen  14'17  =  100.  Soluble  readily  in  cold  ether. 
Ethereal  solution  brown  by  transmitted  light,  but  with  a  greenish  opalesceuce  by  reflected  ; 
deposits  the  wax  in  brown  flocks.  Melts  at  39°  to  a  yellow-brown  liquid. 

Constitutes  about  four-fifths  of  the  Urpeth  Colliery  ozocerite,  and  is  separated  from  the 
latter  through  its  solubility  in  cold  ether.  The  crude  wax,  as  found,  was  soft  enough  to  be 
kneaded  in  the  fingers  ;  had  a  greasy  feel,  and  gave  a  greasy  stain  to  paper  ;  was  subtransparent  ; 
of  a  brownish  yellow  color  by  transmitted  light,  but  yellowish  green  and  opalescent  by  reflected  ; 
and  had  an  odor  slightly  fatty,  which  was  stronger  when  melted.  It  occurred  in  cavities  near 
a  fault  in  the  Coal-measures,  and  part  in  the  solid  sandstone. 

BAIKERINITE.  Part  of  Baikerit,  Dickflilssiges  Harz,  Hermann  (see  p.  998).  A  thick  tar- 
like  fluid  at  15°,  and  a  crystalline  granular  deposit  in  a  viscid  honey-like  mass  at  10°.  Color 
brown.  Translucent.  Odor  balsamic.  Taste  like  that  of  wood-tar.  Easily  and  perfectly 
soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether.  The  alcoholic  solution  becomes  milky  when  diluted  with  water. 
Constitutes  32'61  p.  c.  of  the  baikerite.  No  analysis  yet  made. 

NEFT-GIL.  Naphtdachil,  Nephatil,  Jb.  Min.,  84,  1846.  Naphthadil  Kenng.,  Ueb.,  254, 1844- 
1849.  Neftdegil  Herm.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  73,  220,  1858.  Neft-gil  Fritzsche,  ib.,  321.  A  very  abundant 


1000  HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS. 

material  in  the  naphtha  region  on  Chelekeu  I.,  in  the  Caspian.  It  is  a  mixture  of  paraffins  and  a 
resin,  but  appears  to  be  most  nearly  related  to  zietrisikite.  G.  =  0*956  ;  color  chocolate- brown  ; 
melting  point  75°.  Hermann  found  66  p.  c.  of  a  wax-like  substance  insoluble  in  alcohol,  and 
18  p.  c.  of  another  soluble  in  alcohol,  besides  13*33  p.  c.  of  a  resin.  In  ether  a  large  part  was 
insoluble  ;  and  this  portion  may  be  identical  with  the  zietrisikite  (see  above),  or  with  the  insoluble 
paraffin  from  the  Urpeth  wax,  called  urpethite. 

PYROPISSITE  Kenng.,  Deb.,  148,  1850-51.  Kenngott  has  thus  named  an  earthy,  friable, 
coaly  substance,  of  grayish- brown  color,  and  without  luster,  and  having  G.  =  0'493-0'522, 
which  forms  a  layer  6  to  9  in.  thick  in  brown  coal  at  Weissenfels,  near  Halle.  A  small  part  is 
soluble  in  alcohol,  especially  in  boiling,  and  this,  precipitated  by  adding  water,  is  a  wax-like 
substance,  paraffin-like  in  aspect.  But  whether  true  paraffin,  or  whether  an  oxygenated  wax, 
related  to  geocerite,  has  not  been  ascertained.  It  melts  easily  to  a  pitch  like  mass,  and  hence 
the  name  from  itvp,  fire,  and  nicraa,  pitch.  It  affords  62  p.  c.  of  paraffin  on  dry  distillation. 
Coals  affording  paraffin  on  distillation  are  sometimes  called  Paraffin  coal,  and  in  German  Waclis- 
kohle.  Kenngott  refers  here  also  an  earthy  brown  substance  from  Mettenheim,  which  melts 
similarly  to  an  asphalt-like  substance.  It  occurs  incrusting  massive  limestone. 

HELENITE  A.  Nawratil,  Diugl.  Pol.  J.,  248,  513,  1883.     Fossiles  Kautschuk. 

A  wax  near  ozocerite,  forming  lamellae  10  to  15  cm.  long  and  4  to  5  cm.  broad.  Elastic 
like  caoutchouc.  G.  =  0*915.  Color  light  to  dirty  yellow.  Soluble  in  chloroform  and  carbon 
disulphide,  but  not  in  94  p.  c.  alcohol.  Anal.  : 

Carbon  85 '13  Hydrogen  15-70  =  100-83 

84-62  16-43  =  101-05 

85-30  15-29  =  100-59 

Formed  in  the  Helena  shaft  of  the  petroleum  region  at  Ropa  in  Galicia. 


Fichtelite.  Tekoretin  Forc7ih.,  Vid.  Selsk.  Afh.  Copenh.,  1840,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  20,  459,  1840. 
Fichtelit  Bromeis,  Lieb.  Ann.,  37,  304,  1841;  T.  E.  Clark,  ibid.,  103,  236,  1857,  Am.  J.  Sc  ,  25 
164,  1858. 

Monoclinic.  Crystals  tabular  |  c  or  elongated  |  b.  Forms:  a  (100,  i-i),  c  (001,  0),  m  (110,  7), 
i  (101 ,  1-i).  Angles  (measured):  mm"  =  97°,  ac  =  53°,  ai  =  52°,  ci  =  75°  Clark. 

Twins:  tw.  pi.  c.  H.  =  1.  Luster  somewhat  greasy.  Color  white.  Translucent.  Brittle. 
Without  taste  or  smell.  Distils  over  without  decomposition.  Solidifying  temperature  36° 
Easily  soluble  in  ether  ;  less'so  in  alcohol.  Ax.  pi.  ||  010. 

Comp.,  etc. — Formula  doubtful;  Rg.  gives  CBHe  =  Carbon  88'4,  hydrogen  11 '6  =  100; 
Clark  deduced  C4H,  =  Carbon  87'3,  hydrogen  12'7  =  100.  The  latest  analyses  give  from 
Ci5H2fl  to  Ci5H28,  see  below. 

Anal. — 1,  Bromeis,  1.  c.  (Clark,  recalc.).  2,  Clark,  1.  c.  3,  Forchhammer,  1.  c.  4,  J.  W. 
Mallet,  Proc.  Brit.  Assoc.,  p.  79,  1872.  5,  6,  Macadam,  Min.  Mag.,  8,  137,  1889. 

C  H  Melting  T.          Boiling  T. 

1.  Redwitz  87'95  10'70  =  98'65  46° 

2.  "  f  87-13  12-86  =  99-99  46°  above  320° 

3.  Tecoretin  85'89  i2'81  =  98*70  45°  360° 

4.  Alabama  87 '82  11-91  =  99 -73  45° 

5.  Handforth  86'78  12-18  O  1'04  =  100 

6.  Shielding  87'14  12-08  O  0'78  =  100 

Hell  has  investigated  (Ber.  Ch.  Ges.  22,  498, 1889)  fichtelite  from  a  peat  swamp  near  Redwitz, 
where  it  has  been  derived  from  Pinus  uliginosa.  Dissolves  in  a  mixture  of  alcohol  and  ether, 
from  which  it  is  deposited  as  prismatic  crystals  upon  the  slow  evaporation  of  the  ether.  The 
purified  crystals  thus  obtained  melt  at  46°  and  gave  on  analysis  : 

Carbon  86-7-87 "0,  hj^drogen  13-2-13-5. 

Density  of  the  vapor  at  440°,  7'37-7'77,  corresponding  to  the  formula  C15H28to  C15H26, 
perhaps  CiSH27;  the  last  (=  doubled,  C30H54)  requires  :  Carbon  87'0,  hydrogen  13'0  =  100. 

Bamberger  (ibid.,  p.  635)  confirms  the  above  conclusion.  He  notes  the  occurrence  at  the 
Kolbermoor  near  Rosenheim  in  Upper  Bavaria.  Spiegel  (ibid.,  p.  3369)  gives  the  formula 
Ci8H32  =  Carbon  87'1,  hydrogen  12'9  =  100. 

Decomposed  by  anhydrous  sulphuric  acid;  also  by  heated  fuming  nitric  acid  ;  soluble  in 
cold  nitric  acid. 

Clark,  after  a  revision  of  the  investigations  on  fichlelite  and  the  related  resins,  concludes 
that  there  is  no  doubt  of  the  identity  of  the  substance  analyzed  by  him  with  Bromeis's  Jiclitelite. 
for  which  is  deduced  the  empirical  formula  C5H8. 

Obs.— The  mineral  occurs  in  shining  scales,  flat  crystals,  and  thin  layers  between  the  rings 
of  growth  and  throughout  the  texture  of  pine  wood  (in  part  identical  in  species  with  the  modern 


HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS.  1001 

Pinus  sylvestris)  from  peat  beds  in  the  vicinity  of  Redwitz,  in  the  Fichtelgebirge,  North  Bavaria. 
The  crystals  described  by  Clark  were  obtained  artificially  by  means  of  ether  and  alcohol. 

An  oily  substance  was  extracted  by  Schrotter  by  means  of  ether  from  wood  of  the  same  peat 
bed  which  afforded  the  tichtelite  ;  and  this  solution  yielded  two  substances,  one  of  which  was 
an  oil,  regarded  by  him  as  identical  with  fichtelite  in  ratio  ;  it  gave  on  analysis  :  Carbon  88  58, 
hydrogen  11*34  =  99'42.  The  other  substance  was  crystallized  and  contained  oxygen. 

Fichtelite  also  occurs  in  crystals  in  peat  beds  at  Salzendeich,  Elsfleth,  Oldenburg  ;  near 
Sobeslau  in  peat.  In  England  found  in  pine  logs  in  a  moss  at  Handforth  in  Cheshire,  and  in 
peat  mosi  at  Shielding  in  Ross-shire.  Also  from  Alabama,  in  recent  pine  logs  (Pinus  Australia). 

Tecoretin  was  obtained  from  pine  trees  of  the  same  species  in  marshes  near  Holtegaard  in  Den- 
mark. The  resin  from  the  wood,  first  observed  by  Steenstrup,  was  found  by  Forchhammer,  after 
dissolving  it  in  boiling  alcohol,  to  contain  two  substances  crystallizing  from  the  solution  at 
different  temperatures.  The  tecoretin  was  the  least  soluble  of  the  two,  or  that  which  crystallized 
out  first  (the  other  was  his  phylloretin,  see  p.  1002) ;  its  crystallization  was  monoclinic,  and  its 
fusing  point  45°.  From  the  analysis  Clark  writes  the  empirical  formula  CH2;  but  states  that 
the  mineral  resembles  fichtelite  in  every  other  respect. 

Ref.— '  L.  c.;  cf.  Schuster,  Min.  Mitth.,  7,  88,  1885. 

Hartite.  Hartit  Haid.,  Pogg.,  54,  261,  1841.  Branchite  Savi,  N.  Cimento,  1,  342,  Jb.  Min., 
459,  1842. 

Triclinic  or  monoclinic.  Resembling  fichtelite  in  crystalline  form,  luster,  color,  translu- 
cency,  and  thd  reactions  with  alcohol,  ether,  and  the  acids.  But  melts  at  74°-75°  C.  Boiling 
temperature  very  high. 

Comp.,  etc.— Ratio  of  C  to  H  =  12  :  20  =  Carbon  87*8,  hydrogen  12-2.  Anal.— 1,  Schr5tter, 
Pogg.,  59,  43,  1843.  2,  Piria,  JB.  Ch.,  984,  1855. 

f1  TT 

1.  Hartite  87'47  12-05  =    99-52 

2.  Branchite  87*0  13'4     =  100 '4 

Piria's  analysis  corresponds  nearly  with  the  ratio  9  :  16. 

Obs.. — Hartite  is  found  in  a  kind  of  pine,  like  fichtelite,  but  of  a  different  species,  the  Peuce 
acerosa  Uuger,  belonging  to  an  earlier  geological  epoch.  It  is  from  the  brown-coal  beds  of  Ober- 
hart,  near  Gloggnitz.  not  far  from  Vienna.  Reported  also  from  Rosenthal  near  Koflach  in 
Styria,  and  Pravali  in  Cariuthia.  It  occurs  among  the  layers  or  tissues  of  the  wood,  and  also  in 
clefts  in  the  coal  or  lignite. 

Branchite  is  colorless  and  translucent,  with  G.  —  1'044,  and  comes  from  the  brown  coal  of 
Mt.  Vaso  in  Tuscany.  It  is  soluble  in  alcohol,  like  hartite. 

Hartite  is  also  found  at  Obersdorf  near  Voigtsberg  iu  Styria  (cf.  Rumpf,  who  makes  the 
crystals  triclinic,  Ber.  Ak.  Wieu,  60  (2),  91,  1869). 

DINITE  Meneghini,  Gaz.  Med.  Italiaua,  Firenze,  Toscana,  July,  1852.  Occurs  as  an  aggrega- 
tion or  druse  of  crystals ;  cleavage  none  ;  with  the  appearance  of  ice,  but  with  a  yellow  tinge 
due  to  a  foreign  substance.  Inodorous  ;  tasteless  ;  fragile,  and  easily  reduced  to  powder. 

Insoluble  iu  water  ;  little  soluble  in  alcohol,  very  soluble  in  ether  and  in  carbon  disul- 
phide.  The  ethereal  solution  on  standing  deposits  large  crystals  of  the  dinite.  Fuses  with 
the  warmth  of  the  hand  ;  heated  in  a  close  vessel  distills  over  without  undergoing  any  sensible 
decomposition.  When  melted  it  looks  like  a  yellowish  oil ;  crystallizes  in  large  transparent 
crystals  on  cooling. 

From  a  lignite  deposit  at  Lunigiana,  Tuscany,  where  it  was  found  by  Prof.  Dini. 

IXOLYTE.  Ixolyt  Haid.,  Pogg.,  56,  345,  1842.  Amorphous.  Fracture  imperfect  conchoidal 
in  the  purer  varieties.  H.  =  i.  G.  =  1  008.  Luster  greasy.  Color  hyacinth-red.  Pulver- 
ized in  the  fingers,  it  becomes  ocher-yellow7  and  yellowish  brown.  Thin  fragments  subtrans- 
lucent.  Softens  at  76°,  but  is  still  tenacious  at  100°,  whence  the  name,  fronT'z£o£,  gluey,  like 
birdlime,  and  Xveiv,  to  dissolve. 

This  species  is  said  to  resemble  hartite,  though  differing  in  the  temperature  of  fusion  and 
other  characters.  It  occurs  iu  a  coal  bed  at  Oberhart,  near  Gloggnitz  ;  pieces  sometimes  half  an 
inch  thick,  associated  with  hartite. 

NAPALITE  G.  F.  Becker,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Monograph  13,  372,  1888. 

A  yellow  bituminous  substance  of  the  consistency  of  shoemaker's  wax.  It  is  dark  reddish 
brown  and  shows  green  fluorescence,  which,  however,  disappears  on  exposure  to  the  air;  garnet- 
red  by  transmitted  light.  Brittle,  but  easily  molded  when  warmed  by  the  hand.  Not  elastic; 
fracture  conchoidal.^  H.  —  2.  Begins  to  fuse  at  42°  and  becomes  liquid  at  46°;  boils  above 
300°,  and  at  130°  a  heavy  colorless  oil  distills  over  with  an  aromatic  odor.  Separated  into 
various  products  by  fractional  distillation.  Composition  expressed  by  the  formula,  CSH4. 
Analyses,  Melville: 

Carbon    89'84  Hydrogen    10'17      =      100-01 

89-54  10-36      =        99-90 

89-35  10-11       =        99-46 

Occurs  at  the  Phoenix  mercury  mine  in  Pope  Valley,  Napa  county,  California. 


1002  HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS. 

Konlite.  (Fr.  Uznach)  Kraus,  Pogg.,  43,  141,  1838.  Konlit  (fr.  ib.)  Schrotter,  ib.,  59,  37, 
1843;  (fr.  Redwitz)  v.  Trommsdorif,  Aun.  d.  Pharm.,  21,  126.  Konleiuit  Hausm.,  Handb., 
1487,  1847  ;  Kenngott,  Ber.  Ak.  Wieu,  14,  272,  1854,  Min.  Schweiz,  419,  Leipzig,  1866. 

Iii  folia  and  grains  ;  amorphous  ;  stalactitic.  Soft.  G.  =  0*88,  Trommsdorff.  Color  red- 
dish brown  to  yellow.  Melting  point  114°,  Kraus;  107i°,  Trommsdorff.  Distills  at  200°, 
undergoing  decomposition  at  the  same  time,  and  leaving  a  brown  residue.  Very  slightly  soluble 
in  cold  and  hot  alcohol ;  much  more  soluble  in  ether ;  the  latter  solution  affording  wax-like 
folia. 

Comp.— Ratio  of  C,  H  =  1  :  1  ;  7i(C6H6)  or  a  polymer  of  benzene.  Anal. — 1,  Kraus,  1.  c. 
2,  v.  Trommsdorff,  1.  c. 

C  H 

1.  Uzuach,  Switz.  92-49  7 -42  =  99 "91 

2.  Redwitz,  Bavaria  90-90  7'58  =  98'48 

The  Redwitz  mineral  may  be  a  different  species.  Konlite,  unlike  scheererite,  is  changed  by 
distillation,  yielding  a  substance  which  melts  by  the  warmth  of  the  hand.  For  this  product 
Kraus  proposed  the  name  pyroscheererite. 

Obs. — In  brown  coal  at  Uznach,  at  the  same  locality  with  scheererite  ;  near  Redwitz,  Ba- 
varia, in  the  Fichtelgebirge  with  fichtelite  ;  reported  by  Keungott  from  the  brown  coal  of  Fossa 
in  the  Eger  valley  (Ueb.,  147,  1850-51).  Named  after  Kouleiu,  formerly  superintendent  of  the 
coal  works  at  Uznach. 

PHYLLORETIN  ForchJiammer,  J.  pr.  Ch. ,  20,  459,  1840.  Near  the  above,  and  made  identi- 
cal with  it  by  Fritzsche.  It  was  obtained  from  an  alcoholic  solution  of  a  resin  from  the  marshes 
near  Holtegaard  in  Denmark  ;  the  more  soluble  of  the  two  resins  obtained  (see  p.  1001)  being  the 
phylloretin.  Fusing  point  86°-87c.  Dissolves  easily  in  alcohol.  Forchhammer  obtained  : 
Carbon  90'22,  90'12,  hydrogen  9  22,  9'26  ;  he  deduces  for  the  ratio  of  C  to  H.  =  8  :  10. 

NAPTHALENE,  Naphtaliu.  Commonly,  as  artificially  preparad,  in  rhombic  tables  of  122° 
and  78°  with  the  acute  angles  truncated,  or  hexagonal  tables.  Luster  brilliant.  Color  white. 
G.  =  1-153  at  18°;  0'9778  at  79'2°,  Kopp.;  at  which  temperature  it  melts.  Boiling  point  218°. 
Dissolves  readily  in  alcohol,  ether,  oil  of  turpentine,  fatty  oils.  etc. 

Comp.— Cio  H 8  =  Carbon  93 '75,  hydrogen  6'25  =  100.  The  first  of  the  Napthalene  series, 
the  general  formula  for  which  is  Cn  H8n_i2.  Burns  with  a  dense  smoking  flame. 

Found  sparingly  in  Rangoon  tar,  by  De  la  Rue  and  M  tiller,  and  by  Warren  and  Storer. 
Formed  easily  from  petroleum,  coal-naphtha,  essential  oils,  on  passing  them  through  red-hot 
tubes. 


2.  Oxygenated   Hydrocarbons. 

Succinite.  "HA.eKrpor  Homer,  etc.  ?  Avyyvpiov  Theophr.,  Demostr.  Avyyovpiov 
Diosc.,  etc.  Succinum,  Electrum,  Lyncurium,  Plin.,  37,  11,  12,  13.  Amber  pt.  Succin, 
Auibre,  Fr.  Bernstein,  Agstein,  Germ.  Succinite  pt.  Breith.,  Char.,  75,  1820,  140,  1823. 

In  irregular  masses,  without  cleavage  ;  fracture  conchoidal.  Optically  anisotropic,  showing 
bright  interference-colors  in  polarized  light. 

H.  ==  2-2'5.  G.  =  1  050-1-096  Helm  ;  the  lowest  values  for  kinds  with  numerous  minute 
cavities.  Luster  resinous.  Color  yellow,  sometimes  reddish,  brownish,  and  whitish,  often 
clouded,  sometimes  fluorescent.  Streak  white.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Tasteless.  Nega- 
tively electrified  on  friction.  Heated  to  150°  begins  to  soften  and  finally  melts  at  25()°-300°. 

Comp.— Ratio  for  C,  H,  O  =  40  :  64  :  4  =  Carbon  78'94,  hydrogen  10'53,  oxygen  10'53  =  100. 
Anal.— 1,  Schrotter,  Pogg.,  59,  64,  1843.  2,  O.  Helm,  Schriften  Ges.  Danzig,  7,  No.  4, 192,  1891. 

1.  C  78-824  H  10-229  O  10'947  =  100 

2.  78-63  10-48  10'47  S  0'42  =  100 

Sulphur,  in  the  form  of  an  organic  compound,  is  present  in  amounts  varying  from  0*26  to 
0.48  p.  c.  Helm. 

Amber  was  early  found  to  be  not  a  simple  resin.  According  to  Berzelius  (Pogg.,  12, 
419,  1828),  it  consists  mainly  (85  to  90  p.  c.)  of  a  resin  which  resists  all  solvents  along  with  two 
other  resins  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  an  oil,  and  2£  to  6  p.  c.  of  succinic  acid.  Schrotter  and 
Forchhammer  state  that  after  removing  these  soluble  ingredients,  true  succinite  has  the  ratio 
40  :  64  :  4,  which  is  the  ratio  deduced  from  the  analyses  of  the  whole  mass. 

The  properties  of  succinite  or  amber  in  the  narrow  sense  are  given  minutely  by  Helm,  1.  c., 
1891,  as  follows: 

Heated  in  "the  open  air,  it  melts  at  from  250°  to  300°  without  previously  swelling  up,  boils 
quietly  after  the  fusion,  at  the  same  time  giving  off  dense  white  fumes  which  have  a  peculiar 
aromatic  odor  irritating  to  the  respiratory  organs.  Heated  in  a  glass  retort,  connected  with  a 
cooled  receiver,  the  products  of  distillation,  formed  in  the  neck  of  the  retort,  are  a  reddish  brown 


HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS.  1003 

oil  and  a  crystalline  solid  (succiuic  acid),  while  a  watery  fluid  goes  over  into  tbe  receiver,  leav- 
ing a  blackish  brown  coke-like  substance  behind.  This  residue  is  easily  rubbed  to  powder  and 
is  soluble  in  oil  of  turpentine  (this  is  the  so-called  colophony  of  timber  or  Bernsteincolophouium 
Germ.).  The  oil  noted  above  is  thick,  of  a  reddish  brown  color  with  greenish  fluorescence  and 
peculiar  odor  ;  it  contains  in  solution  a  little  sulphur  and  succinic  acid.  The  watery  liquid  is  a 
solution  of  succinic  acid  in  water,  and  is  also  said  to  contain  acetic  acid  and  butyric  acid. 

In  regard  to  the  action  of  solvents,  Helm  notes  that  in  alcohol  20  to  25  p.  c.  are  dissolved  ;  in 
ether  18-23 p.  c. ;  in  oil  of  turpentine  25  p.  c. ;  in  chloroform 20'6  p.  c.;  in  amyl  alcohol  20  p.  c.; 
in  carbon  disulphide  24  p.  c.;  in  methyl  alcohol  13  p.  c. :  in  benzol  9'8  p.  c.;  in  petroleum  ether 
22  p.  c.;  in  alcoholic  solution  of  potash  40  to  55  p.  c.  The  evaporation  of  the  solution  in  alco- 
hol or  ether  gives  a  brittle  resin  having  the  peculiar  aromatic  odor  of  succinite  and  melting  at 
146°.  The  amount  of  succinic  acid  present  is  usually  from  5  to  6  p.  c.,  or  in  some  cases  up  to 
8  p.  c.  The  presence  of  this  considerable  quantity  is  taken  as  characteristic  of  true  succinite  or 
umber  in  the  narrow  sense.  On  the  characters  of  amber  and  its  occurrence  in  general  see  Helm, 
Schriften  Ges.  Danzig,  7,  No.  4,  189,  1891,  and  also  several  earlier  papers  in  the  same  publication  ; 
also  Conwenz,  ibid.,  7,  Nc.  3,  165,  1890. 

Obs. — Amber  occurs  abundantly  on  the  Prussian  coast  of  the  Baltic  ;  occurring  from  Dant- 
zig  to  Memel,  especially  between  Pillau  and  Dorf  Gross-Hubnicken.  It  occurs  in  England, 
near  London,  and  on  the  coasts  of  Norfolk,  Essex,  and  Suffolk  ;  also  on  the  coast  of  Denmark, 
Sweden,  and  the  Russian  Baltic  provinces  ;  also  in  western  Russia  and  in  Westphalia.  It  is 
mined  extensively,  and  is  also  found  on  the  shores  cast  up  by  the  waves  after  a  heavy  storm. 

Further,  resins  resembling  amber  in  appearance  and  in  many  of  their  characters  and  of  like 
use  occur  at  many  other  points,  but  according  to  Helm  they  are  to  be  distinguished  from  true 
succinite,  or  amber  in  the  strict  sense,  chiefly  by  their  containing  very  little  or  no  succinic  acid. 
Some  of  these  other  localities  (see  further  special  kinds  described  beyond)  are  :  in  Galicia,  near 
Lemberg,  and  at  Miszau  ;  in  Poland  ;  in  Moravia,  at  Boskowitz,  etc.;  in  the  Ural ;  near  Christi- 
ania,  Norway  ;  in  Switzerland,  near  Bale  ;  in  France,  near  Paris,  in  clay,  in  the  department  of 
the  Lower  Alps,  with  bituminous  coal;  also  in  the  department  of  1'Aisne,  de  la  Loire,  du  Gard, 
du  Bas-Rhin.  It  also  occurs  in  various  parts  of  Asia,  as  in  Upper  Burma.  Also  near  Catania, 
on  the  Sicilian  coast,  sometimes  of  a  peculiar  opalescent  blue  or  green  tinge  (see  simetite,  be- 
yond); of  a  rich  golden  yellow  in  southern  Mexico. 

Amber  like  resins  have  been  found  in  various  parts  of  the  Green-sand  formation  of  the 
United  States,  either  loosely  embedded  in  the  soil,  or  engaged  in  marl  or  lignite,  as  at  Gay 
Head  or  Martha's  Vineyard  ;  near  Trenton  and  also  at  Camden  and  elsewhere  in  New  Jersey,  and 
at  Cape  Sable,  near  Magothy  river,  in  Maryland.  A  mass  found  in  the  marl  pits  near  Harrison- 
ville,  Gloucester  Co.,  N.  J.,  was  20  X  6  X  1  in.  and  weighed  64  oz.  G.  =  1-061  Kunz  (this 
contains  no  succiuic  acid,  Helm). 

In  the  royal  museum  at  Berlin  there  is  a  mass  of  amber  weighing  18  Ibs.  Another  in  the 
kingdom  of  Ava,  India,  is  nearly  as  large  as  a  child's  head,  and  weighs  2?  Ibs.;  it  is  intersected 
by  veins  of  calcium  carbonate,  from  the  thickness  of  paper  to  one-twentieth  of  an  inch. 

It  is  now  fully  ascertained  that  amber  and  the  similar  fossil  resins  are  of  vegetable  origin, 
altered  by  fossilization.  This  is  inferred  both  from  its  native  situation  with  coal,  or  fossil  wood, 
and  from  the  occurrence  of  insects  incased  in  it.  Of  these  insects,  some  appear  evidently  to  have 
struggled  after  being  entangled  in  the  then  viscous  fluid;  and  occasionally  a  leg  or  wing  is  found 
some  distance  from  the  body,  which  had  been  detached  in  the  effort  to  escape.  Goppert  has 
shown  (Ber.  Ak.  Berlin.  450,  1853,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  287,  1854)  that  at  least  8  species  of  plants  be- 
sides the  Pinites  succinifer  have  afforded  these  fossilized  resins,  and  he  enumerates  163  species  as 
represented  by  remains  in  them.  Besides  pines,  species  of  the  family  Abietinem  and  Cupressinece 
have  probably  contributed  to  them.  True  succinite,  however,  is  shown  by  H.  Conwentz  (Mono- 
graph der  Baltischeu  Bernsteinbaurne,  Danzig,  1890,  quoted  by  Helm)  to  have  been  derived  from 
the  Pinus  succinifer. 

Amber  was  early  known  to  the  ancients,  and  called  r/A.eKrpor,  electrum,  whence,  on  account 
of  its  electrical  susceptibilities,  has  been  derived  the  word  electricity.  It  was  named  by  some 
lyncurium,  though  this  name  was  applied  by  Theophrastus  also  to  a  stone,  probably  to  zircon  or 
tourmaline,  both  minerals  of  remarkable  electrical  properties. 

Pliny  mentions,  as  one  proposed  derivation  of  electrum.  the  fable,  as  he  regards  it.  that  the 
sisters  of  Phae"thon,  changed  into  poplars,  shed  their  tears  on  the  banks  of  the  Eridanus  (or 
Padus),  and  that  these  tears  were  called  electrum,  from  the  fact  that  the  sun  was  usually  called 
elector;  as  another,  that  it  comes  from  Klectrides,  the  name  of  certain  islands  in  the  Adriatic  ;  or 
another,  electrides,  the  name  of  certain  stones  in  Britannia,  from  which  it  exudes.  He  gives  it  as 
his  opinion  that  "amber  is  an  exudation  from  trees  of  the  pine  family,  like  gum  from  the  cherry, 
and  n  sin  from  the  ordinary  pine  ";  and,  as  proof  that  it  was  once  liquid,  alludes  to  the  gnats, 
etc  .  in  it.  He  observes  that  it  had  been  long  called  succinum.  because  of  this  origin,  "  quod 
arboris  succum  prisci  nostri  credidere."  He  says  that  in  his  time  it  was  "  in  request  among 
women  only."  But  "  it  had  been  so  highly  valued  as  an  object  of  luxury  that  a  very  diminutive 
human  ertigy,  made  of  amber,  had  been  known  to  sell  at  a  higher  piice  than  living  men,  even  in 
stout  and  vigorous  health." 

SUCCINELLITE.  Succinic  acid  obtained  in  orthorhombic  crystals  from  amber;  cf.  Rg  ,  Kr. 
Ch.,  2,  209, 1882.  H.  =  1.  G.  -  1'55.  Luster  vitreous.  Colorless  or  white.  An  aromatic  odor. 
Soluble  in  water.  Composition  corresponds  to  C4H6O4  =  Carbon  40'7,  hydrogen  5'1,  oxygen 
54'2  =  100.  Evaporates  at  a  low  temperature,  and  on  cooling  condenses  in  crystals. 


1004  HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS. 

Exists  in  amber,  constituting  2|  to  6  p.  c.  of  the  mass  (cf.  p.  1003),  and  easily  obtained  from 
it  by  distillation.  Its  presence  ready  formed  in  this  resin  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  it  maybe 
separated  either  by  water,  ether,  or  alkalies,  the  amber  being  left  after  the  treatment  without  its 
succiuic  acid. 

The  mineral  resins  immediately  following  are  for  the  most  part  near  succinite  or  amber. 
Other  resins  less  closely  related  are  appended  to  them. 

Retinite.  Amber  pt.  A  general  name  applied  to  various  resins,  particularly  those  from 
beds  of  brown  coal,  which  are  near  amber  in  appearance,  but  contain  little  or  no  succinic  acid. 
It  may  conveniently  serve  as  a  generic  name,  .since  no  two  independent  occurrences  prove  to  be 
alike,  and  the  indefinite  multiplication  of  names,  no  one  of  them  properly  specific,  is  not  to  be 
desired. 

A.  A  retinite  from  Halle  afforded  Bucholz  (Schw.  J.,  1,    290,    1811)   91  parts  soluble  in 
absolute  alcohol,  and  9  parts  insoluble.     The  former  gives  a  yellowish -brown  deposit  on  dilution, 
and  is  more  soluble  in  boiling  dilute  alcohol  than  in  cold  ;  and  it  is  insoluble  in  pure  ether  and 
turpentine.     The  latter  is  also  insoluble  in  ether.     Both  are  soluble  in  alkalies.     The  resin  fuses 
with  more  difficulty  than  most  resins,  blackens  in  the  heat,  and  gives  out  a  strong  aromatic  odor. 
By  distillation  yields  a  brown  thick  oil,  some  water  containing^  little  acetic  acid,  besides  car- 
bonic acid  and  carburetted  hydrogen. 

B.  Another  retinite  from  the  lignite  at  Walchow  (Pogg.,  59,  61,  18—)  has  been  called  WAL- 
CHOWITE  (p.  1005). 

C.  A  resin  described  by  Dietrich  (Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  No.  8,  1875).     It  occurs  at  Skuc in  Bohe- 
mia in  a  coal-bearing  sandstone.     Hard.    G.  =  1'092.    Color  dark  honey-yellow.    Slightly  soluble 
in  alcohol,  better  in  benzene  and  chloroform.     Melts  to  a  compact  mass  and  gives  off  a  little  suc- 
cinic acid.     Analysis :  C  76'47,  H  7'84,  O  15'68.  S  0'025,  N  tr. 

D.  Broil ner  (Jahr.  Ver.  Wurtt.,  p  81,  1878)  found  in  a  resin  from  Lebanon  a  small  amount 
of  succinic  acid,  also  formic  acid.     Analysis  gavp  :  C  74'8,  H  12*3,  O  12  9.     8  p.  c.  were  dis- 
solved in  alcohol.     Cf.  Schraufite,  p.  1006,  alsoVlieim,  1.  c.,  1891,  p.  199. 

E.  A  resin  from  Japan  called  Japanese  amber,  analyzed  by  J.  F.  Eykmanu  in  Tokio  (quoted 
by  Helm,  1.  c.,  1891,  p.  200)  gave  :  C  83 '48,  H  10'45,  O  6'12. 

F.  A  resin  from  Greenland,  analyzed  by  Chydenius  (G.  For.  Forh.,  2,  549,  1878)  s;ave : 
C  73-47,  H  10-20,  O  16' 33  =  100;  empirical  formula  deduced   C6H10O.     Helm  found  a  "small 
amount  of  succinic  acid  in  this  resin,  though  Chydenius  obtained  none. 

Some  other  related  resins,  which  have  not  received  special  names,  are  mentioned  by  Helm, 
1.  c. 

GEDANITE  Otto  Helm,  Schriften  Ges.  Danzig,  4,  No.  3,  214, 1878.  A  resin  resembling  amber, 
but  not  containing  succinic  acid,  and  less  rich  in  oxygen.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Fragile. 
H.  =  l"5-2.  G.  =  1  '058-1  '068.  Color  wine-yellow,  more  or  less  clear.  Transparent.  Analysis: 

C  81-01  H  11-41  O7-33  S  0'25  =  100  (ash  0'06) 

Becomes  opaque  upon  heating,  finally  milky,  and  at  140°-180°  bubbles  up  and  melts. 
Warm  alcohol  dissolves  18-25  p.  c.,  and  warm  ether  40-52  p.  c.  Found  with  succinite  on  the 
shores  of  the  Baltic.  Named  from  Gedanum,  Latin  name  of  Danzig. 

GLESSITE  0.  Helm,  Schriften  Ges.  Danzig,  5,  No.  1-2,  291,  1881.  A  resin  occurring, 
like  gedanite,  with  succinite  on  the  shores  of  the  Baltic.  It  is  peculiar  in  the  presence  of  minute 
spherical  cell-like  forms,  discerned  by  the  microscope.  Fracture  conchoidal.  H.  =  2. 
G.  =  1-015-1-027.  Luster  greasy.  Color  red-brown  and  translucent  to  brown  or  brownish 
black  and  opaque.  Analysis  : 

C  79-36  H  9-48  O  10-72  SO -44  =  100 

Behaves  nearly  like  succinite  with  solvents.  When  heated,  begins  to  swell  up  at  120°,  giving 
off  white  fumes,  and  at  200°  melts  to  a  thick  liquid.  Contains  no  succinic  acid,  but  probably 
formic  acid.  Named  glessite  fromglessum  orglcesum,  a  name  applied,  as  noted  by  Tacitus,  to  the 
amber. 

RUMANITE  0.  Helm,  Schrift.  Ges.  Danzig,  7,  No.  4,  186,  1891.  Rumanischer  Bernstein. 
A  yellow  amber- like  resin  obtained  from  different  points  in  Rumania,  as  in  sandstone  in  the 
Buseo  district,  at  Telage  in  the  Bohosa  district,  etc.  Color  brownish  yellow  to  brown,  seldom 
yellow.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Occurs  in  brittle  masses,  with  flat  conchoidal  fracture. 
H.  =  2-5-3.  G.  =  1-048-1105.  Analysis: 

C  81-64  H  9-65  O  7'56  S  1-15  =  100 

In  alcohol  6-6  p.  c.  dissolves  ;  in  ether  14*4  p.  c.  ;  in  chloroform  11 '8;  in  benzene  14'2.  Not 
acted  upon  by  nitric  acid  in  the  cold,  but  when  warmed  oxidized  to  a  yellow  crumbling  sub- 
stance. Melts  without  previous  swelling  up  at  300°.  In  a  glass  retort,  a  watery  fluid  is  distilled 


HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS.  1005 

over  with  evolution  of  hydrogen  sulphide  and  carbon  dioxide  ;  then  follows  a  thick  reddish 
brown  oil,  while  white  fine  crystals  form  in  the  neck  which  consist  of  succinic  acid;  the  amount 
of  the  last  varies  in  different  samples,  in  four  cases  0'3,  0*9,  1'35,  3'2  p.  c. 

SIMETITE  0.  Helm  &  H.  Conwentz,  Schrifteu  Ges.  Danzig,  5,  No.  1-2,  293  et  aL,  1881,  [Mal- 
pighia,  1,  49,  1886  ;]  Helm,  Schriften  Ges.  Danzig,  7,  No.  4,  198,  1891.  A  resin  near  amber  from 
near  Mt.  Etna,  Sicily.  Remarkable  for  its  deep  red  color  and  often  showing  a  beautiful  fluo- 
rescence. It  is  usually  garnet-red  to  dark  red  in  color  and  by  reflected  light  appears  nearly 
black  ;  sometimes  lighter  yellowish  red.  G.  =  1'052-1'068.  Analysis  gave  Helm  : 

C  69-48  H  9-24  O  20'76  S  0'52  =  100 

It  contains  only  0'4  p.  c.  succinic  acid,  but  more  sulphur  in  the  form  of  an  organic  acid  than 
succinite  ;  Helm  found  0*52  in  a  light  colored  kind,  0'67  in  a  dark  red,  and  2'4p.  c.  in  the  black 
varieties.  Ether  dissolves  27  p.  c.,  alcohol  dissolves  21  p.  c.,  and  an  alcoholic  solution  of  potash 
32  p.  c. 

Conwentz  mentions  a  resin  resembling  amber  from  Yucatan,  near  simetite. 

KRANTZITE  (Fossiles  Harz  fr.  Nienburg.  Krautzit  G.  Bergemann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  76,  65,  1859). 
Near  succinite.  Occurs  in  small  grains  and  masses  of  a  light  yellow  or  greenish  yellow  color, 
but  reddish  or  brownish  externally.  G.  =  0*968.  Rather  tender.  Sectile  and  somewhat 
elastic.  The  exterior  has  G.  =  1  '002.  Anal.— Landolt: 

C  79-25  H  10-41  O  10-34  =  100 

Corresponding  nearly  to  the  formula  C-joHe-iCV 

Only  4  p.  c.  soluble  in  alcohol,  and  6  p.  c.  in  ether  ;  and  only  softens  in  turpentine.  In 
sulphuric  acid  gives  a  brown  solution.  Fuses  at  225°,  and  becomes  perfectly  fluid  at  288°;  and 
at  a  higher  temperature  yields  gas  and  products  of  distillation.  The  ether  solution  affords  a 
brownish  amorphous  substance,  which  is  elastic  like  caoutchouc  at  12°,  and  fuses  at  150°. 

SIEGBURGITE  A.  Lasaulx,  Jb.  Min.,  128,  1875. 

A  resin  from  the  brown-coal  formation  in  the  neighborhood  of  Troisdorf  and  Siegburg  in 
the  region  of  the  Lower  Rhine.  Occurs  in  concretionary  masses  in  which  the  resin  is  mixed 
with  some  50  p.  c.  or  more  of  quartz  sand,  which,  in  the  form  of  small  granules,  it  cements 
together.  H.  —  2-2'5.  Color  gold-yellow  to  brownish  red  or  hyacinth-red.  Analyses, 
JLasaulx,  of  two  samples  after  deducting  sand  : 

1.  C  85-14  H  7-90  O  6'96  =  100 

2.  81-37  5-36  13-37  =  100 

Partially  soluble  in  alcohol;  also  partially  in  ether,  which  is  colored  yellow  and  after 
evaporation  yields  a  yellow  oil  without  separation  of  crystals.  Melts  and  burns  readily  with  a 
yellow,  smutty  flame  giving  an  aromatic  odor;  yields  a  light  greenish  yellow  oil  on  distillation, 
but  no  succinic  acid. 

Later  investigated  by  Klinger  and  Pitschki  (Ber.  Ch.  Ges.,  17,  2742,  1884).  They  obtained 
from  600  grams  of  the  crude  substance,  113  c.c.  of  a  light  oily  liquid  and  10  c.c.  of  an  acid 
watery  liquid  ;  in  the  distillation  styrol  (25  gr.)  and  cinnamic  acid  (4'4  gr.)  were  deducted; 
benzene  and  toluene  were  present  in  small  quantity  only. 

WALCHOWITE.  Bergpech  pt.  (fr.  Walchow)  Estner,  Min.,  3,  Ite  Abth.,  114,  1800. 
Retinit  von  Walchow  Schrotter,  59,  37,  1843.  Walchowit  Haid.,  Ueb.,  99,  1843,  Handb.,  574, 
1845. 

Iii  yellow  translucent  masses,  often  striped  with  brown.  Luster  resinous.  Fracture  con- 
^hoidal.  Translucent  to  opaque.  H.  =  1*5-2.  G.  =  1-0-1-069;  an  opaque  variety  1-035. 

Ratio  for  C,  H,  O  —  40  :  64  :  3£.     Anal.— Schrotter ,  Fogg.,  59,  61,  1843. 

f  C  80-41  H  10-66  O  8'93 

Fuses  to  a  yellow  oil  at  250°  and  burns  readily;  becomes  transparent  and  elastic  at 
140°.  But  it  is  a  mixture,  as  alcohol  takes  up  1*5  p.  c.,  and  ether  7-5  p.  c.  Forms  a  dark 
brown  solution  in  sulphuric  acid. 

Occurs  in  brown  coal  at  Walchow,  in  Moravia,  and  formerly  called  RetiniU.  Estner  also 
mentions  a  honey-yellow  resin  from  Uttigshof  in  Moravia  (called  Bernstein  in  the  Abh.  Bohm. 
Ges.,  3,  8),  and  another  of  a  similar  color,  but  a  little  greenish,  from  Litezko  in  Moravia. 

CHEMAWINITE  B.  J.  Harrington,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  332,  1891. 

A  resin  related  to  amber  occurring  in  small  fragments,  from  the  size  of  a  pea  to  that  of  a 
robin's  egg  or  larger,  on  a  low  beach  on  Cedar  Lake  near  the  mouth  of  the  north  Saskatchewan. 
It  forms  from  five  to  ten  per  cent  by  volume  of  the  sand  and  vegetable  debris,  and  along  a  mile 
of  the  beach  it  was  estimated  to  be  found  in  a  band  thirty  feet  wide  with  a  minimum  depth  of 
two  feet  (Tyrrell). 

Fracture  conchoidal.    H.  =  2'5.     G.  =  1*055.     Color  pale  yellow  to  dark  brown.     Becomes 


1006  HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS. 

electric  on  friction.     Ratio  f  or  C  :  H  :  O  —  40 :  62*79  :  3'56,  or  not  far  from  recent  copals  from 
India.     Analysis  of  material  dried  in  vacua  over  sulphuric  acid  : 

|      C  79-96  H  10-46  O  9'49  Ash  0  09  =  100 

In  absolute  alcohol,  af ter  3£  hours,  Sl'Ol  p.  c.  were  dissolved;  in  absolute  ether,  after  2 
hours,  24-84  p.  c.  Heated  in  a  closed  tube,  begins  to  soften  at  150°,  and  at  180°-190°  could  be 
pressed  into  a  single  mass;  at  300°  became  soft  and  elastic,  but  did  not  melt  into  a  flowing 
liquid  and  had  darkened  somewhat  from  partial  decomposition.  Yielded  no  crystals  of  suc- 
cinic  acid  in  a  retort. 

Named  Chemawinite  from  ChemahaWin  or  Chemayin,  the  Indian  name  of  a  Hudson  Bay 
post  not  far  from  where  the  resin  occurs.  Probably  derived  from  one  of  the  Tertiary  or  Creta- 
ceous lignites  occurring  on  the  Saskatchewan.  Some  of  these  are  known  to  contain  resins,  one 
of  which  was  found  by  Harrington  to  be  near  the  above,  with  H.  —  2,  G.  =  T066,  and  dis 
solved  iii  absolute  alcohol  to  29*30  p.  c. 

DUXITE  Doelter,  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  145,  1874.  A  resin  from  the  lignite  of  Dux,  Bohemia. 
Opaque.  Color  dark  brown.  G.  =  1*133.  Melts  at  246°.  Fischer  obtained,  besides  2'72  water 
and  1-94  ash  :  C  78'25,  H  8'14,  O  13-19,  S  0'42  =  100.  Near  walchowite. 

MUCKITE  J.  von  8chrddring#r,Vh,  G.  Reichs.,  387,  1878.  A  resin  from  the  coal  beds  at 
Neudorf,  Moravia,  disseminated  in  minute  particles,  and  in  small  bauds.  Color  opaque  yellow, 
or  light  brownish  yellow,  and  transparent  to  translucent.  H.  =  1-2.  G.  —  1'0025.  Anal.— 
Dietrich  : 

£      C  79-22  H  9-57  O  11-21,  corresponding  to  C20H26O2 

Fuses  between  290°  and  310°.  In  alcohol,  14  p.  c.  dissolve;  in  ether,  40  p.  c.,  both  leaving 
a  yellowish  brown  residue. 

NEUDORFITE  J.  von  Schrockinger,  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  387,  1878.  A  resin  occurring  in  a  coal 
bed  at  Neudorf ,  Moravia.  Color  pale  yellow.  Luster  waxy.  Fracture  conchoidal  G.  =  1  -045^ 
1-060.  Anal.— Dietrich  : 

C  78-04,  H  9-84,  O  11'98,  N  0'14,  corresponding  to  C18H28O2  =  C  78-26,  H  1014,  O  11 -6C  -  100. 

Fuses  at  280°.    Dissolves  in  ether,  leaving  a  whitish  yellow  resinous  powder. 

SCHRAUFITE  J.  von  Sckrockinger,Vk.  G.  Reichs.,  134,  1875. 

Occurs  in  small  masses  and  in  layers,  in  the  schistose  sandstone  (Carpathian  sandstone),  near 
Wamnia,  in  Bukowina.  Fracture  semi-conchoidal  to  splintery.  H.  =2-3.  G.  =  1'<M'13. 
Color  hyacinth- to  blood-red.  Translucent.  Melting  point  326°,  when  decomposition  goes  on. 
Partially  soluble  in  alcohol,  benzene,  and  chloroform;  completely  soluble  in  sulphuric  acid,  ^he 
larger  portion  of  the  resin  separating  as  a  grayish  yellow  slimy  mass,  upon  dilution  with  weter. 
Formula:  CnH16O2,  requiring  :  C  73'33,  H  8 '89,  O  17 '78  =  100.  Anal.— Dietrich  : 

C  73-81  H  8-82  O  17'37 

With  this  resin  correspond  also  a  resin  from  Mizun  and  Hoflein,  and  less  closely  others 
from  the  neighborhood  of  Lemberg.  Schrockiuger  proposes  to  include  the  several  occurrences 
under  the  name  Schraufile,  after  Prof.  A.  Schrauf,  of  Vienna. 

This  is  near  the  resin  from  Lebanon,  see  p.  1004;  cf.  also  John,  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  255,  1876, 
and  Bronner,  Jahr.  Ver.  Wurtt.,  34,  86,  1878. 

A  resin  near  schraufite  is  mentioned  by  J.  Stuart  Thomson  as  found  with  the  coal  at 
Fauldhouse,  Midlothian,  Scotland,  Min.  Mag.,  7,  215,  1887. 

JAULINGITE  Zepharovich,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  16,  366,  1855. 

A  resin  occurring  in  the  Jauling.  near  St.  Viet,  in  Lower  Austria.  It  somewhat  resembles 
amber,  is  hyacinth-red,  translucent  in  thin  splinters,  maybe  rubbed  to  a  yellow  powder  between 
the  ringers,  and  has  H.  =  2'5,  G.  =  1 -098-1 '111.  By  the  action  of  carbon  disulphide  a  resin- 
like  substance  was  obtained  from  this:  which  was  brownish  yellow  in  color;  brittle;  at  50°. 
softens,  at  70°  liquid.  Easily  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether.  Aromatic  odor  when  heated. 
Ratio  for  C,  H,  O  =  39  :  60  :  4*  =  C26H4oO3,  Ragsky,  who  obtained  :  f  C  77 "97,  H  10  14, 
O  11-89  =  100.  Not  soluble  in  a  carbonated  alkali,  and  scarcely  at  all  in  a  potash  solution. 

A  Beta-javlingite  was  obtained  from  the  residue,  after  the  treatment  with  carbon  disulphide, 
by  the  action  of  ether.  Color  brownish  yellow.  Softens  at  135°,  and  becomes  liquid  at  160°. 
Dissolves  easily  in  alcohol  and  ether,  but  not  in  carbonated  alkali  or  carbon  disulphide.  Ratio 
for  C,  H,  O  =  40:  53£:  8|;  or  18  :  24  :  4,  Ragsky,  who  obtained  :  f  C  70'90,  H  7'93,  O  21-17 
=  100.  It  contains  double  the  oxygen  of  the  preceding,  with  less,  proportionally,  of  hydrogen. 

REFTKITE  La  Cava  [J.  connais.  medicale.  Paris,  1852],  Dx  ,  Min.,  2,  58,  1874. 

A  resin  found  in  the  lignite  of  Montorio,  near  Feramo.  Abruzzes.  It  is  amorphous,  in 
small  scales.  Very  soft.  "Fragile.  Color  white.  Composition,  C20H18O2  =  Carbon  79*0, 
hydrogen  10'5,  oxygen  10  5  =  100.  Analysis  : 

C  77-77  H  11-18  O  11 '05  =  100 


HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS.  1007 

Soluble  in  ether  and  in  absolute  alcohol,  and  on  boiling  separates  in  masses  or  small  crystals, 
Also  soluble  in  boiling  caustic  potash. 

KOFLACHITE  Doelter,  Mitth.  Ver.  Steiermark,  p.  93,  1878. 

A  resin  from  Laukowitz  near  Koflach  in  Styria,  where  it  occurs  in  the  Tertiary  brown  coaS. 
Fracture  couchoidal.  G.  =  l-2-l-25.  Color  dark  brown,  but  reddish  brown  in  tine  splinters. 
Becomes  electric  with  friction.  Composition,  CaaH^sOa  =  Carbon  82 '3,  hydrogen  10 '2,  oxygen 
7 '5  =  1UO.  Analysis,  Andreasch  : 

C  82-23  H  10-28  O  7'49  =  100 

Melting  point  98°,  but  becomes  soft  at  a  lower  temperature.  Easily  soluble  in  ether; 
soluble  in  carbon  disulphide,  but  insoluble  in  alcohol  and  caustic  potash. 

AMBRITE.  Ambrit  (fr.  N.  Zealand)  Hochstetter,  v.  Hauer,  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  4,  1861.  Am- 
berite. 

Amorphous;  in  large  masses.  H  —  2.  G.  =  1*034.  Luster  greasy.  Color  yellowish 
gray.  Subtransparent.  Strong  electric  on  friction.  Fracture  couchoidal. 

Ratio  deduced  for  C,  H,  O  =  40 :  66  :  5  =  Carbon  76'88,  hydrogen  10'54,  oxygen  12'77. 
Von  Hauer  makes  the  ratio  32 :  26 :  4,  which  is  not  nearer  the  analysis  than  the  above. 
Anal.— R.  Maly,  1.  c.: 

|    C  76-53  H  10-58  O  12-70  Ash  0-19 

Wholly  insoluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  oil  of  turpentine,  benzene,  chloroform,  and  dilute  acid. 
Burns  with  yellow  smoking  flame.  The  ash  contains  iron,  lime,  and  soda. 

Occurs  in  masses  as  large  as  the  head  in  the  province  of  Auckland,  N.  Zealand,  at  the 
Hawakawa  colliery,  Bay  of  Islands,  at  Waikato  and  at  Uhangarei.  It  much  resembles  the 
resin  of  the  Dammara  Australia,  or  Kauri  gum,  which  abounds  on  the  island,  and  is  often 
exported  with  it. 

BUCARAMANGITE.  Rcsine  de  Bucaramanga  Boussingault,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  6,  507,  1842. 
Resembles  amber  in  its  pale  yellow  color.  G.  above  1. 

Ratio  for  C,  H;  O  =  42  :  66  :  2|  =  Carbon  82'7,  hydrogen  10*8,  oxygen  6'5  =  100.  Insol- 
uble in  alcohol.  In  ether  softens  and  becomes  opaque.  Fuses  easily,  and  burns  with  a  little 
smoky  flame,  leaving  no  residue.  Yields  no  succiuic  acid. 

An  analysis  gave  Boussingault:  C  82-7,  H  10'8,  O  6'5,  N  tr.  =  100.     C.  R.,  96,  1452,  1883. 

ROSTHORNITE  H.  Hofer,  Jb.  Min.,  p.  561,  1871. 

In  lenticular  masses  in  coal.  G.  —  1*076.  Luster  greasy.  Color  brown,  with  garnet-red 
reflections;  in  thin  splinters  wine-yellow.  Composition,  C24H40O.  Anal. — Mitteregger,  1.  c.: 

|    C  84-42  H  11-01  O  4-57  =  100 

At  96°  commences  to  melt  to  a  viscous  brownish  red  mass,  which  at  160°  gives  off  bub- 
bles and  at  205°  white  fumes;  heated  to  225°  the  evolution  of  gas  ceases,  leaving  a  thin  dark 
purplish  red  fluid.  Insoluble  in  dilute  nitric  acid,  as  also  in  potash  or  alcohol.  Slightly  soluble 
in  warm  ether  and  entirely  so  in  warm  oil  of  turpentine.  Completely  soluble  in  benzene  at 
ordinary  temperatures.  From  Souuberge,  Carinthia. 

COPALITE.  Fossil  Copal,  Highgate  Resin,  Aikin,  Min.,  64,  1815.  Retinite  pt.  Glock.,  Min., 
372,  1831,  Raid.,  Handb.,  574.  1845.  Fossil  Copal  J.  F.  W.  Johnston,  Phil.  Mag.,  14,  87,  1839. 
Copal  in  e  Hausm.,  Handb.,  1500,  1847. 

Like  the  resin  copal  in  hardness,  color,  luster,  transparency,  and  difficult  solubility  in  alco- 
hol. Color  clear  pale  yellow  to  dirty  gray  and  dirty  brown.  Emits  a  resinous  aromatic  odor 
when  broken.  G.  =  I'OIO  Johnston;  1'05  Bastock;  1'053  E.  Indies,  Kenugott. 

Ratio  for  C,  H,  O  =  40  :  64  :  1  =  Carbon  85'7,  hydrogen  11*4,  oxygen  2'9  =  100.  Anal.- 
1,  2,  Johnston.  3,  Duflos  [Min.  Unters.,  2,  1831],  Min.,  5th  Ed.,  p.  739. 

C                   HO  Ash 

1.  Yellow  trp.                            85  677  11'476           2-847  —  =  100 

2.  Gray                                    85408  11 '787           2°669  0'136  =  100 

3.  E.  Indies                               85-73  11-50             2'77  —  =  100 

Volatilizes  in  the  air  by  a  gentle  heat.  Burns  easily  with  a  yellow  flame  and  much  smoke, 
and  hardly  any  perceptible  ash.  Slightly  acted  upon  by  alcohol.  Keungott's  mineral  closely 
resembles  the  Highgate  copalite  in  its  honey-yellow  color,  and  its  action  with  heat  and  alcohol. 

From  the  blue  clay  (London  clay)  of  Highgate  Hill,  near  London,  from  whence  it  is  called 
Highgate  resin.  It  occurs  in  irregular  pieces  of  a  pale  honey-yellow  color. 

AMBROSINE  C.  U.  Shepard,  Rural  Carolinian,  1,  p.  311.  In  rounded  masses.  Color  yellow- 
ish to  clove-brown.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Luster  resinous.  Becomes  electric  on  friction. 
Melts  at  about  250°  to  a  clear  yellowish  liquid;  softens  at  a  lower  temperature.  Gives  off  "  sue- 


1008  HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS. 

cinic  acid  before  melting  ";  on  fusion  gives  an  agreeable  balsam-like  color,  unlike  that  from  the 
resins  of  ordinary  pines,  and  a  dark  brown  non-volatile  fluid  remains  as  long  as  the  meltino-  heat 
is  kept  up.  Combustible,  leaves  no  ash.  Soluble  for  the  most  part  in  oil  of  turpentine,  alcohol, 
ether,  and  chloroform,  as  also  in  potash.  Stated  to  have  been  found  in  the  phosphatic  beds  near 
Charleston,  S.  C.  (It  has  been  suggested  that  this  may  be  only  a  modern  resin  which  has  been 
subjected  to  the  action  of  salt  water.) 

AJKITE.     A  resin  near  amber,  Ajka,  Hungary  (Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  1,  126,  1878). 

WHEELERITE  0.  Loew,  Am.  J.  Sc.,,  7,  571,  1874. 

A  resin,  yellowish  in  color,  found  in  the  Cretaceous  beds  of  northern  New  Mexico,  filling 
the  fissures  of  the  lignite,  or  inters!  ratified  in  thin  layers  in  it.  Most  abundantly  observed  in 
the  vicinity  of  Nacimiento.  Two  analyses  gave  Loew  : 

1.  C  73-07  H  7-95  O  undet. 

2.  72-87  7-88 

These  agree  closely  with  the  formula  7i(CBH6O),  where  n  is  probably  5  or  6. 

Soluble  in  ether,  less  so  in  carbon  disulphide.  In  concentrated  sulphuric  acid  dissolves 
producing  a  dark  brown  solution,  from  which  it  is  precipitated  by  water.  In  alcohol  the  prin- 
cipal portion  is  readily  dissolved,  while  a  small  part  remains  insoluble.  The  hot  alcoholic 
extract  of  the  resin  deposits,  on  cooling,  a  few  yellow  flocculi.  The  solution,  on  evaporation, 
gives  a  yellowish  resin  very  brittle,  and  becoming  strongly  electric  on  friction;  it  melts  at  154°. 
Named  for  Lieut.  G.  M.  Wheeler,  U.  S.  Army. 

IGNITE  S.  Purnell,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  153,  1878.  A  fossil  hydrocarbon  found  in  a  more  or 
less  impure  condition  in  the  lignite  of  lone  Valley,  Amador  County,  California.  Structure 
firm,  earthy.  Color  brownish  yellow.  Partially  soluble  in  cold  alcohol,  largely  soluble  in 
ether,  completely  so  in  chloroform.  A  brown  tarry  oil  containing  a  small  quantity  of  paraffin 
is  separated  by  dry  distillation.  Exact  chemical  nature  unknown. 


EUOSMITE.     Erdharz,  Kampferharz,  Euosmit,  C.  W.  Gumbel,  Jb.  Min.,  10,  1864. 

Amorphous,  in  masses  of  a  brownish  yellow  color,  or  like  that  of  cherry  gum,  and  looking 
like  common  pitch.  H.  —  1'5.  G.  —  1'3-1'5.  Brittle.  In  thin  pieces  transparent.  Fracture 
conchoidal.  Strongly  electric  on  friction.  Has  an  odor  between  that  of  resin  and  that  of 
camphor.  Dissolves  easily  in  cold  alcohol  or  ether,  and  hot  oil  of  turpentine. 

Ratio  of  C,  H,  O  =  17  :  29  :  1  =  Carbon  81 '9,  hydrogen  11 '7,  oxygen  6'4  =  100.  Afforded 
0'84  of  ash.  The  ratio  is  almost  identical  with  that  of  leucopetrite.  Melts  at  77°,  and  burns 
with  a  bright  flame  and  very  aromatic  odor.  Solutions  of  the  alkalies  dissolve  only  a  little  of  it, 
after  long  action. 

From  clefts  in  brown  coal,  at  Baiershof ,  near  Thumsenreuth.  in  the  Fichtelgebirge,  and 
derived  probably  from  a  kind  of  Conifer,  and  one  resembling  the  Cupressinoxylon  sucequale 
Goppert. 

Bathvillite.    Bathvillite  C.  Gr.  Williams,  Ch.  News,  7,  133,  1863.     Torbanite  pt. 

Amorphous.  Dull,  and  of  a  fawn-brown  color,  looking  somewhat  like  wood  in  the  last 
stage  of  decay.  Opaque.  G.,  after  removing  air  of  pores  by  air-pump,  about  I'Ol.  Very 
friable,  but  this  characteristic  may  not  be  essential  to  the  species.  Insoluble  in  benzene. 
Torbanite  has  H.  =  2-25;  G.  —  1*18  Heddle;  color  clove-brown;  powder  yellowish;  tough. 

Comp. — Ratio  for  C,  H,  O,  from  the  analyses,  40  :  68  :  4,  or  near  that  of  succinite,  =  Carbon 
78-43,  hydrogen  11-11,  oxygen  10'46  =  100.  The  ratio  40  :  66  :  4  is  less  near,  giving  the  per- 
centage: Carbon  78'7,  hydrogen  10'5,  oxygen  10'8  —  100.  Anal. — 1,  Williams,  1.  c. ;  la,  same 
with  ash  excluded.  2,  Miller;  2a,  same  with  ash  excluded. 

C                     H  O  Ash 

1.  Bathvillite                          58'89                 8'56  1  2S  25'32  =  100 
la.           "                                 78-86  11-46  9'68  —     =  100 

2.  Torbanite                           63-10                 8'91  8'21  19*78  =  100 
2a.           "                                 78-67  ll'll  10'22  —     =  100 

Williams  refers  here  the  torbanite  analyzed  by  Miller.  Other  analyses  of  torbauite  give  less 
oxygen.  The  oxygen  includes  a  little  nitrogen  and  sulphur.  Williams  makes  the  formula 
CsoHsoOg  =  Carbon  78'60,  hydrogen  10*92,  oxygen  10'48,  agreeing  hardly  as  well  with  the 
analyses  as  the  above. 

Does  not  melt  when  heated.  In  a  platinum  crucible  affords  a  fatty  odor,  and  burns  with  a 
dense  smoky  flame.  No  action  with  moderately  dilute  nitric  acid;  completely  carbonized  by 
concentrated  sulphuric  acid. 


HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS.  1009 

Obs. — Bathvillite  occurs  in  the  torbanite  or  Boghead  coal  (of  the  Carboniferous  formation), 
adjoining  the  lands  of  Torbane  Hill,  in  the  grounds  of  Bathville,  Scotland.  It  forms  lumps 
which  rill  cavities  in  the  torbauite.  Other  cavities  are  occupied  by  calcite,  pyrite,  etc.  It  may 
be  an  altered  lump  of  resin;  or  else  material  which  has  nitrated  into  the  cavity  from  the  sur- 
rounding torbanite. 

The  analysis  of  Miller  shows  that  some  of  the  torbanite  has  the  same  composition.  As 
proof  of  the  absolute  purity  of  the  substances  analyzed  could  not  be  had,  the  results  are  open  to 
some  doubt,  as  Williams  observes. 

TORBANITE.  Torbauite,  although  related  to  cannel  coal,  has  a  very  nearly  uniform  com- 
position, according  to  all  analyses  thus  far  made,  excepting  that  of  Miller,  and  this  composition 
is  like  that  of  bathvillite,  excepting  less  oxygen.  It  corresponds  very  nearly  with  the  formula 
C40HBfeO2.25  =  Carbon  82'19,  hydrogen  1T64,  oxygen  6'17.  The  mean  of  five  analyses  (see 
5th  Ed.,  p.  757)  is,  Carbon  81*15,  hydrogen  11  "48,  with  oxygen  about  6*0,  nitrogen  1*37  =  100; 
excluding  the  nitrogen,  C  82'28,  H  11-54,  O  6'08  =  100.  Less  than  1£  p.  c.  of  torbanite  is 
soluble  in  naphtha  (Fyfe). 

RETINELLITE.  Part  of  Bright  Yellow  Loam  (fr.  Bovey)  so  saturated  with  petroleum  that 
it  burns  like  sealing-wax,  J.  Milles,  Phil.  Trans.,  51,  536,  1760;  Bitumen  from  Bovey,  Retin 
asphaltum.  Hatchett,  ib.,  402,  1804;  Retinite.  Resin  of  Retin  Asphalt,  Retime  Acid,  /.  F.  W. 
Johnston,  Phil.  Mag.,  12,  560,  1838.  Retiuellite  Dana. 

Resin-like.  Light  brown.  Begins  to  melt  at  121°,  is  perfectly  fluid  at  160°,  and  gives 
off  a  resin-like  odor  at  100°.  Soluble  in  alcohol,  still  more  freely  in  ether.  Ratio  for  C,  H,  O 
=  21  :  28  :  3  =  Carbon  76'8,  hydrogen  8'6,  oxygen  14'6  =  100.  Analysis:  Johnston,  1.  c. 

C  76-86  H  8-75  O  14-39  =  100 

Johnston  describes  salts  of  retime  acid  with  silver,  lead,  and  lime. 

The  retinasphalt  of  Hatchett,  from  the  Tertiary  coal  of  Bovey  in  Devonshire,  from  which 
alcohol  separates  the  above -species,  occurs  in  roundish  masses,  having  H.  =  l-2'5;  G.  —  1-135 
Hatchett;  luster  slightly  resinous  in  the  fracture,  often  earthy  externally;  color  light  yellowish 
brown,  sometimes  green,  yellow,  reddish,  or  striped;  and  is  subtransparent  to  opaque;  often 
flexible  and  elastic  when  first  dug  up,  though  brittle  on  drying.  Johnston,  after  drying  the 
retiuasphalt  at  300°,  obtained  53-93  p.  c.  of  resin  soluble  in  alcohol,  27*45  of  insoluble  organic 
matter,  and  13 '23  of  ash  =  100.  The  insoluble  portion  has  not  been  investigated. 

XYLORETINITE.  Xyloretin  Forchhammer,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  20,  459,  1840.  Hartin  Sc7irotter, 
Pogg.,  59,  45,  1843.  Psathyrit  Glocker,  Syn.,  8,  1847. 

Massive,  but  crystallizes  from  a  naphlha  solution  in  needles  of  the  orthorhombic  system. 
G.  =  1*115  hartine.  Color  white.  Pulverizes  in  the  fingers.  Without  taste  or  smell.  Soluble 
in  ether. 

Ratio  (Rg.)  for  C,  H,  O  =  42  :  58  :  5  =  Carbon  78-51,  hydrogen  9'05,  oxygen.12'44.  CaoH34O9, 
deduced  by  Schrotter,  corresponds  better  with  the  analyses.  Anal. — 1-3,  Schrotter,  1.  c. 
4,  5,  Forchhammer,  1.  c. 

C  H  O  Fusing  T. 

1.  Hartine  78'26  10*92  10'82  =  100  210° 

2.  "  78-46  11-00  10-54  =  100 

3.  "  78-33  10-85  10-82  =  100 

4.  Xyloretinite  79*09  10'93  9-98  =  100  165° 

5.  78-57  10*81  10-62  =  100 

The  hartine  is  a  white. resin  separated  by  ether  from  a  resin  obtained  from  the  brown  coal 
of  Oberhart.  No.  1  is  Jiartine  as  separated  in  an  amorphous  condition  by  means  of  naphtha; 
and  2,  3,  crystallized  from  an  ether  solution.  (Besides  the  hartine,  two  amorphous  brown 
resins  were  also  obtained  from  the  solution.)  Xylorelinite  was  derived  by  Forchhammer  through 
the  action  of  alcohol  on  fossil  pine-wood  from  the  marshes  of  Holtegaard  in  Denmark. 

SCLERETINITE  /.  W.  Mallet,  Phil.  Mag.,  4,  261,  1852. 

In  small  drops  or  tears,  from  the  size  of  a  pea  to  that  of  a  hazel-nut.  H.  =  3.  G.  =  1  "136. 
Translucent  in  thin  splinters.  Color  black,  but  by  transmitted  light  reddish  brown;  streak 
cinnamon-brown.  Luster  between  vitreous  and  resinous,  rather  brilliant.  Brittle;  fracture 
conchoidal.  Insoluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  alkalies,  and  dilute  acids. 

Ratio  for  C,  H,  O  =  40  :  56  :  4  =  Carbon  80-0,  hydrogen  8*0,  oxygen  9*3  =  100.  Anal.— J 
W.  Mallet : 

1.  C  76-74  H  8-86  O  10'72  Ash  3'68  =  100 

2.  77-15  9-05  10-12  3*68  =  100 

Heated  on  platinum  foil  it  swells  up,  burns  like  pitch,  with  a  disagreeable  empyreumatic 
smell  and  a  smoky  flame,  leaving  a  coal  rather  difficult  to  burn,  and  finally  I  little  gray  ash. 


1010  HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS. 

In  a  glass  tube  yields  a  yellowish  brown  oily  product  of  a  nauseous  empyreumatic  odor.    Even 
strong  nitric  acid  acts  slowly  upon  it.    From  the  Coal-measures  of  Wigan,  England. 

GUYAQUILLITE  /.  F.  W.  Johnston,  Phil.  Mag.,  13,  329,  1838. 

Amorphous.  In  large  masses  or  layers.  Yields  easily  to  the  knife,  and  may  be  rubbed  to 
powder.  G.  =  1*092.  Color  pale  yellow.  Luster  not  resinous,  or  imperfectly  so.  Slightly 
soluble  in  water,  and  largely  in  alcohol,  forming  a  yellow  solution  which  is  intensely  bitter. 

Ratio  for  C,  H,  O  =  40  :  52  :  6  =.  Carbon  76'67,  hydrogen  8'17,  oxygen  15-16  —  100 
Johnston.  Begins  to  melt  at  69£°,  but  does  not  flow  easily  till  near  100°.  As  it  cools  becomes 
viscid,  and  may  be  drawn  into  fine  tenacious  threads.  Soluble  in  cold  sulphuric  acid,  forming 
a  dark  reddish  brown  solution.  A  few  drops  of  ammonia  put  into  the  alcoholic  solution  darken 
the  color,  and  finally  change  it  to  a  dark  brownish  red. 

Stated  to  form  an  extensive  deposit  near  Guyaquil  in  South  America. 

MIDDLETONITE  /.  F.  W.  Johnston,  Phil.  Mag.,  12,  261,  1838. 

In  rounded  masses,  seldom  larger  than  a  pea,  or  in  layers  a  sixteenth  of  an  inch  or  less  in 
thickness,  between  layers  of  coal.  Brittle.  G.  =  1'6.  Luster  resinous.  Color  reddish  brown 
by  reflected  light,  and  deep  red  by  transmitted;  powder  light  brown.  Transparent  in  small 
fragments.  No  taste  or  smell.  Blackens  on  exposure.  Only  a  trace  dissolved  by  boiling 
alcohol,  ether,  or  oil  of  turpentine.  Not  altered  at  210°. 

Ratio  for  C,  H,  O  =  40  :  44  :  2  =  Carbon  86'33,  hydrogen  7'92,  oxygen  5'75  =  100.  Johnston 
obtained  :  f  Carbon  86*21,  hydrogen  8'03,  oxygen  5*76  =  100.  On  a  red  cinder  burns  like  resin. 
Softens  and  melts  in  boiling  nitric  acid,  with  the  emission  of  red  fumes;  a  brown  flocky 
precipitate  falls  on  cooling.  Soluble  in  cold  concentrated  sulphuric  acid. 

Occurs  between  layers  of  coal  about  the  middle  of  the  Main  coal  or  Haigh  Moor  seam,  at 
the  Middleton  collieries,  near  Leeds,  in  thin  layers  and  masses,  rarely  thicker  than  -fa  in.,  and 
little  rounded  masses  seldom  larger  than  a  pea;  also  at  Newcastle. 


Tasmanite.  Resiniferous  Shale  (fr.  Tasmania),  Catal.  Internat.  Exhib.,  1862.  Tasmanite 
A.  H.  Church,  Phil.  Mag.,  28,  465,  1864. 

In  disks  or  scales  thickly  disseminated  through  a  laminated  shale;  average  diameter  of  scales 
about  0'03  in.  Fracture  conchoidal.  H.  =  2.  G.  =  1-18.  Luster  resinous.  Color  reddish 
brown.  Translucent.  Not  dissolved  at  all  by  alcohol,  ether,  benzene,  turpentine,  or  carbon 
disulphide,  even  when  heated. 

Comp.,  etc. — No  action  with  hydrochloric  acid  ;  slowly  oxidized  by  nitric  acid.  Readily 
carbonized  by  sulphuric  acid,  with  evolution  of  hydrogen  sulphide.  Alkalies  in  solution  without 
action.  Burns  readily  with  a  smoky  flame  and  offensive  odor;  fuses  partially,  yielding  oily  and 
solid  products  having  a  disagreeable  smell.  Ratio  of  C,  H,  O,  S  =  40  :  62  :  2  :  1  =  Carbon 
79-2,  hydrogen  10'2,  oxygen  5'28,  sulphur  5-28  =  100.  Anal.— Church,  after  rejecting  8'14  p.  c. 
of  ash : 

C  79-34  H  10-41  O  4'93  S  5'32 

Obs. — From  the  river  Mersey,  north  side  of  Tasmania.     The  rock  is  called  combustible  shale. 

TRINKERITE  G.  Tschermak,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  2,  258,  1870,  and  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  20,  279,  1870. 

Compact  and  amorphous.  H.  =  1-5-2.  G.  =  1-025.  Luster  greasy.  Color  hyacinth-red  to 
chestnut-brown.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Anal. — I,  Hlasiwetz,  1.  c.  2,  Niedzwiedzki,  Vh. 
G.  Reichs.,  132,  1871. 

C  H  O  S  Ash 

1.  Carpauo  81 -1  11  '2  3'0  4'7  None  =  100 

2.  Gams      G.  =  1'032        81-9  10-9  3'1  4-1  —     =  99'0 

Fuses  at  168°-180°,  at  a  higher  temperature  gives  off  choking  fumes.  Insoluble  in  water> 
and  only  slightly  in  alcohol  and  ether.  Soluble  in  hot  benzene. 

Occurs  in  large  compact  masses  in  brown  coal  at  Carpano  near  Albona  in  Istria;  also  found 
at  Gams  near  Hieflau  in  Styria.  Resembles  in  composition  the  tasmanite  of  Church. 

Dysodile.  (Fr.  Melili,  Sicily.)  Paulo  Boccone,  Recherches  et  Obs.  Nouv.,  etc.,  Amsterd., 
1674.  Dysodile  Cordier,  J.  Mines,  23,  275,  1808.  Merda  di  Diavolo  Ital.  Stinkkohle  Germ. 
Houille  papyracee,  Tour  be  papyracee,  Fr. 

In  very  thin  leaves  or  folia,  flexible,  slightly  elastic.  G.  =  1  "14-1  -25.  Color  yellow  or 
greenish  gray.  Streak  shining. 

Very  inflammable,  burning  with  a  bright  flame  and  an  odor  like  that  of  asafoetida,  leaving 
an  ash  in  the  form  of  laminae,  consisting  largely,  as  shown  by  Ehrenberg,  of  the  siliceous  shells 
of  infusoria,  especially  of  Naviculge.  Delesse  found  (These  anal.  Chirn.,  50,  1843)  a  variety  from 
Glimbach,  near  Giessen,  to  afford  water  and  volatile . matters  49"1,  carbon  5"5,  ash,  45'4;  of  the 
last,  17*4  were  soluble  silica,  11 -0  iron  sesquioxide,  and  lO'O  clay. 


HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS.  1011 

Church,  Ch.  News,  34,  155,  1876,  has  obtained  for  dysodile  from  Roll  near  Bonn,  after 
deducting  ash: 

069-01  H  10-04  O  16-90  S  2*35  N  1'70  =  100 

It  is  not  certain  that  the  sulphur  may  not  be  present  as  pyrite. 

Originally  from  Melili,  Sicily,  forming  a  coaly  deposit,  made  up  of  very  thin  paper-like 
leaves,  which  had  evidently  been  derived  from  the  joint  decomposition  and  alteration  of  vegetable 
and  animal  matter.  Reported  also  from  the  lignite  deposits  of  Westerwald  near  Rolt;  of  Siegberg 
to  the  north  of  the  Siebengebirge;  of  Saint  Armand  in  Auvergue;  Glinibach  near  Giesseu;  but 
the  real  nature  of  only  the  first  of  these  substances  has  been  investigated. 

Pyroretinite.  Part  of  Pyroretin  of  A.  E.  Reuss,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  12,  551,  1854;  J.  Stanek, 
ib.,  p.  554.  Pyroretinite  Dana. 

Resin-like.     Deposited  in  powder  from  a  hot  alcoholic  solution  of  pyroretin  as  it  cools. 
Ratio  of  C,  H,  O  =  40  :  56  :  4  =  Carbon  SO'OO,  hydrogen  9'33,  oxygen  10'67  =  100.    Analysis. 
—Stanek,  1.  c.: 

C  80-02  H  9-42  O  [10-56]  =  100 

Approaches,  as  Stanek  states,  the  beta-resin  of  the  resin  of  Pinus  abies  (Johnston)  = 
C4oH58O5,  and  also  copaivic  acid  (fr.  Copaiba  balsam),  C4oH«oO4,  and  other  related  compounds, 
showing  that  it  is  probably  from  coniferous  trees. 

Pyroretin  of  Reuss,  the  resin  which  affords  the  above,  occurs  in  the  brown  coal,  between 
Salesl  and  Proboscht,  near  Aussig  in  Bohemia.  It  occurs  in  masses  from  the  size  of  a  nut  to  that 
of  a  man's  head,  and  also  in  plates  an  inch  thick.  It  is  brittle;  of  brownish  black  color;  greasy- 
resinous  luster;  wood-brown  powder;  H.  —  2'5;  G.  =  1*05-1 '18;  and  resembles  much  brown 
coal.  It  burns  with  a  reddish  yellow  flame,  and  a  strong  odor  like  that  of  burning  amber,  and 
leaves  a  black  coal.  It  melts  easily,  decomposing  and  giving  off  white  fumes,  and  leaves  an 
asphalt-like  mass.  Reuss  states  evidence  showing  that  it  has  probably  been  formed  by  the  action 
of  the  heat  of  a  basaltic  dike  on  a  bed  of  brown  coal. 

STANEKITE  is  separated  from  the  pyroretin  of  Reuss  by  boiling  alcohol,  which  leaves  it 
behind.  Not  soluble  in  any  fluid  without  decomposition,  and  not  at  all  in  a  solution  of  potash. 
Anal. — Stanek: 

f    C  76-71  H  7-30  O  15'99  =  100 

Corresponding  to  C  :  H  :  O  =  39  :  44  :  6,  or  perhaps  40  :  44  :  6.  When  heated  gives  off  the 
odor  of  succinic  acid. 

REUSSINITE.  Resin-like.  Color  fine  reddish  brown.  Soluble  in  boiling  alcohol  and  in 
ether,  and  not  deposited  from  the  alcoholic  solution  on  its  cooling.  Stanek  (1.  c.)  found  for  the 
composition  of  the  resin  thus  obtained:  C  81*09,  H  9'47,  O  9*44  =  100;  corresponding  to 
C^HseOa-s;  and  he  regards  the  substance  as  a  mixture  of  the  above  pyroretinite,  C^HeeO^  with 
another  resin  (here  designated  reussinite)  of  the  formula  CuHseOs. 

Leucopetrite.  Leucopetrin  L.  Bruckner,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  57,  1, 1852,  in  art.  entitled  Ueber  eiuige 
eigenthumliche  wachshaltige  Braunkohlen. 

Between  a  resin  and  wax  in  characters.  Crystallizable  in  needles  from  solution.  Color  of 
crystals  white.  Melting  point  above  100°;  and  after  fusion  brown  and  partly  decomposed,  and 
hence  the  exact  melting  point  not  easily  determinable.  Soluble  in  ether;  also  1  part  in  268  of 
boiling  absolute  alcohol;  but  not  at  all  in  alcohol  of  80  p.  c. 

Comp.— C5oH64O3,  Bruckner,  =  Carbon  81  "97,  hydrogen  11*47,  oxygen  6'56  =  100;  very 
nearly  C4oH67O2  4.  Not  at  all  acted  upon  by  a  hot  solution  of  potash,  or  cold  nitric  acid. 

Obs. — From  a  layer  |-2  ft.  thick,  in  an  earthy  yellowish  brown  brown  coal,  at  Gesterwitz, 
near  Weissenfels.  The  material  of  the  layer  is  of  loam-like  aspect,  but  gives  a  shining  wax-like 
streak,  has  G.  =  1'297  Wackenroder,  and  loses  22  p.  c.  of  water  at  100°.  The  dried  mass  is 
nearly  half  sand  and  other  earthy  materials.  The  leucopetrite  is  associated  in  the  coaly  layer, 
according  to  Bruckner,  with  other  organic  compounds,  soluble  in  alcohol  of  80  p.  c.,  including 
two  resins,  two  wax-like  substances  (p.  1012),  and  an  acid  which  Bruckner  calls  Georetinic  acid 
(Brucknerellite  Dana).  By  a  distillation  of  the  mass  of  the  brown  coal,  28  p.  c.  of  the  whole 
passes  over  as  a  butter-like  mass,  which  is  related  to  the  paraffins,  but,  according  to  Bruckner, 
contains  2  p.  c.  of  oxygen.  It  afforded  :  f  Carbon  84'04,  hydrogen  14*10,  oxygen  [1'86],  and  he 
writes  the  formula  C65Hi10O.  It  dissolves  easily  in  hot  absolute  alcohol  and  ether,  and  very 
sparingly  in  alcohol  of  80  p.  c.;  crystals  in  pearly  hexagonal  plates  from  the  alcoholic  solution; 
melts  at  50°. 

Named  after  the  locality,  Weissenfels  (  —  white  rock),  from  XeiwoS,  white,  and  rte'rpoS,  stone. 

BRUCKNERELLITE  (see  above)  has  the  following  characters:  Crystallizable  in  white  needle/ 
from  alcoholic  solution.     Dissolves  easily  in  boiling  alcohol;  and.  if  the  solution  is  a  concentrate 
one,  crystallizes  out  more  or  less  completely  on  cooling.     Composition  C^H^Ot,  Bruckner,  — 


1012  HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS. 

Carbon  62*61,  hydrogen  9-56,  oxygen  27-83  =  100.  The  lead  salt  afforded  :  Carbon  43'36,  hydro- 
gen  6-59,  lead  oxide  34  '58,  oxygen  [15 '47]  =  100. 

ANTHRACOXENITE.  Part  of  Anthracoxen  (fr.  Brandeisl)  Reuss,  T.  Laurenz,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien, 
21,  271,  1856,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  69,  4v!8,  1856.  Anthracoxenite  Dana. 

Obtained  as  a  black  powder  from  a  resin,  by  separating  the  remainder  by  means  of  ether, 
the  anthracoxenite  being  insoluble  in  ether.  Ratio  of  0,  H,  O  =  40  :  38  :  7£.  "Anal.— Laureuz: 

|    C  75-274  H  6-187  O  18-539 

lip   c.  of  ash  were  separated.     Not  soluble  in  menstrua  without  decomposition. 

From  a  resin-like  material,  constituting  layers  2|  iu.  thick  between  layers  of  coal,  in  the 
coal  beds  of  Bra-ndeisl,  near  Schlau  in  Bohemia;  the  mass  is  amorphous,  and  has  H.  =  2'5;  G.  = 
1'181;  luster  externally  weak  adamantine;  color  brownish  black,  hyacinth-red  in  thin  splinlers 
by  transmitted  light;  streak  dull,  yellowish  brown;  fracture  small -con  chbidal;  easily  rubbed  to 
a  tine  powder;  fuses  easily;  burns  with  a  yellow  smoking  flame,  and  an  odor  not  disagreeable. 
This  substance  was  named  anthracoxene  by  Reuss.  The  name  is  here  appropriated  to  the  part 
insoluble  iu  ether. 

The  soluble  part,  which  has  been  named  scJilanite,  is  a  dark  or  lisht  brown  powder.  Ratio 
for  C,  H,  O  =  40  :  52  :  3£  =  Carbon  81  '63,  hydrogen  8'85,  oxygen  9'52  =  100.  Anal.— 
Laurenz,  1.  c.:  |  C  81 '47,  H  8'71,  O  9'82  =  100. 

Geomyricite.     Geomyricin  L.Bruckner,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  57,  10,  1852. 

Wax- like.  Obtained  in  a  pulverulent  form  from  a  solution,  the  grains  consisting  (as 
apparent  under  a  microscope)  of  acicular  crystals.  Color  white.  Melting  point  800-83&.  After 
fusion  has  the  aspect  of  a  yellowish  brittle  wax.  No  action  in  a  solution  of  potash.  Soluble 
easily  in  hot  absolute  alcohol  and  ether,  but  slightly  in  alcohol  of  80  p.  c. 

Comp.,  etc.— Cs-tHUaOa  =  Carbon  80'59,  hydrogen  13'42,  oxygen  5'99  =  100.  Anal.— 
3riickner,  1.  c. 

C  H  O 

1.  Melt.  T.  =  83°  80-33  13-50  [6-17] 

2.  «•        =  83  79-97  12-85  PM8] 

3.  "        =  80  80-21  13-24  [6'55] 

Burns  with  a  bright  flame.  Bruckner  observes  that  the  composition  is  very  near  that  of  the 
Chinese  wax,  Palm  wax  (from  the  S.  A.  palm,  Ceroxylon  andicola),  Carnauba  wax  (from  the 
S.  A.  palm,  Corypha  cerifera),  for  which  Lewy  obtained  C36H72O2  =  Carbon  80*59,  hydrogen 
13-42,  oxygen  5'99  =  100. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  the  Gesterwitz  brown-coal  deposit,  in  a  dark  brown  layer,  similar  in  most 
respects  to  the  yellowisJi  brown  which  afforded  the  leucopetrite.  Its  very  slight  insolubility  in 
alcohol  of  80  p.  c.  enabled  Bruckner  to  separate  resins  and  other  soluble  ingredients  present  in 
the  mass.  L.  Lesquereux  states  (priv.  contr.)  that  the  brown-coal  beds  of  the  basin  in  which 
Gesterwitz  lies  has  afforded  the  palms  Flabelaria  lataniaaud  Phanicites  Giebelianus,  and  perhaps 
others,  though  none  has  yet  been  reported  from  the  particular  bed  at  Gesterwitz. 

Geocerite.     Geocerain  L.  Bruckner,  J.  pr.Ch.,  57,  14,  1852. 

Wax-like.  Color  white.  Not  observed  to  crystallize  from  its  solution  in  alcohol.  Melting 
point  near  80°;  after  fusion  solidities  as  a  yellowish  wax,  hard  but  not  very  brittle.  Soluble  in 
alcohol  at  80  p.  c.  Not  acted  upon  by  a  hot  solution  of  potash. 

Comp.— CasHseOa  =  Carbon  79'24,  hydrogen  13*21,  oxygen  7'55  =  100.     Anal.— Bruckner. 

C  79-06  H  13-13  O  [7'81]  =  100 

7916  13-01  [7-83]  =  100 

ODS.— From  the  same  dark-brown  brown  coal  of  Gesterwitz  that  afforded  the  geomyricite, 
and  from  the  same  solution.  The  solution,  after  yielding  the  geomyricite,  and  next,  on  adding 
a  hot  solution  of  acetate  of  lead,  a  precipitate  of  a  salt  of  lead  and  "  geocerinsaure  (geocerellite 
Dana),  finally  afforded,  on  filtering  the  hot  solution,  the  geocerite  in  the  state  of  a  jelly,  which  on 
drying  became  a  white  foliated  mass  Named  from  yrj,  earth,  and  KrjpoS,  wax. 

GEOCEBELLTTE  has  the  following  characters:  Color  white.  Brittle,  and  easily  pulverized. 
No  crystallization  observed.  Soluble  freely  in  hot  alcohol,  and  deposited  from  the  solution  as 
a  iellv  on  cooline,  with  nothing  crystalline  under  the  microscope.  Melting  point  82  . 
Analysis  Bruckner  (1.  c.):  f  Carbon  78-61,  hydrogen  12'70,  oxygen  18*69  =  100.  This  corre- 
sponds to  CasHseO^ 

Bombiccite.  Bechi,  Achiardi,  Min.  Toscana,  1,  358,  1873.  Bombicci,  Mem.  Accad.  Bologna, 
9,  1869  Ouaresclti,  Boll.  Com.  G.,  2,  70,  1871.  Schrauf,  Atlas,  xxxv,  1873. 

TnVlim'c.  H  =  O'5-l.  G.  =  1'06.  Transparent.  Colorless.  Analysis,  Bechi  (after 
deducting  impurities),  1.  c 

C  74-56  H  10-70  O  14'74  =  100 


HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS.  1013 

This  corresponds  to  the  empirical  formula  C,HO13.  Softens  with  heat,  and  fuses  at  75°, 
and  at  a  higher  temperature  it  volatilizes.  Insoluble  in  water,  but  extremely  soluble  in  carbon 
disulphide;  also  soluble  in  ether  and  in  alcohol. 

Found  in  lignite  at  Casteluuovo  d'Avanejn  the  upper  valley  of  the  Arno,  Tuscany. 

Achiardi  refers  to  this  species  a  fossil  resin,  described  by  Guareschi  (1.  c.)  as  found  in  the 
upper  valley  of  the  Arno.  It  occurs  in  irregular  whitish-yellow  masses,  soft.  It  fuses  easily,, 
and  burns  with  a  smoky  flame.  Two  analyses  gave: 

1.  C  72-72  H  9-41  O  17*87  =  100 

2.  76-94  9-12  13*94  =  100 

HOFMANNITE  Bechi,  Ace.  Line.  Trans.,  2,  135,  1878.  Occurs  in  rhomb-shaped  tabular  crys- 
tals, colorless,  tasteless,  odorless.  G.  =  1*0565.  Soluble  in  alcohol  (opts,  in  1000  pts.  alcohol 
at  14C)  more  readily  than  in  ether.  Melts  at  71°  to  a  fluid  resembling  olive  oil,  burns  with  a 
origin  flame.  Composition  C2oH36O.  Analysis  gave:  C  82*23,  H  12'20,  O  5*57.  Forms  a  white 
crystalline  efflorescence  on  lignite  in  the  neighborhood  of  Siena.  Named  after  Prof.  A.  W. 
Hofmauu,  of  Berlin. 

Idrialite.  Quecksilberbrauderz  pt.  Idrialine  (fr.  Idria)  Dumas,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  50,  360, 
1832.  Idrialite  Schrotter,  Baumg.  Zs.,  3,  245,  4,  5. 

In  the  pure  state  crystalline  in  structure.  Color  white.  In  nature  found  only  impure, 
being  mixed  with  cinnabar,  clay,  and  some  pyrite  and  gypsum  in  a  brownish-black  earthy 
material,  called,  from  its  combustibility  and  the  presence  of  mercury,  inflammable  cinnabar 
(Queeksilberbranderz). 

Dumas  separated  the  idrialite  by  treatment  with  oil  of  turpentine  and  obtained :  C  94 '9, 
H  5-1  -  100,  which  corresponds  to  C  :  H  =  3  :  2;  cf.  Schrotter,  1.  c. 

Insoluble  iu  water,  and  little  so  in  alcohol  or  ether.  -Fuses  at  205°.  Schrotter  found  in  one 
specimen  of  the  crude  mineral:  77'32  idrialite,  17*85  cinnabar,  and  2'75  of  otiier  impurities. 

Bodecker,  Lieb.  Ann.,  52,  100,  1844,  obtained  for  the  composition  of  a  substance  he  derived 
from  the  crude  material:  %  Carbon  91 '83,  hydrogen  5*30,  oxygen  2'87  -=  100,  corresponding  to 
C42Hi4O.  He  derived  it  from  the  ore  by  sublimation  in  an  atmosphere  of  carbon  dioxide. 
Bodecker  states  that  a  black  material  obtained  from  the  condensation-chambers  at  Idria  afforded 
a  substance  which  has  the  composition  of  Durnas's  idrialite;  and  this  he  csd\Bldryl,  supposing  it 
to  be  the  radical  of  his  own  idrialite. 

Goldschiniedt  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  80  (2),  290,  1880)  has  investigated  a  pistachio-green  mineral 
resin  of  Idria  occurring  iu  nodules  and  as  an  incrustation  at  the  mercury  mines,  which  according 
to  him  is  the  substance  which  impregnates  the  hepatic  cinnabar,  and  has  been  called  idrialite. 
G.  =  1-85.  Composition,  C80H5eO2  =  Carbon  91  "6,  hydrogen  53,  oxygen  3*1  =  100.  Anal.: 
C  91  71,  H  5-32,  to  which  the  formula  C80  H54  O2  agrees  more  closely. 

Zepharovich  (Zs.  Kr.,  13,  140,  1887)  has  found  some  of  the  scales  to  be  anistropic  and 
biaxial  with  2H  —  101°  20'.  The  extinction  on  the  tabular  face  is  oblique  and  it  hence 
probably  corresponds  to  the  clinopinacoid,  the  system  being  monoclinic. 

AUAGOTETE  Durand,  Proc.  Acad.  Cal.,  4,  p,  218,  1872.  A  volatile  hydrocarbon  supposed, 
to  be  related  to  idrialite.  Occurs  at  the  New  Almaden  Mine,  California,  in  bright  yellow  scales, 
impregnating  a  crystalline  siliceous  dolomite;  also  on  cinnabar  at  theRediugton  mine.  Insoluble 
in  oil  of  turpentine,  alcohol,  and  ether. 

Bertrand  found  the  scales  to  be  optically  biaxial,  the  bisectrix  (-]-)  sensibly  normal  to  the 
tabular  face,  axial  angle  large,  dispersion  p  <  v.  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  4,  87,  1881. 

POSEPNYTE  /.  von  ScUrockinger ,  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  128,  1877. 

In  plates  and  nodules,  sometimes  brittle,  sometimes  hard.  Color  generally  dirty  light 
green.  G  =  0'85-0*95.  Separated  by  ether  into  two  parts.  Anal.— 1,  2,  Dietrich:  1,  of  the 
portion  soluble  in  ether,  2,  the  insoluble  portion.  3,  Melville,  quoted  by  Becker,  U.  S.  G.  Surv., 
Mon.,  13,  361,  1888. 

C  H  O 

1.  Sol.  71-84  9-95  18'21  =  100 

2.  Insol.  84-27  11-74  399  =  100 

3.  85  60  10-71  3-22  Ash  0'47  =  100 

The  insoluble  portion  is  regarded  as  being  ozocerite,  and  for  the  rest  (anal.  1)  the  formula 
C22H36O4  is  calculated,  requiring :  C  72'52,  H  9*89,  O  17*59  =  100.  From  the  Great  Western 
mercury  mine,  Lake  Co.,  California. 

The  substance  examined  by  Melville  (anal.  3)  is  regarded  as  doubtless  posepnyte,  though 
the  characters  differ  somewhat  from  those  given  above.  It  is  soft,  elastic,  with  G.  =  0*985;  color 
reddish  brown.  On  platinum  foil,  volatilizes  partially  at  a  low  temperature  with  a  suffocating, 
aromatic  odor;  at  a  high  temperature,  becomes  black,  fuses  and  boils  like  rubber.  In  a  retort, 
a  brownish  yellow  liquid  distills  over  considerably  below  red  heat;  at  a  low  red  heat  a  dark  brown 
liquid  is  obtained,  leaving  a  black  residue.  Partially  dissolved  in  alcohol;  ether  removes  an 
olive -colored  oil,  the  substance  not  dissolving. 


l6l4  HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS. 

Rochlederite.  Part  of  Substanz  Bituminose  Rochleder,  Ber.  Ak,  Wien,  6,  53,  1851; 
=  Melanchym  Raid.,  Lotos,  1,  85,  216,  6,  86,  8,  Heft  3;  Kenng.,  Ueb.,  147,  1850,  134,  1853. 
Rochlederite  Dana. 

Resin-like.  Color  reddish  brown.  Transparent  or  translucent.  Melting  point  100°. 
Soluble  in  alcohol. 

Comp.— Ratio  of  C,  H,  O  =  40  :  56  :  6.     Analysis.— Rochleder,  1.  c. 

C  76-79  H  9-06  O  14'15  =  100 

Burns  with  a  yellow  smoking  flame,  something  like  amber. 

Obs. — The  part  soluble  in  alcohol  of  a  bituminous  substance  called  melanchyme  by  Haidinger, 
and  found  in  masses  as  large  as  the  head  in  the  brown  coal  of  Zweifelsruth,  near  Neukirchen  in 
Eger,  Bohemia.  A  similar  substance,  of  somewhat  lighter  color,  occurs  at  Cehnitz,  near  Strako- 
nitz,  in  Bohemia. 

The  rest  of  the  substance  insoluble  in  alcohol  has  been  called  melanellite.  It  is  black  and 
gelatinous,  as  obtained  by  Rochleder.  Separated  from  rochlederite,  or  the  resinous  ingredient 
of  melanchyme,  by  dissolving  the  latter  out  by  means  of  alcohol.  The  jelly-like  mass  gave : 
Carbon  67'14,  hydrogen  4'79,  oxygen  28'07  =  100,  corresponding  to  the  ratio  48  :  40  :  15  or 
48  :  40  :  16  =  12  :  10  :  4.  Regarded  by  Rochleder  as  an  acid  related  toulmic  acid,  but,  as  it  was 
not  combined  with  a  base  before  analysis,  there  is  no  proof  of  its  purity. 

NATIVE  HUMUS  ACID.  C.  v.  John,  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  64,  Feb.  3,  1891.  Native  humus  acid 
has  been  observed  at  the  coal-basin  at  Falkeuau,  Bohemia.  It  was  found  as  a  black,  crumbling 
coaly  rnass  leaving  an  ash  of  5'25  p.  c.,  and  losing  59'25  p.  c.  water  at  100°.  Soluble  in 
ammonia  and  in  sodium  carbonate,  leaving  only  a  slight  residue  of  clay  and  a  trace  of  organic 
matter  ;  hydrochloric  acid  precipitated  the  entire  organic  substance  from  the  solution.  Analy- 
sis, of  material  dried  at  100° : 

|    C  54-98  H  4-64  O  39'98  Ash  0'40  =  100 

Calculated  formula  C^^eOas.  This  substance  agrees  closely  with  a  humus  acid  obtained 
by  Herz  (1861)  from  the  brown  coal  of  southern  Bavaria,  for  which  he  derived  the  formula 

C4oH3eOi4. 

HIRCITE.     Hircine  Piddington,  Arch.  Pharm.,  74,  318,  Kenng.,  Ueb.,  134,  1853. 

Amorphous.  Fracture  conchoidal.  G.  =  1*10.  Color  exteriorly  brown,  within  3'ellowish 
brown.  Subtransluceut  to  opaque.  Softens  in  boiling  water,  and  then  has  the  odor  of  a  resin. 
In  cold  alcohol  a  little  soluble  ;  in  boiling  about  one-half,  and  the  solution,  which  is  gold-yel- 
low, affords  white  flocks  on  cooling. 

In  the  flame  of  a  candle  fuses  and  burns  with  a  yellowish  flame,  like  a  bituminous  coal,  and 
leaves  a  tough  coaly  globule  of  a  peculiarly  strong  animal  odor  (whence  the  name,  from  Mreus, 
a  goat).  After  complete  combustion,  leaves  an  ash.  In  sulphuric  acid  soluble,  and  color  of 
solution  blood-red. 

Dopplerite.    Dopplerit  Haid.,Rer.  Ak.  Wien,  2,  287,  1849,  52  (1),  281,  1865. 

Amorphous.  In  elastic  or  partly  jelly-like  masses.  When  fresh,  brownish  black,  with  a 
dull  brown  streak  and  greasy  subvitreous  luster  ;  and  when  in  thin  plates  reddish  brown  by 
transmitted  light. 

H.  =  0-5.  G.  =  1*089  Fotterle.  After  drying,  H.  =  2-2  5,  G.  =  1*468,  and  luster  some- 
what adamantine.  Becomes  elastic  on  drying  from  exposure  to  the  air.  Tasteless.  Insoluble 
in  alcohol  or  ether. 

An  acid  substance,  or  mixture  of  different  acids,  related  to  humic  acid.  Ratio  for  C,  H, 
O,  nearly  10  :  12  :  5,  from  analyses  2,  3.  Anal.— 1,  Schrotter,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  2,  287,  1849.  2, 
3,  F.  Muhlberg,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  13,  283,  1865. 

C  H  O  N 

1.  Aussee                 51-09  5'29  42-59  1-03  =  100 

2.  "                     55-94  5-20  38 '86  =  100 

3.  ObbUrgen        f  56'63  5'58  37*79  =  100 

From  No.  1,  5'86  of  ash  are  excluded  ;  from  No.  2,  5'18;  from  3,  5  to  14'2  p.  c.  All  were 
dried.  Schrotter  found  the  loss  of  water  78'5  p.  c.;  and  Muhlberg,  at  110°,  for  No.  2, 
2004  p.  c.  for  an  air-dried  specimen  ;  for  3,  81 -8  p.  c.  for  a  jelly-like  specimen,  and  19-7  for  an 
air-dried.  In  caustic  potash  soluble,  with  a  residue  of  earthy  matters.  The  Aussee  dopplerite 
has  also  been  analyzed  by  Deinel  (Ber.  Ch.  Ges.,  15,  2961,  1882),  who  obtained  the  composition 
C,3H14O6,  and  showed  that  the  ash  (5'1  p.  c.)  consisted  largely  of  lime,  72'67  p.  c.,  with 
Al2O3,Fe2O3  12'02  p.  c.  From  the  alkaline  solutions  acids  gave  a  precipitate  having  the  com- 
position C24HQ2CaOi2  ;  this  dopplerite  is  accordingly  regarded  as  a  lime  salt  of  a  humus  acid. 

Obs. — Found  in  peat  beds,  near  Aussee  in  Styria  ;  and  at  Bad  Gonten  in  Appenzell,  and 
Obburgen,  near  Stansstad  in  Unterwalden,  Switzerland. 


HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS.  1015 

Named  after  Bergruth  Doppler  (1803-1854),  who  was  the  first  to  bring  the  substance  to  Dotice. 

C.  W.  Giimbel  has  referred  here  (Jb.  Miu.,  ^78,  1858)  a  substance  from  a  peat  bed  near 
Berchtesgadeu.  It  is  soft,  plastic,  elastic,  black,  of  waxy  luster,  tasteless  ;  on  drying  in  the 
air  it  resembles  compact  coal,  is  brittle  and  velvet-black,  and  has  H.  =  2'5,  G.  =  1  439,  luster 
vitreous,  with  powder  brownish  black.  The  air-dried  material  loses,  at  80°,  12  p.  c.  of  water. 
Unlike  dopplerite,  it  burns  with  a  bright  yellow  tiame,  is  partially  soluble  in  alcohol,  and  the 
alcoholic  solution  affords  a  resin  (Keuug.,  Ueb.,  142,  1858). 

A  pitch-black  coal-like  substance  from  the  above-mentioned  peat  beds  at  Kolbeumoor,  near 
Berchtesgaden,  related  to  dopplerite  in  composition,  and  in  not  burning  with  a  tiame  when 
inserted  in  fragments  in  the  flame  of  a  candle,  has  been  analyzed  by  C.  Gilbert  Wheeler  (priv. 
coutr.,  dated  Nuremberg,  Jan.  23,  1866).  It  afforded  him  :  C  50'98,  H  5'86,  N  3*74,  O  36'14, 
ash  3  '78  =  100.  It  appears  to  be  the  same  substance  that  is  here  partially  described  by  Giimbel. 
It  is  found  embedded  in,  and  entirely  surrounded  by,  the  peat  ;  and  specimens  show  well  the 
transition  from  peat  to  the  coal-like  substance. 

PHYTOCOLLITE  H.  C.  Lewis,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Philad.,  Dec.  2,  1881.  A  black  gelatinous 
hydrocarbon,  related  to  dopplerite,  described  by  T.  Cooper  (Eng.  Mng.  J,,  Aug.  13,  1881)  as 
found  in  a  stratum  of  muck  below  a  peat  bed  at  Scranton,  Penn.  When  first  found  it  was 
jelly-like  in  consistency,  but  on  exposure  to  the  air  it  became  tougher  and  elastic,  somewhat 
like  india-rubber,  and  finally  when  quite  dry  it  was  brittle  and  nearly  as  hard  as  coal.  Only 
partially  dissolved  in  hot  alcohol,  but  completely  in  caustic  potash.  When  dry  burns  with  a 
yellow  flame.  Analysis  by  J.  M.  Stinsou,  of  material  dried  at  100°,  gave  :  C  28  99,  H  5'17, 
N2-46,  O  56-98,  ash  6  -40  =  100  ;  whence  the  empirical  formula  C10H22O16  =  Carbon  30*2, 
hydrogen  5'5,  oxygen  64'3  =  100.  Named  from  <pvrov  and  /co'A/la,  plant-jelly. 


DOPPLEHITE  of  J.  C.  Deicke,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  17,  383.  (Not  Dopplerite  according  to  Kenng., 
Ueb.,  141,  1858.)  Grayish,  earthy,  plastic  in  the  fingers  when  fresh;  becoming  dark  reddish 
brown  to  black  on  drying.  Yields  after  drying:  Combustible  substance  83'25,  water  12'5,  ash 
4'25.  Burns  with  a  -bright  flame  and  intense  heat,  and  differs  from  dopplerite  in  this  respect, 
and  also  in  containing  much  less  water.  From  a  peat  bed  at  Fiukeubach  in  the  Canton  of  St. 
Gall,  Switzerland. 


APPENDIX  TO  HYDROCARBONS. 

The  substances  included  here  are  :  1,  Petroleum,  passing  into  the  viscid  bitumen,  maltha  or 
mineral  tar  ;  2,  the  solid  bitumen  Asphaltuin  ;  3,  Mineral  Coal.  These  are  in  general  more 
complex  substances  than  those  included  in  the  preceding  pages  and  have  still  less  claim  to  be 
regarded  as  definite  mineral  species  (though  it  may  be  a  matter  of  convenience  in  many  cases  to 
have  the  different  kinds  provided  with  names).  It  is  hence  not  unnatural  to  separate  them  from 
the  somewhat  more  definite  substances  previously  described  in  this  chapter,  although  no  line 
can  be  drawn  between  them,  and  the  division  must  be  made  somewhat  arbitrarily.  In  fact  it 
may  be  noted  that  even  some  of  the  substances  ordinarily  classed  as  coals,  in  behavior  toward 
solvents  and  in  composition,  approach  closely  to  hydrocarbons  already  mentioned  (cf.  torbanite, 
pp.  10()9,  1022. 

With  petroleum  is  to  be  included  also  another  substance  of  the  first  economic  importance, 
Natural  Gas ;  the  description  of  native  gaseous  compounds,  however,  does  not  fall  within  the 
scope  of  this  work. 

Petroleum.  NAPHTHA  AND  PETROLEUM.  Na'09cr,  Strabo,  16,  i.  §  15,  Dioscor.,  1,  101. 
Naphtha,  Bitumen  liquidum  candidum,  Plin.,  2,  109,  35,  51.  Naphtha  flos  bituraiuis  Agric., 
Ort.  Cans.  Subt.,  45,  1544.  Liquidum  bitumen,  mine  vocatur  Petroleum,  Agric.,  Nat.  Foss., 
222,  1546.  Erdol,  Bergol,  Steinol,  Germ.  Mineral  Oil.  Kerosene.  Bitume  liquide  Fr. 

PITTASPHALT.  IZ;rracr0a:/lroS  Dioscor.,  1,  100.  Pissasphaltus  Plin.,  24,  25,  35,  51. 
Maltha  Plin.,  2,  108.  Bergtheer  Germ.  Bitume  visqueux,  Bituine  glutineux,  Poix  miuerale, 
Mineral  graisse,  Fr.  Petroleum  pt.  Mineral  Tar.  Brea  Span. 

Liquids  or  oils,  in  the  crude  state,  of  disagreeable  odor;  varying  widely  in  color,  from  color- 
less  to  dark  yellow  or  brown  and  nearly  black,  the  greenish  brown  color  the  most  common  ; 
also  in  consistency  from  thin  flowing  kinds  to  those  that  are  thick  and  viscous ;  and  in  specific 
gravity  from  0-6  to  0'9. 

Petroleum  passes  by  insensible  gradations  into  piltasphalt  or  maltha,  (viscid  bitumen) ;  and 
the  latter  as  insensibly  into  asphalt  or  solid  bitumen. 

Comp. — Chemically,  petroleum  consists  for  the  most  part  of  members  of  the  paraffin  series, 
CnH-2n  +2,  varying  from  Marsh  Gas,  CH4,  to  the  solid  forms.  The  olefines,  CnHsn,  are  also  pres- 
ent in  smaller  amount.  The  above  is  especially  true  of  the  American  oils.  Those  of  the  Cau- 
casus have  a  higher  density,  the  volatile  constituents  are  less  prominent,  they  distill  at  about  150° 
and  contain  the  benzenes,  Cn^n  -  6,  in  considerable  amount.  There  are  present  also  members  of 
the  series  J  ,H2n.  -  s-  The  Germnn  petroleum  is  intermediate  between  the  American  and  the 
Caucasian  The  Canadian  petroleum  is  especially  rich  in  the  solid  paraffins. 


1016  HYDEOCAEBON  COMPOUNDS. 

Obs. — Petroleum  occurs  iu  rocks  or  deposits  of  nearly  all  geological  ages,  from  the  Lower 
Silurian  to  the  present  epoch.  It  is  associated  most  abundantly  with  argillaceous  shales,  sands, 
and  sandstones,  but  is  found  also  permeating  limestones,  giving  them  a  bituminous  odor,  and 
rendering  them  sometimes  a  considerable  source  of  oil.  .From  these  oleiferous  shales,  sands, 
and  limestones  the  oil  often  exudes,  and  appears  floating  on  the  streams  or  lakes  of  the  region, 
or  rises  in  oil  springs.  It  also  exists  collected  in  subterranean  cavities  in  certain  rocks,  whence 
it  issues  in  jets  or  fountains  whenever  an  outlet  is  made  by  boring.  These  cavities  are  situated 
mostly  along  the  course  of  gentle  anticlinal^  in  the  rocks  of  the  region  ;  and  it  is  therefore  prob- 
able, as  has-been  suggested,  that  they  originated  for  the  most  part  in  the  displacements  of  the 
strata  caused  by  the  slight  uplift.  The  oil  which  tills  the  cavities  has  ordinarily  been  derived 
from  the  subjacent  rocks  ;  for  the  strata  in  which  the  cavities  exist  are  frequently  barren  sand- 
stones. The  conditions  required  for  the  production  of  such  subterranean  accumulations  wrould 
be  therefore  a  bituminous  oil-bearing,  or  else  oil-producing,  stratum  at  a  greater  or  less  depth 
below  ;  cavities  to  receive  the  oil ;  an  overlying  stratum  of  close-grained  shale  or  limestone,  not 
allowing  of  the  easy  escape  of  the  naphtha  vapors. 

The  two  regions  which  now  furnish  the  chief  part  of  the  petroleum  are,  first  in  importance, 
western  Pennsylvania,  with  parts  of  New  York  and  Ohio,  and,  second,  the  Baku  region  on  the 
Caspian  Sea,  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  Caucasus.  The  oil  has  been  known  to  exist  at  the  latter 
locality  since  early  times,  but  only  recently  has  its  economic  importance  been  recognized. 

In  the  United  States  liquid  oil  occurs  in  the  Lower  Silurian,  in  the  "  Bird's-eye"  limestone 
of  Riviere  a  la  Jiose  (Mcntmoreucy),  Canada,  and  of  Watertown,  N.  Y.,  in  drops  in  fossil  coral  ; 
and  in  the  Trenton  limestone  at  Pakenham,  Canada,  the  cavities  of  large  Orthocerata  sometimes 
hold  several  ounces  (T.  S.  Hunt,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  35,  166,  1863);  on  Grand  Mauitoulin  Id.,  where  a 
spring  affording  it  rises  from  the  Utica  shale,  .the  source  possibly  the  subjacent  limestones  ;  at 
Guilderlaud,  near  Albany,  from*  the  Hudson  River  group,  as  observed  in  a  spring  by  Beck  ; 
quite  freely  in  limestone  and  shale  near  Chicago  ;  far  more  so  in  Kentucky,  in  the  Cumberland 
oil  region,  the  wells  descend  200  ft.  into  the  Blue  Limestone,  in  which  there  are  bituminous 
shaly  strata  overlaid  by  sheets  of  thin-bedded  compact  limestone  ;  these  features  prevail  from 
Lincoln  and  Casey  Cos.,  through  Adair  and  Russell,  Cumberland  and  Clinton  Cos.,  Ky.,  and 
Overton  and  Jackson  Cos.,  Tenn. 

In  the  Upper  Silurian  traces  have  been  observed  in  the  Niagara  limestone  and  the  Medina 
red  shales  ;  at  Gaspe,  Canada,  in  a  Lower  Helderberg  limestone,  on  Silver  Brook,  etc. ;  near 
Chicago,  so  abundant  in  a  limestone  as  to  ooze  out,  and  the  rock  may  be  made  to  burn,  owing 
to  its  presence. 

In  the  Lower  Devonian,  the  Corniferous  limestone  is  regarded  by  Hunt  as  the  source  of  the 
oil  of  Enniskillen,  Canada,  where  there  are  large  areas  covered  by  the  half-inspissated  bitumen. 
Hunt  states  (1.  c.)  that  at  Rainham,  Canada,  on  L.  Erie,  shells  of  Pentamerus  aratus  are  some- 
times filled  with  petroleum  ;  and  that  in  other  places  in  the  region  embedded  corals,  Heliophyl- 
lum  and  Favosites,  have,  in  certain  of  the  layers,  their  cells  full  of  oil  (while  in  other  layers  it 
is  absent  from  the  corals),  and  in  quarrying,  the  oil  flows  out  and  collects  on  the  water  of  the 
quarry  ;  and  at  Gaspe,  Lower  Devonian  sandstones  afford  oil  springs  and  give  rise  to  beds  of 
thickened  petroleum,  and  the  chalcedouic  geodes  of  a  trap  dike,  intersecting  the  sandstone, 
sometimes  contain  petroleum.  In  the  Middle  Devonian,  the  Black  shale,  or  Genesee  slate,  is 
supposed  by  many  geologists  to  be  the  principal  source  of  the  oil  of  Pennsylvania,  the  Kenawha 
valley,  and  other  parts  of  eastern  Virginia,  and  of  Ohio  and  Michigan  ;  but  J.  P.  Lesley  at- 
tributes much  of  the  oil  of  western  Pennsylvania  to  the  Subcarbouiferous.  Near  Fredonia, 
Chautauqua  Co.,  and  at  Rockville,  Alleghany  Co.,  oil  is  found  in  connection  with  Chemuug 
rocks,  or  the  Upper  Devonian  (Hall). 

A  little  oil  has  been  observed  in  connection  with  Triassic  shales  at  Southbury,  Conn. 
The  oil  of  southern  California  proceeds  from  Tertiary  shales.  On  Trinidad,  a  thick  oil,  with 
asphalt,  occurs  in  connection  with  lignite  and  other  vegetable  remains  in  the  shales  constituting 
the  upper  part  of  the  Tertiary. 

The  oil  spring  of  Cuba,  Alleghany  Co.,  N.  Y.,  called  the  Seneca  Oil  Spring,  long  known, 
was  described  by  Prof.  Silliman  in  1833  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  23,  97)  as  a  dirty  pool,  about  18  ft.  across, 
covered  with  a  film  of  oil,  which  was  skimmed  off  from  time  to  time  for  medicinal  purposes. 
The  so  called  "  Seneca  oil,"  sold  at  the  time  in  the  shops  (and  from  which  he  often  distilled 
naphtha  for  preserving  potassium),  he  observes  was  not  from  this  spring  (around  which  the 
Seneca  Indians  then  had  a  reserve  of  a  square  mile),  but,  as  he  was  told,  from  Oil  Creek, 
Venango  Co.,  Pa.,  about  100  m.  from  Pittsburg.  Seneca  Lake  has  oil  on  its  surface  in  some 
parts,  and  it  is  said  to  have  given  the  name  to  the  oil  ;  but  whether  this  is  the  true  source,  or 
whether  it  came  from  its  being  collected  and  sold  by  the  Seneca  Indians,  is  not  clear.  Hildreth 
in  1883  (ib.,  24  63),  and  later  in  1836  (ib.,  29,  86, 121,  129),  gave  an  account  of  the  salt  wells  of 
the  Little  Kenawha  valley,  which  then  afforded,  he  says,  50  to  100  gallons  a  year.  He  also 
speaks  in  1833,  of  a  well  475  ft.  deep,  30  m.  N.  of  Marietta,  Ohio,  which,  when  first  opened, 
discharged  at  intervals  of  2  to  4  days,  for  3  to  6  hours  each  time,  throwing  out  30  to  60  gallons 
of  oil  at  e.'tch  "  eruption,"  but  was  then  yielding  only  a  barrel  a  week.  In  1840  a  spouting  well 
of  oil  at  Burksville,  Kentucky,  was  described  (ib.,  39,  195) ;  the  well  was  bored  for  salt,  and 
200  ft.  down  a  "  fountain  of  pure  oil  was  struck,  which  was  thrown  up  more  than  12  ft.  above 
the  surface  of  the  earth,"  emitting,  according  to  the  estimate,  75  gallons  a  minute  ;  it  "con- 
tinued to  flow  for  several  days  successively,"  but  then  failed  ;  and  efforts  to  bring  it  into 
action  again,  or  find  another,  were  not  successful.  The  petroleum  of  Enniskillen,  Canada,  was 


HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS.  1017 

mentioned  in  1844  by  Mr.  Murray,  in  the  Canada  Geological  Report  for  1846  ;  and  in  1857 
wells  were  sunk  for  the  collection  of  it.  In  1859.  on  Oil  Creek,  Venango  Co.,  Pa.,  a  boring  for 
salt,  but  75  feet  deep,  let  out  the  first  fountain  of  oil  of  that  now  famous  oil  region.  For  many 
weeks  it  discharged  1,000  gallons  per  day.  Since  that  time  the  development  in  western 
Pennsylvania  has  been  wonderfully  rapid,  and  at  th.e  present  time  the  production  of  this  oil 
region  amounts  to  30,000,000  barrels  annually.  See  further  the  volumes  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Geol.  Survey,  also  JVIiii.  lies.  U.  S.,  1883  et  seq.,  for  description  of  localities,  statements  of  pro- 
duction ;  also,  Petroleum  and  Natural  Gas  in  New  York  State,  C.  A.  Ashbumer,  Am.  Inst. 
Mng.  Bug.,  read  July,  1887. 

Noted  foreign  localities  are  3  miles  from  Ye-nan-gyouug  (Fetid-water  -rivulet),  Upper  Burma 
(and  exported  from  Rangoon),  where  there  are  about  100  wells,  from  180  to  306  feet  deep,  each 
lined  with  horizontal  timber,  but  not  now  much  worked;  also  Pegu,  Arakan,  Upper  Assam, 
and  several  parts  of  Punjab,  Baluchistan,  and  Afghanistan  (cf.  Ball.,  Geol.  India,  3,  124,  1881). 
Further  on  the  peninsula  of  Apcheron  on  the  western  shore  of  the  Caspian,  at  Baku,  alluded  to 
above,  where  naphtha  exudes  from  argillaceous  and  calcareous  beds,  especially  the  former,  of 
the  Middle  Tertiary  (Abich),  and  where  it  has  long  been  used  for  burning  in  lamps  and  for 
cooking;  near  the  center  of  the  region  the  light  and  pure  naphtha  oil  is  obtained,  while  along 
its  borders  the  oil  is  a  thicker  petroleum,  or  passes  into  aa  asphalt,  and  solid  masses  of  this  asphalt 
are  often  seen  floating  in  the  Caspian;  on  the  island  of  Cheleken,  near  the  eastern  coast  of  the 
Caspian,  in  Balkan  Bay;  on  the  banks  of  the  Kuban,  promontory  of  Taman,  east  side  of  the  straits 
between  the  Azov  and  Black  Sea;  near  the  river  Betchora,  in  the  government  of  Archangel, 
Russia;  near  the  village  of  Aniiano,  in  Parma,  Italy,  whence  enough  was  formerly  obtained  to 
light  the  streets  of  Genoa;  at  Zante,  one  of  the  Ionian  islands  (ancient  Zacyuthus),  which  has 
furnished  oil  for  more  than  2,000  years,  its  petroleum  spring  having  been  mentioned  by  Herodotus. 
Also  obtained  in  some  quantity  in  Galicia;  in  Brunswick,  Hannover,  Alsace,  etc.  Pliny  mentions 
the  oil  of  a  spring  at  Agrigentum,  Sicily,  and  states  that  it  was  collected  and  used  for  burning 
in  lamps,  as  a  substitute  for  oil.  He  distinguishes  this  oil  from  naphtha,  which  he  says  was  too 
light  and  inflammable  for  such  a  use.  Of  naphtha,  he  mentions  a  locality  in  "Parthia"  (about 
the  sources  of  the  Indus).  Oil  is  found  also  near  the  city  of  Mexico,  and  on  the  river  Lagun. 
Also  in  Venezuela,  in  New  Zealand,  Japan,  China,  etc. 

The  Baku  oil  fields  at  Balakhani,  8  miles  north  of  Baku  on  the  Caspian,  have  come  into 
prominence  especially  since  1876,  and  they  now  rank  as  a  prominent  source  of  the  commercial 
supply  of  the  world.  Some  of  the  wells  in  the  region  have  given  phenomenal  outflows  (see 
further  Miu.  Res.  U.  S.,  p.  463  et  seq.,  1886). 

The  word  naphtha  is  from  the  Persian  nafata,  signifying  to  exude;  and  petroleum  from 
Tre'rpo?,  rock,  and  oleum,  oil  (the  latter  from  the  Greek  eXaior,  oil),  dating  only  from  the  middle 
ages  (see  SYN.,  p.  1015. 

The  name  pittolium  is  from  Ttirra,  pitch,  and  oleum,  oil,  analogous  to  petroleum;  and 
pittasphaltum,  from  the  Greek  for  pitch  and  asphalt. 

The  word  maltha  is  from  the  Greek  /m'AQ?/,  soft  wax;  it  was  also  used  sometimes  for  a 
mixture  of  wax  and  pitch,  employed  for  making  the  surface  of  writing-tablets,  and  for  some 
kinds  of  cements.  But  Pliny  (2/108)  describes  "under  this  name  an  inflammable  mud  flowing 
from  a  pool  at  Sarnosata  in  North  Syria  on  the  Euphrates,  which  he  says  (ib.,  109)  was  similar 
in  nature  to  naphtha;  and  this  use  of  the  word  has  led  to  its  later  application  to  viscid  bitumens. 

Petroleum  in  cavities  in  crystals.  Davy,  in  his  examinations  of  the  fluids  in  crystals  (Phil. 
Trans,,  367,  and  postscript,  1822),  found  only  water,  except  in  the  case  of  quartz  from  Dauphiny. 
The  liquid  in  this  case  was  about  as  viscid  as  linseed  oil;  brownish  in  color;  became  solid  and 
opaque  at  13°;  had  a  smell  resembling  naphtha;  acted  like  a  fixed  oil  when  heated,  the  temperature 
of  ebullition  being  high;  and  burned  with  flame,  producing  a  white  smoke.  The  cavity  was  £ 
in.  across,  but  only  a  sixth  of  it  was  occupied  by  the  fluid.  Davy  made  his  investigations  of  the 
fluids  in  crystals  by  having  the  crystals  bored  through  to  the  cavity  by  a  lapidary,  and  was  the 
first  to  use  this  method. 

PETROLENE.  Boussingault  obtained  from  the  viscid  bitumen  and  asphalt  of  Bechelbronn 
an  oil  which  he  called  Petrolene,  and  announced  it  as  the  liquid  ingredient  of  all  asphalt,  the 
solid  one  being  named  by  him  Asphaltene.  It  was  separated  by  heating  in  an  oil  bath  to  a 
temperature  of  300°.  None  of  it  passed  over  at  a  temperature  below  100°.  He  obtained  for  its 
composition,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  64S  141,  1837;  73,  442,  1840: 

Carbon  87  '36  86  '78  87  '45  86  '98  f    88  '4 

Hydrogen       11  "90  12'20  12*30  12'70  12'5 

He  writes  for  it  the  formula  Ci0H16,  making  it  of  the  camphene  series  CnH2n-4.  It  boiled  at 
280°.  The  vapor  density  is  stated  at  9  '415,  or  "  double  that  of  oil  of  turpentine."  There  can  be 
no  doubt  that  the  petrolene  was  a  mixture  of  oils.  See  further,  5th  Ed.,  pp.  729,  730. 

The  Bechelbronn  tar  and  that  similar  from  Lobsann  (both  in  the  Dept.  du  Bas-Rhin,  France) 
are  called  also  Mineral  Qraisse  and  Oraisse  de  Strasbourg. 


Asphaltum.  "AvQaXroc,  Aristot.,  Strabo,  Diosc.,  etc.  Bitumen  Plin.,  35,  51.  Asphalt, 
Mineral  Pitch.  Asphalt,  Bergpech,  Erdpech,  Germ.  Asphalte,  Bitume,  Fr.  [For  syn.  of 
Pittasphalt  or  Mineral  Tar  (Bergtheer  Germ.),  see  p.  1015.] 


1018  HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS. 

Asphaltuin,  or  mineral  pitch,  is  a  mixture  of  different  hydrocarbons,  part  of  which  are 
oxygenated.  Its  ordinary  characters  are  as  follows: 

Amorphous.  G.  =  1—1*8;  sometimes  higher  from  impurities.  Luster  like  that  of  black 
pitch.  Color  brownish  black  and  black.  Odor  bituminous.  Melts  ordinarily  at  90°  to  100°, 
and  burns  with  a  bright  flame.  Soluble  mostly  or  wholly  in  oil  of  turpentine,  and  partly  or 
wholly  in  ether;  commonly  partly  in  alcohol. 

The  more  solid  kinds  graduate  into  the  pittasphalts  or  mineral  tar,  and  through  these  there 
is  a  gradation  to  petroleum.  The  fluid  kinds  change  into  the  solid  by  the  loss  of  a  vaporizable 
portion  on  exposure,  and  also  by  a  process  of  oxidation,  which  consists  first  in  a  loss  of  hydrogen, 
and  finally  in  the  oxygenation  of  a  portion  of  the  mass. 

Oomp.— The  action  of  heat,  alcohol,  ether,  naphtha,  and  oil  of  turpentine,  as  well  as  direct 
analyses,  show  that  the  so-called  asphaltum  from  different  localities  is  very  various  in  composition. 
The  following  are  the  classes  of  ingredients  present: 

A.  Oils  vaporizable  at  about  100°,  or  below;  sparingly  present,  if  at  all. 

B.  Heavy  oils,  probably  of  the  Pittolium  or  Petrolene  groups  (see  above);    vaporizable 
between  100°  and  250°;  constituting  sometimes  85  p.  c.  of  the  mass. 

C.  Resins  soluble  in  alcohol. 

D.  Solid  asphalt-like  substance  or  substances,  soluble  in  ether  and  not  in  alcohol;   black, 
pitch-like,  lustrous  in  fracture;  15  to  85  p.  c. 

E.  Black  or  brownish  black  substance  or  substances  not  soluble  either  in  alcohol  or  ether; 
similar  to  D  in  color  and  appearance,  Kersten  ;  brown  and  ulmin-like,  Yolckel;  1  to  75  p.  c. 

F.  nitrogenous  substances;  often  as  much  as  corresponds  to  1  or  2  p.  c.  of  nitrogen. 

Obs. — Asphaltum  belongs  to  rocks  of  no  particular  age.  The  most  abundant  deposits  are 
superficial.  But  these  are  generally,  if  not  always,  connected  with  rock  deposits  containing 
some  kind  of  bituminous  material  or  vegetable  remains. 

Some  of  the  noted  localities  of  asphaltum  are  the  region  of  the  Bead  Sea,  or  Lake  Asphalt  ites, 
whence  the  most  of  the  asphaltum  of  ancient  writers;  a  lake  on  Trinidad,  l\  m.  in  circuit,  which 
is  hot  at  the  center,  but  is  solid  and  cold  toward  the  shores,  and  has  its  borders  over  a  breadth 
of  f  m.  covered  with  the  hardened  pitch  with  trees  flourishing  over  it;  and  about  Point  La  Braye, 
the  masses  of  pitch  look  like  black  rocks  among  the  foliage;  at  various  places  in  S.  America, 
similar  lakes,  as  at  Caxitambo  (not  Coxitambo),  Peru,  which  is  used  at  Payta,  on  the  coast 
(under  the  equator),  for  pitching  boats,  etc.;  at  Berengela,  Peru,  not  far  from  Arica  (S.),  where 
it  is  put  to  the  same  use;  in  California,  near  the  coast  of  St.  Barbara,  an  area  of  some  acres;  in 
a  large  bed,  hear  Avlona  in  Albania  (G.  =  1-205).  Also  in  smaller  quantities,  sometimes 
disseminated  through  shale  and  sandstone  rocks,  and  occasionally  limestones,  or  collected  in 
cavities  or  seams  in  these  rocks;  near  Matlock,  Derbyshire,  in  stalactitic  masses;  Poldice  mine  in 
Cornwall;  Haughmond  Hill  in  Shropshire;  at  Bastenues  and  Dax,  Dept.  of  Landes,  constituting 
6  p.  c.  of  a  sandy  deposit;  Val  de  Travers,  Neuch,atel,  impregnating  a  bed  in  the  Cretaceous 
formation,  and  serving  as  a  cement  to  the  rock,  which  is  used  for  building;  impregnating 
dolomite  on  the  island  of  Brazza  in  Dalmatia;  in  the  Caucasus;  in  gneiss  and  mica  schist  in 
Sweden. 

Elaterite.  Subterranean  Fungus  (fr.  Derbyshire)  Lister,  Phil.  Trans.,  1673.  Elastic 
Bitumen.  Mineral  Caoutchouc.  Bitume  elastique  Delametli.,  J.  Phys.,  31,  31,  1787.  Elastic 
Bitumen  Hatchett,  Linn.  Trans.,  4,  146,  1797.  Elastisches  Erdpech  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  3,  107,  1802. 
Elastisches  Erdharz  Germ.  Elaterit,  Fossiles  Erdharz,  Hausm.,  Handb.,  1,  87,  1813. 

Masssive,  amorphous.  G.  =  0*905-1 '233  Derbyshire.  Soft,  elastic,  sometimes  adhering  to 
the  fingers  (a);  also  moderately  soft  and  elastic;  much  like  india-rubber  (6);  and  occasionally 
hard  and  brittle  (c),  embedded  in  the  softer  kinds.  Color  brown,  usually  dark  brown.  Subtrans- 
lucent;  sometimes  dark  orange-red  by  transmitted  light. 

Johnston  analyzed  the  three  kinds,  A,  B,  C,  separately  (Phil.  Mag.,  13,  22,  1838).  He 
mentions  the  action  of  ether  only  on  the  B,  from  which  it  separated  but  18  p.  c.  of  the  mass; 
and  the  two  analyses  given  are  those  of  the  undissolved  material.  Analyses: 

C  H 

1.  A  85-47  13-28  =  98'75 

2.  B  84-38  12-58  =  96*96 

3.  B  83-67  12-54  =  96'21 

4.  C  85-96  12-34  =  98'30 

5.  C  86-18  12-42  =  98'60 

He  states  that  the  loss  in  A  and  C  may  be  partly  or  wholly  oxygen,  and  that  in  the  case  of 
C,  of  the  insoluble  residue,  3-3'8  p.  c.  is  oxygen.  He  thus  leaves  the  constitution  of  elaterite  in 
doubt.  It  appears  to  be  partly  a  carbohydrogen  near  ozocerite,  and  partly  an  oxygenated 
insoluble  material. 

It  is  found  at  Castleton  in  Derbyshire,  in  the  lead  mine  of  Odin,  along  with  lead  ore  and 
calcite,  in  compact  reniform  or  fungoid  masses,  and  is  abundant.  Also  reported  from  St. 
Bernard's  Well  near  Edinburgh;  Chapel  quarries  in  Fifeshire;  a  coal  mine  at  Montrelais,  at  the 
depth  of  230  feet;  and,  according  to  Hausmaun  (Handbuch,  3,  273);  at  Neuchatel,  and  on  the 
island  of  Zante.  A  similar  material  in  external  characters  has  been  met  with  at  Woodbury,  Ct. 


HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS.  i019 

A  mineral  tar  from  the  Old  Red  Sandstone  at  Craig  Well,  near  Dingwall,  Er>,s-shire, 
is  described  by  W.  Morrison  (Trans.  Ed.  G.  Soc.,  5,  500,  1888,  aud  Min.  Mag.,  8,  133,1889). 
It  is  black,  lustrous,  sticky,  of  the  consistence  of  tar,  and  occurs  associated  with  albertite. 
Insoluble  in  acids,  alkalies,  alcohol,  but  soluble  in  paraffin  oil,  and  partially  soluble  in  ether, 
leaving  an  inflammable  residue.  Melts  at  about  140°.  On  dry  distillation  yields  an  inflammable 
oil,  a  gas  aud  water.  A  similar  tar  occurs  in  the  Carboniferous  limestone  of  Derbyshire. 

Analyses,  Macadam,  Min.  Mag.,  8,  136,  1889:   1,  2,  of  elaterite;  3,  of  mineral  pitch. 

C  HO,  etc.  N  S 

1.  Derbyshire        83'62  11 '19  4'78  0'17  0'24  =  100 

2.  "  82-80  11-92  4-92  (Ml  0'25  =  100 

3.  Dingwall  81 '19  13'37  4'45  0'13    -        0'86  =  100 

Coorongite  is  a  kind  of  mineral  caoutchouc  from  the  Coorong  district,  South  Australia; 
analysis  gave:  C  64*73,  C  (fixed)  I'OO,  H  11-63,  O  20'38,  H2O  0'47,  ash  1-79  =  100.  Cf.  G.  C. 
Morris,  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.,  131,  1877. 

SETTLING  STORES  RESIN.  New  Mineral  Resin  fr.  Settling  Stones.  J.  F.  W.  Johnston, 
Edinb.  J.  Sc.,  4,  122,  1831,  Phil.  Mag.,  14,  88,  1839.  Settlingite  Dx.,  Min.,  2,  42,  1874.  In 
the  form  of  drops,  more  or  less  rounded,  or  flattened,  as  if  once  fluid  or  soft,  and  found  incrusting 
the  rocky  walls  of  a  vein  at  an  old  lead  mine  in  Northumberland,  known  by  the  name  of  Settling 
Stones,  resting  on  and  occasionally  covered  by  calcite  and  pearl  spar;  the  rock  is  the  Mountain 
limestone  (Subcarbouiferous).  The  resin  is  hard,  brittle  under  the  hammer,  but  difficult  to 
reduce  to  powder;  G.  =  1  '16-1-54;  color  from  pale  yellow  to  deep  red;  a  pale  green  opalescence; 
does  not  melt  at  205°.  Burns  in  the  flame  of  a  candle.  Very  slightly  acted  upon  by  alcohol. 
An  analysis  afforded  Johnston: 

C  85-133  H  10-853  Ash  3  256  =  99'242 

But  Johnston  adds :  "It  is  therefore  doubtful  whether  this  resinoid  substance  contains  oxygen 
or  not.  It  may  be  only  an  impure  carbo-hydrogen."  It  is  very  slightly  acted  upon  by  alcohol. 
Gives  empyreumatic  products  when  fused  in  a  closed  tube.  It  has  close  relations  to  elaterite. 

BERENGELITE  Johnston,  Phil.  Mag.,  13,  329, 1838.  Asphaltum-like.  Color  dark  brown,  with 
a  tinge  of  green.  Powder  yellow.  Luster  of  surface  of  fracture  resinous.  Anal.— Johnston: 
C  72-47,  H  9'20,  O  18 '33  =  100,  corresponding  to  the  ratio  for  C,  H,  O  =  40  :  62  :  8.  Forms  a 
solution  with  cold  alcohol,  which  is  bitter  to  the  taste.  On  evaporation  the  resin  obtained  has  a  clear 
red  color,  and  remains  soft  and  viscid  at  the  ordinary  temperature.  Nearly  insoluble  in  caustic 
potash.  Odor  resinous,  disagreeable;  but  after  fusion  for  some  time  at  100°,  this  odor  is 
succeeded  by  an  agreeable  one;  on  cooling  it  regains  the  original  odor.  It  is  said  to  forma  lake 
like  that  of  Trinidad,  in  the  province  of  bt.  Juan  de  Berengela,  about  100  m.  from  Arica,  Peru, 
and  is  used  at  Arica  for  paying  boats  and  vessels. 

BIELZITE  G.  Benkb  and  K.  Jahn,  Zs.  Kr.,  13,  68,  1887. 

Massive.  Fracture  subconchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  1-2.  '  G.  =  1*249  Luster  resinous. 
Color  brownish  black.  Opaque.  Analysis:  f  C  7974,  H  6"34  =  86'08.  Melts  easily  and  burns 
with  smoky  flame;  at  175°  becomes  soft  aud  at  330°  swells  up  and  becomes  dry,  leaving  on 
cooling  a  black  shining  coal.  Dissolves  in  considerable  part  in  chloroform  and  carbon  disul- 
phide;  much  less  soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  and  benzene.  From  Zsil-Vajdej,  Transylvania. 
^Tanied  after  E.  A.  Bielz. 

PIAUZITE.  Retiuit  von  Piauze,  Piauzit,  Haid.,  Pogg.,  62,  275,  1844.  An  asphalt-like 
substance,  remarkable  for  its  high  melting-point,  315  .  It  occurs  slaty  massive:  color 
brownish  or  greenish  black;  thin  splinters  colophouite-brown  by  transmitted  light;  streak  light 
brown,  amber- brown;  H.  =  1*5;  G.  =  1'220;  1'186  Keuugott.  After  melting,  it  burns  with  an 
aromatic  odor  and  much  smoke,  leaving  5*96  per  cent  of  ash.  Soluble  in  ether  and  caustic 
potash,  also  largely  in  absolute  alcohol.  Heated  in  a  glass  tube  a  yellowish  oily  fluid  is  distilled, 
having  an  acid  reaction. 

Obtained  from  a  bed  of  brown  coal  at  Piauze,  near  Neustadt  in  Carniola;  on  Mt.  Chum, 
near  Tuffer  in  Styria,  where  thousands  of  pounds  have  been  obtained.  It  much  resembles  a 
black  lamellar  coal  (cf.  Kenngott,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  7,  91,  1856). 

WURTZILITE  W.  P.  Blake,  Eng.  Mng.  J.,  48,  542,  Dec.  21,  1889;  Trans.  Am.  Inst.  Mng. 
Engineers,  Feb.  1890.  Henry  Wurtz,  Mng.  Eng.  J.,  49,  106,  1890. 

From  the  Uinta  Mountains,  in  Wasatch  Co.,  Utah,  between  Salt  Lake  and  the  valley  of 
Green  River,  not  far  from  the  source  of  uiutahite,  or  "  gilsonite"  (see  p.  1020). 

It  is  a  firm,  black  solid,  and  breaks  with  a  brilliant  couchoidal  fracture,  and  has  a  general 
resemblance  to  jet  or  some  of  the  cannel  coals.  Sectile.  the  shavings  having  a  degree  of  elas- 
ticity, but  if  bent  too  far,  or  suddenly,  snap  like  glass;  when  slowly  pressed  and  warmed  a  flake 
may  be  bent  nearly  double.  In  very  thin  plates,  deep  red.  The  color  by  reflected  light  jet- 
black.  H.  =  2-3.  G.  =  1*030.  Does  not  fuse  in  boiling  water,  but  becomes  softer  and  tougher, 
and  is  more  plastic.  Melts  in  the  flame  of  a  candle,  takes  fire,  and  burns  with  a  bright, 
luminous  flame,  with  little  smoke,  giving  off  a  strong  bituminous  odor.  Fused  in  a  glass  tube 
it  gives  off  a  dense  cloud  of  white  and  yellow  smoke  and  distills  over  a  thick,  brown  tarry  oil 


1020  HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS. 

with  a  strong  odor,  and  leaves  a  small  residue  of  fixed  carbon.  Fragments  warmed  in  the  hand 
emit  a  strong  odor  like  that  of  some  of  the  crude  petroleums,  which  is  rather  offensive.  It 
resists  the  usual  solvents  of  bitumen. 

Named  Wurtzilite  after  Dr.  Henry  Wurtz,  of  New  York. 

On  the  relations  of  uiutahite,  albertite,  grahamite,  and  asphaltum  in  general,  see  W.  P. 
Blake,  Trans.  Am.  lust.  Mng.  Eng.,  read  Feb.,  1890.  Further  on  the  occurrence  of  various 
bituminous  substances  and  coals,  in  Utah  and  Colorado,  with  a  discussion  as  to  their  origin,  see 
Stone,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  148,  1891. 

The  following  are  related  to  asphaltum. 

ALBEHTITE  Robb.  Melan- Asphalt  'Wetherill,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Philad.,  353,  1852. 
Differs  from  ordinary  asphaltum  in  being  only  partially  soluble  in  oil  of  turpentine,  and  in  its 
very  imperfect  fusion  when  heated.  It  has  H.  =  1-2;  G.  =  1*097;  luster  brilliant,  pitch-like; 
color  jet-black.  Softens  a  little  in  boiling  water;  in  the  flame  of  a  candle  shows  incipient 
fusion.  According  to  imperfect  determinations,  only  a  trace  soluble  in  alcohol;  4  p.  c.  in  ether; 
30  in  oil  of  turpentine.  Wetherill  obtained  in  an  ultimate  analysis:  Carbon  86*04,  hydrogen 
8*96,  oxygen  1*97,  nitrogen  2'93,  S  tr.,  ash  0*10  =.100. 

Occurs  filling  an  irregular  fissure  in  rocks  of  the  Subcarboniferous  age  (or  Lcrver  Carbon- 
iferous) in  Albert  Co.,  New  Brunswick. 

This  and  the  related  substances  have  been  usually  regarded  as  inspissated  and  oxygenated 
petroleum.  Peckliam,  however,  takes  a  different  view,  cf.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  48,  362,  1869.  For  an 
article  on  its  mode  of  occurrence,  see  Hitchcock,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  39,  267,  1865. 

An  albertite  from  the  Old  Red  Sandstone  at  Kiltearn  (Strathpeffer),  Ross-shire,  has  been 
described  by  W.  Morrison,  Min.  Mag.,  6,  101,  1884;  Honeyman,  ibid.,  7,  77,  1886. 

CLOUSTONITE  Heddle,  Min.  Mag.,  3,  222,  1879.  Occurs  in  patches  in  blue  limestone  and 
in  blue  flags  at  Inganess,  Orkney.  Brittle.  H.  =  3.  Luster  brilliant  like  obsidian.  Color  jet- 
black.  Soluble  in  benzene.  At  a  red  heat  it  gave  :  47*8  p.  c.  of  illuminating  gas,  51 '8  carbon, 
0*24  ash  ;  0*1  p.  c.  volatile  below  210°.  Named  after  Dr.  Clouston,  who  in  1839  wrote  an  account 
of  the  geology  and  mineralogy  of  Orkney. 

GRAHAMITE  Wurtz.  Coal  or  Asphalt  Lesley,  Proc.  Am.  Phil  Soc.  Philad.,  9,  183,  1863; 
Grahamite  Wurtz.  Rep.  Min.  Format,  in  W.  Virginia,  1865,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  420,  1866.  Proc. 
Am.  Assoc.,  18,  124,  1869.  See  also  Wurtz,  Gas  Light  Journal,  Oct.  2,  1869;  S.  F.  Peckham, 
ib.,  Dec.  2,  1869. 

Resembles  albertite  in  its  pitch-black,  lustrous  appearance;  H.  =2;  G.  =1*145.  Soluble 
mostly  in  oil  of  turpentine;  partly  in  ether,  naphtha,  or  benzene;  not  at  all  in  alcohol;  wholly 
in  chloroform  and  carbon  disulphide.  No  action  with  alkalies  or  hot  nitric  or  hydrochloric 
acid.  Melts  only -imperfectly,  and  with  a  decomposition  of  the  surface;  but  in  this  state  the 
interior  may  be  drawn  into  long  threads. 

Occurs  in  W.  Virginia,  about  20  m.  in  an  air  line  S.  of  Parkersburg,  filling  a  fissure 
(shrinkage  fissure)  in  a  sandstone  of  the  Carboniferous  formation;  and  supposed  to  be,  like  the 
albertite,  an  inspissated  and  oxygenated  petroleum.  Jenney  has  manufactured  grahamite  from 
petroleum  (Am.  Chemist,  5,  359).  The  material  is  partly  columnar  from  a  fracturing  as  a  result 
of  contraction  in  the  material,  the  structure  being  vertical  to  the  sides  of  the  vein.  Named  after 
J.  Lorimer  Graham  of  New  York  and  Col.  Graham  of  Baltimore. 

A  similar  deposit  occurs  in  Huasteca,  Mexico  (J.  P.  Kimball,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  277,  1876). 
That  from  the  Cristo  mine  (cristo-grahamite)  has  been  analyzed  by  W.  Wallace.  G.  =  1*156. 

Volatile  matter Ilium,  gas  61*32        S  0*46        H2O  0*36  =  62*14 

Coke  Carbon 31  63  0*37        Ash  5*86  =  37*86 

100-00 

UINTAHITE  or  Unitaite  W.  P.  Blake,  Eng.  Mug.  J.,  Dec.  26,  1885.  Gilsonite.  A  variety  of 
asphalt  from  the  Uinta  (or  Uintah)  valley,  near  Fort  Duchesne,  Utah.  Occurs  in  masses  several 
inches  in  diameter,  with  con choidal  fracture;  very  brittle.  H.  =2-2*5;  G.  =  1 '065-1*070.  Color 
black,  brilliant,  and  lustrous;  streak  and  powder  a  rich  brown.  A  non-conductor  of  electricity; 
electrically  excited  by  friction. 

It  fuses  easily  in  the  flame  of  a  caudle  and  burns  with  a  brilliant  flame,  much  like  sealing 
wax;  and  like  sealing-wax,  it  will  give  a  cleau  sharp  iiripressiou  from  a  seal.  Unless  the  melted 
mineral  is  very  hot,  it  does  not  adhere  to  cold  paper.  It  has  considerable  plasticity  while  warm, 
and  is  not  sticky,  but  retains  after  melting  its  lustrous  black  and  smooth  surface.  By  distilla- 
tion a  very  small  quantity  of  a  clear  white  and  dense  oil  is  given  off,  and  a  little  gas  or  vapor. 
It  is  much  more  readily  dissolved  by  the  heavy  oils  and  fats  than  by  the  lighter  and  more  volatile 
menstrua.  Thus  it  dissolves  and  incorporates  quickly  in  heavy  lubricating  petroleum,  while 
the  white  distillates  from  petroleum  have  little  or  no  effect  upon  it  at  ordinary  temperatures. 
So  also  it  freely  dissolves  in  oil  of  turpentine  when  warmed,  but  it  does  not  readily  dissolve  in 
cold  spirits  of  turpentine.  Ether  apparently  does  not  attack  fragments,  but  the  powder  is  slowly 
dissolved.  Soluble  in  ordinary  alcohol. 

Also  called  gilsonite  after  Mr.  S.  H.  Gil  son  of  Salt  Lake  City. 


HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS.  1021 

Mineral  Coal.     'A  vBpa  Kevrd  <5'oovr  TGJV  TOIOVTGO^  yf}$  rcXeov  e  x€L  V  Kartvov  [  =  Coal- 
like  substances  which  have  iii  them  more  of  earth  than  of  smoke  or  fire]  Aristot., 


4,  9.    Er  GO  (river  Poutus  in  Thrace)  rivaS  A.iBov$  01  Kaiovrai  [  =  Certain  stones  which  burn] 
Aristot.,  Ilepl  Qavfj.  *ACova"H.t  c.  115.    OvSde  KaXovcriv  evQvS 


(1  opvrrojitei'Gov)  did  rijv  ^pez'aS  eiai  yeaodets,  etc.  [  =  Those  (of  minerals)  dug  for  use, 
which  are  called  simple  coals,  are  earthy,  but  will  kindle  and  burn  like  charcoal]  (fr.  Liguria). 
Theophr.,  16  (in  Sehneider's  edit.),  315  B.C.  Enoi  de  TG>I>  QpavoToov  dvbpaKovvrai  TTJ 
Kavaei  xca  diajj-evovai  TtXeioo  xpovov  [  =  Some  brittle  stones  become  by  burning  like  glow- 
ing coals,  and  remain  so  a  long  time]  (fr.  Bena  in  Thracia,  and  the  promontory  of  Erineas) 
Theophr.,  12.  SpaKiaS  Az'6oS  Aristot.  FayyiTrjS  Az'QoS  Strabo.  Fayarrfs  Az'Qo?,  SpocKiak 
dz'QoS,  Diosc.,  5,  145,  146.  Thrucius  lapis,  Gemma  Sammothracia,  Plin.,  33,  30,  37,  67.  Gagates 
Plin.,  36,  34.  Steiukohle  Germ.  Houille,  Charbon  fossile,  Fr. 

Compact  massive,  without  crystalline  structure  or  cleavage;  sometimes  breaking  with  a 
degree  of  regularity,  but  from  a  jointed  rather  than  a  cleavage  structure.  Sometimes  laminated; 
often  faintly  and  delicately  banded,  successive  layers  differing  slightly  in  luster. 

Fracture  conchoidal  to  uneven.  Brittle;  rarely  somewhat  sectile.  H.  =  0'5-2  5.  G.  =  1- 
1-80.  Luster  dull  to  brilliant,  and  either  earthy,  resinous,  or  submetallic.  Color  black,  grayish 
black,  brownish  black,  and  occasionally  iridescent;  also  sometimes  dark  brown.  Opaque.  With- 
out taste,  except  from  impurities  present.  Insoluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  naphtha,  and  benzene, 
excepting  at  the  most  2  or  3  p.  c.  (rarely  10?);  usually  less  than  1  p.  c.  Insoluble  in  a  solution 
of  potash.  Infusible  to  subfusible;  but  often  becoming  a  soft,  pliant,  or  paste-like  mass  when 
healed.  On  distillation  most  kinds  afford  more  or  less  of  oily  and  tarry  substances,  which 
are  mixtures  of  hydrocarbons  and  paraffin. 

Var.  —  The  variations  depend  partly  (1)  on  the  amount  of  the  volatile  ingredients  afforded  on 
destructive  distillation;  or  (2)  on  the  nature  of  these  volatile  compounds,  for  ingredients  of  similar 
composition  may  differ  widely  in  volatility,  etc.  ;  (3)  on  structure,  luster,  and  other  physical 
characters. 

Coal  is  in  general  the  result  of  the  gradual  change  which  has  taken  place  in  geological 
history  in  organic  deposits,  chiefly  vegetable,  and  its  form  and  composition  depend  upon  the 
extent  to  which  this  change  has  gone  on.  Thus  it  passes  from  forms  which  still  retain  the 
original  structure  of  the  wood  (peat,  lignite)  and  through  those  with  less  of  volatile  or  bituminous 
matter  to  anthracite  and  further  to  kinds  which  approach  graphite,  like  the  coal  of  Rhode  Island. 
\Cf.  schungite,  p.  8.) 

1.  ANTHRACITE.     Anthracit  Karst.,   Tab.,  58,  96,  1808.     Glanzkohle  Germ.     H.  =  2-25. 
G.  =  1  32-1-7,  Pennsylvania;  1*81,  Rhode  Island;  1  -26-1  -36,  South  Wales.    Luster  bright,  often 
lubmetallic,  iron-black,  and  frequently  iridescent.     Fracture  conchoidal.     Volatile  matter  after 
drying  3-6  p.  c.     Burns  with  a  feeble  flame  of  a  pale  color. 

The  anthracites  of  Pennsylvania  contain  ordinarily  85-93  per  cent,  of  carbon;  those  of 
South  Wales,  88-95;  of  France,  80-83;  of  Saxony,  81;  of  southern  Russia,  sometimes  94  per 
cent. 

Anthracite  graduates  through  semi-anthracite  into  bituminous  coal,  becoming  less  hard  and 
containing  more  volatile  matter;  and  an  intermediate  variety  is  called  free-burning  anthracite. 

Native  Coke.  Carbonite.  More  compact  than  artificial  coke,  and  some  varieties  afford  con- 
siderable bitumen.  From  the  Edgehill  mines,  near  Richmond,  Va.,  according  to  Geuth,  who 
attributes  its  origin  to  the  action  of  a  trap  eruption  on  bituminous  coal.  (Cf.  Wurtz,  Trans.  Am. 
Inst.  Mng.  Eng.,  3,  457,  1875.) 

2.  BITUMINOUS  COAL.   Schwarzkohle  Hausm.,  Handb.  ,  73,  1813.  Steinkohle  pt.  Germ.  Under 
the  head  of  Bituminous  Coals,  a  number  of  kinds  are  included  which  differ  strikingly  in  the  action 
of  heat,  and  which  therefore  are  of  unlike  constitution.     They  have  the  common  characteristic  of 
burning  in  the  fire  with  a  yellow,  smoky  flame,  and  giving  out  on  distillation  hydrocarbon  oils 
or  tar,  and  hence  the  name  bituminous.       The  ordinary  bituminous  coals  contain  from  5-15 
p.  c.  (rarely  16  or  17)  of  oxygen  (ash  excluded);  while  the  so-called&nram  coal  or  lignite  contains 
from   20-36  p.   c.,  after  the   expulsion,  at   100°,  of   15-36   p.  c.  of   water.     The   amount  of 
hydrogen  in  each  is  from  4-7  p.  c.     Both  have  usualty  a  bright,  pitchy,  greasy  luster  (whence 
often  called  Pechkohle  in  German),  a  firm  compact  texture,  are  rather  fragile  compared  with 
anthracite,   and  have  G.  =  1  '14-1  '40.       The  brown  coals  have  often  a  brownish-black  color, 
whence  the  name,  and  more  oxygen,  but  in  these  respects  and  others  they  shade  into  ordinary 
bituminous  coals. 

The  ordinary  bituminous  coal  of  Pennsylvania  has  G.  =  1  '26-1  '37;  of  Newcastle,  England* 
1-27;  of  Scotland,  1-27-1-32;  of  France,  1  -2-1  '33;  of  Belgium,  1-27-1-3.  The  most  prominent 
kinds  are  the  following: 

(a)  Caking  or  Coking  Coal.     A  bituminous  coal  which  softens  and  becomes  pasty  or  semi- 
viscid  in  the  fire.     This  softening  takes  place  at  the  temperature  of  incipient  decomposition,  and 
is  attended  with  the  escape  of  bubbles  of  gas.     On  increasing  the  heat,  the  volatile  products 
which  result  from  the  ultimate  decomposition  of  the  softened  mass  are  driven  off,  and  a  coherent, 
grayish-black,  cellular,  or  fritted  mass  (coke)  is  left.     Amount  of  coke  left  (or  part  not  volatile) 
varies  from  50-85  p.  c.     A  caking  coal  will  lose  its  caking  quality  if  kept  heated  for  2  or  3  hours 
at  300°,  and  sometimes  on  mere  exposure  for  a  time  to  the  air. 

(b)  Non-Caking  Coal.     Like  the  preceding  in  all  external  characters,  and  often  in  ultimate 
composition;    but  burning  freely  without  softening  or  any  appearance  of  incipient   fusion. 


1022  HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS. 

Percentage  of  volatile  matter  same  as  for  caking  coal,  but  the  coke  is  not  a  proper  coke,  being 
in  powder,  or  of  the  form  of  the  original  coal. 

There  are  all  gradations  between  caking  and  non-caking  bituminous  coals.  In  external 
characters  the  two  kinds  are  alike.  They  often  break  into  layers;  and  there  is  besides  a  hori- 
zontal banding  arising  from  a  succession  of  very  thin  non-separable  layers,  slightly  differing  in 
luster  or  shade  of  color.  Cherry  coal  or  soft  coat  (of  England)  is  a  non-caking  coal  igniting  well 
and  burning  rapidly,  while  splint  or  hard  coal  ignites  less  readily,  burns  less  rapidly,  owing  to 
the  smaller  amount  of  volatile  matter.  Coals  which  do  not  cake  on  burning  are  called  free- 
burning  coals,  w7hile  the  caking  are  called  binding  coals. 

(c)  Cannel  Coal  (Parrot  Coal).     A  variety  of  bituminous  coal,  and  often  caking;  but  differ- 
ing from  the  preceding  in  texture,  and  to  some  extent  in  composition,  as  shown  by  its  products 
on  distillation.     It  is  compact,  with  little  or  no  luster,  and  without  any  appearance  of  a  banded 
structure:   and  it  breaks  wilh  a  conchoidal  fracture  and  smooth  surface;   color  dull  black  or 
grayish  black.     On  distillation  it  affords,  after  drying,  40  to  66  of  volatile  matter,  and  the  mate- 
rial volatilized  includes  a  large  proportion  of  burning  and  lubricating  oils,  much  larger  than 
the  above  kinds  of  bituminous  coal;  whence  it  is  extensively  used  for  the  manufacture  of  such 
oils.     It  graduates  into  oil-producing  coaly  shales,  the  more  compact  of  which  it  much  resem- 
bles.    The  original  Parrot  coal  is  a  cannel  from  near  Edinburgh,  which  burns  with  a  crackling 
noise,  whence  the  name  (Percy);  and  Horn  coal,  a  kind  from  South  Wales,  which  emits  when 
burning  something  of  the  odor  of  burning  horn. 

Torbanite.  A  variety  of  canuel  coal  of  a  dark  brown  color,  yellowish  streak,  without  luster, 
having  a  subconchoidal  fracture;  H.  =  2'25;  G.  —  1*17-1 '2.  Yields  over  60  p.  c.  of  volatile 
matter,  and  is  used  for  the  production  of  burning  and  lubricating  oils,  paraffin,  illuminating 
gas.  Named  from  the  locality  at  Torbane  Hill,  near  Bathgate  in  Linlithgowshire,  Scotland. 
Also  called  Boghead  Cannel  (see  pp.  1008,  1009). 

(d)  Brown  Coal  (Braunkohle  Germ.,  Pechkohle  pt.  Germ.,  Lignite).     The  prominent  char- 
acteristics of  brown  coal  have  already  been  mentioned.      They  are  non-caking,  but  afford  a 
large  proportion  of  volatile  matter.     They  are  sometimes  pitch-black  (whence  Pechkohle  pt. 
Germ.\    but  often   rather  dull  and  brownish  black.     G.  =  1 '15-1 '3;  sometimes  higher  from 
impurities.     It  is  occasionally  somewhat  lamellar  in  structure. 

Brown  coal  is  often  called  lignite.  But  this  term  is  sometimes  restricted  to  masses  of  coal 
which  still  retain  the  form  of  the  original  wood.  Jet  (Jai'et  Fr.,  Gagath  Germ.}  is  a  black  variety 
of  brown  coal,  compact  in  texture,  and  taking  a  good  polish,  whence  its  use  in  jewelry. 

Earthy  Brown  Coal  (Erdige  Braunkohle)  is  a  brown  f i-iable  material,  sometimes  forming 
layers  in  beds  of  brown  coal.  But  it  is  in  general  not  a  true  coal,  a  considerable  part  of  it  being 
soluble  in  ether  and  benzene,  and  often  even  in  alcohol;  besides  affording  largely  of  oils  and 
paraffin  on  distillation.  For  a  notice  of  "  coal "  of  this  kind  see  under  LEUCOPETRITE,  p.  1011. 
Such  a  coal  is  sometimes  called  wax  coal  and  paraffin  coal  (Wachskohle,  Paraffinkohle,  Germ.). 
See  also  BATHVILLITE,  p.  1008. 

Mineral  Charcoal.  Fibrous  charcoal-like  substance  often  found  covering  the  surfaces 
between  layers  of  coal,  and  observed  in  coal  of  all  ages.  It  is  soft,  and  soils  the  fingers  like 
charcoal.  One  variety  of  it  is  a  dry  powder. 

Comp. — Most  mineral  coal  consists  mainly  of  oxygenated  hydrocarbons.  On  p.  1008  it  is 
shown  that  the  kind  of  cannel  coal  called  torbanite  and  the  substance  bathmllite  are  closely 
related  in  composition,  as  well  as  insolubility,  to  succinite;  and  it  is  probable  that  other  caunel 
coals  contain  this  or  some  related  compound;  and  that  oil-producing  (not  oil-bearing)  shales 
include  a  similar  kind  of  hydrocarbon.  The  ordinary  bituminous  coals  often  have  10  to  15  p.  c. 
of  oxygen,  and  may  be  of  analogous  composition;  though  differing  much  in  the  precise  constitu- 
tion of  these  hydrocarbons,  some  containing  such  as  produce  a  pasty  fusion  or  incipient  decom- 
position when  heated  (caking),  and  others  such  as  undergo  no  semi-fusion  (non-caking).  The 
brown  coals,  in  which  there  are  20  to  35  p.  c.  of  oxygen,  must  include  other  kinds  of  oxygenated 
hydrocarbons,  of  the  ^insoluble  kinds.  But  microscopic  examinations  appear  to  show  that 
woody  fiber  is  present  in  it  in  various  stages  of  alteration. 

Besides  oxygenated  hydrocarbons,  there  may  also  be  present  simple  hydrocarbon*  (that  is, 
containing  no  oxygen).  This  would  seem  to  follow  from  the  small  percentage  of  oxygen 
(2-3  p.  c.)  in  the  Tyneside  cannel,  while  the  hydrogen  is  as  large  in  amount  as  in  any  cannel  or 
bituminous  coals.  And  there  are  various  bituminous  coals,  low  in  oxygen,  that  suggest  the 
same  conclusion.  At  present,  however,  chemistry  knows  of  no  simple  hydrocarbons  that  are 
insoluble  in  naphtha  and  benzene. 

The  presence  of  free  carbon  is  naturally  inferred  from  the  composition  of  coals  like  the 
anthracites,  which  afford  very  little  volatile  matter.  But  even  these  coals  contain  ordinarily 
1'5  to  2'5  p.  c.  of  each  oxygen  and  hydrogen;  and  Berthelot  holds  that  they  are  hydrocarbon 
compounds  like  other  coals. 

The  portion  of  coal  soluble  in  naphtha  or  benzene,  although  small  in  amount,  indicates  the 
presence  of  other  hydrocarbons — simple  or  oxygenated — oils  or  resins.  Their  nature  remains  to 
be  ascertained.  Fyfe  obtained  by  means  of  naphtha,  from  the  Torbane  mineral,  1*2  and  1*4 
p.  c.;  from  cannel  coal,  2-4  p.  c.;  and  from  Newcastle  caking,  in  three  experiments,  4'2,  5'8, 
9 -8  p.  c.  of  soluble  material.  These  results  do  not  accord  with  the  ordinary  statements  with 
regard  to  the  insolubility  of  coal,  and  the  subject  needs  more  extended  study. 

Coals  often  contain  resins  disseminated  in  visible  points  through  the  mass,  which  may  or  may 
not  be  of  soluble  kinds. 

Sulphur  is  present  in  nearly  all  coals.     It  is  supposed  to  be  usually  combined  with  iron, 


HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS.  1023 

and  when  the  coal  affords  a  red  ash  on  burning,  there  is  reason  for  believing  this  true.  But 
Percy  mentions  a  coal  from  New  Zealand  which  gave  a  peculiarly  white  ash,  although  contain- 
ing- 2  to  3  p.  c.  of  sulphur,  a  fact  showing  that  it  is  present  not  as  a  sulphide  of  iron,  but  as  a 
constituent  of  an  organic  compound.  The  discovery  by  Church  of  a  resin  containing  sulphur 
(see  TASMANITE,  TRINKERITE,  etc.,  p.  1010)  gives  reason  for  inferring  that  it  may  exist  in  this 
coal  in  that  state,  although  its  presence  as  a  constituent  of  other  organic  compounds  is  quite 
possible.  Sulphur  is  also  present  as  an  organic  compound  in  succinite  (Helm,  p.  1002). 

The  presence  of  nitrogen,  sometimes  2  p.  c.,  proves  the  presence  of  nitrogenous  hydro- 
carbons; but  of  what  nature  is  unknown. 

The  impurities  present,  which  constitute  the  ash  of  the  coal,  consist  of  silica  or  quartz,  oxide 
of  iron,  clay,  and  other  aluminous  silicates,  or  such  ingredients  as  make  up  the  mud  and  clay  of 
fine  soil  or  alluvium;  also  some  silica,  potash,  and  soda,  derived  from  the  original  vegetation. 
The  ash  in  the  purest  mineral  coal  amounts  to  but  0'25  to  1  p.  c. ;  but  in  that  which  passes  for  the 
best  there  are  ordinarily  5  to  8  p.  c.;  and  in  Biost  that  is  used  for  fuel  there  are  8  to  15  p.  c. 

Coal  occurs  in  beds,  iuterstratified  with  shales,  sandstones,  and  conglomerates,  and  some- 
times limestones,  forming  distinct  layers,  which  vary  from  a  fraction  of  an  inch  to  80  feet  or 
more  in  thickness.  In  the  United  States,  the  anthracites  occur  east  of  the  Alleghariy  range,  in 
rocks  that  have  undergone  great  contortions  and  fracturiugs,  while  the  bituminous  are  found 
farther  west,  in  rocks  that  have  been  less  disturbed;  and  this  fact  and  other  observations  have 
led  geologists  to  the  view  that  the  anthracites-  have  lost  their  bitumen  by  the  action  of 
heat.  For  observations  on  the  geological  relations  of  coal  beds,  reference  may  be  made  to 
geological  treatises. 

The  origin  of  coal  is  mainly  vegetable,  though  animal  life  has  contributed  somewhat  to  the 
result.  The  beds  were  once  beds  of  vegetation,  analogous,  in  most  respects,  in  mode  of  forma- 
tion to  the  peat  beds  of  modern  times,  yet  in  mode  of  burial  often  of  a  very  different  character. 
This  vegetable  origin  is  proved  not  only  by  the  occurrence  of  the  leaves,  stems,  and  logs  of 
plants  in  the  coal,  but  also  by  the  presence  throughout  its  texture,  in  many  cases,  of  the  forms 
of  the  original  fibers;  also  by  the  direct  observation  that  peat  is  a  transition  state  between 
unaltered  vegetable  debris  and  brown  coal,  being  sometimes  found  passing  completely  into  true 
brown  coal.  Peat  differs  from  true  coal  in  want  of  homogeneity,  it  visibly  containing  vegetable 
fibers  only  partially  altered;  and  wherever  changed  to  a  fine-textured  homogeneous  material,  even 
though  hardly  consolidated,  it  may  be  true  brown  coal 

Extensive  beds  of  mineral  coal  occur  in  Great  Britain;  in  France,  Spain,  Belgium;  in 
Netherlands,  Prussia,  Bavaria,  Austria,  northern  Italy,  Silesia,  Russia  on  the  south  near 
the  Azov,  and  also  in  the  Altai.  It  is  found  in  Asia,  abundantly  in  China,  in  Persia  in  the 
Cabul  territory,  and  in  the  Khorassan  or  northern  Persia,  in  Hindostan,  north  of  the  Gulf  of 
Cutch,  in  the  province  of  Bengal  (the  Burdwan  coal-field)  and  Upper  Assam,  in  Borneo.  Labuau, 
Sumatra,  several  of  the  Philippines,  Formosa,  Japan,  New  South  Wales  and  other  parts  of 
Australia,  New  Zealand,  Kerguelen  Land;  in  America,  besides  the  United  States,  in  Chili,  at 
the  Straits  of  Magellan,  at  Nauaimo  on  Vancouver's  Island,  at  Melville  Island  in  the  Arctic  seas, 
and  in  the  British  Provinces  of  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  and  Newfoundland. 

In  England,  the  principal  coal  fields  are  the  Manchester  of  Lancashire  and  Cheshire;  the 
Great  Central  of  South  Yorkshire,  Nottingham,  and  Derby;  that  of  South  Wales,  Glamorgan- 
shire, etc.;  the  Newcastle  field  of  northern  England.  In  Scotland,  a  range  of  beds  extends 
across  from  the  Firth  of  Forth  to  the  Firth  of  Clyde;  whole  area  1650  sq.  m.  In  Ireland,  the 
three  are  the  Limerick  fields  about  the  mouth  of  the  Shannon,  the  Kilkenny  fields  to  the  east- 
ward, and  that  of  Ulster  on  the  north.  Can/iel  coal  occurs  in  Great  Britain  at  Ltsmahago  in 
Lanarkshire,  about  20  m.  from  Glasgow;  also  near  Wigan  in  Lancashire,  and  West  Wemyss 
in  Fyfe. 

Mineral  coal  occurs  in  France,  in  small  basins,  88  in  number,  and  covering  in  all,  according 
to  Taylor,  T|T  of  the  whole  surface.  The  most  important  are  the  basin  of  the  Loire,  between 
the  Loire  and  the  Rhone,  and  that  of  Valenciennes  on  the  north,  adjoining  Belgium.  In 
Belgium,  it  occupies  a 'western  and  eastern  division,  the  western  in  the  provinces  of  Namur  and 
Hainault,  and  the  eastern  extending  over  Liege. 

In  the  United  States  there  are  several  separate  coal  areas  ;  of  these  that  of  eastern  Pennsyl- 
vania produces  practically  all  the  anthracite  of  the  country,  while  the  others  yield  bituminous 
coal.  One  of  these  areas,  the  Appalachian  coal  field,  commences  on  the  north,  in  Pennsylvania 
and  southeastern  Ohio,  and  sweeping  south  over  western  Virginia  and  eastern  Kentucky  and 
Tennessee  to  the  west  of  the  Appalachians,  or  partly  involved  in  their  ridges,  it  continues  to 
Alabama  near  Tuscaloosa,  where  a  bed  of  coal  has  been  opened.  It  embraces  several  isolated 
patches  in  the  eastern  half  of  Pennsylvania.  The  whole  surface  in  Pennsylvania  has  been  esti- 
mated at  15,437  sq.  m.,  or  £  the  whole  area  of  the  state.  A  second  coal  area  (the  Illinois)  lies 
adjoining  the  Mississippi,  and  covers  the  larger  part  of  Illinois,  though  much  broken  into 
patches,  and  a  small  northwest  part  of  Kentucky  ;  it  is  continued  westward  over  a  portion  of 
Iowa,  Missouri,  Kansas.  Arkansas,  and  northern  Texas  west  of  the  Mississippi.  The  latter  area 
is  divided  along  the  Mississippi  by  a  narrow  belt  of  Silurian  rock  ,  the  whole  area  is  about  the 
same  with  that  of  the  Appalachian  coal  field.  Another  area  covers  the  central  portion  of 
'Michigan,  not  far  from  5000  sq.  m.  in  area.  Besides  these,  there  is  a  smaller  coal  region  in 
Rhode  Island,  which  crops  out  across  the  north  end  of  the  island  of  Rhode  Island,  and  appears 
to  the  northward  as  far  as  Mansfield,  Massachusetts  ;  the  coal  from  this  region  is  chiefly  a 
graphitic  carbon  not  useful  for  ordinary  combustion.  There  is  also  coal  (Triassic)  in  N.  Carolina. 
There  are  further  extensive  coal  fields  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  chiefly  bituminous  or  somi-bitu- 


1024  HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS. 

xninous,  and  of  more  recent  geological  time  than  the  Carboniferous  ;  much  of  it  belongs  to 
the  Laramie  epoch  ;  thus  at  Carbon,  Hallville,  Wyoming  ;  Evanston  and  Coalville  in  Utah  ; 
at  many  points  in  Colorado,  abundant.  Further,  in  Dakota,  Montana,  Idaho,  Utah  ;  also  on  the 
Pacific  coast,  as  at  Carbonado  near  Tacoma,  at  Belliugham  Bay,  and  other  points  in  Washington; 
in  Oregon,  California.  There  are  also  said  to  be  useful  coal  deposits  in  Alaska. 

For  a  general  account  of  the  coal  fields  in  the  United  States,  see  Min.  Res.  U.  S.,  1886,  p. 
224  et  seq.  (Ashburner);  also  the  other  volumes  of  Min.  Res.  U.  S. ;  further  the  geol.  reports  of 
Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  etc. 

Out  of  the  borders  of  the  United  States,  on  the  northeast,  commences  a  fifth  coal  area,  that 
of  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick,  which  covers,  in  connection  with  that  of  Newfoundland, 
18,000  sq.  m.,  or  f  the  whole  area  of  these  provinces. 

The  mines  of  western  Pennsylvania,  commencing  with  those  of  the  Blossburg  basin,  Tioga 
Co.,  those  of  the  States  west,  and  those  of  Cumberland  or  Frostburg,  Maryland,  Richmond  or 
Chesterfield,  Va.,  and  other  mines  south,  are  bituminous.  Those  of  eastern  Pennsylvania  con- 
stituting several  detached  areas— one,  the  Schuylkill  coal  field,  on  the  south,  worked  principally 
at  Mauch  Chunk  on  the  Lehigh,  and  at  Pottsville  on  the  Schuylkill — another,  the  Wyoming  coal 
field,  worked  at  Carbondale,  in  the  Lackawauna  region,  and  near  Wyoming,  besides  others 
intermediate— those  of  Rhode  Island  and  Massachusetts,  and  some  patches  in  Virginia,  are 
anthracites.  Cannel  coal  is  found  near  Greensburg,  Beaver  Co.,  Pa.,  in  Kenawha  Co.,  Va.,  at 
Peytona,  etc.;  also  in  Kentucky,  Ohio,  Illinois,  Missouri,  and  Indiana  ;  but  part  of  the  so-called 
cannel  is  a  coaly  shale. 

Brown  coal  comes  from  coal  beds  more  recent  than  those  of  the  carboniferous  age.  But 
much  of  this  more  recent  coal  is  not  distinguishable  from  other  bituminous  coals.  The  coal  of 
Richmond,  Virginia,  is  supposed  to  be  of  the  Liassic  or  Triassic  era.  Coal  of  Cretaceous  or 
Tertiary  age  occurs  on  the  Pacific  coast,  and  in  many  places  over  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  where  a  "  Lignitic  formation"  is  very  widely  distributed  as  noted  above. 

The  coal  known  to  the  Greeks  and  Romans  was  probably  brown  coal.  The  first  sentence, 
in  the  synonymy,  from  Aristotle  evidently  alludes  to  mineral  coal  of  some  kind  ;  and  the  first 
of  the  two  cited  from  Theophrastus  (a  favorite  pupil  of  Aristotle)  refers  to  a  similar  substance, 
and  perhaps  the  same  specimens.  The  locality  of  the  latter,  Liguria  (or  northwestern  Italy 
along  the  Mediterranean),  where,  he  adds,  there  also  is  amber,  may  be  taken  with  some  freedom, 
as  articles  brought  by  vessels  trading  with  Ligurian  ports,  even  though  coming  from  French 
ports  beyond,  might  be  referred  to  Liguria.  Elis,  on  the  way  to  Olympias,  is  given  as  another 
locality.  The  sentence  ends  with  the  statement  that  "  these  coals  are  used  by  the  smiths," 
showing  that  the  value  of  the  substance  as  fuel  was  well  understood  at  the  time  (4th  century 
B.C.).  Theophrastus  says  further,  that  it  will  continue  to  burn  as  long  as  any  one  blows  it,  but 
on  stopping  it  deadens,  but  may  be  made  to  burn  again  ;  and  that  it  burns  with  a  strong  dis- 
agreeable odor.  The  second  citation  from  each,  Aristotle  and  Theophrastus,  relates  to  a  similar 
coal.  The  locality,  in  Thrace,  identifies  it  with  the  Thracian  stone  of  Dioscorides  and  Pliny,  the 
locality  of  which,  according  to  the  former  (from  Aristotle),  was  at  Sintia,  on  the  river  Poutus  (on 
the  Macedonian  border  of  Thracia,  to  the  west  of  the  present  Constantinople).  According  to 
Dioscorides  and  Pliny  (quoting  further  in  part  from  Aristotle's  "  Wonderful  Things  heard  of")/ 
water  would  make  the  Thracian  stone  to  burn,  and  oil  extinguish  it ;  which  is  either  altogether 
a  fable,  or  a  partial  truth  based  on  somebody's  observation  that  masses  or  piles  of  impure 
pyritiferous  coal  will  become  hot,  and  sometimes  ignited,  in  consequence  of  being  wet.  Aris- 
totle mentions  its  bituminous  odor  when  burning. 

The  Oagates  (whence  our  word  jet)  occurred,  according  to  Dioscorides  and  Pliny,  at  Gagas 
or  Gages,  a  place  in  Lycia  (Asia  Minor).  The  former  describes  it  as  black,  smooth,  and  com- 
bustible, to  which  Pliny  adds  that  it  was  light,  and  looked  much  like  wood,  and  that  it  emitted 
a  disagreeable  odor  when  rubbed,  and  burned  with  the  smell  of  sulphur.  It  was,  in  part  at 
least,  true  lignite.  Some  of  the  best  known  localities  of  jet  are  the  Yorkshire  coast  in  England, 
near  Whitby  (Whitby  Jet),  Aude  in  France;  also  Spain,  Bohemia,  etc. 

BYERITE  Mallet,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  9,  146,  1875.  A  mineral  coal  from  Middle  Park,  Colorado. 
It  belongs  to  the  class  caking- bituminous,  and  gave  on  analysis  :  39 '95  p.  c.  volatile  matter  (gas 
and  tarry  oil),  54 '03  p.  c.  fixed  residue  (coke  and  ash),  and  6 '02  p.  c.  water.  G.  =  1'323.  Color 
jet-black.  Powder  brown.  Resembles  albertite  in  the  large  amount  of  gas  and  tarry  oil 
yielded  by  it,  but  differs  in  being  heavier  and  in  yielding  no  soluble  products  with  carbon 
disulphide,  ether,  etc.  Also  resembles  torbauite,  but  is  heavier,  does  not  crackle  in  the  fire,  and 
melts  and  intumesces  when  heated. 

HUMINITE.  A  hydrocarbon  from  Ostmark,  in  Wermland,  Sweden,  which,  according  to 
Ekman  (Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  25,  138,  1868),  has  the  composition  (ash  free) :  C  67*15,  O  29'83, 
H  2-55,  N  0-47,  S  [0'40]  =  100.  A  similar  coal  from  Grythytte,  Finberget,  Sweden,  has,  accord- 
ing to  Helland  (G.  For.  Forh.,  2,  521,  1875),  the  composition  (ash  free):  C  67'67,  O  2811, 
H  "3-89,  N  tr.,  S  0'33  =  100. 

ANTHRAXOLITE  E.  J.  Chapman.  A  black  combustible  coal-like  substance  of  varying  com- 
position, found  in  Quebec  and  Ontario. 

WOLLONGONGITE  B.  Sttliman,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  48,  85,  1869. 

This  name  was  given  provisionally  to  a  supposed  hydrocarbon  from  Wollongong,  New 
South  Wales,  1.  c.,  occurring  in  cubical  blocks,  without  lamination  ;  fracture  broad  coiichoidal. 
It  is  shown  by  Liversidge  to  be  simply  a  carbonaceous  shale  or  kerosene-shale . 


SUPPLEMENT. 


This  supplementary  chapter  includes  :  First,  descriptions  of  certain  species,  fairly  well  estab- 
lished, but  as  yet  of  unknown  composition.  Second,  a  summary  of  recent  additions  to  min 
eralogical  literature,  which  have  appeared  during  the  eighteen  months  in  which  the  preceding 
pages  have  been  passing  through  the  press,  but  too  late  to  find  their  proper  place.  This  is 
intended  to  make  the  work  as  complete  as  practicable  to  near  the  close  of  1891.  Third,  brief 
accounts  of  many  doubtful  species,  having  little  or  no  claim  to  recognition.  This  last  portion 
of  the  chapter  contains  for  the  most  part  references  of  recent  date.  The  list  might  be  almost 
indefinitely  extended,  but  the  author  does  not  believe  that  it  would  be  a  real  service  to  miueral- 
ogical  science  to  attempt  to  call  to  life  the  many  bad  or  doubtful  species,  which  have  been 
once  referred  to  in  the  literature,  but  most  of  them  long  since  forgotten. 


AERINITE  Lasaulx,  Jb.  Min.,  352,  1876,  60,  1877.  A  compact,  earthy  mineral  substance,  of 
a  bright  blue  color,  from  the  Pyrenees.  H.  =  3-4.  G.  =3018.  Shown  by  Des  Cloizeaux  to 
be  a  heterogeneous  mass,  consisting  of  a  blue  paste,  inclosing  different  minerals,  perhaps  owing 
its  color  to  artificial  means.  See  Rg.,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  27,  234,  1876  ;  also  Macpherson,  Jb.  Min., 
2,  98,  1882.  Analyses  are  quoted  in  App.  HI,  p.  2,  1882. 

Aguilarite  F.  A.  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  41,  401,  1891. 

Isometric.  In  skeleton  dodecahedrons,  often  elongated  in  the  direction  of  a  cubic  or 
octahedral  axis. 

No  cleavage.  Fracture  hackly.  Sectile.  H.  =  2*5.  G.  =  7'586.  Luster  metallic,  bril- 
liant. Color  iron  black.  Opaque. 

Comp.— Sulpho-selenide  of  silver,  Ag2S.AgaSe  =  Selenium  14'6,  sulphur  5'9,  silver  79-5 
=  100. 

Anal.— F.  A.  Genth,  1.  c. 

Se  14-82  S  5-86  Ag  79'07  =  99'75 

Another  determination  gave  Ag  79*13. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  open  tube  heated  slowly,  yields  metallic  silver,  a  slight  sublimate  of 
selenium,  silky  needles  of  selenium  dioxide  and  sulphur  dioxide,  the  latter  forming  a  small 
quantity  of  silver  sulphate. 

Obs.— From  the  San  Carlos  mine  at  Guanajuato,  Mexico;  very  rare.  Named  after  the 
superintendent  of  the  mine,  Senor  Aguilar. 

Alt.— Aguilarite  is  altered  on  the  surface;  the  crystals  losing  their  sharp  ederes  and  some- 
times becoming  penetrated  by  holes  showing  metallic  silver  and  a  coating  of  microscopic  iron- 
black  crystals,  sometimes  in  hexagonal  scales.  An  analysis  of  the  brittle  "iron-black  alteration- 
product  gave  : 

S  Sb  As  Ag  Cu  Fe 

13  62  10-82  1-29  67*08  6 -44  0'82  =  100-07 

This  corresponds  to  5(Ag,Cu)2S.(Sb,As)2S3,  or  a  cupriferous  stephanite. 

ALETTE,  p.  327.  Glinka  has  given  a  monograph  on  Russian  albite  from  the  localities 
Kerebinsk  in  Govt.  Orenburg,  Kasbek,  Kyshtimsk,  Mursinka,  and  Shishimsk.  The  albite  from 
Kerebinsk  and  Kasbek  proved  to  be  the  purest,  and  of  these  the  former  gave  the  author  : 

a  :  b  :  c  =  0'6330  :  1  :  0-557R;  .r  =  94°  5',  /?  =  116°  27',  y  =  88°  ?'. 

I 

Angle  of  rhombic  section  on  b  (010),  27°  30'.  [Russ.  Bergjournal,  1889.]  Jb.  Min.,  98 
rer., 


1026 


SUPPLEMENT. 


Munzmg  has  investigated  the  Pfitschthal  pericline  and  finds  that  the  crystals  consist 
essentially  ol  an  ohgoclase,  rich  in  soda,  upon  which  albite  has  been  deposited  in  parallel  posi- 
tion, especially  in  the  cavities  of  the  original  crystals;  this  albite  follows  the  same  twinning  laws 
1891  COIiCiusion'  based  uP°n  an  optical  examination,  is  confirmed  by  analysis.  Jb.  Minf!  2,  1, 

AMPHIBOLE,  p.  385  et  seq. 

rfRp  The  chemical  constitution  of  the  amphiboles  is  discussed  byHaefke  in  an  inaug.  dissertation 
{Berlin,  1890).    He  gives  the  following  analyses,  1-8  : 


G. 

1.  Pierrepout    3  '031 

2.  "  3-008 

3.  "  2-981 

4.  Snarum         3'091 

5.  Ersby 

6.  Mte.  Somma  3'313 

7.  Edenville      3  283 

8.  Etna 


SiO2    TiO2    A12O3    Fe2O3    FeO    MgO     CaO    Na2O  K20    H2O      F 
2-33    22-96    12'25    1-24    066    1-98    0'62 

1-35    21-86    12-09    3'03    0'91     V42    0'90 
[Li2O  0-26  =  101-54 

0-69-  22-61     12-59    1-93    0'62    1-27    1'31 

[=  101-03 

7-36    18-22    10-28    317    014    111     1-52 

[=  101-09 

4-67    15-15    12-26    3"44    1-98    1'31     1'86 

[=  10019 
6-63    10-90    11-41     11-70    3'08    2-61     1-74    070 


55-90 
57-13 
55-82 
53-42 
41-20 
38-84 
41-67 
40-20 

0-20 
0-16 
0-23 
0-43 

0-85 
3-34 

1-29 
2-10 
3-21 
312 
15-40 
13-70 
11-38 
14-62 

0-78 
0-29 
0-82 
2-52 
2-49 
6-63 
183 

[=  101-31 

218      — 


1-83    16-28    10-29    11-35    3'76    0'96 

[=  100-55 

—      1377    13-49    12-10    3'02    070      —       — 

[=  101-24 

Schneider  has  also  given  a  series  of  analyses,  9-14,  of  basaltic  hornblende,  showing  a  con- 
8Q6          Degree  of  constancy  in  composition,  except  in  the  Fe2O3  and  FeO.     Zs.  Kr.,  18,  579, 


9.  Ortenberg 

10.  Bohemia 

11.  Hartlingen 

12.  Hoheberg 

13.  Wolkenburg 

14.  Laacher  See 


G.  Si02    TiO2  A12O3  Fe2O3  FeO    MgO     CaO   Na2O  K2O 


3249 

3-247 
3-247 


3-245 


40-66 

4 

•99 

14-89 

10-84 

0-57 

12-38 

12-80 

39 

•75 

5 

•40 

15-00 

7-86 

2-89 

14 

•16 

12-97 

40 

•15 

r> 

•21 

14-34 

7-80 

4-53 

18 

14 

11-75 

40 

•14 

4 

•26 

14-30 

7-07 

6-48* 

11 

•62 

12-00 

89 

•29 

4 

86 

16-57 

9-18 

3-19 

10 

•40 

12-90 

89 

•05 

4 

•68 

15-45 

6-39 

7'34b 

11 

•28 

13-75 

1-59  1-77  =  100-49 
1-92  1-61  =  101-56 
2-81  1-14  =  100-37 
2-22  1-35=  99-44 

undet. 
1-34    0-94  =  100-22 


a  Incl.  0-21  MuO. 


b  Do.,  0  31  MnO. 


Lane  and  Sharpless  have  described  an  iron -magnesium  amphibole,  called  by  them 
griinerite,  which  occurs  with  the  iron  ores  of  L.  Superior.  It  resembles  actiuolite,  but  corre- 
sponds chemically  to  the  variety  cummingtonite  (p  390).  Shows  polysyuthetic  twinning  |  a,  and 
also  striations  |  c.  It  is  colorless  or  slightly  greenish  or  brownish;  faintly  pleochroic.  Extinc- 
tion-angle 20°.  Analysis  of  pure  materialfrom  the  Champion  mine,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  505,  1891 : 


Si02 
76-32 


A1202 
0-56 


Fe2O: 


FeO 
696 


MgO 

12-47 


Alk. 
tr. 


H20 

2-80  =  100-20 


Nephrite  has  been  extensively  mined  in  the  mountains  of  Nan  Chan,  China,  Martin,  C.  R., 
112,  1153  1891.  Auals.,  B.  Columbia,  see  Harrington,  Trans.  R.  Soc.  Canada,  61,  1890. 

Khrushchev  has  accomplished  the  difficult  task  of  obtaining  amphibole  in  artificial  crystals 
by  a  hydrothermal  method.  A  mixture  of  the  following  substances  was  taken  :  3  per  cent 
aqueous  solution  of  colloidal  silica;  an  aqueous  solution  of  alumina,  and  also  of  ferric  and 
ferrous  hydrate;  lime-water;  freshly  prepared  magnesium  hydrate  suspended  in  water,  and 
finally  some  drops  of  caustic  soda  and  potash.  This  mixture,  forming  a  rather  stiff  gelatinous 
mass,  was  heated  in  a  sealed  glass  vessel  to  550°  for  three  months,  with,  however,  some  inter- 
ruptions. 

At  the  end  of  this  time  the  mass  had  been  converted  into  a  greenish  brown  pulp  in  which 


•were  dark-colored  shining  prismatic  crystals,  showing  the  forms  :   b  (010),  m  (110),  r  (Oil),  with 
OH   A  Oil  —  31°  89,' •  c^avage  not  distinct.    PI  eochroism  not  strong.     Optically—.    Extinction. 

An  analysis  gave  : 


Oil  A  Oil  =  31°  32 

angle  17°  56'.     Absorption  c~=  6  >  a.     Axial  angle  2V  =  82°. 


G.  =T  3  245 


Si02     A1203    Fe2O3     FeO       MgO 
42-85      8-11      7'91      lO'll      14-33 


CaO      Na20    K2O 
1321      218      1-87 


ign. 

0-91  =  100  98 


SUPPLEMENT.  1027 


lu  addition  to  these  crystals,  obviously  a  kiud  of  hornblende  (cf.  anals.  above  and  on  p. 
there  were  obtained  at  the  same  time  crystals  referred  to  a  pyroxene  near  diopside;  also  isotropic 
crystals  and  grains  referred  with  a  question  to  aualcite;  quartz  crystals;  adularia  in  tabular 
crystals.  Jb.  ,Min.,  2,  86,  1891;  C.  R.,  112,  677,  1891. 

See  ASTOCHITE  below. 

ANOMALITE  G.  A.  Koenig,  Am.  Inst.  Mng.  Eng.,  Philadelphia  meeting,  1876. 

A  uame  provisionally  given  to  what  appears  to  be  a  last  stage  of  alteration  of  jeffersouite.  The 
form  of  the  original  mineral  is  preserved  perfectly,  even  the  strong  basal  parting.  Light,  like 
pumice;  color  in  thin  section  blood-red.  Called  anomalite,  because  it  does  not  give  B.B.  with 
salt  of  phosphorus  the  manganese  bead,  although  containing  some  30  per  cent  of  Mn2O3,  on 
account  of  tlie  presence  of  cobalt  and  nickel,  whose  combined  color  is  green,  and  this  extinguishes 
the  red  of  the  manganese. 

ANORTHITE,  p.  337.  Levy  and  Lacroix  have  determined  the  principal  indices  of  refraction 
for  crystals  from  Saint-Clement.  Their  values,  together  with  the  analysis,  are: 

SiO3        A12O3        CaO         Na2O  Extinction  on  b 

a  =  1  574      y  =  1'586  46  05        35'10        IS -32        [0-53]  =  100  -  37° 

The  plane  8  j_  c  intersects  the  (real)  obtuse  angle  cb  and  makes  the  (real)  angles  cS  =  132°, 
bS  -  120 J.  0.  R-,  111.  846, 1890. 

APATITE,  p.  762.  Described  as  probably  occurring  in  the  Thomas  slags,  with  also  certain 
compounds  of  calcium  sulphate  and  calcium  silicate,  by  Stead  and  Ridsdale,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  51, 
601,  1887;  also  Miers,  ibid.,  p.  608.  Cf.  also  Hutchings,  Nature,  36,  460,  1887. 

A  work  on  the  occurrence  of  apatite  and  phosphates  in  general  has  been  published  recently 
by  F.  Wyatt  (The  Phosphates  of  America,  New  York,  1891). 

ARAGONITE,  p.  281.  Buchrucker  has  described  crystals  from  Leogang  in  Salzburg, 
showing  the  new  form  (850,  £f).  The  axial  angles  obtained  are  :  2Er  =  30°  38'  Li,  2Ey  =  30° 
43f  Na,  2Egr  =  30°  57  Tl.  Zs.  Kr.,  19,  140,  1891. 

ASTOCHITE  Sjogren,  G.  For.  Forh.,  13,  604,  November,  1891.  A  new  kind  of  arr.phibole 
from  Langbau  in  Werniland,  Sweden.  It  forms  a  rather  coarse  crystalline,  short  columnar, 
aggregate  together  with  rhodonite,  and  has  been  locally  known  as  "blue  rhodonite."  Crystal- 
lization raonoclinic,  cleavage-angle  56°  27',  crystals  not  observed.  Color  varying  from  blue  to 
grayish  violet;  for  the  former  the  extinction-angle  (with  c)  is  15°  40',  for  the  latter  17°  15'. 
Optically  negative;  axial  plane  1  b. 

Analyses  by  R.  Mauzelius  gave: 

G.  SiO2      FeO      MnO      MgO      CaO    Na2O     K2O     HaO        F 

1.  Blue  3-05        56-25      0'15        6 '49      21  -89      5-44      6'17      1-60      1-56      0'15  =  99'70 

2.  Or. -violet   3'10        54'76      021      12-71      17'82      5'83      4'02      1-65      2'77      0*09  =  99'86 

The  above  correspond  to  the  composition  of  a  normal  metasilicate,  consisting  of 
(Mg,Mn,Ca)SiO3  and  (Na,K,H)2SiO3.  Named  from  acrro^o?,  missing  the  mark,  aiming  badly, 
in  allusion  to  the  fact  that  it  was  at  first  regarded  as  a  pyroxene.  It  does  not  seem  to  be 
very  far  from  richterite,  p.  391. 

AUERLITE,  p.  489.  Lemon-yellow  crystals  from  Price's  Land,  Henderson  Co.,  N.  C.,  have 
been  analyzed  by  Hidden  and  Mackintosh,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  41,  438,  1891.  The  crystals  are  in  part 
twins,  similar  to  those  of  rutile,  zircon,  etc.  Analysis: 

Si03          P205  ThO2  Fe20,  H2O 

G.  =  4-051-4-075  6'84  8'58  [72-16]  1-78  10-64  =  100 

BABINGTONITE,  p.  381.  Artificial  crystals  have  been  measured  by  Buchrucker,  Zs.  Kr.f  18, 
626,  1891.  He  calculates  the  axial  ratio: 

a :  T :  c  =  1 '08066  :  1  :  0'62370;  a.  =  77°  33',  jS  -  108°  34',  y  =  97°  7' 
BARITE,  p.  899.      On  crystals  from  the  Puy-de-D6me,  see  Gonnard,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  14, 

BEAUMONTITE  C.  T.  Jackson,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  37,  398,  1839.  A  supposed  "native  crenated 
hydro-silicate  of  copper  "  from  Chessy,  France.  Named  after  Prof.  L.  Elie  de  Beaumont. 


1028  SUPPLEMENT. 

BERNARDINITE  /.  M.  Stillman.  Described  as  a  new  fossil  resin  from  San  Bernardino,  Cal., 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  57,  1879;  later  regarded  as  an  exudation  from  a  species  of  conifer,  which  had 
received  its  particular  characters  from  exposure  to  the  atmosphere  (ib.,  20,  93,  1880).  It  is 
finally  shown  by  J.  Stanley-Brown  to  be  a  fungous  growth  on  Polyporus  officinalis,  impregnated 
by  resinous  material.  Ibid.,  42,  49,  1891. 

BERTRANDITE,  p.  545.  Observed  at  La  Mercerie  near  the  bridge  of  the  Verriere,  La 
Chapelle-sur-Erdre,  Lacroix  and  Baret,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  14,  189,  1891. 

Also  noted  in  cavities  in  the  beryl  of  Limoges,  Haute  Vieuue,  Michel,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  14, 
76,  1891. 

BERYL,  p.  405.  Investigation  of  the  optical  anomalies,  by  A.  N.  Karnozhitsky,  Vh.  Min. 
Ges.,  27,  1,  1891,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  19,  209,  1891. 

Analysis  of  white  crystals  occurring  at  the  tin  mine  of  Winslow,  Me.,  gave  Hillebrand, 
U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Bull.  55,  53,  1889: 


SiO2    TiO2  A12O3    Fe2O3    BeO     MgO  K2O,Cs2O    Na2O  Li2O    H2O 

G.  =  2-707      6521       tr.      18'50      0'33      13'03     0'09         0*14          0'87    0*16    l'80a  =  100'13 

a  After  drying  at  110C. 

BINDHEIMITE,  p.  862.  Analyzed  by  Tscherne  from  Litica  in  Bosnia,  where  it  occurs  as  an 
alteration-product  of  bournonite,  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  211,  June  30,  1891: 

Sb206  37-48  PbO  50'12  Fe2O3  5'60  H2O  7'39  =  100'59 

BISMUTHINITE,  p.  38.  A  seleniferous  variety  from  Guanajuato,  Mexico,  in  prismatic 
crystals,  has  been  analyzed  by  Genth: 

G.  =  6-306  §  S  14-06  Bi  77'54  Se  8'80  =  100'40 

Formula:  4Bi2S3.Bi2Se3.     Am.  J.  Sc.,  41,  402,  1891. 

BOLEITE  Mallard  and  Cumenge,  C.  R.,  113,  519,  Oct.  26,  1891. 

In  cubes,  sometimes  2  cm.  in  diameter;  also  rarely  with  o  (111),  $(110),  and  e(210).  Cleavage: 
cubic,  perfect;  octahedral,  less  easy.  H.  =  3-3*25.  G.  —  5'08.  Color  indigo-blue.  Refractive 
index,  n  —  2  -07.  Sections  of  the  cubic  crystals  show  in  polarized  light  an  isotropic  center 
bordered  by  doubly  refracting  bands;  the  latter  are  regarded  as  belonging  to  three  crystals 
uniaxial  and  negative. 

There  are  also  octahedral  crystals,  regarded  as  tetragonal,  with  the  forms  a  (100),  c  (001), 
e  (101);  the  measured  angles  are: 

ee'  =  74°  16'      and      ee"  =  *117°  27'  c  =  1*646 

G.  =  5-0  approx.  The  crystals  are  optically  uniaxial,  negative,  and  are  regarded  as 
corresponding  to  the  pseudo-isometric  cubic  crystals. 

The  composition  deduced  is  that  tentatively  given  to  percyliteon  p.  172,  viz.  PbCuCl2(OH)2, 
with  the  addition  of  £AgCl.  Anal.: 

Cl            Pb  Cu           Ag  H2O  O 

1.  Cubic  cryst.             19*98  48'45  13-95  8'85  4'77  [4-001  =  100 

2.  "        "                 19-00  49-75  14-50  8'70  4'00  [4-05]  =  100 

3.  Octahedral  cryst.     19'7  50'7  15'0  9'4  undet. 

From  the  copper  mines  at  Boleo,  near  Santa  Rosalia,  Lower  California.  The  copper  deposits 
here  consist  of  beds  interstratified  in  the  tufas  and  conglomerates  resulting  from  the  destruction 
of  the  volcanic  rocks  of  the  region.  The  copper  is  present  as  malachite,  azurite,  melaconite, 
cuprite,  atacamite,  also  as  silicates  and  rarely  as  the  sulphide.  Both  the  cubic  and  octahedral 
crystals  of  boleite  are  present  in  an  argillacous  gangue,  and  immediately  associated  with  anglesite, 
cerussite,  phosgenite,  and  atacamite. 

The  authors  consider  the  two  minerals,  respectively  in  cubic  and  in  tetragonal  pyramidal 
crystals,  as  essentially  identical,  a  pseudo-cubic  "reseau"  belonging  to  each;  from  the  ordinary 
mineralogical  standpoint,  however,  it  seems  more  natural  to  regard  them  provisionally  (until  a 
more  complete  examination  of  percylite)  as  dimorphous  forms  of  the  same  compound;  in  that 
case  the  name  boleite  would  naturally  belong  to  the  tetragonal  substance,  while  the  isometric 
mineral  would  be  united  with  percylite. 


SUPPLEMENT.  1029 

BOMBITE  De  Bournon;  DuJrenoy,Min.,  4,  289,  1859.  An  amorphous,  dark  blackish  gray 
mineral  "from  near  Bombay";  resembles  Ly'dian  stone.  Compact  with  con  clioidal  fracture. 
H.  =  7.  G.  =  2'210.  B  B.  fuses  easily;  'insoluble  in  acids.  An  analysis  by  Laugier  gave: 
SiO2  50-0,  A12O3  10-5,  Fe2O3  25'0,  MgO  3'5,  CaO  8'5,  C  3'0,  S  0'3  =  100  8.  May  be  simply  a 
kind  of  tachylyte. 

BRAUNITE,  p.  232.  Crystals  from  Langban,  described  by  Flink,  show  the  new  forms: 
o(304,H),  2(401,  4-*),  <(524,  H).  *  (212,  1-2),  s  (645,  f -|).  The  axial  ratio  obtained  is 
c  =  0-99218,  from  111  A  111  =  70°  19'.  Anal.: 

Mn3O4  84-77  SiO2  9'89  Fe2O3  4  23  CaO  0  34  MgO  0  15  =  99'38 

Ox}'gen  (determined  by  Cl  set  free  with  hydrochloric  acid)  7'35  p.  c.;  formula  RO.RO2. 
Ak,  H.  fetockh.,  Bihaug,  16  (2),  No.  4,  1,  1891. ~ 

BREITHATJPTITE,  p.  72.  Sarrabus,  Sardinia,  analysis  by  E.  Mattirolo,  Rend.  Accad.  Line., 
7  (2),  98,  1891. 

G.  =  8-42  Sb  65-07        As  0'20        Ni  32-94        Co  0-29        S,  Ag,  Pb  tr.  =  98'50 

BREWSTERLINITE.  A  new  fluid  in  the  cavities  of  minerals  D.  Brewster,  Ed.  Phil.  J.,  9, 
1823;  Trans.  R.  Soc.  Ediub.,  10,  1,  407,  1826;  Am.  J.  Sc.,  7,  186,  1824,  12,  214  (with  a  plate), 
1827;  Phil.  Mag.,  25,  174,  1863.  Brewsterline  Dana,  Mm.,  559,  1850;  Brewstoliue,  ib.,  471, 
1854. 

A  colorless  transparent  fluid,  occurring  in  cavities  of  topaz  crystals  from  Brazil,  Scotland, 
and  Australia,  of  chrysoberyl,  of  quartz  crystals  from  Quebec,  amethyst  from  Siberia,  and  tirst 
described  by  Sir  David  Brewster.  The  cavities  are  mostly  microscopic,  but  occasionally  \  in. 
across,  or  even  larger.  They  are  generally  arranged  in  layers,  and  are  sometimes  counted  by 
thousands  in  a  single  crystal.  Index  of  refraction  1-2106,  for  the  fluid  from  an  amethyst  from 
Siberia;  1'1311  for  a  kind  from  a  topaz;  boiling  point  in  a  vacuum  from  23°-29°,  the  fluid  filling 
the  cavities  with  the  warmth  of  the  hand  or  mouth;  highly  expansible,  between  10°  and  27°  more 
so  than  water.  Volatilized  by  heat. 

Composition  not  definitely  known.  The  effect  of  moisture  on  the  dry  grains  was  regarded 
as  showing  that  the  substance  was  not  one  of  the  hydrocarbon  oils,  or  a  resin. 

Nordeuskiold  lias  recently  investigated  this  substance  (earlier,  Sorby,  Vogelsang  &  Geissler, 
etc.)  and  concludes  that  it  is  a  hydrocarbon  probably  belonging  to  the  naphtha  group.  Jb. 
Min.,  1,  242,  1886. 

Gryptolinite  or  Cryptoline  Dana,  Min.,  559,  1850,  is  another  liquid  with  a  refractive  index 
of  1'2946  occurring  with  the  above 

See  further  on  the  above,  5th  Ed.,  pp.  761,  762. 

BROOKITE,  p.  241.  Occurs  in  fine  crystals  at  Ville-es-Martin,  near  St.  Nazaire,  Loire 
Inferieuie.  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  14,  192,  1891. 

BUTYRELLITE.  Bog  Butter  Williamson,  Lieb.  Ann.,  54, 125, 1845.  Butyrit  Glocker,  Syn., 
9,  1847.  Butyro-limnodic  Acid  Brazier,  Chem.  Gaz.,  375,  1852.  Butyrellite  Dana,  Min.,  747; 
1868. 

A  butter-like  substance  from  the  peat  bogs  of  Ireland.  Supposed  to  be  a  native  hydrocar- 
bon, but,  after  a  thorough  chemical  examination,  Macadam  has  proved  that  it  is  of  animal  not 
mineral  origin,  and  is  simply  butter;  all  of  the  ten  samples  analyzed  showed  the  presence  of 
hairs,  microscopically  like  those  of  a  cow!  In  one  case  the  same  bog  which  had  furnished 
"bog-butter"  also  yielded  heads  of  cattle.  Min.  Mag.,  6,  175,  1885. 

CALCITE,  p.  262.  Sansoni,  in  continuation  of  an  earlier  memoir,  has  given  a  monograph  of 
the  forms  of  calcite  observed  from  various  localities  in  Baden.  Zs.  Kr.,  19,  321,  1891. 

Etching  by  acids  as  affected  by  the  concentration  of  the  solvent,  Hamberg,  G.  F8r.  F8rh., 
12,  617,  1891. 

CANCRINTTE,  p.  427.  By  heating  14  gr.  of  mica  with  7  gr.  soda,  14  gr.  sodium  carbonate,  and 
a  certain  quantity  of  water  for  two  days  at  500°,  Ch.  &  G.  Friedel  have  obtained  a  mineral  in 
small  hexagonal  crystals,  resembling  hydronosean,  p.  1043,  with  pp'  =  23°  49  to  25°  V,  optically 
negative,  GO  —  e  —  O'OIO.  G.  =  2*357.  Analyses  gave: 

SiO2  CO2  A12O3  Na2O  K2O  H2O 

35-77  4-42  30'59  22'05  2'34  4'14  -  99'49 

Formula  calculated  :  3(Na2O.Al2O3.2SiO2).Na2O.CO2  +  2H2O,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  14,  74 
1891. 


1030 


SUPPLEMENT. 


CASSITERITE,  p.  234.     Crystals  from  Cornwall  described  by  Solly  show  the  forms: 
n  (661,  6),  2?  (12-12-1,  12),  q  (18-18-1,  18),  if>  (120-120-1,  120),  d  (432,  2-f),  $  (13-11'2,  VHf)- 
A  hemimorphic  development  in   some   crystals  is    noted.      He  gives  also:    cor  =  1'9793, 
er  =  2-079.     G.  =  6'92  Dolcoath,  black  crystals      Min.  Mag.,  9,  199,  1891. 

Occurs  as  a  pseudomorph  after  hematite,  also  filling  cellular  crystals,  at  the  Mine  del  Diablo, 
Duraugo,  Mexico.  Cf.  Genth  and  Rath,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  24,  23,  1887,  also  Pirsson,  Am. 
J.  Sc.,  42,  407,  1891. 

Noted  in  crystals  in  slag  from  the  bronze  melting.  Bourgeois,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  11,  58, 
1888. 

The  locality  of  cassiterite  in  San  Bernardino  Co.,  briefly  alluded  to  on  p.  235,  has  recently 
oome  into  prominence  and  may  prove  to  be  of  considerable  economic  importance.  The  author 
is  informed  (Dec.  10,  1891,  priv.  contr.)  as  follows  in  regard  to  it :  The  Temescal  tin  mines  are 
situated  near  the  northern  end  of  the  San  Jaciuto  Estate  in  San  Bernardino  Co.  The  principal 
vein  now  being  worked  has  been  opened  up  to  a  depth  of  180  and  a  length  of  300  feet,  and  varies 
from  a  few  inches  to  8  feet  in  width.  About  40  tons  of  ore  per  diem  are  being  crushed  and 
concentrated,  yielding  5  p.  c.  of  oxide  (cassiterite)  which  is  smelted  into  pig  tin.  This  vein  is 
evidently  a  true  fissure  vein,  and  shows  no  sign  of  weakening.  There  are  also  a  large  number 
of  small  veins  of  a  ferruginous  mineral  similar  to  that  being  worked,  but  which  do  not  appear 
to  contain  much  tin. 

CELESTIALITE  /.  Lawrence  Smith,  C.  R.,  81,  1055,  1875.  On  treating  the  graphite  from  the 
interior  of  the  meteoric  iron  of  Sevier,  Tenu.,  with  ether,  Smith  obtained  small  quantities  of 
acicular  crystals  having  a  peculiar  odor,  mixed  with  some  small  rounded  points.  These  he 
regards  as  identical  with  crystals  obtained  from  the  iron  of  Alais,  France  (Mar.  15,  1806), 
by  Roscoe  (Proc.  Lit.  Phil.  Soc.  Manchester,  3,  57,  1863).  Smith  has  obtained  the  same 
crystals  from  the  Alais  meteorite.  In  the  closed  tube  he  finds  that  they  fuse  at  115°-120°,  and  at 
a  higher  temperature  the  sulphur  is  sublimed,  and  a  black  residue  left  behind.  He  regards  these 
crystals  as  proof  of  the  presence  of  a  sulpho-hydrocarbon,  for  which  he  proposes  the  name  celes- 
tialite.  Roscoe  (1.  c.)  found  that  1'94  p.  c.  of  the  meteorite  dissolved  in  ether,  and  from  the  solution 
he  obtained  crystals  melting  at  114°,  and  in  two  forms:  acicular,  which  he  considered  as  near  to 
konlite  (see  p.  1002),  and  rhombic,  which  he  identified  as  free  sulphur. 

CERUSSITE,  p.  286.  Crystals,  in  part  twins  with  r  (130)  as  tw.  pi.,  are  described  by  G.  H. 
Williams  from  the  Mountain  View  mine,  near  Union  Bridge,  Carroll  Co.,  Md.  Johns  Hopkins 
Univ.  Circ.,  No.  87,  April  1891.  Similar  twins,  sometimes  abnormally  developed  by  extension  of 
the  tw.  plane  r  (130),  are  figured  by  Pirsson  (f.  1-3)  from  the  Red  Cloud  mine,  Yurna  Co., 
Arizona.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  405,  1881. 


1. 


3. 


Yuma  Co.,  Arizona,  Pirsson. 

CHALCOPYRTTE,  p.  80.  Crystals  from  Cuba,  similar  to  those  described  by  Penfield  from  the 
French  Creek  mines,  Pennsylvania  (p.  81),  have  been  described  by  Des  Cloizeaux.  The  crystal 
figured  resembles  f.  12,  p.  81,  and  to  the  forms  he  assigns  the  symbols  (588,  f-f)  for  the  tetragonal 
scalenohedrou  and  to  the  sphenoid  (401,  4-£);  these  correspond  respectively  to  x  *md  0  of  f.  12. 

CHALCOSTIBTTE  (Wolfsbergite),  p.  113.  Crystals  from  Wolfsberg,  studied  by  Laspeyres, 
gave  the  mean  axial  ratio:  a  :  b :  c  =  0'52830  :  1  :  0*62339,  approximating  to  that  of  sartorite. 
The  forms  present  are: 

c  (001,  0),     e  (307,  f  1),     d  (101,  1-i),    g  (201,  2-1),    /  (Oil,  14),     q  (863,  f-|),    p  (7-14-8,  f-2), 

r  (7-21-27,  |-3). 

Angles:  100  A  HO  =  27C  50f,  001  A  101  =  cd  =  49°  43^', 
>001  A  Oil  =  cf  =  31°  56V,  ce  =  26°  49£',  eg  =  67°  2'. 

In  the  above  d  =  Oil  (d)  of  p.  113,  g  =  041  (h),  etc.    The 
habit  is  shown  in  the  figure. 
The  above  axial  ratio  is  that  deduced  by  Laspeyres.     The  results,  however,  though  increas- 


SUPPLEMENT.  1031 

ing  our  knowledge  of  the  crystallization  of  the  species,  make  little  claim  to  exactness.  Thus  the 
calculated  value  of  cd  ~  49°  43',  while  he  measures  51°  20';  again,  cf  =  31°  56'  calc.,  and  29°  14' 
meas.  In  view  of  this  the  abnormal  symbols  of  the  pyramids  lose  part  of  their  significance; 
thus  T>  may  be  121  instead  of  7'14'8,  etc.  Zs.  Kr.,  19,  428,  1891. 

CHANTONNITE.  A  supposed  black  silicate  forming  veins  in  certain  meteorites,  as  those  of 
Chantonuay,  Charsonville.  This  is  shown  by  Meunier  not  to  be  a  definite  species,  but  simply  a 
structure  developed  by  heat.  C.  R.,  52,  339,  1861,  and  Meteorites,  81,  1884. 

CHLORITOID,  p.  640.  Lane  and  Keller  have  studied  the  chloritoid  occurring  with  the  iron 
ores  of  northern  Michigan.  It  occurs  in  green  plates,  several  centimeters  across  and  up  to  4mm. 
in  thickness,  thus  at  the  Champion  mine.  It  is  distinctly  tricliuic  as  shown  in  the  extinction- 
angles  and  the  want  of  symmetry  of  the  lateral  cleavages,  thus  confirming  the  results  of  Des 
Cloizeaux  upon  sisinondine  (p.  641).  An  analysis  gave: 

SiO2        TiO2      A12O3      Fe2O3        FeO      MnO      MgO       CaO       K2O      Na2O    H2O 

24-29        0-28        34  00        10'55        20'51        tr.        1-29        0  61       0'97       0'35      6'75  =  99'60 

The  formula  deduced  is  8H2O.7FeO.8Al2O3.8SiO2.  The  presence  of  alkalies  is  noteworthy; 
the  same  authors  show  that  the  so-called  masonite  of  Natick,  R.  I.,  contains  about  2  p.  c., 
chiefly  soda.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  499,  Dec.,  1891,  also  Zs.  Kr.,  19,  383,  1891. 

CHROMITE,  p.  228.  A  variety  from  the  Pick  and  Shovel  mine,  S.  Fork  of  Chorro  Creek, 
California,  has  been  analyzed  by  H.  Pemberton,  Jr.,  Ch.  News,  63,  241,  1891. 

Cr2O3      A12O3      Fe203       FeO        MgO       MnO       SiO2       H2O 
la.       52-68        11-40        3'52        11'77        16'23        0-15        3'40        0'94  =  100'09 
Ib.        56-96        12-32        3-81        12'73        14-02        0'16         —  —    =  100 

Ib  after  deducting  3*26  p,  c.  serpentine. 

On  the  decomposition  of  chromite  by  electric  current,  see  E.  F.  Smith,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  13, 
414,  1891. 

CHRYSOBERYL,  p.  229.  Has  been  recently  found  (Foote)  in  twin  crystals  at  Greenwood, 
Oxford  Co.,  Maine. 

CHRYSOLITE,  p.  451.  Analysis  of  clear  pebbles  from  Fort  Wingate,  New  Mexico,  by  Clarke 
&  Schneider,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  305,  1890,  gave: 

SiO2  FeO  NiO  MnO          MgO  Fe2O3          H2O 

'   41-98  5-71  0.42  O'lO  51-11  0'51  0'28  =  lOO'll 

It  was  found  that  at  383°-412°  the  mineral  was  hardly  attacked  by  dry  hydrochloric  acid, 
though  readily  decomposed  by  the  aqueous  acid. 

On  the  chrysolite  of  the  Kiowa  Co.,  Kansas,  pallasite,  see  Huntington,  Proc  Am.  Acad.,  26, 
April  8,  1891. 

CINNABAR,  p.  66.  Melville  and  Lindgren  have  described  crystals  from  the  New  Idria 
mercury  mines.  California.  They  are  very  small,  from  0'05  mm.  to  0'6  in  diameter,  and  0'02  to 
0-2  mm.  in  thickness;  thin  tabular  in  habit  and  show  the  forms  e(0001,  0),  h,  (0223,  — f), 
gt  (0112,  — J);  also  various  tetartohedral  forms,  chiefly  in  the  zone  c/h,  and  having  for  the  most 
part  highly" complex  symbols.  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Bull.  61,  1,  1890. 

CORUNDUM,  p.  210.  Crystals  obtained  artificially  by  Fremy  (see  below)  gave  the  new  form 
(1123,  |-2).  Dx..  C.  R.,  106,  567,  1888. 

Fried  el  has  described  the  production  of  crystals  of  corundum  and  diaspore  by  the  wet  way  by 
the  action  of  a  solution  of  soda  on  amorphous  alumina  at  an  elevated  temperature.  At  450  to 
500°,  both  corundum  and  diaspore  were  obtained,  at  530°  to  535°  only  corundum,  and  at  400° 
only  diaspore  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  14,  8,  1891. 

The  artificial  formation  of  rubies  is  described  in  detail  with  many  colored  plates  by  M. 
Fremy  in  Synthese  du  RuUs  (30  pp.  4to,  Paris,  1891).  In  the  most  successful  method  the  rubies 
were  obtained  in  an  earthen  crucible  by  the  reaction  at  a  very  high  temperature  of  a  mixture 
of  alumina  (with  more  or  less  potash)  upon  barium  fluoride,  with  bichromate  of  potassium  as 
coloring  matter.  They  are  well  crystallized,  clear,  of  brilliant  color. 

F.  Noetling  describes  the  Namseka  ruby  mine  in  the  valley  of  the  Nampai,  Mainglon  state, 
where  the  rubies  have  been  found  in  isolated  pockets  in  secondary  deposits  of  river  gravel  and 
sand,  probably  washed  down  by  the  Mogok  stream  which  joins  the  Nampai  near  the  Namseka 
mine.  Rec.  G.  Surv.  India,  24,  119,  1891. 


1032  SUPPLEMENT. 

CORONITE.  A  name  proposed  by  T.  S.  Hunt  for  the  common  brown  magnesiun  variety  of 
tourmaline,  Min.  Physiology,  pp.  16:3,  350, 1886;  Syst.  Min.,  299,  1891.  The  name  is  taken  from 
the  locality,  Crown  Point,  .N.  \  .  A  number  of  other  variety  names  proposed  by  Dr.  Hunt  will 
be  found  in  the  same  volumes;  also  a  system  of  dual  Latin  names,  after  the  method  of  Natural 
History,  e.g.,  coronite  =  "  Turmalinus  magneseus." 

CORYNITE,  p.  91.  A  specimen  from  a  siderite  mine  near  Gosenbach  in  the  Siegeu  region 
has  been  analyzed  by  Laspeyres: 

S  Sb  As          Bi          .Ni          Fe          Co 

G.  =  6  488  |    16-22        42*93      '10-28        0"68        28'91        0'40        1'13  =  100'56 

This  corresponds  to  Ni(Sb,As)S.     Zs.  Kr.,  19,  8,  1891. 

COVELLITE  p.  68.  On  crystals  from  Leogang,  Salzburg,  Buchrucker  has  measured,  cp  = 
*79°  18',  and  pp'  =  59°  22  ,  yielding  c  =  4'5833.  Zs.  Kr.,  19,  135,  1891. 

CRAIGTONITE  Heddle,  Min.  Mag.,  5,  30, 1882.  A  name  given  to  a  blue-black  substance  forming 
dendritic  stains  on  red  granite,  in  tne  quarry  of  Craigtou,  Hill  of  Fare,  Aberdeenshire,  Scotland. 
An  analysis  gave  alumina,  iron  sesquioxide,  manganese  protoxide,  magnesia,  and  alkalies.  It  is 
not  a  mineral  species. 

CRYOCONITE.  Kryokonit,  Nordenskiold,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockholm,  28,  293,  1871;  32,  3,  1874 
Geol.  Mag.,  9,  355,  1872. 

A  name  given  by  Nordeuskiold  to  the  powder  found  by  him  in  Greenland  covering  the 
surface  of  laud  ice,  as  also  at  a  distance  of  thirty  miles  from  the  coast.  It  formed  a  layer  of 
gray  powder,  sometimes  several  millimeters  in  thickness,  and  often  agglomerated  into  small 
round  balls  of  loose  consistency.  It  was  supposed  to  be  cosmical  in  origin,  but  this  is  not  cou> 
firmed  by  later  investigators.  Cf.  Lasaulx,  Min.  Mitth.,  3,  521,  1881,  and  Waiting,  Jb.  Miu., 
Beil.-Bd.,  7,  152,  1890;  the  latter  shows  that  the  cosmical  element  is  comparatively  insignificant. 

CRYOLITE,  p.  166.  The  methods  of  twinning  are  described  by  Baurnhauer,  Zs.  Kr.,  18, 
355,  1890. 

CRYSTALLITES.  A  name  given  by  Vogelsang  to  the  forms,  often  observed  especially  in 
igneous  rocks,  which  show  a  regular  arrangement  of  grouping,  but  have  not  the  properties  of 
crystals,  particularly  not  their  regular  exterior  form.  They  seem  to  form  an  intermediate 
step  between  amorphous  matter  and  true  crystals.  See  Vogelsang, — DIE  KRYSTALLITEN,  Bonn, 
1875.  To  the  crystallites  Vogelsang  has  given  a  variety  of  names,  according  to  their  form  or 
appearance:  Olobulites  (Vogelsang,  p.  13),  margarites  (p.  19),  longulites  (p.  21,  112),  sphdrolites 
(p.  131),  cumulites  (p.  131),  globosphdrites  (p.  134),  belonospharites  (p.  135),  felsosphdrites  (p.  135), 
granosphdrites  (p.  135). 

CUPROCALCITE  Raimondi,  Domeyko,  5th  Append.,  Min.  Chili,  1876;  Min.  Perou,  p.  135, 
1878.  In  small  masses  and  in  bands  intimately  mixed  with  a  ferruginous  calcite.  H.  =  3. 
G.  =  3-90.  Color  bright  vermilion-red.  Analysis  gave:  Cu2O  50'45,  CaO  20*16,  CO2  24'00, 
H2O  3-20,  Fe2O,  0'60,  A12O3  0'20,  MgOO'97.  SiO2  0'30  =  99 -88.  Formula  deduced  (Cu2O)2.CO2  + 
2CaO.CO2  +  H2O.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  with  effervescence;  the  solution,  formed  out  of 
contact  with  the  air,  has  a  strong  deoxidizing  power,  precipitating  gold  from  solutions  of  gold 
salts.  From  the  mines  of  Canza,  near  the  city  of  lea,  Peru.  According  to  the  results  of  Damour 
this  is  only  an  intimate  mixture  of  calcium  carbonate  and  cuprous  oxide  (Cu2O),  Bull.  Soc.  Min., 
1,  130,  1878. 

DANALITE,  p.  435.  Found  in  El  Paso  Co.,  Colorado,  at  West  Cheyenne  Canon.  It  is  thus 
described  by  Genth  (priv.  contr.): 

Only  part  of  one  crystal,  15  X  17  mm.,  is  thus  far  known,  and  one  somewhat  larger  frag- 
ment discolored  by  oxides  of  iron  and  manganese.  The  crystal  shows  the  forms  (Penfield): 
plus  tetrahedron  o  (111),  minus  tetrahedron  ot  (111)  with  narrow  planes  of  the  dodecahedron 
d  (110)  truncating  their  edges.  No  cleavage  observed;  fracture  uneven,  splintery  to  subcon- 
choidal.  Color  in  some  portions  pale  rose-red  to  brownish,  owing  to  slight  oxidation;  also 
massive.  G.  =  2-626-2-661.  Associated  with  quartz  and  astrophyllite,  a  crystal  of  which  is 
implanted  in  the  crystal.  The  purest  material,  of  a  fine  pale  rose-color,  gave  on  analysis: 

SiOa     ZnO    FeO   MnO  CuO    BeO       S       ign. 
G.  =  2'661    |  30-26    46'20    6'81     1'22    0'30    12'70    5'49    0'21  =  103-19  less  2'78  (O  =  S)=100'41 

This  agrees  closely  with  the  empirical  formula  given  on  p.  435,  (Be,Zn,Fe,Mn)7Si3Oi2Sj 
it  differs,  however,  from  that  analyzed  by  Cooke  in  containing  much  more  zinc  and  but  little 
iron  and  manganese.  A  second  analysis  made  upon  material  somewhat  less  pure  gave  nearly 
identical  results. 


8  UPPLEMENT.  1  033 

DATOLITE,  p.  502.     Ou  crystals  from  Audreasberg,  see  Busz,  Zs.  Kr.,  19,  21,  1891. 

Obtained  artificially  by  A.  de  Gramout,  by  the  action  of  a  solution  of  sodium  borate  upon 
calcium  silicate  at  a  high  temperature  under  pressure,  in  crystalline  forms  conforming  in  physical 
properties  and  composition  to  the  natural  mineral.  C.  R.,  113,  83,  1891. 

DAUBREELITE,  p.  79.  Obtained  artificially  by  Meunier  by  treating  at  a  red  heat  an  alloy 
of  iron  and  chromium  with  hydrogen  sulphide.  Analysis  gave:  S  45'01,  Fe  19'99,  Cr  35'00  =  100. 
0.  R.,  112,  818,  1891. 

DIAMOND,  p.  3.  Walter  (Wied.  Ann.,  42,  505,  1891)  has  observed  a  characteristic  absorp- 
tion-band between  the  Fraunhofer  lines  G  and  h  in  the  spectrum  given  by  a  diamond  prism;  this 
was  noted  in  numerous  colorless  diamonds,  and  is  ascribed  to  the  presence  of  some  foreign 
substance  at  present  undetermined.  The  mean  values  of  the  refractive  indices  for  the  Fraun- 
hofer lines  are: 

ABCD  E  F  G  H 

2-40245          2-40735          2-41000          2'41734          2'42694          2*43539          2-45141          2'46476 

A  few  diamonds,  up  to  ff  carat,  have  been  found  in  the  gold  gravels  of  Plum  Creek,  Rock 
Elm  township,  Pearce  Co.,  Wisconsin,  Kunz,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  41,  252,  1891. 

Reported  as  occurring  in  the  meteoric  iron  of  Canon  Diable,  Arizona.  Cf.  A.  E.  Foote, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  413,  1891. 

On  the  history  of  the  Kohinoor,  cf.  N.  Story  Maskelyne,  Nature,  44,  555,  1891. 

DIASPORE,  p.  246.  Observed  by  Cross  forming,  with  alunite,  a  rock-mass  at  Mt.  Robinson, 
Rosita  Hills,  Colorado  (cf.  also  alunite,  p.  974).  Crystals,  of  the  ordinary  habit,  are  described 
by  Melville,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  41,  466,  475,  1891. 

On  the  artificial  formation,  see  corundum,  p.  1031. 

DIOPTASE,  p.  463.  Basal  sections  showing  abnormal  optical  characters  have  been 
described  by  Karnozhitsky.  Six  sectors  were  noted  with  quasi-twinning  bauds,  in  part  biaxial, 
normal  to  the  prism;  a  normal  uniaxial  central  portion  was  not  observed.  Zs.  Kr.,  19,  593,  1891. 

DIPYRE,  p.  471.  On  the  transformation  of  dipyre  into  feldspar,  or  "  werneritization,"  see 
Lacroix,  Bull,  Soc.  Min.,  14,  16,  1891. 

DOLOMITE,  p.  271.  On  the  true  orientation  of  the  forms  shown  by  crystals  from  the 
Gebroulaz  glacier,  described  by  A.  Bella,  see  Becke,  Min.  Mitth.,  11,  536,  1890;  0  = 


EKMANNITE,  p.  662.  Investigated  optically  by  Hamberg  ;  uniaxial,  positive,  the  ordinary 
ray  (GO)  grass-green,  the  extraordinary  ray  (e)  nearly  colorless.  'G.  For.  Forh.,  11,  25,  1889. 

ELLONITE  Heddle,  Min.  Mag.,  5,  30,  1882.  A  pale  yellow  unctuous  powder  from  the 
gneiss  of  Ellon,  Aberdeenshire,  Scotland.  It  is  an  impure  hydrous  silicate  of  magnesium. 

ELROQUITE  C.  U.  Shepard,  Min.  Contr.,  1877.  An  apple-green  to  gray,  massive  substance. 
Regarded  as  a  hydro-silicate  of  A12O3  and  Fe2O3,  mixed  with  opaline  silica  and  a  supposed 
chromium  phosphate,  to  which  "the  green  color  was  found  to  be  due."  To  the  chromium 
phosphate  the  name  PHOSPHOCHROMITE  is  given.  From  the  island  of  Elroque,  Caribbean  Sea. 

ENARGITE  p.  147.  Occurs  in  the  Cerro  Blanco  mines.  Atacama  ;  angle  of  cleavage  prism 
82°  2'.  Analysis  gave  R.  de  Neufville  :  G.  =  4-51,  S  32*21,  As  18-16,  Cu  47'96,  Fe  122, 
Zn  0-57  =  100-12.  Zs.  Kr.,  19,  75,  1891. 

ERILITE  H.  C.  Lewis,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.,  292,  1880.  Minute  acicular  crystals, 
looking  like  tufts  of  white  wool,  observed  in  a  cavity  in  quartz  from  Herkimer  Co.  ,  N.  Y.  ; 
chemical  nature  unknown.  The  cavity  also  contained  a  liquid  of  undetermined  character. 

EUCAIRITE,  p.  53.  Analyses  of  a  fine  granular,  perhaps  cleavable,  variety  from  the  Sierra 
de  Umango,  province  of  La  Rioja,  Argentine  Republic.  1,  Fromme,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  42,  57,  1890. 
2,  3,  Bodlander,  quoted  by  Klochmann,  Zs.  Kr.,  19,  265,  1891. 

Se  Ag  Cu 

1.  31-53  42-71  25-47=    99-71 

2.  32-54'  43-14  26'42  =  10210 

3.  32-32  42-20  25-41  =    99'93 
*  A  second  determination  of  the  material  of  anal.  3. 


1034 


SUPPLEMENT. 


EUDIALYTE,  p.  409.     Crystals  from  Magnet  Cove,  Ark.,  (see  fig.),  gavePenfield:  ce  =  50°  44', 
cr  =  67°  85'.     Am.  J.  Sc.,  41,  397,  1891. 

FALKENHAYNITE  R.  Scharizer,  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  433,  1890. 
Massive,  somewhat  resembling  galena.  G.  =  4  '83  corrected.  Color 
gray-black.  Analysis  of  very  impure  material,  after  deducting 
1316  p.  c.  quartz  and  12-77  siderite  : 


S 
36-21 


Sb 
23-10 


As 
4-77 


Bi 

0'32 


Cu 
39-51 


Fe 
4-20 


Zn 
1'89  =  100 


Magnet  Cove  Pfd 


Assuming*  further  that  3'66  p.  c.  chalcopyrite  are  admixed,  the  for- 
mula CiisSbSs  or  3Cu3S.Sb38s  is  obtained,  or  an  antimony  mem- 
ber of  the  Bournonite  Group,  p.  126  ;  it  is  not  far,  apparently,  from  stylptypite,  p.  130.  The 
result,  however,  is  not  very  conclusive,  considering  the  nature  of  the  material.  From  the  Fied- 
ler vein  at  Joachimsthal;  named  after  Count  J.  Falkenhayn,  Minister  of  Agriculture. 


FAYALITE,  p.  456.  Analysis  of  a  massive  variety  from  Cheyenne  Mt.,  Colorado,  by  Hidden 
&  Mackintosh,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  41,  439,  1891: 

G.  =  4-35          Si02  27-66          FeO  65  79          MnO  4'17          CaO  0'47  =  98'09 
Lacroix  has  noted  the  occurrence  of  fayalite  in  the  trachytes  of  the  Capuciu,  Mont  Dore. 

FELDSPAR  GROUP,  314  et  seq.  Joly  has  made  the  following  approximate  determinations  of 
the  melting  points  of  the  various  feldspars  by  the  use  of  the  instrument  devised  by  him  called 
the  ineldometer,  Proc.  B.  Irish  Acad.,  2,  38,  1891  (read  May  11);  and  Nature,  33,  15,  1885  : 


Adularia     1175°  C. 
Sauidine      1140° 
Microcliue  1175° 


Albite  1175°  C. 

Oligoclase     1220° 
Labradorite  1230° 


These  results  do  not  entirely  agree  with  the  experience  of  some  pottery  makers,  who  have 
found  that  albite  melts  to  a  glass  at  a  temperature  at  which  orthoclase  is  only  partially  fused. 

The  same  author  gives  the  following  as  the  (approximate)  melting  points  of  the  minerals  in 
von  Kobell's  scale  of  fusibility  : 


1.  Stibnite      525°  C. 

2.  Natrolite     965° 

3.  Almaudite  1265° 

*   7. 


Quartz  1430° 


4.  Actinolite  (green)     1296° 

5.  Orthoclase  1175° 

6.  Bronzite  (Diallage)  1300° 


FERRITE.  A  name  proposed  by  Vogelsang  (Zs.  G.  Ges.,  24,  p.  529,  1872)  for  the  amor- 
phous hydroxide  of  iron,  which  in  red  or  yellow  particles  plays  an  important  part  in  many 
rocks,  and  whose  composition  is  as  yet  undetermined. 

FERROSILICITE  Shepard.     A  supposed  ferrous  silicate  present  in  certain  meteorites. 

FLUOCERITE,  p.  175.  _  Crystals  from  Osterby  in  Dalarne,  Sweden,  are  found  by  Weibull  to 
be  hexagonal,  with  m  (1010)  and  p  (1122)  and  mp  =  51°  approx.,  hence  c  =  1'06.  G.  F5r.  F6rh., 
12,  535,  1890. 

FLUORITE,  p.  161.     On  etching-figures,  see  Becke,  Min.  Mitth.,  11,  349,  1890. 

Becquerel  has  investigated  the  phosphorescence  of  fhiorite,  C.  R.,  112,  557,  1891. 

The  remarkable  adaptivity  of  rmorite  to  the  construction  of  lenses  (apochromatic)  in  con- 
sequence chiefly  of  its  low  refractive  and  dispersive  powers,  is  developed  by  Abbe  Thus  for 
the  three  hydrogen  lines  Htt,  H0,  Hv,  the  differences  in  the  refractive  indices  are  n&  -  na  = 
0-00455,  and  ny  -  np  =  0-00255.  Zs.  Inst.,  10,  1,  1890;  cf.  Thompson,  Phil.  Mag.,  Feb.,  1891. 

FOOTEITE  G.  A.  Koenig,  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.,  289,  1891. 

Monoclinic.  In  minute  prismatic  crystals,  tabular  ||  b,  and  in  part  twins,  with  tw.  pi.  a  (100). 
Forms:  b  (010.  i-l),  m  (110,  /),  d  (hOl,  -  m-i\  n  (OM,  m-l\  p  (111,  -  1),  o  (111,  1).  .Approximate 
measured  angles  :  mm'"  =  49°,  edge  mm'"/pp'"  =  143*°,  edge  pp'/oo'  =  33°.  Color  deep  blue. 
Composition  deduced,  8Cu(OH)2.CuCl2  +  4H2O.  Approximate  analysis  on  0'0165  gr. 


CuCl2  13-5 


CuO  63-7 


HaO  22'8  =  100 


SUPPLEMENT.  1035 

Occurs  with  paramel aconite  and  malachite  on  limonite  at  the  Copper  Queen  mine,  Bisbee, 
Arizona.  Not  very  far  from  tallingite.  p.  174,  but  contains  only  about  half  as  much  chlorine. 
Named  after  A.  E.  Foote  of  Philadelphia. 

FOUQUEITE  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  12,  327,  1889. 

Monocliuic.  In  elongated  crystals,  usually  with  rounded  outlines.  Sometimes  polysyn- 
thetic  twins,  with  a  (100)  as  tw.  pi.  Cleavage  oblique  to  the  direction  of  elongation  and  making 
an  angle  of  90°  to  108°  with  this  in  sections.  Color  yellow  or  white;  pleochroisrn  extremely 
feeble.  Optically  +.  Ax.  pi.  ||  cleavage  (001).  Ax.  angle  about  90°.  Dispersion  p  <  v. 
y  -  a  =  0'020. 

Composition  like  zoisite,  from  which  it  differs  in  form;  it  appears  to  be  an  epidote 
essentially,  containing  but  little  iron  (cf.  anal.  18,  p.  519).  Anal. — 

G.  -    SiO2          A1203         FeO          CaO  ign. 

White  3-24  38'6a          32'5  1'9  23*9  2-7  =    99*6 

Yellow  3-31  38-3  31 '9  44  23'5  2*7  =  100'8 

a  Given  as  36  6,  which  makes  the  total  97 '6. 

B.B.  infusible. 

Occurs  in  anorthite-gneiss  at  Salem,  and  less  often  at  Kandy,  Ceylon.  The  rock  also 
contains  ordinary  epidote  (but  not  immediately  associated  with  fouqueite),  scapolite,  garnet, 
amphibole,  pyroxene.  Named  for  M.  Fouque. 

FRIEDELITE,  p.  465.     Crystals  have  been  described  by  Liudstrom  (G.  For.  F5rh.,  18,  127, 
1891)  from  the  Harstig  mine,  near  Pajsberg,  Wermlaud,  Sweden. 
They  occur  in  six-sided  tables  with  granular  galena  and  greenish 

fray  augite  in  calcite.     Also  the  same  occurrence  by  Flink  (Ak.  H. 
tockh.,  Bihaug,  16(2),  No,  4,  20,  1891).     He  measures  cr  =  31° 
33'^,  whence  c  =  0*5317  ;    he  also   notes  the  steep  rhombohedron 
&  (IS'0'15'1,  15)  with  faces  striated  horizontally,  cs  =  83°  43'  meas.  Pajsberg,  Flink. 

Analyses  show  the  presence  of  4  p.  c.  iron  protoxide:  1,  Lind- 
strom:  2,  Fliuk. 

G.  Si02        MnO        FeO       CaO       MgO         Cl         H2O 

1.  33-36        49-08        3'83        0'74        1-31        419        8-45  P2O5  tr.  =  100'96 

2.  3-058          34  66        47'70  0  53        2'27        3'13        8'47  =  99'66 

GADOLINITE,  p.  509.  Nordeuskiold  discusses  again  the  molecular  weight  of  the  gadolinite- 
earths  present  in  many  rare  species,  and  obtains  values  ranging  from  275'8  in  orthite  from 
San  dona  to  247  "9  in  gadolinite  from  Gamla,  Kararfvet.  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  Bihang  17  (2),  No.  1, 
1891. 

GAHNTTE,  p.  223.  Oebbeke  has  analyzed  the  kreittonite  of  Silberberg  near  Bodenmais,  as 
follows  (Jb.  Mm.,  1,  17  ref.,  1891). 

A12O3  Fe2O3  ZnO  FeO  MnO  MgO 

48-40  7-47  27-44  14'79  2*64  tr.     =  100'74 

GANOMATITE  Breith.,  Char.,  106,  1832.  (GansekSthigerz  Germ.,  Goose-dung  Ore,  Cheno- 
coprolite  Dana,  Min.,  1st  Ed.,  216,  1837).  The  material  thus  named  is  in  part  an  impure  iron- 
sinter,  containing  some  oxide  of  cobalt,  etc.  That  of  Joachimstbal  is  a  yellowish  incrustation, 
occurring  with  smaltite.  That  of  Andreasberg  is  a  mixture  of  oxides  of  antimony,  arsenic,  and 
iron,  with  a  little  arsenous  oxide  (Rg.,  Min.  Ch.,  993,  1860). 

GARNET,  p.  437  et  seq.     The  following  are  recent  analyses : 

1  Beautiful  rose-pink  grossularite  in  large  dodecahedrons  from  Xalostoc,  Distr.  Cuautla, 
State  of  Morelos,  Mexico.  Occurs  embedded  in  crystalline  limestone  with  honey-yellow  vesu- 
vianite,  etc.  Described  by  C.  F.  de  Landero,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  41,  321, 1891,  anal.  1  (cf.  anal.  8by 

2.  From  TTedabek  in  Caucasus,  wine-yellow  to  honey-yellow  crystals  in  trapezohedrons ; 
described  by  Muller,  Jb.  Min.,  1.  272.  1891.  _     _    „      .  a 

3.  Cinnamon  e-arnet  from  Ottawa  Co.,  Quebec,  Canada;  described  by  B.  J.  Harrington, 
Can.  Rec.  Sc.,  4,  93,  1890. 

4.  Rose-red  srarnets  from  Laurentian  srneiss  of  Murray  Bav.  Quebec,  Harrington,  JL  c. 

5.  Clear  hVht,  brownish  red  snessartite  from  Amelia  Co.,  Virginia;  analyzed  by  F.  W.  Clarke, 
U,  S.  G.  Surv.,  Bull.  60,  129,  1890. 


1036  SUPPLEMENT. 

6.  Melanite  from  Oberrothweil  in  the  Kaiserstuhl,  analyzed  by  Soltmann,  Zs.  Kr.,  18,  628, 
1891.  Cf.  anals.  22-31,  p.  444. 

G.  SiOa    TiO2  A12O3  Fe2O3  FeO  MnO    CaO    MgO 

1.  Xalostoc  3-516        40-64      —    21  48    1'57      —      tr.      35-38    0  75  BaO   tr.,   insol. 

[0-17  =  99-99 

2.  Kedabek  f  39-12      —    22'73    1-77      —      —     35'84      —  ign.  0'15  =  99'61 

3.  Ottawa  Co.,  Q.       3'58          36'22      —    18-23    7'17      —    0  63    37-39      tr.  ign.  0'70  =100 '34 

4.  Murray  Bay,  Q.     4'047        37'97      —    22  44    2'39  26'12   1-18      5'27     5'43  =  100'80 

5.  Amelia  Co.,  Va.  35'35      —    20-41    2'75    1-7538-70      0'94      —  ign.  0-27=100-17 

6.  Oberrothweil  30'48  ll'Ol     313  15'49a  3'84     —      30'19    2'28  Alk.  1-65,    ign. 

[0-19,  ZrO2l-28  =  99'54 
a  Incl.  0-28  Mn2O3. 

GRANGESITE,  p.  654.    Cf.  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  10,  142,  1887. 

GRAPHITE,  p.  7.  On  the  formation  by  contact-metamorphism,  see  Beck  &  Luzi,  Jb.  Min., 
2,  28,  1891. 

GOETHITE,  p.  247.  Occurs  with  hematite,  pyrolusite,  calcite,  barite,  etc.,  in  the  Lower 
Carboniferous  limestone  of  Clifton,  Nova  Scotia.  An  analysis  by  Shuttleworth  (quoted  by 
Harrington,  Can.  Rec.  Sc.,  4,  93,  1890)  gave 

G.  =  4-217        PeaO3  88-92        Mn2O3  0'14        H2O  10-20        SiO2  0'32  =  99'58 
GREENOCKITE,  p.  69.    On  artificial  crystals,  see  troilite,  p.  1051. 
GUANAJUATITE,  p.  38.     An  analysis  of  an  original  specimen  gave  Genth  : 
G.  =  6-977        Se  25'50        S  4-68        Bi  68'86  =  99'04 

Formula  hence  Bi2Se2S  or  2Bi2Se3.Bi2S3  analogous  to  common  tetradymite.  Am.  J.  Sc., 
41,  403,  1891. 

HALITE,  p.  154.  On  the  double  refraction  called  out  by  pressure,  see  Pockels,  Wied.  Ann., 
39,  440,  1890. 

On  indices  of  refraction,  see  Dufet,  Bull  Soc.  Min.,  14,  139,  1891. 

G.  Freda  has  analyzed  some  of  the  chlorides  from  Vesuvius,  like  those  earlier  noted  by 
Scaccbi  (p.  157)  [Gazz.  Ch.  Ital.,  16,  1889],  Jb.  Miu.,  2,  374  ref.,  1890.  The  materials  analyzed 
are  as  follows  :  1,  stalactitic  salt  of  the  1884  crater  ;  2,  nodular  crusts  of  1875  crater  ;  3,  cubic 
crystals,  1881  ;  4,  thick  white  stalactites,  1886  ;  5,  white  nodular  crusts  from  the  Mauro  lava  of 
1887  ;  6,  white  crusts  from  the  1888  Mauro  lava. 

NaCl  KC1          LiCl     CaCl,    MgCl2    CaSO4 

1.  33-06  58-67         0*07      1-78        0'89        1  "22  insol.  3'08,  HaO  and  loss  [1  -23]  =  100 

2.  32-11  66-38  =  98'49 

3.  31-03  68-20  =  99  23 

4.  81-93  15-41  CaSO4  126  =  98'60 

5.  54  20  43-71   =  97 '91 

6.  73-89  24-18  =  98'07 

HAUSMANNITE,  p.  230.     Crystals  from  Jakobsberg  show  the  new  forms  : 

z  (5-5-11,  T5T)?        m  (110,  /)        v  (335,  f )        u  (223,  f)        t  (414,  1-4) 

Axial  ratio  assumed,  c-  1-1573,  001  A  101  =  49°  10'.  G.  Flink,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  Bihang,  16 
(2),  No.  4,  10,  1891. 

HELDBURGITE  Luedecke,  Zs.  Nat.  Halle,  4,  291,  884,  1879. 

Tetragonal.  Axis  c  =  0*7500.  In  minute  (3  mm.  long,  £  to  £  mm.  thick)  prismatic  crystals. 
Forms  :  a  (100,  i-i),  m  (110,  /),  p  (111,  1).  Angles  :  mp  =  48°  19,  pp"  =  *93°  22*',  pp'  =  61°  56'.  It 
is  near  zircon  in  form.  In  habit  resembles  guarinite.  H.  less  than  that  of  steel.  Luster  ada- 
mantine. Color  yellow.  Streak  white.  Transparent.  B.  B.  infusible.  Composition  unknown 
(TiO2  absent).  Occurs  in  the  feldspar  of  the  phonolyte  of  the  Heldburg  near  Coburg. 


SUPPLEMENT.  1037 

HEMATITE,  p.  213.  Crystals  altered  to  or  inclosing  cassiterite  occur  at  the  Mina  del  Diablo 
Duraugo,  Mexico.  Cf.  Genth  &  Rath,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  24, 
23,  1887,  and  Pirssou,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  407,  1891.  The  crystals  de- 
scribed  by  Pirssou  (tig.  1)  are  in  part  cellular,  aud  are  filled  with 
cassiterite.  The  planes  of  the  hematite  brilliant  in  luster,  but  are 
distinct  only  at  the  edges  ;  the  forms  observed  are  :  c  (0001), 
a  (1120),  d  (1012),  r  (1011),  &  (2021),  rj  (0111),  s  (0221),  n  (2243). 
The  cassiterite  shows  no  definite  orientation,  but  forms  an  intimate 
crystalline  aggregation.  Pirsson  regards  it  as  a  case  of  simultaneous 
crystallization  in  which  the  form  was  determined  by  the  hematite. 

Hessenbergite  Kenng.,  Ber.  Ak.  Milnchen,  2,  230, 1863.  Sideroxen  Hessenberg,  Min.  Not., 
7,  4,  1866. 

Monoclinic.      Axis  d:b:c  =  1'7514 :  1  :  1*0480  :     ft  =  *89°  53'  =  001  A  100  Hessenberg1. 

100  A  110  =  60°  16i',  001  A  101  =  30°  52',  001  A  Oil  =  46°  20f . 

Forms  :  c  (001,  0).  a  (100  i-i),  6(010.  f-i),  *  (910,  *-9),  f_  (310,  £3),  m  (110,  J),  y  (101,  -  1-i), 
p  (501,  -  5-1,  g  (504,  \-l\  n  (301,  3-1),  e  (012,  i-l),  o  (315,  f -3). 

Angles  :)ff"  =  60°  33',  mm'"  =  *120°  33',  cy  =  *30°  52',  ep  =  30°  55^',  eg  =  36°  50',  en  = 
60°  58',  ee'  =  55°  18 J',  e0  =  22°  35',  00'  =  22°  20  . 

Twins  :  tw.  pi.  y  (101)  common.  Crystals  tabular  \c.  H.  —  7-7'5.  Luster  adamantine. 
Colorless,  bluish.  Transparent. 

Comp.— A  silicate  of  undetermined  constituents.  It  has  been  suggested  that  it  may  be 
danburite  (Groth),  but  fails  to  find  correspondence  in  the  forms.  Cf.  Hintze,  Zs.  Kr.,  7,  303,  1882. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  a  closed  tube  yields  no  water,  and  is  unchanged.  In  the  platinum  forceps 
whitens,  but  does  not  fuse.  In  borax  melts  without  intumescence.  Heated  with  cobalt  solution 
becomes  gray.  No  action  from  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  implanted  on  crystals  of  hematite  (Eisenrosen)  at  Mt.  Fibia,  west  of  the  Hospice 
of  St.  Gothard. 

Ref.— Min.  Not.,  7,  4.  1866.     Cf.  also  Kenngott,  Jb.  Min.,  232,  1864. 

HESSITE,  p.  47.  An  analysis  of  tabular  crystals  from  Botes,  Transylvania,  by  Loczka,  gives 
the  formula  Ag(Au)2Te.  Anal.:  Te  37-77,  Ag  61 '52,  Au  1-01,  Fe  tr.  =  100-30.  Ber.  aus 
Ungaro,  8,  103,  1891. 

HOWARDITE  Sfiepard.  A  supposed  silicate  of  iron  and  magnesium,  present  in  certain 
meteorites. 

HYDRONICCITE  C.  U.  Shepard,  Min.  Contr.,  1877.  A  name  suggested  for  a  doubtful 
substance  conjectured  to  be  a  hydrated  oxide  of  nickel,  from  Texas,  Peim. 

HYDROBUCHOLZITE  Thomson.  Thomson  obtained  (Min.,  1,  237,  1836)  SiO3  41*35,  A12O, 
49-55,  H2O  4-85,  gypsum  3'12  =  98'87.  Probably  from  Sardinia. 

HYDROSAMARSKITE.  A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  Bihang,  17  (2),  No.  1,  8,  1891. 
A  samarskite  from  the  Nothamnsgrufra,  Vaddo,  containing  10"5  p.  c.  water  and  4  p.  c.  of 
"  gadolinite-earths  "  of  a  molecular  weight  of  2741. 

HYPOXANTHITE  Rowney,  Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.,  2,  308,  1855;  Sienna  Earth.  A  brownish  yellow 
ferruginous  clay  or  ocher,  probably  only  clayey  yellow  ocher. 

ILVAITE,  p.  541.  Occurs  with  calcite,  tremolite,  andradite,  forming  irregular  crystalline 
masses  in  a  large  vein  near  the  head  of  Barclay  Sound,  Vancouver  Island,  B.  C.  An  analysis 
gave  Hoffmann,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  432,  1891  : 

Si02       Fe203      A1203       FeO        MnO        CaO        MgO       H2O 
G.  =3-85         29-81        18'89        016        32'50        222        13-82        0'30        1  '62  =  99  32 

IRON,  p.  28.  J.  M.  Davison  has  analyzed  the  kamacite,  taenite,  and  plessite  from  the  Wei- 
land  meteoric  iron  (cf.  anals.  p.  30).  He  found  the  plessite  to  consist  of  two  parts,  A  and  B,  corre- 
sponding in  composition  to  the  other  alloys  named,  and  the  same  may  be  true  in  general.  Am. 
J.  Sc.,  42,  64,  1891. 

Fe  Ni  Co  C 

1.  Kamacite  93'09  6'69  0'25  0'02  =  100'OS 

2.  Plessite  A  (kamacite)  92-81  6  97  0'19  0 19  =  100-16 

3.  "      B(temfc)  72-98          25-87  0'83  0'91  =  100'59 

4.  TcmiU  74-78          24'32  0'33  0'50  =    99'93 


1038  SUPPLEMENT. 

Cohen  and  Weinschenk  (Ann.  Mus.  Wien,  6,  131,  1891)  have  investigated  chemically  a 
series  of  meteoric  irons.  They  conclude  that  the  cubic  irons  have  a  constant  percentage  of 
nickel  and  cobalt  ;  thus  they  find  Fe  92'90,  Ni  -f  Co  7'10  -in  Coahuila,  and  Fe  93'82,  Ni  +  Co 
6  18  in  Bruunau,  while  a  series  of  others  lie  between  these  limits.  In  the  Magura  aud  Wichita 
Co.  irons  they  find  large  crystals  (arranged  parallel  to  an  octahedral  face)  of  nn  iron  carbide 
(Kolilemtoffeisen)  with  6*4  and  5*1  p.  c.  carbon  and  yielding  the  formulas  (Fe,Ni,Co)3C  aud 
(Fe,Ni.Co)4C;  the  former  has  been  called  coJienite  (p.  31).  In  the  octahedral  irons  they  find  two 
kinds  of  taenite  :  A,  tin- white,  flexible,  rich  in  cobalt  and  nickel,  with  small  amount  of  carbon  ; 
B,  grayish,  feebler  luster,  less  flexible  to  brittle,  lower  in  nickel  and  carbon  and  higher  in  carbon. 
Analyses : 

A                               Fe  Ni  Co  Cu 

Toluca  65-17  34'29  0'40  0-14  =  100 

Wichita  Co.  65'54  32'87  1-59  —=100 

Glorieta  Mt.  63'04  35'53  1'43  —   =  100 

B  Fe  Ni  Co  C 

Staunton  73  10  23'63  2-10  1-17  =  100 

The  authors  also  remark  that  cohenite,  (Fe,Ni,Co)3C,  corresponds  to  the  compound,  Fe3C, 
which  separates  from  cast  iron  in  crystals  when  slowly  cooled,  between  600°  and  700°. 

The  discovery,  mode  of  occurrence,  and  distribution  of  the  native  nickel-iron  alloy,  called 
awaruite,  on  the  west  coast  of  the  South  Island  of  New  Zealand,  is  minutely  discussed  by 
Ulrich  in  Q.  J.  G.  Soc.,  46,  619,  1890.  It  is  shown  to  be  somewhat  widely  distributed  in  a 
highly  basic  peridotyte  or  the  serpentine  which  has  resulted  from  its  decomposition. 

Found  in  the  Berezovsk  mining  region  near  Ekaterinburg,  Ural  ;  the  special  locality  is  the 
gold  placers  of  Prikanavny  in  the  valley  of  the  Pyshma  which  empties  into  the  Tura,  a  branch 
of  the  Tobol.  The  fragments  have  a  peculiar  foliated  structure.  It  is  magnetic  ;  G.  —  7'59, 
aud  contains  a  minute  amount  of  platinum  but  no  nickel.  Associated  minerals  are  quartz,  mica, 
chrysolite,  pyroxene,  serpentine,  chromite,  triclinic  feldspar,  etc.  Daubree  and  Meuuier,  C.  11., 
113,  172,  1891. 

Observed  as  forming  part  of  a  thin  coating  with  oolitic  structure  on  quartzyte  on  the  north 
shore  of  St.  Joseph  Is.,  Lake  Huron,  Ontario.  Analysis  of  the  coating  gave  :  Metallic  grains 
58'85,  limonite  39*73,  siliceous  matter  1-42  =  100.  The  spherical  metallic  grains  varied  from  a 
microscopic  size  up  to  0'37  mm.  in  diameter  ;  an  analysis  of  them  yielded  : 

Fe  Mn  Ni  Co  Cu  S  PC        insol. 

88-00          0-51          O'lO         .0-21          009          0'12          0'96          ?          9  76  =  99 "75 

The  insoluble  portion  formed  a  nucleus  of  rounded  form  and  coated  with  a  yellowish  brown 
humus-like  substance,  which  disappeared  on  ignition,  leaving  the  snow-white  spherules  consist- 
ing of  94  p.  c.  Si02.  G.  Ch.  Hoffmann,  Trans.  R.  Soc.  Canada,  8  (3),  39,  1890. 

Hussak  has  noted  the  occurrence  of  undoubted  native  iron  in  the  gold  gravels  of  the  Ribelra 
in  S.  Brazil  (ref.  ottrelite,  p.  1043). 

ISOPYRE  Haidinger,  Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.,  3,  263,  1827. 

In  compact  masses,  with  cleavage.  Fracture  flat  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  6-6"5. 
G.  =  2'912.  Luster  vitreous.  Streak  light  greenish  gray.  Color  grayish  black  or  velvet-black, 
occasionally  spotted  red,  like  heliotrope.  Opaque  to  subtranslucent.  Analysis. — Turner,  p.  265: 

SiOa  47-09         A12O3  13-91         Fe2O3  20-07          CaO  15'43         CuO  1'94  =  98'44 

B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  magnetic  bead,  and  colors  the  flame  green.  A  silica  skeleton  with  salt  of 
phosphorus.  With  the  acids  decomposed  with  difficulty  and  imperfectly. 

From  St.  Just,  near  Penzance,  Cornwall,  in  a  quartzose  granite  with  tourmaline  and  tin 
ore,  in  pieces  two  inches  in  diameter.  Also  in  breccia  on  the  Calton  Hill,  Edinburgh,  with 
limonite.  Named  from  zeros,  like,  and  7tvp,fire,  because  the  fused  bead  resembles  closely  the 
original  mineral. 

The  above  supposed  mineral  species  has  been  examined  by  N.  Story  Maskelyne  and  W. 
Flight  and  proved  to  be  simply  impure  opal.  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  25, 1049,  1872.  The  same  conclusion 
has  been  reached  by  Fischer. 

IVAARITE.  liwaarite,  p.  448.  Occurs  in  an  Elaeolite  rock  ("  Ijolitti")  at  liwaara,  Finland. 
The  analyses  by  Thoreld  (p.  448)  are  questioned  by  Ramsay  and  Berghell  on  the  ground  that 
the  material  was  probably  not  homogeneous;  they  obtained  25'42,  24'93  p.  c.  TiO2.  G.  For. 
Forh.,  13,  305,  1891. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


1039 


JORDANITE,  p.  141.  Crystals  from  the  Binnenthal  are  shown  by  Baumhauer  to  conform  in 
an^le  to  the  monoclinic  system.  The  axial  ratio,  calculated  by  him  from  the  angles:  100  A  001 
=  89°26f ,  001  A  101  =  28°  6f ,  010  A  250  =  38°  58±',  is: 

a  :  b  :  c  =  0-49450  :  1  :  0 '26552        ft  =  89°  26|' 

The  planes,  which  on  p.  141  are  taken  as  macropinacoid  (a),  brachypinacoid  (b),  andbase_(e), 
become,  respectively,  base  (c),  orthopinacoid  (a),  and  cliuopinacoid  (b);  further,  x-(112)  =  121, 121, 
m  (110)  =  101,  101,  y  (101)  =  011,  jp(Oll)  =  110,  etc.  A  number  of  new  forms  are  added. 
Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  697,  915,  1891. 


Kallilite.    H.  Laspeyres,  Zs.  Kr.,  19,  12,  1891.     Wismuthnickelglanz. 
Massive.     Luster  metallic.     Color  light  bluish  gray. 

Comp.— NiBiS  or  NiS2.NiBi2  =  Sulphur  10'7,  bismuth  69'7,  nickel  19 -6  =  100. 
belongs  near  ullmannite,  etc.,  p.  91.     Analysis  : 


It  thus 


S 
14-39 


Sb 
44-94 


Bi 

11-76 


As 
2-02 


JNi 
26-94 


Fe 

0-28 


Co 
0-89  =  101-22 


Occurs  at  the  Friedrich  mine  near  Schonstein,  a.  d.  Sieg.     The  name  refers  to  the  locality. 

KAOLINITE,  p.  685.  Crosby  describes  a  bed  of  white  kaolin  of  considerable  extent  in  Bland- 
ford,  Hampderi  Co.,  Mass.  It  has  been  produced  by  the  decomposition  of  the  feldspar  of  large 
veins  of  pegmatyte  and  is  regarded  as  representing  part  of  the  pre-glacial  soil.  Tech.  Q.,  3, 
228,  1890. 

KARAMSINIT  A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  Rg.,  Min.  Ch. ,  683,  1875.  A  mineral  supposed  to  be  from 
Finland,  containing,  according  to  Thoreld  :  SiO2  51 '53,  A12O3  3'20,  Fe2O3  598,  MnO  4'62, 
CaO  13-05,  MgO  6  86,  K2O  10'8,  CuO  2'32,  H2O  1-59. 

KENTROLITE,  p.  544.  Found  at  Langban,  Sweden,  intimately  asso- 
ciated with  braunite,  also  richterite,  barite.  Crystals  prismatic  with 
a  (100),  m  (110),  o  (111),  s  (221)  (cf .  fig.).  Axial  ratio  a :  b  :  c  =  0-63278  :  1  : 
0-89879  from  rara'"  =  *64°  39  and  110  A  111  =*30°  45'.  Formula  deduced, 

n  in  n  m 

R,SiO4.R2SiO5,  with  R  =  Pb  :  Mn  :  Ca  =  33  :  5  :  2,  and  R  =  Mn  :  Fe  = 
8  •  1.     Analysis  : 


G.  =  6-068 


SiO2 
17-68 


Mn,O, 

16-59 


Fe203 
5-58 


PbO 
55-72 


MnO 
3-05 


CaO 
0-91  =  99-53 


Flink  finds  an  error  in  the  axial  ratio  calculated  by  vom  Rath 
(0'633  :  1  :  0  784),  which,  however,  has  been  corrected  on  p.  544.  Ak.  H. 
Stockh.,  Bihang,  16  (2),  No.  4,  1891. 

KULIBINITE.  Koulibinite.  See  Koksharov,  Min.  Russl.,  4,  281;  Dx.,  Min.,  1,  57,  1862. 
From  Tntusbaikal.  Probably  simply  a  kind  of  pitchstoue,  Kk.,  and  Dx.,  Miu.,  2,  xix,  1874. 

KRKNNERITE,  p.  105.  Miers  notes  on  crystals  from  Nagyag,  the  new  forms:  d  (021  2-i), 
q  (031,  34),  s  (041,  4-i),  w  (124,  i-2),  t(12l,  2-2),  v  (362,  3-2).  Miu.  Mag.,  9,  184,  1890. 

LANGBANITE,  p.4543.  Sjogren  (G.  For.  Forh.,  13,  256,  1891)  distinguishes  two  types  of 
langbanite  from  Laugban:  A,  occurring  in  hexagonal  tabular  crystals  05  to  1  cm.  in  diameter 
and  some  millimeters  in  thickness,  associated  with  fine  granular  schefferite.  B,  small  crystals  of 
prismatic  habit  often  embedded  in  calcite.  Analyses  1,  2  (by  R.  Mauzelius)  are  of  type  B; 

anal.  3,  of  type  A.  The  formula  deduced  is  wSb2O3.ttFe2O3.pMu(Mn,Si)O3.  The  coefficients 
m,  n,  pvary,  but  the  relation  of  MnO  :  (Mn,Si)O2  is  about  constant  =  1:1.  Attention  is  also 
called  to  the  fact  that  the  axial  ratio,  a  :  fc  (Flink)  =  1  :  1'3694,  corresponds  closely  to  that 
characteristic  of  the  Hematite  Group,  p.  210  et  seq.(cf.  also  pyrophauite,  p.  1045).  Further,  some 
crystals  seem  to  be  hemihedral,  i.e.  rhombohedral,  in  habit. 
Analyses,  1-3,  Mauzelius : 


G.  SiO2  Sb2O3  Fe2O3  MnO2  MuO  CaO  MgO 

1.  4-66  12-23  11-76  14'15  26-15  31-54  224  1  -61  =  99  68  (O  3 -50) 

2.  4-73  11-32  11-61  14"31  27'12  32'30  2'04  0'86  H2O  0'32  =  99  88  (O  3'70) 
8.  8-95  12-92  4'33  35'15  36'39  1-.95  0'47  =  10016  (O  5 -03) 


1040  SUPPLEMENT. 

The  same  subject  is  discussed  by  Biickstr-om  (ibid.,  p.  271),  who  gives  two  new  analyses  and 
recalculates  that  of  Flink  (p.  543).  Although  differing  as  regards  the  state  of  oxidation  of  the 
manganese,  he  arrives  at  essentially  the  same  conclusion  as  that  of  Sjogren,  that  the  mineral  is  to 

m  n 

be  referred  to  the  hematite-ilinenite  group.     He  writes  the  formula  RRO3,  where  m  -{-  n  =  6. 
Analyses,  4-6,  Backstrom: 

SiO2       Sb2O3      Mn*O3      Fe2O3       MnO        CaO       MgO 

4.  9-58        12-58        63'67          3'44          8'21        1-73        0'53  =     99'74 

5.  8-75        15-35        61  '04          4'75          5'86        2'98        0'40  =     99-13 

6.  10-88        13-89        59-43        11 '46        12*87  —     =  108'53 

LANTHANITE,  p.  302.  On  the  crystalline  form  of  the  analogous  didymium  carbonate 
Dia(CO3)3  +  8H2O,  which  is  orthorhombic  with  mm1"  =  87°  26',  see  Morton,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh., 
42,  No.  6,  192,  1885. 

Lautarite  A.  Dietze,  Zs.  Kr.,  19,  447,  Oct.  23,  1891. 

Monoclinic.  In  large  prismatic  crystals  sometimes  weighing  20  grams.  Prismatic  angle  of 
83°  30';  basal  plane  rare.  Crystals  often  rudiately  arranged  or  in  stellate  aggregates.  G.  =  4 -59. 
Colorless  to  yellowish. 

Comp. — Calcium  iodate,  Ca(IO3)2  =  Iodine  pentoxide  85'6,  lime  14*4  =  100.  It  thus  belongs 
to  a  group  not  before  represented  among  minerals.  Analysis  gave:  I  64'70  and  64'62,  CaO  14*95, 
determined  on  three  portions.  Slightly  soluble  in  water,  0'22  gram  in  100  grams  of  water  at  20°, 
or  1-43  grams  of  iodine  to  the  liter.  Aqueous  solution  colorless.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid 
with  evolution  of  chlorine. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  the  caliche  or  sodium  nitrate  deposits  (cf.  p.  871)  of  Atacama,  Chili, 
especially  in  the  "  Pampa  del  Pique  III  "  belonging  to  the  Oficiua  Lautaro  and  to  neighboring 
Pampas,  all  of  which  belong  to  the  so-called  calcium  chloride  class.  The  crystals  are  often 
embedded  in  bands  of  gypsum. 

On  the  form  of  the  hydrous  calcium  iodate  Ca(IOs)a  +  6H2O,  see  Rg.,  Kr.  Ch.,  332,  1881. 

The  same  region  furnishes  crystals  in  the  caliche,  as  described  by  Dietze  (ibid.),  which 
seem  to  be  a  double  salt  of  iodate  and  chromate  of  calcium,  corresponding  to  7Ca(IO3)2.8CaCrO4; 
or  perhaps  more  simply  Ca(lO3)2.CaCrO4,  which  requires:  Iodine  peutoxide  61  *1,  chromium, 
trioxide  18'4,  lime  20'5  =  100.  Analysis  gave: 

I2O6  CrO3  CaO  I 

58-12  19-00  22-01  =  99'13  44'20 

58-10  19-90  21-50  =  99-50  44-17 

58-89  20-28  21-10  =  100'37  44'79 

The  crystals  dissolve  slowly,  more  readily  on  application  of  heat.  On  cooling,  crystals  of  the 
hydrous  calcium  iodate  (cf.  above)  separate  out,  while  the  calcium  chromate  remains  in  the 
solution.  On  a  supposed  chromate  from  the  nitrate  deposits,  see  tarapacaite,  p.  916.  Dietze, 
however,  regards  the  chromic  acid  as  always  present  as  a  double  salt  united  with  iodate. 

On  artificial  double  salts  of  iodic  and  chromic  acid,  see  Berg,  C.  It.,  Ill,  42,  1890. 

LEAD  SILICATE.  An  artificial  lead  silicate  from  Bonneterre,  St.  Fran£ois  Co.,  Missouri, 
has  been  described  by  E.  S.  Dana  and  S.  L.  Penfield  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  30,  138,  1885),  and  later  ttf 
H.  A.  Wheeler  (ibid.,  32,  272,  1886.)  It  occurs  associated  with  octahedral  crystals  of  magnetite 
and  cleavable  galena;  form,  a  hexagonal  prism  (m)  with  pyramids  (p,  q),  and  basal  plane  (e), 
cp  =  50°  approx.,  cq  =  25";  also  in  thin  tubular  crystals  with  apparently  rhombohedral  planes. 
Analyses  of  crystals  :  1,  Pentield;  2,  Wheeler. 

G.  SiO2         PbO        FeO        CaO       MgO      Na2O 

5-92  17-17        72-39        0*51        7'48        0-56        0-35  =  98'46 

17-11        73-66        1-33*       2'35        0-22        2'22  NiO  8-06,  Cl  0'08  =  100-03 

a  Fe2O3  0-80,  A1203  0'53 

Other  analyses  are  given  by  Penfield  of  the  massive  silicate,  and  by  Wheeler  of  fine 
crystals. 

LAVENITE,  p.  375.  Occurs  in  the  phonolytes  of  the  Haute  Loire,  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min., 
14,  15,  1891. 

LEOPARDITE.  A  quartzose  rock  spotted  with  stains  of  manganese  occurring  in  North. 
Carolina. 


SUPPLEMENT.  1041 

LEUCTTE,  p.  342.  The  characters  and  distribution  of  the  altered  leucite  (pseudoleucite]  and 
leucitic  rocks  of  Magnet  Cove,  Arkansas,  briefly  alluded  to  on  pp.  843  and  426,  are  fully 
described  by  J.  F.  Williams  in  the  Ann.  Rep.  Geol.  Arkansas,  1890,  vol.  2,  p.  267  et  seq. 

Lacroix  has  noted  the  presence  of  leucite  in  a  basalt  of  Mont  Dore,  Puy-de-D6me.  C.  R., 
113,  751,  Nov.  23,  1891. 

LITHIDIONITE.     Litidionite  E.  Scacchi,  Rend.  Accad.  Napoli,  19,  175,  Dec.  1880. 

Blue  lapilli,  found  at  Vesuvius  in  1873,  7  to  25  mm.  in  diameter,  were  found  to  consist  of 
a  white  earthy  substance,  with  a  glassy  blue  crust.  Of  the  latter,  H.  =  5-6,  G.  =  2'535.  The 
mean  of  two  analyses  gave,  after  being  washed:  SiO2  71 '57,  CuO  6'49,  FeO  4'02,  K2O  10'92, 
Na2O  6'78  =  99-78.  Slightly  attacked  by  HOI;  fuses  very  easily  (the  white  nucleus,  consisting 
of  augite,  olivine,  etc.,  is  infusible).  The  author,  on  the  ground  of  the  fusibility,  regards  the 
substance  as  a  mixture  of  quartz  and  the  carbonates  of  potassium  and  sodium. 

LUZONITE,  p.  148.  Klockmann  has  investigated  the  famatinite  of  the  Sierra  de  Farnatina, 
Argentine  Repub.,  and  also  a  mineral  which  he  identifies  as  luzonite  from  the  same  locality.  He 
regards  both  these  minerals  as  isomorphous  and  unlike  euargite  in  form,  while  hitherto  famatin- 
ite and  enargite  have  been  considered  isomorphous,  as  given  in  p.  149.  The  argument  is  not  con- 
clusive. Anal. — Bodlander,  quoted  by  Klockmann. 

G.  =  4-390  S  32-40        As  16'94        Sb  3'08        Cu  47'36  =  99'78 

MAGNETITE,  p.  224.  Kemp  has  given  the  results  of  a  more  minute  study  of  the  striated 
magnetite  crystals  from  Mineville,  near  Port  Henry,  Essex  Co.,  N.  Y.  Zs.  Kr.,  19,  183,  1891. 

Scheibe  mentions  on  crystals  from  Magnet  Cove  and  Moriah,  Essex  Co.,  N.  Y.,  tw.  stria- 
tious  and  parting  |  o  (111);  also  tw.  lamellae  |  m  (311);  further,  Moriah,  |  e  (210).  Zs.  G.  Ges., 
42,  370,  1890. 

A  magnetite  from  Blichig  near  Hirschberg  a.  Saale  in  Oberfranken  contains  tin  according  to 
Sandberger,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  269,  1890. 

Formation  in  slags  and  recent  eruptive  rocks,  see  Vogt,  Arch.  Math.  Nat.,  14,  25,  1890. 

MANCINITE  Jacquot,  Ann.  Mines,  19,  703,  1841.  Described  as  a  zinc  silicate  from  Maucino 
near  Leghorn,  but  according  to  Uzielli  (Trans.  Accad.  Line.,  1,  108,  1877)  the  mineral  is  not,  as 
supposed,  from  the  hill  Manciuo,  near  Leghorn,  nor  is  it  a  zinc  trisilicate. 

MANGANOFERRITE  Vogt,  Arch.  Math.  Nat.,  14,  35,  1890.  Blackish  brown  skeleton  crystals 
formed  in  some  Martin  and  Bessemer  slags,  having  the  composition  (Fe,Mn)3O4  and  resembling 
hausmannite  and  magnetite.  To  which  system  they  belong,  tetragonal  or  isometric,  is  not 
determined. 

MARCASITE,  p.  94.  Trechmann  describes  marcasite  twins  (tw.  pi.  m)  implanted  in  parallel 
position  on  the  faces  of  pyrite  cubes  from  Bredlar  near  Brilon,  Westphalia.  Min.  Mag.,  9,  209, 
1891. 

MARIPOSITE  R  Silliman,  Jr.,  Cal.  Acad.  Sc.,  3,  380,  1868.  A  light  apple-green  micaceous 
mineral,  occurring  in  scales  associated  with  pyrite  in  a  gangue  of  dolomite  (aukerite)  and  quartz  ; 
with  the  ore  of  the  Mariposa  region,  California. 

MELANOPHLOGITE,  p.  194.  The  nature  of  this  problematical  mineral  has  been  further 
discussed  by  Streng,  Ber.  Oberhess.  Ges.,  27,  123,  1890,  and  Jb.  Min.,  2,  211,  1891;  also  Friedel, 
Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  13,  356,  1890,  and  14,  74,  1891.  Streng  argues  that  the  mineral 
contains  silicon  disulphide  (SiS2),  not  sulphur  trioxide  as  ordinarily  stated,  but 
Friedel  pretty  conclusively  shows  that  the  latter  view  is  correct.  He  concludes 
further  that  the  ordinary  mineral  is  pseudo-isometric  and  tetragonal,  optically 
negative;  further,  that  it  does  not  gain  its  form  by  pseudomorphism.  There 
also  occur  forms  which  are  hexagonal  in  structure,  optically  positive,  and  corre- 
spond to  tridymite. 

METACINNABARITE,  p.  62.  The  form  of  the  crystals,  from  New  Almaden,  de- 
scribed by  Melville  and  briefly  alluded  toon  p.  63  is  given  in  the  accompanying  fig- 
ure. The  crystals  are  minute  but  brilliantly  polished  and  gave  good  measurements, 
but  the  symbols  obtained  by  him,  especially  for  the  hemi-scaleuohedrons,  are  highly 
complex.  The  forms  observed  at  the  analogous  pole  are:  c  (0001,  ill ),  m  (1010_,_100), 
•0554,332),(1 322,211);  at  the  antilogous  pole:  (50-0-50-l,33i7-17),(48'46-2-l,31-17-15), 
(41-38'3'i,  26-15-12).  The  specific  gravity  obtained  was  only  7'118.  The  relation 
of  these  crystals  to  those  described  by  Peufield  is  at  present  undetermined. 

Occurs  with  cinnabar  at  Knoxville,  Cal.,  and  at  the  Cerro  Gordo  mine,  11 
jL-.ilcs  west  of  Panoche,  Fresno  Co.  Melville  &  Lindgreu,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Bull. 
61,  22,  1890. 


1042  SUPPLEMENT. 

Schrauf  mentions  the  occurrence  of  metacinnabarite  at  Idria  in  hemispherical  forms  with 
concentric  fibrous  structure.  They  are  implanted  on  calcite  which  coats  the  calcareous  sandstone, 
forming  the  gangue  rock.  G.  =  7 '66.  The  amount  of  sulphur  was  found  to  be  14 '09  p.  c. 
Anz.  Ak.  Wien,  156,  1890. 

MICROCLINE,  p.  322.  On  the  structure  of  the  microcline  in  pegmatytes  from  the  Argentine 
Republic,  see  Sabersky,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.,  7,  359,  1891. 

MICROLITES.  A  name  proposed  by  Vogelsang  (Philosoph.  Geol.,  p.  139,  1867)  and  since 
used  by  Zirkel  (Mikr.  Beschaff.  d.  Miu./pp.  33,  88,  1873)  for  microscopic  crystals,  sometimes 
belonging  to  known  species,  sometimes  of  indeterminate  nature,  but  often  observed  in  igneous 
rocks.  The  method  of  aggregation  of  these  microlites  is  sometimes  very  remarkable.  Trichite 
and  belonite  are  names  given  by  Zirkel  (1.  c.)  to  analogous  forms. 

MOLYBDENITE,  p.  41.  Occurs  in  spherical  forms  with  concentric  structure  at  Plataro,  in 
Colorado. 

MORINITE  A.  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  14,  187,  1891.  A  new  species,  announced  but  not 
fullv  described,  occurring  with  the  amblygonite  at  Montibras.  In  monoclinic  crystals  with 
a  (100,  i-l\  b  (010,  i-l),  c  (001,  0),  m  (110,  /).  Cleavage:  a  (100).  G.  =  2'94.  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bx 
inclined  30°  in  the  obtuse  angle  ac.  2E  variable,  up  to  40". 

B.B.  the  mineral  bubbles  up  and  fuses.  In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  about  13*5  p.  c.  of 
acid  water  (with  fluorine).  Gives  reactions  for  phosphoric  acid,  alumina,  and  soda. 

Mprinite  is  associated  with  an  undetermined  hydrated  phosphate  free  from  fluorine,  crystal- 
lizing in  tetragonal  octahedrons,  which  are  optically  positive.  Named  after  M.  Morineau. 

Mursinskite  Koksharov,  Min.  Russl.,  9,  341,  1886. 

Tetragonal.     Axis  c  =  0*56641;  001  A  101  =  29°  31f. 

Forms:  y  (503,  f-£),  x  (201,  2-*);  o  (111,  1);  2(10'5'2,  5-2),  s  (841,  8-2);  also  two  undetermined 
zirconoids  w,  v. 

Angles:  cy  =  43°  21,  ex  =  48°  34',  co  =  38°  42',  yy'  =  58°  5',  xxf  -  64°  IV,  oof  =  52°  28',  zz> 
=  35°  6',  ssvii  -  50°  29'.  ss'  =  36°  9^,  ss"1  =  52°  3 . 

H.  =  5-6.  G.  4'149  (on  0'04  gram).  Color  wine^  or  honey-yellow.  Transparent  to  semi- 
transparent. 

Comp.  —Unknown . 

Obs. — Known  only  from  two  specimens  discovered  about  1854;  it  occurs  as  inclusions  in. 
topaz.  From  Alabashka,  near  Mursinka  (Mursinsk)  in  the  Ural. 

NATBOLIIE,  p.  600.  Gonnard  has  analyzed  several  specimens  from  the  Puy-de-DcVme, 
Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  14,  165,  1891: 

SiO2          A12O3  Na2O          CaO  H2O 

Puy-de-Marman  48  03  26'68  15-61  —  9'62  =  99'94 

Tour  de  Gevillat  47 '88  26-12  15-63  0'45  9 "80  =  99 -88 

NATRON,  p.  301.  Described  by  E.  Scacchi  as  occurring  in  colorless  crystalline  grains  and 
prismatic  crystals  within  the  lava  at  tbe  Fosso  Grande,  Vesuvius.  An  analysis  gave:  CO2  15'91, 
Na2O  22-15,  K2O  0'41,  H2O  61-68  =  100'15.  Rend.  Accad.  Napoli,  2,  488,  Dec.  1888,  and  Zs. 
Kr.,  18,  100,  1890. 

NEPHELITE,  p.  423.  Continued  studies  on  the  nephelite  rocks  of  Brazil  are  given  by  Derby, 
Q.  J.  G.  Soc.,  47,  251,  1891. 

Described  from  the  rock  called  liolyte  (Ijolith)  occurring  at  liwaara,  Finland,  by  Ramsay 
and  Berghell  (G.  F5r.  Forh.,  13,  308,  1891).  Refractive  indices:  <»y  =  1'54515,  e7  =  1-54200. 
Analysis: 

SiO2  A12O3  CaO  Na2O  K2O 

43-98  34-93  0'36  16-76  8'88  =  99'86 

On  the  elseolite  rocks  of  Magnet  Cove  and  other  regions  in  Arkansas,  and  their  minerals, 
see  J.  F.  Williams,  Ann.  Rep.  G.  Ark.,  vol.  2,  1891. 

NESQUEHONITE,  p.  300.  Occurs  forming  white  fibrous  masses  in  the  galleries  of  the 
anthracite  mine  of  la  Mure,  Isere,  France.  An  analysis  by  C.  Friedel  gave- 

|  CO2  31-88  MgO  28-98  f  H2O  39-13  =  99'99 

This  conforms  to  MgCO3  -f  3H2O.     Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  14,  60,  1891. 


SUPPLEMENT.  1043 

NEWBOLDITE  Piddington,  J.  Asiatic  Soc.  Bengal,  26,  1129.  1847.  A  mineral  found  by 
Capt.  Newbold  in  some  old  lead  mines  "  near  Gazoopilly,  Kurnool."  Probably  a  ferruginous 
sphalerite.  Cf.  Mallet,  Min.  India,  18,  1887. 

NICCOCHROMITE  C.  U.  Shepard,  Min.  Contr.,  1877.  A  canary-yellow  substance,  occurring 
as  a  coating  ou  zaratite,  rarely  on  chromite,  at  Texas,  Pa.  On  the  ground  of  a  partial  blowpipe 
examination,  it  is  concluded  to  be  a  "  dichromate  of  nickel." 

NICKEL,  cf.  p.  29.  The  auriferous  sands  of  the  stream  Elvo  near  Biella  in  Piedmont  are 
shown  by  A.  Sella  to  contain  grains  of  an  iron-nickel  alloy  corresponding  nearly  to  NiaFe. 
They  resemble  native  platinum  in  appearance,  are  malleable  and  strongly  magnetic,  and  have 
G.  =  7-8.  An  analysis  gave  : 

Ni  (with  some  Co)  75'2  Fe  26"6  =  101-8 

Soluble  in  nitric  and  dilute  hydrochloric  acid.     C.  R.,  112,  171,  1891.     See  Iron,  p.  1037. 
NOSELITE,  p.  432.     A  ' '  hydronoseane  "  has  been  obtained  by  Charles  &  Georges  Friedel  by 

'   is  in  hexagonal  crystals  (m,  1010)  with_  a 
top  (1011)  of  rnicrosominite  and  q  (1012) 


heating  mica  with  soda  and  sodium  sulphate.       It  is  in  hexagonal  crystals  (m,  1010)  with_  a 
pyramid  p,  with  pp'  =  24°  22 '7'.     Here  p  corresponds  to 
of  nephelite.     Analyses  gave: 


SiO2  SO8  A12O3  Na2O  K2O               H2O 

1.  35-62  7-20  29-65  23'82  3'94  =  100-23 

2.  34-81  7-25  29-91  23'34  3'95  =    99'26 

3.  34-66  7  34  31'47  18'74  5'39                2'3()  =    99'90 

4.  34-20  7-98  3078  21-53  3'08               234=    99'91 

Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  13,  238,  1890,  14,  69,  1891. 

OCTAHEDRITE,  p.  239.  Occurs  in  acute  pyramidal  crystals,  resembling  those  from  Tavetsch, 
with  quartz  and  pyrite  on  joint-planes  at  the  Arvou  slate  quarries,  Buckingham  Co.,  Va.  Cf. 
G.  H.  Williams,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  431,  1891.  Occurs  at  Pranal,  near  Pontgibaud,  Puy-de-D6me, 
Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  14,  191,  1891. 

OFFRETITE  #  Gonnard,  C.  R.,  Ill,  1002,  1890;  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  14,  60,  1891. 

Hexagonal  or  rhombohedral.  In  very  minute  hexagonal  prisms,  often  rounded  and  with 
vertical  faces  striated;  also  in  hemispherical  forms  with  radiate  structure.  Cleavage:  normal  to 
the  base.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  G.  =  2 '13.  Luster  vitreous.  Colorless  to  white.  Double 
refraction  weak.  Sections  _L  c  show  sectors  analogous  to  herschelite. 

Calculated  formula,  (KaCa)2Al3Sii4O39.17H2O.     Anal.— Gonnard,  1.  c. 

Si02  52-47  A12O3  19-06  CaO  2*43  K2O  7'72  H2O  18 -90  =  100-58 

B.B.  turns  white  and   fuses  quietly  to  a  white  enamel.      Decomposed  by  acids  with 
difficulty. 

Occurs  in  the  basalts  of  Mont  Simiouse  near  Montbrison,  France.  Named  after  Professor 
Offret,  of  Lyons. 

OLDHAMITE,  p.  65.  Vogt  notes  a  similar  compound  (also  MnS,  FeS,  etc.)  in  certain  furnace 
slags.  Arch.  Math.  Nat.,  14,  72,  1890. 

ORPIMENT,  p.  35.  Deposited  with  realgar  by  the  hot  springs  of  the  Norris  Geyser  basin  in 
the  Yellowstone  Park,  cf.  Weed  &  Pirsson,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  403,  1891. 

OTTRELITE,  p.  642.  Phyllytes  with  ottrelite  (chloritoid)  are  described  by  E.  Hussak  as 
occurring  with  magnetite  in  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil.  Bol.  Comm.  G.,  S.  Paulo,  No.  7,  1890. 

PALAGONITE.  Palagonit  Sartorius  v.  Waltershausen,  Subm.  Vulk.  Ausbr.  Val  di  Noto,  etc., 
Gott.,  1846;  Vulk.  Gest,,  1853.  Bunsen,  Lieb.  Ann.,  61,  265,  1847,  Pogg.,  83,  219,  1851. 
Melanhvdrit  A.  Krante,  Vi.  Ver.  Rheinl.,  6,  154,  1859. 

A  basaltic  tufa  consisting  chiefly  of  glass  lapilli  and  the  products  of  their  alteration.  It 
formerly  passed  as  a  mineral  species,  but  properly  belongs  to  petrography.  Cf .  Rosenbusch, 
Mass.  Gest.,  747,  1887. 

PARAMELACONITE  G.' A.  Koenig,  Proc  Acad.  Philad.,  284,  1891. 

Tetragonal.  In  pyramidal  crystals  p  (111,  1),  terminated  by  c  (001,  0);  the  pyramidal 
faces,  e  (101,  l-i),  strongly  striated  horizontally.  Measured  angle,  ce  =  58°  50',  hence  the  axis 
c  =  1*6534. 

Cleavage  not  observed.  H.  =5.  G.  =  5'833.  Luster  brilliant.  Color  on  the  faces 
purplish  black,  on  the  fracture  pitch-black. 


1044  SUPPLEMENT. 

Composition,  probably  essentially  CuO.  but  requiring  further  examination.  The  analysis  is 
interpreted  as  CuO  87'66,  Cu2O  11 '70,  Fe2O3  0  64  =  100.  Analysis: 

CuO  100-58  Fe203  0'64  =  101-32 

B.B.  fuses  on  edges;  in  the  reducing  flame  is  reduced  and  yields  metallic  copper.  Soluble 
in  acids. 

From  the  Copper  Queen  mine,  Bisbee,  Arizona,  with  footeite,  etc. 

PARATHORITE.  Thorite  SJiep.,  Proc.--  Am.  Assoc.,  2,  321,  1850.  Parathorite  Shep.,  Min., 
287,  1857;  Dana,  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  124,  1857. 

Orthorhonibic.  In  minute  rectangular  and  rhombic  prisms,  with  the  planes  a  (100,  i-l), 
6(010,  i-i),  w(110,  /).  Angles:  mm'"  =  52°,  bm  =  64°.  H.  =  5-5'5.  Luster  subresinous. 
Color  garnet-red  to  pitch-black;  thin  edges  of  black  crystals  with  a  ruby  translucence,  a  little 
like  rutile.  Translucent  to  opaque. 

In  the  matrass  decrepitates  slightly,  but  does  not  appear  to  contain  water.  B.B.  in  the 
platinum  forceps  glows,  fuses  with  difficulty  on  the  edges,  and  becomes  paler.  In  borax 
dissolves  to  a  bead,  which  is  yellow,  from  iron,  while  hot,  and  becomes  colorless  on  cooling. 
With  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  in  the  outer  flame  a  bead,  yellow  while  hot  and  colorless  on 
cooling.  In  the  inner  flame  the  bead  assumes  a  delicate  violet  color  (due  to  titanic  acid  ?),  Brush. 

Occurs  embedded  in  dauburite  and  orthoclase,  and  only  in  very  minute  crystals,  at 
Danbury,  Ct. 

Shepard  made  the  crystallization  erroneously  tetragonal.  There  are  also  other  discrepancies 
in  his  description,  which  may  lead  to  the  supposition  that  the  mineral  here  described  is  a 
different  mineral  from  Shepard's;  but  the  evidence  to  the  contrary  is  complete. 

PAROLIGOCLASE.     Paroligoklas  E.  E.  Schmid,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  78  ref.,  1881. 

A  problematical  substance  occurring  in  indistinct  prisms,  with  calcite  grains,  embedded  in 
the  ground-mass  of  a  rock  found  between  Ilmsenberg,  Quariberg.  and  Silberberg,  in  the 
Thuringerwald.  It  may  be  an  impure  scapolite.  Cf.  App.  in,  p.  88;  also  Rosenbusch,  Jb. 
Min.,  1,  78,  1881. 

PELAGOSITE^.  Moser,  Tschermak,  Min.  Mitth.,  1,  174,  1878. 

A  substance  occurring  as  a  thin,  dark- colored  incrustation  on  limestone  ana  dolomite,  on 
the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean,  as  at  the  Island  of  Pelagosa  (Moser).  In  some  cases  looking 
like  varnish,  and  again  resembling  lichens.  It  consists  of  thin  translucent  layers,  exerting  on 
polarized  liffht  the  effect  of  aggregate  polarization.  An  analysis  by  J.  Clo6z  on  similar  material 
from  Cape  Ferret  afforded  :  CaCO3  91 '80,  MgCO30'90,  Fe2O30'25,  SiO?  1'22,  NaCl  0'49,  H2O 
4'56,  organic  matter  0*71  =  99'93.  It  is  regarded  as  produced  by  the  action  of  sea-water  on  the 
dolomite. 

Des  Cloizeaux  and  Velain  have  observed  similar  coatings  on  the  feldspathic  rocks  of  Corsica, 
on  the  coast  of  Oran,  and  on  basaltic  lava  on  the  coast  of  Reunion  Island,  Bull.  Soc.  Geol.,  6, 
86,  1878. 

PLATINUM,  p.  25.  Joly  has  described  a  method  of  obtaining  crystals,  by  passing  an  electrical 
current  through  a  ribbon  of  the  pure  metal  upon  which  some  topaz  dust  has  been  scattered. 
After  maintaining  a  current  sufficient  to  heat  the  strip  to  redness  for  half  an  hour,  microscopic 
crystals  are  found  clinging  to  the  partially  decomposed  topaz,  and  after  two  hours  some  of  these 
attain  a  size  of  O'l  mm.  The  prevailing  form  is  the  octahedron.  Nature,  43,  541.  1891.  On 
artificial  crystals,  see  also  Tornebohm,  G.  For.  Forh.,  13.  81,  1891. 

Present  in  the  ores  of  Boitza,  Transylvania,  with  gold  and  tellurium;  a  ton  contains  33'6  gr. 
gold  and  2  gr.  platinum,  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  96,  1891. 

POLLUCITE,  p.  343.  Described  and  analyzed  from  Hebron,  Me.,  by  H.  L.  Wells,  Am.  J. 
Sc.,  42,  213,  1891.  It  was  found  by  Loreu  B.  Merrill  chiefly  in  a  single  cavity,  some  3x6  feet 
and  18  inches  deep;  it  was  in  fragments  in  a  loose  heap  mixed  with  clay,  associated  with  quartz 
and  a  caesium  beryl  (anal.  10,  p.  407).  About  half  a  kilogram  was  found  in  all.  In  appearance 
it  is  similar  to  the  Elba  mineral.  G.  =  2'986,  2'977.  Refractive  indices,  Penfield: 

nr  =  1-5215  Li  %  -  1*5247  Na  ngr  =  1  5273  Tl 

Analyses,  Wells,  1.  c. 

SiO2  A12O3  CaO  Cs2O  K2O  Na2O  Li2O  H2O 

43-48  16-41  0-21  36'77  0'47  1'72  0'03  1'53    =  100'62 

43-59  16-39  0'22  35'36  0'51  2'03  0*04  -[1'53]  =    9967 

43-51  1630  -0-22  36'10  0'48  1'68  0*05  1'50    =    99'84 

The  above  analyses  yield  the  formula  H2Cs4Al4(SiO3)9  or  H2O.2Cs2O.2Al2O3.9SiO2  =  Silica 
40*7.  alumina  15-4,  caesium  oxide  4'3'5.  water  1*4  =  100. 

Wells  shows  by  a  discussion  of  the  earlier  analyses  (p.  344.  also  Plattner)  that  this  composition 
probably  also  belongs  to  the  Elba  mineral.  The  unusually  large  amount  of  cesium  obtained 


SUPPLEMENT.  1045 

from  this  source  has  enabled  Wells  and  Penfield  to  make  some  important  researches  upon  the 
caesium  trihalides. 

•• 

POLYBASITE,  p.  146.  An  analysis  of  polybasite  from  the  Santa  Lucia  mine,  Guanajuato, 
Mexico,  gave  Prior : 

G.  =633  S  15-43        Sb  10-64        As  0'50        Ag  68'39        Cu  5'13  =  100  09 

The  ratio  calculated  for  S  :  Sb  :  Ag(Cu)  =  5  :  1  :  74.     Min.  Mag.,  9,  13,  1890. 

Occurs  (Eudlich)  at  the  Yankee  Boy  mine,  Ouray  Co.,  Colorado,  with  pyrargyrite  in  a 
quartzose  gangue.  The  crystals  are  hexagoiial  in  outline  and  have  mm'"  =  60°  approx.  Pfd. 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  424,  1890.  See  also  p.  1049. 

POLYLITE  Thomson,  Min.,  1,  495,  1836,  Perhaps  a  variety  of  pyroxene  (augite).  It  is 
described  as  cleavable  massive;  G.  —  3'231;  H.  =  6-6'5:  color  black;  opaque.  Stated  to  come 
from  a  bed  of  magnetic  iron  ore  at  Hoboken,  N.  J., where  no  such  bed  of  ore  exists. 

PYRTTE,  p.  84.  Crystals  from  the  Roetzgraben  near  Trofaiach  show  the  new  pyritohedron 
(10-1-0,  £-10).  Hofer,  Mitth.  Ver.  Steiermark,  25,  230,  1889. 

A  manganiferous  variety,  containing  10  9  p.  c.  Mn,  also  a  little  Ag,  is  reported  by  Lang 
(priv.  coutr.)  as  occurring  at  Mineral,  Idaho. 

PYROLUSITE,  p.  243.  Manganese  nodules  from  the  deep-sea  dredgings  in  the  Pacific,  also 
from  Loch  Fyne;  cf.  Murray,  Proc.  R.  Soc  Edinb.,  Jan.  5,  1891.  Buchanan  shows  that  the 
deep  ocean  nodules  approximate  in  composition  to  MnO2 ;  those  from  Loch  Fyne  are  nearly 
Mn2O3. 

Fyrophanite  Hamberg,  G.  For.  Forh.,  12,  598,  1890. 

Rhombohedral ;  tetartohedral.  Axis  c  =  1  '3692,  0001 A 1011  =  57°  41^',  1011  A 1101  =  94°  5£' 
Hamberg. 

Forms:  c  (0001,  0),  a  (1120,  £2),  g  (1012,  ^)  cleavage,  d  (0221,  —2).  Also  undetermined 
vicinal  -|-  rhonibohedrons,  at  a  maximum,  2^°  from  c. 

Angles  :  eg  =  38°  19|',  cd  =  *72°  27',  gg'  =  64°  58',  dd'  =  111°  19',  ad  =  34°  20'. 

In  very  thin  tabular  crystals  or  scales;  basal  plane  brilliant  but  with  triangular  striations 
parallel  to  the  zone  of  -f-  rhonibohedrons. 

Cleavage:  d  (0221)  perfect;  g  less  so.  Etching-figures  are  asymmetric.  H.  =  5.  G.  =  4'537. 
Luster  brilliant,  vitreous  to  submetallic.  Color  deep  blood-red;  yellowish  red  in  very  thin 
plates.  Streak  ocher-yellow  with  a  greenish  tinge.  Not  pleochroic.  Transparent  in  thin 
plates.  Indices  : 

<ar  =  2-4408,  2 '4419  Li  coy  =  2 '4804,  2  "4816  Na  ey  =  2 '21 

Comp.— MuTiO3  =  Manganese  protoxide  46'9,  titanium  dioxide  53'1  =  100.     A  little  silicon 
replaces  part  of  the  titanium. 
Anal. — Hamberg,  1.  c. 

Ti02  50-49  SiO2l-58  MnO  46'92  FeO3  M6  Sb2O3  0'48  =  100  63 

Obs.— Occurs  at  the  Harstig  mine,  Pajsberg,Wermland,  Sweden;  found  sparingly,  associated 
with  ganophyllite,  also  garnet  and  mangauophyllite,  in  cavities  later  filled  with  calcite.  Named 
from  nvp,  fire,  and  (f>av6$,  shining,  in  allusion  to  its  red  color  and  brilliant  luster. 

Hamberg  shows  that  pyrophanite  is  to  be  regarded  as  isomorphous  with  ilmeuite.  Further 
he  suggests  the  following  grouping  to  show  the  relation  to  other  allied  compounds: 

Hematite  Group.     Rhombohedral  Ilmenite  Group.      Rhomb.,  tetartohedral 

C  n    IV  C 

Chromium  sesquioxide      Cr2O3    T368  Ilmenite  FeTiO3          1'385 

Corundum  A12O3     1'363  Pyrophanite  MnTiO3          1'369 

Hematite  Fe2O3     1'366  Also  Catapleiite  1-3605 

Titanium  sesquioxide        Ti2O3     1'316  H2SiO3.Na2SiO3.Zr(OH)2SiO3 

To  the  second  group  he  would  also  add  the  hexagonal  calcium  metasilicate,  CaSiO3,  further 
the  artificial  compound  KBrO3. 

PYROXENE,  p.  352.  Wlilfing  (Habilitationsschrift,  Heidelberg,  1891)  has  made  a  careful 
optical  examination  of  a  series  of  pyroxenes  ranging  from  diopside  to  hedenbergite,  and  connected 
the  results  with  the  variation  in  chemical  composition  as  given  by  the  analyses  of  Doelter,  Flink, 
and  others.  The  optical  constants  deduced  for  a  pure  diopside  CaMgSi2O6  are  as  follows: 

a  (3  y  2V  ct 

For  Li         1-6649  1-6719  1-6941  58°  53'  37°  55' 

Na        1-6685  1-6755  16980  58°  40'  37°  50' 

Tl         1-6722  1-6791  1'7015  58°  26'  37°  45' 


1046 


SUPPLEMENT. 


For  the  aegirite  from  the  Langesuud-fiord  a  re-examination  of  the  optical  constants  was  made, 
•with  the  following  results: 


a 

Eosin        1-7590 
Na  1-7630 

Tl  1-7714 


ft 

1-7929 
1-7990 
1-8096 


r 

1-8054 
1-8126 

r 


2V 

117°  25'  93°  30' 

117°  47'  94°    0' 

118°  16'  94°  58' 


The  angles  given  in  the  last  column. correspond  to  Bxr  A  c  =  +  3°  30';  Bxy  A  c  =  -f-4°  0', 
Bxgr  A  c  =  +  4°  58'. 

On  the  alteration  of  pyroxene,  or  a  mineral  of  the  pyroxene  group,  into  amphibole  in  gabbros 
and  related  rocks,  see  Chester,  U.  S.  Surv.,  Bull.  59,  1890. 

On  the  relation  between  the  gliding-planes  and  solution-planes  with  augite,  see  Judd,  Min. 
Mag.,  9,  192,  1890. 

A  chrome  diopside  from  the  basalt  of  Stempel  near  Marburg,  investigated  by  Bauer  (Jb. 
Min.,  2,  187,  1891),  has  been  analyzed  by  Friedheim,  as  follows: 


G.  =  3-289 


SiO2 
52-95 


A1203 
5-19 


Cr203 
2-43 


FeO 
2-31 


CaO 
19-11 


MgO 

18-01  =  100 


QUARTZ,  rj.  183.  Minute  crystals  (cf.  figs.  l_-3),  characterized  by  the  presence  of  the  rhom- 
bohedron.;  (3032)  and  the  trapezohedrons  jy  (2132)  and  L,  (3122),  are  described  by-Iddings  and 
Penfield  from  the  hollow  spherulites  of  the  rhyolyte  of  Glade  Creek,  Wyoming."  Am.  J.  Sc., 
42,  39,  1891. 

1  23 


Friedel  has  described  artificial  crystals  which  seem  to  be  twins  with  (4489,  f-2)  as  tw.  plane, 
the  axes  crossing  nearly  at  right  angles.  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  11  29,  1888  (and  Zs.  Kr.,  18,  333. 
On  crystals  from  Sarolay,  see  Ces^ro,  Mem.  Soc.  G.  Belg.,  17,  1890. 

Cathrein  has  described  crystals  of  amethyst  from  the  Zillerthal,  Tyrol,  showing  the  new 
forms.  Zs.  Kr.,  17,  19,  1889. 

p  (7075,  f ),     (11-1 -12-12,  -f  Hf  r),     (Ml-12-12,  -  1-ft  1),     (S'l-Q-lO,  +  TVt  r),     (9278,  +  f-f  1). 

Lacroix  notes  the  occurrence  of  cristobalite  and  tridymite  associated  with  quartz  in  the 
basalt  of  Mayen  in  the  Eifel.  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  14,  185,  1891. 

Beaulard  discusses  the  effect  of  pressure  upon  sections  of  quartz  crystals  in  producing 
biaxial  phenomena,  etc.,  C.  R.,  112,  1503,  1891. 

REALGAR,  p.  33.  On  the  realgar,  orpiment,  and  associated  minerals  of  Casa  Testi,  M. 
Amiata,  Prov.  of  Grosseto,  Tuscany,  see  Grattarola,  Giorn.  Min.,  1,  232,  1890.  The  new  but 
uncertain  form  a  (313,  1-3)  is  noted. 

Occurs  with  orpiment  as  a  hot-spriug  deposit  in  the  Norris  Geyser  Basin  in  the  Yellowstone 
Park,  Weed  &  Pirssou,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  403,  1891. 

RESANITE  Clew,  Ak.  H.  Stockh. ,  9,  No.  12  (Nov.  1870).  Geol.  West  India  Islands,  p.  28. 
Massive,  olive-green  color,  uncrystalline.  Analysis. — Fiebelkorn: 

SiO2  35-08,    CuO  23'18,    Fe2O3  9'91,    H2O  23'15  (at  100°),    H2O  8'53  (ignition)  =  99'85. 

It  is  easily  decomposed  by  HC1.  Found  with  malachite  and  chrysocolla,  at  Puerto  Rico 
(Luquillo),  West  Indies,  and  named  from  Don  Pedro  Resano. 

RHODONITE,  p.  378.  Crystals  from  Pajsberg,  of  very  varied  habit,  have  been  described  by 
Hamberg.  They  show  the  new  forms  K  (221,  '!),  $  (403,  ,$-*,),  S  (623,  ,2-3).  Careful  measure- 
ments are  given  and  a  new  axial  ratio  calculated,  corresponding  to  a  new  position  proposed. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


1047 


G.  For.  Forh.,  13,  545,  1891.    New  analyses  (ibid.,    p.  572):   1,  Fraulein   Naima   Sablbom; 
2-4,  Gimnar  Paykull. 


Si02 
46-49 
46-35 
46-53 

45-86 


MnO 
43-60 
45-25 
43-20 
45-92 


FeO 

0-84 
0-53 
3-03 
0-36 


CaO 

7-18 
6-96 
650 
6-40 


MgO 


99-42 


0-90        A12O3  0-41  = 
0-84  =    99  93 
0-72        A1203  0-15  =  100-13 
1-65  =  100-19 


RIEBECKITE,  p.  400.  A  secondary  amphibole,  resembling  tbat  described  by  Cross  (p  402), 
has  been  noted  by  Lane  in  the  rocks  of  the  Lake  Superior  region.  Ain.  J.  Sc.,  42,  508,  1891. 

On  the  occurrence  in  Great  Britain,  see  Teall,  Min.  Mag.,  9,  219,  1891;  and  Cole,  ibid.,  p. 
222. 

ROWLANDITE  W.  E.  Hidden,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  430,  1891. 

An  yttrium  silicate  occurring  in  massive  form  with  the  gadolinite  of  Llano  Co.,  Texas  (pp. 
511,  512).  G.  =  4-515.  Color  pale  drab-green  when  pure,  transparent  in  thin  splinters.  Alters 
to  a  waxy  brick-red  mineral.  A  partial  analysis  gave: 

SiO2  25-98        Y2O3  61-91*         FeO  4-69         UO3  0'40         CaO  0'19        ign.,  etc.,  2'01 

*  At.  wght.  118. 

Oxygen  ratio  of  bases  to  silica  =  83-47  :  86'60  or  nearly  1  :  1,  hence  the  formula  2Y2O3.3SiOa. 
Easily  soluble  in  acids,  leaving  gelatinous  silica. 

Named  after  Prof.  Henry  A.  Rowland  of  Baltimore. 

RUTILE,  p.  237.  The  peculiar  crystals  of  black  rutile  from  the  Black  Hills,  mentioned  on 
p.  238,  have  been  more  fully  studied  by  Headden  and  Pirsson;  the  form  is  shown  in  the  accom- 
panying figure.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  41,  249,  1891.  Analyses  by  Headden: 
gave  : 


Ti02 

90-78 
90-80 


SnO2 
1-32 
1-38 


FeO 
8-10 
7-92 


MnO 

tr.  =  100-20 
tr.  =  10010 


The  paramorphs  of  rutile  after  brookite  from  Magnet  Cove,  Ar- 
kansas (pp.  239,  243),  have  been  minutely  described  by  Bauer  (Jb. 

Min.,  1,  217,  1891).     Also  the  pseudomorphs  of  rutile  after  octahedrite  ("  captives"  Damour) 
from  the  gold- washings  of  Brazil,  ibid.,  p.  232. 


SANGUINITE  H.  A.  Miers,  Min.  Mag.,  9,  182,  1890.  Occurs  in  fine  glittering  scales  usually 
curved  or  crumpled  ;  crystallization  hexagonal  or  rhombohedral.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Color 
black  by  reflected  light,  but  by  transmitted  light  red  like  proustite  only  slightly  darker  ;  in 
very  thin  scales  yellowish  red.  Streak  dark  purplish  brown.  Optically  uuiaxial.  Determined 
by  qualitative  trials  to  be  a  sulpharsenite  of  silver,  hence  near  proustite  in  composition,  with 
which  it  occurs  on  argentite  from  Chanarcillo. 

SARAWAKITE  Frenzel,  Min.  Mitth.,  300,  1877.  Occurs  in  minute  crystals,  with  many  planes 
and  rounded  angles,  "probably  tetragonal."  Soft.  Luster  adamantine.  Colorless  or  wine- 
yellow  to  greenish  yellow.  Transparent.  Contains  antimony,  is  anhydrous,  and,  it  is  sug- 
gested, may  be  an  antimony  chloride.  Found  in  cavities  in  the  native  antimony  of  Borneo. 

SCHUCHARDTITE  ScJirauf,  Zs.  Kr.,  6,  386,  1882.  A  name  given  by  Schrauf  to  the  so-called 
Chrysopraserde  (p.  677),  from  Glaserndorf,  Silesia.  Cf.  Starkl,  ib.,  8,  239,  1883. 

SERPENTINE,  p.  669.  On  the  serpentine  of  the  Lizard  district,  Cornwall,  see  Bonney  and 
McMahon,  Q.  J.  G.  Soc.,  47,  464,  1891. 

SHALKITE.     Same  as  piddingtonite,  p.  385. 

SIDERITE±  p.  276.  A  crystal  from  Algeria  has  been  described  by  Cesiiro  which  showed  the 
new  form  (4159,  £*).  Ann.  Soc.  G.  Belg.,  18,  1891. 

SNARUMITE  Breifh.,  B.  H.  Zlg.,  24,  364,  1865.  A  mica-like  cleavage  in  one  direction,  and 
another  transverse  imperfect.  Occurs  massive  and  iu  tufts  columnar  in  structure,  with  H.  =  4 
— 5'5,  the  least  on  cleavage-surface  ;  G.  ='  2*826  ;  luster  on  cleavage-face  pearly,  elsewhere 


1048  SUPPLEMENT. 

vitreous  ;  color  mostly  reddish  white,  colorless,  grayish  white.     Comes  from  the  shore  of  the 
Snarum-Elf,  near  Snarurn,  in  Norway.     Analysis  by  Lichteuberger  (Jb.  Min.,  820,  1872)  gave  : 

SiO2         A12O3        Fe2O3      Mn2O3       CaO        Na2O        Li2O          ign. 

67-42          28-21          0'42          018          0'24          0-93          2 15          0'23  =  99'78 

On  another  suarumite,  see  p.  384. 

SORDAVALITE.  Sordawalit  N.  Nordenskwld,  Finl.  Min.,  86,  1820.  A  grayish  or  bluish 
black  glassy  substance  from  Sordavala  in  Finland.  Like  tachylyte  earlier  regarded  as  a  mineral, 
but  shown  to  be  only  a  local  vitreous  form  of  diabase  ;  a  dike  of  this  rock  cuts  through  the 
hornblende  schists,  and  while  crystalline  in  the  mass,  becomes  more  compact  toward  the  margin, 
and  finally  at  the  contact  there  is  a  vitreous  band  one  to  two  inches  thick  of  the  so-called 
sordavalite.  Of.  Lowinson-Lessiug,  Min.  Mitth.,  9,  61,  1887,  who  also  gives  the  literature  and 
history. 

SPHALERITE,  p.  59.  Cesaro  has  described  crystals  showing  the  hemi-hexoctahedron  (861, 
8-f).  Mem.  Soc.  G.  Belg.,  17,  1890. 

SPINEL,  p.  220.  Formation  of  various  kinds  of  spinel  in  slags  and  recent  eruptive  rocks, 
see  Vogt,  Arch.  Math.  Nat.,  14,  11,  1890. 

STELLARITE.  A  name  given  by  How  to  the  so-called  "stellar  coal  "  or  "  oil-coal"  which 
occurs  with  bituminous  coal  at  the  Acadia  mines,  Picton  Co.,  Nova  Scotia.  It  is  regarded  by 
Dawson  as  essentially  an  earthy  bitumen. 

STEPHANITE,  p.  143.    Prior  (Min.  Mag.,  9,  11, 1890)  has  given  the  following  analyses  : 

G.  S  Sb  Ag 

1.  Copiapo  6-26  16'02  15'22  68'65  As  tr.  Cu  tr.  =    99'89 

2.  Cornwall         6'24  15'95  15*86  68'21  Fe  tr.    =  100'02 

STIBNITE,  p.  36.  On  the  reflection  of  light  from  the  cleavage  (b)  surface  of  stibnite  crystals, 
see  Drude,  Wied.  Ann.,  34,  489,  1888. 

Analysis  of  specimens  from  Hungary,  see  J.  Loczka,  Ber.  aus  Uugarn,  8,  99,  1891. 

STROMEYERITE,  p.  56.  Occurs  at  the  Silver  King  mine,  Calico  distr.,  San  Bernardino  Co., 
California.  Analysis,  Melville  and  Lindgren,  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Bull.  61,  27,  1890. 

G.  =  6-28  S  15-51       Ag  53'96        Cu  28'58        Fe  0'26        gangue  1-55  =  99'86 

STRONTIANITE,  p.  285.  Buchrucker  (Zs.  Kr.,  19,  146,  1891)  has  described  crystals  from 
Leogang,  Salzburg,  and  made  the  following  optical  determinations;  indices  of  refraction  : 

a  13  y 

For  Li  1-514  1-515  1'659 

"    Na  1-515  1-516  1667 

"    Tl  1-519  1-520  1-670 

Also    2Er  =  10°  30'  Li  2Ey  =  10°  36'  Na  2Egr  =  10°  54'  Tl 

From  2E  and  /?,  2Vr  =  6°  55£'  2Vy  =  62°  59'  2V v  =  7°  10* 

SULPHUR,  p.  8.  Crystals  from  "  Bassick  in  the  United  States"  described  by  Busz  showed 
the  new  forms :  g  (337,  f),  /(335,  f);  calculated  angles  for  the  axial  ratio  of  p.  8  :  eg  =  52°  17', 
cf=  61°  5'.  Zs  Kr.,  17,  549,  1890. 

Crystals  with  the  above  noted  form  /(335,  f)  have  also  been  described  by  G.  H.  Williams 
from  the  Mountain  View  mine,  Carroll  Co.,  Md.  They  occur  distributed 
through  the  decomposed  galena,  with  anglesite,  cerussite.  Johns  Hopkins 
Univ.  Circ.,  No.  87,  April,  1891. 

Weed  and  Pirsson  have  described  the  occurrence  and  form  of  crystals 
from  the  Yellowstone  Park,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  401.  1891.  They  show  the  forms 
(cf  tig.),  G  (001),  m  (110),  h  (130),  e  (101),  n  (Oil),  <(115),  s  (113),  y  (112), 
p  (111),  x  (133),  q  (131).  Crystals  occurring  with  stibnite  from  Allchar,  near 
Rozsdau  in  Macedonia  have  been  described  by  Foullon,  Vh.  G.  Reichs. ,  No 
17,  Dec.  1890. 

On  the  thermic  constants,  see  Schrauf,   Zs.  Kr.,  12,  321,  1886.     On  the 
optical  constants  at  different  temperatures,  Id.,  ibid.,  18.  113,  1890. 

A  new  rhombohedral  variety  is  described  by  Friedel.  obtained  by  Engel 
by  agitating  with  chloroform  a  solution  of  sodium  hyposulphite  treated  with 
Yellowstone.       concentrated  hydrochloric  acid.      The  crystals  are  prisms  terminated   by 


SUPPLEMENT.  1049 

rhombohedral  faces,  with  rr'  —  40°  50',  and  optically  uniaxial,  negative.  G.  =  2'135.  Trans- 
parent when  first  found,  but  change  gradually,  with  decrease  of  density  into  insoluble  sulphur. 
A  relation  to  the  rhombohedral  form  of  tellurium  is  suggested.  C.  R.,  112,  834,  866,  1891. 

The  "  black  sulphur  "  of  Magnus  (p.  10)  is  regarded  by  Knapp  as  not  properly  a  modification 
of  sulphur,  but  as  consisting  of  such  a  modification  adhering  to  or  condensed  with  a  carboniza- 
tion-product of  the  oil  itself,  containing  sulphur.  J.  pr.  Ch.,  43,  305,  1891.  Also  earlier,  ibid., 
38,  55,  1888. 

Sychnodymite  Laspeyres,  Zs.  Kr.,  19,  17,  1891. 

Isometric.     Observed  forms  :  a  (100,  i-i),  o  (111,  1),  d  (110,  »')?,  m  (811,  3-3),  n  (211,  2-2). 

In  small  octahedral  crystals,  in  part  with  polysyuthetic  twinning,  tw.  pi.  o,  analogous  to 
polydymite;  also  massive.  G.  =  4*758.  Luster  metallic.  Color  steel-gray. 

Comp.—  Essentially  (Co,Cu)4S5,  like  the  nickel  sulphide,  polydymite;  a  small  part  of  the 
Cobalt  is  replaced  by  nickel. 

Anal.—  1,  2,  Laspeyres,  1.  c. 

S  Cu  Co  Ni  Fe 

1.  40-64  18-98  35-79  3'66  0  93  =  100 

2.  40-33  17-23  35'64  5'74  0'82  =     99'76 

Dissolves  in  nitric  acid,  giving  a  red  solution. 

Obs.—  From  the  Kohlenbach  mine,  south-east  of  Eiserfeld  in  the  Siegen  district;  associated 
with  quartz,  siderite.  tetrahedrite,  etc.  It  is  near  carrollite  (p.  76),  to  which,  however,  the 
formula  R3S4(CuS.Co2Ss)  has  been  assigned. 

Named  from  crv^y^^  =  Tro/lvf,  as'a  name  corresponding  to  the  related  species,  polydymite. 


SYLVITE,  p.  156.  On  etching-figures,  see  Linck,  Min.  Mitth.,  12,  82,  1891.  On  indices  of 
refraction,  see  Dufet,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  14,  143,  1891.  On  double  refraction  developed  by 
pressure,  Pockels,  Wied.  Ann.,  39,  440,  1890. 

TACHHYDRITE,  p.  178.  Artificial  rhombohedral  crystals  have  been  obtained  by  A.  de 
Schulteu.  They  have  rr  =  101°  20',  and  G.  =  1'666.  Analysis  gave:  0140*40,  Ca  7'56, 
Mg  9-25,  H2O  42-44  =  99'65  (author  gives  Ca  9  56  and  sum  99'65).  C.  R.,  Ill,  930,  1890. 

TACHYLYTE  Breith.,  Kastn.  Arch.  Nat.,  7  112,  1826.  A  glassy  substance,  pitch-black  or 
velvet-black  in  color,  at  one  time  regarded  as  a  homogeneous  mineral,  but  undoubtedly  only  a 
basaltic  glass.  The  original  was  from  Sasebiihl,  between  Dransfeld  and  Gottingen,  but  it  is 
not  an  uncommon  occurrence.  Named  from  ra^v'S,  quick,  and  At-roS,  dissolved,  in  allusion  to 
its  fusibility. 

Hyalomelan  (Hausm.,  Handb.,  545,  1847)  is  a  similar  substance  rightly  referred  by  Gmelin 
to  tachylyte  from  Vogelsberg.  Hausmann  applied  to  it  the  name  hyalomelan.  Here  belongs 
also  the  schlackige  Augit  of  Karsten  from  Guiliana,  Sicily. 

TAMMITE.  Tamm  analyzed  a  dark  steel-colored  crystalline  powder,  locality  unknown, 
very  hard.  G.  =  12'5.  He  obtained  W  88'05,  Fe  5  '60,  Mn  015,  undetermined  6'20  =  100. 
The  loss  he  says  is  not  due  to  oxygen.  He  calls  his  unknown  substance  ferro-tungstine,  and 
proposes,  in  case  the  character  of  the  mineral  is  sustained,  to  give  it  the  name  crookesite. 
Mr.  Crookes  justly  says  that  the  name  tammite  should  be  preferred.  Chem.  News,  26,  13, 
July,  1872.  It  may  be  only  an  artificial  alloy. 

TELASPYRINE  C.  U.  Shepard,  Contrib.  Min.,  1877.  Pyrite  containing  tellurium,  from 
Sunshine  Camp,  Colorado. 

TELLURITE,  p.  201.  Vrba  has  described  artificial  crystals  which  are  in  tetragonal  pyramids 
with  the  forms  :  a  (100,  i-i),  p  (111,  1),  r  (221,  2);  pp'  =  51°  42',  hence  c  =  0'5539.  Zs.  Kr.,  19, 
1,  1891. 

TELLURIUM,  p.  11.  Analyses  1,  2,  from  Facebaya,  Transylvania,  by  J.  Loczka,  Ber.  aus 
Ungarn,  8,  104,  1891.  The  material  of  anal.  1  contained  quartz  and  pyrite. 

Te  Se          Au          Fe  S       Quartz 

1.  80-39        033        033        8-55        9'26        1-54  =  100-40 

2.  G.  =  6-083  97-92         tr.         015        0'53  1'56  Cu  0'06  =  100  22 

TENNANTITE.  p.  137.  Penfield  (priv.  contr.)  has  investigated  the  tennantite  and  polybasite 
from  the  Mollie  Gibson  mine  near  Aspen,  Colorado.  The  former  occurs  massive,  of  steel-gray 
color  and  reddish  streak.  Analysis  gave: 

S  As  Sb  Cu  Ag  Zn          Fe          Pb 

G.  =  4  56  2504        17-18        013        13'72        13'65        6'90        0'42        0  '86  =  99-90 


1050  SUPPLEMENT. 

The  ratio  of  all  the  metals  to  Asa(Sb),  is  4-00  :  0*99,  agreeing  closely  with  the  formula 
4bu2».As2b3.  It  is  remarkable  m  the  high  percentage  of  silver. 

The  potybasite,  or  "brittle  silver"  of  the  local  miners,  occurs  both  indistinctly  crystallized 
and  massive;  it  is  associated  commonly  with  a  pink  barite,  also  siderite,  etc.  Analyses  gave  the 
foil  owing  results,  after  the  deduction  of  28-18  p.  c.  impurities  from  1,  and  12-81  p.  c.  from  2: 

S  As  Sb  Ag  Cu  Zn 

1.  Massive  17*73        6  29        0-18        59*73        12  91        3'16  =  100 

2.  Crystallized  18*13        7*0.1        0'30        56*90        14-85        2'81  =  100 

Both  analyses  conform  to  9Ag2S.As2S3. 

Tennantite  and  polybasite  appear  to  be  rather  common  minerals  in  Colorado.  Much  of  the 
so-called  tetrahedrite  or  "gray  copper  "  is  the  related  arsenical  species;  thus  it  is  common  in  the 
mines  near  Central  City,  at  the  Freeland  lode  and  Crocett  mine  near  Idaho  Springs,  and  at  the 
Nationnl  Bell  mine  near  Red  Mountain.  Further,  in  addition  to  the  localities  for  polybasite, 
noted  on  pp.  146  and  1044,  it  occurs  well  crystallized  in  the  mines  about  Georgetown,  in  the 
Marshall  Basin  near  Telluride,  and  probably  at  a  number  of  mines  in  the  Red  Mountain  district. 

TEQUEZQUITE.     Corruption  of  Tequixquitl,  a  mineral   substance  formed  of  mixtures  of 
different  salts,  especially  sodium  carbonate  and  sodium  chloride;  from  Texcoco,  Zumpango   in 
ihe  Valle  de  Mexico,  and  elsewhere  in  Mexico,  chiefly  as  a  surface  efflorescence.     Naturaleza 
3,  239-246,  1875. 

TETRADYMITE,  p.  39.  New  analyses:  1,  from  Norongo,  near  Captain's  Flat,  New  South 
Wales,  J.  C.  H.  Mingaye,  Rec.  G.  Surv.  N.  S.  W.,  1.  25.  2,  Zsupko,  Hungary,  J  Loczka  Ber 
aus  Ungarn,  8,  102,  1891.  3,  Rezbanya,  Hungary,  Id.,  ibid.,  p.  107. 

G.               Te  S            Bi 

1.  Norongo       7'381  33'16  4'54  59'66  Fe  0'42,  SiO2  0'40  =  98'18 

2.  Zsupko          7-580  34'75  4'18  59*77  Fe  tr.,   insol.  0'16  =  98'86 

3.  Rezbauya      7'022  35'69  4'00  57'42  Fe  0'19,  Cu  0'03,  insol.  2'04  =  99'37 

All  these  analyses  correspond  to  Bi2Te2S  or  2Bi2Te3.Bi2S3,  supporting  the  view  of  the  com- 
position taken  on  p.  39. 

THERMONATKITE,  p.  300.  Described  by  E.  Scacchi  as  occurring  as  an  opaque  white 
cavernous  incrustation  at  the  Fosso  Grande,  Vesuvius.  Rend.  Accad.  Napoli,  2,  488,  Dec.  1888. 

THOMSONITE,  p.  607.  Hahn  has  described  crystals  from  Mettweiler,  near  St.  Wendel. 
They  are  prismatic  in  habit,  with  a,  b  prominent,  and  show  also  the  brachydome  x  (0*1*48)  and 
the  new  pyramid  s  (334).  Measured  angles:  as  =  57°  26',  bs  =  58°  37'.  Zs.  Kr.,  19,  171,  1891. 

THORITE,  p.  488.  A  kind  from  Landbo,  Norway,  has  a  resin-yellow  color,  G.  =  4*322, 
and  contains  9  p.  c.  UO3  (11 '97  p.  c.  H2O).  Hidden,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  41,  440,  1891. 

THROMBOLITE.     Thrombolith  Breith.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  15,  321,  1838. 

An  amorphous  emerald-green  mineral,  found  with  malachite  in  a  fine-grained  limestone 
at  Rezbanya,  Hungary.  According  to  an  imperfect  analysis  by  Plattuer  it  contained  chiefly 
P2O5,  CuO,  H2O.  Schrauf,  however,  obtained  :  CuO  39*44,  Fe2O3l*05,  H2O  16*56,  Sb2O56*65, 
Sb2O3  32-52,  loss  3*78  =  100.  G.  •=  3*67.  Zs.  Kr.,  4,  28,  1879.  Very  probably  only  a  mixture. 

TIEMANNITE,  p.  63.  Occurs  with  eucairite  in  the  Sierra  de  Umango,  Argentine  Republic. 
Analysis  by  F.  Klockmann,  after  deducting  11 -3  p.  c.  residue,  gave  : 

Se  29*0  Hg  56-9  Ag  5*3  Cu  8*8  =  100 

The  silver  and  copper  belong  to  admixed  eucairite.     Zs.  Kr.,  19,  267,  1891. 

TOURMALINE,  p.  551.  Memoir  (in  Russian)  on  the  crystallographic  and  optical  properties 
by  A.  N  Karnozhitsky,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  17,  209,  1891. 

F.  Noetling  describes  the  tourmaline  mines  near  Mainglon,  Rec.  G.  Surv.  India,  24,  125. 
1891. 

TRICHITE,  BELONITE.  The  name  tricliite  (from  6pi£,  hair)  is  applied  by  Zirkel  (Zs.  G.  Ges., 
19,  744,  1867)  to  microscopic  capillary  forms,  often  curved,- bent,  or  zigzag,  sometimes  stellately 
aggregated,  opaque  and  black  or  reddish  brown,  of  undetermined  nature,  which  he  detected  in 
some  kinds  of  glassy  or  semi-glassy  volcanic  rocks;  and  Belonite  (ib. ,  738)  to  microscopic  acicular 
crystals  (whence  the  name,  from  fleXovrj,  a  needle),  colorless  and  transparent.  The  trichite,  he 
states,  is  not  pyroxene  or  hornblende;  the  belonite  may  be  a  feldspar. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


3051 


TROILITE,  p.  72.  Artificial  crystals,  like  wurtzite  in  form  and  having  the  composition 
FeS,  have  been  obtained  by  Loreuz,  by  passing  dry  hydrogen  sulphide  over  a  bundle  of  iron 
wires  in  a  tube  heated  in  a  combustion-furnace.  Wurtzite,  in  well  formed  hemimorphic  crys- 
tals, was  obtained  in  a  similar  manner,  also  millerite  and  further  greenockite;  the  last  in  forms 
like  the  native  mineral  and  also  in  monocliuic  crystals.  Ber.  Ch.  Ges.,  June,  1891. 

TYREEITE  Heddle,  Min.  Mag.,  4,  189,  1881.  One  and  a  half  hundred-weight  of  the 
carnelian  marble  of  Tyree,  Scotland,  dissolved  in  sixteen  gallons  of  dilute  hydrochloric  acid 
left  as  a  residue,  thirty  pounds  salite,  a  little  scapolite  and  titauite,  and  some  ounces  of  a  red 
mud.  By  decantation,  1-91  grams  of  a  powder  of  deep  brick-red  color  was  obtained  Of  this 
mud,  sulphuric  acid  dissolved  0'78  gram,  leaving  1-18  insoluble.  The  last  was  analyzed  and 
decided  to  be  an  impure  talc.  The  soluble  portion  yielded  :  Fe2O3  38 '22  A12O3  8 '23  FeO  3  16 
MnOO-39,  MgO  29'94,  CaO  2'21,  H2O  12'47,  P2O5  4'71,  SiO2  1-08  =  100'35.  To  this  last 
obviously  heterogeneous  substance  the  new  name  is  provisionally  given. 

ULLMANNITE,  p.  91.      Miers   describes  crystals  of  ullmjannite,  from  Sarrabus,  Sardinia 
which,  as  shown  by  the  striations 

upon  the  cubic  faces  (cf.  fig.  1)  are  1.  2. 

twins  of  tetartohedral  and  enautio- 
morphous  individuals.  The  faces 
of  a  trigonal  trisoctahedron  approx- 
imating to  (27'27'1,  27)  occur  on 
the  cubic  edges.  Min.  Mag.,  9, 
211,  1891. 

Crystals  from  the  Landeskrone 
mine,  near  Wilusdorf  in  the  Siegen 
region,  have  been  described  by 
Laspeyres,  which  show  the  forms: 
a  (100,  i-i),  d  (110,  *),  o  (111,  1);  py. 
ritohedrous,  ?(750,  £-|),//130,-/-3), 
e.  (120,  -  i-2),  k  (322,  f-f);  diploid, 
p,(261,  -  6-3). 


Fig.  1,  Sardinia,  Miers        2,  Siegen,  Laspeyres. 


The  crystals  are  pyritohedral  in  habit  (cf .  fig.  2)  and  do  not  show  the  tetartohedral  character 
noted  above,  Zs.  Kr.,  19,  424,  1891. 

Umangite  F.  Klockmann,  Zs.  Kr.,  19,  269,  1891. 

Massive;  in  fine  granular  to  compact  masses,  no  cleavage  observed.  Fracture  uneven  to 
small  conchoidal.  H.  =3.  G.  =  5'620.  Luster  metallic.  Color  dark  cherry-red  with  a  violet 
tinge  on  the  fresh  fracture,  soon  tarnishing,  the  color  becoming  violet-blue.  Streak  black. 
Opaque. 

Comp.— Cu3Se2  or  CuSe.Cu2Se  =  Selenium  45'4.  copper  54*6  =  100. 

Anal.— 1,  2,  F.  Klockmann,  1*  c.:  1,  of  a  relatively  pure  fragment;  2,  of  the  portion  of 
another  sample  insoluble  in  acetic  acid  reduced  to  100. 


Se  41-44 
45-10 


Cu  56-03 
54-35 


Ag  0-49 
0-55 


CO2)H2O,0  [2-04]  =  100 


Obs. — Occurs  with  eucairite  and  tiemannite  at  the  Sierra  de  Umango,  La  Rioja,  Argentine 
Republic. 

VALAITE  W.  Helmhacker,  Jb.  G.  Reichs,  17,  210,  1867.  Crystallized.  Partly  in  small 
hexagonal  tables,  but  forms  not  distinct.  Also  massive.  Fracture  uneven.  H.  below  1-5. 
Luster  shining.  Color  pitch-black.  Streak  black.  Odor  aromatic  when  rubbed  between  the 
fingers.  Belongs  among  the  resins,  but  composition  undetermined.  B.B.  swells  to  more  than 
10  times  its  former  bulk,  and  becomes  a  light,  porous  mass,  which  in  a  higher  heat  is  reduced  to 
a  grayish  ash.  Occurs  in  thin  crusts  on  dolomite  and  calcite,  or  in  druses  of  small  crystals,  in  the 
Rossitz-Oslawaner  Coal  formation,  Moravia.  It  is  associated  with  hatchettite  (p.  997)  and  the 
same  bed  affords  some  mineral  oil. 

VESBINE.  A  name  given  by  ScaccM  to  the  material  forming  thin  yellow  crusts  on  the  lava 
of  1631,  Vesuvius,  which  is  supposed  to  contain  a  new  element  called  by  him  vesbium.  Att. 
Accad.  Napoli,  Dec.  13,  1879. 

VESTORIEN.  Bleu  Egyptien.  Bleu  de  Pouzzoles.  Egyptian  Blue.  An  artificial  enamel 
used  for  ornament  by  the  Romans  in  the  early  centuries  of  the  Christian  era.  It  is  essentially 
a  silicate  of  copper  and  calcium,  corresponding  approximately,  according  to  Fouque  (Bull.  Soc. 
Min.,  12,  36,  1889)  to  the  formula  CaO.CuO.4SiO2.  G.  =  3'04.  Analysis,  Fouque: 


Si02  63-7 


CuO  21-3 


CaO  14-3 


Fe203  0-6  =  99-9 


1052  SUPPLEMENT. 

See  further  Pisani,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  3,  197,  1880,  and  Michault,  ibid.,  4,  31,  1881,  who  give 
other  analyses,  showing  a  considerable  variation  in  composition,  in  one  case  6*7  p.  c.  Na2O  and 
2S-3  p.  c  PbO. 

WEHRLITE,  p.  40.  Mingaye  has  noted  the  occurrence  of  a  telluride,  which  he  refers  to 
wehrlite,  at  the  Mt.  Shamrock  gold  mine,  Queensland.  Found  in  thin  folia  with  brilliant 
luster  and  light  steel-gray  color.  G.  =  8'05.  Proc.  R.  Soc.  N.  S.  W.,  23,  327,  1890. 

WEHRLITE  von  Kobell.  A  doubtful  mjmeral  substance  from  Szurrasko,  Zemescher  Comitat, 
Hungary,  referred  to  lievrite  by  Zipser,  Jb.  Min.,  627,  1834.  Shown  by  Fischer  to  be  a  mixture. 

WICHTISITE.  Wichtyne  Laurent,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  59,  107,  1835.  Wichtisit  Hausmann. 
Wibtisit.  From  Wichtis  in  Finland,  probably  the  same  substance  as  sordavalite,  p.  1048. 

W  OLLASTONITE,  p.  371.  Grosser  has  given  a  series  of  measurements  on  crystals  from 
Vesuvius.  From  the  measu/ed  angles,  001  A  HO  —  86°  16',  001  A  Oil  =  43°  51',  100  A  HO  = 
46°  20',  he  calculates,  d  :  b  :  c  =  1 '05235  :  1  :  0*96494;  ft  =  84°  35'  20".  Zs.  Kr.,  19  604, 
Dec.  4,  1891. 

Among  the  contact-minerals  occurring  in  connection  with  the  igneous  rock  of  the  Potash 
Sulphur  Springs,  near  Magnet  Cove,  Arkansas,  J.  F.  Williams  has  described  (Ann.  Rep.  G. 
Ark.,  2,  355  et  seq.,  1891)  a  calcium  silicate  near  wollastouite,  but  containing  some  water,  which, 
however,  is  in  part  hygroscopic  and  in  part  due  to  alteration.  Analyses  by  R.  N.  Brackett 
(p.  356  et  seq.}  gave  : 

SiO2         CaO        FeO       MnO      MgO     Na2O       K2O       ign. 

1.  White  51-93        42 '55        2 '03        2'08        0'44          —  —         1-23  =  100*26 

2.  Pink  50-96        36'72        1'69        1'40        0'57        4 -41        0'90        2*74  =     99'39 

Both  minerals  are  regarded  as  altered  wollastouite;  that  of  anal.  2  is  peculiar  in  containing 
sodium  and  is  called  natroxonotlite  since  it  approximates  to  the  imperfectly  known  hydrous 
calcium  silicate,  xonotlite  (p.  569). 

ZINCITE,  p.  208.  Artificial  crystals  of  a  pale  yellow  color,  with  G.  =  5  605,  from  a  furnace 
at  Mostyn,  N.  Wales,  have  been  described  by  A.  Hutchinson.  They  are  doubly  terminated 
pyramids  or  quartzoids,  showing  one  form  (y}  only;  also  a  number  of  pyramids  in  the  same  zone, 
with  the  basal  plane  and  a  pyramid  of  the  other  series  r  (1011)  Hutchinson,  =  d  (1121)  of  p.  208. 
Referred  to  these  two  positions  the  forms  noted  are: 

p.  208          Hutchinson  p.  208  Hutchinson 

c  (0001)  =  c  (0001)  n  (1012)r  =  m  (1123) 

d  (1121)  =  r  (1011)  p  (1011)  =  x   (2243) 

/  (1018)  =  /  (1-1-2-12)  y  (2021)  =  y  (4483) 

s  (1013)  =  k  (2249)  m  (1010)  =  a  (1120) 

Of  the  above,/  is  new  but  uncertain;  the  author  suggests  the  complex  symbol,  4'4'8'51, 
with  which  the  observed  angle  (cf  =  12°  14')  agrees  more  closely.  Min.  Mag.,  9,  5,  1890. 

ZINC,  p.  14,  Stated  to  occur  in  Transvaal,  S.  Africa,  W.  E.  Dawson,  Min.  Mag.,  6,  xix, 
1885.  The  reported  occurrence  in  Shasta  Co.,  California,  referred  to  on  p.  14  has  not  been 
positively  substantiated  (Durdeu). 

ZIRCARBITE  C.  U.  Shepard,  Contrib.  Min.,  1877.  A  massive,  compact,  or  cellular,  yellowish 
brown,  opaque  mineral.  H.  =  2-2*5.  B.B.  infusible.  Chemical  nature  unknown.  With 
cyrtolite,  at  the  granite  quarries  of  Rockport,  Mass. 


ADELITE  //.  Sjogren,  G.  For.  Forh.,  13,  781,  1891.  A  basic  arsenate  of  calcium  and  mag- 
nesium from  Nordmark  and  Langban,  Sweden.  In  masses  of  a  gray  color.  H.  =  5.  G.  =  3"76. 
Calculated  formula  :  H2O.2CaO.2MgO.As2O5.  A  relation  to  the  olivenite  or  wagnerite  group  is 


SVABITE  H.  Sjogren,  G.  For.  Forh.,  13,  789,  1891.  In  hexagonal  prisms  with  the  forms: 
c  (0001,  0),  m  (1010,  /),  x  (1011,  1),  v  (1121,  2-2);  measured  angles  xx  —  36°  10',  mx  =  *50°  29', 
.-.  c—  p'7143.  H.  =  5.  G.  =3-52.  Luster  vitreous  to  greasy.  Colorless.  Also  in  fibrous 
crystalline  aggregates.  Calculated  formula:  H2O.10CaO.3As2O5;  a  relation  to  the  apatite  group 
is  suggested.  From  the  Harstig  mine  at  Pajsberg,  Sweden,  associated  with  schefferite. 


CATALOGUE  OF  AMERICAN  LOCALI- 
TIES   OF   MINERALS. 


THE  following  catalogue  of  American  Localities  of  Minerals  is  supplementary  to  the 
Descriptions  of  Species.  It  is  intended  to  give  fuller  information  than  was  possible  in  the 
preceding  pages  of  the  occurrence  of  individual  species  and  their  association.  It  is  essentially 
an  historical  list,  and  does  not  claim  to  state  what  minerals  may  be  found  at  a  given  place  at 
the  present  time.  Many  localities  once  prolific  are  now  exhausted,  and  many  others  will  yield 
specimens  only  after  much  time  and  money  have  been  spent  in  opening  them.  Notwithstanding 
these  limitations,  however,  the  catalogue  will  prove  of  great  aid  to  the  mineralogical  collector 
in  selecting  his  routes  and  arranging  the  plan  of  his  journeys. 

Except  in  the  case  of  very  rare  species,  only  important  localities,  which  have  afforded  cabinet 
specimens,  are  in  general  included;  and  the  names  of  tJwse  minerals  obtained  in  good  specimens  are 
distinguished  by  italics.  When  the  name  is  not  italicized,  the  occurrence  is  not  regarded  as 
especially  noteworthy.  When  the  specimens  procured  have  been  remarkably  good,  an  exclama- 
tion-mark (!)  is  added. 

Localities  for  coal  and  oil  are  not  given,  and,  for  the  most  part,  only  general  statements  are 
made  in  regard  to  the  occurrence  of  the  peculiarly  economic  minerals,  such  as  ores  of  iron, 
marble,  etc."  For  detailed  information  in  regard  to.  these  points,  the  reader  should  turn  to  the 
series  of  volumes  on  the  Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States,  published  since  1882,  under  the 
auspices  of  the  U.  8.  Geological  Survey.  The  volume  for  1887  (pp.  688-812)  gives  a  summary 
for  each  state  and  territory  of  the  localities  of  useful  minerals,  both  those  which  are  now  mined 
and  those  which  are  not.  In  regard  to  the  occurrence  of  marble  and  build:  ng  stones  in  general, 
reference  may  be  made  to  a  recent  work  by  George  P.  Merrill,  Stones  for  Building  and  Decoration, 
New  York,  1891. 

This  Catalogue  has  been  carefully  revised  since  it  last  appeared  in  print,  and  in  this  revision 
the  author  has  been  ably  assisted  by  many  gentlemen,  whose  contributions  have  done  much  to 
give  it  greater  accuracy  and  completeness.  Those  who  have  taken  chief  part  in  the  revision  are 
as  follows: 

For  Arizona  and  the  south-western  territories,  also  notes  on  Colorado,  Mr.  George  L.  English 
of  New  York  City  ;  California,  Mr.  Henry  S.  Burden  of  San  Francisco  ;  Colorado,  also  northern 
New  York,  Prof.  S.  L.  Penfleld  of  New  Haven ;  Idaho  and  Montana,  Mr.  W.  H.  Melville  of 
Washington  ;  Maine,  Prof.  F.  C.  Robinson  of  Bowdoin  College ;  Delaware,  Mr.  Fred.  J. 
Hilbiber  of  Wilmington  ;  Maryland,  Prof.  G.  H.  Williams  of  Baltimore ;  Michigan,  Prof.  A. 
C.  Lane  of  Houghton  ;  Minnesota,  Prof.  C.  W.  Hall  of  Minneapolis  ;  Missouri,  Mr.  Walter  P. 
Jenney  of  the  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  and  Prof.  H.  A.  Wheeler  of  St.  Louis  ;  North  Carolina 
(also  notes  on  Pennsylvania),  Dr.  F.  A.  Genth  of  Philadelphia  ;  Pennsylvania,  Dr.  F.  A.  Genth, 
Dr.  T.  D.  Rand,  and  Col.  Joseph  Willcox  of  Philadelphia  ;  Texas,  also  S.  Carolina,  and  notes 
on  N.  Carolina,  Mr.  W.  E.  Hidden  of  Newark;  Virginia,  Profs.  W.  G.  Brown  and  H.  D.  Camp- 
bell  of  Lexington,  also  Profs.  F.  P.  Dunnington  and  W.  M.  Fontaine  of  the  University  of 
Virginia  ;  Wisconsin,  Prof.  Wm.  H.  Hobbs  of  Madison  ;  Canada,  Mr.  G.  Ch.  Hoffmann  of 
Ottawa. 

Also  general  notes  from  several  of  the.  gentlemen  above  named,  and  from  Prof.  F 
W.  Clarke,  of  Washington,  Mr.  George  F.  Kunz  of  New  York  City,  and  minor  notes  from 
others. 

1053 


1054 


CATALOGUE  OF  AMERICAN  LOCALITIES  OF  MINERALS. 


INDEX  OF  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


Alabama 1081 

Alaska 1098 

Arizona 1093 

Arkansas 1082 

California 1095 

Colorado 1089 

Columbia,  Distr.  of 1071 

Connecticut 1060 

Dakota,  South 1088 

Delaware 1070 

Florida 1081 

Georgia 1080 

Idaho  1091 

Illinois 1085 

Indiana 1085 

Iowa 1088 

Kansas 1088 

Kentucky 1084 

Louisiana 1082 

Maine 1054 

Maryland  1070 

Massachusetts 1058 

Michigan 1085 

Minnesota 1087 

Also  Dominion  of  Canada. . . 


PAGE 

Missouri 1083 

Montana 1091 

Nevada 1094 

New  Hampshire. 1056 

New  Jersey 1065 

New  Mexico 1093 

New  York 1061 

North  Carolina 1073 

Ohio  1085 

Oregon 1097 

Pennsylvania 1066 

Rhode  Island 1060 

South  Carolina 1080 

South  Dakota 1088 

Tennessee 1084 

Texas 1082 

Utah 1092 

Vermont  1057 

Virginia 1071 

Washington 1098 

West  Virginia 1073 

Wisconsin 1087 

Wyoming 1091 


.p.  1098;      Newfoundland 


.p.  1104. 


MAINE. 

General  Notes  for  the  New  England  States.— The  most  interesting  localities  of  Maine,  as  of  the 
other  New  England  States,  are  those  of  the  veins  of  albitic  granite,  often  worked  economically 
for  their  feldspar,  mica,  quartz,  and  frequently  affording  fine  specimens  of  many  rare  minerals, 
chiefly  as  accessory  original  constituents  of  the  veins,  in  part  also  secondary.  Among  these 
species  may  be  mentioned,  the  lithium  minerals,  lepidolite,  red  and  green  tourmaline,  ambly- 
gonite,  spodumene,  petalite,  triphylite  (and  lithiophilite);  also  beryllium  minerals,  beryl,  chryso- 
beryl,  and  rarely  herderite,  phenacite,  beryllonite  ;  further,  columbite,  cassiterite,  uraninite, 
and  many  others. 

In  Maine,  localities  of  this  class  are  chiefly  in  the  western  part  of  the  state  in  Oxford  Co.; 
they  also  occur  in  New  Hampshire,  as  at  Acworth  ;  in  Massachusetts,  as  conspicuously  at 
Chesterfield  and  Goshen  ;  in  Connecticut,  as  at  Haddam,  Middletown,  Portland,  Glastonbury, 
also  nt  Branchville  and  vicinity,  and  elsewhere.  Further,  similar  occurrences  are  found  in 
Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  and  North  and  South  Carolina.  The  crystalline  schists  of  New  England 
often  afford  garnet,  tourmaline,  audalusite,  staurolite,  sillimanite,  cyanite;  also  occasionally 
monazite.  corundum,  iolite,  etc.  In  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut  there  are  some  interesting 
localities  of  zeolites  and  associated  species  (datolite,  prehnite,  etc.)  connected  with  the  dikes  of 
"trap"  rock. 

In  New  England,  mining  for  gold,  silver,  also  tin  (Maine,  New  Hampshire),  has  been 
attempted  at  various  points  on  a  small  scale,  but  with  no  success  ;  copper,  however,  is  obtained 
in  economic  quantities  (e.g.,  Vermont),  while  the  iron  mines  pf  western  Massachusetts  and  Con- 
necticut have  been  long  productive.  Other  useful  minerals  sometimes  obtained  in  paying 
quantities  (besides  the  feldspar,  etc.,  noted  above)  are  steatite,  graphite,  marble,  etc. 

Albany. — Beryl!  green  and  black  tourmaline,  garnet,  feldspar,  rose  quartz,  rutile. 

Andover. — See  RUMFORD. 

Auburn,  w.  part,  near  Minot  line. — Lepidolite,  amblygonite,  cassiterite,  colorless,  green, 
blue,  etc.,  tourmaline!  apatite,  herderite,  triplite,  cookeite,  allanite,  garnet,  molybdenite,  beryl, 
albite,  orthoclase,  quartz,  biotite,  damourite. 

Bath. — Vesuvianite,  garnet,  magnetite,  graphite. 

"Beimel.— Cinnamon  garnet,  calcite,  titanite,  beryl,  pyroxene,  amphibole,  epidote,  graphite, 
talc,  pyrite,  arsenopyrite,  magnetite. 

Bingham. — Massive  pyrite,  galena,  sphalerite,  andalusite. 

Blue  Hill  Bay.—  Arsenical  iron,  molybdenite!  galena,  apatite !  fluorite!  black  tourmaline 
(Long  Cove),  black  oxide  of  manganese  (Osgood's  farm),  rhodonite,  bog  manganese,  wolframite. 

At  the  Blue  Hill  copper  mines,  chalcocite,  chalcopyrite,  cuprite,  bornite,  tetrahedrite, 
arsenopyrite,  pyrite. 

Bowdoin.—  Rose  quartz. 

Bowdoinham. — Beryl,  molybdenite. 

Brunswick. — Green  mica,  garnet  /  black  tourmaline  !  molybdenite,  epidote,  calcite,  musco* 
mte,  feldspar,  beryl,  titanite,  columbite,  pyrite,  rutile. 

Buckfield. — Garnet  (estates  of  Waterman  and  Lowe),  muscovite  f  tourmaline!  magnetite. 

Byard's  Point. — Arsenopyrite. 

Camdage  Farm. — (Near  the  tide  mills),  molybdenite,  wolframite. 

Camden. — Chiastolite,  galena,,  epidote,  black  tourmaline,  pyrite,  talc,  magnetite. 


MAINE.  1055 

Canton.  —  Chrysoberyl,  feldspar,  mica  (mined). 

Carmel  (Penobscot  Co.). — Stibnite,  tetrahedrite,  pyrite,  chiastolite. 

Oorinna.  — Pyrite,  arsenopyrite. 

Deer  Isle. — Serpentine,  verd-antique,  asbestus,  diallage,  magnetite,  talc  (mined),  barite. 
-      Dexter. — Galena,  pyrite,  sphalerite,  clialcopyrite,  green  talc. 

Dixfield. — Native  copperas,  graphite. 

East  Woodstock. — Muscovite,  garnet. 

Farmington.— (Norton's  Ledge),  pyrite,  graphite,  garnet,  staurolite. 

Franklin  Plantation. — Beryl. 

Preeport.  — Hose  quartz,  garnet,  feldspar,  scapolite,  graphite,  muscovite,  amphibole,  green 
mica. 

Pryeburg.  —  Garnet,  beryl. 

West  Gardiner,  along  the  Litchfield  border.     See  LITCHFIELD. 

Georgetown. — (Parker's  Island),  beryl!  black  tourmaline,  graphite. 

Gorham. — Andalusite. 

Greenwood. — Graphite,  black  manganese,  beryl!  chrysoberyl,  arsenopyrite,  cassiterite,  mica, 
rote  quartz,  garnet,  corundum,  albite,  zircon,  molybdenite,  magnetite,  melauterite. 

Hebron,  7  m.  s.  of  Mt.  Mica  in  Paris. — Lepidolite,  amblygonite  (hebronite),  rubellite  !  indico- 
lite,  green  tourmaline,  damourite  (as  altered  tourmaline),  mica,  beryl,  apatite,  albite,  pollucite, 
childrenite,  herderite,  cookeite,  cassiterite,  arseuopyrite,  vesuvianite. 

Katahdin. — Mines  of  limonite,  hematite. 

Linnaeus. — Hematite,  limonite,  pyrite,  bog-iron. 

Litchfield. — Soda  lite,  cancrinite,  elceolite,  zircon,  Jiydronephelite,  albite,  spodumene,  musco- 
vite,  pyrrhotite  (from  boulders),  biotite. 

Lovell.  — Beryl. 

Lubec  Lead  Mines.  —  Galena,  chalcopyrite,  sphalerite,  bornite. 

Machiasport. — Jasper,  epidote,  laumontite. 

Madawaska  Settlements. —  Vivianite. 

Minot. — Beryl,  smoky  quartz,  vesuvianite. 

Mcmmouth. — Actinolite,  apatite,  elceolite,  zircon,  staurolite,  plumose  mica,  beryl,  rutile. 

Mt.  Abraham. — Andalusite,  staurolite. 

Norway. — Chrysoberyl  !  molybdenite,  beryl,  rose  quartz,  orthoclase,  green  tourmaline,  albite, 
lepidolite,  cinnamon  garnet,  triphylite  (lithiophilite),  cookeite,  cassiterite,  amblygonite. 

Orr's  Island. — Steatite,  garnet,  andalusite. 

Oxford. — Garnet,  beryl,  apatite,  wad,  zircon,  muscovite,  orthoclase. 

Paris,  on  Mt.  Mica. — Green!  red!  black  and  blue  tourmaline!  mica!  lepidolite!  feldspar, 
albite,  quartz  crystals  !  rose  quartz,  cassiterite,  amblygonite,  apatite,  columbite,  zircon,  brookite, 
beryl,  smoky  quartz,  spodumene,  cookeite,  lollingite,  triphylite.  See  HEBRON. 

Parsonsfield. —  Vesuvianite  !  yellow  garnet,  pargasite,  adularia,  labradorite  (cryst.),  scapolite, 
galena,  sphalerite,  chalcopyrite. 

Peru.—  Crystallized  pyrite,  columbite,  beryl,  spodumene,  triphylite  (cryst.),  chrysoberyl, 
petalite,  amblygonite. 

Phippsburg. —  Yellow  garnet !  manganesian  garnet,  vesuvianite,  pargasite,  axinite,  laumont- 
ite!  ehabaztte,  an  ore  of  cerium  ? 

Poland. — Vesuviauite,  smoky  quartz,  cinnamon  garnet. 

Portland. — Prehnite,  actinolite,'  garnet,  epidote,  amethyst,  calcite. 

Pownal. — Black  tourmaline,  feldspar,  scapolite,  pyrite,  actinolite,  apatite,  rose  quartz. 

Raymond.  —Magnetite,  scapolite,  pyroxene,  lepidolite,  tremolite,  amphibole,  epidote,  ortho- 
clase, yellow  garnet,  pyrite,  vesuvianite. 

Rockland.— Hematite,  tremolite,  quartz,  wad,  talc,  calcite. 

Rumford. — On  n.  slope  of  Black  Mtn.,  tourmaline  (red),  lepidolite,  spodumene,  cookeite, 
yellow  garnet,  vesuvianite,  pyroxene,  apatite,  scapolite,  cassiterite,  amblygonite,  muscovite,  albite, 
graphite. 

Sanford  (York  Co.). —  Vesuvianite!  albite,  calcite,  molybdenite,  epidote,  black  tourmaline, 
labradorite. 

Searsmont.  —Andalusite,  tourmaline. 

South  Berwick.— Chiastolite. 

Standish. — Columbite!  tourmaline,  andalusite,  pyrrhotite. 

Stoneham.  —  Columbite,  chrysoberyl,  herderite,  topaz,  beryllonite,  cassiterite,  bertrandite, 
pheuacite,  hamlinite,  mica  (curved),  triplite,  beryl,  fluorite. 

Stowe. — Chrysoberyl,  sillimanite. 

Streaked  Mountain.— Beryl!  black  tourmaline,  mica,  garnet. 

Sullivan. — At  the  Sullivan  mining  district  (also  in  Franklin  and  Hancock),  galena,  argent- 
ite,  silver,  cerargyrite,  pyrargyrite,  chalcopyrite,  pyrite,  stephanite,  sphalerite,  also  gold, 
native  bismuth. 

Thomaston. — Calcite,  tremolite,  hornblende,  titanite,  arsenical  iron  (Owl's  Head),  black  man- 
ganese (Dodge's  Mountain),  thomsonite,  talc,  sphalerite,  pyrite,  galena. 

Topsham. — Quartz,  allanite,  chrysoberyl,  garnet,  orthoclase,  muscovite,  albite,  black  tour* 
maline,  amphibole,  apatite,  zircon,  beryl,  galena,  sphalerite,  pyrite.  gahnite,  magnetite, 
bismuthiuite,- chalcopyrite,  arsenopyrite,  tungstite?  molybdenite,  columbite. 

Union.— Magnetite,  bog-iron  ore. 


1056  CATALOGUE  OF  AMEEICAL  LOCALITIES  OF  MINERALS. 

Wales.— Axinite  in  boulder,  alum,  copperas. 
Warren. — Calcite,  dolomite. 
Waterville.— Crystallized  pyrite. 
West  Gardiner.— lolite,  blue  sodalite. 
Whiting.  — Chalcopyrite,  molybdenite. 

Windham  (near  the  bridge). — Staurolite,  spodumene,  garnet,  beryl,  amethyst,  cyanite 
tourmaline. 

Winslow. — Cassiterite  in  thin  veins  on  slate,  white  beryl. 
Winthrop. — Staurolite,  pyrite,  amphibole,  garnet,  beryl,  copperas. 
Woodstock.— Graphite,  hematite,  prehnite,  epidote,  calcite. 
York. — Beryl,  vivianite,  oxide  of  manganese. 

NEW   HAMPSHIRE. 

Acworth. — Beryl!  mica!  tourmaline,  orthoclase,  albite,  rose  quartz,  columbite!  cyanite, 
au^uite,  biotite,  garnet,  cyanite. 

Alexandria.  — Muscovite. 

Alstead. — Mica  !  albite,  black  tourmaline,  molybdenite,  andalusite,  staurolite. 

Amherst. —  Vesuvianite,  yellow  garnet,  pargasite,  amethyst,  pyroxene,  magnetite. 

Antrim.  —Graphite. 

Bartlett. — Magnetite,  hematite,  quartz  crystals,  danalite,  limonite,  smoky  quartz. 

Bath. — Galena,  chalcopyrite,  alum. 

Bedford. — Tremolite,  epidote,  graphite,  mica,  tourmaline,  alum,  quartz,  graphite. 

Bellows  Falls. — Cyanite,  staurolite,  prehnite,  calcite. 

Benton.—  Epidote,  beryl,  magnetite. 

Berlin. — Chalcopyrite,  pyrite,  magnetite,  amphibole. 

Bristol. — Graphite,  galena. 

Campton. — Beryl ! 

Canaan. — Gold  in  quartz  veins  and  alluvium,  garnet ; 

Charlestown. — Staurolite,  andalusite,  prehnite,  cyanite. 

Chatham. — Green  fluorite. 

Concord.— Sillimanite. 

Cornish. — Rutile  in  quartz!  (rare),  staurolite,  stibnite. 

Croydon. — lolite!  chalcopyrite,  pyrite,  pyrrhotite,  sphalerite. 

East  Wakefield.— Beryl. 

Enfield. — Gold,  galena,  staurolite,  green  quartz,  ripidolite. 

Prancestown. — Soapstone,  arsenopyrite,  quartz  crystals. 

Pranconia. — Arsenopyrite,  chalcopyrite. 

Gardner  Mtn. — Chalcopyrite,  pyrite,  galena,  azurite,  malachite. 

Gilmanton. — Tremolite,  epidote,  muscovite,  tourmaline,  limonite,  quartz  crystals. 

Goshen. — Graphite,  black  tourmaline. 

Grafton. — Muscovite  (quarried  at  Glass  Hill,  2  m.  S.  of  Orange  Summit),  albite!  blue,  green, 
and  yellow  beryls !  (1  m.  S.  of  O.  Summit),  tourmaline,  garnet,  triphylite,  apatite,  fluorite, 
columbite,  molybdenite,  rhodonite. 

Grantham. — Gray  staurolite  ! 

Groton. — Arseuopyrite,  beryl,  muscovite  crystals,  orthoclase,  columbite. 

Hanover.— Garnet,  black  tourmaline,  quartz,  cyanite,  epidote,  anorthite,  cyanite,  zoisite. 

Haverhill. — Garnet!  arsenopyrite,  native  arsenic,  galena,  sphalerite,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite, 
magnetite,  marcasite,  steatite. 

Hebron. — Beryl,  andalusite,  graphite. 

Hinsdale. — Rhodonite,  molybdenite,  indicolite,  black  tourmaline. 

Jackson. — Drusy  quartz,  cassiterite,  arsenopyrite,  native  arsenic,  fluorite,  apatite,  magnetite, 
molybdenite,  wolframite,  chalcopyrite,  bornite. 

Jaffrey  (Monadnock  Mt.). — Cyanite,  limonite. 

Keene. — Graphite,  soapstone,  milky  quartz,  rose  quartz. 

Landaff. — Molybdenite,  magnetite,  pyrrhotite. 

Lebanon.  —Limonite,  arsenopyrite,  galena,  magnetite,  pyrite. 

Lisbon. — Staurolite,  garnet,  magnetite,  amphibole,  epidote,  zoisite,  hematite,  arsenopyrite, 
galena,  gold,  ankerite.  Franconia  iron-mine,  amphibole,  epidote,  zoisite,  hematite,  magnetite, 
garnet,  arsenopyrite  (danaite),  molybdenite,  prehnite,  cyanite. 

Littleton. — Ankerite,  gold,  bornite,  chalcopyrite,  malachite,  ilmeuite,  chlorite. 

Lyman. — Gold,  arsenopyrite,  ankerite,  dolomite,  galena,  pyrite,  pyrrhotite. 

Lyme. — Cyanite  (N.  W.  part),  black  tourmaline,  rutile,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite  (East  part),  stib- 
nite,  molybdenite,  cassiterite,  staurolite. 

Madison. — Galena,  sphalerite,  chalcopyrite,  limonite. 

Mar  low. — Tourmaline. 

Merrimack. — Rutile!  (in  gneiss  nodules  in  granite  vein). 

Middletown.  — Rutile,  arsenopyrite. 

Milan. — Chalcopyrite,  galena,  sphalerite. 

Millsfield.— Beryl,  garnet. 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE— VERMONT.  10/57 

Monadnock  Mountain. — Andalusite,  amphibole,  garnet,  graphite,  tourmaline,  orthoclase, 
Billimauite. 

Nashua.  — Muscovite , 

New  London. — Beryl,  molybdenite,  muscomte. 

Newport.  — Molybdenite,  staurolite. 

North  Chatham  (Bald  Face  Mt.). — Phenacite,  topaz. 

Orange. — Slue  beryl!  Orange  Summit,  chrysoberyl,  muscwite  (W.  side  of  mountain),  albite, 
tourmaline,  apatite,  galena,  limouite. 

Orford. — Brown  tourmaline  (obtained  with  difficulty),  steatite,  rutile,  cyanite,  ilmeuite, 
garnet,  graphite,  molybdenite,  pyrrhotite,  melaconite,  chalcopyrite,  chalcocite,  malachite, 
galena,  ripidolite. 

Piermont. — Micaceous  hematite,  barite,  mica,  apatite. 

Plymouth.— Col umbite,  beryl. 

Richmond. — lolite,  rutile,  steatite,  pyrite,  anthophyllite,  talc. 

Rye. — Chiastolite  (at  Boar's  Head,  in  boulders). 

Saddleback  Mt.— Black  tourmaline,  garnet,  spinel. 

Shelburne. — Galena,  black  sphalerite,  chalcopyrite,  pyrite,  pyrolusite. 

Springfield. — Beryl  (eight  inches  in  diameter),  manganesian  garnet!  black  tourmaline!  in 
mica  schist,  albite,  mica,  rose  quartz. 

Sullivan. — Tourmaline  (black)  in  quartz,  beryl. 

Surry. — Amethyst,  galena,  tourmaline,  cyauite. 

Sutton. — Graphite,  beryl. 

Unity  (estate  of  James  Neal). — Chalcopyrite,  pyrite,  chlorophyllite,  green  mica,  actinolite, 
garnet,  magnetite,  tourmaline. 

Wakefield.— Orthoclase,  mica,  columbite;  in  East  Wakefield,  beryl. 

Walpole. — Chiastolite,  staurolite,  mica,  graphite. 

Ware.  — Graphite. 

Warren. — Chalcopyrite,  sphalerite,  epidote,  quartz,  pyrite,  tremolite,  galena,  rutile,  talc, 
molybdenite,  cinnamon-stone  !  pyroxene,  amphibole,  beryl,  cyanite,  tourmaline  (massive). 

Waterville. — Labradorite,  chrysolite,  amethyst. 

Westmoreland  (south  part). — Molybdenite!  apatite !  blue  feldspar ,  bog  manganese  (north 
village),  quartz,  amethyst,  fluorite,  chalcopyrite,  molybdite. 

White  Mts.  (Notch  near  the  "Crawford  House").— Green  fluorite,  quartz  crystals,  black 
tourmaline,  andalusite,  amethyst,  amazon-stone;  also  audalusite  abundant  in  the  gneiss  of  Mt. 
Washington. 

Whitefi  eld. — Molybdenite. 

Winchester. — Pyrolusite,  rhodonite,  rhodochrosite,  magnetite,  pyrite,  spodumene,  tourmaline. 

VERMONT. 

Athens. — Steatite,  ankerite,  actinolite,  garnet. 

Baltimore. —  Serpentine,  pyrite  ! 

Barnet. — Graphite. 

Belvidere. — Steatite,  chlorite. 

Bennington. — Pyrolusite,  limonite. 

Berkshire. — Epidote,  hematite,  magnetite. 

Bethel. — Actinolite!  talc,  chlorite,  octahedral  iron,  rutile,  anker ite  in  steatite. 

Brandon. — Pyrolusite,  psilomelane,  limonite,  lignite,  kaolinite,  statuary  marble;  graphites 
chalcopyrite,  galena. 

*    Brattleborough.— Black   tourmaline  in  quartz,  mica,  zoisite,  rutile,  actinolite,  scapolite, 
spodumene,  roofing  slate. 

Bridgewater. — Talc,  dolomite,  magnetite,  steatite,  chlorite,  gold,  native  copper,  sphalerite, 
galena,  blue  spinel,  chalcopyrite. 

Bristol.  —Rutile,  limouite,  manganese  ores,  magnetite. 

Brookfield. — Arsenopyrite,  pyrite. 

Cabot. — Garnet,  staurolite,  amphibole,  albite. 

Cavendish. — Garnet,  serpentine,  talc,  steatite,  tourmaline,  asbestus,  tremolite. 

Chester. — Asbestus,  feldspar,  chlorite,  quartz. 

Chittenden.— Psilomelane,  pyrolusite,  limonite,  hematite  and  magnetite,  galena,  iolite. 

Colchester.— Limonite,  iron-sand,  jasper,  alum. 

Corinth.— Chalcopyrite  (has  been  mined),  pyrrhotite,  pyrite,  rutile. 

Coventry.— Rhodonite. 

Craftsbury. — Mica  in  concretions,  calcite,  rutile. 

Cuttings ville.  — Chalcopyrite,  pyrite. 

Derby.— Mica  (adamsite). 

Ely. — Chalcopyrite,  pyrite  (copper  mines  recently  reopened). 

Pair  Haven. — Roofing  slate,  pyrite. 

Farmington.  — Andalusite. 

V  etcher.— Pyrite.  magnetite,  acicular  tourmal'    j 


1058  CATALOGUE  OF  AMERICAN  LOCALITIES  OF  MINERALS. 

Grafton. — The  Graf  ton  steatite  quarry  is  in  Athens;  quartz,  actinolite. 

Guilford. — Scapolite,  rutile. 

Hartford. — Calcite,  pyrite!  cyanite,  quartz,  tourmaline. 

Irasburgh.— Rhodonite,  psilomelane. 

Jay. — Chromite,  serpentine,  amianthus,  dolomite. 

Lowell. — Amianthus,  serpentine,  cerolite,  talc,  chlorite. 

Manchester.  — Limonite. 

Marlboro'.—  Rhomb  spar,  steatite,  garnet,  magnetite,  chlorite. 

Middlesex.— Ku tile!  (exhausted). 

Monktown. — Pyrolusite,  limonite,  feldspar. 

Moretown. — Smoky  quartz!  steatite,  talc,  wad,  rutile,  serpentine. 

Mount  Holly. — Asbestus,  chlorite. 

New  Fane.  — Glassy  and  asbestif or  m  actinolite,  steatite,  green  quartz  (called  chrysoprase  at  the 
locality),  chalcedony,  drusy  quartz,  garnet,  chromic  and  titanic  iron,  ankerite,  serpentine,  rutile. 

Norwich. — Actinolite,  feldspar,  brown  spar  in  talc,  cyanite,  zoisite,  chal  copy  rite,  pyrite. 

Pittsford. — Limonite,  manganese  ores,  statuary  marble! 

Plymouth. — Siderite,  magnetite,  hematite,  gold,  galena,  also  limonite,  kaolin. 

Putney.— Fluorite,  limonite,  rutile  and  zoisite  in  boulders,  staurolite. 

Reading. —  Glassy  actinolite  in  talc. 

Readsboro'.  —  Glassy  actinolite,  steatite,  hematite. 

Rochester. — Rutile,  hematite  cryst.,  magnetite  in  chlorite  slate. 

Rockingham  (Bellows  Falls).— Cyanite,  indicolite,  feldspar,  tourmaline,  fluorite,  calcite, 
prehnite,  staurolite. 

Roxbury. — Dolomite,  talc,  serpentine,  asbestus,  quartz. 

Rutland.—  Magnesite,  white  marble,  hematite,  serpentine. 

Sharon. — Quartz  crystals,  cyanite. 

Shoreham. — Pyrite,  black  marble,  calcite. 

Strafford. — Magnetite  and  chalcopyrite  (has  been  worked),  native  copper,  amphibole 
copperas. 

Thetford. — Sphalerite,  galena,  cyanite,  chrysolite  in  basalt,  pyrrhotite,  feldspar,  roofing  slate, 
steatite,  garnet. 

Townshend. — Actinolite,  black  mica,  talc,  steatite,  feldspar. 

Troy.— Magnetite,  talc,  serpentine,  amianthus,  steatite,  ilmenite,  chlorite;  one  mile  south-east 
of  village  of  South  Troy,  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  Pierce,  east  side  of  Missisco,  chromite,  zaratite. 

Vershire. — Pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  native  copper,  malachite,  tourmaline,  arsenopyrite,  quartz. 

Wardsboro'. — Zoisite,  tourmaline,  tremolite,  hematite. 

Warren. — Actinolite,  magnetite,  wad,  serpentine. 

Waterbury. — Arsenopyrite,  chalcopyrite,  rutile,  quartz,  serpentine. 

Waterville. — Steatite,  actinolite,  talc. 

Weathersfield. — Steatite,  hematite,  pyrite,  tremolite. 

Westfield. — Steatite,  chromite,  serpentine. 

Westminster. — Zoisite  in  boulders. 

Windham.— Glassy  actinolite,  steatite,  garnet,  serpentine. 

Woodstock. — Quartz  crystals,  garnet,  zoisite. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Athol.—Allanite,  epidote!  babingtonite?  mica. 

Auburn. — Masonite  (chloritoid). 

Barre. — Rutile!  mica,  pyrite,  beryl,  feldspar,  garnet. 

Great  Barrington. — Tremolite. 

Bedford. — Garnet. 

Belcherton .  — Al  1  anite . 

Bernardston. — Magnetite  at  loc.  of  crinoidal  limestone. 

Beverly. — Columbite,  green  feldspar,  cassiterite. 

Blandford. — Serpentine,  anthophyllite,  actinolite!  chromite,  cyanite,  rose  quartz  in  boulders. 

Bolton. — Scapolite!  petalite,  titanite, pyroxene,  nuttalite,  diopside,  boltonite,  apatite,  magnesite, 
ankerite,  allanite,  yttrocerite,  spinel. 

Boxborough. — Scapolite,  spinel,  garnet,  augite,  actinolite,  apatite. 

Brimfield  (road  leading  to  Warren).— lolite,  andalusite,  adularia,  molybdenite,  mica,  garnet. 

Br ookfield .  — Limonite,  gar n  et . 

Carlisle.— Tourmaline,  garnet!  scapolite,  actinolite. 

Chelmsford.—  Scapolite -(chelmsf  or  dite),  chondrodite,  blue  spinel,  amianthus!  rose  quartz. 

Chester.— Amphibole.  scapolite,  zoisite,  spodumene,  indicolite,  garnet,  apatite,  magnetite, 
chromite,  stilbite,  heulandite,  analcite,  and  chabazite. 

At  the  Emery  Mine,  Chester  Factories. — Corundum,  margarite,  diaspore,  epidote,  corundo- 
philite,  chloritoid,  tourmaline,  ilmenite,  rutile,  biotite,  cyanite,  amesite. 

Chesterfield. — Blue,  green,  and  red  tourmaline,  cleavelandite  (albite),  lepidolite,  smoky  quartz, 
microlite,  spodumene,  cyanite,  apatite,  beryl,  garnet,  quartz  crystals,  staurolite,  cassiterite, 
columbite,  zoisite,  autunite,  brookite  (eumanite),  scheelite,  anthophyllite,  bornite. 


MASS  A  CHUSETTS.  1 059 

Conway.—  Pyrolusite,  fluorite,  zoisite,  rutile!  native  alum,  galena. 

Cuomington. — Rhodonite!  cummingtonite  (amphibole),  marcasite,  garnet. 

Deerfield. — Chabazite,  heulandite,  stilbite,  datolite,  prehnite,  natrolite,  analcite,  calcite, 
fluorite,  diabaiitite,  sapouire,  amethyst,  carnelian,  chalcedony,  agate,  pyrite,  malachite. 

Fitchburg  (Pearl  Hill). — Beryl,  staurolite!  garnets,  molybdenite,  tourmaline. 

Foxborough.  — Pyrite,  anthracite. 

Framingham.  —Garnet. 

Franklin. — Ametbyst. 

Gloucester.  — Danalite. 

Goshen. — Mica,  albite,  spodumene!  blue  and  green  tourmaline,  beryl,  zoisite,  smoky  quartz, 
columbite,  tin  ore,  galena,  beryl  (gosheuite),  cymatolite  (mixture  of  albite  and  muscovite). 

Greenfield  (in  sandstone  quarry,  ^  m.  E.  of  village). — Allophane. 

Hatfield. — Barite,  galena,  sphalerite,  chalcopyrite,  quartz  crystals; 

Hawley. — Micaceous  hematite,  massive  pyrite,  magnetite,  zoisite. 

Heath. — Pyrite,  zoisite. 

Hinsdale. — Limonite,  apatite,  zoisite. 

Hubbardston. — Massive  pyrite. 

Huntington  (name  changed  from  Norwich). —  Apatite!  black  tourmaline,  beryl,  spodumene! 
triphylite  (altered),  sphalerite,  quartz  crystals,  cassiterite. 

Lancaster. — Cyanite,  chiastolile  !  apatite,  staurolite,  pinite.  audalusite. 

Lee. — Tremolite,  titauite;  chondrodite  in  cryst.  limestone  in  East  Lee. 

Leverett. — Barite,  galena,  sphalerite,  chalcopyrite. 

Ley  den. — Zoisite,  rutile. 

Maiden. — Galena. 

Marblehead. — In  zircon-syenyte,  sodalite,  elseolite. 

Martha's  Vineyard. — Limonite,  amber,  radiated  pyrite. 

Mendon. — Mica!  chlorite. 

Middlefield. — Glassy  actinolite.  ankerite,  steatite,  serpentine,  feldspar,  drusy  quartz,  apatite, 
zoisite,  nacrite,  chalcedony,  talc!  deweylite. 

Milbury. —  Vermiculite,  graphite. 

Mt.  Washington.— Garnet,  staurolite,  albite,  ottrelite,  ottrelite  and  ilmenite  growths. 

New  Brain  tree. — Black  tourmalins. 

New  Marlboro'. — Apatite,  tourmaline,  garnet  (with  grauophyre  structure),  muscovite 
crystals,  bi-pyramidal  quartz  (in  pegmatyte  of  Tobey  Hill);  chalcopyrite,  pyrrhotite,  hornblende, 
magnetite  (at  Cleaveland  "Gold  mine  ");  diopside,  tremolite,  quartz  crystals  (in  limestone). 

Newbury. — Serpentine,  chrysotile,  epidote,  vesuvianite,  siderite. 

Newburyport. — Serpentine,  nemalite,  autunite.— Argentiferous  galena,  tetrahedrite,  chalco- 
pyrite, pyrargyrite,  siderite,  etc. 

Northfield. — Columbite,  fibrolite,  cyanite. 

Norwich. — See  HUNTINGTON. 

Oxford. — Arsenopyrite,  pyrite. 

Palmer  (Three  Rivers). — Feldspar,  prehnite,  calcite. 

Pelham.— Asbestus,  serpentine,  quartz  crystals,  beryl,  molybdenite,  green  hornstone,  epidote, 
amethyst,  corundum,  vermiculite. 

Piainfield. — Cummingtonite,  pyrolusite,  rhodonite. 

Richmond. — Limonite,  gibbsite  !  allophane. 

Rockport  (near  the  extremity  of  C.  Ann). — Danalite,  cryophyllite,  annite,  cyrtolite  (altered 
zircon),  amazon-stone,  fergusonite,  green  and  white  ortJwclase. 

Rowe. — Epidote,  talc;  at  Davis  mine,  pyrile,  chalcopyrite,  gahnite,  zoisite. 

Russell.—  Garnet!  mica,  serpentine,  beryl,  galena,  chalcopyrite. 

Salem. — Cancrinite,  sodalite,  elaeolite,  zircon. 

Sheffield. — Asbestus,  pyrite,  native  alum,  pyrolusite;  rutile  in  limestone,  garnet,  staurolite, 
albite  in  schist. 

Shelburne.  —Rutile. 

Shutesbury  (east  of  Locke's  Pond). — Molybdenite. 

Somerville. — Prehnite,  laumontite,  stilbite,  chabazite,  quartz  crystals,  melanolite,  babing- 
tonite,  calcite,  epidote. 

South  Royalston. — Beryl!  (now  obtained  with  great  difficulty),  mica!  feldspar!  allauite. 
Four  miles  beyond  old  loc.,  on  farm  of  Solomon  Hey  wood,  mica!  beryl!  feldspar!  ilmenite. 

Southampton. — Galena,  cerussite,  auglesite,  wulfenite,  fluorite,  bornite,  btirite,  pyrite, 
chalcopyrite,  sphalerite,  phosgeuite.  pyromorphite,  stolzite,  chrysocolla. 

Sterling. — Spodumene,  chiastolite,  siderite,  arsenopyrite,  sphalerite,  galena,  chalcopyrite, 
pyrite,  sterlingite  (damourite). 

Stoneham. — Nephrite. 

Sturbridge. — Graphite,  garnet,  apatite,  bog-ore. 

Swampscot.  —  Orthite,  feldspar. 

Taunton  (one  mile  south). — Paracolumbite  (ilmenite). 

Turner's  Falls  (Conn.  River). — Chalcopyrite,  prehnite,  chlorite,  siderite,  malachite, 
diabantite. 

Tyringham  and  on  borders  of  Otis. — Pyroxene,  scapolite,  chondrodite,  titanite,  amphibole, 
spherostilbite. 


1060  CATALOGUE  OF  AMERICAN  LOCALITIES  OF  MINERALS. 

Warwick. — Massive  garnet,  radiated  black  tourmaline,  magnetite,  beryl,  epidote. 

Washington.  —  Graphite. 

Westfield.— Schiller  spar  (diallage),  serpentine,  steatite,  cyanite,  scapolite,  actinolite. 

Westford.-—  Andalusite  ! 

West  Hampton. — Galena,  argentine,  pseudomorphous  quartz. 

West  Stockbridge. — Limonite,  fibrous  pyrolusite,  siderite. 

Williamsburg.— Zoisite,  pseudomorphous  quartz,  apatite,  rose  and  smoky  quartz,  galena, 
pyrolusite,  chalcopyrite. 

Windsor. — Zoisite,  actinolite,  rutile! 

Worcester. — Arsenopyrite,vesuvianite,'pyroxene,  garnet,  amianthus,  smoky  quartz,  graphite, 
calcite,  bucholzite,  siderite,  galena. 

Worthington.  —  Cyanite. 

Zoar. — Bitter  spar,  talc.. 

RHODE   ISLAND. 

Bristol.  — Amethyst. 

BurrillviUe.— Amethyst. 

Cranston. — Actiuolite  in  talc,  graphite,  cyanite,  mica,  melanterite,  hematite. 

Cumberland. — Manganese,  epidote,  actinolite,  garnet,  titan  if  erous  iron,  magnetite,  hematite, 
chalcopyrite,  boruite,  malachite,  azurite,  calcite,  apatite,  feldspar,  zoisite,  mica,  quartz  crys- 
tals, ilvaite.  Beacon  Pole  Hill,  crocidolite. 

At  Sueech  Pond,  chalcopyrite,  ilvaite,  wad,  molybdenite,  magnetite,  epidote,  chlorite. 

Diamond  Hill. — Quartz  crystals,  hematite. 

Foster. — Cyanite,  hematite. 

Gloucester. — Magnetite  in  chlorite  slate,  feldspar. 

Johnston. — Talc,  ankerite,  calcite,  garnet,  epidote,  pyrite,  hematite,  magnetite,  chalcopyrite, 
malachite,  azurite. 

Lincoln.  —Galena. 

Natick. — See  WARWICK. 

Newport. — Serpentine,  quartz  crystals. 

Portsmouth. — Anthracite,  graphite,  asbestus,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite. 

Smithfield. — Dolomite,  calcite,  bitter  spar,  siderite,  nacrite,  serpentine  (bowenite),  tremolite, 
asbestus,  quartz,  magnetite  in  chlorite  schist ,  talc  !  octahedrite,  feldspar,1  beryl. 

Valley  Palls. — Graphite,  pyrite,  hematite. 

Warwick  (Natick  village). — Masonite  (chloritoid),  garnet,  graphite,  bog-ore. 

Westerly. — Ilmenite. 

Woonsocket. — Cy  auite. 

CONNECTICUT. 

Berlin. — Barite,  datolite,  sphalerite,  qunrtz  crystals. 

Bethel. — To  u  rmalin  e. 

Bolton. — Staurolite,  chalcopyrite. 

Branchville.— In  a  vein  of  albitic  granite,  garnet,  albite,  microcline,  amblygonite,  spodu- 
mene!  cymatolite,  margarodite  (curved),  eosphorite,  triploidite,  triplite,  reddingite,  dickinsouite, 
lithiophilite,  natrophilite,  hureaulite,  rhodochrosite,  fairh'eldite,  ^apatite,  microlite,  columbite, 
pyrite,  tourmaline,  Staurolite,  uraninite,  torbernite,  autunite,  vivianite,  eucryptite,  chabazite, 
stilbite,  heulandite,  native  bismuth,  muscovite,  biotite,  beryl,  montmorillonite. 

Branford  (Stony  Creek). — Biotite,  apatite. 

Bristol. — Chalcocite,  chalcopyrite,  barite,  bornite,  allophane,  pyromorphite,  calcite,  malachite, 
galena,  quartz. 

Brookfield. — Galena,  calamine,  sphalerite,  spodumene,  pyrrhotite,  chalcopyrite. 

Canaan. — Calcite  (Canaan  Lime  Company's  quarry),  phlogopite,  green  tremolite  (Maltby's 
quarry);  diopside,  in  part  changed  to  tremolite,  fibrolite,  garnet,  hornblende  (Canaan  Mt.). 

Chatham.— Arsenopyrite,  smaltite,  cloanthite  (chathamite),  scorodite,  niccolite,  beryl, 
erythrite. 

Cheshire.— Barite !  chalcocite,  bornite,  malachite,  kaolin,  natrolite,  prehnite,  chabazite, 
datolite,  cuprite. 

Chester. — Sillimanite  !  zircon,  epidote. 

Cornwall. — Graphite,  pyroxene,  actinolite,  titanite,  scapolite. 

Danbury. — Danburite  with  oligoclase  (formerly),  brown  tourmaline,  orthoclase,  pyroxene, 
parathorite. 

Derby.  —  Arsen  opyrite. 

Farmington. — Prehnite,  chabazite,  agate,  native  copper,  diabantite. 

Glastonbury  (at  Hale's  quarry). — Columbite,  muscovite,  orthoclase,  albite,  uraninite. 

Granby  (Simsbury  mines). — Bornite,  chalcocite,  chalcopyrite,  malachite. 

Guilford. — In  gneiss,  iolite;  N.  Guilford,  rutile  (boulder). 

13.*&&am.*—Chrysoberyl!  beryl,  epidote,  tourmaline,  orthoclase,  garnet,  Iolite!  chlorophyllite! 

*  The  pegmatyte  veins  of  Haddnm  have  their  continuation  in  similar  veins  in  Middletown, 
Portland,  and  Glastonbury,  to  the  north;  in  some  cases  doubt  exists  as  to  the  exact  locality. 


CONNECTICUT— NEW  YORK.  1061 

oligoclase,  automolite,  magnetite,  adularia,  apatite,  columbite!  zircon  (calyptolite),  mica,  pyrite, 
marcasite,  molybdenite,  allaiiite,  bismuth  ocher,  bismutite,  cassiterite. 

Hadlyme.— Chabazite  and  stilbite  in  gneiss. 

Hartford. — Datolite  (Rocky  Hill  quarry). 

Kent. — Limonite. 

Litchfield. — Cyanite  with  corundum,  apatite,  and  andalusite,  ilmenite  (washingtonite),  chal- 
copyrite,  diaspore,  uiccoliferous  pyrrbotite, 'margarodite,  staurolite,  apatite. 

Lyme. — Garnet,  sunstoue,  microcliue. 

Meriden. — Datolite  (greenish),  diabantite. 

Middlefield  Falls. — Datolite,  chlorite,  etc.,  in  amygdaloid. 

Middletown. — At  the  feldspar  quarries,  mica,  albite,  feldspar,  columbite!  prehnite,  garnet, 
samarskite,  biotite,  monazite,  vesuvianite,  beryl,  topaz,  urauite,  apatite,  uraninite,  lepidolite  with 
green  and  red  tourmaline;  at  lead-mine  formerly  galena,  chalcopyrite,  sphalerite,  quartz,  calcite, 
fluorite,  pyrite  sometimes  capillary. 

Milford. — Salite,  pyroxene,  asbestus,  verd-antique  marble. 

Monroe.— See  TRUMBULL 

New  Britain. — Prehnite  calcite,  datolite,  diabantite,  agate,  barite;  copper  minerals  in 
small  quantities. 

New  Haven.— Serpentine,  salite;  also  with  the  trap  rocks,  prehnite,  laumontite,  and  the 
zeolites,  stilbite,  apophyllite,  very  sparingly;  as  a  contact-mineral,  garnet. 

New  Milford. — Beryl  (golden  yellow  and  green),  tourmaline,  mica,  feldspar. 

Newtown. — Cyanite,  diaspore,  rutile,  damourite,  tourmaline. 

Norfolk. — Biotite  crystals,  pseudomorphs  of  a  colorless  mica,  quartz  andjibrolite  after  plagio- 
clase  (at  Norfolk  granite  quarry,  the  latter  in  blocks). 

Norwich. — In  gneiss,  sillimanite,  monazite!  iolite,  corundum,  feldspar. 

Portland. — At  feldspar  quarries,  orthoclase,  albite,  muscovite,  biotite,  beryl,  tourmaline, 
bismuthinite,  bismutosphserite,  columbite,  apatite;  at  Pelton's  feldspar  quarry,  monazite. 

Plymouth. — Galena,  heulandite,  fluorite,  chloropliyllite  !  garnet,  rutile. 

Roaring  Brook  (Cheshire). — Datolite  !  calcite,  prehnite,  saponite. 

Roxbury. — Siderite,  sphalerite,  pyrite!  galena,  quartz,  chalcopyrite,  arsenopyrite,  limonite. 

Salisbury. — Limonite,  pyrolusite,  manganite,  triplite,  turgite,  scovillite,  staurolite. 

Seymour. — Arsenopyrite,  pyrite,  native  bismuth. 

Simsbury. — Chalcocite,  green  malachite. 

Southbury. — Rose  quartz,  laumontite,  prehnite,  calcite,  barite,  staurolite,  garnet. 

Southington. — Barite,  datolite,  asteriated  quartz  crystals,  diabautite. 

Stafford. — Massive  pyrite,  alum,  copperas. 

Tariffville.  —  Datolite  ! 

Trumbull  and  Monroe. — Chlorophane,  topaz,  beryl,  diaspore,  pyrrhotite,  pyrite,  scheelite, 
wolframite  (pseudomorph  after  scheelite),  native  bismuth,  tungstite,  siderite,  arsenopyrite,  argen- 
tiferous galena,  sphalerite,  scapolite,  tourmaline,  garnet,  albite,  augite,  graphic  tellurium  (?), 
margarodite. 

Washington. — Tripolite,  ilmenite!  (washingtouite),  rhodochrosite,  natrolite,  andalusite 
(New  Preston),  cyauite. 

Watartown  (near  the  Naugatuck). — White  salite,  monazite. 

West  Farms. — Asbestus. 

Willimantic.— In  gneiss,  topaz,  monazite,  ripidolite,  sillimanite,  bismuthinite,  bismutosphse- 
rite,  beryl,  orthoclase,  uraniuhe. 

Winchester.  — Magnetite. 

NEW   YORK. 

Of  economic  minerals,  halite  is  obtained  as  rock  salt,  also  from  salt  wells,  extensively  in  the 
western  counties  from  Cayuga  Lake  west  to  L.  Erie  (see  p.  155);  further  gypsum  in  the  same 
region.  Hematite  at  Antwerp,  Jefferson  Co. ;  limonite  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  state 
east  of  the  Hudson  river,  chiefly  in  Dutchess  and  Columbia  counties;  also  siderite  in  Columbia 
Co.  Magnetite  is  largely  mined  in  Essex  Co.,  and  occurs  widely  in  the  adjacent  counties  of  the 
Adirondack  region;  also  mined  in  the  Highlands,  in  Orange,  Westchester,  and  Putnam  counties. 
The  magnetite  mines  sometimes  furnish  beautiful  specimens  of  rare  minerals,  e.g.,  allanite  at 
Moriah,  choudrodite,  etc.,  at  Brewster. 

The  most  interesting  localities  for  minerals  are  those  of  the  Archaean  in  St.  Lawrence  Co., 
also  Franklin,  Jefferson,  Lewis,  etc.,  counties.  Here  are  obtained,  at  many  points,  tine  pyroxene, 
amphibole,  albite  and  other  feldspars,  phlogopite,  tourmaline,  apatite,  titauite,  zircon,  etc.; 
they  most  commonly  occur  in  crystalline  limestone  where  it  joins  the  schists.  Other  important 
localities,  also  in  the  Archaean,  are  those  of  Orange  Co.  (Warwick,  Monroe),  in  the  south-eastern 
part  of  the  state,  where  in  the  crystalline  limestone,  chondrodite,  spinel,  etc.,  occur  abundantly. 

The  limestone  of  the  western  part  of  the  state  affords  (e.g.,  Lockport)  calcite,  dolomite, 
celestite,  anhydrite,  etc. 

ALBANY  Co. — Bethlehem. — Calcite,  stalactite,  calcareous  sinter,  snowy  gypsum. 
Coeymans  Landing. — Gypsum,  epsomite,  quartz  crystals  at  Crystal  Hill,  3  m.  S.  of  Albany. 
Watervliet. — Quartz  crystals,  yellow  drasy  quartz. 


1062  CATALOGUE  OF  AMERICAN  LOCALITIES  OF  MINERALS. 

CAYUGrA  Co. — Auburn. — Celestite,  calcite,  fluorite,  epsomite. 
Springport. — At  Thompson's  plaster  beds,  sulphur  !  selenite. 
Union  Springs. — Selenite ,  gypsum. 

CLINTON  Co. — Arnold  Iron  Mine. — Magnetite,  epidote,  molybdenite. 
Finch  Ore  Bed. — Calcite,  green  and  purple  fluorite. 
Plattsburg.— Nugget  of  platinum  in  drift. 

COLUMBIA  Co. — Ancram. — Lead-mine,  galena,  sphalerite,  wulfenite,  chalcopyrite. 

Canaan. — Chalcocite.  chalcopyrite. 

Catskill  Station.— Siderite  in  large  beds. 

Copake. — Limonite  (large  ore  beds),  graphite. 

Hudson. — Selenite!  epsomite,  brown  spar,  wad,  siderite. 

Linlithgo. — Siderite  beds. 

New  Lebanon. — Nitrogen  springs. 

DUTCHESS  Co.— Amenia. — Dolomite,  limonite,  turgite,  siderite. 
Dover. — Dolomite,  tremolite,  garnet  (Foss  Ore  Bed),  limonite,  staurolite. 
Pishkill. — Dolomite;  near  Peckville,  talc,  asbestus,  graphite,  amphibole,  augite,  actinolite^ 
limonite. 

North  East. — Chalcocite,  chalcopyrite,  galena,  sphalerite. 
Union  Vale. — At  the  Clove  mine,  gibbsite,  limonite. 

ESSEX  Co. — Alexandria. — Kirby's  graphite  mine,  graphite,  pyroxene,  scapolite,  titanite. 

Crown  Point. — Apatite  (eupyrchroite  of  Eminous),  brown  tourmaline/  iii  the  apatite, 
chlorite,  quartz  crystals,  calcite,  pyrite;  S.  of  J.  C.  Hammond's  house,  garnet,  scapolite,  chal- 
copyrite, awnturine  feldspar,  zircon,  magnetite  (Peru),  epidote,  mica. 

Keene. — Scapolite. 

Lewis. — Wollastpnite,  colophonite,  garnet,  labradorite,  amphibole,  actinolite;  10  m.  S.  of 
Keeseville,  arsenopyrite. 

Long  Pond. — Apatite,  garnet,  pyoxene,  vesuvianite,  coccolite!  scapolite,  magnetite,  blue 
calcite. 

Mclntyre. — Labradorite,  garnet,  magnetite. 

Moriah,  at  Sandford  Ore  Bed. — Magnetite,  apatite,  allanite!  lanthanite,  actinolite,  and 
feldspar;  at  Fisher  Ore  Bed,  magnetite,  feldspar,  quartz;  at  Hall  Ore  Bed,  or  "New  Ore  Bed," 
magnetite,  zircon;  on  Mill  brook,  calcite,  pyroxene,  amphibole,  albite;  in  the  town  of  Moriah, 
magnetite,  black  mica;  Barton  Hill  Ore  Bed,  albite. 

Newcomb. — Labradorite,  feldspar,  magnetite,  hypersthene,  tourmaline. 

Port  Henry. — Brown  tourmaline,  black  tourmaline  enclosing  orthoclase,  mica,  rose  quartz, 
serpentine,  green  and  black  pyroxene,  amphibole,  crysi.  pyrite.  graphite,  wollastonite,  pyrrhotite, 
adularia,  phlogopite  f;  at  Mineville,  magnetite  in  large  quantities,  also  in  fine  crystals;  in 
Champlain  iron  region,  uranothorite. 

Roger's  Rock. — Graphite,  wollastonite,  garnet,  feldspar,  adularia, .  pyroxene,  titanite, 
coccolite. 

Schroon. — Calcite,  pyroxene,  chondrodite. 

Ticonderoga. — Graphite!  pyroxene,  salite,  titanite,  black  tourmaline,  cacoxenite?  (Mt. 
Defiance). 

Westport.— Labradorite,  prehnite,  magnetite. 

Willsboro'. —  Wollastonite,  colophonite,  garnet,  green  coccolite,  amphibole. 

JEFFERSON  Co.—  Adams.—  Fluorite,  calc  tufa,  barite. 

Alexandria. — On  S.  E.  bank  of  Muscolonge  Lake,  fluorite  (exhausted),  phlogopite, 
chalcopyrite,  apatite;  on  High  Island,  in  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  feldspar,  tourmaline,  amphibole, 
orthoclase,  celestite. 

Antwerp.— Sterling  iron-mine,  hematite,  chalcodite,  siderite,  calcite,  ankerite,  millerile!  red 
hematite,  crystallized  quartz,  yellow  aragonite,  niccoliferous  pyrite,  quartz  crystals,  pyrite;  at 
Oxbow,  calcite !  porous  coralloidal  barite;  near  Vrooman'slake,  calcite!  vesuvianite.  phlogopite! 
pyroxene,  titanite,  fluorite,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite;  also  feldspar,  bog-iron  ore,  scapolite  (farm  of 
Egglesou),  serpentine,  tourmaline  (yellow,  rare). 

Brownsville. — Celestite,  calcite  (4  m.  from  Watertown). 

Natural  Bridge.  —  Oieseckite!  steatite  pseudomorphous  after  pyroxene,  apatite,  phlogopite, 
orthoclase. 

New  Connecticut.— Titanite,  brown  phlogopite. 

Omar.— Beryl,  feldspar,  hematite. 

Philadelphia.— Garnets  on  Indian  River,  in  the  village;  hematite. 

Pillar  Point.—  Massive  barite  (exhausted). 

Theresa. — Fluorite,  calcite,  hematite,  amphibole,  quartz  crystals,  serpentine  (associated  with 
hematite),  celestite,  stroutianite. 

Watertown. — Tremolite,  agaric  mineral,  calc  tufa,  celestite. 

Wilna.— One  mile  N.  of  Natural  Bridge,  calcite. 


NEW  YORK.  1063 

GREENE  CO.— Diamond  Hill.— Quartz  crystals. 

HERKIMER  Co. — Fairfield.— Quartz  crystals,  fetid  barite. 

Little  Falls.  —  Quartz  crystals!  barite,  calcite,  smoky  quartz;  1  m.  S.  of  Little  Falls,  calcite, 
brown  spar,  feldspar. 

Middleville — Quartz  crystals  !  calcite,  dolomite. 

Newport. — Quartz  crystals. 

Salisbury. — Quartz  crystals  !  sphalerite,  galena,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite. 

Stark. — Fibrous  celestite,  gypsum. 

LEWIS  Co.— Bonaparte  Lake.— Wpllastonite. 

Diana  (localities  mostly  near  junction  of  crystalline  and  sedimentary  rocks,  and  2  m.  from 
Natural  Bridge). — Scapolite  !  wollastonite,  green  coccolite,  feldspar,  tremolite,  pyroxene!  titanite, 
mica,  quartz  crystals,  pyrite,  pyrrhotite,  blue  calcite,  serpentine,  remselaerite,  zircon,  graphite, 
chlorite,  hematite,  bog-ore,  apatite. 

Greig. — Magnetite,  pyrite. 

Lowville.  —  Calcite,  fluorite,  pyrite,  galena,  sphalerite,  calc  tufa. 

Martinsburgh.—  Wad,  galena,  etc.  (formerly),  calcite. 

MONROE  Co. — Rochester.— Dolomite,  calcite,  snowy  gypsum,  fluorite,  celestite,  galena, 
sphalerite,  barite,  hornstoue. 

MONTGOMERY  Co. — Palatine. — Quartz  crystals,  drusy  quartz,  anthracite,  horastone,  agate, 
garnet. 

Root.— Drusy  quartz,  sphalerite,  barite,  stalactite,  galena,  pyrite. 

NEW  YORK  Co.—  Kingsbridge,  —  Tremolite,  pyroxene,  mica,  tourmaline,  pyrite. 

New  York. — Serpentine,  amianthus,  actiuolite,  pyroxene,  hydrous  anthophyllite,  garnet, 
staurolite,  molybdenite,  graphite,  chlorite,  beryl,  jasper,  necronite,  feldspar,  xenotime,  wollastonite, 
dumortierite.  In  the  excavations  for  the  4th  Avenue  tunnel,  1875,  harmotome,  stilbite, 
chabazite,  heulaudite,  etc. 

NIAGARA  Co. — Lewiston. — Epsomite. 

Lockport.  —  Celestite,  calcite,  selenite,  anhydrite,  fluorite,  dolomite,  sphalerite. 

Niagara  Falls. — Calcite,  fluorite,  sphalerite,  dolomite. 

ONEIDA  Co.— Boonville. — Calcite,  wollastonite,  coccolite. 

Clinton. — Sphalerite,  lenticular  hematite  in  the  Clinton  group,  strontianite,  celestite,  the 
former  covering  the  latter. 

ONONDAGA  Co.— Camillus. — Selenite  and  fibrous  gypsum. 
Syracuse. — Serpentine,  celestite,  selenite,  barite. 

ORANGE  Co. — Cornwall. — Zircon,  chondrodite,  amphibole,  spinel,  feldspar,  epidote,  hudsonite, 
ilmenite,  serpentine,  coccolite. 

Deer  Park.  —  Cry st.  pyrite,  galena. 

Monroe. — Mica!'  titanite!  garnet,  colophouite,  epidote,  chondrodite,  allanite,  bucholzite, 
brown  spar,  spinel,  amphibole,  talc,  ilmenite,  pyrrhotite,  pyrite,  chromite,  graphite,  rastolyte, 
moronolite;  Wilks  and  O'Neill  Mine,  aragonite,  magnetite,  dimagnetite  (pseud.?),  jenkiusite, 
asbestus,  serpentine,  mica,  hortonolite;  T wo  PONDS,  pyroxene  !  chondrodite,  amphibole,  scapolite! 
zircon,  titanite,  apatite;  GREENWOOD  FUKNACE,  chondrodite,  pyroxene !  mica,  amphibole,  spinel, 
scapolite,  biotite!  ilmenite,  anomite. 

Forest  of  Dean. — Pyroxene,  spinel,  zircon,  scapolite,  amphibole. 

Town  of  Warwick,  Warwick  Village. — Spinel!  zircon,  serpentine!  brow?i  spar,  pyroxene! 
,  pseudomorphous  steatite,  feldspar  !  (Rock  Hill),  ilmeuite,  clintonite,  tourmaline  (R.  H.), 
rutile,  titauite,  molybdenite,  arsenopyrite,  marcasite,  pyrite,  yellow  iron  suiter,  quartz,  jasper, 
mica,  coccolite 

Amity.— Spinel!  garnet,  scapolite,  amphibole,  vesuvianite,  epidote!  seybertite,  leuchten- 
bergite,  magnetite,  tourmaline,  warwickite,  apatite,  chondrodite,  talc!  pyroxene!  phlogopite, 
rutile,  ilmenite,  zircon,  coi'undum,  feldspar,  fluorite,  titanite,  calcite,  serpentine,  schiller  spar  (?), 
silvery  mica,  graphite. 

Edenville.— Apatite,  chondrodite!  hair-brown  amphibole!  tremolite,  spinel,  tourmaline, 
warwickite,  pyroxene,  titanite,  mica,  feldspar,  arsenopyrite,  orpiment,  rutile,  ilmenite,  scorodite, 
ehalcopyrite,  leucopyrite  (or  lollingite),  allanite. 

West  Point. — Feldspar,  mica,  scapolite,  titanite,  amphibole,  allanite. 

PUTNAM  Co.— Brewster,  Tilly  Foster  Iron  Mine.— Chondrodite!  magnetite,  dolomite, 
serpentine  pseudomorphs,  brucite,  enstatite,  clinochlore,  biotite,  actinolite,  pyrrhotite,  fluorite, 
albite,  epidote,  titanite!  garnet,  apatite,  datolite,  stilbite,  prehnite,  apophyllite. 


1064  CATALOGUE  OF  AMERICAN  LOCALITIES  OF  MINERALS. 

Anthony's  Nose,  at  top.— Pyrite,  pyrrhotite,  pyroxene,  amphibole,  magnetite. 
Carmel  (Brown's  quarry). — Authophyllite,  arseuopyrite,  epidote. 
Cold  Spring. — Titanite,  epidote. 

Patterson. —  White  pyroxene  !  calcite,  asbestus,  tremolite,  dolomite,  massive  pyrite. 
Phillipstown.  —  Tremolite,  amianthus,  serpentine,  titan ite.  diopside ,  green  coccolite,  amphibole, 
scapolite,  stilbite,  mica,  laumoutite,  gurhotite,  calcite,  magnetite,  chromite. 
Phillips  Ore  Bed.— Hyalite,  actinolite,  massive  pyrite. 

RICHMOND  Co.— Rossville. — Lignite,  -cryst.  pyrite. 

Quarantine. — Asbestus,  amianthus,  aragonite,  dolomite,  gurhofite,  brucite,  serpentine,  talc, 
maguesite. 

ROOKLAND  Co.— CaldweU.— Calcite. 

Ladentown.— Zircon,  malachite,  cuprite. 

Piermont. — Datolite,  stilbite,  apophyllite,  pectolite,  prehnite,  thomsonite,  calcite,  chabazite. 

ST.  LAWRENCE  Co. — Canton. — Massive  pyrite,  calcite,  brown  tourmaline,  titanite,  serpentine, 
talc,  rensselaerite,  pyroxene,  hematite,  chalco pyrite. 

DeKalb. — On  Sprague  Downiug's  farm  aud  Calvin  Mitchel's  adjoining,  diopside!  cryst. 
with  hornblende;  datolite  rare.  On  Andrew  Murty's  farm,  white  or  colorless  tourmaline!  with 
pure  white  phlogopite,  tremolite,  pyroxene,  serpentine,  apatite,  and  pyrite.  Near  Osborn's  lake, 
at  Abner  Crosse's,  calcite  crystals,  barite,  Jluorite,  brown  tourmaline,  tremolite  and  phlogopite. 
On  Francis  Mclutyre's  farm,  barite  ! 

Edwards. — At  Freemansburgh,  extensive  talc  mines,  fibrous,  pseud,  after  enstatite  (agalite) 
pink  tremolite  (hexagouite),  eustatite.  Transparent  white  phlogopite  at  the  Anthony  Mine. 
Brown  aud  silvery  mica!  scapolite,  apatite,  quartz  crystals,  actinolite,  tremolite!  hematite, 
serpentine,  magnetite. 

Pine. — On  Lorenzo  Guinup's  farm,  in  a  granite  vein,  large  pyroxene  cryst.  (prisms  over  a 
foot  in  diameter,  looking  like  basaltic  columns),  titanite  cryst.  as  large  as  a  dinner-plate, 
fluorite,  fine  sage-green  zircons,  calcite.  On  Fida  Scott's  farm,  large  oligoclase  cryst.,  pyroxene, 
fluorite,  calcite,  zircon,  pyrite,  apatite,  titanite. 

Fowler. — Quartz  (dihexahedral)  with  hematite  and  barite,  sphalerite,  galena,  tremolite; 
foliated  white  talc  at  Win.  Woodcock's  mine,  near  the  village  of  Little  York.  Also  galena, 
tremolite,  chalcedony,  bog-ore,  satin  spar  (assoc.  with  serpentine),  pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  actinolite, 
rensselaerite  (near  Somerville). 

G-ouverneur. — At  Richville,  on  the  Reese  farm,  fine  brown  tourmaline!  with  tremolite! 
pyroxene,  apatite,  pyrite,  titanite  and  phlogopite.  Near  David  Downing's  farm,  fluorite  in  twin 
cubes  (etched).  Also  calcite  !  serpentine  !  amphibole,  scapolite  !  orthoclase,  tourmaline  !  vesu- 
vianite  (1  m.  S.  of  G.),  pyroxene,  diopside,  apatite,  rensselaerite,  serpentine,  titanite,  fluorite, 
barite  (farm  of  Judge  Dodge),  black  mica;  phlogopite,  tremolite!  asbestus,  hematite,  graphite, 
vesuviauite  (near  Somerville  in  serpentine),  spinel,  houghite.  scapolite,  phlogopite,  dolomite;  f  m. 
W.  of  Somerville,  chondrodite,  spinel. 

Hammond.  —Apatite !  zircon!  (farm  of  Mr.  Hardy),  ortfioclase  (loxocase),  pargasite,  barite, 
pyrite,  purple  fluorite,  tremolite,  phlogopite. 

Hermon. — Quartz  crystals,  hematite,  siderite,  pargasite,  pyroxene,  serpentine,  tourmaline, 
bog-iron  ore. 

Macomb. — On  John  McNiel's  and  Perry  Washburn's  farms,  brown  and  black  tourmaline! 
pyroxene,  amphibole,  albite  (peristerite),  graphite,  apatite,  phlogopite,  scapolite.  On  Milton 
Truax's  farm,  large  amphibole  (six-sided  prisms)  in  calcite.  Veins  of  galena  on  many  farms 
formerly  extensively  worked.  On  Vilas  Ingram's  farm,  brown  tourmaline  !  graphite  and  feldspar. 
Also  sphalerite,  mica,  titauite,  fluorite! 

Mineral  Point,  Morristowu. — Fluorite,  sphalerite,  galena,  phlogopite  (Pope's  Mills),  barite. 

Ogdensburgh.  — Labradorite. 

Pierrepont.— On  Ryland  Crary's  farm,  black  tourmaline!  black  phlogopite,  pyroxene  (often 
changed  to  uralite),  quartz  in  calcite.  On  Allen  W.  Wells'  farm,  large  light  green  amphibole 
with  pyroxene  and  oligoclase.  On  Reuben  Vaughn's  farm,  dark  green  amphibole.  On 
T.  Fitzgerald's  farm,  large  scapolite  crystals,  albite  (peristerite),  pyroxene. 

Pitcairn. — Feldspar,  pyroxene,  zircon!  titanite,  satin  spar,  associated  with  serpentine. 

Pope's  Mills.— See  Mineral  Point. 

Potsdam.—  Amphibole;  eight  miles  from  Potsdam,  on  road  to  Pierrepont,  feldspar,  tour- 
maline, black  mica,  amphibole. 

Rossie. — On  James  Martin's  farm,  scapolite,  pyroxene,  titanite,  tourmaline,  black  phlogopite. 
Near  Grasse  Lake,  on  Abner  Anables  farm,  pyroxene  !  scapolite,  graphite!  in  splendid  crystals, 
with  titanite,  and  feldspar;  tremolite  in  short  prismatic  crystals. 

Also  (Iron  Mines). — Barite,  hematite,  coralloidal  aragonite  (near  Somerville),  quartz,  pyrite, 
dolomite;  ROSSIE  Lead  Mine,  calcite,  galena,  pyrite,  celestite,  chalcopyrite,  hematite,  cerussite, 
anglesite,  octahedral  fluorite,  black  phlogopite ;  elsewhere  in  ROSSIE,  calcite,  barite,  quartz  crys- 
tals, chondrodite  (near  Yellow  Luke),  feldspar  f  pargasite!  apatite,  pyroxene,  amphibole,  titanite, 
zircon,  mica,  fluorite,  serpentine,  automolite,  pearl  spar,  graphite. 

Russell. — On  Sam.  Moore's  farm,  light  green  pyroxene!  (uralite  on  the  exterior),  amphi- 


NEW  JERSEY.  1065 

bole!  feldspar,  scapolite,  phlogopite.  On  Chas.  Buskurk's  farm,  dariburite!  datolite  (rare), 
scapolite,  pyroxene,  black  tourmaline,  albite,  quartz,  calcite,  pyrite,  black  phlogopite, 
amphibole. 

SARATOGA  Co.— Greenfield.— CJirysoberyl !  garnet!  tourmaline!  mica,  feldspar,  apatite, 
graphite,  aragonite  (in  iron  mines). 

SOHOHARIE  Co.— Ball's  Cave,  and  others.— Calcite,  stalactites. 
Carlisle.— Fibrous  barite,  cryst.  andfbrous  calcite. 
Schoharie. — Fibrous  celestite,  strontianite  !  cryst.  pyrite  ! 

SULLIVAN  Co. — Wurtzboro'. — Galena,  sphalerite,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite. 

ULSTER  Co.—  Ellenville.— Galena,  sphalerite,  chalcopyrite !  quartz!  brookite,  pyrite. 

WARREN  Co. — Caldwell. —  Massive  feldspar. 
Chester.—  Pyrite,  tourmaline,  rutile,  chalcopyrite. 
Diamond  Isle  (Lake  George). — Calcite,  quartz  crystals. 
Johnsburgh. — Fluorite !  zircon!  graphite,  serpentine,  pyrite. 

WASHINGTON  Co.— Fort  Ann. — Graphite,  serpentine. 
Granville. — Lamellar  pyroxene,  massive  feldspar,  epidote. 

WAYNE  Co.— Wolcott.— Barite. 

WESTCHESTER  Co. — Anthony's  Nose.— Apatite,  pyrite,  calcite!  in  large  tabular  crystals, 
grouped,  arid  sometimes  iucrusted  with  drusy  quartz. 

Cruger's.— White  pyroxene,  amphibole,  magnetite  (with  greenish  spinel),  staurolite, 
silliinauite,  corundum,  hercynite. 

Davenport's  Neck. — Serpentine,  garnet,  titanite. 

Eastchester.— Sphalerite,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  dolomite. 

Hastings. — Tremolite,  white  pyroxene. 

New  Rochelle. — Serpentine,  quartz,  mica,  tremolite,  garnet,  magnesite,  chromite. 

Feekskill. — Amphibole,  staurolite,  graphite. 

Rye.— Serpentine,  chlorite,  black  tourmaline,  tremolite. 

Sing  Sing. — Pyroxene,  tremolite,  pyrite,  beryl;  azurite,  green  malachite, .  cemssite,  pyro- 
morphite,  anglesite,  vauquelinite.  galena,  native  silver,  chalcopyrite,  wulfenite,  vanadinite. 
At  openings  for  the  aqueduct,  rutile,  harmotome,  heulandite,  pectolite,  stilbite,  etc.,  in  gneiss. 

West  Farms. — Apatite,  tremolite,  garnet,  stilbite,  heulandite,  chabazite,  epidote,  titanite. 

Yonkers.  —  Tremolite,  apatite,  calcite,  analcite,  pyrite,  tourmaline. 

Yorktown. — Fibrolite,  monazite,  magnetite. 

WYOMING  Co.— Wyoming.— Rock  salt  (and  at  many  other  localities,  see  above). 

NEW  JERSEY.* 

The  most  important  mineral  locality  of  the  State  is  that  of  the  zinc  mines  of  Franklin 
Furnace  and  two  miles  from  there  at  Sterling  Hill  (near  Ogdensburgh)  in  Sussex  Co.,  where 
zincite,  franklinite,  willeuiite,  calamine  are  the  chief  ores,  but  many  rare  species,  chiefly 
containing  zinc  and  manganese,  have  been  found.  Magnetite  is  also  mined  in  the  northern 
counties  (Sparta,  Vernon),  where  the  association  is  similar  to  that  of  the  adjoining  Orange  Co. 
in  New  York.  Green  sand  marls  are  mined  along  a  belt  90  miles  long  from  Sandy  Hook  to 
Delaware  Bay.  Zeolites  and  associated  minerals  of  secondary  origin  have  been  obtained  in  fine 
specimens  from  the  R.  R.  tunnels  passing  through  the  trap  rock  at  Bergen,  Weehawken. 

Andover  Iron  Mine  (Sussex  Co.). — Willemite,  brown  garnet,  limonite,  malachite,  azurite, 
sphalerite,  calamine,  chalcopyrite,  pyrolusite,  orthoclase,  calcite,  fluorite,  phlogopite,  talc, 
amphibole,  flos  ferri,  blue  asbestus. 

Allentown  (Monmouth  Co.). —  Vimanite,  dufrenite. 

Beemersville. — Elseolite,  sodalite,  titanite,  aegirite,  fluorite,  pyrite,  in  elseolite-syenite. 

Bellville. — Copper  mines. 

Bergen. — Calcite!  datolite!  pectolite!  analcite,  apophyllite !  gmelinite,  prehnitef  titanite, 
stilbite,  natrolite,  heulandite,  laumontite,  chabazite.  thomsonite,  rnesolite,  pyrite,  pseudomorphous 
steatite  ^  after  apophyllite,  diabantite,  amphibole,  sphalerite,  chalcedony,  copper,  dolomite, 
epistilbite,  fire-opal,  hydrophane,  milky  quartz. 

*  See  the  Catalogue  of  Minerals  found  in  New  Jersey,  by  F.  A.  Canfield,  published  in 
vol.  2,  Pan  1,  of  the  final  Report  of  the  State  Geologist,  1889. 


1066  CATALOGUE  OF  AMERICAN  LOCALITIES  OF  MINERALS. 

Brunswick. — Native  copper,  malachite,  mountain  leather. 

Bryam. — Chondrodite,  spinel,  at  Roseville,  epidote,  zircon. 

Bush  Mine  and  Cannon  Mine  (Passaic  Co.). — Epidote. 

Cantwell's  Bridge  (Newcastle  Co.).— Vivianite. 

Chester.  — Melau  terite. 

Danville  (Jemmy  Jump  Ridge). — Graphite,  chondrodite,  augite. 

Flemington. — Copper  mines. 

Frankfort.  — Serpentine. 

E.  Belleville  (Hudson  Co.). — Azurite,  chalcopyrite,  chrysocolla,  native  copper,  malachite. 

Franklin  Furnace  and  Sterling  Hill  near  Ogdensburgh  (Sussex  Co.).— Spinel!  garnet? 
rhodonite  (fowlerite)  !  franklinite !  zincite'!  gahnite !  amphibole,  tremolite,  chondrodite,  white 
scapolite,  black  tourmaline,  epidote,  mica,  actinolite,  augite,  salite,  coccolite,  asbestus,  jeffersonite 
(augite),  polyadelpbite,  calamine,  graphite,  fluorfte,  beryl,  galena,  serpentine,  honey-colored 
titanite,  axinite,  barite,  quartz,  chalcedony,  amethyst,  zircon,  molybdenite,  vivianite,  tephroite, 
rhodochrosite,  aragouite,  sussexite,  chalcophanite,  roepperite,  vanuxeuiite,  hetasrolite,  pyrochroite, 
rammelsbergite,  bementite,  cbloanthite,  niccolite,  apatite,  smaltite,  allauite,  desaulesite.  Also 
algerite  in  gran,  limestone;  green  tourmaline  f  phlogopite. 

Franklin  and  Warwick  Mi.— Pyrite. 

Gove  Mine  (Morris  Co.). —  Viviainte.  clear  crystals  on  magnetite. 

Griggstown  and  Greenbrook. — Copper  mines. 

Hamburg  (Sussex  Co.) — One  mile  north,  spinel!  tourmaline,  phlogopite,  amphibole,  limonite, 
hematite. 

Harrisonville  (Gloucester  Co.). — Amber. 

Hibernia  (Morris  Co.). — Enstatite,  fluorite,  molybdenite,  pyrite,  quartz  (cap  crystals), 
siderite. 

Hoboken. — Serpentine  (marmolite),  brucite,  nemalite  (fibrous  brucite),  aragonite,  dolomite, 
agate,  cerolite,  chromite,  hydromagnesite,  jasper,  selenite. 

Howell's  Mill  (Sussex  Co.). — Vesuvianite,  titanite,  tourmaline,  rutile. 

Hurdstown. — Apatite,  pyrrhotite,  magnetite,  pyrite. 

Imlaystown. — Vivianite. 

Lockwood.— Graphite,  chondrodite,  talc,  augite,  quartz,  green  spinel,  phlogopite. 

Montville  (Morris  Co.). — Serpentine,  chrysotile,  gurhotite  (dolomite),  marmolite,  pyroxene. 

Mullica  Hill  (Gloucester  Co.). —  Vivianite  lining  belemnites  and  other  fossils,  beraunite. 

Newton. — Spinel,  blue,  pink,  and  white,  corundum,  mica,  vesuvianite,  amphibole, 
tourmaline,  scapolite,  rutile,  pyrite,  talc,  calcite,  phlogopite,  wernerite,  galena,  barite, 
pseudomorphous  steatite. 

N.  Brunswick. — Azurite,  barite,  bornite,  cbalcopyrite,  native  copper. 

Paterson. — At  Hoxie's  quarry,  prehnite,  datolite,  apophyllite,  laumoutite,  stilbite,  chabazite, 
heulaudite,  uatrolite,  analcite,  pectolite,  quartz,  calcite,  malachite,  etc.,  also  quartz  pseud,  after 
pectolite,  stilbite,  datolite  and  apophyllite. 

Phillipsburg."— Anthophyllite,  apatite,  augite,  beryl,  pyroxene,  serpentine,  tremolite. 

Pluckamin  Copper  Mines  (Somerset  Co.). — Prehnite!  zoisite,  epidote. 

Red  Bank. — Vivianite. 

Roseville  (Sussex  Co.). — Epidote,  amphibole. 

Sparta.— Augite,  chondrodite,  corundum,  franklin ite,  phlogopite,  rutile,  spinel  of  varied 
colors,  talc. 

Stanhope. — At  the  Hude  mine,  molybdenite,  rnolybdite,  magnetite,  selenite,  copper. 

Sterling  Hill.— See  FRANKLIN  FURNACE. 

Vernon. — Serpentine,  spinel,  hydrotalcite,  dipyre,  chondrodite,  corundum,  salite. 

Weehawken. — At  the  R.  R.  tunnel,  natrolite,  apophyllite,  stilbite,  heulandite,  pectolite, 
laumontite,  allophane,  authracouite,  hyalite,  aragonite,  pyrite,  wad. 

PENNSYLVANIA.* 

Besides  the  great  production  of  coal  and  oil,  Pennsylvania  affords  magnetite  in  considerable 
quantity,  as  in  the  South  Mountain  belt,  at  Durham,  Northampton  Co.;  Jones's  mine  near 
Morgantown,  Berks  Co.;  Cornwall  iron  mountain,  Lebanon  Co.;  near  Kuauertown  and  the 
Warwick  mines,  Chester  Co.  Hematite,  limonite,  and  siderite  are  also  mined  at  many  points; 
further,  galena  in  Chester,  Montgomery,  Bucks,  and  Blair  counties  ;  copper  ores  (chalcopyrite, 
etc.),  at  Jones's  mine,  near  Morgantown,  Berks  Co.;  Cornwall,  Lebanon  Co.;  Fritz  Island  near 
Reading ;  near  Knauertown,  Chester  Co.  Further,  nickel  ores  are  mined  (millerite,  nicco- 
liferous  pyrrhotite)  at  the  Gap  nickel  mine,  Lancaster  Co. ;  also  chromite  at  the  Wood's  mine  and 
Texas  mine,  Lancaster  Co.,  and  elsewhere. 

ADAMS  Co. — Near  Gettysburg. — Epidote,  fibrous  and  massive,  cuprite,  native  copper. 

*  See  also  the  Preliminary  Reports  on  the  Mineralogy  of  Pennsylvania  by  Dr.  F.  A.  Genth, 
1875,  1876;  also  the  Mineralogy  of  Pennsylvania  by  John  Eyerman,  48  pp.,  1889. 


PENNSYLVANIA.  1067 

BEDFORD  CO.— Bridgeport.— Barite. 

BERKS  Co. — At  Jones's  mine,  1  m.  E.  of  Morgantown,  malachite,  native  copper,  chryso- 
4olla,  magnetite,  allophane,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  aurichalcite,  cuprite,  melaconite,  byssolite, 
aragonite,  apatite,  talc.  2  ra.  N.  E.  from  Jones's  mine,  graphite,  titanite.  At  Steele's  mine, 
magnetite,  micaceous  iron,  coccolite,  brown  garnet. 

Reading. — Smoky  quartz  crystals,  zircon,  stilbite,  iron-ore.  Near  Pricetown,  zircon,  allanite, 
epidote. 

Zion's  Churcb,  molybdenite.  Near  Kutztovvn,  in  the  Crystal  Cave,  stalactites  of  aragonite, 
quartz. 

Fritz's  Island.  apopJiyllite,  thomsonite,  chabazite,  gismondite  ?,  datolite,  brucite,  grossularite, 
marcusite,  xanthite,  calcite,  azurite,  malachite,  magnetite,  chalcopyrite,  stibnite,  prochlorite, 
precious  serpentine. 

Buckingham  Township. — Crystallized  quartz.  Near  New  Hope,  vesuvianite,  epidote, 
barite. 

Southampton. — Near  Feasterville,  in  G.  Vanarsdale's  quarry,  graphite,  pyroxene,  salite, 
coccolite,  titanite,  green  mica,  calcite,  wollastonite,  glassy  feldspar  sometimes  opalescent 
(microcline  ?),  phlogopite,  blue  quartz,  garnet,  zircon,  pyrite,  pyrrhotite,  moroxite,  scapolite. 

New  Britain. — Dolomite,  galena,  sphalerite,  malachite. 

BLAIR  Co. — Bell's  Mills  near  Frankstown.  —  Celestite  (fibrous),  quartz  crystals. 
CARBON  Co.— Summit  Hill. — In  coal  mines,  kaolinite. 

CHESTER  Co. — Avondale. — Asbestus,  tremolite,  garnet!  opal,  beryl  (yellow),  tourmaline, 
mountain  leather. 

Birmingham  Township. — Amethyst,  serpentine. 

East  Bradford.— Near  Buffiugton's  bridge,  on  the  Brandy  wine,  green,  blue,  and  gray 
cyanite,  gray  crystals  loose  in  the  soil.  Farms  of  Dr.  Elwyn,  Mrs.  Foulke,  Wm.  Gibbous,  and 
Saml.  Entrikin,  amethyst.  At  Strode's  mill,  oligoclase,  drusy  quartz,  collyrite  ? 

Osborne's  Hill,  wad,  manganesian  garnet  (massive),  titanite.  Caleb  Cope's  lime  quarry, 
fetid  dolomite,  uecrouite,  blue  cyanite,  talc.  Near  the  Black  Horse  Inn,  indurated  talc,  rutile. 
Amos  Davis's  farm,  allanite  !  Nea'r  the  paper  mill  on  the  Braudywine,  zircon,  ilmenite,  blue 
quartz. 

West  Bradford.— Near  village  of  Marshal  ton,  green  cyanite. 

At  Chester  County  Poorhouse  limestone  quarry,  chesterlite!  on  dolomite,  rutile!  in  acicular 
crystals,  damourite  !  radiated  on  dolomite,  quartz  crystals. 

Charlestown.—Pyromorphite,  cerussite,  galena,  quartz,  amethyst. 

North  Coventry. — Allanite,  near  Pughtown,  black  garnets. 

French  Creek  Mines  (St.  Peters).— See  WAKWICK. 

East  Goshen. — Serpentine,  asbestus,  magnetite. 

Elk.— llmeuite  with  nmscovite,  chromite. 

West  Goshen. — On  the  Barrens,  1  m.  N.  of  West  Chester,  serpentine,  indurated  talc, 
deweylite,  aragonite,  staurolite,  asbestus,  zoisite  on  hornblende  at  West  Chester  water-works  (not 
accessible  at  present). 

New  Garden. — At  Nivin's  limestone  quarry,  brown  and  yellow  tourmaline,  necronite, 
aragonite,  sillimanite,  kaolinite,  tremolite. 

Kennett. — Actinolite,  tremolite.  On  Wm.  Cloud's  farm,  sunstone!  At  Pearce's  old  mill, 
sunstone. 

East  Marlborough. — On  farm  of  Bailey  &  Brother,  1  m.  S.  of  Unionville,  yellow  and  white 
tourmaline,  chesterlite,  white  pyroxene.  Near  Marlborough  meeting-house,  serpentine,  zircon 
loose  in  the  soil  at  Pusey's  sawmill. 

West  Marlborough. — Near  Logan's  quarry,  asbestiform  tremolite,  black  tourmaline, 
cyanite,  yellow  tourmaline,  rutile.  Near  Doe  Run  village,  tremolite.  In  R.  Baily's  limestone 
quarry,  2^  in.  S.  W.  of  Unionville,  fibrous  tremolite,  cyanite. 

Newlin. — 1|  m.  N.  E.  of  Unionville,  corundum!  often  in  loose  crystals  with  a  coating  of  a 
sod;i-margarite  (Genth),  diaspore!  spinel  (black),  picrolite,  black  tourmaline  with  flat  pyramidal 
terminations  in  albite,  unionite  (zoisite),  eupliyllite,  feldspar,  beryl!  in  one  crystal  weighing  51 
Ibs.,  pyrite,  chloritoid,  diallage,  oligoclase;  ilmenite,  clinochlore,  albite,  orthoclase,  halloysite, 
margarite,  garnet,  beryl.  On  J.  Lesley's  farm,  corundum,  a  single  mass  weighing  over  100 
tons,  diaspore!  "lesleyite."  In  Edwards's  limestone  quarry,  rutile.  C.  Passmore's  farm, 
amethyst. 

East  Nottingham. — Asbestus.  chromite  in  crystals,  hallite. 

West  N6ttingham. — At  Scott's  chrome-mine,  chromite,  foliated  talc,  marmolite,  serpentine, 
rhodochrome.  Near  Moro  Phillips's  chrome-mine,  asbestus.  At  the  magnesia  quarry,  deweylite, 
marmolite,  magnesite,  albite,  serpentine,  'chromite,  meerschaum.  Near  Fremont  P.  O., 
corundum. 


1068  CATALOGUE  OF  AMERICAN  LOCALITIES  OF  MINERALS. 

West  Pikeland. — In  iron-mines  near  Chester  Springs,  turgite,  limonite  (stalactitic  and  in 
geodes),  gothite. 

Pennsbury. — On  John  Craig's  farm,  brown  garnets,  mica.  On  J.  Dilworth's,  near  Fair- 
ville,  muscovite!  in  Fairville,  sunstone.  Near  Briu toil's  Ford,  chondrodite,  titanite,  augite.  At 
Swain's  quarry,  orthoclase,  muscovite  containing  magnetite. 

Pocopson. — Farms  of  J.  Entrikin  and  J.  B.  Darlington,  amethyst. 

Sadsbury. — Untile!  crystals  loose  for  7  m.  along  the  valley,  near  the  village  of  Parkesburg. 
Near  Sadsbury  village,  amethyst. 

Schuylkill, — In  railroad  tunnel  at  PJKENIXVILLE,  dolomite!  quartz  crystals,  caleite.  At  the 
WHEATLEY,  BROOKDALE,  and  CHESTER  COUNTY  LEAD  MINES  (now  abandoned,  and  good  speci- 
mens not  obtainable),  1^  m.  S.  of  Phcenixville,  pyromorphile!  cerussite!  galena,  anglesite! 
quartz  crystals,  chalcopyrite,  barite,  fluorite  (white),  wulfenite  !  calamine,  sphalerite  !  mimetite  ! 
descloizite,  gothite,  chrysocolla,  native  copper,  malachite,  azurite,  limonite,  calcite,  ankerite, 
sulphur,  pyrite,  melaconite,  pseudomalachite,  gersdorffite,  chalcocite  ?,  covellite. 

Willistown.  —Magnetite,  chromite. 

West  Town. — Briuton's  serpentine  quarry,  3  m.  S.  of  West  Chester,  clinochlore,  jefferisite, 
amethyst,  tourmaline,  beryl. 

West  Whiteland. — At  Gen.  Trimble's  iron-mine  (southeast),  stalactitic  hematite!  wavellite  f 
in  radiated  stalactites,  cceruleolaclite. 

Warwick. — French  Creek  mines  (Elizabeth  mine  and  Keim's  mine,  1  m.  N.  of  Knauertown), 
garnet!  micaceous  hematite,  pyrite  (octahedral) !  chalcopyrite  massive  and  in  crystals!  in  thurin- 
gite,  magnetite,  brown  garnet,  caleite,  pyroxene,  in  part  alt.  to  arnphibole,  scapolite,  siderite, 
rhodochrosite,  stilbite,  apophyllite,  erythrite,  byssolite  !  serpentine.  Near  village  of  St.  Mary's, 
magnetite  (dodecahedral),  melanite,  garnet,  actinolite.  At  Hopewell  iron  mine,  1  m.  N.  W.  of 
St.  Mary's,  magnetite  in  octahedral  crystals. 

Yellow  Springs. — Allauite. 

DAUPHIN  Co. — Near  Hummelstown.— Green  garnets,  cryst.  smoky  quartz,  feldspar. 

DELAWARE  Co. — Aston  Township. — Amethyst,  corundum  (Village  Green),  sillimanite, 
black  tourmaline,  margarite,  sunstone,  asbestus,  autholite,  steatite,  quartz  in  modified  cryst.,  also 
with  implanted  rutile  cryst.  Bridgewater  Station  (the  locality  in  Chester  township),  titanite!  in 
twins  2  inches  long  and  translucent.  At  Peter's  mill-dam  in  the  creek,  garnet. 

Bethel. — Garnet. 

Birmingham. — Sillimanite,  kaolin  (abundant),  rutile,  amethyst.  At  Bullock's  old  quarry, 
zircon. 

Chester. — Amethyst,  black  tourmaline,  beryl,  crystals  of  orthoclase,  garnet,  molybdenite, 
molybdite,  muscovite. 

Chichester.— Lower  Chichester. — Orthoclase,  tourmaline,  beryl,  garnet,  kaolin,  cyanite. 

Upper  Chichester. — Spessartite,  titanite,  amethyst,  orthoclase,  green  garnet,  gahnite. 

Concord. — Mica,  feldspar,  kaolin,  drusy  quartz,  garnet,  sillimanite,  amethyst,  manganesian 
garnet,  meerschaum.  In  Green's  creek,  garnet. 

Darby. — Blue  and  gray  cyanite,  beryl,  garnet,  smoky  quartz,  titaniferous  garnet,  zoisite, 
Babel  quartz. 

Edgemont. — Amethyst.     One  m.  E.  of  Edgemont  Hall,  rutile  in  quartz,  limonite. 

Leiperville. — Garnet,  zoisite  (thulite),  heulandite,  leidyite,  beryl  (Deshong's  quarry),  black 
tourmaline. 

Marple. — Tourmaline,  andalusite,  andalusite-pseud,  (damourite),  amethyst,  actinolite, 
bronzite,  talc,  radiated  actinolite  in  talc,  chromite,  beryl,  ilmenite  in  quartz,  amethyst. 

Middletown. — Amethyst,  beryl,  black  mica,  mica  with  dendritic  magnetite,  manganesian 
garnets  !  some  3  inches  in  diameter,  indurated  talc,  rutile,  mica,  green  quartz  !  anthophyllite, 
radiated  tourmaline,  staurolite,  ilmenite,  sillimanite,  serpentine. 

At  Lenni,  leimilite,  chlorite,  green  and  bronze  vermiculite  !  green  feldspar.  At  Mineral 
Hill,  crystals  of  corundum,  some  of  6  inches,  aclinolite,  bronzite,  green  feldspar  (Lea's  lennilite, 
etc.),  moonstone,  sunstone,  maguesite,  chromite  (octahedrons),  columbite,  beryl,  asbestus,  micro- 
cline,  talc,  muscovite,  deweylite,  stilbite,  enstatite,  rutile,  melanosiderite,  hallite.  At  Painter's 
Farm,  zircon  with  oligoclase,  painterite,  tremolite,  tourmaline.  At  Hibbard's  Farm  and  at 
Fairlamb's  Hill,  chromite  in  brilliant  octahedrons.  John  Smith  farm,  meerschaum, 

Also  orthoclase,  muscovite,  rose  quartz,  gahnite,  zircon,  amethyst,  vermiculite,  ferruginous 
quartz,  prase. 

Newtown. — Serpentine,  hematite,  enstatite,  stalactitic  quartz. 

Upper  Providence. — AntJiolite,  radiated  asbestus,  andalusite,  radiated  actinolite,  tourmaline, 
beryl,  green  feldspar,  amethyst  (one  of  7  Ibs.  from  Morgan  Hunter's  farm),  andalusite  !  At  Blue 
Hill,  green  quartz  in  chlorite,  chrysotile  in  serpentine,  cassiuite,  enstatite,  clinochlore,  bronzite, 
diaclasite,  apatite. 

Lower  Providence. — Amethyst,  garnet,  feldspar  !  (large  crystals). 

Radnor. — Enstatite,  serpentine,  pseudomorph  after  asbestus,  quartz  after  serpentine, 
genthite,  picrolice  hornstone,  chrysotile,  chromite,  garnet,  staurolite,  labradorite,  blue  quartz. 

Springfield. — Andalusite,  tourmaline,  beryl,  ilmenite,  garnet.  On  Fell's  Laurel  Hill,  beryl, 
garnet.  Near  Lewis's  paper-mill,  allophane,  mica,  albite. 

Waterville,— Near  Chester  and  Upland,  chabazite. 


PENNS  TL  VANIA.  1069 

FRANKLIN  CO. — Lancaster  Station. — Barite,  fluorite. 

LANCASTER  CO.— Drumore  Township.— Quartz  crystals. 

Pulton. — At  Wood's  chrome  mine,  near  Texas,  brucite  !!  zaratite  (emerald  nickel),  pennite, 
clinochlore  !  kdmmerente!  bronzite,  baltimorite,  chromite,  williamsite,  chrysolite!  marmolite,£>/cr0* 
lite,  hydromaguesite,  dolomite,  inaguesite,  aragonite,  calcite,  serpentine,  hematite,  ilmenite, 
genthite,  chrome-garnet,  millerite.  At  Low's  mine,  hydrwnagnesite,  brucite,  picrolite,  magnesite, 
williamsite,  chromite,  talc,  zaratite,  baltimorite,  serpentine,  hematite.  On  M.  Boice's  farm, 
1  m.  N.  W.  of  village,  pyrite,  enstatite.  Near  Rock  Springs,  chalcedony,  carneliau,  moss  agate, 
green  tourmaline  in  talc,  titanic  iron,  chromite,  octahedral  magnetite  in  chlorite.  At  Reynolds's 
old  mine,  calcite,  talc,  picrolite,  chromite.  At  Carter's  chrome  mine,  brookite  (one  crystal 
found). 

Gap  Mines. — Ohalcopyrite,  pyrrhotite  (niccoliferous),  millerite  (botryoidal  radiations),  vivi- 
anite!  actinolite,  siderite,  hisiugerite,  pyrite.  Noblis  mine,  cacoxenite  !  on  limonite. 

Pequea  Valley. — 8  m.  S.  of  Lancaster,  argentiferous  galena,  vauqueliuite,  rutile,  at  Pequea 
mine.  4  m.  N.  W.  of  Lancaster,  calamine,  galena  (with  octahedral  cleavage),  sphalerite  ;  pyrite 
in  cubes  near  Lancaster.  At  the  Lancaster  zinc  mines,  calamine,  sphalerite,  tennantite  ?  smith- 
sonite  (pseud,  of  dolomite),  auricJialcite. 

LEBANON  Co. — Corn-wall. — Magnetite,  pyrite  (cobaltiferous),  chalcopyrite,  native  copper, 
azurite,  malachite,  chrysocolla,  cuprite  (hydrocuprite),  allophane,  brochantite,  serpentine,  quartz 
pseudomorphs;  fluorite,  covellite,  hematite  (micaceous),  opal,  asbestus,  sphalerite,  prehuite. 

LEHIGH  Co. — Friedensville. — At  zinc  mines,  calamine,  smithsonite,  hydrozincite,  massive 
sphalerite,  greeuockite,  quartz,  allophane,  mountain  leather,  aragonite,  lanthanite,  sauconite. 
Near  Allentown,  magnetite,  pipe-iron  ore.  Near  Bethlehem,  on  S.  Mountain,  allanite,  with 
zircon,  magnetite,  martite,  black  spinel,  tourmaline,  chalcocite,  chloropal. 

Ironton. — Psilomelane  in  stalactitic,  botryoidal,  and  reuiform  masses. 

Macungie. —  Wavellite  ! 

Shimerville.— Corundum  !  in  fine  crystals,  black  spinel. 

LUZERNE  Co.— Scranton. — Under  peat,  phytocollite. 
Drifton.  — Py  rophy  1  lite. 

MIFFLIN  Co. — Opposite  Mount  Union. — Strontianite,  aragonite. 

MONROE  Co. — In  Cherry  Valley,  calcite,  chalcedony,  quartz.  In  Poconac  Valley,  near 
Judge  Mervine's,  cryst.  quartz. 

MONTGOMERY  Co. — Conshohocken. — Fibrous  tourmaline,  ilmenite,  aventurine  quartz, 
phyllite,  liniouite,  cacoxenite,  pyrite.  In  the  quarry  of  Geo.  Bullock,  calcite  in  hexagonal 
prisms,  aragonite. 

Lafayette,  at  the  Soapstone  quarries. — Talc,  jefferisite,  garnet,  albite,  serpentine,  zoisite, 
staurolite,  chalcopyrite.  At  Rose's  Serpentine  quarry,  opposite  Lafayette,  enstatite,  serpentine, 
millerite!  genthite,  chalcanthite,  bornite,  epsomite,  aragonite,  chlorite,  tremolite,  steatite,  dolo- 
mite, serpentine  pseudomorph  after  staurolite. 

Lower  Providence. — Perkiomen  lead  and  copper  mines,  near  village  of  Shannon ville, 
azurite,  sphalerite,  galena,  pyromorphite,  cerussite,  wulfenite,  anglesite,  barite,  calamine,  chal- 
copyrite, malachite,  chrysocolla,  ankerite,  cuprite,  covellite  (rare),  melaconite,  pseudomalachite. 

White  Marsh. — D.  O.  Hitner's  iron  mine,  limonite  in  geodes  and  stalactites,  gothite,  pyro- 
lusite,  wad,  lepidocrocite.  At  Edge  Hill  Station  (P.  R.  R.),  ilmenite,  brauuite,  pyrolusite, 
limonite,  turgite,  brauuite,  velvet  manganese,  litaniferous  hematite,  rutile,  wad. 

Near  Marble  Hall,  at  Hitner's  marble  quarry,  white  marble,  granular  barite,  resembling 
marble.  At  Spring  Mills,  limonite,  pyrolusite,  gothite.  At  Flat  Rock  Tunnel,  opposite 
Manayunk,  stilbite,  heulandite,  chabasite,  ilvaite,  beryl,  feldspar,  mica. 

NORTHAMPTON  Co.—  Bethlehem.—  Axinite,  zircon  (f  m.  K). 

Bushkill  T. — Crystal  Spring  on  Blue  Mountain,  quartz  crystals. 

Nazareth  —Quartz  crystals. 

Near  Easton. — Zircon!  (exhausted),  coccolite,  tremolite,  pyroxene,  salite,  limouite,  mag- 
detite,  purple  calcite,  bowenite. 

Williams  Township.— Pyrolusite  in  geodes  in  limonite  beds,  gothite  (lepidocrocite)  at 
Glendon. 

NORTHUMBERLAND  Co.— Opposite  Selin's  Grove.— Calamine. 

PHILADELPHIA  Co.— Frankford.— At  quarries  on  Frankford  Greek,  stilbite!  molybdenite! 
in  fine  crystals,  hornblende,  titanite,  apophyllite,  tourmaline,  fluorite,  calcite,  bornite,  chalco- 
pyrite, malachite,  chrysocolla,  hyalite  colored  by  uranium,  apatite,  lepidomelane,  titanite,  rand- 
ite,  Iceland  spar,  orthoclase,  oligoclase.  On  the  Connecting  Railroad,  wad,  earthy  cobalt, 
basauite  in  the  drift. 


1070  CATALOGUE  OF  AMERICAN  LOCALITIES  OF  MINERALS. 

Fairmount  Water- works.—  Autunite !  torbernite,  orthoclase,  beryl,  tourmaline,  albite,  wad, 
inter  cry  stall!  zed  black  and  white  mica. 

Near  Girard  Avenue  and  the  Schuylkill,  ilnienite.  Thirty-sixth  Street  and  Penn.  R.  R., 
garnet,  wad.  Fifty-ninth  Street  and  Penn.  R.  R.,  halotrichite,  glockerite.  Darby  Tunnel, 
B.  &  O.  R.  R.,  anhydrite. 

Wissahickon  Creek. — McKinney's  quarry  on  Rittenhouse  Lane,  orthoclase,  apatite,  stilbite, 
heulandite,  epidote,  bornite,  malachite,  chalcopyrite,  chrysocolla,  laumontite.  Near  Gorgas's 
and  Crease's  Lanes,  tourmaline,  cyanite,  staurolite.  Near  Heft's  Mill,  alunogeu,  tourmaline, 
cyanite. 

Cresheim  Creek.— Antholite  in  radiated  masses.  One  half  mile  above,  staurolite,  ilmen- 
ite,  hyalite,  apatite,  green  mica,  iron  garnets  in  abundance. 

Thorp's  Lane. — Talc,  magnetite. 

Falls  of  Schuylkill. — Chabazite,  titanite,  fluorite,  apatite,  muscovite,  tourmaline,  prochlo- 
rite,  quartz  crystals,  crocidolite  laumontite,  analcite. 

SCHUYLKILL  Co. — Tamaqua  (near  Pottsville),  in  coal  mines. — Kaolinite.  Lansford,  near 
Tamaqua,  in  an  anthracite  mine,  lansfordite,  nesquehonite. 

Near  Mahanoy  City. — Pyrophyllite,  alunogen,  copiapite,  in  coal-mines. 

YORK  CO.— Bornite,  rutile  in  slender  prisms  in  granular  quartz. 

DELAWARE. 

KENT  CO. — Near  Middletown,  Folk's  marl-pits  (not  open). — Vimanite! 
East  Dover. — Limonite. 

NEWCASTLE  CO. — Brandywine  Springs. — Fibrolite,  salite,  pyroxene.  Brandy  wine 
Hundred,  muscovite  inclosing  reticulated  magnetite,  garnet. 

Dixon's  Feldspar  Quarries,  6  m.  N.  W.  of  Wilmington  (not  open). — Beryl,  apatite,  cinna- 
mon-stone! maguesite,  serpentine,  asbestus,  black  tourmaline!  cyauite. 

Eastburn's"  Limestone  Quarries,  near  the  Pennsylvania  line  (not  always  worked). — Tremo- 
lite,  bronzite. 

Hockessin,  on  the  Del.  West.  R.  R.— Kaolin  (large  deposit),  feldspar. 

&ennett  Turnpike,  near  Centreville.— Cyanite  and  garnet. 

Near  Newark,  on  the  railroad,— Sphserosiderite  on  drusy  quartz,  jasper  (ferruginous  opal), 
cryst.  siderite  in  cav-ities  of  cellular  quartz,  quartz  crystals  loose  in  soil ;  limonite  mined  at 
Chestnut  Hill  pits. 

Quarryville. — Garnet,  fibrolite. 

On  Talley's  Farm  near  Shell  pot  Creek. — Feldspar,  muscovite  inclosing  reticulated  mag- 
netite and  layers  of  quartz,  kaolin,  hypersthene. 

Way's  Quarry,  2  m.  S.  of  Centreville  (not  open).—  Feldspar  in  cleavage  masses,  apatite, 
mica,  deweylite,  granular  quartz. 

Near  Wilmington.— Hornblende,  bog-iron  ore.  hypersthene. 

Wilmington  Granite  Co.  Quarries  on  the  Brandywine.—  Metalloidal  diallage,  black  horn- 
blende, tourmaline,  chalcopyrite,  stilbite  !  (rare). 

Wooddale  Quarries. — Garnet,  biotite,  feldspar. 

SUSSEX  Co.— Near  Cape  Henlopen.— Vivianite.     At  various  localities,  limojiite. 

MARYLAND. 

BALTIMORE  Co.— Baltimore  City,  Jones  Falls  gneiss  quarries. — Microcline,  lepidomelane, 
epidote,  titauite,  siderite  (sphaerosiderite),  barite,  calcite,  apatite,  pyrite,  chabazite  (haydenite), 
heulandiie  (beaumontite),  stilbite,  laumontite,  harmotome  (rare).  In  pegmatyte  veins,  muscovite, 
tourmalins  apatite,  molybdenite,  samarskite  (?). 

Bare  3.ills. — At  the  copper  mines  in  hornblende  gneiss,  octahedral  magnetite!  ampliibole- 
antJicyhyllite  !  bornite,  chalcopyrite.  At  Blue  Mount  on  Northern  Central  R.  R.,  dodecahedral 
garnet,  sillimanite,  and  octahedral  magnetite  in  chlorite  schist. 

Bare  Hills  and  Soldier's  Delight. — In  serpentine,  chromite,  kdmmererite,  talc,  steatite, 
chrysotile  (baltimorite),  magnesite  (crystalline  and  earthy). 

Texas. — In  white  marble,  pldogopite,  tremolite.  pyrite,  pink  scapolite,  brown  and  black 
tourmaline,  rutile,  green  muscovite. 

Owing's  Mills,  Western  Run,  and  Warren  Mills.— In  muscovite-gneiss,  staurolite,  cyanite, 

Green  Spring  Valley,  Shoemaker's  quarry. — In  quartz  schist,  stretched  black  tourmaline  ! 
muscovite. 


MARYLAND— DISTRICT  OF  COLOMBIA— VIRGINIA.  1071 

CARROLL  CO. — Marriottsville. — In  marble,  wJiite  augite,  changed  to  tremolite!  phlogopite. 

Near  Union  Bridge  (Mountain  View  lead  mine). — In  while  limestone,  galena,  anglesite, 
cerussite,  sulphur. 

Finksburg.— At  copper  mines  in  hornblende  gneiss,  chalcopyrite,  bornite,  siegenite,  carrollite, 
remingtonite,  malachite,  magnetite. 

Mineral  Hill.  —  Chalcopyrite,  bornite,  magnetite,  gold. 

Sykesville  (Florence  and  Springfield  mines,  exhausted).— Gold  on  magnetite,  chalcopyrite, 
bornite,  pyrite,  carrollite. 

Piney  Run. — In  pyroxeuyte,  bronzite  altering  to  talc,  steatite. 

CECIL  Co. — Near  the  Pennsylvania  line. — Chromite  in  serpentine. 

CHARLES  Co.— In  Cretaceous  clay,  radiating  groups  of  large  gypsum  crystals. 

FREDERICK  Co.— Dolyhyde  copper  mine  (abandoned). — Formerly  bornite,  chalcopyrite, 
malachite,  ottrelite. 

Liberty  copper  mine. — Black,  gray,  and  purple  copper  ore,  chalcocite,  malachite,  hematite 
in  dolomite. 

Catoctin  Furnace. — Limonite,  ocher,  hematite,  and  franklinite  in  vein  quartz. 

1  mile  south  of  Mechanicstown. — Manganese. 

Middletown  Valley. — Smoky  quartz!  stibnite. 

HARFORD  Co.— Cooptown  and  Tarrettsville.— In  serpentine,  chromite,  Mmmererite,  green 
talc,  chrysotile,  tourmaline. 

Near  Deer  Creek. — In  chlorite  schist,  octahedral  magnetite. 

On  Broad  Creek — Mottled  and  veined  serpentine  (quarried).  In  metamorphic  sandstone  at 
"  The  Rocks  "  of  Deer  Creek,  blue  cyanite  !  magnetite,  chlorite. 

At  Pylesville. — Graphite. 

HOWARD  Co.— Ellicott  City. — Envelope  titanite,  allanite-epidote,  parallel  growths  (p.  525), 
at  the  quarries  on  left  bank  of  Patapsco  River. 

Ilchester.— In  pegmatyte,  microcline,  garnets,  black  and  white  micas.  In  peridotyte,  near 
station,  pcecilitic  hornblende,  and  talc  after  hornblende.  In  pyroxenyte,  near  Gray's  Bridge, 
smaragdite  after  pyroxene.  In  porpbyritic  uoryte,  hypersthene.  In  gabbro-dioryte,  "  titano- 
morphite,"  titanite  around  rutile  and  ilmenite. 

MONTGOMERY  CO. — EtchisonP.  O. — In  serpentine,  chromite,  chrome-tourmaline  !  fuchsite. 
Great  Falls  and  Sandy  Spring,  gold  in  vein  quartz,  manganese  formerly  ruined,  beryl,  ortho- 
clase,  mica. 

ST.  MARY'S  Co.— In  Miocene  clay,  groups  of  large  gypsum  crystals. 

WASHINGTON  Co. — Maryland  Heights,  opposite  Harper's  Ferry. — Thuringite  (owenite). 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

Near  Washington. — Prochlorite,  yellow  titanite,  rutile,  ilmenite,  calcite,  gold. 

VIRGINIA. 

Virginia  affords  some  gold,  both  in  gold  gravel  and  in  gold  quartz;  limonite  abundantly, 
also  hematite  and  magnetite;. manganese  (pyrolusite)  in  large  quantities  in  Augusta  Co.,  also 
Rockbridge  and  Smythe  Cos.,  etc.;  lead  and  zinc  ores  (galena,  calamine,  smithsonite,  sphalerite) 
in  Wythe  and  Pulaski  Cos.;  copper  ores  (chalcopyrite,  etc.)  in  Floyd  Co.,  Carroll  Co.,  etc. 
Rock  salt  is  obtained  in  Saltville,  Smythe  Co.;  also  salt  from  brines  in  Washington  and 
Lee  Cos. 

ALBEMARLE  Co.  — Faber's. — Galena,  sphalerite,  fluorite,  gold,  serpentine  or  potstone, 
graphite. 

Ragged  Mountains,  4  miles  west  of  Univ.  of  Virginia. — Quartz  crystals.  6  miles  west, 
garnet.  1  mile  south  of  Univ.  of  Virginia,  pseudomorphs  of  limonite  after  pyrite. 

ALLEGHANY  Co.— Limonite,  hematite.  The  deposits  also  extend  into  Bath,  Bland,  Craig, 
Giles,  and  Highland  Cos. 

AMELIA  Co. — Near  Court  House,  mica!  orthoclase,  albite,  microlite!  columbite,  allanite, 
helvite,  spessartitef  topazolite,  amethyst,  fluorite,  apatite,  white  beryl,  monazite,  phenacite» 
fergusouitc; 


1072  CATALOGUE  OF  AMERICAN  LOCALITIES  OF  MINERALS. 

AMHERST  Co. — Along  the  west  base  of  Buffalo  Ridge,  copper  ores. 

On  N.  "W.  slope  of  Friar  Mtn. — Allanite,  magnetite,  zircon,  sipylite,  ilmenite. 

AUGUSTA  CO. — Crimora. — Pyrolusite  (cryst.)  and  psilomelane,  abundant  (^£  of  product  of 
U.  S.,  1890).  W.  foot  of  Blue  Ridge,  hematite,  limonite,  graphite. 

1  mile  E.  of  Staunton. — Pseudomorphs  of  limonite  after  pyrite.  At  Weyer's  (or  Weir's) 
cave,  calcite,  stalactites. 

BEDFORD  Co.— Near  Montvale.— Bronzite,  pyrite.  Near  the  Peaks  of  Otter,  allanite. 
Tscheffkiuite  (exact  local,  not  given). 

BOTETOURT  CO. — Limonite,  hematite,  psilomelane,  pyrolusite. 

BUCKINGHAM  CO. — Gold  at  Garnett  and  Moseley  mines,  also  pyrite,  pyrrhotite,  calcite, 
garnet.  At  Eldridge  mine  (now  Loudon  and  Virginia  mines)  and  the  Buckingham  mines 
near  Maysville,  gold,  auriferous  pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  tennantite,  barite,  cy  anile,  tourmaline, 
aclinolite. 

Arvon  slate  quarries. — Octahedrite.     Willis  Mt.,  cyanite,  tourmaline. 

CAMPBELL  Co.— Near  Lynchburg.— Rutile. 

CARROLL  and  GRAYSON  Cos.— Chalcopyrite,  pyrite,  melaconite,  galena,  sphalerite,  pyr- 
rhotite, magnetite,  limonite. 

CULPEPPER  Co.,  on  Rapidan  River. — Gold,  pyrite. 

FAUQUIER  Co.,  Barnett's  mills. — Asbestus,  gold  mines,  barite,  calcite. 

FLOYD  Co. — Pyrrhotite!  magnetite,  hematite,  gold. 

FLUVANNA  Co. — Gold  at  Stockton's  mine.  Also  tetradymite,  at  "Tellurium  mine." 
Phenix  Copper  Mine,  chalcopyrite,  etc. 

FRANKLIN  CO. — Grayish  serpentine,  "potstone."  [This  substance  is  not  steatite  (as  Rogers 
calls  it),  having  much  iron  (27  p.  c.  FeO)  and  little  or  no  alumina;  the  same  is  true  of  all  in 
this  belt,  Albemarle,  etc. — F.  P.  D.]  Also  bornite,  chlorite,  muscovite,  pyrrhotite,  magnetite. 

GOOCHLAND  CO.— Gold  mines  (Moss  and  Busby's). 

GREENE  Co.— Malachite,  pyrolusite  (also  in  Madison  Co.),  native  copper  in  felsyte, 
hematite. 

HALIFAX  Co.— Chalcopyrite,  graphite. 

HENRIOO  Co.  (also  Hanover,  Chesterfield,  Caroline,  Prince  William,  Spottsylvania,  and 
Stafford  Cos.). — Glaucouite  (greeusand  marl). 

JEFFERSON  Co.— Shepherdstown.— Fluorite. 

LOUDON  Co. — Tabular  quartz,  prase,  pyrite,  talc,  chlorite,  soapstone,  asbestus,  chromite, 
actinolite,  quartz  crystals,  micaceous  hematite,  bornite,  malachite,  epidote,  near  Leesburg 
(Potomac  mine). 

LOUISA  Co. — Walton  gold  mine,  gold,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  argentiferous  galena,  siderite, 
sphalerite,  unglesite.  Boulaugerite,  sphalerite  (at  Tinder's  mine).  Corundum  (40  m.  N.  of 
Richmond).  Pyrite  in  large  quantities,  pyromorphite,  cerargyrite. 

Tolersville.  —Pyrite. 

MONTGOMERY  Co. —Chalcopyrite,  pyrite,  pyrrhotite,  magnetite. 

NELSON  Co.— Near  Fawbers.— Fluorite. 

Near  Lowesville. — Allanite.      6  miles  east  of  Lowesville,  massive  rutile. 
Near  Arrington.— Crystallized  rutile. — Also  galena,  chalcopyrite,  malachite,  allanite.     Iso- 
lated mass  of  tscheffkinite  at  Hat  Creek. 

ORANGE  Co. — Western  part,  Blue  Ridge,  hematite.  Gold  at  the  Orange  Grove  and 
Vaucluse  gold  mines,  worked  by  the  "Freehold  "  and  "  Liberty"  Mining  Companies. 


WEST   VIRGINIA— NORTH  CAROLINA.  1073 

FAGECO.-Luray  Cave. — Stalactites.     On  Stony  Man  Mtn.,  malachite,  limonite. 
PATRICK  Co. — Magnetite,  staurolite,  chloritoid,  cyanite,  corundum. 
FITTSYLVANIA  Co. — Barite,  hematite. 
FULASKI  Co. — Hematite,  limonite, 
ROANOKE  Co.— AtBonsacks.— Smithsonite,  sphalerite. 

ROCKBRIDGE  Co.— On  Irish  Creek. — Cassiterite,  wolframite,  arsenopyrite  (auriferous), 
epidote,  miorite,  pyrite. 

Near  Lexington. — Pyrite,  limonite  pseud,  after  pyrite.  Three  m.  S.  W.  of  Lexington, 
barite,  dufrenite,  in  bed  10  in.  thick,  with  strengite,  In  Petetes  Gap,  zircon. 

Near  Buena  Vista. — Wad,  gothite.  Mouth  of  Irish  Creek,  pyrolusite.  In  James  River 
Gap,  epidote  (crystals).  West  of  Lexington,  galena,  quartz  crystals  (in  crystalline  limestone) 
calcite.  In  the  Blue  Ridge,  magnetite. 

SHENANDOAH  Co. — Near  Woodstock. — Fluorite. 
SMYTH  Co.— Near  Marion. — Barite. 

SFOTTSYLVANIA  Co. ,  2  m.  N.  E.  of  Chancellorsville. — Cyanite;  gold  mines  at  the  junction 
of  the  Rappahauuock  and  Rapidan  ;  on  the  Rappahannock  (Marshall  mine) ;  Whitehall  mine, 
affording  also  tetradymite. 

STAFFORD  Co. — 8  or  10  m.  from  Falmouth. — Micaceous  iron,  gold,  tetradymite,  silver, 
galena,  vivianite. 

WASHINGTON  Co.— 18  m.from  Abingdon.— Halite,  gypsum. 

WYTHE  Co. — Austin's  Mines. — Cerussite,  minium,  plumbic  ocJier,  sphalerite,  calamine, 
galena,  graphite,  aragonite. 

Bertha  Mines. — Calamine  !  !  sphalerite,  hematite,  limonite. 

WEST  VIRGINIA. 
MASON  Co. — Glenwood  and  Mason. — Cassiterite. 

MINERAL  Co.— Brady's,  5  m.  S.  of  Cumberland,  Md.— In  Helderberg,  limestone,  blue 
celestite  ! 

There  are  also  hematite,  limonite,  siderite  mines;  also  salt  wells,  as  in  Mason  Co. 

NORTH   CAROLINA.* 

The  following  is  a  general  statement  in  regard  to  the  most  important  economic  minerals  of 
the  state  :  Gold  is  found  in  quartz  veins  in  gueissic,  granitic,  and  dioritic  rock,  also  in  talcose, 
chloritic,  argillaceous,  and  arenaceous  slates  or  in  beds  in  the  slates;  in  veins  generally  associated 
with  pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  more  rarely  with  galena  and  sphalerite,  and  the  products  of  their 
oxidation;  or  in  auriferous  gravels.  The  principal  counties  in  which  it  has  been  found  m 
quantity  are:  Franklin,  Nash,  Granville,  Alamance,  Chatham,  Moore,  Guilfprd,  Davidson, 
Randolph,  Montgomery,  Stauly,  Union,  Cabarrus,  Rowan,  Mecklenburgh,  Lincoln,  Gastou, 
Catawba,  Caldwell,  Burke,  McDowell,  Rutherford,  Polk,  Cleveland,  Cherokee,  Jackson, 
Transylvania,  and  Watauga. 

Iron  Ores. — Valuable  deposits  of  hematite  and  limonite  we  found  in  the  counties  of  Chatham, 
Orange,  Gaston,  Lincoln,  Catawba, Caldwell,  Madison,  and  Watauga.  Magnetite  of  superior  quality 
occurs  in  belts,  stretching  through  many  counties  for  a  distance  of  over  20  miles  in  the  direction 

*  See  the  Minerals  of  North  Carolina  by  F.  A.  Genth,  Bulletin  74  of  the  U.  S.  GeoL 
Survey,  1891.  The  list  here  given  has  been  condensed  for  this  place  by  Dr.  Genth. 


1074  CATALOGUE  OF  AMERICAN  LOCALITIES  OF  MINERALS. 

of  the  inclosing  strata  from  N.  E.  to  S.  W.;  titaniferous  ores  often  in  parallel  bands  between 
pure  magnetite.  The  principal  counties  in  which  they  occur  are  :  Chatham,  Davidson,  Guil 
ford,  Forsyth,  Rockingham  and  Stokes,  Yadkin,  Davie,  Lincoln  and  Gaston,  Catawba,  Swain, 
Madison,  Mitchell,  Ashe,  and  several  others.  West  of  the  Blue  Ridge  many  mica  mines  are 
worked,  especially  in  Macon,  Jackson,  Hay  wood,  Buncombe,  Ashe,  McDowell,  Mitchell,  Yan- 
cey,  Alexander,  Cleveland,  and  other  counties;  these  mines  have  furnished  many  highly  inter- ' 
esting  minerals.  Corundum  is  also  found  in  the  same  region  in  connection  with  chrysolite 
rocks — which  latter  have  furnished  by  their  decomposition  many  interesting  magnesian  minerals. 
The  state  has  also  yielded  large  quantities  of  zircon,  monazite,  etc. 

ALEXANDER  Co.— White  Plains.— Scorodite,  columbite,  tourmaline,  beryl,  rose  quartz, 
smoky  quartz,  rutile  in  geniculated  and  acicular  crystals  in  limouite  and  in  quartz,  spodumene, 
in  emerald  and  yellowish  green  crystals  (hidden  ite). 

Price  and  Keever  Place.— Beryl,  tourmaline,  columbite,  autunite,  muscovite. 

Lead  Mine. — Amethyst. 

Hiddenite  P.  O. — Beryl !  and  emerald  !  monazite  !  spodumene  (hiddenite),  green  and  yellow- 
ish crystals!  apatite,  calcite,  dolomite!  siderite,  rutile!  muscovite!  hisingerite,  tourmaline. 
Taylorsville,  three  miles  distant,  smoky  quartz,  rock  crystal,  tourmaline,  beryl. 

Marshall's  Farm.— Garnets. 

Elsewhere. — Green,  brown,  and  black  tourmaline,  graphite,  magnetite,  tantalite,  beryl 
(yellow,  blue,  green)  quartz  crystals!  (highly  modified),  monazite,  asbestus,  pyrite,  magnetite, 
chalcopvrite,  pyrolusite,  limonite  pseudomorph  after  siderite,  siderite,  kaolinite,  orthoclase, 
large  crystals  (one  of  40  pounds),  biotite,  inuscovite,  rutile!  very  fine  at  Milholland's  mill, 
tourmaline  I 

ALLEGHANY  Co. — Peach  Bottom  Mine. — Pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  malachite,  galena,  cuprite, 
sphalerite,  molybdenite. 

ASHE  Co. — Ore  Knob  Mine.— Pyrite,  calcite,  chalcocite,  arsenopyrite,  malachite,  metallic 
copper. 

New  River  (South  Fork,  near  mouth). — Chrysolite,  chalcopyrite,  magnetite. 

Gap  Creek  (Copper  Knob  mine).— Gold,  silver,  hematite,  epidote,  bornite,  chalcocite, 
chalcopyrite,  chrysocolla,  malachite.  On  Gap  Creek,  cyanite,  hornblende. 

Elk  Knob. — Chalcopyrite,  epidote. 

Phoenix  Mountain.—  Rock  crystal ! 

BUNCOMBE  Co.— Asheville.—  Garnet,  magnetite,  serpentine,  barite  (granular).  On  Fox 
Branch,  chrysolite.  19  to  20  miles  north,  pyrrhotite,  magnetite,  hematite,  corundum  with  horn- 
blende and  culsageeite,  serpentine,  prochlorite,  asbestus,  actiuolite,  kaolin,  jefferisite. 

Black  Mountain.— Almandite  garnet,  cyauite  at  Bowlen's  Pyramid. 

Balsam  Gap  mine. — Allanite  T  beryl,  muscovite,  biotite,  albite,  black  garnet,  columbite, 
tourmaline. 

Ivy  River.— Chrysolite,  chromite,  hornstone,  genthite,  talc,  asbestus,  tremolite. 

Brushy  Mountain  Mine. — Muscovite,  kaolinite,  orthoclase,  albite. 

Ream's  Creek. — Garnet,  large  crystals. 

Burnet  Mine. — Muscovite,  orthoclase  crystals,  large  (100  to  1,000  pounds). 

Swannanoa  Gap.— Corundum  in  cyanite  !  muscovite. 

Elsewhere.— Muscovite  in  many  mica  mines  with  beryl,  talc,  columbite,  garnet,  ilmenite. 

BURKE  CO. — Brindletcwn. — At  Mills's  and  other  placer  gold  mines,  crystallized  gold, 
tetradymite,  montanite,  brookite,  octaliedrite,  rutile,  zircon  and  malacon,  cyrtolite,  monazite,  xeno- 
time,  sometimes  in  crystals  an  inch  across,  and  rarely  of  a  sage-  to  grass-green  color,  samarskite, 
columbite,  fergusonite,  hydrofergusonite,  ilmenite,  hematite,  magnetite,  chromite,  limonite, 
pyrite,  titanite,  cyanite,  fibrolite,  corundum,  muscovite,  vermiculite,  enstatite,  hornblende 
(green  and  black)  steatite,  tourmaline  (green  and  black)  orthoclase,  albite,  zoisite  (?),  gamely 
actinolite,  beryl,  talc,  asbestus,  quartz  (clear,  smoky,  and  amethystine)  psilomelane,  arseuo- 
pyrite  (?),  allanite,  thorite,  diamond. 

Bear's  Knob. — Corundum  with  muscovite,  4  miles  southeast. 

Linnville  Mountain.— Ilmenite,  hematite,  itacolumyte!  radiated  pyrophyllite,  limonite, 
graphite. 

Shoup's  Ford.— Beryl,  garnet,  corundum,  in  part  altered  to  fibrolite  gold,  magnetite, 
ilmenite,  cyanite,  tourmaline. 

South  Mountains. — Quartz  crystals  !  inclosing  liquid,  garnet !  beryl  !  yellowish  green  and 
deep  green  (aquamarine),  tourmaline!  serpentine,  talc,  chlorite,  actiuolite,  hematite,  magnetite, 
asbestus,  magnesite.  breunnerite,  chrysolite,  garnet,  tremolite,  corundum,  arsenopyrite. 

Sugar  Mountains.— Quartz  crystals,  asbestus,  gold,  rutile,  magnetite,  beryl. 


NORTH  CAROLINA.  1075 

CABARRUS  CO. — Gold  in  many  veins  and  placers,  sulphur,  chalcopyrite,  magnetite, 
limouite. 

Daniel  Earnhardt's  Farm. — Barnhardtite. 

Barringer's  Mine. — Gold,  arsenopyrite  in  calcite. 

Boger's  Mine. — Tetradymite,  cbalcopyrite,  azurite. 

Cosby's  Mine. — Wolframite,  scheelite,  cuproscheelite,  siderite,  barite. 

Cullen's  Mine. — Tetradymite,  cuprite  (cubes),  pseudomalachite,  scheelite,  malachite,  in  part 
pseudomorpbous  after  cuprite,  azurite. 

Flowe's  Mine. —  Wolframite!  scheelite,  barite. 

George  Ludwick's  Mine. — Gold,  arsenopyrite,  tetrahedrite,  scorodite,  pyrite,  cbalcopyrite. 

McMakiii's  Mine. — Silver,  argentite,  galena,  spbalerite,  proustite(?),  tetrahedrite,  var. 
freibergite!  pyrolusite,  pyromorpbite,  barite,  goslarite,  rhodochrosite,  magnesite,  calcite,  wad, 
barite,  talc. 

Phcenix  Mine. — Gold,  tetradymite.  In  Orchard  vein,  barite,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite.  Numerous 
mines  of  gold  and  copper  ores. 

CALDWELI  Co.— Baker's  Mine.— Galena,  serpentine,  picrolite,  chrysotile,  chrysolite, 
pyromorphite,  anglesite,  cerussite,  asbestus,  marmolite,  psilomelane,  chromite. 

Elsewhere. — Gold,  in  placers  and  veins,  chalcopyrite,  mouth  of  Rocky  River,  amethyst, 
kaolin,  halloysite. 

CATAWBA  Co. — Many  valuable  magnetite  deposits. 

Hickory. — Graphite,  crystallized,  pyrite,  alunogeu,  wad,  amphibole,  hematite,  pyrolusite, 
limonite,  quartz  crystals,  amethyst,  garnet,  muscovite,  pyrrhotite,  magnetite,  chalcopyrite. 

Elsewhere. — Gold,  in  placers  and  veins,  graphite,  rutile  in  acicular  crystals  in  amethyst, 
rock  crystal,  quartz  crystals  inclosing  liquid,  beryl!  garnet!  cyanite,  kaolinite,  alunogen,  wad, 
beryl. 

CHATHAM  CO. — Many  deposits  of  magnetite,  hematite  and  limonite,  and  black  band  and 
ball  ore. 

Buckhorn. — Rutile  in  quartz,  manganese  garnet. 

Carbonton. — Pyrophyllite  slate. 

Clegg's  Mine. — Galena,  bornite,  chalcopyrite,  pyrite  in  cubo-octahedrons,  cuprite,  chryso- 
colla,  pseudomalachite,  cerussite,  malachite,  fibrous  and  earthy,  azurite,  anthracite,  calcite,  galena, 
prochlorite  (?). 

Deep  River. — Pyrophyllite  slate. 

Egypt.— Siderite  (black  band  and  ball  ore),  dufrenite. 

Evans's  Mine.— Hematite,  chloritoid  in  pyrophyllite  slate. 

Farmville  and  Gulf. — Siderite  (black  band  and  ball  ore). 

CHEROKEE  CO. — Marble  Creek. — Tremolite,  talc,  calcite  (granular),  white,  pink,  gray  I 

Murphy. — Galena,  pyrolusite,  limonite,  wad,  tremolite,  talc,  cerussite,  gold,  galena 
(argentiferous). 

Nantehaleh  River. — Niter  in  slates,  calcite.,  granular,  white,  and  pink,  talc,  massive  white. 

Parker  Mine. — Staurolite  !  gold,  garnet. 

Valley  River. — Hematite,  phlogopite,  talc,  calcite  (granular),  dolomite,  gold  in  placers, 
Staurolite,  corundum  in  cyanite. 

Valleytown. — Rutile. 

Elsewhere. — Staurolite,  pseudomorphs  of  muscovite  after  Staurolite. 

CLAY  Co. — Cullakenee  Mine,  Buck  Creek. — Corundum!  white,  gray,  pink,  and  ruby, 
frequently  altered  into  other  minerals,  spinel,  chromite,  drusy  quartz,  black  hornblende  or 
arfvedsonite,  smaragdite,  chrysolite,  zoisite,  andesine,  labradorite,  orthoclase,  tourmaline,  serpen- 
tine, massive  and  variety  picrolite,  willcoxite,  margarite!  talc,  albite,  cyanite,  eustatite,  augite  (?) 
prochlorite. 

Shooting  Creek. — Corundum,  pseudomorphous  quartz  after  feldspar  (?),  actinolite,  chry- 
solite, talc,  prochlorite,  willcoxite,  margarite,  rock  crystal,  magnetite,  cyanite,  muscovite,  gold 
in  placers,  rutile  in  black  crystals,  garnet,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  micaceous  hematite,  limonite, 
prochlorite(?). 

Tusquittah  Creek. — Gold  in  placers  and  veins,  Staurolite,  rutile. 

Tipton's. — Corundum,  cyanite  (green),  muscovite. 

CLEVELAND  Co.— Whiteside  Mine.— Gold  in  placers. 

Mountain  Mine. — Rock  crystal,  tourmaline,  gurnets,  gold  in  placers,  graphite,  arseuopvrite, 
galena,  muscovite,  melanterite,  alunogen,  pyrite,  abundant  in  gneiss  and  mica  schists,  tourmaline. 
Shelby — Within  a  few  miles,  muscovite  in  large  plates,  magnetite,  actinolite,  tourmaline. 
Double  Shoals. — Arsenopyrite. 


1076  CATALOGUE  OF  AMERICAN  LOCALITIES  OF  MINERALS. 

DAVIDSON  CO. — David  Beck's  Mine. — Tetradymite,  montanite. 

Conrad  Hill. — Chalcopyrite,  hematite,  limonite.  siderite,  malachite,  barite. 

Allen  Mine.— Gold,  pyrite,  Chalcopyrite,  arsenopyrite,  tetradyinite. 

Silver  Hill. — Silver!  argeutite,  highly  argentiferous  galena,  sphalerite,  chalcocite,  pyrite, 
Chalcopyrite,  cuprite,  melaconite,  zoisite  (?),  orthoclase,  calamine,  pyromorpMte  !  (green,  yellow, 
brown,  black,  aud  colorless)  wavellite,  stolzite,  anglesite,  goslarite,  chalcanthite,  calcite,  cerussitel 
in  fine  crystals,  massive  and  in  pseudomorphs  after  pyrite,  malachite. 

Silver  Valley. — Galena,  sphalerite,  pyrornorphite. 

Uwharie  River. — Sphalerite. 

Russell  Mine.— Gold,  pyrite. 

Ward's  Mine.— Gold,  electrum,  pyrite,  Chalcopyrite. 

FORSYTH  Co. — Large  beds  of  magnetite  and  titaniferous  magnetite. 

Near  Salem. — Magnetite,  manganese  garnet,  halloysite,  hematite,  micaceous  hematite, 
graphite,  emery  variety  of  corundum,  wad,  halloysite. 

Near  Kernersville. — Brouzite,  chrysolite,  tourmaline,  magnetite,  hematite,  chlorite,  pyrite. 

FRANKLIN  Co. — Portis  Mines. — Gold  in  placers,  diamond. 

GASTON  CO. — Asbury's  Mine. — Silver,  tetradymite,  galena,  pyrrhotite,  pyrite,  leucopjTite, 
auriferous  arsenopyrite,  bismite,  scorodite,  moutanite  (?),  cerussite,  bismutite. 

Cansler  and  Shuford  Mine. — Gold  !  galena. 

Clubb's  Mountain. — Corundum,  red  and  blue  !  rutile!  tourmaline,  cyanitef  pyrophyllite! 
muscovite  !  lazulite  !  talc,  quartz  crystals. 

Clear  Mountain. — Lazulite. 

Crowder's  Mountain. — Corundum,  red  and  blue!  rutile!  gold,  ilmenite,  cyanite, 
pyrophyllite!  muscovite,  lazulite!  barite,  with  galena  (argentiferous),  tourmaline,  pyrite, 
Chalcopyrite,  manganese  garnet,  pyrornorphite. 

King's  Mountain.— Gold,  gajena,  altaite,  Chalcopyrite,  sphalerite,  tetrahedrite,  nagyagite, 
magnetite,  bismite,  calcite,  dolomite,  pyrrhotite,  Chalcopyrite,  limonite,  barite,  pyrite,  graphite, 
cassiterite. 

.Long  Creek  Mine. — Niccoliferous  psilomelane,  gold,  pyrite,  fluorite,  sphalerite,  arsenopyrite, 
galena. 

White's  Mills. — Epidote,  biotite,  orthoclase  !  pycnite,  titanite. 

All-Healing  Springs.— Barite. 

GRANVILLE  CO.— Bowling's  Mountain.— Radiated  pyrophyllite. 

Sassafras  Fork. — Gold,  pyrite,  (a  few  miles  north)  malachite,  tourmaline,  quartz  crystals, 
agate. 

Near  Shiloh  Church.^Epidote,  labradorite,  calcite. 

Elsewhere. — Stibuite,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county,  on  land  of  N.  A.  Gregory. 

GUTLFORD  CO. — Numerous  gold  veins  with  associated  copper  ores. 

Friendship. — Granular  corundum  (emery),  titaniferous  magnetite. 

McCulloh  Mine — Copper,  cuprite  in  acicular  crystals,  pyrite,  Chalcopyrite,  siderite, 
malachite. 

North  Carolina  (Fentress)  Mine.— Cuprite  in  acicular  crystals,  pyrite,  Chalcopyrite,  siderite, 
malachite. 

Phoenix  Mine. — Chalcopyrite,  covellite. 

HAYWOOD  Co. — Presley  Mine. — Corundum,  blue  and  gray,  altered  into  muscovite  and 
albite;  the  muscovite  in  large  crystals,  also  cryptocrystalline  and  compact. 

HENDERSON  Co. — Coleman's  Station.— Zircon,  phlogopite,  jefferisite. 

Green  River.— On  south  side  of  Blue  Ridge,  at  Freeman's,  zircon,  granular  calcite.  At 
Jones's  mine,  xauthitane,  allanite,  titaniferous  garnet;  also  stilbite,  orthoclase,  epidote,  titanite 
in  granite,  auerlite.  On  Price's  farm,  zircon,  auerlite,  staurolite.  On  the  Davis  land,  polycrase, 
eircon,  monazite,  xenotime,  cyrtolite,  magnetite,  apatite. 

IREDELL  Co —Belt's  Bridge.— Pyrite  in  soapstone,  corundum  in  globular  masses,  partly 
altered  into  muscovite,  etc.  Corundum  in  hexagonal  crystals  !  partly  altered  into  soda-margarite 
at  Hendrick's  farm. 

Dr.  Halyburton's. — Leucopyrite,  scorodite. 

King's  WIiU.—Grap7iite,  hematite  in  hexagonal  plates  in  quartz,  rutile  f  in  quartz,  rock 
crystal,  chalcedony,  tourmaline. 

Mount  Pisgah. — Rutilated  quartz,  chloritic  mineral  resembling  thuringite. 

Spring  Mountain.  —  Graphite. 


NORTH  CAROLINA.  1077 

x, 

Statesville. — Near  Statesville,  titanite  in  gneiss,  quartz  crystals,  allanite,  corundum  rarely 
altered  into  cyanite,  oi'thoclase,  cyanite,  muscomte,  gothite  in  thin  scales,  in  light  red  feldspar 
(suustoue),  titanite. 

Bethany  Church.— Allan  ite,  with  small  crystals  of  zircon. 

Hunting  Creek. — Albite,  blue  corundum  altered  into  rhatizite.  Near  Campbell's  Mill, 
large  boulders  of  cyanite  inclosing  crystals  of  blue  corundum. 

JACKSON  Co.  — Casher's  Valley . — Bismutite,  talc,  muscovite,  amethyst,  rock  crystal,  gold,, 
pyrite,  chalcopyrite. 

Cullowhee  Mine. — Chalcocite,  pyrite,  melaconite,  chalcopyrite  !  hornblende,  malachite. 

Hogback  Mine. — Corundum,  rutile  in  corundum,  chromite,  drusy  quartz,  chrysolite,  andesine, 
tourmaline,  muscomte,  dudleyite,  margarite. 

Savannah  Mine. — Chalcopyrite.  hornblende,  tourmaline,  malachite. 

Waryliut  Mine. — Clialcocite,  chalcopyrite.  cuprite,  malachite. 

Webster. — Corundum,  ohromite,  pyrolusite,  wad,  chalcedony,  drusy  quartz,  enstatite, 
tremolite,  actinolite,  asbestus,  chrysolite,  talc,  serpentine,  marmolite,  deweylite,  genthite,  penninite, 
mugnesite  !  crystalline  and  earthy,  magnetite,  kaolin,  kammererite. 

Wolf  Creek  Mine. — Chalcocite,  native  copper,  chrysocolla,  chalcopyrite,  malachite. 

Ainslie's. — Chrysolite,  chromite,  talc,  chlorite,  enstatite,  smaragdite  (?),  asbestus,  tremolite, 
garnet,  actinolite,  albite. 

Scott's  Creek.— Chrysolite,  chromite,  talc,  penninite  (var.  kammererite),  enstatite,  chlorite, 
corundum  (blue  and  pink). 

LINCOLN  Co.— Cottage  Home. — Diamond!  gold,  chalcopyrite. 
Randleman's. — Quartz  crystals,  amethyst  ! 

MACON  Co. — Culsagee  Mine  or  Corundum  Hill. — Corundum!  in  beautiful  varieties  crys- 
tallized and  massive,  and  frequently  in  part  altered  into  other  minerals;  also  chromite,  spinel  in 
crystals  and  granular,  rutile  rare,  diaspore,  one  specimen  only  known,  drusy  quartz  and  quartz 
crystals,  chalcedony,  hyalite,  enstatite,  tremolite,  chrysolite,  oligoclase,  tourmaline,  talc,  serpentine, 
deweylite,  genthite,  culsageeite,  lucasite.  kerrite,  maconite,  penuiuite,  prochlorite,  willcoxite, 
margarite,  antJiophyllite,  actinolite,  magnetite. 

Highlands.— Bismutite,  beryl,  gold,  rose  quartz. 

Jacob's  Mine. — Corundum,  asbestus,  tremolite,  chrysolite, 

Nantehaleh  River. — Asbestus,  talc,  compact  limestone,  niter.    At  mouth  of  river,  orthoclase. 

Tennessee  River,  below  Franklin. — Garnet,  staurolite,  cyanite,  muscovite,  columbite. 

Tibbet's  Mine.— Pleouaste,  zircon. 

West's  Mine. — Ruby  corundum  with  cyanite. 

Ellijay  Creek. — Near  Higdon's,  corundum,  chlorite,  asbestus,  chromite,  magnetite, 
hematite,  garnet,  chrysolite. 

MADISON  Co. — Mars  Hill. — Monazite  in  large  masses,  zircon. 

Carter's  Mine. — Cwuhdum  !  in  peculiar  white  and  pink  varieties,  spinel,  chromite,  tremolite, 
chrysolite,  andesine,  prochlorite,  culsageeite,  ilmenite,  beryl  ! 

French  Broad  River. — Orthoclase. 

Near  Marshall. — Rutile,  limonite,  magnetite,  galena,  boruite,  chalcopyrite,  epidote,  talc, 
fluorite,  hematite,  corundum.  3  miles  below  Marshall,  prochlorite,  margarite,  barite,  smoky 
quartz,  in  doubty  terminated  crystals. 

Haynie  Mine.— Blue  corundum,  rutile,  margarite,  green  crystals  of  hornblende,  magnetite, 
chlorite,  ilmenite. 

M'DOWELL  Co.— Kirksey's  Mine.— Tetrady mite. 

In  the  gold  placers.— Gold,  corundum,  ilraenite,  rutile,  chromite,  brookite,  pyrope,  zircon, 
epidote,  sillimanite,  xenotime,  monazite,  diamond,  octahedrite. 

MECKLENBURG-  Co.— Numerous  gold  veins,  associated  with  copper  ores,  pyrite,  etc. 

Beattie's  Ford. — Rutile  !  in  acicular  crystals. 

Davidson  College. — Radiated  cyanite,  pyrophyllite,  gold.  7  miles  south,  fine  crystals  of 
rutile. 

McGinn  Mine. — Gold,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  barnhardtite,  cuprite  in  acicular  crystals, 
melaconite,  pseudomalachite. 

Todd's  Branch.— Gold,  diamond,  zircon,  garnet,  monazite. 

Tuckasegee  Ford. — Epidote,  labradorite  near  Tuckasegee  Ford. 

MITCHELL  CO.—  Bakersville.—  Muscomte,  chalcopyrite,  pyrite,  pyrophyllite,  chromite  ! 
quartz  crystals,  chalcedony,  enstatite,  tremolite,  actinolite,  chrysolite,  talc,  rutile  penetrating 
corundum,  serpentine,  deweylite,  penuiuite,  maguesite,  asbestus,  At  Hawk  Mine,  oligoclase  I 
On  Yellow  Mountain,  cyanite  ! 


1078  CATALOGUE  OF  AMERICAN  LOCALITIES  OF  MINERALS. 

Buchanan  Mine. — Gummite,  yttrogummite  (?),  asbestus,  beryl,  allanite,  muscovite,  albite. 
phosphur  any  lite,  cyanite,  graphite,  manganese  garnet,  black  garnet,  magnetite,  limonite,  apatitei 
orthoclase. 

Cane  Creek. — Ilmenite !  actinolite,  talc,  asbestus,  (near  head)  graphite,  rutile,  garnet, 
samarskite. 

Cranberry. — Magnetite,  pyroxene,  epidote,  picrolite,  hematite,  orthoclase. 

Plum  Tree  Creek. — Corundum  crystals,  hyalite. 

Near  White  Plains. — Gummite  with  urauinite  in  a  mica  mine. 

Deake  Mine. — Quartz,  flattened  out  between  muscovite,  muscomte!  columbite!  gummite, 
albite,  gahuite,  monazite. 

Flat  Rock. — Ilmenite,  uraninite,  gummite,  zircon,  garnet,  epidote,  zoisite,  var.  tliullte, 
muscomte,  albite,  orthoclase,  uranotil,  pJiosphuranylite,  autunite  ! 

Grassy  Creek. — Samarskite,  ilmenite,  kaolinite,  beryl,  large  muscovite,  autunite,  hyalite, 
columbite,  montmorillonite. 

Green's  Mine. — Fergusonite.  • 

Point  Pizzle. — Albite,  apatite,  pyrophyllite,  actiuolite,  beryl,  garnet,  manganese  garnet, 
muscovite. 

Unaka  Mountains. — Magnetite,  zircon,  epidote,  hematite. 

Wiseman  Mine. — Muscomte!  kaolinite,  hatchettolite,  columbite,  samarskite!  altered  samar- 
skite, rogersite,  cyrtolite,  epidote,  garnet. 

North  Toe  River. — Orthoclase,  muscovite,  chrysolite,  talc,  chrysotile,  prochlorite,  wad, 
garnet,  serpentine,  kaolin,  chalcedony. 

Young's. — On  South  Toe  River,  serpentine,  garnet,  talc,  chrysolite,  prochlorite,  tremolite, 
pyrite. 

MONTGOMERY  Co. — Cottonstone  Mountain. — Pyrophyllite  I 

Crump  Mine. — Gold  in  placers. 

Steele  Mine. — Gold!  galena,  sphalerite,  chalcopyrite,  albite,  prochlorite,  calcite. 

Swift  Island  Mine. — Gold!  in  fine  crystals. 

MOORE  Co. — Cheek  Mine. — Chalcopyrite,  malachite,  azurite,  galena,  red  jasper,  epidote, 
talc,  calcite,  argentite,  pyroxene,  limonite. 

Soapstone  Quarry. — Slaty  pyrophyllite  !  pseudomalachite. 

ORANGE  Co. — Hillsboro. — Pyrite  in  cubes,  wad,  limonite,  hematite,  pyrophyllite,  chlorite 
in  fine  scales,  epidote,  barite.  At  Latta  Mine,  braunite  (?). 

PERSON  Co. — Barnett  Mountain.  —  White  cyanite. 
Dillahay's  Mine. — Gold,  radiated  quartz. 

Gillis  Mine. — Chalcocite,   pyrite,    covellite,    micaceous    hematite,    chrysocolla,    cuprite, 
malachite,  calcite,  garnet,  quartz,  epidote. 
Leasburg.— Tourmaline,  albite  (?). 

POLK  Co. — Numerous  placer  mines,  with  the  usual  associated  minerals. 

RANDOLPH  Co. — Gold  in  beds  and  placers  in  numerous  places. 
Near  Ashboro. — Pyrophyllite. 

Franklinsville. — Five  to  seven  miles  west-northwest,  leucopyrite. 
Pilot  Klob. — Pyrophyllite,  gold  in  placers,  acicular  rutile  in  quartz. 

ROOKINGHAM  Co. — Madison. — Chalcopyrite  at  W.  Lindsay's,  manganese  garnet. 
Leaksville. — Semi-bituminous  coal. 

ROWAN  Co. — Gold  Hill. — Gold,  bismuthinite,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  arsenopyrite  at  Honey- 
cutt's,  magnetite. 

Salisbury. — Orthoclase  ! 

RUTHERFORD  Co.— Brindletown  Creek.— Diamond  ! 

Rutherfordton. — Quartz,  pseudoinorphous  after  calcite  I 

Shemwell  Mine.  —Arborescent  gold  ! 

Twitty's  Mine. — Diamond. 

At  the  gold  placers  generally. — Gold,  corundum  in  grains  and  crystals,  ilmenite, 
Tutile,  chromite,  brookite,  garnet,  zircon  !  epidote,  samarskite,  xenotime  !  monazite,  fergusonite 
octahedrite,  fibrolite. 

STANLEY  Co.— Gold  in  veins  and  placers. 


NORTH  CAROLINA.  1079 

STOKES  CO.— Bolejack's  Quarry. — Calcite,  phlogopite,  actinolite. 

Coffee  Gap. — Lazulite  with  muscovite  in  quartz. 

D anbury.—  Magnetite,  pyrolusite,  cyanite,  actinolite.  At  Roger's  ore  bank,  titanite,  sul- 
phur ! 

Dan  River.— Opalescent  quartz,  anthracite  and  bituminous  coal,  prochlorite,  hematite, 
magnetite. 

Germanton. — Fossil  wood.     2  miles  east,  serpentine,  calcite,  garnet. 

Peter's  Creek. — Sulphur. 

Sauratown  Mountain.—  Itacolumyte,  asbestus. 

Snow  Creek. — Phlogopite,  granular  calcite,  agate,  amethyst,  hyalite,  jasper,  hematite, 
albite,  pyrolusite. 

Stokesburg.— Rock  crystal,  anthracite  and  bituminous  coal. 

SURRY  Co. — Magnetic  iron-ore  beds  at  numerous  localities. 

Dobson.— Pyrolusite,   talc  in  green  crystals,    serpentine,  steatite,   actinolite,  breunnerite, 
magnesite,  magnetite,  chlorite,  wad.     Near  Dobson,  magnetite  in  prochlorite. 
Ararat  River. — Pyrite  !  magnetite  !   garnet,  white  cyanite  ! 
Chestnut  Mountain. — Octahedral  magnetite  ! 
Pilot  Mountain.— Talc  ! 

SWAIN  Co. — Bryson  City.— Rutile,  zoisite,  limonite  after  pyrite. 
Oconaluftee  River. — Gold,  galena  (argentiferous),  pyrite,  chalcopyrite. 
A   Nichols's. — Pyrolusite,  chalcocite,  tourmaline. 
Quallatown. — Gold  in  placers. 

TRANSYLVANIA  Co.— Boyston  River.— Gold  in  placers,  granular  calcite,  limonite. 
Brevard. — Chlorite,  graphite,  limonite  after  pyrite,  kaolin. 

Elsewhere. — Pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  rose  quartz,  pyrrhotite,  tourmaline,  graphite.  Near 
mouth  of  Looking-glass  Creek,  kaolin. 

UNION  Co.— Gold  in  numerous  veins  and  beds  mostly  associated  with  galena  and  sphalerite. 
Pewter  Mine. — Electrum. 

Stewart  Mine. — Gold,  electrum,  galena,  sphalerite,  pyrite,  arsenopyrite,  pyromorphite. 
Walkup's  Mine. — Barite  !,  granular. 

WAKE  Co.— Northwest  corner  of  county — Serpentine,  asbestus,  actinolite,  steatite, 
cyanite. 

Raleigh.—  Ilmenite,  graphite,  smoky  quartz. 
Graphite  !  at  Tucker's  Mill. 

WATAUGA  Co. — Beech  Mountain. — Fine-grained  galena,  pyrite,  magnetite,  hematite.  At 
Pogie,  galena. 

Cooke's  Gap. — Arsenopyrite,  hematite,  magnetite,  itacolumyte,  limonite,  martite. 

Rich  Mountain.— Head  of  Cove  Creek,  chrornite,  quartz  crystals,  actinolite,  chrysolite, 
epidote,  penuinite,  tremolite. 

Elk  Knob. — Pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  pyrrhotite,  epidote,  limonite,  garnet. 

Flannery  Mine. — Argentiferous  galena. 

Boone  Fork. — Quartz  crystals  (fine). 

Elsewhere. — Gold  in  placers,  galena,  fluorite,  epidote,  limonite,  magnetite,  cyanite,  talc, 
chromite,  chlorite,  ilmeuite,  asbestus. 

WlLKES  Co  — Brushy  Mountains. —Asbestus. 

Elk  Creek. —Galena,  cerussite. 

Flint  Knob. — Galena  (argentiferous),  pyrite. 

Elkin  Creek. — Barite,  limonite,  galena,  cerussite. 

Honey  Creek. — Rutile  in  acicular  crystals  in  brownish  amethyst. 

Trap  Hill  Mine.— Galena,  pyrrhotite,  chalcopyrite  (auriferous),  pyrite,  rutile,  garnet,  tour- 
maline, magnetite. 

Elsewhere. — Graphite,  corundum  mostly  altered  into  cyauite,  pyrite,  cyanite,  mixture  of 
muscovite,  margarite,  etc.,  resulting  from  the  alteration  of  cyanite. 

YADKIN  CO. — Near  Yadkinville. — Gold, 

Hobson's  Mine.— Magnetite,  tremolite,  magnetite.     At  East  Bend  and  elsewhere. 

Jonesville. — Pyrite  in  cubes  in  slate,  chalcopyrite. 

YANOEY  Co. — Grassy  Knob  (Black  Mountains).— Cyanite,  muscovite. 

Black  Mountain.— Graphite. 

Bald  Mountain.— Grayish  green  actinolite,  magnetite. 


1080  CATALOGUE  OF  AMERICAN  LOCALITIES  OF  MINERALS. 

Hampton's,  Mining  Creek. — Chromite,  chalcedony,  enstatite,  tremolite,  actinolite,  asbestus, 
chrysolite,  ortlioclase,  talc,  serpentine,  deweylite,  penuiuite,  magnesite,  epidote  in  fine  green 
crystals,  bronzite,  hornblende,  prochlorite  (?). 

Hurricane  Mountain.  —  Cyanite,  titanite,  muscovite. 

Ray's  Mica  Mine.—  Fluorite,  pseudomorphous  after  apatite,  yttrocerite  (?),  beryl,  garnet, 
zircon,  rutile,  muscovite,  also  a  scaly  pink  variety,  orthoclase,  tourmaline,  black  and  yellowish 
green;  kaoliuite,  columbite,  apatite,  monazite,  autuuite,  amazou  stone,  cyanite,  albite,  smoky 
quartz,  quartz  crystals,  actinolite,  talc,  glassy  feldspar. 

South  Toe  River. — Muscovite,  garnet,  hyalite,  gummite,  autunite,  garnet. 

Profit's.—  Corundum,  muscovite,  asbestus,  garnet,  penninite  (?).  talc,  chrysotile,  fibrous 
talc. 

Young's  Mine. — Chlorite,  serpentine,  chrysolite,  chromite,  talc,  asbestus,  tremolite,  pyrite, 
manganese  garnet  and  garnet  crystals,  bronzite,  tourmaline,  muscovite. 

Presnell  (Young's)  Mine. — Muscovite,  albite,  apatite,  autunite. 

Gibb's  Mine. — Muscovite,  albite,  garnet,  glassy  feldspar. 

Guggenheim's  Mine. — Muscovite,  albite,  manganese  garnet,  apatite,  hyalite,  tourmaline, 
autunite. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

The  chief  economic  minerals  of  South  Carolina  are  gold  and  calcium  phosphate.  The  gold 
belt  extends  from  the  N.  Carolina  border  southwest  across  the  counties  York,  Lancaster,  Ches- 
terfield (incl.  the  Brewer  mine),  Kershaw,  Fairfield,  Union,  Spartauburgh,  Greenville,  Pickens, 
Abbeville  ;  there  are  also  auriferous  gravels,  chiefly  in  York,  Union,  and  Spartauburgh  Cos. 
(Min.  Res.  U.  8.).  The  phosphatic  deposits  are  in  Charleston,  Berkeley,  Colletou,  and  Beau- 
fort Cos.,  as  noted  on  p.  769. 

ABBEVILLE  Co. — Oakland  Grove. — Gold  (Dorn  mine),  galena,  pyromorphite,  amethyst, 
garnet. 

ANDERSON  Co. — Near  Storeville. — Zircon!  red,  brown,  gray,  and  black,  in  the  surface- 
soil.  Most  abundant  at  Thompson's  and  at  Strickland's.  Also  columbite,  fergusonite,  mag- 
netite, and  ilmenite.  Corundum  in  crystals  and  massive,  in  the  soil  and  in  place,  at  Thomp- 
son's and  elsewhere  in  the  vicinity.  Muscovite,  with  some  columbite,  at  Wharton's,  near 
the  Savannah  River.  Garnet  (spessartite)  at  Island  Ford,  Rocky  River.  (Note. — Three  hundred 
pounds  of  zircons— some  of  over  2  oz. — were  gathered  by  hand,  in  about  two  weeks,  from  the 
region  about  Storeville,  in  1888. — Hidden.) 

Pendleton. — Actinolite,  galena,  kaolin,  tourmaline,  zircon. 

Cheowee  Valley. — Galena,  tourmaline,  gold. 

CHESTERFIELD  Co.— Gold  (Brewer's  mine),  talc,  chlorite,  pyrophyllite,  pyrite,  native  bis- 
muth, bismuth  carbonate,  red  and  yellow  ocher,  whetstone,  enargite. 

GREENVILLE  Co. — Near  Marietta,  polycrase!  (pure  black  and  a  yellow  hydrated  variety), 
uraninite  (nivenite),  allanite.  On  Gap  Creek,  on  Baynes'  land,  pyromorphite  and  cerussite) 
(argentiferous);  on  Tankersly's  land,  titanite,  zircon,  and  corundum.  Near  Tigersville,  zircon 
(pyramidal)  in  surface-soil. 

Also  galena,  kaolin,  chalcedony  in  buhrstone,  beryl,  graphite,  epidote,  tourmaline. 

KERSHAW  Co.— Rutile. 

LANCASTER  Co.— Gold  (Hale's  mine),  talc,  chlorite,  cyanite,  itacolumyte,  pyrite.  Gold 
at  Blackman's  mine,  Massey's  mine,  Ezell's  mine. 

LAURENS  Co. — Corundum,  damourite. 

NEWBERRY  Co.— Leadhillite. 

PIOKENS  Co. — Gold,  manganese  ores,  kaolin. 

RICHLAND  Co.— Chiastolite,  novaculite. 

SPARTANBURGH  Co. — Magnetite,  chalcedony,  hematite.  At  the  Cowpens,  limonite,  graphite, 
limestone,  copperas.  Morgan  mine,  leadhillite,  pyromorphite,  cerussite. 

UNION  Co. — Fairforest  gold-mines,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite. 

YORK  Co. — Gold  at  Magnolia  mine;  whetstones,  witherite,  barite,  tetradymite. 


GEORGIA. 

Gold  is  present  over  a  considerable  portion  of  the  state,  particularly  the  northern  part;  it  is 
mined  both  in  quartz  veins  and  as  placer  deposits,  thus  in  Barton,  Lumpkin,  Rabun  Cos.;  also 
in  Lincoln,  Wilkes  Cos.,  etc.  (cf.  p.  18).  Hematite  is  also  mined,  as  in  Dade,  Cherokee,  and 
other  northern  counties;  also  limonite  in  Polk,  Floyd  Cos.,  etc.;  pyrolusite  at  Cartersville, 
Bartow  Co.  There  are  also  phosphatic  deposits.  The  corundum  belt  extends  across  N.  and  S. 
Carolina  to  the  northern  part  of  this  state  as  noted  on  p.  213. 


GEORGIA— FLORIDA— ALABAMA.  1081 

BARTOW  Co.— Cartersville,  Stegall,  Allatoona,  barite  CartersviUe  graphite,  pyrolusite 
(mined).  Stegall  Station,  graphite. 

BURKE  and  SCRIVEN  COS.— Hyalite. 

CHEROKEE  Co. — At  Canton  Mine,  chalcopyrite,  galena,  clausthalite,  plumboguuimite, 
hitchcockite,  arsenopyrite,  lauthanite,  harrisite,  cantonite,  pyromorphite,  automolite,  zinc, 
staurolite,  cyanite.  Ball-Ground,  spodumeue.  Mines  of  hematite. 

CLARK  CO. — Clarksville.  —  Gold,  xenotime,  zircon,  rutile,  cyanite,  hematite,  garnet, 
quartz. 

FANNIN  Co. — Staurolite!  chalcopyrite. 

HABEKSHAM  CO. — Gold,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  galena,  amphibole,  garnet,  quartz,  kaolinite, 
soapstoue,  chlorite,  rutile,  iron  ores,  tourmaline,  staurolite,  zircon. 

HALL  Co.— Gold,  quartz,  kaolin,  diamond.     Gainesville,  corundum,  margarite,  etc. 

HEARD  CO. — Molybdenite,  quartz. 

LEE  Co. — At  the  Chewacla  Lime  Quarry,  dolomite,  barite,  quartz  crystals. 

LINCOLN  CO — Lazulite!  rutile!  hematite,  cyanite,  ilmenite,  pyrophyllite,  gold. 

LUMFKIN  CO.— At  Field's  gold-mine,  near  Dahlonega,  gold,  tetradymite,  pyrrhotite; 
chlorite,  ilmeuite,  allanite,  apatite. 

FAULDING-  Co.—  Dallas,  pyrite. 

POLK  CO. — Various  limonite  mines. 

RABFJN  Co.— Gold,  chalcopyrite,  muscovite,  beryl,  corundum. 

SPAULDING-  Co.— Tetradymite. 

TOWNS  Co.—  Hiawassee.— Corundum,  pink,  millerite,  genthite. 

WASHING-TON  Co.— Near  Saundersville.  wavellite,  fire-opal. 

WHITE  Co. — Racoochee  Valley,  diamond. 


FLORIDA. 

The  phosphatic  deposits,  which  have  come  into  prominence  since  1886,  are  noted  on  p.  769; 
cf.  also  Wyatt's  work  mentioned  on  p.  1027. 

Near  Tampa  Bay. — Limestone,  sulphur  springs,  chalcedony,  agate,  silicified  shells  and 
corals. 

ALABAMA. 

Hematite  is  extensively  mined  in  the  northern  half  of  the  state:  this  industry  is  of  recent 
development  and  has  gained  great  importance,  the  center  is  at  Birmingham,  Jefferson  Co, 
(cf.  p.  216).  There  are,  further,  limonite  deposits,  as  in  Cherokee,  Etovvah  Cos.,  etc.  Gold 
also  occurs  in  quartz  veins  and  gravels  as  in  the  adjoining  states,  thus  in  Talladego,  Clay 
Cos.,  etc. 

BIBB  Co. — Centreville. — Iron  ores,  marble,  barite,  coal,  cobalt. 

CHAMBERS  Co.— Near  La  Fayette,  steatite,  garnets,  actinolite,  chlorite.  East  of  Oak 
Bowery,  steatite. 

CHILTON  Co. — Muscovite,  graphite,  limonite,  rutile. 

CLEBTJRNE  Co. — At  Arbacoochee  Mine,  gold,  pyrite,  and  three  miles  distant,  cyanite, 
garnets.  At  Wood's  Mine,  black  copper,  azurite,  chalcopyrite,  pyrite. 

CLAY  CO. — Steatite,  magnetite.  Near  Delta  and  Ashland,  muscovite;  southeast  of  Ashland & 
cassit  erite. 

COOSA  Co. — Tantalite,  gold,  muscovite,  cassiterite,  rutile,  mica.  Near  Bradford,  zircon, 
corundum,  asbestus.  Near  Rockford,  tantalite. 

JEFFERSON  CO.— Birmingham. — Hematite  mines. 

RANDOLPH  Co. — Gold,  pyrite,  tourmaline,  muscovite.     At  Louina,  porcelain  clay,  garnet. 

TALLADEGA  Co. — Limonite. 

TALLAPOOSA  Co. — Dudleyville. — Corundum,  margarite,  ripidolite,  spinel,  tourmaline, 
actinolite,  steatite,  asbestus,  chrysolite,  damourite,  corundum  altered  to  tourmaline  (containing  a 
nucleus  of  corundum),  dudleyite. 

TTJSOALOOSA  Co. — Galena,  pyrite,  vivianite,  limonite,  calcite,  dolomite,  cyanite,  steatite, 
quartz  crystals,  manganese  ores. 


1082  CATALOGUE  OF  AMERICAN  LOCALITIES  OF  MINERALS. 

LOUISIANA. 

Rock  salt  (halite)  is  mined  at  Petite  Anse  Is.,  Saint  Mary's  parish,  4  miles  west  of  Vermillion 
Bay.  The  deposit,  of  Tertiary  age,  is  of  considerable  extent  and  is  still  productive  (cf.  p.  155). 
Gypsum  is  mined  in  Calcasieu  parish  near  Lake  Charles;  there  is  also  here  a  bed  of  native 
sulphur. 

TEXAS. 

BURNET  Co. — Calcite  rhombohedrons  in  Bat  Cave  on  D.  G.  Sherrard's  land  on  Spring 
Creek  ;  lithographic  limestone  in  ledges  on  Wood's  land  and  elsewhere  in  the  neighborhood; 
vesuvianite,  hessonite,  near  Clear  Creek.  "Balls  "  of  iron-ore  in  road,  on  the  route  to  Llano  C.  H. 
near  Colorado  River;  epidote,  at  Dupre's.  Crystals  of  quartz,  orthoclase,  pyrite,  and  epidote, 
occasionally,  at  "  Capitol  Rock." 

Beaver  Creek  Distr.,  galena. 

Also  sparingly  cassiterite. 

CASS  Co.,  also  MARION  Co.,  and  elsewhere  in  eastern  Texas. — Iron  ores,  chiefly  limonite. 

EDWARDS  Co. — Native  sulphur. 

EL  PASO  CO.,  etc. — In  the  Trans  Pecos  region,  gold,  native  silver,  cerargyrite,  and  other 
silver  ores,  native  copper,  chalcopyrite,  chalcocite,  galena,  zinc  ores,  wulfenite,  etc.;  also  cupro- 
descloizite  (Clarke). 

GILLESPIE  Co. — Magnetite,  hematite;  further,  garnet,  beryl. 

LAMPASAS  Co. — Lampasas.— Celestite  crystals,  sometimes  of  gigantic  size. 

LLANO  Co. — Near  Bluffton  (5  m.  south). — At  Barringer's  mine,  gadolinite !  yttrialite, 
rowlandite,  fergusonite  (several  varieties),  and  allanite,  all  in  large  masses,  rarely  as  crystals;  also 
tkorogummite,  nivenite,  gummite,  molybdenite,  molybdite,  cyrtolite,  fluorite,  tengerite(?), 
orthoclase  in  large  crystals,  magnetite,  martite,  and  rarely  quartz  crystals  in  open  pockets.  At 
Hiram  Castner's,  1  m.  S.,  gadolinite,  fergusonite,  and  cyrtolite,  in  a  coarse  granitic  vein.  Also 
huge  orthoclase  crystals. 

Babyhead  Distr. — At  the  Mexican  Diggings,  galena,  chalcopyrite,  tetrahedrite, 

Also  azurite,  malachite;  further,  gold,  magnetite,  hematite,  limonite,  cassiterite. 

MASON  Co. — Iron  ores,  manganese  ores  (Spiller  mine,  south  of  Fly  Gap),  galena, 
cassiterite. 

MITCHELL  CO.— Rock  salt  near  Colorado  City  at  a  depth  of  850  ft. 

TOM  GREEN  Co.— Native  sulphur. 

TRAVIS  Co. — Celestite  at  Mount  Bonnel,  near  Austin. 


ARKANSAS.* 

HOT  SPRING  and  GARLAND  Cos. — In  the  elaeolite-syenite  and  related  rocks  of  Magnet 
Cove,  near  Hot  Springs,  elceolite,  biotite,  orthoclase,  garnet,  schorlomite,  pyroxene,  cegirite! 
eudialyte  !  (eucolite),  titanite,  astrophyllite,  ilmenite,  magnetite  (incl.  lodestone),  microcline, 
apatite,  ozarkite  (thomsouite);  cancrinite  (secondary),  tiuorite,  wollastonite,  uatrolite,  apophyllite, 
manganopectolite,  brucite.  Also  in  leucitic  dike  rocks,  pseudo-leucite  (leucite  altered  to  sauidine, 
etc.  p.  426),  elseolite,  pyroxene,  segirite,  nielanite,  titanite.  Further  as  a  result  of  contact  meta- 
inorphism,  in  sandstone  and  novaculyte,  quartz  crystals!  in  the  Crystal  Mts.,  also  brookitef 
(arkansite,  in  part  alt.  to  rutile),  rutile!;  in  calcite,  perovskite !  (dysanalyte),  hydrotitanite, 
monticellite  !  apatite,  vesuvianite,  phlogopite.  Also  wavellite,  thuriugite. 

At  the  Potash  Sulphur  Springs  region,  elseolite  and  sodalite  syenite,  with  characteristic 
species,  also  as  contact  minerals,  natroxonotlite  (near  wollastonite),  apatite,  quartz. 

Also  rectorite,  in  the  Blue  Mt.  mining  distr.,  Marble  township,  24  miles  north  of  Hot 
Springs;  further  manganese  ores. 

INDEPENDENCE  and  IZARD  Cos. — Manganese  ores,  incl.  psilomelane,  braunite,  pyro 
lusite,  wad. 

*  See  Arkansas  Geol.  Surv.  (J.  C.  Branner),  Report  for  1888,  vol.  1,  pp.  274-292, 
T.  B.  Comstock.  Also  on  the  manganese  deposits  of  the  state,  Rep.  for  1890,  vol.  1,  Penrose; 
these  deposits  include  (1)  the  Batesville  region,  chiefly  in  Independence  and  Izard  Cos.,  and 
(2)  the  region  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state  extending  from  Pulaski  Co.  to  Polk  Co.  and 
Indian  Territory.  On  the  igneous  rocks  of  Arkansas,  chiefly  of  the  elaeolite-syenite  type,  also 
in  part  leucitic,  and  their  associated  minerals,  e.g.  Fourche  Mt.,  Pulaski  Co.,  of  Saline  Co.,  and 
of  the  Magnet  Cove  region,  Garland  Co.,  see  Rep.  for  1890,  vol.  2,  by  J.  Francis  Williams. 
Considerable  deposits  of  bauxite  occur  in  Salina  and  Pulaski  Cos.  Antimony  mines  occur  in 
Sevier  Co.  in  the  southwestern  corner  of  the  state. 


ARKANSAS— MISSO  URL  1083 

LAWRENCE  CO. — Smitlisonite,  dolomite,  galena,  niter.     At  Calamine,  sniithsonite. 

MARION  Co.— Wood's  Mine.— Sniithsonite,  hydrozincite  (marionite),  galena.  Poke 
bayou,  braunite?  Morning  Star  mine,  yellow  smithsonite  (containing  cadmium,  "  turkey-fat  ore"). 

MONTGOMERY  Co.— Variscite,  wavellite  and  quartz;  manganese  ores;  galena,  tetrahedrite, 
bournouite,  cerargyrite. 

NEWTON  CO.— Sneeds  Creek.—  Newtonite. 

POLK  CO. — Manganese  ores,  incl.  bog  manganese,  etc. 

PULASKI  Co. — Kellogg  Mine.— 10  m.  north  of  Little  Rock,  tetrahedrite,  tennantite> 
nacrite,  galena,  sphalerite,  quartz,  bauxite. 

SALINE  Co.—  Elaeolite,  astrophyllite,  eudialyte.     Ra-bbit  Foot  mine,  millerite,  bauxite. 

SEVIER  Co.— In  the  Antimony  district  (northern  part  of  county)  on  the  Cossatot  river,  at 
the  Stewart  Lode,  etc.,  stihnite,  stibiconite,  bindheimite,  jamesonite,  zinkenite,  dufrenite,  eleo- 
norite. 

MISSOURI. 

For  the  distribution  of  the  lead-mines,  which  are  of  great  importance,  see  page  50.  Mine 
la  Motte,  and  some  old  openings  in  Madison  Co.,  afford  cobalt  and  nickel  ores,  associated  with 
the  galeua;  the  amount  of  these  ores,  however,  does  not  exceed  1  to  3  p.  c.  of  the  lead  ore. 
At  Granby,  Newton  Co.,  and  Aurora,  Madison  Co.,  calamine  is  abundant  in  the  surface  ores, 
but  below  a  depth  of  about  100  feet  gives  place  to  sphalerite.  In  other  sections  of  central  and 
southwestern  Missouri,  sphalerite  is  the  prevailing  ore.  Smithsonite  is  very  rare  in  the  southwest 
region,  so  much  so  as  to  be  a  mineralogical  curiosity.  At  Carthage  in  Jasper  county,  smith- 
souite  occurs  massive  and  crystalline,  formed  by  a  pseudomorphic  replacement  of  irregular 
masses  of  limestone  included  in  the  ore  body,  at  the  Porter  mines.  Sphalerite  is  now  the  most 
abundant  zinc  ore,  aggregating  more  than  90  p.  c.  of  the  total  production.  The  ores  of  this 
region  were  originally  deposited  as  galena  and  sphalerite,  the  other  minerals  being  formed  by 
their  oxidation  and  decomposition  (Jenney).  Gold  has  been  found  in  the  drift  sand  of  Northern 
Missouri  (Broadhead). 

ADAIR  Co.— Gothite  in  calcite. 

BURTON  CO. — McCarrow's  mine,  pickeringite. 

COLE  Co. — Old  Circle  Diggings  and  elsewhere.  Barite!  galena,  chalcopyrite,  malachite, 
azurite,  pyrite,  calcite,  calamine,  sphalerite. 

COOPER  Co.— Collins  Mine.— Malachite,  azurite,  chalcopyrite,  smithsonite,  galena, 
sphalerite,  limouite. 

CRAWFORD  Co.— At  Scotia  iron  bed,  hematite,  amethyst,  gothite,  dufrenite  at  the 
Cherry  Valley  mines,  cacoxenite,  malachite. 

DADE  Co.— Smithsouite. 

FRANKLIN  Co.— Cove  Mines,  Virginia  Mines,  and  Mine  a  Burton. — Galena,  minium, 
cerussite,  auglesite,  barite.  At  Stanton  copper-mine,  native  copper,  chalcotrichite,  malachite, 
amirite,  chalcopyrite.  Also,  Mexican  onyx. 

IRON  Co. — At  Pilot  Knob  and  Shepherd  Mountain,  hematite,  magnetite,  limonite, 
manganese  oxide,  bog  manganese,  serpentine,  talc. 

JASPER  CO. — Joplin  Mines. — Crystallized  galena!  often  octahedral,  sphalerite!  pink  and 
white  crystallized  dolomite,  crystallized  calcite!  in  scaleuohedrons  with  curved  faces,  bitumen, 
marcasite  !  greenockite  coating  sphalerite,  chalcopyrite  in  small  spbenoidal  crystals. 

Webb  City  and  Carterville. — Galena,  crystallized  sphalerite,  ruby  blende  (small  brilliant 
crystals  of  transparent  ruby-red  or  garnet-colored  sphalerite,  adhering  to  massive  sphalerite  and 
dolomite),  crystallized  marcasite,  occasionally  in  brilliant  iridescent  crystals,  ferro-goslarite. 

At  the  Cave  Springs  mines,  near  Kansas  boundary,  crystallized  pyrite  associated  with 
sphalerite. 

At  the  Empire  mines,  2£  miles  southwest  of  Joplin,  galena,  spJialerite,  greenockite,  inar- 
casite,  barite. 

JEFFERSON  Co. — Valle's. — Galena,  cerussite,  anglesite,  calamine,  smithsonite,  sphalerite, 
hydroziiicite,  chalcopyrite,  malachite,  azurite,  pyrite,  barite,  witherite,  limonite. 
Frumet  Mines. — Galena,  barite!  smithsonite!  pyrite,  limonite. 

LAWRENCE  Co. — Aurora  Mines. — Galena,  sphalerite,  crystallized  calamine,  cerussite,  dolo- 
mite, zinciferous  tallow  clay,  crystallized  calcite. 

MADISON  Co.— Mine  la  Motte. — Galena!  cerussite!  siegenite  (nickel-linuseite),  smaltite, 
asbolite  (earthy  black  cobalt  ore),  bog  manganese,  marcasite,  chalcopyrite,  malachite,  caledonite. 
plumbogummite,  wolframite,  aragonite. 


1084  CATALOGUE  OF  AMERICAN  LOCALITIES  OF  MINERALS. 

At  Einstein  Silver-mine,  galena  (argentiferous),  sphalerite,  wolframite,  pyrite,  quartz, 
muscovite,  actinolite,  fluorite,  tungstite  (common).  Also  arsenopyrite,  almandite,  lepidolite  in 
granite. 

MORGAN  Co.—  Oordray  Diggings.— Galena,  sphalerite,  crystallized  barite.  At  Florence, 
flat  crystals  of  barite  banded  with  light  blue.  In  the  eastern  part  of  the  county,  crystallized 
sphalerite. 


cerussite, 

pyromorpliite, 

small  caves  in  the  upper  parts  of  the  ore  bodies.     Zinciferous  tallow  clay  is  also  very  abundant 

in  the  upper  parts  of  the  ore  bodies. 

PETTIS  Co. — Near  Smithton  and  Sedalia,  barite  in  flat  crystals  banded  with  white. 

ST.  FRANCOIS  Co. — Iron  Mountain.— Specular-hematite,  ilmenite,  limonite,  rhodochrosite 
in  seams,  mangano-calcite,  calcite,  hessonite,  apatite,  tuugstite,  wolframite. 

ST.  GENEVIEVE  Co. — At  the  Corn-wall  Copper-mines,  cltalcopyrite,  cuprite,  malachite, 
azurite,  covellite,  chalcocite,  bornite,melacouite,  chalcanthite,  chrysocolla. 

ST.  Louis  Co. — Near  St.  Louis. — Millerite  (in  the  Subcarboniferous  St.  Louis  limestone, 
largely  a  magnesian  limestone)  with  calcite!  and  cryst.  dolomite,  barite,  fluorite,  anhydrite, 
gypsum,  strontianite. 

Cheltenham.— Gypsum' \n  clay.     Quarantine,  magnesite. 

WASHINGTON  Co. — At  Potosi,  galena,  cerussite,  anglesite,  barite. 
WAYNE  Co. — Granite  bend,  copiapite  (rare)  on  pyrite,  hyalite. 

TENNESSEE. 

There  are  copper  mines  in  Polk  Co. ;  extensive  hematite  and  limonite  deposits;  zinc  mines 
in  Union  and  Jefferson  Cos.,  etc. 

Brown's  Creek. — Galena,  sphalerite,  barite,  celestite. 

CLAIBORNE  CO. — Calamine,  galena,  srnithsonite,  chlorite,  steatite,  magnetite. 

COOKE  C°. — Near  Bush  Creek. — Cacoxenite?  dufrenite,  iron  sinter,  stilpnosiderite,  brown 
hematite. 

DAVIDSON  Co. — Selenite,  with  granular  and  snowy  gypsum,  or  alabaster,  crystallized  and 
compact  anhydrite,  fluorite  in  crystals,  calcite  in  crystals. 

Near  Nashville.  — Blue  celestite  (crystallized,  fibrous,  and  radiated),  with  barite  in  limestone, 
anhydrite.  Haysboro',  galena,  sphalerite,  with  barite  as  the  gaugue  of  the  ore. 

DIOKSON  Co.— Manganite. 

GREENE  CO. — 12  miles  from  Greeneville,  barite  in  veins  in  dolomite. 

JEFFERSON  Co.— Mossy  Creek. — Calamine,  smithsonite,  sphalerite,  galena,  fetid  barite. 

KNOX  Co. — Magnesian  limestone,  native  iron,  variegated  marbles. 

MAURY  Co.— Wavellite  in  limestone. 

MCMINN  CO.— Whetwell,  near  Mouse  Creek.— Barite. 

MONROE  Co.— Carter  Mine.— Galena.     At  Buck  Miller  mine,  argentiferous  tetrahedrite. 

POLK  Co. — Ducktown  Mines,  S.  E.  corner  of  state. — Melaconite,  chalcopyrite,  pyrite, 
native  copper,  bornite,  rutile.  zoisite,  galena,  harrisite,  alisonite,  sphalerite,  pyroxene,  tremolite, 
vulphates  of  copper  and  iron  in  stalactites,  allophane,  rahtite,  chalcocite  (ducktownite),  chalco- 
trichite,  azurite,  malachite,  pyrrhotite,  limonite,  graphite. 

ROANE  CO.— E.  declivity  of  Cumberland  Mts.,  wavellite  in  limestone. 

SEVIER  CO. — Alum  Cove.— Alum  (in  part  apjolmite),  epsomite.  melanterite  in  shale. 

In  caverns,  epsomite,  soda  alum,  niter,  nitrocalcite,  breccia  marble. 

SMITH  CO.— Barite,  gangue  of  lead  vein,  fluorite. 

Smoky  Ml—  On  declivity,  amphibole,  garnet,  staurolite. 

UNION  CO.— Stiner's  Zinc-mine,  Powell's  River. — Sphalerite,  calarnine,  smithsonite. 
Caldswell  mine,  galena. 

KENTUCKY. 

ANDERSON  Co.— Galena,  barite. 


KENTUCKY-OHIO— INDIANA— ILLINOIS-MICHIGAN.  1085 

BOURBON  Co.—  Paris  —Barite. 

BOYLE  Co. — Witherite,  also  in  Garrard  and  Lincoln  Cos. 
CLINTON  Co.— Geodes  of  quartz. 

CRITTENDEN  Co.— Columbia  Mines.— Galena,  fluorite,  calcite. 

EDMONDSON  Co.— At    Mammoth    Cave,    gypsum    rosettes!    calcite    stalactites,    niter, 
epsomite. 

FAYETTE  Co. — 6  m.  N.  E.  of  Lexington,  galena,  barite,  witherite,  sphalerite. 

LIVINGSTON  Co. — Near  the  line  of  Union  Co.,  galena,  chalcopyrite,  large  vein  of  fluorite. 

LYON  CO.— BddyviUe.— Vivianite. 

MERCER  Co. — At  McAfee,  fluorite,  pyrite,  calcite,  barite,  celestite. 

MONROE  Co.— Sulphur  Lick. — Sphalerite,  galena. 

OWEN  Co. — Galena,  barite. 


OHIO. 

Bainbridge  (Copperas  Mt.,  a  few  miles  east  of  B.).— Calcite,  barite,  pyrite,  copperas,  alum. 

Canfield  and  Ellsworth. — Gypsum! 

Lake  Erie.— Green  or  Strontian  Island,  celestite!    Put-in-Bay  Island,  sulphur!  calcite. 

Sinking  Springs. — Hematite. 

White  House. — Celestite,  calcite. 

Youngstown. — Rock  salt  in  borings  for  gas. 

INDIANA. 

Limestone  Caverns,  Cory  don  Caves,  etc. — Epsomite. 

In  most  of  the  southwest  counties,  pyrite,  iron  sulphate,  and  feather  alum.  On  Sugar 
Creek,  pyrite  and  iron  sulphate.  In  sandstone  of  Lloyd  Co. ,  near  the  Ohio,  gypsum.  At  the 
top  of  the  blue  limestone  formation,  brown  spar,  calcite. 

LAWRENCE  Co.— Indianaite. 

PUTNAM  Co.— Eaglesfield.— Siderite. 


ILLINOIS. 

Lead  ores,  chiefly  galena,  are  extensively  mined  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  State  (cf.  p. 
50),  thus  in  Jo  Daviess  and  Stephenson  Cos. 

GALLATIN  Co.,  on  a  branch  of  Grand  Pierre  Creek,  16  to  30  m.  from  Shawneetown,  down 
the  Ohio,  and  from  a  half  to  eight  miles  from  this  river. — Violet  fluorite  !  in  Carboniferous  lime- 
stone, barite,  galena,  sphalerite,  limouite. 

HANCOCK  Co.— At  Warsaw,  quartz  geodes  containing  calcite!  chalcedony,  dolomite, 
sphalerite  !  brown  spar,  pyrite,  aragonite,  gypsum,  bitumen. 

HARDIN  Co.— Near  Rosiclare. — Calcite,  galena,  sphalerite,  chalcopyrite,  fluorite.  5  m. 
back  from  Elizabethtown,  bog-iron.  One  mile  north  of  the  river,  between  Elizabethtown  and 
Rosiclare,  niter. 

Jo  DAVIESS  Co. — At  Galena,  galena,  calcite,  pyrite,  sphalerite.     At  Marsden's  diggings, 
galena  I  sphalerite,  marcasite  (all  together  in  stalactites),  pyrite,  cerussite. 
Quincy. — Calcite!  pyrite. 
Scales  Mound. — Barite,  pyrite. 

POPE  Co.— Galena,  fluorite. 

MICHIGAN. 
A.  LOWER  PENINSULA. 

BRANCH  Co.— Coldwater.— Kidney  ore,  siderite  and  limonite. 
losco  CO.  (SaginawBay).—  Alabaster!  gypsum. 
Aux  Grees  River  (headwaters).— Gypsum. 

JACKSON  Co. — Jackson. — Pyrite,  kidney  ore. 


1086  CATALOGUE  OF  AMERICAN  LOCALITIES  OF  MINERALS. 

KENT  Co. — Grand  Rapids.— Gypsum  (selenite),  calcite,  dolomite,  anhydrite. 
Grandville.— Gypsum,  etc. 

MONROE  Co.— Brest.  —  Calcite,  amethystine  quartz,  apatite,  celestite. 
Monroe. — Aragonite,  apatite. 

Point  aux  Feaux. — Amethystine  quartz,  apatite,  celestite,  calcite. 
Stony  Point. — Apatite,  amethystine  quartz,  celestite,  calcite. 

TUSCOLA  Co.— S.  16,  T.  13,  R.  11.— Sphalerite. 

B.  UPPER  PENINSULA. — The  principal  regions  are  the  Marquette,  Menominee,  and 
Gogebic  iron  ranges,  and  the  Keweenaw  copper  range. 

MARQUETTE  Co.— Presque  Isle.— Serpentine,  galena,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  dolomite,  chal- 
cedony, agate,  chrysotile,  enstatite,  diallage,  olivine,  native  copper,  sphalerite,  calcite,  chromite. 

Partridge  Island. — Agate  (in  narrow  veins  in  gabbro). 

Picnic  Islands. — Epidote,  hornblende. 

Mount  Mesnard. — Chalcocite,  hematite. 

Chocolate  River. — Galena,  chalcocite. 

Marquette.— [The  above  localities  are  not  far  from  the  city],  mauganite,  galena. 

Holyoke  Mine  District.— Galena,  gold,  sphalerite,  chalcopyrite. 

Negaunee.—  Hematite!  martite,  limonite,  gothite,  pyrolusite,  manganite,  psilomelane,  wad, 
barite  !  kaolinite,  rhodochrosite,  jasper,  calcite,  quartz,  orthoclase,  tourmaline.  The  Jackson  mine 
is  prominent  for  minerals. 

Goose  Lake. — Dolomite,  in  flesh-colored  rhombs,  on  lighter  ground  in  bluffs  N.  E.  of  lake. 

Palmer. — Hematite.  At  the  Wheat  mine,  rJwdochrosite,  dolomite,  orthoclase,  calcite,  pyrite, 
chalcopyrite,  chlontoid!  especially  4  m.  S.  of  the  town,  also  in  other  places  near  by  and  in  a  line 
from  here  to  Champion. 

Ishpeming. — Hematite!  micaceous,  botryoidal  and  in  cubes  after  pyrite,  limonite,  gothite, 
jasper,  pyrite,  quartz,  feldspar. 

Moss  Mountain  (near  Ishpeming). — Talc. 

Ishpeming  Gold  Range.— Ropes,  Michigan  Gold,  and  other  mines,  gold,  pyrite,  pyrrhotite, 
tourmaline,  epidote,  molybdenite,  magnetite,  pyroxene,  dolomite,  picrolite,  precious  serpentine  ! 
•williamsite,  chrysotile,  talc  ! 

H.umboldt.—Chloritoid!  tourmaline,  magnetite,  hematite  (martite),  griinerite,  garnet. 

Republic.— Magnetite,  hematite,  hornblende,  garnet.  N.  W.  of  the  town,  between  here  and 
Michigamme,  staurolite,  etc. 

Champion.— Near  the  old  furnace,  magnetite,  hematite,  griinerite,  garnet.  At  the  mine, 
chloritoidf  garnet,  tourmaline,  apatite,  Muscovite,  chlorite,  magnetite  (lodestone),  hematite  (mar- 
tite), griinerite,  pyrite,  jasper. 

Michigamme. — Garnet,  changed  to  chlorite,  magnetite,  etc. 

Lake  Michigamme.— On  the  islands,  e.g.  Goat  Island  and  Silver  Island,  staurolite  in  schist, 
garnet,  margarite,  and  in  quartz  veins  andalusite  !  green  apatite  !  mica,  chlorite. 

Wetmore,  Webster,  and  Beaufort  Mines.— Limonite,  botryoidal  and  mammillary. 

BARAGO  Co.— Graphite,  wad,  limonite,  pyrite,  especially  near  L'Anse. 
Huron  Islands. — Native  copper  in  granite. 

ONTONAGON,  HOTJGHTON,  and  KEWEENAW  Cos. — The  productive  copper-mines  lie  in 
these  counties.  At  the  north  end  of  Keweenaw  Point  the  copper  is  mainly  in  fissure-veins  across 
the  formation,  and  from  them  some  of  the  best  crystallized  specimens  have  come,  but  most  of  the 
mines  are  not  now  worked.  About  Portage  Lake  in  Keweenaw  County  the  copper  occurs  mainly 
impregnating  amygdaloids  and  conglomerates,  while  near  Rockland,  in  Ontonagon  Co.,  the  copper 
is  collected  in  fissures  running  with  the  formation.  So  many  minerals  occur  throughout  the 
district,  and  the  exact  mines  which  may  be  open  or  yield  a  particular  mineral  vary  so  from  time 
to  time  that  only  one  list  of  minerals  is  given,  and,  further,  after  particular  minerals  the  mine 
is  mentioned  with  which  they  are  or  have  been  most  closely  associated. 

Native  copper !  (Phoenix  mine),  native  silver  f  chalcopyrite,  chalcocite,  domeykite  (Albion 
mine,  Keweenaw  Co. ,  also  Sheldon  and  Columbia  mine,  Houghton),  whitneyite  (Houghton), 
algodonite  (Houghtou),  bornite  (Mendota,  Mt.  Bohemia,  Huron  mine),  horn-silver,  melaconite 
(Copper  Harbor),  cuprite,  manganese  ores,  saponite,  azurite,  malachite,  chrysocolla,  prehnite 
(Tamarack  and  Quincy  mines),  laumontite  (leonhardite,  white),  datolite  (crystals  from  Copper 
Falls,  the  porcelain-like  var.  widespread,  e.g.  Isle  Royale,  Quiucy,  Minnesota  mines),  heulaudite, 
orthoclase  (Superior  mine),  analcitef  (Houghtou,  Phoenix,  pink  at  Copper  Falls),  chabazite,  meso- 
type  and  natrolite  (Copper  Falls  mine),  apophyllite  (Cliff  mine),  wollastonite  (ib.),  calcite!  (large 
water-clear  crystals  often  inclosing  copper  at  many  places,  e.g.  Central,  Phoenix  and  Cliff, 
Quincy  and  Franklin  and  National  mines),  dolomite  (Phoenix  and  National  mines),  quartz 
crystals  from  Franklin  and  Minnesota  mines,  amethystine  out  on  Keweenaw  Point),  barite 
(Centennial  mine),  selenite  (National  mine). 


WISCONSIN— MINNESOTA.  1087 

Isle  Royale. — Formation  and  minerals  similar  to  those  of  Keweenaw  Point ;  also  chloras- 
trolite,  barite. 

IRON,  DICKINSON,  MENOMINEE,  and  DELTA  Cos.— In  these  counties  is  the  Meuominee 
iron  range,  with  the  usual  iron  minerals;  the  ores  are  mainly  soft  hematite  and  limouite,  with 
calcite  (of  peculiar  habit  at  the  Bessie,  Metropolitan,  and  Chapiu  mines),  siderite,  chalcopyrite 
Chapin  Mine),  orthoclase  (Norway),  dolomite. 

In  this  district  occur  large  crystals  of  tremolite  and  diopside  in  altered  dolomites,  e.g.  at 
Metropolitan  and  S.  35,  T.  42,  R.  29"  also  S.  35,  T.  42,  R.  30. 

Emmet  Mine. — Pyrite,  calcite,  hematite,  martite,  chalcopyrite,  azurite,  malachite. 

GOGEBIC  Co. — Like  the  Menomiuee  Range,  hematites,  limonite,  jasper. 

Bessemer.— With  the  iron  ores,  calcite,  feldspar,  kaolinite  !  aragonite,  pyrite,  dolomite, 
marcasite. 

Copp's  Mine,  6  m.  N.  of  Marenisco.  — The  usual  iron  ores,  and  near  by  galena,  chalco- 
pyrite, chert,  sphalerite,  pink  dolomite,  siderite. 

ALGER,  LUCE.  SCHOOLCRAFT,  CHIPPEWA.  MACKINAC  Cos.— Formation  sedimentary  with 
dolomite,  calcite,  tiuorite,  celestite,  and  bog-iron  ore  at  times. 
St.  Ignace,  gypsum.     Drummond  Is.,  celestite. 


WISCONSIN. 

Galena  is  extensively  mined  in  La  Fayette,  Grant,  Iowa,  and  Green  Cos. ;  also  zinc  ores, 
smithsouite  ("dry-bone"),  and  in  the  same  region  sphalerite.  Iron  (hematite,  also  limonite)  is 
mined  in  the  Meuominee  range,  Florence  Co.;  in  the  Peuokee-Gogebic  range  (in  part  magnetite), 
Lincoln  and  Ashland  Cos.;  also  in  Dodge  Co.  the  Clinton  red  hematite  or  "fossil  ore." 

Blue  Mounds. — Cerussite. 

Hazelgreen  (Grant  Co.). — Calcite,  cerussite. 

Lac  de  Flambeau  R. — Garnet,  cyauite. 

Douglas  Co.,  Left-Hand  R.  (near  small  tributary). — Malachite,  chalcocite,  native  copper, 
cuprite,  malachite,  niccolite,  tetrahedrite,  epidote,  quartz  crystals. 

Madison  (Dane  Co.). — Quartz  with  secondary  enlargements  (Potsdam  sandstone  of  C.  & 
N.  E.  R.  R.  cut). 

Marshfield  (Wood  Co.).— Graphite. 

Mineral  Point  and  vicinity,  in  S.  W.  counties  of  Wisconsin. — Copper  and  lead  ores,  chryso- 
colla,  azurite!  chalcopyrite,  malachite,  galena,  cerussite,  anglesite  (rare),  leadhillite?  sphalerite, 
pyrite,  barite,  calcite,  marcasite,  smithsonite !  (including  pseudomorphs  after  calcite  and 
sphalerite,  so-called  "dry-bone"),  calamiue,  bornite,  hydrozincite,  melanterite,  sulphur. 
Shullsburg,  galena  !  sphalerite,  pyrite.  At  Emmet's  digging,  galena  and  pyrite. 

Montreal  River   Portage. — Galena  in  gneissoid  granite. 

Penokee  and  Menominee  Iron  Ranges  S.  of  L.  Superior.  Hematite,  magnetite,  siderite, 
actinolite,  garnet. 

Plum  Creek  (Pearce  Co.). — Diamonds. 

Sauk  Co. — Hematite,  malachite,  chalcopyrite. 

Scales  Mound. — Barite  crystals. 

Tomah  (Monroe  Co.). — Glauconite. 

Wauwatosa  (Milwaukee  Co.). — Celestite. 

Wisconsin  River. — Kaolin  (near  Grand  Rapids),  serpentine  (below  mouth  of  Copper  River). 


MINNESOTA. 

Hematite  and  magnetite  are  extensively  mined  as  ores  of  iron  in  Itasca,  St.  Louis,  Lake, 
and  Cook  counties;  labradorite  (anorthite,  R.  D.  Irving,  Mon.  5,  TJ.  S.  G.  Survey,  p.  438  et  seq.) 
occurs  in  huge  blocks  in  diabase  and  even  forms  mountain  masses  around  Little  Saganaga  lake; 
several  species  of  zeolites  are  abundant  at  many  points  in  the  diabase  rocks  of  the  N.  shore  of 
Lake  Superior,  e.g.  in  Cook  Co. 

Brown  and  Nicollet  Cos.— Geodes  and  lenticular  masses  of  calcite. 

Carlton  Co.—  Amphibole  (actinolite). 

Chisago  Co.— Calcite,  copper,  dolomite,  epidote,  malachite. 

Cook  Co.— Agate,  apophyllite,  bornite,  barite,  chlorite,  copper,  gold,  graphite,  hematite, 
labradorite,  laumontite,  thomsonite,  lintonite,  magnetite,  ilmenite,  chrysolite,  silver,  sphalerite,, 
stilbite. 

Fillmore,  Houston,  and  Winona  Cos. — Calcite  (travertine),  limonite  (pseudomorph  after 
marcjisite  of  the  cockscomb  form). 


1088  CATALOGUE  OF  AMERICAN  LOCALITIES  OF  MINERALS. 

Goodhue  Co. — Amethyst  and  chert  in  cavities  in  dolomite. 
Hennepin  and  Ramsey  Cos.— Calcite,  pyrite,  seleuite. 
Itasca  Co.— Hematite,  magnetite. 
Kanabec  Co. — Muscovite,  am  phi  bole  (actinolite). 
Lake  Co.—  Hematite,  labmdorite,  magnetite,  ilmenite,  chrysolite. 
Morrison  Co.— Actiuolite,  garnet,  hyperstheue,  chrysolite,  quartz,  staurolite. 
Olmsted  Co. — Gold  in  small  placer  deposits. 
Pine  Co.— Copper,  epidote,  thomsonite? 
Pipestone  and  Rock  Cos.— Catliuite. 
Redwood  Co. — Amphibole,  orthoclase,  red  ocher,  lignite. 
Renville  Co. — Quartz  in  partially  tilled  veins  in  gneiss. 

St.  Louis  Co. — Hematite,  calcite,  copper,  chlorite,  diallage  and  labradorite  in  large  cleaved 
fragments  from  the  gabbro,  epidote,  fluorite,  hematite,  heulandite,  titaniferous  magnetite,  quartz. 
Todd  Co. — Apatite  and  epidote. 
Washington  Co.— Sphalerite. 
Yellow  Medicine  Co. — Orthoclase. 

IOWA. 

Galena  is  extensively  mined  in  the  north-eastern  part  of  the  state  near  the  Mississippi  river, 
thus  in  Clayton,  Allamakee  Co.  (p.  50). 

Dubuque  Lead  Mines,  and  elsewhere. — Galena  !  calcite,  splialerite,  black  oxide  of  manganese* 
barite,  pyrite.  At  Ewiug's  and  Sherard's  diggings,  smithsonite,  calamine. 

Des  Moines. — Quartz  crystals,  seleuite. 

Makoqueta  R. — Limonite.     Near  Durango,  galena.     7  m.  from  Dubuque,  aragonite. 

Cedar  River,  a  branch  of  the  Des  Moines. — Selenite  in  crystals,  in  the  bituminous  shale  of 
the  Coal  measures;  also  elsewhere  on  the  Des  Moines,  gypsum  abundant,  argillaceous  iron  ore, 
side  rite. 

Fort  Dodge. — Celestile,  gypsum,  pyrite. 

New  Galena.— Octahedral  galena,  anglesite. 

Bentonsport,  and  elsewhere  in  southern  Iowa,  in  geodes. — Chalcedony,  quartz,  calcite, 
dolomite,  pyrite,  kaolinite. 

SOUTH   DAKOTA. 

The  Black  Hills  region,  in  Lawrence,  Pennington,  and  Custer  counties,  affords  gold  both  in 
quartz  veins  and  placers,  tin  (cassiterite)  in  some  quantity  and  in  similar  relations;  further,  mica, 
feldspar,  also  columbite,  tantalite,  beryl,  spodumeue,  uraninite,  hiibnerite,  triphyllite,  etc. 

CUSTER  Co.— Arseuopyrite,  cassiterite,  mica. 
Buffalo  Gap. — Calcite! 

LAWRENCE  Co.— Nigger  Hill  pistr.— Columbite,  cassiterite. 
Also  galena,  cerussite,  cerargyrite,  chalcopyrite,  sphalerite. 
Redwater  Valley. — Gypsum.     Bear  Lodge  range,  gold. 

PENNINGTON  Co. — Etta  Tin  Mine. — Cassiterite,  spodumene!  mica,  orthoclase,  columbite! 
arsenopyrite,  scorodite,  olivenite,  tourmaline,  garnet,  hubuerite. 

The  Ingersoll  Claim,  10  m.  E.  of  Harney  Peak.— Cassiterite,  columbite,  tantalite  beryl. 

Bald  Mtn. — Uraninite,  torbernite  or  autunite. 

Nickel  Plate  Tin  Mine. — Triphylite,  spodumene,  beryl. 

Silver  City.— Galena,  arseuopyrite,  jamesonite. 

Rockford.  —Graphite. 

Sunday  Gulch. — Barite,  corundum. 

Queen  Bee  Mine. — Galena,  arseuopyrite. 

Near  Hill  City.— Ottrelite. 

The  Bad  Lands  of  North  Dakota  are  stated  to  afford  corundum;  also  fine  jet  is  said  to  occur 
near  Fort  Berthold,  N.  D.  (J.  S.  Murphy). 

KANSAS. 

Zinc  and  lead  are  extensively  mined  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  state  in  the  counties 
adjoining  Missouri.  Rock-salt  is  obtained  by  borings  in  Saline,  Harper,  Davis,  Ellsworth,  Rice, 
and  other  counties,  in  beds  of  considerable  extent  and  great  purity;  also  gypsum  in  Saline 
Co.,  and  common  elsewhere. 

Brown  Co.— Red  cekstite. 


KANSAS— COLORADO.  1089 

Cherokee  Co. — Galena,  cerussite,  anglesite,  sphalerite,  calamine,  amorphous  white  sphalerite 
(p.  62),  chalcopyrite  in  tetrahedral  crystals,  greenockite  coatiug  sphalerite. 

Linn  Co. — Lead  and  zinc  ores.  On  Short  Creek,  galena,  cerussite,  anglesite,  sphalerite, 
calamine. 

Saline  Co.— Salina. — Barite,  halite,  gypsum. 

Wallace  Co.,  etc. — Gypsum  in  crystals. 


COLORADO. 

BOULDER  Co.— The  Central  part,  between  Jamestown  and  Magnolia,  is  noted  for  ricK 
tellurides  with  tellurium. 

Central  Distr.  (Smuggler  miue,  etc.,  in  mica  schist  or  gneiss). — Tellurides,  pyrite. 

Gold  Hill  Distr.  (Red  Cloud,  etc.,  mines). — Gold,  tellurides  of  gold,  silver,  mercury  and 
lead,  tetradymite,  pyrite,  sphalerite,  chalcopyrite. 

Magnolia  Distr. — Tellurides,  etc.,  tellurium  ores  of  the  range  including  altaite,  hessite,  petzite, 
sylvanite,  telLurite,  native  tellurium,  calaverite,  coloradoite,  melonite,  magnolite,  and  the  associated 
ores,  argentite,  amalgam,  native  mercury,  native  bismuth,  bismuthinite,  bismutite,  pyrargyrite, 
iodyrite,  kobellite,  schirmerite,  hiibnerite.  Sunshine  and  Sugar  Loaf  districts  afford  tellurides. 

Ward  Distr. — Aurif.  pyrite  and  chalcopyrite,  gold. 

Grand  Island  Distr.,  Caribou  mine. — Silver,  argentif.  galena,  chalcopyrite,  pyrite,  gold, 
sphalerite.  Sugar  Loaf  distr.,  chalcocite,  pyrrhotite,  manganesian  garnet. 

CHAFFEE  Co.— Arrow  Mine,  jarosite  with  turgite.     Gold  gravels  at  Cash  Creek,  etc. 

Calumet.— Calumet  mine,  epidote. 

Cotopaxi  Mine. — Gahnite,  galena,  sphalerite,  chalcopyrite. 

Monarch  Distr. — Massive  anglesite,  cerussite,  brochautite,  etc. 

Mt.  Antero  (about  10  miles  N.  W.  of  Salida). — Phenacite  !  bertrandite  !  aquamarine!  topaz! 
orthoclase,  hematite  in  crystals,  bismutite,  fluorite,  muscovite,  smoky  quartz. 

Nathrop.— In  cavities  in  rhyolite,  topaz,  grarne*  (spessartite). 

Salida. — At  Sedalia  copper  mine,  garnet!  chalcopyrite,  malachite,  azurite  and  chrysocolla; 
corundum  in  mica  schist. 

CLEAR  CREEK  Co — Georgetown.— Argentif.  galena,  native  silver,  pyrargyrite,  argentite, 
tetrahedrite  (tennantite),  pyromorphite,  sphalerite,  azurite,  polybasite  (Amer.  Sister's  mine), 
aragonite.  barite,  fluorite,  polybasite  (Terrible  Lode),  mica.  Trail  Creek,  garnet,  epidote. 

Freeland  Lode. — Tennantite,  chalcopyrite,  auglesite.  caledonite,  cerussite,  teuorite,  siderite, 
azurite,  minium.  Champion  Lode,  teuorite,  azurite,  chrysocolla,  malachite.  Gold  Belt  Lode, 
vivianite.  Coyote  Lode,  malachite,  cyanotrichite. 

Virginia  District.— Galena,  chalcopyrite,  pyrite,  tetrahedrite. 

Idaho  Springs. — Pyrite,  chalcopyrile,  fine  crystallized  tennantile  at  Crocett  Mine,  opal. 

CUSTER  Co. — Near  Rosita  and  Silver  Cliff,  6  m.  W.  of  R.,  argentif.  galena,  sphalerite, 
pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  annabergite,  carrying  silver  and  gold,  ores  at  the  latter  place  iucrusting 
fragments  or  pebbles  of  country  rock,  calamine,  smitfisonite ,  jamesonite,  tetrahedrite,  tellurides. 
of  silver  and  gold,  niccolite.  Rosita  Hills,  alunite,  diaspore. 

At  the  Racine  Boy  mine,  cerussite.  cerurgyrite.  At  the  Gem  mine,  12  m.  N".  of  Silver  Cliff, 
niccolite,  bornite,  pyrite.  East  slope  of  Sangre  de  Cristo,  Verde  mine,  chalcopyrite,  tetrahedrite, 
pyrite,  annabergite. 

EAGLE  CO. — Red  Cliff.— Black  Iron  miue,  fibroferrite.     Holy  Cross  Mt.,  turquois. 

DOUGLAS  Co.— Devil's  Head.— lopaz!  microcline.  albite,  phenadte,  smoky  quartz,  gothite, 
fluorite,  allanite,  inanganite,  gadolinite,  samarskite,  cassiterite. 

EL  PASO  CO.— In  the  granite  of  the  Pike's  Peak  region,  microcline!  albite,  smoky  quartz, 
topaz,  etc.  Thus  near  Florissant,  12  m.  N.  W.  from  the  Peak,  microcline!  topaz!  On  Elk 
Creek,  pheuacite,  microcline  (amazon-stone),  smoky  quartz  !  amethyst !  albite,  fluorite,  zircon! 
columbite!  South  of  Manitou,  in  Crystal  Park,  topaz,  phenadte,  zircon.  Topaz  Butte,  16  m. 
from  Peak,  phenadte. 

W.  of  Cheyenne,  N.  E.  base  of  St.  Peter's  Dome,  in  quartz  vein,  zircon,  astrophyllite, 
arfvedsonite,  cryolite,  thomsenolite,  gearksutite,  prosopite,  ralstonite,  elpasolite,  tysonite,  bast- 
na"site,  xenotime,  rutile,  danalite  (rare),  fayalite.  In  another  vein,  prosopite,  zircon,  fluorite, 
kaoliuite,  yellowish  mica,  cryolite. 

Between  Colorado  Springs  and  Canon  City,  barite. 

Garden  of  the  Gods,  celestite,  rhodochrosite. 

GILPIN  Co. — Veins  in  gneiss  or  granite.  Near  Central  City,  orthoclase  crystals  in  porphyry, 
tnnnantite.  f  Gregory  distr.  (near  Central  City),  about  Black  Hawk  (Bobtail  miue,  etc.),  r.haleo- 
pyrite,  pyrite,  sphalerite,  galena,  enargite,  massive  uraninite,  and  fluorite.  In  Willis  Gulch, 


1090  CATALOGUE  OF  AMERICAN  LOCALITIES  OF  MINERALS. 

uraninite  (Wood  mine).  Nevada  district  (next  west  of  Gilpin),  galena,  chalcopyrite,  pyrite, 
sphalerite,  etc.  Russell  distr.  (in  Russell  Gulch),  galena,  tetrahedrite,  enargite,  pyrite,  fluorite, 
chalcopyrite,  pyrite,  epidote,  tenuantite. 

GUNNISON  CO.  (W.  of  Sa \vatch  Mts.  and  S.  of  Elk  Mts.).—  Ruby  district,  arsenopyrite, 
in  quartz  vein,  protistite,  tetrahedrite,  pyrargyrite.  On  Brush  Creek,  W.  base  of  Teocalli  Mtn., 
niccoliferous  lollingite,  smaltite,  rnarcasite,  native  silver,  proustite,  pyrargyrite,  argentite,  galena, 
chalcopyrite,  in  a  gnngue  of  siderite,  barite,  and  calcite. 

Augusta  Mt. — Freieslebenite. 

Domingo  Mine. — Uraninite,  warreriite. 

Redwell  Basin. — Kaolinite. 

HINSDALE  Co. — Lake  City,  Hot ch kiss  Lode,  petzite,  calaverite.  Lake  district,  argent. 
galena,  freibergite,  sphalerite,  aurif.  chalcopyrite,  argentobismutite.  Park  district,  stephanite, 
galena,  chalcopyrite.  Galena  district,  argent,  galena,  freibergite,  sphalerite,  chalcopyrite, 
rhodocrosite,  stephauite,  ruby  silver,  gold,  silver. 

HUERFANO  Co. — Southern  border,  N.  slope,  W.  Spanish  Peaks,  galena,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite, 
tetrahedrite. 

JEFFERSON  Co.— Near  Golden,  on  Table  Mtn.,  leucite,  analcite,  apophyllite,  chabazite, 
levynite,  laumoutite,  mesolite,  natrolite,  scolecite,  ptilolite,  stilbite,  thomsonite,  calcite,  aragon- 
ite.  Turkey  Creek,  coluinbite. 

LARIMER  Co.— Fort  Collins.— Muscovite. 

LAKE  Co.  (between  Mosquito  Mts.  and  Sawach  Range,  both  Archaean  at  center),  supplying 
three  fourths  of  the  silver  and  gold  of  Colorado,  with  Paleozoic  rocks  between,  and  great  eruptive 
formations.  About  Leadville  (or  California  mining  district),  on  W.  portion  of  Mosquito  Range, 
and  mostly  confined  to  Lower  Carbonif.  limestone,  and  generally  beneath  eruptive  rocks,  silver, 
galena,  cerussite,  aragpnite,  anglesite,  cerargyrite,  bromyrite,  iodyrite,  embolite,  aurif.  chalcopyrite, 
native  arsenic,  descloizite  and  pyrite,  sphalerite,  pyromorphite,  mimetite,  calamine,  minium, 
pyrolusite,  rhodochrosite,  sphalerite,  bismuthinite,  bismutite,  gold. 

Alicante  (16  m.  N.  of  Leadville). — Rhodochrosite!  sphalerite,  pyrite;  minium  (Stone  mine). 

Lillian  Mines  (on  Printerboy  Hill),  kobellite,  lillianite,  cerussite"  caledonite.  Also  Florence 
mine,  bismutite.  Ute  and  Ule  mines,  stephanite,  galena,  sphalerite,  chalcocite. 

Homestake  Peak,  N.  W.  corner  of  county,  argent,  galena.  Golden  Queen  mine, 
scheelite,  gold. 

LA  PLATA  Co.  (S.  of  San  Juan  Co.).— S.  side  of  La  Plata  Mts.,  2£  m.  N.  of  Parrott  City, 
aurif.  pyrite,  galena,  tetrahedrite,  cosalite,  sphalerite,  tell.urides,  sylvauite,  gold  (Comstock  mine). 

LASSEN  Co. — Susanville. — Muscovite. 

OURAY  CO.  (W.  of  N.  end  of  Hiusdale  Co., with  Uncornpaghgre  Mts.  between). — Near  Ouray, 
argent,  galena,  some  freibergite,  chalcopyrite,  pyrite,  hubnerite,  rhodochrosite.  tetrahedrite. 

At  Silver  Bell  mine,  kobellite,  barite,  chalcopyrite. 

At  Sneffels  (near  Mt.  Sneffels). — Freibergite,  pyrargyrite,  stephanite,  argent,  galena, 
cerussite,  etc.  Upper  San  Miguel  and  Iron  Springs  districts,  similar  ores.  Yankee  Girl  Mine,- 
stromeyerite,  proustite. 

PARK  Co.— Mines  chiefly  along  its  northwest  side,  on  the  E.  slope  of  the  Mosquito  Range,  in 
the  Paleozoic  region  of  its  eastern  side,  near  eruptive  rocks.  In  N.  part  Hall's  Valley,  veins  in 
.gneiss,  galena,  cuprobismutite  (Missouri  mine),  tetrahedrite,  enargite,  pyrite,  sphalerite,  fluorite, 
barite,  ilesite. 

Near  Grant,  Baltic  Lode,  beegerite.  N.  W.  of  Alma,  on  Mt.  Bross  and  Mt.  Lincoln,  in 
Carbonif.  limestone,  argent,  galena,  cerussite,  anglesite,  cerargyrite,  barite,  manganese  oxide.  In 
Buckskin  Gulch  (between  these  rats.),  in  Cambrian  quartzyte,  aurif.  pyrites,  gold,  silver,  galena. 

Sweet  Home  and  Tanner  Boy  Mines,  S.  W.  side  of  Mt.  Bross, 'in  Archaean,  rhodochrositt 
in  the  latter.  In  Mosquito  Gulch,  south  of  Alma,  near  Horseshoe,  argent,  galena,  cerussite. 
Mines  of  Lincoln  Mtn.  at  13,000  to  14,000  ft.  elevation. 

PITKIN  CO.  (between  Elk  Mts.  and  Sawatch  Range).— At  Independence,  on  W.  slope  of 
Sawatch,  on  the  Roaring  Fork,  in  Archaean,  and  west  of  Aspen,  on  the  N.  E.  slope  of  Elk  Mts,, 
Alpine  Pass,  Pitkin  and  Tin  Cup  mines,  in  limestone,  cerussite,  cerargyrite,  cuprite. 

Aspen. — Polybasite,  tennantite,  argentite,  pyrite,  silver,  aragonite,  chalcopyrite,  bornite. 

PUEBLO  Co. — Turkey  Creek,  near  Pueblo,  muscovite. 

Rio  GRANDE  Co.— At  head  of  Rio  Alamosa,  near  Suminitville,  E.  part  of  San  Juan  Mts., 
gold,  in  quartz  vein,  enargite. 

SAN  JUAN  Co.  (S.  and  S.  E.  of  E.  end  of  San  Miguel  Co.,  crossed  by  the  San  Juan  Mts.).— 


WYOMING— MONTANA.  1091 

Silverton. — North  Star  mine,  Sultau  Mountain,  tetrahedrite,  chalcopyrite,  pyrite,  hubnerite, 
rhodochrosite,  all  in  good  crystals.  Bonita  Mt.,  hiibnerite.  Zuni  mine,  zunyite  embedded  in 
guitermanite.  Whale  Mine,  massive  auglesite. 

Red  Mountain  District.— Enargite,  tetrahedrite  (argent.),  tennantite,  chalcopyrite,  bornite, 
stromeyerite,  polybasite,  argentite,  cerussite,  azurite,  kaoliniie. 

Poughkeepsie  Gulch,  Alaska  mine,  alaskaite,  chalcopyrite,  tetrahedrite,  barite,  tellurite. 
Yankee  Girl  mine,  cosalite. 

SAN  MIGUEL  Co.  (S.  of  Ouray  Co.,  eastern  part  including  N.  portion  of  San  Juan  Mts.). — 
At  Telluride,  galena,  stephanite,  chalcopyrite,  gold,  electrum. 

SUMMIT  Co.— In  southeastern  part,  on  W.  slope  of  Archaean  "  Front  Range,"  near  Monte- 
zuma  and  Peru,  argent,  galena,  etc.  In  southern  part,  near  headwaters  of  Blue  R.,  S.  of 
Breckenridge,  near  Robinson,  on  Quandary  Park,  etc.,  in  limestone,  argent,  galena,  pyrite, 
native  gold,  sphalerite,  cerargyrite. 

Chalk  Mtn.,  junction  of  Summit  Park  and  Eagle  Cos.,  in  rhyolyte  (nevadite),  sanidine, 
topaz  in  small  crystals. 

Snake  River  District,  alabandite  (Queen  of  the  West  mine),  with  rhodochrosite,  galena, 
argentite,  pyrite.  Black  Prince  mine,  stromeyerite. 

French  Creek,  native  bismuth  in  placers. 

Kokomo,  orthoclase  !  in  crystals. 

Breckenridge,  crystallized  gold! 

Near  Moutezuma,  Rust  Tunnel,  pyrite!    Josephine  mine, pyrite. 

WELD  Co.— Near  Sterling,  blue  barite! 

WYOMING. 

Albany  Co.,  14  m.  S.  W.  of  Laramie  City.— Mirabttite. 

Laramie  Co.— Near  Hartville,  chalcocite,  chrysocolla,  cuprite,  malachite.  18  m.  E.  of 
Laramie  City,  graphite. 

Sweetwater  Co.— Near  Atlantic  City,  S.  Pass  City,  and  Miner's  Delight,  gold  in  quartz 
veins.  Near  Independence  Rock,  sodium  carbonates  (trona,  etc.). 

In  fossils  in  Bad  Lauds,  barite  crystals. 

YELLOWSTONE  PARK  and  Vicinity. — At  the  Geyser  Basins,  geyserite!  native  sulphur. 
Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  calcareous  sinter!  At  the  Joseph  Coats  Springs,  scorodite,  realgar, 
orpiment,  sulphur. 

Obsidian  Cliff.— Tridymite,  anorthoclase,  fayalite.  Between  Clark's  Fork  and  East  Fork 
in  the  Hoodoo  Mts.,  mordenite. 

Specimen  Mt. — Amethyst!  quartz  crystals!  silicijied  wood,  calcite,  calcite  rombohedrons 
coated  by  quartz  crystals.  • 

Absaroka  Range. — Leucite. 

Glade  Creek. — Quartz  crystals  in  rhyolyte,  tridymite,  fayalite. 

MONTANA. 

Beaver  Head  Co. — Placer  gold,  gold  in  quartz,  wire  gold  in  calcite,  auriferous  chalcopyrite, 
nagyagite,  argentiferous  galena,  pyromorphite,  vanadiuite,  descloizite,  pyrite,  chalcocite,  azurite, 
malachite,  jasper,  magnetite,  limonite.  At  Dillon,  cassiterite. 

Deer  Lodge  Co. — Gold,  nagyagite,  argentiferous  galena,  pyrargyrite,  argentiferous  spha- 
lerite, pyrite,  pyrolusite,  tetrahedrite. 

Jefferson  Co. — Gold,  argentiferous  galena  with  sphalerite  and  pyrite,  auriferous  pyrite, 
black  and  white  wood-opal  (silicified  wood). 

Lewis  and  Clarke  Co.— Gold,  auriferous  arsenopyrite,  pyrite,  argentiferous  galena,  argen- 
tiferous sphalerite,  bituminous  and  lignite  coal. 

Ruby,  El  Dorado,  and  other  bars  in  the  Missouri  River,  about  16  miles  from  Helena,  corun- 
dum! both  sapphire  and  ruby,  mined  for  gem  purposes;  also  topaz,  garnet,  cyanite,  cassiterite, 
chalcedony,  etc. 

Madison  Co. — Placer  gold,  gold  in  veins,  argentiferous  galena,  silver,  cerargyrite,  minium, 
chalcopyrite,  cuprite,  azurite,  malachite,  calcite,  garnet,  compact  serpentine. 

Missoula  Co. — Lead  ores,  cerussite,  yellow  pyromorphite  in  St.  Regis  district. 

Park  Co. — Gold,  auriferous  chalcopyrite,  argentiferous  galena,  cerussite,  sphalerite,  tetra- 
hedrite, coking  coal. 

In  the  Crazy  Mts.,  socialite,  nephelite,  hauynite. 

Silver  Bow  Co. — Butte  City  and  vicinity,  gold,  silver,  argentite,  cerargyrite,  silver  on  chal- 
cocite, argentiferous  pyrolusite,  boruite,  chalcocite,  malachite,  copper  and  cuprite  in  granite, 
rhodonite,  rhodochrosite,  siderite,  calcite,  galena,  sphalerite,  tetrahedrite. 

Wurtzite  at  the  Original  Butte  mine;  goslarite  at  the  Gagiion  mine. 


1092  CATALOGUE  OF  AMERICAN  LOCALITIES  OF  MINERALS. 

IDAHO. 

Every  county  in  the  state  yields  placer  gold. 

Alturas  Co. — The  mining  region  is  known  as  the  Wood  River  district  which  includes 
Ketchum,  Hailey,  Atlanta,  and  the  Sawtooth  Range  of  mountains.  Placer  gold,  auriferous 
pyrite,  arsenopyrite  carrying  gold  and  silver,  silver,  proustite,  pyrargyrite,  argeutite,  cerargyrite, 
argentiferous  galena,  auriferous  and  argentiferous  sphalerite,  anglesite,  cerussite,  cervantite, 
stibnite,  tetrahedrite,  azurite,  malachite,  magnetite,  hematite,  bog  iron. 

At  the  Jay  Gould  mine,  native  lead,  minium. 

Ada  Co. — Lignite,  placer  gold,  auriferous  sphalerite. 

Boise'  Co.— Deposits  of  lignite,  placer  gold,  gold  finely  crystallized,  rubies  in  placers  border- 
ing on  Ada  Co.,  mica  (Payette),  pyrolusite,  dufrenoysite,  argentite,  cerargyrite,  and  other  silver 
ores. 

Bingham  Co. — Copper  ores,  besides  placer  gold. 

Custer  Co. — Gold,  argentite,  stephanite,  cerargyrite,  argentiferous  galena,  cerussite,  azurite 
and  other  copper  ores,  asbestus. 

Idaho  Co. — Mica,  native  copper  and  other  copper  minerals;  placer  gold,  silver  ores. 

At  Warren's  Camp  (veins  in  slate  and  limestone),  gold,  silver,  cerargyrite,  etc.,  scheelite 
with  gold  (Charity  mine). 

Kootenai  Co.— Placer  gold. 

Latah  Co.  —  Opals  !  at  Moscow,  mica. 

Lemhi  Co.— Gold,  argentiferous  galena,  cerargyrite,  argentite,  copper  ores,  chalcocite, 
cerussite. 

Nez  Perces  Co.— Placer  gold. 

Oneida  Co. — Placer  gold,  silver  ores,  silver,  cerargyrite. 

Owyhee  Co. — Gold,  silver,  argentite,  cerargyrite  in  thin  transparent  plates,  stephanite, 
stibnite,  lignite. 

Shoshone  Co.—  Cceur  d'Alene  district  includes  the  camps  Mullan,  Burke,  Wallace,  and 
Bunker  Hill  mines.  Argentiferous  galena,  cerussite,  anglesite,  pyromorphite,  plattnerite  (As 
You  Like  mine),  malachite  and  azurite  carrying  cerargyrite  (and  bromyrite?),  bornite,  chal- 
copyrite,  argentiferous  tetrahedrite,  massive  barite,  placer  gold. 

Washington  Co.— Mining  districts  are  Helena  (Seven  Devils)  and  Mineral  City.  Placer 
gold,  plates  of  gold  in  malachite,  bornite  carrying  silver,  chalcocite,  chalcopyrite,  chrysocolla, 
malachite,  azurite,  covellite  (impure),  limonite,  micaceous  magnetite,  quartz,  dark  tourmaline, 
brown  garnet  rock,  cinnamon  garnet,  epidote,  powellite,  limestone,  silver  ores. 

UTAH.  . 

The  silver  mines  are  mostly  in  limestone,  with  eruptive  rocks  in  the  vicinity,  and  argentif. 
galena,  cerussite,  anglesite,  cerargyrite,  etc.,  the  common  ores.  The  veins  in  slate  or  quartzyte 
in  part  carry  copper  ores.  There  are  also  sandstones  in  Southern  Utah  impregnated  by  ores 
(cerargyrite,  etc.)  over  large  regions. 

BEAVER  Co. — Bradshaw. — Cerussite,  cuprite,  malachite,  aragonite. 

Frisco. — Cerussite,  anglesite,  galena,  dufrenoysite,  proustite,  pyrargyrite,  cerargyrite, 
argentite,  barite. 

Star. — Cerussite,  cerargyrite,  malachite,  aurichalcite  (Cave  mine),  bismuthinite. 

IRON  Co. — Coyote  District. — Orpiment,  realgar,  thin  layer  in  strata  under  lava,  stibnite. 

JUAB  Co. — Tintic  District. — Galena,  anglesite,  cerussite,  malachite,  bornite,  cuprite,  bis- 
muthite. 

Copperopolis  mine  (formerly  called  the  "American  Eagle"),  conichalcite  !  clinoclasite,  erinite, 
scorodite,  enargite.  tyrolite,  oliveniie  !  chenevixite,  melaconite,  lettsomite,  selenite  !  mixite,  borickite  (?). 

Mammoth  mine,  tyrolite  !  chalcophyllite  !  clinoclasite  !  olivenite  !  pharmacosiderite,  jarosite  ! 
conichalcite,  erinite,  enargite!  azurite!  malachite,  mixite,  brochantite!  jarosite. 

Carissa  mine,  mixite  !  bismutite. 

Eureka  Hill  mine  (at  Eureka,  6  m.  from  Silver  City),  ulaliite,  olivenite,  enargite,  cerussite. 

MlLLARD  Co. — Cove  Creek.— Sulphur. 

Shoebridge  and  Dragon  mines,  40  m.  N.  of  Sevier  Lake  and  40  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Deseret, 
topaz  in  rhyolyte,  with  garnet  and  sanidine. 

PlUTE  Co.—  Ohio.— Galena,  cerussite,  malachite,  chalcopyrite,  chalcocite,  tetrahedrite. 
Mt.  Baldy  —  Galena,  cerussite,  anglesite,  wulfenite,  argentite  (Pluto  mine). 
Marysvale. — Onofrite,  tiemannite 

SALT  LAKE  Co.— Big  Cottonwood — Galena,  cerussite,  anglesite;  aurichalcite  (Keeler  mine), 
chrysocolla  (at  Emma  mine),  malachite,  with  sometimes  pyrolusite.  Little  Cottonwood,  same, 
with  sometimes  argentite,  dufrenoysite,  wulfenite,  linarite  (?),  chalcopyrite,  enargite  (at  Oxford 


UTAH— NEW  MEXICO— ARIZONA.  1093 

and  Geueva  mine).     West   Mountain,   same   ores,  with  argentite,  pyrargyrite,  rhodochrqsite, 
fcarite  at  Queen  mine;  bimrite,  etc.,  at  Tiewaukee  mine;  dufrenoysite,  etc.,  at  Winnamuck  mine. 

Butterfield  Canon. — Orpiment,  realgar,  mallardite,  luckite. 

Wasatch  Mts.(  head-waters  of  Spanish  Fork,  ozocerite  in  beds.     Great  Salt  Lake,  mirabilite. 

SUMMIT  Co.—  Uinta.— Cerussite,  anglesite,  cerargyrite,  tetrahedrite,  argentite,  malachite. 

TOOELE  Co.— Camp  Floyd.— Stibnite,  etc. 

Ophir.— Galena,  cerussite,  malachite,  chalcopyrite,  cerargyrite.  Rush  Valley,  same  ores. 
American  Fork  and  Silver  Lake,  same  ores. 

WASATCH  Co.— Blue  Ledge  and  Snake  Creek,  galena,  cerussite,  pyromorphite,  sphalerite, 
etc. 

WASHINGTON  CO. — Harrisburg.—  In  sandstone  and  clay,  native  silver,  cerargyrite,  argen- 
tite;  fossil  plants  sometimes  replaced  by  silver  and  cerargyrite. 

NEW    MEXICO. 

DONA  ANA  Co. — Victoria  mine,  40m.  below  Nutt,  anglesite.   In  the  Organ  Mts. 
{flos  ferri),  wulfenite. 

GRANT  CO. — Burro  Mts.,  S.  W.  of  Silver  City.— Turquois. 

Santa  Rita  Mines.— Azurite,  malachite,  native  copper. 

Ballard's  Peak. — Pyrargyrite. 

Georgetown. — Mimbres  mine,  vanadinitef 

In  N.  E.  corner  of  county,  S.  part  of  Mimbres  Mtu.,  E.  of  Silver  City.— Ores  in  limestone 
or  shale,  argentif.  galena,  cerargyrite,  argentite,  native  silver,  barite,  fluorite. 

Pinos  Altos  Mtn.,  N.  of  Silver  City  — Argent,  galena,  cerargyrite,  cerussite,  argentite, 
silver,  gold,  chalcopyrite,  barite.  Burro  Mts.,  S.  W.  of  Silver  City,  similar  ores.  In  S.  W. 
part  of  Co..  near  Barney's  Station,  and  Warren,  Virginia  distr.,  veins  of  quartz,  with  argent, 
galena,  cerargyrite,  native  silver.  Atlanta  distr. ,  near  Silver  City,  Gold  Hill,  and  Kingston, 
pyrargyrite,  silver,  argentite. 

LINCOLN  Co.—  Bonita  Mt.,  near  White  Oaks.— Hubnerite. 

SANTA  F£  CO.— Los  Cerillos  Distr.,  22  m.  S.  W.  of  Santa  Fe,  in  Los  Cerillos  Mts.— 
Turquois  in  trachyte,  argent,  galena,  cerussite,  wulfenite,  manganese  ores.  Silver  Bute  distr., 
in  quartzyte,  gold,  pyrite,  azurite,  malachite,  cuprite,  chalcopyrite,  bournonite,  chrysocolla. 

SIERRA  Co. — At  Lake  Valley. — In  the  Sierra  mines,  in  limestone,  argent,  galena,  cerussite, 
cerargyrite,  embolite,  iodyrite,  manganese  ores,  vanadinite,  endlichite,  descloizite,  native  silver, 
pyrolusite,  manganite,  fluorite,  apatite.  At  Kingston,  in  Black  Range,  aragonite.  Near  Hills« 
boro',  gold  in  veins  and  placers. 

Grafton. — Gold,  cerussite,  chalcocite,  bornite,  malachite,  chalcopyrite,  cerargyrite,  ame- 
thyst. Headwaters  of  Gila  River,  alunogeu,  halotrichite. 

SOCORRO  Co. — 3  m.  from  Socorro,  in  Socorro  Mts.,  cerargyrite,  vanadinite,  vanadiferous 
mimetite,  barite.  In  Magdalena  Mts.,  27m.  W.  of  Socorro,  galena,  cerussite,  anglesite,  cala- 
niine,  sphalerite.  Oscuro  Mts.  to  E.,  chalcopyrite,  azurite,  malachite,  associated  with  fossil 
wood  and  plants.  Merritt  mine,  willemite. 

ARIZONA.   . 

APACHE  Co. — Copper  Mountain. — Chalcocite,  azurite,  melaconite,  sphalerite,  pyrite.  And 
at  Greenlee  Gold  Mountain,  chalcocite,  malachite,  cuprite,  auriferous  gravel. 

Near  Holbrook,  in  Chalcedony  Park. — Forest  of  petrified  wood!  ("  Jasperized"  wood), 
amethyst. 

Navajoe  Reservation  (also  in  part  in  N.  Mexico). — Pyrope  garnets  !  chrysolite  (Job's  tears)  I 
chrome-diopside. 

COCHISE  Co. — Bisbee. — Copper  Queen  mine  (and  Holbrook  mine),  azurite!  malachite! 
cuprite!  chrysocolla,  melaconite,  parainelaconite,  footeite,  wad,  calcite  inclosing  malachite, 
stalactites  of  either  aragonite  or  calcite  (or  perhaps  both)  aurichalcite. 

Tombstone. — Emmousite.  At  West  Side  mine,  hessite,  yellow  wulfenite.  At  Empire 
mine,  yellow  wulfeuite.  At  Contention  mine,  yellow  wulfenite  and  hyalite.  Lucky  Cuss 
Mine,  descloizite,  cuprodescloizite. 

GlLA  Co. — Globe.— Old  Globe  mine,  malac7iite  !  azurite,  cJirysocolla  !  quartz  on  chrysocolla, 
melaconite,  ^calcite.  Vermont  mine  (near  Globe),  chalcocite.  Stonewall  Jackson  mine  (neat 
Globe),  native  red  silver  in  crystals,  argentite. 


1094  CATALOGUE  OF  AMERICAN  LOCALITIES  OF  MINERALS. 

MARICOPA  Co.— Vulture.— Vulture  mine  (60m.  N.  W.  of  Phoenix),  jarosite',  crystallized 
gold,  yellow  wulfenite.  Farley's  Collateral  mine  (about  20  m.  N.  E.  of  Vulture  P.  O.),  vana- 
dinite,  red  and  yellow;  yellow  vanadinite  in  clear  calcite!  red  wulfenite,  chrysocolla,  (and  accord- 
ing to  Silliman)  crocoite,  vauquelinite,  etc.  Phceuix  mine  (about  20  in.  N.  E.  of  Vulture), 
vanadinite,  yellow  and  red,  the  former  very  like  mimetite;  descloizite. 

Hassayampa  Distr. — Montgomery  mine,  tetradymite. 

Santa  Catarina  Mts.  (also  in  Pinal  and  Pima  Cos.,  exact  locality  not  known). — Aurichal- 
cite! 

Turquois  Mts. — Turquois. 

GRAHAM  Co. — Clifton. — At  the  Longfellow  Mine  (5  m.  from  Clifton),  malachite!  azurite! 
cuprite!  native  copper.  Metcalf  mine  (6  m.  from  Clifton),  brochantite.  At  the  Bon  Ton  mines 
(exact  locality  doubtful),  dioptase.  Garfield  mine  (about  9  m.  from  Clifton,  on  Chase  Creek), 
argentiferous  tetrahedrite,  azurite. 

Morenci.— Humming  Bird  mine  (about  6  m.  from  Clifton),  malchite  and  azurite  in  short 
stalactites  with  concentric  structure,  clirysocolla,  wad.  Yavapai  mine  (about  5^  m.  from  Clifton, 
via  the  Longfellow  mine,  and  1  m.  from  Morenci),  chalcanthite  fibrous,  brochantite,  drusy 
azurite.  Copper  Mt.  mine,  in  Morenci,  lettsomite!  cJialcoiricJiite  !  cuprite!  arborescent  and 
bright  native  copper,  azurite. 

Mineral  Park. — Turquois. 

PIMA  Co.— Flux  Mine. — Cerussite! 

FINAL  CO. — Oracle. — At  the  Mammoth  Gold  mine,  descloizite!  vanadinite!  wulfenite. 
Near  Riverside. — Brochantite  !  dioptase  !  in  small  but  well-defined  crystals. 
Pinal. — Hollow  quartz  crystals,   chalcedony. 

Silver  King  Mine  (near   Pinal). — Fine  aurichalcite,  crystallized  silver  !  sphalerite,  argen- 
tite,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite.     At  Silver  Queen  mine  (near  Pinal),  red  cerussite! 
Picket  Post. — Red  wulfenite.    Black  Prince  mine,  red  vanadinite. 

YAVAPAI  Co.—  Boggs  Mine,  in  the  Big  Bug  distr. — Bouruonite. 

Grove  Mine,  in  the  Humbug  distr.— Embolite!  Also  in  same  distr.,  brown  vanadinite, 
barrel-shaped  crystals.  2  miles  from  Bradshaw,  tetradymite  crystals  ! 

Jerome  (30  m.  N.  E.  of  Prescott). — In  the  United  Verde  copper  mines,  gerhardtite,  ataca- 
mite,  brochantite,  azurite,  chalcanthite. 

Rio  Verde,  near  Camp  Verde. — Glauberite,  thenardite,  mirabilite,  halite,  etc. 

YUMA  Co.— Red  Cloud  Mine  (about  30  m.  N.  of  Yuma). — Red  wulfenite  !  mimetite,  ceruss- 
ite, hyalite,  calcite.  Also  fine  vanadinite!  at  the  following  mines:  Hamburg.  Princess,  Clara, 
Black  Rock,  Rover,  Melissa,  etc.  All  of  these  mines  (as  also  the  Red  Cloud)  are  in  the  "  Silver 
District,"  and  are  one  to  five  miles  distant  from  the  Red  Cloud. 

Melissa  and  Rover  Mines.—  Wulfenite  (red),  occasionally  in  simple  octahedral  crystals  of 
small  size. 

Clip  (about  5  m.  N.  of  Red  Cloud),— Dumortierite  !  cyauite. 

Castle  Dome  District  (about  30m.  N.  E.  of  Yuma.).—  Wulfenite  in  gray,  waxy,  almost 
cubical  crystals,  green  and  purple  fluorite  and  crystallized  anglesite !  galena  and  cerussite, 
also  anglesite  of  woody  appearance ! 


NEVADA. 

The  chief  mining  regions  of  Nevada,  affording  silver  and  partly  gold  are  either  veins  con- 
nected obviously  with  igneous  eruptions,  as  the  Comstock  Lode;  veins  in  granitic  or  rneta- 
morphic  rocks,  and  in  the  Austin  mines;  and  deposits  of  supposed  veins  in  limestone,  either  of 
the  Cambrian  or  later  age,  as  the  Eureka  and  White  Pine  mines. 

CHURCHILL  CO. — Ragtown. — Gay-lussite,  trona,  halite.  Cottonwood  Canon. — Niccolite, 
annabergite,  smaltite. 

ELKO  Co. — Tuscarora,  veins  in  igneous  rocks,  stephanite,  cerargyrite,  ruby -silver  ores 
(proustite  and  pyrargyrite),  argentite,  stephanite,  chalcopyrite,  pyrite,  sphalerite,  chrysocolla. 

ESMERALDA  Co.— In  metamorphic  slates  and  schists,  or  in  granite,  which  are  intersected  by 
igneous  rocks,  at  Columbus,  gold,  cerargyrite,  tetrahedrite,  galena,  pyrite,  sphalerite,  pyrolusite, 
turquois,  sulphur,  stetefeldtite.  Also  gold  in  Esmeralda  and  Wilson  in  quartz.  Silver,  galena, 
and  chalcopyrite  in  Oneota,  in  mica  schist.  Alum,  12  m.  N.  of  Silver  Creek.  At  Aurora, 
fluorite. 

Near  Mono  Lake,  native  copper  and  cuprite,  obsidian. 

Columbus  district,  at  Teel's  Salt  Marsh,  Rhodes  Marsh,  Fish  Lake  Valley,  etc.,  ulexite, 
thenardite,  borax,  common  salt,  sulphur;  elsewhere,  annabergite,  variscite.  Walker  Lake, 
gypsum,  hematite. 


NEVADA— CALIFORNIA.  1095 

EUREKA  Co.— Eureka,  Ruby   Hill,    etc.— In  Lower    Cambrian  limestone,  gold,   silver, 
cerussite,  galena,  anglesite,  mimetite,  wulfenite,  limonite,  aragonite. 
Cortez. — Cerargyrite,  tetrahedrite,  silver,  etc. 

HUMBOLDT  Co. — Veins  in  mesozoic  slates,  at  Paradise,  silver,  cerargyrite,  tetrahedrite, 
pyrargyrite,  proustite,  stephanite,  arsenopyrite,  chalcopyrite,  sphalerite,  pyrite.  Winnemucca, 
between  slate  and  granite,  sulphides  and  antimonial  sulphides  of  lead,  with  silver,  jamesonite, 
stibnite,  bournouite. 

Near  Lovelock's  Station. — Erythrite,  millerite,  asbolite. 

Humbolt  House,  sulphur.     Rabbit  Hole  Springs,  sulphur. 

LANDER  Co.— Austin,  near  Reese  River,  in  the  Toyabe  Range,  which  has  a  granitic  axis 
flanked  by  Paleozoic  strata,  and  the  veins  in  the  granite  of  Lander  Hill  (yielding  $1,000,000  of 
silver  annually),  situated  near  the  western  edge  of  the  Paleozoic  area  of  the  eastern  half  of  the 
Great  Basin.  Tetrahedrite,  pyrargyrite,  proustite,  cerargyrite,  stephanite,  polybasite,  rhodochrosite, 
embolite,  chalcopyrite,  pyrite,  galena,  azurite,  whitneyite. 

Also  mines  at  Lewis  of  ruby  silver,  etc.,  in  quartzyte.  And  at  Battle  Mountain,  of  galena 
in  Paleozoic  slate. 

LINCOLN  Co. — Bristol. — Galena,  cerussite,  etc.  Eldorado,  cerargyrite,  stromeyerite.  Jack- 
Rabbit,  argentif.  galena,  cerussite,  cuprite,  malachite.  Ely,  gold,  cerargyrite,  galena,  sphalerite, 
pyrite.  Rio  Virgin,  lalite  in  large  deposits. 

NYE  Co. — Belmont  (vein  in  Silurian  slate). — Argent,  galena,  stephanite,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite, 
anglesite,  stetefeldtite. 

Morey. — Ruby  silver  and  other  arsenical  and  antimonial  ores,  etc. 

Tybo.— Galena,  cerargyrite,  etc. 

Union. — Cerargyrite,  galena,  sphalerite,  etc. 

Downieville. — Anglesite,  cerussite,  wulfenite,  sphalerite,  pyrite. 

STOREY  and  LYON  Cos. — Mines  of  the  Comstock  Lode,  gold,  native  silver,  argentite, 
stephanite,  polybasite,  ruby  silver  m:es,  tetrahedrite,  cerussite,  wulfenite,  kustelite,  etc. 

UNION  Co.— Echo  Distr. — Boulangerite. 

WASHOE  Co.— Steamboat  Springs. — Sulphur,  metastibnite,  orpiment  cinnabar. 

WHITE  PINE  Co.— White  Pine.— In  Devonian  limestone,  cerargyrite.  At  Ward,  same 
limestone,  sulphautimonides,  probably  stroineyerite,  pyrite,  etc.  Cherry  Creek. — Copper  car- 
bonate, sulphides,  etc. 

CALIFORNIA. 

The  principal  gold  regions  are  in  Amador,  Butte,  Calaveras,  El  Dorado,  Fresno,  Inyo, 
Mariposa,  Mono,  Nevada,  Placer,  Plumas,  San  Bernardino,  San  Diego,  Shasta,  Siskiyou, 
Sierra,  Trinity,  and  Tuolumne  counties. 

Silver  is  mined  chiefly  in  Inyo,  Mono,  San  Bernardino,  and  Shasta  counties.  Copper 
mines  are  principally  in  Calaveras,  Del  Norte,  Inyo,  Nevada,  and  Plumas  counties. 

The  principal  mercury  mines  are  the  Altoona,  in  Trinity  Co.,  the  New  Almaden  in  Santa 
Clara  Co.,  the  New  Idria,  in  San  Benito  Co.,  the  Bradford,  Great  Western,  and  Sulphur  Bank, 
in  Lake  Co.,  the  Manhattan,  and  Napa  Consolidated,  in  Napa  Co.,  and  the  Great  Eastern,  in 
Sonoma  Co.  Of  these  the  Napa  and  Lake  Co.  mines  are  now  producing  one  half  the  total  yield 
of  the  State. 

ALAMEDA  Co. — Hydromagnesite,  chromite,  and  pyrolusite,  all  abundant,  alsc  halotrichite. 

ALPINE  Co.— Morning  Star  mine,  enargite,  stephanite,  polybasite,  barite,  quartz,  pyrite, 
tetrahedrite,  pyrargyrite. 

AMADOR  Co. — Volcano. — Chalcedony,  hyalite,  common  garnet,  diamond.  lone  Valley. — 
chalcopyrite,  ionite,  lignite.  Fiddletown. — Diamond.  Gold  at  several  mines  with  chalcopyrite, 
pyrite,  galena. 

BUTTE  Co. — Cherokee  Flat. — Diamond,  platinum,  iridosmine,  chromite,  zircon.  Forbes- 
town. — Prochlorite. 

CALAVERAS  Co. — Copperopolis  and  Campo  Seco.  —  CJialcopyrite,  malachite,  azurite,  serpen- 
tine, picrolite,  native  copper.  Near  Murphy's,  jasper,  albite,  with  gold  and  pyrite.  Melones 
Mine. — Calaverite,  petzite.  Stanislaus  Mine.— Calaverite,  petzite,  melonite,  altaite;  also  opal, 
chalcopyrite,  galena,  gold,  .etc.  Bald  Point.— Epidote  and  almandite. 


1096  CATALOGUE  OF  AMERICAN  LOCALITIES  OF  MINERALS. 

COLUSA  Co. — Sulphur  Creek.— Electrum,  sulphur  (cryst.),  cinnabar,  aragonite  (all  mined). 

DEL  NORTE  Co.— Crescent  City. — Agate,  carneliau.  Low  Divide.—  Chalcopyrite 
bornite,  malachite;  cm  the  coast,  in  auriferous  sand,  iridosrniue,  platinum,  gold,  zircon,  micro- 
scopic rubies,  diamonds? 

EL  DORADO  Co. — Pilot  Hill.— Chalcopyrite.  Near  Georgetown. — Hessite,  from  placer 
diggings.  Roger's  Claim,  Hope  Valley.— Grossular  garnet,  in  copper  ore.  Coloma. — Chromite. 
Placerville. — Gold,  brookite,  octahedrite  implanted  on  quartz  crystals.  Granite  Creek. — Roscoe- 
lite,  gold.  Forest  Hill. — Diamonds.  Cosumnes  mine,  molybdenite,  pyrophyllite. 

FRESNO  Co.— Chowchillas,  andalusite.  King's  Creek  Distr.— Bornite,  columbite.  North 
Fork  Distr. — Sphalerite,  bismuthinite.  Raymond. — Molybdenite.  Also  tourmaline  and  satin 
spar. 

HUMBOLDT  Co.— Gold  Bluff.— Spinel  ruby.  Yager.— Vivianite.  At  Red  Cap  Mines.— 
Chalcocite.  Elk  River.— Pyrrhotite.  * 

INYO  Co. — Inyo  Distr. —  Galena,  cerussite,  anglesite,  barite,  calcite,  grossular  garnet! 
vesuviunite,  datolite.  Panamint. — Tetrahedrite,  stromeyerite.  Kearsarge  Mine. — Cerussite, 
tetrahedrite,  cerargyrite.  argentite.  Cerro  Gordo  Mines. — Wulfeuite,  cerussite.  anglesite, 
polybasite,  linarite!  caledonite,  calamine,  bindheimite,  mimetite,  smithsonite,  willemite,  etc. 
Deep  Spring  Valley. — Bismuthite.  Sali-ne  Valley. — Tincal,  ulexite,  halite,  tourmaline.  Death 
Valley. — Colemanite!  abundant,  borax,  ulexite,  all  mined. 

KERN  Co.— Hot  Springs  Distr.— Antimony  (native),  stibnite,  jarosite,  alrnandite,  lepidolite, 
chrysoprase.  Green  Monster  Mine. — Cuproscheelite. 

LAKE  CO. — Borax,  cinnabar,  sulphur  cryst.,  all  mined;  also  semi-opal,  hyalite,  mercury 
(native),  chromite,  copiapite,  posepnyte  (Gt.  Western  mine),  wollastonite,  glaucophane,  zoisite,  etc. 

Borax  Lake. — Borax!  sasso]ite,glauberite.  Pioneer  mine,  cinnabar,  native  mercury,  sulphur, 
hyalite,  cinnabar.  Lower  Lake,  chromite. 

LASSEN  CO.—Selenite  in  large  slabs,  andradite,  tourmaline,  smaltite,  bernardinite. 

LOS  ANGELES  Co.— San  Gabriel  Canon. — Asphaltum  nodules  with  vivianite.  At  the 
"  O.  K.  mine,"  silver  (native),  with  argentite,  smaltite,  erythrite.  On  Santa  Catalina  Island, 
sphalerite.  Near  Santa  Ana  River,  anhydrite.  Williams  Pass,  chalcedony.  Soledad  Mines. — 
Chalcopyrite,  garnet,  gypsum.  Mountain  Meadows.— Garnet,  in  copper  ores.  Compton. — 
Kelsey  mine,  erythrite.  Mt.  Hoffman,  almandite,  epidote. 

MARIPOSA  CO.— Chalcopyrite,  itacolumyte.  Centreville.— Cinnabar.  Pine  Tree  mine, 
tetrahedrite.  Burns  Creek.— Limonite.  Geyer  Gulch. —Pyrophyllite.  La  Victoria  Mine.— 
Azurite!  Near  Coulterville,  cinnabar,  gold. 

MONO  Co.— Blind  Spring.— Part zite  (stibiconite),  chalcocite,  Chalcopyrite,  tetrahedrite. 
Bodie.— Gold,  silver.  Oasis.— Bismuthinite,  bisnmtite.  Mono  Lake,  thinolite. 

MONTEREY  Co.— Alisal  Mine.— Arsenic.  Near  Panche,  chalcedony,  chromite.  Near 
Pacheco's  Pass,  stibnite. 

NAPA  Co. —Chromite.  At  Cat  Hill,  Redington  mine,  cinnabar,  metacinnabarite,  marcasite, 
chromite,  knoxvillite,  rediugtonite,  napalite,  magnesite,  epsomite.  Botryoidal  pyrite  at  Man- 
hattan mine.  Phoenix  mine,  millerite. 

NEVADA  Co.— Grass  Valley.— Gold!  in  quartz  veins,  with  pyrite,  Chalcopyrite,  sphalerite, 
arsenopyrite,  galena,  quartz,  biotite.  Near  Truckee  Pass,  gypsum.  Excelsior  Mine. — 
Molybdenite,  with  gold.  Sweet  Land. — Pyrolusite. 

ORANGE  Co.— Arch  Beach.—  Fuchsite.  San  Joaquin  Ranch.— A  mercury  mineral  not  yet 
positively  determined.  At  same  locality  and  Santa  Ana,  gypsum. 

PLACER  Co.— Near  Dutch  Flat  in  Green  Valley,  American  River,  chromite,  uvarovite, 
kotschubeite,  serpentine.  Miner's  ravine,  epidote  !  with  quartz,  gold. 

PLUMAS  Co.— At  Cherokee,  Chalcopyrite.  Taylorville.  —  Chrysocolla  and  erubescite,  at 
Engels'  mine.  Rich  Bar.  —  Tremolite. 

SAN  BENITO  Co.— New  Idria.— Cinnabar  (mined);  at  the  Gypsy,  Alta,  and  Ambrose 
mines,  stibnite  (mined),  often  in  fine  crystals. 

SAN  BERNARDINO  Co.— Colorodo  River.— Agate,  trona.  Clarke  and  Silver  Mountain.— 
Stromeyerite,  malachite.  Russ  District— Galena,  cerussite.  Francis  mine,  cerargyrite.  San 
Bernardino  Mts.— Graphite.  At  Calico,  colemanite  !  with  pandermite  (or  priceite),  celestite, 


CALIFORNIA—  OREO  ON.  1 097 

bernardinite,  laumoutite,  cummin gtonite,  calamine,  halite,  Iceland  spar,  loadstone  (Lake  and 
Owen's  mine).  Stromeyente  at  the  Silver  King  mine. 

Colton. — Aragonite. 

Borax  Lake. — Borax,  thenardite,  halite,  hanksite,  sulphohalite,  glauberite,  trona.  Oro 
Grande.— Cookeite,  leipidolite.  Als*>  realgar,  40  miles  from  the  Needles. 

The  Temescal  tin  mines  are  situated  in  the  northern  end  of  the  San  Jacinto  estate,  see  p. 
1030. 

SANTA  CLARA  Co. — New  Almaden. — Cinnabar,  mercury,  calcite,  aragonite,  serpentine, 
chrysolite,  quartz,  apophyllite,  gyrolite,  metacinnabarite,  aragotite.  North  Almaden. — Chromite. 
Mt.  Diabolo  Range.— Magnesite.  Near  Gflroy,  stibnite. 

SAN  DIEGO  Co.—Lepidolite,  rubellite,  graphite,  chalcocite,  pyrophyllite. 

SAN  Luis  OBISPO  Co.— Asphaltum,  cinnabar,  native  mercury,  chromite,  pyrophyllitfc 
onyx  marble  ! 

SAN  MATEO  Co, — Pescadero  —Carnelian,  agate. 

SANTA  BARBARA  Co. — On  the  islands  of  this  county,  sphaerostilbite  and  gypsum  crystals, 
pectolite;  orthite.  San  Amedio  Canon. — Stibjiite,  asphaltum,  bitumen,  maltha,  petroleum, 
cinnabar.  Santa  Clara  River.— Sulphur.  Santa  Barbara.— Allanite.  Point  Sal,  gypsum. 

Redwood  City.— Sphalerite. 

SHASTA  Co. — Cow  Creek. — Sphalerite.  Tom  Neal  Mtn. — Molybdenite,  green  foliated  talc. 
Shotgun  Creek.— Uvarovite.  Copper  City.— Chalcanthite,  native  zinc  (?). 

SIERRA  CO. — Goodyear's  Bar.-=-Asbestus.  Brandy  City. — Emery.  Forest  City.— Gold, 
arsenopyrite,  lellurides. 

SISKIYOU  CO.— Ottrelite,  barite,  aragonite. 
SOLANO  Co.—  Aragonite  I  (fine). 

SONOMA  Co. — Guerneville. — Actinolite,  garnets,  chrom/ie,  serpentine,  cinnabar,  bitumen, 
iUicified  wood. 

TEHAMA  Co.— Pectolite,  chromtte,  wollastonite. 

TRINITY  Co. — Altoona  Mine. — Cinnabar  ;  platinum  in  nuggets  found  in  hydraulic  mines 
on  the  old  channel  of  the  Trinity  River.  Cinnabar. — Cinnabar,  serpentine,  realgar. 

TULARE  Co. — Minium,  chrysoprase,  sphalerite,  graphite,  epidote,  almandite,  grossularite, 
molybdenite,  tourmaline,  inalacolite,  topazolite,  audradite,  etc. 

TUOLUMNE  Co. — Tourmaline,  tremolite.  Sonora. — GrapJiite,  gold,  chalcopyrite,  pyrite. 
York  Tent.— Chromite.  Golden  Rule  Mine. — Petzite,  calaverite,  altaite,  hessite,  magnesite, 
tetrahedrite,  gold.  Whiskey  Hill.— Gold!  Jamestown.— Mariposite. 


OREGON. 

Gold  is  obtained  west  of  the  Cascade  Range,  in  the  southernmost  counties,  Josephine, 
Jackson,  and  Curry,  in  Coos  and  Douglas,  the  next  north,  and  east  of  the  range,  in  south- 
eastern Oregon,  in  Grant  and  Baker  counties,  and  to  the  north  sparingly  in  Wasco,  Umatilla, 
and  Union  counties.  The  most  productive  mines  are  in  Baker  Co. 

Baker  Co.— In  northern  part,  about  Baker  City,  Rye  Valley,  Bridgeport  on  Burnt  River, 
Willow  Creek,  Silver  Creek,  gold;  Rye  Valley  and  Silver  Creek,  affording  also  stromeyerite, 
arsenopyrite,  pyrite,  malachite,  azurite. 

Curry  Co.— Near  Port  Orford  and  Cape  Blanco,  and  on  the  Rogue  River,  gold,  platinum, 
iridosmine,  laurite.  On  the  seashore,  5  m.  N.  of  Chetko,  priceite,  in  veins  and  in  masses  from 
20  Ibs.  weight  to  the  size  of  peas  and  smaller,  with  bluish  steatite. 

Douglas  Co.— New  Idrian.— Cinnabar,  limonite.  Riddle.— Hydrous  nickel  silicate,  near 
genthite  (garnierite),  p.  677. 

Grant  Co.— Granite,  in  north  part  of  county,  tetrahedrite,  polybasite,  chalcopyrite,  pyrite, 
sphalerite.  At  Elk  Creek,  auriferous  gravel  Near  Canyon  City  (on  John  Day's  R.),  cinnabar. 

Jackson  Co. — At  Applegate  and  elsewhere,  auriferous  gravel. 

Josephine  Co.  —At  Yank,  galena,  chalcopyrite.  Also  iii  Jackson  and  Josephine  counties, 
native  nickel-iron,  in  placers. 


CATALOGUE  OF  AMERICAN  LOCALITIES  OF  MINERALS. 


WASHINGTON. 

King  Co. — Seattle.— Scheelite,  realgar,  tourmaline.     Magnetite  at  Iron  Mt.,  8  m.  N.  W.  of 
l^oqualmie  Pass,  and  also  copper  ores  at  the  Denny  Co.  mine. 
Pierce  Co. — Mt.  Ranier,  tridynrite. 
Spokane  Co.,  Rockford,  muscovite. 

Stevens  Co.— Colville  district,  mines  of  lead  and  silver  reported. 
Whatcom  Co.— Fidalgo. — Tourmaline. 

Whitman  Co.,  'near  Whelan,  20  miles  S.  W.  of  Coif  ax,  fire-opal. 
STakima  Co. — Auriferous  gravel  and  quartz  veins. 

ALASKA. 

Douglas  Island. — Auriferous  pyrite. 

Port  Wrangell. — At  the  mouth  of  the  Stickeen  River,  garnet!  in  mica  schist. 

Glacier  Bay. — Native  silver,  argentite,  berthierite  (?),  tetrahedrite,  graphite. 

Golovin  Bay. — Argentiferous  galena,  pyrite,  graphite. 

Juneau. — Sphalerite. 

Yukon  R. — Gold  placers;  nephrite  at  the  Jade  Mts. 

Gold  quartz  at  various  points. 

DOMINION  OF   CANADA. 

PROVINCE  OF  QUEBEC. 

ARGENTEUIL  Co.— Argenteuil. — Pyroxene,  titanite,  tourmaline.  Chatham. — Fetid  calcite, 
garnet,  orthoclase. 

Grenville.— Wollastonite,  titanite,  muscovite,  vesuvianite,  calcite,  pyroxene,  serpentine, 
steatite  (rennselaerite),  chondrodite,  garnet  (cinnamon-stone),  zircon  (hyacinth),  graphite,  scapolite, 
fetid  calcite,  tourmaline,  graphite,  orthoclase,  phlogopite.  Leeds.— Chalcocite. 

ATHABASKA  CO — St.  Norbert. — Amethyst  in  greenstone.     Tingwich.— Chalcocite. 
BAGOT  Co. — Acton. — Bornite,  chalcocite,  kaolin.  Upton. — Chalcopyrite,  malachite,  calcite. 

BEATJCE  Co. — Aubert.— Gold,  iridosmine,  platinum. 

Broughton. — Serpentine,  chrysotile,  steatite,  chlorite. 

Marlow  (also  Risborough). — Scheelite!  cryst.,  tungstite,  galena,  sphalerite,  pyrite,  chalco- 
pyrite. 

Riviere  du  Loup. — Platinum,  iridosmine,  gold,  rutile. 

St.  Francis. — Gold,  platinum,  iridosmine,  ilmenite,  pyrite,  magnetite,  serpentine,  chromite, 
soapstone,  barite,  actiuolite,  arsenopyrite,  agalmatolite,  garnet,  pyrrhotite. 

Lake  St.  Francis. — Andalusite  (chiastolite)  in  mica  schist. 

St.  Joseph. — Epidote  in  crystals  in  a  concretionary  epidotic  rock. 

Ste.  Marie. — Wad.     Tring. — Aragonite,  wad. 

BERTHIER  Co. — Maisonneuve  Township.— Samarskite,  beryl,  muscovite, 

BROME  Co. Bolton. Chromite,  magnesite,  serpentine,  picrolite,  steatite,  bitter  spar,  wad, 

rutile,  actinolite,  chalcopyrite,  chlorite ,  chrysotile,  kammererite,  pyrrhotite. 

Brome. — Magnetite,  chalcopyrite,  titanite,  ilmenite,  chalcocite,  galena,  chloritoid,  rutile.  In 
elseolite-syenite,  sodalite,  cancrinite,  orthoclase. 

Sutton. — Magnetite,  in  fine  crystals,  hematite,  rutile,  dolomite,  magnesite,  chromiferous  talc, 
bitter  spar,  steatite,  bornite,  pyrrhotite,  chalcocite,  chalcopyrite,  chloritoid. 

CHAMBLEY  Co.—  Boucherville.—  Augite  in  trap.  Chambly.— Analcite,  chabazite,  and 
calcrte  in  trachyte,  ilmenite.  Montarville.  —  Augite,  chrysolite. 

CHAMPLAIN  CO.— Cap  de  la  Madeleine.—  Limonite  (iron  ocher)  in  large  beds. 

CHARLEVOIX  Co.— Bay  St.  Paul.— Ilmenite,  apatite,  allanite,  rutile. 

CHICOUTIMI  CO.  Jonquie're  Township.— Beryl. 

GASPE*  CO.— Mt.  Albert.— Shickshock  Mts.,  chrysolite,  chromite,  amphibole,  garnet,  ser 
pentine.  Mt.  Serpentine.— Gaspe  Bay,  serpentine. 

HOCHELAGA  Co.—  Montreal.— Calcite,  augite,  titanite  in  trap,  chrysolite,  natrolite,  analcite, 
dawsonite  (near  McGill  College),  sodalite,  elseolite,  acmite,  cancrinite.  At  St.  Helen's  Is., 
strontiauite. 


DOMINION  OF  CANADA.  1099 

IBERVILLE  Co.— Mt.  Johnson.— In  dioryte,  amphibole,  titanite,  oligoclase. 

JOLIETTE  Co. — Daillebout. — Blue  spinel  with  seybertite. 

KAMOURASKA  Co.— Riv.  Ouelle.— Chalcedony,  jasper. 

L'ASSOMFTION  CO.— St.  Roch.— On  Achigan  R.,  transp.  apatite,  augite. 

LEVIS  CO. — Chaudiere  Falls,  kaolin.    Point  Levis,  glauconite.    St.  Nicholas,  agalmatolite. 

MASKINONG-E  Co. — Hunterstown.—  Scapolite,  titanite,  vesuvianite,  garnet,  toown  tour- 
maline I 

MEGANTic  Co. — Black  Lake. — Scolecite,  thomsonite.  Coleraine. — Serpentine,  chrysotile 
(asbestus)  mined.  Halifax. — Bornite,  chalcocite,  chalcopyrite.  Inverness. — Bornite,  chalcocite, 
pyrite,  orthoclase. 

Leeds  —Dolomite,  chalcopyrite,  gold,  chloritoid,  chalcocite,  bornite,  pyrite,  steatite, 
chroinite,  magnetite,  molybdenite,  orthoclase. 

Thetford.—  Serpentine,  chrysotile!  (asbestus)  extensively  mined. 

MISSISQUOI  Co.— St.  Armand.— Micaceous  iron  ore  with  quartz,  epidote. 

MONTCALM  Co.— Rawdon.— Garnet,  ilmeuite,  labradorite. 

MONTMORENCY  Co.  — Chlteau  Richer. — Labradorite,  hypersthene,  andesine,  ilmenite. 

OTTAWA  Co.— Buckingham. — Apatite,  pldogopite,  titanite,  asbestus,  coccolite,  graphite, 
crocidolite. 

Clyde. — Albite,  garnet. 

Hull.— Apatite,  amphibole,  garnet,  titanite,  tourmaline,  barite,  fluorite,  jasper  (Chelsea), 
graphite,  magnetite,  oligoclase.  wilsonite,  pyroxene. 

Lochaber. — Graphite. 

Portland. — Apatite,  wilsonite,  pyroxene,  coccolite,  scapolite,  mizzouite,  cinnamon  garnet. 

Templeton. — Apatite  !  rutile,  titanite,  scapolite,  tourmaline  (blk.),  hematite  (Haycock mine), 
wollastouite,  pyroxene,  zircon,  vesuvianite!  phlogopite!  garnet,  chrysotile,  amphibole,  prehuite, 
wilsonite,  chabazite,  stilbite,  uralite,  fibrous  calcite,  crocidolite.  Barite  (michel-levyte)  at 
Perkin's  Mill. 

Villeneuve. — Albite,  muscovite,  microcliue,  tourmaline,  garnet,  monazite,  uraninite, 
spessartite. 

Wakefield. — Apatite!  titanite,  pyroxene,  garnet,  zircon,  vesuvianite,  scapolite,  phlogopite, 
calcite,  garnet!  spinel  (blue),  tourmaline  (blk.),  chrome  garnet. 

PONTIAG  Co. — Aldfield. — Molybdenite!  chondrodite,  titanite,  tremolite,  vesuvianite. 

ALLEYN  Co. — Molybdenite,  molybdite.     Clarendon.— Tourmaline,  pyrallolite. 

Grand  Calumet  Island. — Apatite,  phlogopite !  pyroxene !  sphalerite,  titauite,  vesuvianite! 
serpentine,  tremolite,  scapolite,  brown  and  black  tourmaline!  pyrite,  loganite.    Calumet,  sphaler- 
ite, retinalite,  galena,  pyrite. 

Lichfield.—  Calumet  Falls,  blue  apatite,  blue  calcite,  scapolite,  loganite,  serpentine, 
phlogopite,  pyroxene,  tourmaline! 

RICHMOND  Co.— Brompton.— Chalcocite.  Cleveland.— Chalcocite,  chlorite,  bornite. 
Melbourne.— Chalcocite,  chlorite,  chrysotile,  pyrite,  massive  epidote,  bornite,  kammererite. 

ROUVILLE  Co.— Beloeil. — In  elseolite-syeuite,  acinite  (segirite),  cancriuite.  Rougemont.— 
Augite  in  trap,  chrysolite. 

ST.  MAURICE  CO.— Point  du  Lac.— Limonite. 

SHEFFORD  Co.— Shefford. — Chalcocite,  chlorite,  titanite.  Stukeley. — Serpentine,  verd- 
antique!  scbiller  spar,  chalcocite,  chalcopyrite. 

SHERBROOKE  Co.— Ascot.— Chalcopyrite,  chlorite.  Capelton.— Chalcopyrite,  pyrite, 
tennantite.  Lenox. — Arsenopyrite. 

Orford.— White  garnet,  chrome  garnet,  millerite,  serpentine,  pyroxene,  diallage,  magnetite, 
calcite. 

Sherbrooke. — At  Suffield  mine,  albite !  native  silver,  argentite,  chalcopyrite,  sphalerite, 
jasper  ! 

STANSTEAD  Co.—  Barford.— Pyrrhotite. ' 

TERREBONNE  Co.—  Abercrombie.—  Labradorite.  Mille  Isles.—  Labradorite!  ilmenite, 
hypersthene,  andesine,  zircon.  Morin.— Titanite,  apatite,  labradorite,  wollastonite  North 
River.— Zircon. 

St.  Jerome. — Titauite,  apatite,  chondrodite,  phlogopite,  tourmaline,  zircon,  garnet,  molyb- 
denite, pyrrhotite,  wollastonite,  labradorite, 


1100  CATALOGUE  OF  AMERICAN  LOCALITIES  OF  MINERALS. 

VAUDREUIL  Co. — Vaudreuil. — Limonite,  vivianite. 

WOLFE  Co.— Ham  (or  Southam). — Chromite  in  serpentine,  diallage,  antimony!  senarmontitei 
kermesite!  valentinite,  stibnite,  chalcopyrite,  chrysotile.  Wolfstown. — Chromite. 

TAMASKA  Co. — Yamaska  Mt. — Ainphibole,  titanite  in  trap. 

PROVINCE  OF  ONTARIO. 

ADDINGTON  Co. — Clarendon. —  Vesuvianite,  tourmaline.  Sheffield. — Stibnite  in  crystal 
lized  dolomite. 

BROOK VILLE  Co.— Brockville.— Pyrite. 

FRONTENAO  Co. — Marble  Lake,  Barrie  Township. — Meneghinite,  galena. 

Bedford  and  Loughborough.— Graphite. 

Kingston. — Celestite  in  Trenton  limestone.     Palmeston. — Hematite. 

GREY  Co. — Sydenham. — Celestite,  limonite. 

HASTINGS  Co.—  Elzevir.— Pyrite.   Madoc.—  Magnetite,  hematite,  pyrite,  rutile,  uraconite. 
Marmora. — Arsenopyrite  !  (argentiferous  at  Deloro),  magnetite,  serpentine,  garnet,  epsornite, 
hematite,  lepidomelane,  steatite.     Tudor. — Arsenopyrite,  native  bismuth,  bismuthinite,  pyrite. 

HURON  CO.— Clinton.— Nat.  sulphur. 

LAMBTON  Co.—  Enniskillen.—  Petroleum,  bitumen. 

LANARK  Co. — Bathurst. — Barite.  black  tourmaline,  perthite  (orthoclase),  peristerite  (albite), 
bytownite,  pyroxene,  wilsouite,  scapolite,  apatite,  titanite,  amphibole. 

Dalhousie. — Dolomite,  amphibole,  tremolite. 

Lanark. — Raphilite  (amphibole),  serpentine,  asbestus,  perthite  (aventurine  feldspar), 
peristerite. 

Elmsley.— Pyroxene,  titanite,  feldspar,  tourmaline,  apatite,  biotite,  zircon,  red  spinel, 
choudrodite,  orthoclase,  g<trnet. 

North  and  South  Burgess. — Pyroxene,  albite,  mica,  corundum,  titanite,  chalcopyrite,  apatite, 
black  spinel!  spodumeue  (in  a  boulder),  serpentine,  biotite,  barite,  graphite,  orthoclase,  wilsonite, 
wollastonite,  phlogopite,  samarskite,  zircon,  tourmaline, 

Perth. —Apatite  in  large  beds,  phlogopite. 

LEEDS  CO.— Bastard. — Wollastonite.     Charleston  Lake. — Tourmaline. 

Elizabethtown.—  Pyrrhotite,  pyrite,  calcite,  magnetite,  talc,  phlogopite,  siderite,  apatite, 
cacoxenite.  Leeds.— Hematite. 

Lansdowne. — Celestite,  vein  21  in.  wide,  and  fine  crystals,  rensselaerite,  sphalerite,  wilson- 
ite, labradorite. 

North  and  South  Crosby. — Chondrodite,  graphite.     Newborough. — Chondrodite,  graphite. 

NORFOLK  Co.— Charlottes ville. — Nat.  sulphur.     Walsingham. — Limonite. 
PEEL  Co. — Caledon  (forks  of  the  Credit  River). — Red  celestite,  dolcmite. 

PETERBOROUGH  Co.— Balsam  Lake. —Pyrite,  pyrrhotite. 
Burleigh. — Albite  (peristerite}.     Dummer. — Barite,  tourmaline. 
Galway.— Barite,  calcite!  scapolite.     Snowdon.— Uraconite,  magnetite. 

PRESCOTT  Co.— Little  Rideau.— Celestite  (fibrous). 

RENFREWCo.— Algona.—  Scapolite,  tremolite!  Arnprior. — Calcite.  Blythfield. — Pyroxene, 
tourmaline,  pargasite,  tremolite.  Brudensville. — Zircon!  Calabogie  Lake. — Tremolite. 

Eganville.— Titanite!  apatite,  zircon,  etc.,  amphibole. 

High  Falls  of  the  Madawaska.— Pyroxene!  amphibole.     McNab.— Hematite,  barite. 

Ross  Township. — Apatite,  titanite,  amphibole,  pyroxene,  orthoclase,  scapolite,  chrysotile, 
molybdenite,  molybdite,  spinel,  tourmaline! 

Sebastopol  Township.— Apatite!  titanite!  zircon!  hornblende,  orthoclase,  microcline, 
scapolite,  pyroxene,  calcite  (salmon-red). 

SlMSCOE  CO. — Nattawasga. — Limonite. 

VICTORIA  CO.— Balsam  Lake.—  Molybdenite,  scapolite,  quartz,  pyroxene,  pyrite. 

DISTRICT  OF  ALGOMA. — Bruce  Mines  on  Lake  Huron.— Calcite,  dolomite,  quartz,  chalco- 

chalcocite. 

Jackfish  Lake,  Huronian  Mine. — Sylvanite. 
Sudbury.  — Niccoliferous  pyrrhotite  and  chalcopyrite,  polydymite,  sperrylite,  cassiterite. 


DOMINION  OF  CANADA.  1101 

DISTRICT  OF  NIFISSING.— Iron  Islands  (Nipissiug  Lake).—  Red  barite,  fluorite. 
McKim  and  adjoining  towns. — Chalcopyrite,  pyrrhotite,  smaltite. 

LAKE  HURON,  Owen  Sound,  on  the  Grand  Manitoulin  Islands,  etc.—Celestite. 

LAKE  SUPERIOR,  North  Shore  (east  of  Thunder  Boy  distr.).—  Battle  Island,  native  copper. 
Jarvis  Island. — Silver,  argentite,  barite,  celestite,  calcite.  McKellar's  Island. — Silver, 
sphalerite,  galena,  pyrite,  argeutite,  barite,  calcite. 

Michipicoten  Island. — Domeykite,  niccolite,  genthite,  chalcopyrite,  native  copper,  native 
silver,  chalcocite,  galena,  amethyst,  calcite,  stilbite,  analcite.  At  Maiuianse  Bay,  coracite, 
chalcocite,  chalcopyrite,  native  copper,  agate,  argeutite,  calcite,  genthite. 

Neepigon  Bay. — Fluor  Island,  fluorite.     St.  Ignace  Island,  calcite,  native  copper,  prehnite. 

Pie  Island. — Elaeolite,  zircon.     On  mainland  opposite  Pie  Island,  fluorite,  barite. 

Point-aux-Mines. — Native  copper,  coracite,  mesolite,  epidote,  galena.  Prince's  Mine. — 
JSrythrite,  fluorite.  calcite,  galena. 

Silver  Islet. — Argeutite,  native  silver,  galena,  niccolite,  chalcocite,  malachite,  silver 
arsenide,  pyrite,  calcite.  Edwards  Is.— Native  arsenic. 

Spar  Island. — Apophyllite,  argentite,  silver,  chalcocite,  sphalerite,  calcite.  Terrace  Cove. 
— Molybdenite. 

THUNDER  BAY  DISTRICT  AND  WESTWARD.— Amethyst  Harbour.—  Amethyst !  Dog 
Lake. — Native  lead.  Duncan  Mine. — Dog-tooth  spar,  argentite.  Mclntyre. — Siderite. 
McKellar's  Point.— Pectolite.  Mouth  of  McKenzie  River.— Amethyst,  fluorite.  Neebing. — 
Chalcopyrite,  galena,  marcasite.  Neebiug  Lake,  barite.  O'Connor.— Beaver  mine,  asbestus. 
Thunder  Cape. — Galena. 

RABBIT  MTS.— Twin  Cities  mine,  witherite.     22  m.  S.  W.  Port  Arthur,  harmotome. 

PROVINCE  OF  NOVA  SCOTIA. 

ANNAPOLIS  Co.— Chute's  Cove. — Apophyllite,  natrolite,  heliotrope. 

Gate's  Mountain.— Anal  cite,  magnetite,  mesolite!  natrolite,  stilbite. 

Granville.  — Carnelian. 

Margaretville.— Apophyllite,  gyrolite,  stilbite,  epistilbite,  laumontite. 

Martial's  Cove. — Analcite!  chabazite,  heulandite.     Moose  River. — Beds  of  magnetite. 

Nictau  River. — At  the  Falls,  bed  of  hematite.  Paradise  River,  black  tourmaline,  smoky 
quartz  ! 

Peter's  Point,  west  side  of  Stonock's  Brook. — Apophyllite!  calcite,  heulandite,  laumontite! 
(abundant),  native  copper,  stilbite. 

Port  George. — Faroelite,  laumoutite,  mesolite,  stilbite.  East  of  Port  George,  on  coast, 
apophyllite  containing  gyrolite. 

St.  Croix's  Cove. — Chabazite,  heulandite. 

ANTAG-ONISH  Co. — College  "Lake.  — Chalcopyrite.  On  St.  George's  Bay,  and  elsewhere, 
gypsum,  in  thick  strata.  Frenchman's  Barn,  gieseckite.  South  Lake,  chrysolite.  Arisaig  Pier, 
gieseckite. 

CAPE  BRETON  Co.— At  Gabarus,  molybdenite,  [bismuthinite,  At  Loch  Lomond,  Salmon 
River,  manganese  ore. 

Plaister  Cove,  Mabou,  Port  Hood,  etc. — Gypsum.     Near  Sidney,  copper  ores. 
Little  Glace  Bay. — Cannel  coal,  melanterite. 
New  Annan. — Covellite. 

COLCHESTER  Co.— Five  Islands,  East  River.— Barite,  calcite,  dolomite  (ankerite),  gmelin- 
ite,  hematite,  chalcopyrite. 

Indian  Point. — Malachite,  magnetite,  red  copper,  tetrahedrite. 

Pinnacle  Islands. — Analcite,  calcite,  chabazite!  uatrolite,  siliceous  sinter. 

Londonderry,  on  branch  of  Great  Village  River.—  Barite!  ankerite,  hematite,  limonite, 
magnetite,  aragouite,  sideroplesite,  wad. 

Cook's  Brook. — Ankerite,  hematite.     Martin's  Brook. — Hematite,  limonite. 

Folly  River.— Below  Falls,  ankerite,  pyrite.  On  high  land,  east  of  river,  ankerite,  hematite, 
limonite. 

Archibald's  Land. — Ankerite,  barite,  hematite. 

Salmon' River,  south  branch  of. — Chalcopyrite,  hematite. 

Shubenacadie  River. — Anhydrite,  calcite,  barite,  hematite,  oxide  of  manganese.  At  the 
Canal,  pyrite. 

Stewiacke  River. — Barite  (in  limestone;  300  tons  mined  in  1885).  Near  Clifton,  gothite. 
pyrolusite,  calcite,  barite. 

Onslow. — Manganese  ore, 


1102  CATALOGUE  OF  AMERICAN  LOCALITIES  OF  MINERALS. 

CUMBERLAND  Co. — Cape  Chiegnecto,  barite. 

Cape  d'Or. — Analcite,  apophyllite!  chabazite,  faroeite,  laumontite,  mesolite,  malachite, 
natrolite,  native  copper,  obsidian,  red  copper  (rare),  vivianite  (rare). 

Horseshoe  Cove,  east  side  of  Cape  d'Or. — Analcite,  calcite,  stilbite. 

Isle  Haute,  south  side. — Analcite,  apophyllite!  calcite,  heulandite!  natrolite,  mesolite 
stilbite  ! 

Joggins.— Coal,  hematite,  limonite.     Malachite  and  tetrahedrite  at  Seaman's  Brook. 

Partridge  Island. — Analcite,  apophyllite!  (rare),  amethyst!  agate,  apatite  (rare),  calcite! 
chabazite  (acadialite),  chalcedony,  cat's-eye  (rare),  gypsum,  hematite,  heulandite!  magnetite, 
stilbite  ! 

Swan's  Creek. — West  side,  near  the  Point,  calcite,  gypsum,  heulandite,  pyrite.  East  side,  at 
Wasson's  Bluff  and  vicinity,  analcite!  apophyllite!  (rare),  calcite,  chabazite!  (acadialite),  gypsum, 
heulandite!  natrolite!  siliceous  sinter. 

Two  Islands.— Gmelinite,  heliotrope,  moss  agate,  analcite,  calcite,  chabazite,  heulandite. 

McKay's  Head. — Analcite,  calcite,  heulaudite,  siliceous  sinter  ! 

Amherst. — Manganese  ore. 

Spring  Hill  coal  rield,  Scotia  mines.     Alunogeu. 

DIG-BY  CO. — Briar  Island. — Native  copper,  in  trap,  jasper. 

Digby  Neck,  Sandy  Cove,  and  vicinity. — Agate,  amethyst,  calcite,  chabazite,  hematite! 
laumontite  (abundant),  magnetite,  martite,  stilbite,  quartz  crystals. 
Gulliver's  Hole. — Magnetite,  stilbite! 
Mink  Cove. — Amethyst,  chabazile!  quartz  crystals. 
Nichols  Mountain,  south  side. — Amethyst,  magnetite! 

Williams  Brook,  near  source. — Chabazite  (green),  heulaudite,  stilbite,  quartz  crystal. 
Trout  Cove.— Carnelian,  chalcedony. 

GUYSBORO  Co.— Cape  Canseau,  andalusite.     Sherbrooke. — OctaJiedrite. 

HALIFAX  CO.  — Gay's  River,  galena  in  limestone.  Southwest  of  Halifax,  garnet,  staurolite, 
tourmaline. 

Tangier.— Gold!  in  quartz  veins  in  clay  state,  associated  with  auriferous  pyrite,  galena, 
hematite,  arsenopyrite,  and  magnetite.  Gold  at  Country  Harbour,  Fort  Clarence,  Isaac's  Harbour, 
Indian  Harbour,  Laidlow's  Farm,  Lawrencetown,  Sherbrooke,  Salmon  River,  Wine  Cove,  and 
other  places.  At  Hammond's  Plains  and  Musquodoboit,  molybdenite,  pyrolusite. 

HANTS  Co. — Cheverie. — Oxide  of  manganese  (in  limestone),  gypsum.  Petite  River,  gypsum, 
oxide  of  manganese. 

Walton.—  Pyrolusite,  manganite. 

Teny  Cape. — Manganese  ores,  dog-tooth  spar. 

Windsor.  —  Calcite,  gypsum  (great  bed),  with  cryptomorphite  (baronatrocalcite),  howlite, 
mirabilite  selenite,  aragonite,  epsomite,  ulexite.  At  Rawdon,  manganite,  stibnile,  of  which 
758  tons  were  exported  in  1885,  turgite,  hematite. 

Brookville.— Howlite,  ulexite,  cacholong  !  carnelian. 

Newport  Station. — Howlite,  ulexite.     Noel,  howlite. 

Douglas. — Psilomelane,  pyrolusite.     Seven  Mile  Plain,  pyrite. 

KINGS  Co. — Black  Rock. — Centrallassite,  cerinite,  dog-tooth  spar,  cyanolite.  A  few  miles 
east  of  Black  Rock,  prehnite?  stilbite! 

Cape  Blomidon.— On  the  coast  between  the  cape  and  Cape  Split,  the  following  minerals 
occur  in  many  places  (some  of  the  best  localities  are  nearly  opposite  Cape  Sharp):  analcite  !  agate! 
amethyst!  apophyllite!  calcite,  chalcedony (blue),  steeleite,  chabazite, gmelinite (\vderi\e],  hematite, 
heulandite  !  laumontite,  magnetite,  malachite,  mesolite,  native  copper  (rare),  natrolite  !  psilome- 
laue,  stilbite!  thomsonite,  faroelite,  quartz. 

North  Mountains. — Amethyst,  bloodstone  (rare),  ferruginous  quartz,  mesolite  (in  soil), 
thomsonite  ! 

Long  Point,  five  miles  west  of  Black  Rock.— Heulandite,  laumontite,  stilbite! 

Morden. — Stilbite,  apophyllite,  mordenite. 

Scott's  Bay. — Agate,  amethyst,  chalcedony,  rutile.  mesolite,  natrolite. 

Woodworth's  Cove,  a  few  miles  west  of  Scott's  Bay. — Agate!  chalcedony  !  jasper,  rutile. 
Kentville,  pyrolusite.  Hall's  Harbour,  stilbite,  sphaBrostilbite. 

LUNENBERG-  Co.— Chester. — Gold  River,  gold  in  quartz,  pyrite,  arsenopyrite. 
Cape  la  Have. — Pyrite.     The'  "Ovens,"  gold,  pyrite,  arsenopyrite.     Petite  River,  gold 
in  slate. 

PlOTOTJ  Co. — Pictou. — Jet,  oxide  of  manganese,  limonite.  At  Roder's  Hill,  six  miles  west 
of  Pictou,  barite.  On  Caribou  River,  gray  copper  and  malachite  in  lignite. 

Albion  Mines.— Coal,  limonite.  East  River,  limonite,  hematite,  magnetite,  siderite,  ankerite. 
On  Sutherland's  R.,  siderite. 

Smithfield. — Argentiferous  galena. 


DOMINION  OF  CANADA.  1103 

QUEEN'S  CO.— Westfield.— Gold  in  quartz,  pyrite,  arsenopyrite. 

Five  Rivers.— Near  Big  Fall,  gold  in  quartz,  pyrite,  arsenopyrite,  limonite. 

RICHMOND  Co. — West  of  Plaister  Cove,  barite  and  calcite  in  sandstone.  Nearer  the 
Cove,  calcite,  fluorite  (blue),  siderite,  gypsum  in  beds  of  great  thickness  (giving  the  name  to 
Plaister  Cove).' 

SHELBURNE  CO.— Shelburne. — Near  mouth  of  harbor,  garnets  (in  gneiss).  Near  the  town, 
rose  quartz. 

Jordan  and  Sable  River. — Staurolite  (abundant),  schiller  spar. 

SYDNEY  Co. — Hills  east  of  Lochaber  Lake. — Pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  siderite,  hematite. 
Morristown. — Epidote  in  trap,  gypsum  (making  a  cliff  of  200  feet,  near  Ogden's  Lake). 

YARMOUTH  Co. — Cream  Pot,  above  Cranberry  Hill.— Gold  in  quartz,  pyrite.  Cat  Rock, 
Fouchu  Point,  asbestus,  calcite. 


PROVINCE  OF  NEW  BRUNSWICK. 

ALBERT  Co.— Hopewell  on  Sbepody  Bay. — Gypsurn,  manganese  ores. 
Albert  Mines. — Near  Hillsboro',  albertite  (largely  exported). 

Shepody  Mountain. — Ahmite  in  clay,  calcite,  pyrite,  manganite,  psilomelane,  pyrolusite, 
gypsum  (quarried),  anhydrite  (with  the  gypsum). 

CARLETON  Co. — Woodstock.— Chalcopyrite,  hematite,  lirnomte,  wad. 

CHARLOTTE  Co. — Campobello,  at  Welchpool. — Sphalerite,  chalcopyrite,  bornite,  galena, 
pyrite 

At  head  of  Harbour  de  Lute. — Galena. 

Deer  Island,  on  west  side. — Calcite,  magnetite,  quartz  crystals. 

Digdighash  River.— On  west  side  of  entrance,  calcite!  (in  conglomerate),  chalcedony.  At 
Rolling  Dam,  graphite. 

Grand  Manan. — Between  Northern  Head  and  Dark  Harbour,  agate,  amethyst,  apophyllite, 
calcite,  hematite,  heulandite,  jasper,  magnetite,  natrolite,  stilbite. 

Moore's  Mills. — Andalusite  (chiastolite),  staurolite. 

Whale  Cove.  —  Calcite!  heulaudite,  laumontite,  stilbite,  semi-opal! 

Wagaguadavic  River,  at  entrance. — Azurite,  chalcopyrite,  in  veins,  malachite. 

GLOUCESTER  Co.—  Tete-a-Gouche  River,  eight  miles  from  Bathurst. — Chalcopyrite 
(mined),  oxide  of  manganese  !  formerly  mined. 

KINGS  Co. — Sussex. — Near  Gloat's  mills,  on  road  to  Belle  Isle,  argentiferous  galena.  One 
mile  north  of  Baxter's  Inn,  specular  iron  in  crystals,  limonite.  On  Capt.  McCready's  farm, 
selenite  ! 

Upham. — Manganese  ores,  gypsum. 

RESTIG-OUCHE  CO.—  Belledune  Point.  —  Calcite!  serpentine,  verd-antique.  Dalhousie, 
agate,  carneliau. 

ST.  JOHN  Co. — Black  River. — On  coast,  calcite,  chlorite,  chalcopyrite,  hematite! 
Brandy  Brook. — Epidote,  hornblende,  quartz  crystals. 
Carleton. — Near  Falls,  calcite. 

Chance  Harbour.  —  Calcite  in  quartz  veins,  chlorite  in  argillaceous  and  talcose  slate. 
Little  Dipper  Harbour. — On  west  side,  in  greenstone,  amethyst,  barite,  quartz  crystals. 
Moosepath. — Feldspar,  amphibole,  muscovite,  black  tourmaline. 
Musquash.— On  east  side  harbor,  copperas,  graphite,  pyrite. 
Shannon's.  — Chrysolite,  serpentine.     East  side  of  Musquash,  quartz  crystals  ! 
Portland. — At  the  Falls,  graphite. 
Fort  Howe  Hill. — Calcite,  graphite. 

Crow's  Nest. — Asbestus,  chrysolite,  magnetite,  serpentine,  steatite. 
Lily  Lake.— White  augite?  chrysolite,  graphite,  serpentine,  steatite  talc. 
How's  Road. — Two  miles  out,  epidote  (in  syenite),  steatite  in  limestone,  tremolite. 
Drury's  Cove. — Graphite,  pyrite,  pyrallolite?  indurated  talc. 

Quaco,  at  Lighthouse  Point. — Large  bed  of  oxide  of  manganese.  Sheldon's  Point,  actin- 
olite,  asbestus,  calcite,  epidote,  malachite,  hematite. 

Cape  Spenser. — Asbestus,  calcite,  chlorite,  hematite  (in  crystals). 


1104  CATALOGUE  OF  AMERICAN  LOCALITIES  OF  MINERALS. 

West'beach. — At  east  end  on  Evans's  farm,  chlorite,  talc,  quartz  crystals.  Half  a  mile  west, 
chlorite,  chalcopyrite,  magnesite  (vein),  magnetite. 

Point  Wolf  and  Salmon  River. — Asbestus,  chlorite,  chrysocolla,  chalcopyrite,  bornite,  pyrite. 

VICTORIA  Co. — Tabique  River. — Agate,  carnelian,  jasper.     At  mouth,  south  side,  galena. 

At  mouth  of  Wapskanegan.— Gypsum,  salt  spring. 

Petticodiac. — Selenite,  gypsum.     Three  miles  above,  stalactites  (abundant). 

Quisabis  River.— Blue  phosphate' ot  iron,  in  clay. 

WESTMORELAND  Co.— Bellevue.— Pyrite.  Dorchester,  on  Taylor's  Farm,  cannel  coal, 
clay  ironstone.  On  Ayer's  Farm,  asphaltum,  petroleum  spring. 

Grandlance. — Apatite,  selenite  (in  large  crystals).     Memrurncook,  coal  (albertite). 

YORK  Co.— Near  Fredericton,  Prince  William  parish,  Brunswick  mine,  stibnite  (mined), 
native  antimony,  jamesonite,  berthierite,  kermesite,  valentinite. 
Pokiock  River. — Stibnite,  tin  pyrites?  in  granite  (rare). 

PROVINCE  OF  BRITISH  COLUMBIA. 

Barclay  Sound,  Vancouver  Is. — Ilvaite. 

Cariboo  District.— Native  gold,  galena. 

Cherry  Creek,  33  in.  E.  of  Head  of  Okanagon  Lake.— Argenlif.  tetrahedrite,  galena, 
sphalerite. 

Frazer  River.— Near  Lytton,  boulders  of  nephrite.  Foster  Bar,  22m.  above  Lytton,  stibuite, 
massive  garnet,  tetrahedrite,  ankerite.  Seven  m.  up  Wilson  Creek,  native  arsenic.  10  m. 
below  Lillicoot,  platinum. 

Ominica  District. — Vital  and  Silver  Creeks,  native  gold,  argentiferous  galena,  native  silver, 
arquerite. 

Howe's  Sound. — Bornite,  molybdenite,  mica. 

Texada  Id. — Magnetite.  Malaspina  copper  mine,  andradite,  chalcopyrite,  tremolite, 
dolomite. 

Shuswap  Lake. — Bismuthinite. 

Hi-hum  Lake,  south  of  Loon  L. — Hyalite. 

Kootanie  Lake. — At  the  International  Claim  and  Hendrix  Camp,  galena  (argent.),  tetrahedrite. 

Jarvis  Inlet,  Salmon  Arm. — Bornite. 

Ice  R.  (branch  of  the  Beaver  Foot,  Rocky  Mts.). — Sodalite. 

Hector  (or  Kicking  Horse)  Pass,  Rocky  Mts. — At  the  Ebenezer  mine,  cinnabar. 

Illecillewaet  R.,  Selkirk  Range. — Tetrahedrite  (argentif.),  galena,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite, 
sphalerite. 

Kamloops  Lake,  Tranquille  R. — Gold,  platinum,  in  gravel. 

Nicholas  Valley. — At  the  Stump  mines,  tetrahedrite. 

North  Thomson  R. — Cyanite,  tetrahedrite. 

Otter  Tail  Creek.— Cookeite  (?)  with  galena. 

Peace  R.— At  Fort  St.  John,  on  cliffs  of  shale,  mirabilite,  epsomite. 

Similkameen  R. — In  gravel,  gold,  platinum. 

Skeena  R. — Garnet!  in  mica  schist. 

Tulameen  R.,  Granite  Creek. — In  gravel,  gold,  platinum. 

NORTH-WEST  TERRITORY. 

Keewatin.— Mouth  of  Churchill  river,  lazulite. 

Smoky  R. — Native  sulphur,  sal-ammoniac. 

N.  Saskatchewan. — Chemawinite  on  the  shores  of  Cedar  Lake. 

Yukon  R.— Gold  in  placers,  nephrite. 


NEWFOUNDLAND. 

Antony's  Island. — Pyrite. 

Catalina  Harbour. — On  the  shore,  pyrite  ! 

Chalky  Hill.—  Feldspar. 

Copper  Island,  one  of  the  Wadham  group. — Chalcopyrite. 

Conception  Bay. — On  the  shore  south  of  Brigus,  bornite  and  tetrahedrite. 

Bay  of  Islands. — Southern  shore,  pyrite  in  slate. 

Lawn.— Galena,  cerargyrite,  proustite,  argentite. 

Placentia  Bay.— At  La  Manche,  two  miles  eastward  of  Little  Southern  Harbour,  galena! 
On  the  opposite  side  of  the  isthmus  from  Placentia  Bay,  barite  in  a  large  vein,  occasionally 
accompanied  by  chalcopyrite. 

Shoal  Bay.— South  of  St.  John's,  chalcopyrite. 

Tilt  Cove.  — iviccolite. 

Trinity  Bay. — Western  extremity,  barite. 

Harbour  Great  St.  Lawrence. —West  side,  galena. 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES. 


NOTE. — Names  of  numbered  species  and  of  a  few  important  synonyms  are  printed  in  heavy- 
faced  type. 


Aannerodite,  741 

Aarite,  71 

Abicbite,  795 

Abraum  salts,  Abraumsalze, 

933 

Abrazite,  586 
Abriachanite,  400 
Acadialite,  589 
Acanthite,  58 
Acerdese,  248 
Acerilla,  50 
Achates,  189 
Aciiirite,  463 
Achinatite,  516 
Acbmit,  364 
Acbrematite,  992 
Achroite,  551 
Achtaragdite,  435 
Achtaraudit,  Achtaryndit,435 
Acicular  bismutb,  129 
Aciculite,  129 
Acmite,  864 
Acqua,  205 

Actinolite,  Actinote,  385,  389 
Actynolite,  385 
Adamantine  spar,  210 
Adamas,  3 
Adainine,  786 
Adamite,  786 
Adamsite,  614 
Adelite,  1052 
Adelpholite,  731;  486 
Adinole,  328 
Adipite,  589 
Adipocerite,  997 
Adipocire,  997 
Adular,  Adularia,  315,  318 
JEdelforsite,  373,  587 
^Edelite,  530 
^Edrine,  364 
.F^rite,    364,  1046 
2Enigmatite   403 
^Erinite,  1025 
JErosite,  131 
^Erugite,  870  • 
uEs  Cy priu m,  20 
JEschynite.  742 
-flSthiops  mineral,  63 
Afrodite,  675 
Aftalosa,  Aftalosia,  897 


Aftouite,  v.  Aphtonite,  137 
Agalite,  678 
Agalmatolite,  622,  691 
Agaphite,  844 
Agaric  mineral,  268 
Agata,  Span.,  v.  Agate,  189 
Agate,  189 
Agate-jasper,  189 
Aglaite,  368 
Agnesite,  307 
Agricolite,  448 
Agsteiu,  1002 
Agua,  205 
Aguilarite,  1025 
Agustite,  762 
Aigue-marine,  405 
Aikinite,  129 
Aimafibrite,  836 
Aimant,  224 
Aimatolite,  802 
Ainalite,  235 
Aiuigmatit,  403 
Aithalite,  258 
Ajkite,  1008 
Akantbit,  58 
Akanticone,  516 
Akermanite,  476 
Akmit,  364 
Akontit.  101 
Alabaudin,  64 
Alabandite,  64 
Alabaster,  933;  268 
Alabastron,  937 
Alalite,  352 
Alaskaite,  114 
Alaun,  951 
Alaunspath,  974 
Alaunstein,  974,  976 
Albatre,  933 
Albertite,  1020 
Albin,  566 
Albite,  327,  1025 
Alcaparossa  amarilla,  973 

verde,  941 
Alexandrite,  229 
Algedte,  473 
Algodonite,  45 
Alipite,  678 
Alisonite,  51 
Alite,  154 

Alizite,  ®.  Alipite,  678 
Allactite,  Allaktit,  800 


Allagite,  380 
Allanite,  522 
Allemontite,  12 
Allocbroite,  437,  443 
Alloclasite,  102 
Allogonite,  760 
Alloklas,  102 
Allomorpbite,  900 
Allopalladium,  28 
Allophane,  693 
Allopbite,  705 
Alluaudite,  757 
Allume,  951 
Almagrerite,  912 
Almaiidiue,  Almandite,    437, 

441;  221 

Alofanita,  Span.,  v.  Allophane 
Alquifoux,  50 
Alshedite,  712 
Alstouite,  283 
Altaite,  51 
Alum,  Native,  951 

Ammonia,  952 

Feather,  954 

Iron,  954 

Magnesia,  953 

Manganese,  955 

Potash,  951 

Soda,  952 
Alumbre,  951 
Alumen,  951 
Alumian,  923 

Alumina,  210;  v.  Aluminium 
Aluminates,  220  et  seq. 
Aluminilite,  974 
Aluminite,  970 
Aluminium  arsenates,  780  846 

borate,  875 

carbonates,  299,  300 

chloride,  165 

fluorides,  166,  168, 178,  179, 
180,  181 

hydrates,  246,  251,  254 

mellate,  994 

oxide,  210 

phosphates,  781,  798,  799, 
824,  825,  842,  843,  844, 
845,  846,  847,  850,  855, 
868 

silicates,  436,  492,  496,  498, 
500,  558,  560,  561,  685 


1106 


INDEX    TO    SPECIES. 


Aluminium    sulphates,    923 ; 
(w.   H2O)  958,  970,  971; 
951,952,953 
Aluminium  ore,  251 
Alumocalcite,  196 
Alumstone,  974 
Alun,  951 
Alunite,  974 
Alunogen,  958 
AUirgite,  635 
Alvite,  487 
Amalgam,  native,  23 

Gold,  19 

Silver,  23 
Amarantite,  967 
Amatista,  Sp.,  v.  Amethyst 
Amazonite,  323 
Amazonstoue,  323 
Ambar,  Sp.,  v.  Amber 
Amber,  1002,  1004 
Amberite,  1007 
Amblygonite,  781 
Ainblystegite,  350 
Ambrite,  1007 
Ambrosiue,  1007 
Amesite,  655 
Amethyst,  187,  762 

Oriental,  212 
Amiaut,  386 
Amianthoide,  386 
Amianthoide  magnesite,  252 
Amianthus,  386,  669 
Aminiolite,  865 
Amrnochrysos,  613 
Ammonalaun,  952 
Ammoualun,  952 
Ammonia,  «.  Ammonium 
Ammonia  alum,  952 
Ammonium  borate,  882 

carbonate,  294 

chloride,  157 

oxalate,  994 

phosphates,  806,  826,  832 

sulphates,    894,    895;    930, 

948,  952 
Amoibite,  90 
Amphibole,  385,  1026 
AMPHIBOLE  Group,  382-404 
Amphibole  -  anthophyllite, 

386,  390 

Amphigene,  342 
Amphilogite,  614 
Amphithalite,  824 
Amphodelite,  337 
Anagenite,  v.  Chrome  ocher, 

697 

Analcime,  595 
Analcima  carnea,  474 
Analcite,  595 
Analzim,  595 
Anatase,  240 
Anauxite,  689 
Ancudite,  685 
Andalusite,  496 
Anderbergite,  487 
Andesine,  Andesite,  838 
Andradite,  437,  443 
Andreasbergolite,  581 
Andreolite,  581 
Andrewsite,  854 


Anfibola,  385 
Anglarite,  115,  814 
Anglesite,  907 
Anglesite,  Cupreous,  927 
Anhydrite,  910 
Animikite,  43 
Ankerite,  274 
Annabergite,  818 

Annerbdite,  741 
Aunite,  634 
Annivite,  137 
Anomalite,  1027 
Anomite,  627,  629 
Anorthite.  337,  1027 
Anorthoclase,  Anorthose,  324 
Auorthoit,  337 
Authochroite,  357 
Anthograrnmite,  384 
Antholite,  384,  391 
Anthophyllite,  384  391 

Hydrous,  385,  398 
Authosiderite,  702 
Anthracite,  1021 
Anthraconite,  267 
Anthracoxen,  1012 
Anthracoxenite,  1012 
Anthrax,  210,  220 
Anthraxolite,  1024 
An  tied  rite,  599 
Antigorite,  669 
Antillite,  705 
Antimoine  natif,  12 

oxide,  199 

oxide  sulfure,  107 

sulfure,  36 

sulfure  nick elif ere,  91 

sulfure    plombo-cuprifere, 

126 

Antimon,  Gediegen,  12 
Antimonarseu,  12 
Antimonarsennickel,  71 
Autimonate  of  lead,  862 
ANTIMON ATES,  861  et  seq. 
Autimoubleiblende,  129 
Antimonbleikupferblende, 

126 

Antimon  bleispath,  862 
Autimonblende,  107 
Antimoublomma,  199 
Antimon  bliit  he,  199 
Antimonfahlerz,  137 
Anlimouglanz,  36 
Antimouial  arsenic,  12 

copper,  113 

copper  glance,  126 

nickel,  72 

ocher,  203 

red  silver,  131 

silver,  42 

ANTIMONIDES,  42etseq. 
Antimonio  rojo,  rosso,  107 
Antimonite,  36 
Antimonite  of  mercury,  865 
ANTIMONITES,  861  et  seq. 
Antimonkupferglanz,  126,128 
Antimonnickel,  72 
Antimounickelglanz,  91 
Antimon  ocher,  203 
Antimonophyllite,  200 
Antimonoxyd,  199 


Antimonsaures  Bleioxyd,  862 
Antirnonsilber,  42 
Antimonsilberblende,  131 
Antimonsilberglauz,  143 
Antimony,  Arsenical,.  12 

Gray,  36;  122 

Native,  12 

Plumose  ore  of,  122 

Red,  107 

White.  199 

Antimony  oxides,    198,   199, 
203 

oxysulphide,  106 

sulphide,  36 

trisulphide,  36 
Antimony  blende,  107 
Antimony  bloom,  199 
Antimony  glance,  36 
Antimony  ocher,  203 
Autlerite,  928 
Antophyllit,  384 
Antozoriite,  163 
Antrim olite,  605 
Apatelite,  969 
Apatite,  762,  1027 
Aphanese,  Aphanesite,  795 
Apherese,  786 
Aphrite,  267 
Aphrizite,  551 
Aphrodite,  675 
Aphroselenon,  936 
Aphrosiderite,  660 
Aphthalose,  897 
Aphthitalite,  897 
Aphthonite,  137 
Apjohnite,  955 
Aplome,  437,  443 
Apotilita,  Sp.,  -».  Apophyllite 
Apophyllite,  566 
Apotome,  906 
Apyrite,  551 
Aquacreptite,  705 
Aquamarine,  405;  762 
Arseoxene,  789 
Aragonite,  281,  1027 
Aragonspath,  281 
Aragotite,  1013 
Arcanite,  897.  898 
Archifoglio,  50 
Archise,  70 
Arcilla,  685 
Arcticite,  408 
Arc! olite,  705 
Ardennite,  542 
Arendalite,  516 
Arequipite,  865 
Arfvedsonite,  401 
Argent  antimonial,  42 

antimonie  sulfure,  124,  13* 

bromure,  159 

corne,  158 

des  chats,  613 

fragile,  143  ^ 

gris  antimonial,  124 

iodure,  160 

molybdique;  40 

muriate,  158 

natif,  19 

noir,  143 

rouge  antimoniale,  131 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES. 


1107 


Argent  rouge  arsenicale,  134 

seleniure,  53 

sulfure,  46 

sulfure  autirnouifere  et  cu- 
prifere,  124, 

sulfure  flexible,  58 

sulfure  fragile,  143 
Argentine,  267 
Argentite,  46 
Argento  native,  19 

rosso,  131,  134 
Argentobismutite,  115 
Argeutopyrite,  58 
Argyrit,  46 
Argyrocerutite,  158 
Argyrodite,  150 
Argyropyrite,  58 
Argyropyrrhotiu,  57 
Argyrose,  46 
Areryrythrose,  131 
Aricite,  586 
Arite,  71 
Arkausite,  243 
Arksutite,  168 
Arktolit,  705 
Armeuiau  whetstone,  211 
Arnimite,  963 
Aromite,  954 
Arquerite,  23 
Arragonite,  281 
Arrheuite,  745 
Arsen,  11 
Arseuautinion,  12 
Arsenantimoimickelglanz,  91 
Arsenargeutite,  43 
ARSENATES,  747  et  seq. 
Arsen  blende,  35 
Arseneiseu,  96 
Arsen  eisensiuter,  867 
Arsenglauz,  12 
Arsenic,  11 

Autiinouial,  12 

Native,  11 

White,  198 
Arsenic  blauc,  198 

jamie,  35 

oxide,  oxyde,  198,  199 

rouge,  33 

su if u re,  33,  35 

sulphides,  33,  35 
Arsenic  bloom,  198 
Arsenical  antimony,  12 

bismuth,  12 

cobalt,  87,  100 

copper,  44 

nickel,  71 

red  silver,  134 

silver,  43 
Arsenicite,  827 
Arseuico,  11 
ARSENIDES,  42  et  seq 
Arsenige  Saure,  198 
Arsenikalkies,  97 
Arsenikantiinou,  12 
Arsenikbleispath,   v.   Mimet- 

ite,  771 

Arsenikblomma,  198 
Arseuikbliithe,  198,  827 
Arsenikeisen,  96 
Arsenikfahlerz,  137 


Arsenikglanz,  12. 
Arsenikkalk,  198 
Arseuikkies,  96,  97 
Arsenikkobalt,  100 
Arseuikkobalteiseu,  100 
Arseuikkobaltkies,  93 
Arsen ikkupfer,  44 
Arseuikmaugan,  108 
Arseniknickel,  71,  88,  101 
Arseniksilber,  43 
Arseuiksilberbleude,  134 
Arseniksiuter,  821 
Arsenikspiessglauz,  12 
Arsenikwismuth,  12 
Arseniopleite,  803 
Arseniosiderite,  800 
Arsenious  oxide,  198 
Arsenile,  198 
ARSENITES,  861  et  seq. 
Arsenuickelglanz,  90 
Arseuocrocite,  800 
Arsenolamprite,  12 
Arsenolite,  198 
Arsen  omelan,  112 
Arsenopyrite,  97 
Arsenosiderite,  96 
Arseuotellurite,  107 
Arse  nous  acid,  198 
Arsenphyllite,  199 
Arseuwismuthkupfererz,  150 
Asbeferrite,  386,  391 
Asbestus,  386,  389,  669 

Blue,  400 
Asbolan,  257,  258 
Asbolite,  257,  258 
Ascheutrecker,  551 
Aschenzieher,  551 
Asfalto,  Span.,  v.  Asphaltum 
Asiderite,  32 
Asmanite,  193 
Asparagus-stone,  762 
Aspasiolite,  421 
Asperolite,  699 
Asphaltene,  1017 
Asphaltum,  1017 
Aspidelite,  712 
Aspidolite,  634 
Asteria,  212 
Asteriated  quartz,  187 

sapphire,  212 
Asteroite,  357 
Astochite,  1027 
Astrakanite,  946 
Astrophyllite,  719 
AtacsLTiite,  172 
Ateliua,  Atelite,  174 
Atelestite,  804 
Atheriastite,  473 
Atlaserz,  294 
Atlasite,  298 
Atlasspath,  266 
Atopite,  861 
Atramenstein,941 
Atrameutum,  941 
Attacolite,  847 
Auerbachite,  486 
Auerlite,  489,  1027 
Augelite,  847 
Augite,  352,  358 
Auina,  431 


Auralit,  421 
Aurichalcite,  298 
Auriferous  pyrites,  85 
Auripigrnentum,  35 
Aurotellurite,  103 
Auruui  graphicum,  103 

paradoxurn,  11 
Automolite,  223 
Autunite,  857 
Avalite,  617 
Avasite,  704 
Aventuriue  feldspar,  330 

quartz,  188 
Ax-stone,  371 
Axinite,  527 
Avvaruite,  29 
Azarcon  native,  231 
Azor-pyrrhite,  728 
Azorite,  482,  484 
Azufrado,  871 
Azufre,  8 

Azure  spar,  or  stone,  798 
Azurite,  295;  798 
Azzurrita,  295 


Babel  quartz,  190 
Babingtonite,  381,  1027 
Babylonian  quartz,  190 
Bagrationjte,  518,  522 
Baieriue,  731 
Baikalite,  356 
Baikerinite,  999 
Baikerite,  998 
Balas  ruby,  221 
Balkeueisen,  29 
Ballesterosite,  85 
Baltimorite,  663,  669,  398 
Balvraidite,  706 
Bainlite,  498 
Bandeisen,  29 
Baudjaspis,  190 
Baralite,  v.  Bavalite,  658 
Barcenite,  865 
Bardiglio,  267 
Bardiglioue,  910 
Barettite,  706 
Baricalcite,  269 
Barilla  de  cobre,  22 
Barite,  899,  1027 
Barium  carbonates,  284,  283, 
289 

nitrate,  872 

silicates,  321,  562,  576,  581, 
599 

sulphate,  890 
Bariumuranit,  859 
Barkevicite,  403 
Barkevikite,  403 
Barklyite,  212 
Barnhardtite,  82 
Barolite,  284 
Baroseleuite,  899 
Barrandite,  824 
Bartholomite,  975 
Barsowite,  340 
Barylite,  562 
Barysil,  421 


1108 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES. 


Barysilite,  421 
Barystrontianite,  285 
Baryt,  Baiytes,  899 
Baryta,  v.  Barium 
Baryta-feldspar,  321,  322 
Barytbiotite,  6a9 
Barytite,  Barytine,  899 
Baryt-Hannotome,  579 
Barytkreuzstein,  581 
Barytocalcite,  289;  283 
Barytocelestite,  90(5;  902 
Barytocolestin,  900,  906 
Barytophyllit,  640 
Barytsal peter,  872 
Baryturauit,  859 
Basaltic  hornblende,  386 
Basaltine,  352 
Basanite,  189 
Basanomelan,  217 
Basiceriue,  291 
Bastite,  351 
Bastnasite,  291 
Bastnaesite,  291 
Bastouite,  (532 
Bathvillite,  1008 
Batracliite,  449 
Baudisserite,  274 
Baulite,  3^51 
Bauxite,  251 
Bavalite,  658 
Bayldonite,  837 
Bean  ore,  250 
Beaimiontite,  574;  1027 
Beauxite,  251 
Beccarite,  486 
Bechilite,  888 
Beckite,  190 
Beegerite,  145 
Beekite,  190 
Beilsteiu,  386 
Beinbrucb,  268 
Beinwelle,  268 
Bell-metal  ore,  83 
Belonesiii,  992 
Belonesite,  992 
Belouit,  129 
Belonites,  1050 
Belonospharites,  1032 
Bementite,  704;  492 
Benzol,  v.  Benzene, 
Beraunite,  848 
Berengelite,  1019 
Bergamaskite,  386,  392 
Bergblau,  295 
Berg  butter,  954 
Bergkrystall,  -y.  Quartz,  187 
Berggelb,  250 
Berggriin,  699 
Bergholz,  389,  713 
Bergkork,  3b9 
Bergleder,  386 
Bergmannite,  600 
Berginehl,  268;  v.  infusorial 

earth,  196 
Bergmilch,  268 
Bergol.  1015 
Bergpech,  1017,  1005 
Bergsalz,  154 
Bergseife,  690 
Bergtheer,  1015,  1017 


Bergzundererz,  123 
Berillo,  Berilo,  405 
Berlauite,  663 
Berliuite,  847 
Beruardinite,  1028 
Bernonite,  259 
Bernstein,  1002,  1004 
Berthierme,  658 
Berthierite,  114 
Bertrandite,  545,  1028 
Beryl,  405,  1028;  762 
Beryllium  aluminate,  229 

borate,  878 

phosphates,  758,  760 

silicates,  313,  405,  462,  545; 
417,  418,  434,  435,  460, 
508 

Beryllonite,  758 
Berzelianite,  52 
Berzeliite,  753;  311 
Berzeline,  52;  431 
Berzelite,  170;  753 
Beta-jaulingite,  1006 
Betume,    Betuu,    Span.,   v. 

Bitumen 
Beudantite.  868 
Beurre  de  Montagne,  954 
Beustite,  516 
Beyrichite,  76 
Bhreckite,  706 
Bieberite,  943 
Bieirosite,  868 
Bielzite,  1019 
Biharite,  692 
Bildstein,  622 
Bindheimite,  862,  1028 
Binnite,  118;   112 
Biotiua,  Biotine,  337 
Biotite,  627 
Biphosphammite,  807 
Bischofite,  176 
Bismite,  200 
Bismuth,  Native,  13 
Bismuth  arsenates,  804,  860 

carbonate,  290;  hydrous, 
307 

oxychloride,  174 

silicate,  436 

sulphide,  38 

tellurate,  979 

telluride,  39,  40 

trioxide,  200 

trisulpbide,  38 

uranate,  893 

vanadate,  755 
Bismuth  gold,  15 
Bismuth  nickel,  75 
Bismuth  ocher,  200 
Bismuth  silver,  45 
Bismuthaurite,  15 
Bismuthine,  38 
Bismuthinite,  38,  1028 
Bismutholamprite,  38 
Bismutiua,  38 
Bismutite,  307 
Bismuto  native,  13 
Bismutoferrite,  562 
Bismutosphaerite,  290 
Bitterkalk,  271 
Bittersalz,  938 


Bitter  spar,  271 
Bitterspath,  271 
Bittersteiu,  515 
Biturne  de  Judee,  ®.  Asphal- 
turn 

elastique,  1018 

glutiueux,  1015 

liquide,  1015 

visqueux,  1015 
Bitumen,  1017 

Elastic,  1018 

Viscid,  1015 
Bituminous  coal,  1021 
Bjelkite,  121 
Black  copper,  209;  258 

diamond,  4 

gold,  15 

hematite,  257 

lead,  7 

manganese,  230,  257 

silver,  143 

tellurium,  105 
Black  jack,  59 
Blackmorite,  195 
Blakeite,  956 
Blattererz,  105 
Blatterine,  Blatterin,  106 
Blatterkies,  v.  Marcasite,  94 
Blattertellur,  105 
Blatterzeolith,  574 
Blaubleierz,  50 
Blaueisenerde  814 
Blaueisenstein,  400 
Blauspath,  798 
Blei-aluminat,  855 
Blei,  Gediegen,  24 
Bleiantimouglanz,  112 
Bleiantimonit,  122 
Bleiarseuglauz,  112 
Bleiarseuit,  120 
Bleibisniutit,  121 
Bleichromat,  913 
Bleierde,  288 

Bleifahlerz,  V.  Bournonite,  126 
Blei  gel  b,  D.  Wulfenite,  989 
Bleiglanz,  48 
Bleiglas,  908 
Bleigiatte,  209 
Bleiglimmer,  288 
Bleigummi,  855 
Bleihornei-z,  292 
Bleikerul,  292 
Bleilasur,  927 
Bleimolybdat,  989 
Bleiuiere,  862 
Bleinierite,  862 
Bleioxyd,  209 
Bleischeelat,  989 
Bleischimmer,  122 
Bleischwarze,  288 
Bleischweif,  48 
Bleiselenit,  981 
Bleisilberantimonit,  123 
Bleispath,  286 
Bleivitriol,  908 
Bleiwismuthglanz,  114 
BJende,  59 
Bleu  Egyptien,  de  Potizzoles, 

1051 
Blodite,  946 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES. 


1109 


Blodsteii,  213 
Blodite,  Bloedite,  946 
Blomstraudite,  746 
Bloodstone,  188,  213 
Blue  asbestus,  400 

copper,  68 

Egyptian,  1051 

feldspar,  798 

iron  earth,  814 

John,  161 

lead,  v.  Galena,  48 

malachite,  295 

spar.  798 

talc,  653 

vitriol,  944 
Blumenbachite,  65 
Blumite,  982 
Blulsteiu,  213 
Blyglaus,  48 
Blyspat,  286 
Bobierrite.  817 
Bodeuite,  526 
Bohiierz,  250 
Bog-butter,  1029 
Bog-iron  ore,  250 

manganese,  257 
Bogoslovskite,  700 
Bole,  Bolus,  688 
Boleite,  1028 
Boliviauite,  107 
Bolivite,  38 
Bologniau  spar,  899 
Bolopherit,  352 
Boltonite,  450 
Bombiccite,  1012 
Bombite,  1029 
Bone-phosphate,  763 

turquois.  845 
Bonsdorffite,  421 
Boort,  4 

Boracic  acid,  255 
Boracite,  879 
BORATES,  874  et  seq. 
Borax,  886 
Borazit,  879 
Bordite,  565 
Bordosite,  23,  159 
Borickite,  852 
Boric  acid,  255 
Boruiue,  39,  40 
Bornite,  77 

Bornstein,  v.  Bernstein,  1002 
Borocalcite,  888 
Boroiuaguesite,  878 
Boron  hydrate,  255 

silicates,  490,  502,  505,  527, 

551 

Boronatrocalcit,  887 
Bort.  4 

Boryckite,  852 
Bosch  jesmanite,  955 
Bosjemanite,  955 
Bostouite,  669,  671 
Botallackite,  172 
Botryogen,  972 
Botryolite.  502 
Botryt,  972 
Boulangerite,  129 
Bourbolite,  942 
Bournonite,  126;  498 


Bouruonit-nickelglauz,  92 
Boussingaultite,  948 
Bovveuite,  669 
Bowlingite,  682 
Boxites,  Span.,  v.  Bauxite 
Brackebuschite,  791 
Bragite,  729 
Branchite,  1001 
Branclerz,  v.  Idrialite,  1013 
Brandisite,  638 
Brandtite,  811 
Brass  ore,  61,  298 
Braunbleierz,  770 
Braunbleioxyd,  239 
Brauneisenstein,  250 
Braunite,  232,  1029 
Braunkohle,  1021,  1022 
Braunspath,  271 
Braunsteiu,  230 

Grauer,  243 

Piemoutischer,  521 

Rot  her,  378 

Schwarzer,  230 
Brauusteinkies,  64 
Braunsteiu  kiesel,  437 
Bravaisite,  706 
Brazilian  pebble,  187 
Brea,  1015 
Bredbergite.  443 
Breislakite,  386,  391 
Breithauptite,  72,  1029;  68 
Breunerite,  274 
Breuunerite,  274 
Brevicite,  600 
Brewsterite,  576 
Brewsterline,    Brewsterlinite, 

1029 

Brewstoline,  1029 
Brittle  silver  ore,  143 
Brocatello,  267 
Brochantite,  925 
Broddbogranat,  437 
Broggerite,  889 
Brokig  Kopparmalm,  77 
Brouiargyrite,  159 
Bromic  silver,  159 
BROMIDES,  152  et  seq. 
Bromite,  159 
Bromlite,   283 
Bromsilber,  159 
Bromyrite,  159 
Bronce  amarillo,  80 

bianco.  97 
Bro'ucite,  346 
Brongniardite,  123 
Bronguiartiu,  898 
Brongnartiue,  925 
Bronzite,  346,  638 
Brookite,  243,  1029 
Brosite,  Brossite,  271 
Brown  coal,  1021,  1022 

iron  ore,  250 

iron  stone,  250 

hematite,  250 

ocher,  250 

spar,  271,  274 
Briickerellite,  1011 
Brucite,  252;  535 
Bruiachite,  161,  164 
Brunnerite,  266 


Brushite,  828 
Bucaramangite,  1007 
Bucholzite,  498 
Buckingite,  959 
Bucklaudite,  522;  518 
Buhrstoue,  190 
Bunsenin,  105 
Bunsenite,  208 
Buutbleierz,  770,  771 
Buotkupfererz,  77 
Buratite,  298 
Burrstoue,  190 
Bushmauite,  955 
Bustamentite,  161 
Bustamitc,  378 
Buttermilcherz,  158 
Butyrellite,  1029 
Butyrite,  1029 
Byerite,  1024 
Byssolite,  386,  389 
Bytownite,  335 


Cabasita,  Span.,  Cabasite,  589 
Cabrerite,  819 
Cacheutaite,  54 
Cacholoug,  195;  386 
Cacoclasite,  477 
Cacoxenite,  Cacoxene,  848 
Cadmia,  546,  548 
Cadmium  sulphide,  69 
Cadmium-blende,  69 
Caenite,  Cenite,  918 
Caesium  silicate,  343 
Cainosite,  698 
Cairngorm  stone,  187 
Calaite,  580 
Calamine,  546;  279,  299 

Electric,  o46 

Green,  298 
Calamita,  224 
Calamite,  385 
Calaverite,  105 
Calc  sinter,  268 
Calcareobarite,  902 
Calcareous  spar,  262 

tufa,  268 
Calce,  210 
Calcedoiue,  188 
Calcimaugite.  269 
Calciuitre,  872 
Calciocelestite,  905 
Calcioferrite,  852 
Calciostrontianite,  285 
Calciothorite,  489 
Calciovolborthite,  790 
Calcite,  262,  1029 
Calcium  arsenates.  753    311, 
827,  831,  836,  852 

antimonates,  861,  862 

borates,  882,  886,  88bv  881, 
887,  889 

carbonates,  262,  281 

chlorides,  161,  178 

chromate,  916 

chromo-iodate,  1040 

fluoride,  161 

iodate,  1040 


1110 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES. 


Calcium  ntobates,  726,  724 

nitrate,  872 

oxalate,  993 

oxyfluoride,  174 

phosphates,  762,  760,  777, 
784,  808,  812,  813,  828, 
829,  830,  835,  857,  866 

silicates,  371,  373,  533,  565, 
566,  569,  636,  467  et  al. 

srulphates,  910,  933;  898,945, 
950 

sulphide,  65 

tantalate,  728 

titauate,  724 

tungstates,  985,  988 

vanadate,  790 
Calcoferrit,  852 
Calcomalachite,  295 
Calcopirita,  Span. ,  v.  Chalco- 

pyrite 

Calcosina,  Calcosita,  Span. ,55 
Calcouranite,  857 
Calcovolborthite,  790 
Calcozincite,  209 
Caldevite,  443 
Caledonite,  924 
Caliche,  870 

jauue,  871 
Caliza,  262 
Calk,  899 

Callainite,  Callais,  825 
Callais,  844 
Calomel,  153 
Calomelano,  153 
Calstronbarite,  900 
Calvonigrite,  257 
Calyptolite,  482 
Campellite,  31 
Campylite,  771 
Canaanite,  356 
Cancrinite,  427,  1029 
Candite,  220 
Cannel  coal,  1022 
Cantonite,  68,  69 
Canutillos,  406 
Canutillo,  126 
Caolino,  685 
Caoutchouc,    Mineral,    1018, 

1000,  1010 
Cap-quartz,  187 
Capillary  pyrites,  70;  94 
Capillary  red  oxide  of  cop- 
per, 206 

Capillose,  70;  94 
Capnite,  279 
Caporcianite,  587 
Cappelenite,  413 
Caracolite,  917 
Carbocerine,  308 
Carbon,  4 

Carbon  diamantaire,  4 
Carbonado,  4 
CARBONATES,  261  etseq. 
Carbonite,  1021 
Carbonyttrine,  306 
CarbiiDculus,  210,   220,  437, 

446 

Carchedonius,  437 
Carin thine,  385,  392 
Carmenite,  55 


Oarminite,  755 

Carmiuspath,  755 

Carnallite,  177 

Carnat,  685 

Carnatite,  334 

Came  de  vaca,  50 

Carnelian,  188 

Carueol,  188 

Carolathine,  693 

Carphdlite,  549 

Oarphosiderite,  969 

Carphostilbite,  607 

Carrara  marble,  267 

Carrollite,  79 

Caryinite,  754 

Caryocerite,  415 

Caryopilite,  704 

Cascalho,  5 

Cassinite,  319,  322 

Cassiterite,  234,  1030,  1037 

Cassiterotautalite,  736 

Castanite,  964 

Casteluaudite,  748 

Castellite,  716 

Castillite,  38;  78 

Castor,  311 

Cat  gold,  613 
silver,  613 

Catapleiite,  412 

Cataspilite,  622;  421 

Cathkinite,  682 

Catlinite,  696 

Cat's-eye,  230,  188 

Cauk,  899 

Cavolinite,  429 

Cawk,  899 

Cegamite,  299 

Celadonite,  683 

Celestialite,  1030 

Celestiue,  905 

Celestite,  905 

Celestobarite,  902 

Cenosite,  698 

Centrallassite,  569 

Cerargyrite,  158 

Cerasine,  Cerasite,  170,  419 

Cerbolite,  948 

Cererite,  550 

Cerhorailite,  507 

Cerine,  522 

Cerinite,  569 

Cerinstein,  550 

Cerite,  550 

Cerium  carbonates,  290,  291, 

302 

fluoride,  166,  182 
oxyfluoride,  166 
phosphates,  749,  820 
silicates,  413,  414,  415,  416, 
522,   550,  718,    720,   721, 
722 

Cerolite,  675 

Ceruse,  Cerusita,  Span.,  286 

Cerussite,  Cerusite,  286,  1030 

Cervantite,  203 

Ceylanite,  Ceylonite,  220 

Ceyssatite,  196 

Chabasie,  589 

Chabazite,  589 

Chalcanthite,  944 


Chalcanthum,  941,  944 
Chalcedonite,  188 
Chalcedony,  188 
Chalchihuitl,  371,  845 
Chalchuite,  845 
Chalcites.  941 
Chalcocite,  55 
Chalcodite,  658 
Chalcolite,  856 
Chalcomenite,  980 
Chalcomiclite,  77 
Chalcomorphite,  570 
Chalcophacite,  853 
Chalcophanite,  256 
Chalcophyllite,  840 
Chalcopyrite,  80,  1030 
Chalcopyrrhotite,  79 
Chalcosiderite,  854 
Chal cosine,  55 
Chalcostibite,  113,  1030 
Chalcotrichite,  206 
Chalilite,  607 
Chalk,  268 

French,  678 
Chalkosiderit,  854 
Chalkosiu,  55 
Chalybite,  276 
Chalypite,  31 

Chatuasite,  v.  Kamacite,  29 
Chamoisite,  Chamosite,  658 
Chanarcillite,  43 
Chantonnite,  1031 
Chathauiite,  88 
Chaux  arseniatee,  827 

boratee  siliceuse,  502 

carbonatee.  262,  281 

fluatee,  161 

phosphatee,  762 

sulfatee,  910,  933 
Chazellite,  114 
Cheleutite,  88 
Chelmsfordite,  468 
Chemawinite,  1005 
Chenevixite,  853 
Chenocoprolite,  1035 
Cherargirio,  158 
Cherokine,  770 
Chert,  189 
Chessy  copper,  295 
Chessylite,  295 
Chesterlite,  323 
Chiastolite,  496 
Childrenite,  850 
Chileite,  792;  '247 
Chilenite,  45 
Chilisalpeter,  870 
Chiltonite,  532  . 

Chimborazite,  281 
Chiolite,  168 
Chiviatite,  110 
Chladnite,  346 
Chloanthite,  88 
Chloralluminite,  165 
Chlorammonio,  157 
Chlor-apatite,  764 
Chlorargyrite,  158 
Chlorastrolite,  610 
Chlorblei,  165 
Chlorbleispath.  292 
Chlorbrouisilber,  159 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES. 


1111 


CHLORIDES,  152  et  seg. 
Chlorite,  653 

ferruginetise,  660 
CHLORITE  Group,  643-664 
Ohloritoid,  640,  1031,  1043 
Chloritspath,  640 
Chlorkalium,  156 
Chlormerkur,  153 
Chlorocalcite,  161 
Ohloromagnesite,  164 
Chloroinelan,  656 
Chloromelanite,  369 
Ohloropal,  701 
Chlorophaeite,  662 
Chlorophane,  161 
Chlorophiinerit,  683 
Chlorophyllite,  421 
Chloropite,  664 
Chlorosapphir,  212 
Chlorospinel,  220 
Chlorothionite,  917 
Chlorothorite,  893 
Chlorotile,  814 
Chlorquecksilber,  153 
Chlorsilber,  158 
Chlorspath,  170 
Cliodnefflte,  168 
Choduewit,  168 
Ohondrarsenite,  796 
Chondrite,  32 
Chondrodite,  535,  536 
Chonicrite,  706 
Chrismatine,  Chrismatite,  997 
Christianite,  337,  579 
Christobalite,  193 
Christophite,  59 
CHROMATES,  913  et  seq. 
Chrome  ceylouite,  221 
Chrome  diopside,  356 
Chrome  ocher,  697 
Chrombleispath,  913 
Chromchlorit,  650,  652 
Chromeisenstein,  228 
Chromglimmer,  614,  629 
Chromic  iron,  228 
Chromite,  228,  1031 
Chromium  ferrate,  228 

sulphates,  966 

sulphide,  79 
Chromjernmalm,  227 
Chromoferrite,  228 
Chroinowulfeuite,  989 
Chromphosphorkupferblei- 

spath,  916 
jChrompicotite,  228 
Chryolith,  166 
Chrysitin,  209 
Chrysoberyl,  229,  1031 
Chrysocolla,  699;  886 
Chrysolite,    451,    1031;   482, 

492,  530,  551,  762 
Chrysolite,  Iron,  456 

Iron-manganese,  457 

Iron  manganese-zinc,  459 

Manganese,  457 

Titaniferous,  455 

White,  450 

CHRYSOLITE  Group,  449-459 
Chrysophane,  638 
Chrysoprase;  188 


Chrysoprase  earth,  677 
Chrysotile,  669 
Chrystobalite,  59,  193 
Chrystophite, 
Chumbe,  59 

bianco,  51 
Churchite,  820 
Chusite,  454 
Cianocroma,  949 
Cimolite,  689 
Cinabrio,  Ciuabro,  66 
Cinnabar,  66,  1031 

Inflammable,  1011 
Cinnabarite,  66 
Cinnamon-stone,  437,  439 
Ciplyte,  867 
Cipoliuo,  267 
Circone,  482 
Cire  fossile,  998 
Cirrolite,  799 
Citrine,  187 
Clarite,  148 
Claudetite,  199 
Clausthalie,  52 
Clausthalite,  52 
Clay,  684  et  seq. 
Clay  iron-stone,  215,  276 

Brown,  250 
Clay,  Tallow,  548 
Clayite,  141 
Cleavelandite,  328 
Cleiophane,  59 
Cleveite,  889 
Cliftouite,  6 
Clingmauite,  636 
Clinochlore.  644 
Clinoclase,  795 
Clinoclasite,  795 
Clinocrocite,  976 
Clinoedrit,  137 
Clinohumite,  535,  538 
CHnophseite,  976 
Cliutouite,  638 
CLINTONITE  Group,  636-642 
Clorallumiuio,  165 
Clorocalcite,  161 
Cloromagnesite,  164 
Clorotionite,  917 
Cloustonite,  1020 
Cluthalite,  598 
Coal,  Mineral,  1021 

Boghead,  1022 

Brown,  1022 

Cannel,  1022 
Cobalt,  Arsenical,  87,  89 

Black,  258 

Earthy.  258 

Gray,  89 

gris,  89 

Red,  817 

White,  87,  89 
Cobalt  arsenate,  810,  817 

carbonate,    280;     hydrous, 
306 

diarsenide,  88,  100 

oxide,  258 

selenite,  981 

Cobalt  sulph-arsenide,89, 101, 
102 

sulphate,  943 


Cobalt  sulphide,   71,  78,  79, 
1049 

tuugstate,  991 
Cobalt  bloom,  817 
Cobalt  glance,  89 
Cobalt  mica,  v.  Erythrite,  817 
Cobalt  ocher,  817 
Cobalt  pyrites,  78 
Cobalt  vitriol,  943 
Cobaltine,  89 
Cobaltite,  89 
Cobaltomenite,  981 
Cobre  abigarrado,  77 

amarillo,  80 

anilado,  68 

azul,  295 

bianco,  44 
.    gris,  137 

native,  20 

negro,  209 

panaceo,  77 

rojo,  -».  Cuprite 
Coccinite,  161 
Coccolite,  352,  357 
Cceruleolactite,  846 
Cohenite,  31,  1038 
Coke,  1021 
Colemanite,  882 
Colestine,  905 
Collophanite,  808 
Collyrite,  694 
Collyrium,  685 
Colophonite,  437,  442,  479 
Coloradoite,  64 
COLUMBATES,  725  et  seq. 
Columbeisen,  731 
Columbite,  731 
Comarite,  681 
Comptonite,  607 
Conarite,  681 
Coudrodite,  535 
Condurrite,  44 
Confolensite,  690 
Conichalcite,  836 
Conite,  271 
Connarite,  681 
Connellite,  919 
Cookeite,  625 
Cooronsrite,    1019 
Copal,  Fossil,  1007 
Copaline,  Copalite,  1007 
Coperite,  56 
Copiapite,  964;  968 
Copper,  20 

Antimonial,  44,  113 

Arsenical,  44,  45 

Black,  209 

Blue,  295 

Emerald,  463 

Gray,  137 

Green,  294 

Indigo,  68 

Native,  20 

Octahedral,  206 

Purple,  77 

Pyritous,  80 

Red,  206 

Variegated,  77 

Velvet,  963 

Vitreous,  55 


1112 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES. 


Copper,  Yellow,  80 
Copper  antimonide,  44 
arsenates,  785,  792,  795,  814, 

836,  837,   838,   839,  840, 
841,  853,  857,  860,  869 

arsenides,  44,  45 
arsenite,  865 

carbomites,  294,  295,  298 
chloride,  154 
molybdate,  989 
nitrate,  872 
oxides,  206,  209   1043 
oxy  chlorides,  172, 174, 1028, 

1034 
phosphates,  786,  793,  794, 

837,  854,  856 
seleiiides.  52,  53,  54,  1051 
selenite,  980 

silicates,  463,  699 

sulphantimouate.  149 

sulphantimonites,  110,  113, 
126,  137,  1034 

sulparsenates,  147,  148,  150 

sulpharsenite,  137 

sulphates,  912;  basic,  925, 
9'28;  hydrous,  944,  961, 
962,  963;  919,  924,  927, 
943,  949,  958 

sulphides,  55.  68,  77,  80 

sulpho  -  bismuthites,  110, 
112,  118,  128,  129 

tuugstate,  988 

vanadates,    787,   790,    791, 

792,  838 

Copper  barilla,  22 
Copper  froth,  v.  Tyrolite,  839 
Copper  glance,  55 
Copper  green,  699 
Copper  mica,  840 
Copper  nickel,  71 
Copper  ore,  v.  Copper 
Copper  pitch  blende,  699 
Copper  pyrites,  80 
Copper  uranite,  856 
Copper  vitriol,  944 
Copperas,  941 

Soda,  v.  Jarosite,  974 

Potash,  v.  Jarosite,  974 

White,  939,  956 

Yellow,  964 
Copperasine,  972 
Coppite,  137 
Coprolites,  769 
Coquimbite,  956 
Coracite,  889 
Cornllinerz,  67 
Cordierite,  419 
Corindon,  210 
Corkite,  868 
Cornaline,  188 
Corneous  lead,  292 

manganese,  380 
Oornwallite,  839 
Coronguite  866 
Coronite,  1032 
Corundellite.  636 
Corundophilite,  655 
Corundum,  210,  1031 
Corynite,  91,  1032 
Cosalit*,  121 


Cossaite,  623 

Cossyrite,  403 

Cottaite,  315 

Cotterite,  192 

Cotton -stone,  606 

Cotuunia,  165 

Cotunnite,  165 

Coupero$e  bleue,  944 

Coupho.lite,  530 

Couseracite,  471 

Couzeranite,  471 

Covelline,  68 

Covellite.  68 

Craie  de  Bian9on,  678 

Crnigtonite,  1032 

Cramerite,  59 

Crednerite,  231 

Creta,  268 

Crichtouite,  217 

Crifiolite,  777 

Criptoalite,  169 

Crisoberilo,  Span.,  v.  Chryso- 

beryl 
Crisocolo,  Span.,  v.  Chryso- 

colla 

Crisolita,  Span.,  v.  Chrysolite 
Crispite,  237 
Cristianite,  337 
Cristobalite,  193 
Cristograhamite,  1020 
Crocalite,  600 
Crocidolite,  400 
Crocoite.  Crocoisite,  913 
Cromfordite,  292 
Cromita,  Span.,  Cromite,  227 
Cronstedtite,  656 
Crookesite,  54;  1049 
Cross  stone,  496,  558 
Crucilite,  100 
Crucite.  100;  496 
Cryoconite,  1032 
Cryolite,  166,  1032 
Cryophyllite,  626 
Cryphiolite,  777 
Cryptohalite,  169 
Cryptolite,  749,  752 
Cryptoline,  Cryptolinite,  1029 
Cryptomorphite.  888;  884 
Cryptoperthite,  321 
Cryptosiderite,  32 
Crystallites,  1032 
Crystallus,  183 
Crystianite,  337 
Cuarzo,  183 
Cuban,  79 
Cubanite,  79 
Cube  ore,  847 
Cube  spar,  910 
Cubic  niter,  870 
Cubizit,  595 
Cuboite,  595 
Cuivre  arseniate,  784,  840 

arsenical,  44 

carbonate,  294,  295 

gris,  137 

hydrosiliceux,  699 

jaune,  80 

muriate,  172 

natif,  20 

oxide  rouge,  206 


Cuivre  phosphate,  786,  794 

pyriteux,  80 

pyriteux  hepatique,  77 

selenie,  52,  53 

spiciforme,  55 

sulfate,  944 

sulfure,  55 

sulfure  argentifere,  56 

vanadate,  838 

veloute,  963 

vitreux,  55 
Culebrite,  64 
Culsageeite,  664 
Cumengite,  203 
Cuuimingtonite,     386,      390, 

1026;  378 
Cuniulites,  1032 
Cupreiue,  55 
Cupreous  anglesite,  927 

bismuth,  129 

manganese,  258 
Cuprite,  206 
Cupro-apatite,  764 
Cuprobismutite,  110 
Cuprocalcite.  1032 
Cuprodescloizite,  787 
Cuproferrite,  943 
Cupromagnesite,  944 
Cuproplumbite,  51 
Cuproscheelite,  988 
Cuprotungstite,  988 
Cuprouranite,  856 
Cuprovanadite,  792 
Cuspidine,  583 
Cyanite,  500 
Cyaneus,  432 
Cyauochalcite,  699 
Cyanochroite,  949 
Cyanoferrite,  943 
Cyanolite,  569 
Cyanosite,  Cyanose,  944 
Cyanotrichite,  963 
Cyclopeite,  386 
Cyclopite,  337 
Cymatolite,  368 
Cymophane,  229 
Cypriue,  477 
Cyprite,  55 
Cyprusite,  971 
Cyrtolite,  487 


D 

Dahllite,  866 
Dalarnite,  97 
Daleminzite,  59 
Damourite,  614 
Danaite,  98 
Danalite,  435,  1032 
Danburite,  490 
Dannemorite,  386,  391 
Daourite,  551 
Daphnite,  656 
Darapskite,  873 
Darwinite,  45 
Datholite,  502,  1033 
Datolite,  Datolith,  502 
Dauberite,  978 
Daubreeite,  174 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES. 


1113 


Daubreelite,  79,  1033 
Daubreite,  174 
Dauphiuite,  240 
Davidsonite,  405 
Daviesite,  171 
Duvite,  958 
Davreuxite,  706 
Davy  He,  Daviua,  428 
Dawsonite,  299 
Decbenite,  790 
Degeroite,  702 
Delafossite,  259 
Dehmouite,  Delauovite,  690 
Delawarite,  319 
Delessite,  660 
Delphinite,  516 
Delvauxite,  Delvauxene,  849; 

852 

Demaut,  3 
Demautoid,  437,  442 
Demautspath,  210 
Demidoffite,  Demidovite,  699 
Dendrachates,  189 
Derbyshire  spar,  161 
Dermatio,  706 
Dembachite,  868 
Desaulesite,  677 
Descloizite,  787 
Desmin,  583 
Destinezite,  867 
Devilline,  961 
Devonite,  842 
Dewalquite,  542 
Deweylite,  676 
Diabautachronnyn,  659 
Diabantite,  659 
Diaclasite.  351 
Diadelpbite,  802 
Diadochite,  867 
Diagonite,  576 
Diaklas,  351 
Diallage,  Green,  352,  357,  385 

Hydrous,  364 

Metalloidal,  348 

Talkartiger,  351 
Diallogite,  278 
Dialog!  te,  278 
Diamant,  Diamante,  3 
Diamond,  3,  1033 
Diamond,      Bristol,        Lake 

George,  187 
Dianite,  731 
Diaphorite,  124 
Diaspora,  246,  1033 
Diastatite,  386 
Diatomite,  196 
Dicha-oite,  419 
Dickinsonite,  809 
Didri mite,  614 
Didymite,  614 

Didymium  carbonate,  291, 1040 
Dietrichite,  956 
Digenite,  55 
Dinydrite,  793 
Dihydro-thenardite,  896 
Dillenburgite,  699 
Dillnite,  694 
Di magnetite,  226 
Dimorphite,  Dimorphine,  35 
Dinite,  1001 


Diopside,  352,  355 
Dioptase,  463,  1033 
Dioxylite,  923 
Dioxynite,  906 
Dipbauite,  637 
Diploite,  337 
Dipyre,  471,  1033 
Discrasite,  42 
Disomose,  90 
Disterrite,  638 
Distbene,  500 
Dittuiarite,  807 
Dobschauite,  90 
Dognacskaite,  111 
Dog-tooth  spar,  266 
Dolerophanite,  924 
Dolianite,  610 
Dolomite,  271,  1033 
Domeykite,  44 
Domiugit,  120 
Donacargvrite,  124 
Doppelspatb,  266 
Dopplerite,  1014,  1015 
Doranite,  592 

Double-refracting  spar,  266 
Douglasite,  177 
Dravite,  551 
Dreeite,  904 
Dreelite,  904 
Dry-bone,  279 
Ducktownite,  83 
Dudgeonite,  818 
Dudleyite,  668;  637 
Dufrenite,  797 
Dufrenoysite,  120;  112,  118 
Dnmasite,  663 
Dumortierite,  558 
Dumreicberite,  954 
Duportbile,  706 
Durangite,  780 
Durdenite,  980 
Diirfeldtite,  131 
Duxite,  1006 
Dyoxylith,  923 
Dysanalyte,  724 
Dysclasite,  565 
Dyscrasite,  42 
Dyskolite,  ».  Saussurite,  515 
Dysluite,  223 
Dysodile,  1010 
Dyssnite,  380 
Dyssyntribite,  621;  426 


E 

Earthy  calamine,  299 
cobalt,  258 
manganese,  257 
Eau,  205 
Ecdemite,  863 
Ecume  de  Mer,  680 

de  Terre,  267 
Edelforsite,  373 
Edelitb,  530 
Edenite,  386,  391 
Edingtonite,  599 
Edison  ite,  237 
Edmonsouite,  31 
Edwardsite,  749 


Egeran,  477 
Eggonite,  905 
Egyptian  blue,  1051 
Ehlite,  794 

Ehreubergite,  689,  696 
Eichwaldite,  875 
Eis,  205 

Eisen,  Gediegen,  28 
Eiseualaun,  954 
Eisenantiniouglanz,  114 
Eisenapatit,  777 
Eisenblau,  814 
Eisenbluthe,  281 
Eiseubrucite,  253 
Eisencblorid,  165 
Eisencblorit,  660 
Eisencblorur,  165 
Eiseuchrom,  153 
Eisenerde,  Blaue,  814 

Griine,  562 

Eisenerz,  Hystatisches,  217 
Eisenerz,  Trappiscbes,  217 
Eiseuglauz,  213 
Eisenglas,  456 
Eiseuglimmer,  213,  247,  814 
Eiseugymuite,  674,  676 
Eisenkies,  84.  94 
Eisenkiesel,  188 
Eisenknebelit,  457 
Eisenkobalterz,  100 
Eiseukobaltkies,  100 
Eiseumohr,  225 
Eiseumulm,  225 
Eisenuatrolith,  600 
Eisen niere,  215 
Eisenuickelkies,  65 
Eisen  opal,  195 
Eiseuoxyd,  213 
Eisenoxydhydrat,     245,     247 

250 

Eiseupecberz,  777,  867 
Eisenperidot,  456 
Eisenphyllit,  814 
Eisenplatin,  25 
Eisen rab  m,  215,  250 
Eisenresin,  994 
Eiseurhodonit,  378 
Eisenrosen,  216,  218 
Eisenrutil,  238 
Eiseuschefferite,  357 
Eisensiuter,  821,  867 
Eiseuspath,  276 
Eisenstassfurtit,  880 
Eiseusteinmark,  696 
Eisen  vitriol,  941 
Eisenzinkspath,  279 
Eisspath,  318 
Eisstein,  166 
Ekdemite,  863 
Ekebergite,  468 
Ekmauite,   Ekmannite,  662, 

1033 

Elaite,  965 
Elseolite,  423 
Elasmose,  51,  105 
Elasmosine,  105 
Elaterite,  1018 
Electric  calamine,  546 
Electrum,  15,  1002 
Elements,  2  et  seq. 


1114 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES. 


Eleolite,  423 

Eleonorite,  848 

Elhuyarit,  693 

Eliasite,  892 

Ellagite,  604 

Ellonite,  1033 

Elpasolite,  168 

Elroquite.  1033 

Ematita  rossa,  213 

Embolite,  159 

Embrithite,  129 

•Emerald,  406 
Oriental,  407 

Emerald  copper,  463 

Emerald  malachite,  463 

Emerald  nickel,  306 

Emeraude,  405 

Emeraudine,  463 

Emery,  Emeril,  211 

Emerylite,  636 

Emmonite,  285 

Emmonsite,  979 
Empholite,  246 

Emplectite,  Emplektit,  113 
Enargite,  147,  1033 
Euceladite,  881 
Endellione,  Endellionite,  126 
Endlicbite.  773 
Engelhardite,  482 

Euhydros,  198 
Enophite,  674 
Enstatite,  346 
Enysite,  977 
Bolide.  10 
Eosite,  992 
Eosphorite,  850 
Ephesite,  707 
Epiboulangerite,  149 
Epichlorite,  661 
EPIDOTE  Group,  513-526 
Epidote,  516 
Epigenite,  150;  458 
Epiglaubite,  807 
Epiphanite.  662 
Epiphosphorite,  768 
Epispharite,  610 
Epistilbite,  577 
Epsom  salt,  938 
Epsomite,  938 
Erbium  niobate,  731 

phosphate,  748 
Erbsenstein,  268,  281 
Ercinite,  581 
Erdharz,  1008 
Erdkobalt,     Gelber,     78; 

Schwarzer,  258 
Erdmannite,  416,  507 
Erdol,  1015 
Erdpech,  1017,  1018 
Erdwachs,  998 
Eremite,  749 
Erilite,  1033 
Erinite,  792;  690,  840 
Eriocalco,  174 
Eritrosiderite,  176 
Ersbyite,  467;   324 
Erubescite,  77 
Erusibite,  972 
Erythrine,  817 
Erythrite,  817  ;   315 


Erythrocalcite,  174 
Erythrocouite,  137 
Erythrosiderite,  176 
Erythrozincite,  70 
Escherite,  516 
Escolecita,  Sp.,  v.  Scolecite 
Escorodita,  Sp.,  v.  Scorodite 
Esfalerita//Sp.,  v.  Sphalerite 
Esfena,  S&,  v.  Sphene  (titan- 

ite) 

Esmaltita,  Sp.,  v.  Smaltite 
Esmarkite,  421,  502 
Esraeralda,  405 
Esmerik  Sp.,  v.  Emery,  211 
Espato  iiuor,  161 
Espesartita,   Sp.,    v.  Spessar- 

tite 

Espinela,  Sp.,  v.  Spinel 
Essoirite,  437,  440 
Estano  nativo,  24 

oxido,  v.  Cassiterite 
Estefanita,  Sp.,  v.  Stephanite 
Estilbita,  Sp.,  V.  Stilbite 
Etain,  natif,  24 

oxyde,  234' 

sulfure,  83 
Ethiopsite,  68 
Ettringite,  976 
Eucairite,  53,  1033 
Euchlorite,  627 
Euchroite,  838 
Euchysiderite,  v.  Pyroxene 
Euclase.  508 
Eucolite,  409 
Eucolite-titanite,  715 
Eucrasite,  Eukrasit,  489 
Eucryptite,  426  ;  368 
Eudialyte,  409,  1034 
Eudidymite,  313 
Eudnophite,  595 
Eudyalite,  409 
Eugencsite,  28 
Eugenglanz,  146 
Eukairite,  53 
Eukamptite,  632 
Euklas,  508 
Eukolit-titanit,  712 
Eukolite,  409 
Eulytihe,  436 
Eulytite,  436 
Eumanite,  243 
Euosmite,  1008 
Euphyllite,  623 
Eupyrchroite,  763 
Euralite,  662 
Eusynchite,  789 
Eutalith.  595 
Euthalite,  Euthallite,  595 
Euxenite,  744 
Euzeolith,  574 
Evansite,  846 
Evigtokite,  181 
Exanthalose,  932 
Exitele,  Exitelite,  199 
Eytlaudite,  739 


Facellite,  427 
Facherstein,  653 


Fadererz,  122 
Fahlerz,  Fahlite,  1ST 
Fab  lore,  137 
Fahluugranat,  437 
Fahlunite,  421 

Hard,  419 
Fairfieldite,  812 
Falkenhaynite,  1034 
False   amethyst,    emeraldv 

ruby,  etc.,  163 
Famatinite,  149,  1041 
Fargite,  600 
Farina  fossilis,  268 
Farmacosiderita,  Sp.,  v.  Phar 

macosiderite 
Far5elite,  607 
Fasciculite,  396 
Faserdatolith,  502 
Fasergyps,  935 
Faserkalk,  266,  281 
Faserkiesel,  498;  187 
Faserresin,  994 
Faserzeolith,  600 
Fassaite,  358 
Faujasite,  598 
Fauserite,  940 
Fayalite.  456,  1034 
Feather-alum,  954 
Feather-ore,  122 
Federalaun,  954 
Federerz,  122 
Feitsui,  371 

Feldespato,  Sp.,  v.  Feldspar 
FELDSPAR  Group,  314-1034 
Feldspar.  Baryta,  321 

Blue,  798 

Common,  315 

Glassy,  318 

Labrador,  334 

Lime,  337 

Potash,  315,  322 

Soda,  327 
Feldspath,  315 

apyre,  496 

nacre,  315 

tenace,  v.  Saussurite,  516 
Feldstein,  352 
Felsite,  315 
Felsobanyite,  971 
Felsospharites,  1032 
Felspar,  315 
Fer  azure,^814 

arseuiate,  847 

arsenical,  96,  97 

carbonate,  276 

carbure,  7 

chromate,  227 

magnetique,  224 

muriate,  165 

natif,  28 

oligiste,  213 

oxide,  213,  247 

oxidule,  224 

phosphate,  814 

speculaire,  213 

sulfate,  941,  972,  etc. 

sulfure,  73,  84,  95 
Ferberite,  985 
Fergusonite.  729 
FERRATES,  220  et  seq. 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES. 


1115 


Ferrite,  455,  1034 
Ferro,  28 

Ferro  specolare,  213 
Ferrocalcite,  269 
Ferrocobaltite,  90 
Ferro-ilmenite,  738 
Ferro-goslarite,  939 
Ferronatrite,  959 
Ferrosilicite,  1034 
Ferrostibian,804 
Ferrotantalite,  731 
Ferrotellurite,  980 
Ferrotltanite,  447 
Ferro-tungstine,  1049 
Ferrowolfrarnit,  985 
Ferrozincite,  219 
Fettbol,  701 
Fettstein,  423 
Feuerblende,  135 
Feuerstein,  189 
Fibroferrite,  968 
Fibrolite,  498 
Fichtelite,  1000 
Ficinite,  350 
Fiedlerite,  172 
Fieldite,  141 
Figure-stone, ».  Agalmatolite, 

622 

Fillowite,  809 
Fiorite,  195 
Fire  opal,  195 
marble,  267 
Fireblende,  135 
Fischaugenstein,  566 
Fischerite,  843 
Fish-eye  stoue,  566 
Flaveite,  965 
Filches  d 'amour,  237 
Flexible  sandstone,  190 
Flexible  silver  ore,  58 
Fliegen stein,  V.  Arsenic,  11 
Flinkite,  802 
Flint,  189 
Flintkalk,  682 
Float-stone,  196 
Flockeuerz,  771 
Florescobalto,    8p.t   «.    Ery- 

thrite 

Floridite,  769 
Flos  ferri,  282 
Flos  succini,  v.  Succinellite, 

1003 

Fluceriue,  175 
Fluellite,  178 
Fluocerine,  175 
Fluocerite,  175,  1034;  166 
Fluochlore,  726 
Fluor,  161 
Fluor-apatite,  764 
Fluor  spar,  161 
FLUORIDES,  152  et  seq. 
Fluorina,  Fluorine,  161 
Fluorite,  161,  1034 
Fluosiderite,  175 
Flussspath,  161 
Flussytrocalcite,  182 
Flutberite,  307 
Foliated  tellurium,  105 
Folidolit,  684 
Fontainebleau  limestone,  266 


Footeite,  1034 
Forbesite,  834 
Forcherite,  195 
Forchhammerite,  707 
Foresite,  585 
Forsterite,  450 
Fortification  agate,  188 
Fossil  copal,  1007 

ore,  215 

wood.  189,  195 
Fouqueite,  1035 
Fournetite,  50 
Fowlerite,  378 
Francolite,  762 
Frangilla,  50 
Franklandite,  888  . 
Franklinite,  227 
Fraueneis,  933 
Frauenglas,  v.  Mica 
Fredricite,  137 
Freibergite,  137 
Freieslebenite,  124 
French  chalk,  678 
Frenzelite,  38 
Freyalite,  489 
Friedelite,  465,  1035 
Frieseite,  57 
Frigidite,  137 
Fritzscheite,  860 
Frugardite,  477 
Fuchsite,  614 
Fulleisen,  29 
Fuller's  earth,  695;  685 
Fullonite,  248 
Fuuk'te,  356 
Fuscile,  468 

G 

Gabbronite,  425,  473 
Gabrouite,  425,  473 
Gadolin,  509 
Gadoliiiite,  509,  1035 
Gagat,  Gagates,  1022,  1024 
Gahnite,  223,  1035;  220,477 
Galactite,  600 
Galapektit,  688 
Galena,  Galeuite,  48 
Galeua,  False,  59 
Galenobismutite,  114 
Galenoceratite,  292 
Gallitzeustein,  939 
Galiznite,  939 
Gallizinite,  939 
Galmei,  546;  279 
Gamsigradite,  386,  392 
Ganomalite,  422 
Ganomatite,  1035 
Ganophyllite,  564 
Gansekothigerz.  1035 
Gararnanticus,  437 
Garbyite,  147 
Garnet,  437,  1035 

Bohemian,  440 

Cinnamon,  439 

Chrome,  444 

Grossular,  439 

Oriental,  437 

Precious,  440,  441 

Tetrahedral,  434 


Garnet,  White,  342 
Garnierite,  676 
Garnsdormte,  971 
Gastaldite,  399 
Gay-Lussite,  301 
Gearksutite.  181 
Gedanite,  1004 
Gediegen  Amalgam,  24 

Autimon,  12 

Arsen,  11 

Blei,  24 

Gold,  14 

Kupfer,  20 

Platin,  25 

Quecksilber,  22 

Silber,'19 

Sylvan,  11 

Tellur,  11 

.Wismuth,  13 

Zinn,  24 
Gedrite,  384 
Gehlenite,  476 
Geierite,  96 
Gekrosstein,  910 
Gelbantimonerz,  203 
Gelbbleierz,  989 
Gelbeiseuerz.  964,  974 
Gelbeiseustein,  251 
Gelberde,  250,  695 
Gelberz,  104 

Gelferz,  v.  Chalcopyrite,  80 
Genthite,  676 
Geocerellite,  1012 
Geoceric  acid,  1012 
Geocerite,  1012 
Geocronite,  143 
Geokronit,  143 
Geomyricin.  1012 
Geomyricite,  1012 
Gerhardtite,  872 
Germanium  sulphide,  150 
Germarite,  350 
Gersdorffite,  90 
Gesso,  933 
Geyerite,  96 
Geyserite,  196 
Ghiaccio,  205 
Gibbsite,  254;  825 
Gibraltar  stone,  268 
Gieseckite,  621;  426 
Giftkies,  97 
Gigautolite.  621,  421 
Gilbertite,  614 
Gillebackit,  373 
Gilliugite,  703 
Gilsonite,  1020 
Giltstein,  678 
Ginilsite,  707 
Giobertite,  274 
Gips,  933 
Girasol,  195 
Gismondine,  586 
Gismondite,  586 
Giufite,  312 
Glace,  205 
Glagerite,  688 
Glance  coal.  1021 

cobalt,  89 

copper,  52 
Glancespar,  499 


1116 


INDEX    TO    SPECIES. 


Glanzarsenikkies,  96,  97 
Glanzbvauustein,  230 
Glauzeiseu,  29 
Glanzeisenerz,  215 
Glauzerz.  46,  158 
Glanzkobalt,  89 
Glanzkohle,  1021 
Glanzsp*ith,  499 
Glasbachite,  53 
Glaserite,  897 
Glaserz,  46,  158 
Glaskopf ,  Brauner,  250 

Bother,  215 

Schwarzer,  257 
Glasopal,  195 
Glasspat,  101 
Glasurerz,  50 
Glasnrite,  702 
Glaubapatite,  769 
Glauber  salt,  931 
Glauberite,  898 
Glaucodot,  Glaucodote.  101; 

102 

Glancolite,  468,  429 
Glauconite,  683 
Glaucophane,  399 
Glaucopyrite,  96 
Glaukodot,  101 
Glaukolith,  468 
Glaukopban,  399 
Glaukosiderit,  814 
Glessite,  1004 
Gletschersalz,  938 
Glimmer,  614 
Glinkite,  451 
Globosite,  849 
Globospharites,  1032 
Globulites,  1032 
Glockerite,  970 
Glossecollite,  688 
Glottalite,  599 
Gluciuite,  761 
Glucinum,  v.  Beryllium 
Gmelinite,  593 
Goethite.  247,  1036 
Gokumite,  477 
Gold,  14 

Gold  amalgam,  19 
Gold  sulpho-telluride,  105 

tellurides,  48,  103,  105 
Goldtellur,  103 
Gongylite,  622 
Goose-dung  ore,  1035 
Gordaite,  959 
Gosheuite,  405 
Goslarite,  939 
Gothite,  247,  1036 
Gotthardite,  120 
Goyazite,  855 
Grafite,  Grafita,  7 
Grahamite,  1020 
Grameuite,  Graminite,  701 
Grammatite,  385,  389 
Grammite,    v.    Wollastonite, 

371 

Granat,  437 
Granatite,  558 
Grangesite,  655,  1036 
Granulina,  Granuline,  194 
Graphic  gold,  103 


Graphic  tellurium,  103 
Graphite.  7,  1036 
Graphitoid,  8 
Grastite,  663 
Graubrauustein,  243 
Grauerz,  v.  Galena,  48 
Graugiltigerz,  137 
Graukobalterz,  71 
Graukupfererz,  137 
Graulite,  940 
Graumanganerz,     236,     243, 

248 

Grausilber,  309 
Gauspiessglanzerz,  36;  122 
Grauspiessglaserz,  36 
Gray  antimony,  36;  122 

copper,  137 
Green  diallage,  386 

earth,  683 

iron  ore,  797 

lead  ore,  770 

malachite,  294 

vitriol,  941 
Greeulandite,  731 
Greenockite,  69,  1036 
Greenovite,  712 
Gregorite,  307 
Grenat,  437 

blanc,  342 
Grenatite,  558 
Grengesite,  653 
Griotte,  267 
Griphite,  778 
Griqualandite,  401 
Grochauite,  655 
Groddeckite,  594 
Groppite,  398,  707 
Groroilite,  257 
Grossularite,  437,  439,  1035 
Grothite,  712 
Grueuerite,  391,  1026 
Griiuauite,  75 
Grunbleierz,  770,  771 
Griineiscnerde,  797 
Gruneisenstein,  797 
Griinerde,  683 
Grlinerite,  386,  391,  1026 
Griinmanganerz,  380 
Guadalcazarite,  63 
Gualda,  81 

Guanajuatite,  38,  1036 
Guanapite.  994;  807 
Guanite,  806 
Guano, 769 
Guanovulite,  930 
Guanoxalate,  807 
Guarinite,  717 
Guayacanite,  147 
Guejarite,  110 
Guitermanite,  131 
Guld,  Gediget,  14 
Guldischsilber,  20 
Gumbelite,  692 
Gummibleispath,  855 
Gummierz,  892 
Gummispath,  855 
Gummistein,  195 
Gummite,  892;  688 
Gunuisonite,  164 
Gurhofian,  Gurhofite,  271 


Gurolite,  566 
Guyaquillite,  1010 
Gymuite,  676 
Gyps,  933 
Gypsum,  933 
Gyrolite,  566 


H 


Haarkies,  70;  94 
Haavsalz,  958,  938 
Haddumite,  728 
Htemachates,  189 
Hseman'brite.  836 
Haematite.  213 
Haematocouite,  267 
Haematolite,  802 
Hafnef jordit,  334 
Hagemaunite,  181 
Haidingerite,  827;  114 
Hair  salt,  958 
Halbazurblei,   v.   Caledonite^ 

924 

Halbopal,  195 
Halbvitriolblei,  92S 
Halite,  154,  1036 
Hallite,  6(56,  970 
Halloylite,  688 
Halloysite,  688 
Halochalzit,  172 
Halotrichine,  954 
Halotrichite,  954 
Hamartite,  291 
Hambergite,  878 
Hamlinite,  762 
Hammochrysos,  61? 
Hampshirite,  675 
Hanksite,  920 
Hannayite,  832 
Haplome,  443 
Haplotypite,  217 
Harkise.  70 
Harlequin  opal,  195 
Harmotome,  581 

Lime,  579 
Harringtonite,  605 
Harrisite,  56 
Harstigite,  532 
Hartbraunstein,  232 
Hartiu,  1009 
Hartite,  1001 
Hartkobalterz,  93 
Hartmanganerz,  257 
Harlmannite,  72 
Hartspat,  496 
Harttautnlerz,  731 
Hatchettine,  Hatchettite,  997 
Hatchettolite,  727 
Hauerite,  87 
Haughtomte,  627 
Hausmannite,  230,  1036 
Hauyne,  431 
Haiiynite,  431 
Haydenite,  589 
Hayesine,  888 
Haytorite,  505 
Heavy  spar,  899 
Hebetine,  460 
Hebronite,  781 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES. 


1117 


Hecatolite,  318 
Hectorite,  364 
Hedenbergite,  352,  356 
Hedyphaue,  775 
Heintzite,  885 
Heldburgite,  1036 
Helenite,  1000 
Heliolite,  332 
Heliophyllite,  863 
Heliotrope,  188 
Helminth,  653 
Helvetan,  635 
Helvine,  434 
Helvite,  434 
Hemafibrite,  836 
Hematite,  213,  1037 

Black,  257 

Brown,  250 
Hematolite,  802 
Hematostibiite,  803 
Hemichalcit,  113 
Hemimorphite,  546 
Heniyite,  52 
Henwoodite,  854 
Hepatiuerz,  206,  699 
Hepatite,  900 
Hepatopyrite,  96 
Heraclion,  224 
Hercynite,  223 
Herderite,  760 
Herman  nite,  378 
Hermaunolite,  738 
Hermesite,  137 
Herrengrundite,  962 
Herrerite,  279 
Herschelite,  589 
Hessenbergite,  1037 
Hessite,  47,  1037 
Hessonite,  437,  440 
Hetaerolite,  259 
Hetairite,  259 
Heteroclin,  232,  380 
Heterogeuite,  259 
Heteromerite,  477 
Heteromorphite,  122 
Heterosite,  757 
Heterotyp,  385 
Heterozite,  757 
Heubachite,  259 
Heulandite,  574 
Hexagonite,  385,  389 
H-ibbertite.  306 
Hiddftnite,  366 
Hielmite,  Hjelmite,  741 
Hielo,  Span.',  v.  Ice 
Hieratite,  169 
Hierro,  28 
Hierro  arcilloso,  250 

chromado,  227 

espatico,  v.  Siderite 

globoso,  250 

magnetico,  224 

oligisto,  213 

palustre.  250 

pardo,  247 

Highgate  resin,  1007 
Hillangsite,  386,  391 
Himbeerspath,  278,  1007 
Hintzeite,  885 
Hiortdahlite,  377 


Hircine,  Hircite,  1014 
Hisingerite,  702 
Hislcpite,  266 
Hitchcockite,  855 
Hcernesite,  817 
Hoevelit,  Hovellit,  156 
Hofmannite,  1013 
Hogauite,  600 
Hoblspath,  496 
Hohmannite,  967 
Holmesite,  «.  Seybertite,  638 
Holmite,  638 
Holosiderite,  31 
Holzasbest,  389 
Holzkupfererz,  785 
Holzopal,  195 
Holzzinnerz,  235 
Homicblin,  83 
Homilite,  505 
Honey-stone,  994 
Honigstein,  994 
Hopeite,  808 
Horbachite,  75 
Horn  quicksilver,  153 
Horn  silver,  158 
Homblei,  292 
Hornblende,  385 

Basal tiscbe,  352 

Labrador,  348 
Hornerz,  158 
Hornesit,  817 
Hornmangan,  380 
Hornstein,  189 
Hornstone,  189 
Horse-flesb  ore,  77 
Horsfordite,  44 
Hortonite,  363 
Hortonolite,  455 
Hougbite,  256 
Houille,  1015 
Houille  papyracee,  1010 
Hovillite,  156 
Hovite,  300 
Howardite,  1037 
Howlite,  881 
Huautajayite,  156 
Huascolite,  51 
Hiibnerite,  982 
Hudsonite,  357 
Hulla,  Span.,  v.  Coal 
Hullite,  662 
Humboltine,  994 
Humboldtilite,  474 
Humboldtite,  502;  994 
Huminite,  1024 
Humite,  535 
Humus  acid,  1014 
Huuterite,  689 
Huntilite,  43 
Hureaulite,  832 
Hurouite,  340 
Hiittenbergite,  96 
Huyssenite,  880 
Hverlera,  696 
Hversalt,  954 

Hyacinth,  409;  467,  477,  482 
Hyalite,  195 
Hyalomelan,  1049 
Hyalophane,  321 
Hyalosiderite,  451 


Hyalotekite,  422 

Hydrargillite,  254;  842 
Hydrargyrite,  159 
Hydrargyros.  22 
Hydraulic  limestone,  267 
Hydroapatite,  768 
Hydrobiotite,  632,  664 
Hydroboracite,  889 
Hydroborocalcite,  888 
Hydrobucholzite,  1037 
Hydrocastorite,  312 
Hydrocerussite,  299 
Hydrochlore,  726 
Hydroclintouite,  664 
Hydroconite,  303 
Hydrocuprite,  207 
Hydrocyanite,  912 
Hydrodolomite,  306 
Hydrofluocerite,  291 
Hydrofluorite,  169 
Hydrofrankliuite,  259 
Hydrogen  fluoride,  169 

oxide,  205 

Hydrogiobertite,  305 
Hydrohaematite,  245 
Hydrohalite,  156    ' 
Hydroilmenite,  219 
Hydrolauthanite,  302 
Hydrolite,  593 
Hydromagnesite,  304 
Hydromaguocalcit,  306 
Hydromica,  614 
Hydromuscovite,  614 
Hydronephelite,  609 
Hydrouiccite,  1037 
Hydronickelmagnesite  306 
Hydrouosean,  1043 
Hydrophane,  195 
Hydrophilite,  161 
Hydrophite,  674 
Hydj-opit,  378 
Hydroplumbite,  259 
Hyd  ropy  rite,  96 
Hydrorhodonite,  381 
Hydrosamarskite,  1037 
Hydrosilicite,  707 
Hydrosteatite,  679 
Hydrotalc,  650 
Hydrotalcite,  256 
Hydrotephroite,  458 
Hydrotitanite,  724 
Hydrous  anthophyllite,  384 
Hydrozincite,  299 
Hygrophilite,  622 
Hyomelan,  1049 
Hypargyrite,  116 
Hypersthene,  348 
Hypochlorite,  562 
Hyposclerite,  328 
Hypostilbite,  583 
Hypotyphit,  12 
Hypoxanthite,  1037 
Hystatite,  217 


laspachates,  189 
laspis,  188 
Iberite,  621;  421 
Ice,  205 


1118 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES. 


Ice  spar,  318 
Iceland  spar,  266 
Ichthyophthalmite,  566 
Idocrase,  477 
Idrialiiie,  Idrialite,  1013 
Idrocastorit,  312 
Idrociano,  912 
Idrotiuore,  169 
Idrogiobertita,  305 
[gelstromite,  256,  457 
[glesiasite,  286 
[glite.  Igloite,  281 
Iguatieffite,  976 
[guatievite,  976 
Chleite,  957 
[iwaarite,  1038 
[Idefonsite,  731 
Elesite,  937 
Uluderite,  513 
Qmenite.  217;  737 
ilmenorutile,  237 
llsemaunite,  202 
Uvaite,  541,  1037 
[ndiauaite,  688 
Lndianite,  337 
[ndicolite,  551 
Indigo  copper,  68 
Inesite,  564 

Inflammable  cinnabar,  1013 
Infusorial  earth,  196 
Inolite,  268 
(nverarite,  74 
lodate  of  calcium,  1040 
Jodie  silver,  160 

quicksilver,  160 
IODIDES,  152  et  seq. 
fodite,  160 
lodobromite,  160 
lodquecksilber,  161 
lodsilber,  160 
[odyrite,  160 
Zolite,  419 

Hydrous,  421 
lonite,  1008 
Jridium,  Native,  27 
Iridosmine,  27 
Irite,  228 
Iron,  28,  1037 

Arsenical,  96,  97 

Chromic,  227 

Magnetic,  224 

Meteoric,  19 

Native,  28,  1037 

Oligist,  215 

Titaniferous,  217 
fron  aluminate,  223 

arsenates.    755,    800,     816, 
821,  847,  852,  867 

arsenides,  96 

borates,  877,  882 

carbide,  31 

carbonate,  276 

chlorides,  165,  176 

disulphides,  84,  94 

ferrate,  224 

hydrates,  245,  247,  250,  251 

niobate.  731 

nitride,  29- 

oxide,  213,  224;  hydrated, 
245,  247,  250,  251 


Iron  phosphates,  756,  797, 
812,  814,  822,  823,  824, 
825,  841,  848,  849,  850, 
852,  854,  867 

silicates,  348,  381,  451,  456, 
541,  656,  657,  658,  701, 
702.  IQBetal. 

sulphantimonite,  114 

sulpliarsenide,  97 

sulphates,  939,  941,  956  et 
seq. 

sulphides,  72,  73,  84,  94 
magnetic,  73 

tantalates,  731,  736,  738 

tellurate,  979,  980 

titauates,  217,  232 

tungstates,  982,  985,  991 
Iron  alum,  654 
Iron  boracite,  880 
Iron  earth,  Blue,  814 
Iron  natrolite,  602 
Iron  ore,  Argillaceous,  215 

Arsenicated,  847 

Axotomous,  217 

Bog,  250 

Brown,  250 

Calcareous,  276 

Clay,  215 

Green,  797 

Jaspery,  215 

Lenticular,  215 

Magnetic,  224 

Micaceous,  213 

Ocherous,  215 

Octahedral,  224 

Pitchy,  867 

Red,  213 

Sparry,  276 

Specular,  213 

Titaniferous,  217 
Iron  pyrites,  84,  94 

Magnetic,  73 

White,  94 

Iron  rutile,  v.  Nigrine,  238 
Iron  sand,  217,  224 
Iron  schefferite,  357 
Iron  sinter,  821 
Ironstone,  Clay,  215,  250,  276 

Blue,  814 

Brown,  247,  250 
Is,  205 

Iserine,  Iserite,  219 
Iserite,  239 

Isoclasite,  Isoklas,  835 
Isophaue,  v.  Franklinite,  227 
Isopyre,  1038 
Itabiryte,  215 
Itacolumyte,  190 
Ittnerite,  432 

Ivaarite,  Iwaarit,  448,  1038 
Ivigtite,  616 
Ixiolite,  Ixionolite,  736 
Ixolyte,  1001 


Jacksonite,  530 
Jacobsite,  227 
Jacut,  210 


Jade,  Common,  371;  369,  386, 

389,  515 

Jade  tenace,  515 
Jadeite,  369 
Jaipurite,  71 
Jakobsite,  227 
Jalite,  195 
Jalpaite,  47 
Jamesonite,  122 
Jargon,  482 
Jarosite,  974 
Jasper,  190 
Jaspopal,  195 
Jauliugite,  1006 
Jayet,  v.  Jet,  1022 
Jefferisite,  664 
Jeffersouite,  352,  358 
Jefreiuomte,  477 
Jelletite,  437,  443 
Jenkinsite,  674 
Jenzschite,  194 
Jeremejevite,  875 
Jern,  28 

Jeruglans,  Jernmalm,  213 
Jerumalm,  brun,  gul,  250 
Jernnatrolith,  602 
Jernrhodonit,  378 
Jet,  1022 
Jewreinowit,  477 
Jeypoorite,  71 
Jodbromchlorsilber,  160 
Jodsilber,  160 
Jogynaite,  822 
Johannite,  978 
Johnite,  844 
Johnstonite,  48 
Johnstrupite,  720 
Jolith,  419 
Jollyte,  703 
Jordanite,  141,  1039 
Joseite,  40 
Jossaite,  916 

Judeupech,  v.  Asphaltum 
Julianite,  137 
Junckerite,  276 
Jurinite,  243 


K 


Kaersutite,  386,  392 
Kainite,  918 
Kainosite,  698 
Kakochlor,  258 
Kakoxen,  848 
Kalait,  844 
Kalamit,  385 
Kalchsteiu,  262 
Kalialaun,  951 
Kaliborite,  885 
Kalicine,  705 
Kalifeldspath,  315 
Kaliglimmer,  614 
Kalinite,  951 
Kaliophilite,  427 
Kaliphite,  250 
Kalisalpeter,  871 
Kalisulphat,  897 
Kaliurn -Magnesium    chlorid. 
177 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES. 


1119 


Kalkcancrinit,  428 
Kalkeiseuaugit.  352 
Kalkglimmer,  636 
Kalkgranat,  437 
Kalkbarmotom,  577 
Kalkkalisnlfat,  945  ' 
Kalkmagnesit,  306 
Kalkinalachit,  295 
Kalkoligoklas,  334 
Kalksalpeter,  872 
Kalkspath,  262 
Kalktalkspaib,  271 
Kalkuraugliinmer,  857 
•  Kalkuramt,  857 
Kalkvolborthit,  790 
Kalkwavellit,  843 
Kallait,  844 
Kallar.  155 
Kallilite,  1039 
Kallocbrom,  913 
Kalomel,  153 
Kaluszite,  945 
Kalzedou,  188 
Kamacite,  29,  1037 
Kainmererit,  650 
Kammkies,  94 
Kampferharz,  1008 
Kampylite,  771 
Kaneelstein,  437 
Kaneite,  108 
Kanonenspath,  266 
Kaolin,  685 
Kaolinite,  685,  1039 
Kapnicite,  842 
Kapnikite,  378 
Kapnite,  279 
Kappenquarz,  187 
Karamsiuite,  1039 
Kararfveite,  752 
Karelinite,  201 
Karfunkel,  437 
Karintbiu,  392 
Karminspath,  755 
Karneol,  188 
Karpholit.  549 
Karphosiderit,  969 
Karphostilbit,  607 
Karstenite,  910 
Karsutite,  386,  392 
Karyinite,  754 
Karyocerit,  415 
Karyopilit,  704 
Kascbolong,  195 
Kassiterit,  234 
Kassitero-tantalit,  736 
Kaslor,  311 
Katapleiit,  412 
Kataspilir,  622 
Katzeuauge,  188 
Katzengold,  613 
Katzensilber,  613 
Kausimldes,  96 
Kautschuk,  fossiles,  1000 
Keatingine,  378 
Keffekilite,  696 
Keffekill,  680 
Keilhauite,  717 
Kelyphite.  447 
Kenngottite,  116 
Kentrolite,  544,  1039 


Keramobalite,  958;  955 
Keraphyllite,  v.  Carinthine 
Kerargyrite,  158 
Kerasiiie,  170,  292 
Kerat,  158 
Kermes,  106 
Kermesite,  106 
Kerolith,  675 
Kerosene,  1015 
Kerosene- shale,  1024 
Kerrite,  665 
Kerstenite,  981 . 
Kibdelophan,  217 
Kidney  ore,  215 

stone,  386 
Kiesel,  183 
Kieselaluminite,  693 
Kieselcerit,  550 
Kieselgalmei,  546 
Kieselguhr,  196 
Kieselgyps,  910 
Kieselkupfer,  699 
Kieselmalachit,  699 
Kieselmaugan,  378 
Kieselmehl,  196 
Kieselsinter,  195 
Kiesel spath,  «.  Albite,  327 
Kieselwismutb,  436 
Kieselzinkerz,  546 
Kieserite,  932 
Kilbrickenite,  145 
Killinite,  368;  629 
Kilmacooite,  51 
Kirrolitb,  799 
Kjerulfiue,  775 
Kirwanite,  398 
Kiscbtimite,  291 
Klaprotbine,  798 
Klaprotbite,  798;  119 
Klaprotholite,  119 
Klebscbiefer,  196 
Klementite,  656 
Klinocblor,  644 
Klinohumit,  538 
Klinoklas,  794 
Klinokrokit,  976 
Klinopbait,  976 
Klipsteinite,  381 
Knauffite,  838 
Knebelite,  457 
Knistersalz,  «.  Halite,  154 
Knoxvillite,  966 
Kobaltarsenikkies,  98,  101 
Kobaltbescblag,  817 
Kobaltbleierz,  52 
Kobaltbleiglanz,  52 
Kobaltblende,  71 
Kobaltblilthe,  817 
Kobaltfahlerz,  137 
Kobaltglanz,  89;  78 
Kobaltkies,  78 
Kobaltmanganerz,  258 
Kobaltnickelkies,  78 
Kobaltnickeloxydhydrat,  359 
Kobaltscorodit,  821 
Kobaltspatb,  280 
Kobaltstilfuret,  71 
Kobaltvitriol,  943 
Kobaltwismuthfablerz,  137 
Kobellite,  123 


Koboldine,  78 
Kochelite,  730 
Kochsalz,  154 
Koelbingit,  403 
Koettigite,  819 
Kofiacbite,  1007 
Koble,  1021 
Koblenspatb,  993 
Koblenvitriolbleispath,  923 
Koblerite,  981 
Kokkolit,  352,  357 
Koksbarovite,  386,  392 
Kolbingit,  403 
Kollopbau,  808 
Kollyrit,  698 

Kolopbonit,  v.  Colophonite 
Komarit,  681 
Kouarit,  681 
Kondroarsenit,  796 
Kongsbergite,  23 
Konicbalcit.  836 
Konigine,  925 
Koninckite,  825 
Konit,  271 
Konleinite,  1002 
Konlite,  1002 
Konuarit,  681 
Koppar,  gediget,  20 
Kopparglas,  55 
Kopparmalm,  55 
Koppite,  727 
Korarfveite,  752 
Koryinite,  754 
Kornelite,  957 
Kornerupine,  560 
Korund,  210 
Korynit,  91 
Kotscbubeite,  644 
Kottigite,  819 
Koulibinite,  1039 
Koupbolite,  530 
Krablile,  Kraflite,  321 
Krantzite,  1005 
Kraurite,  797 
Kreittonite,  223 
Kremersite,  176 
Krennerite,  105,  1039 
Keutzkristalle,  581 
Kreuzstein,  581 
Krisoberil,  229 
Krisolith,  451 
Krisuvigite,  925 
Kroeberite,  75 
Krohnkite,  958 
Krokalitb,  600 
Krokoit,  913 
Krokydolith,  400 
Kroukite,  Kr5nnkite,  958 
Krugite,  950 
Kryolite,  166 
Kryptolitb,  749 
Kryptoperthit,  321 
Kryptotil,  561 
Kubizit,  595 
Kuboit,  595 
Kuboizit,  589 
Kilhuite,  753 
Kulibiuite,  1039 
Kupaphrite,  839 
Kupfer,  Gediegen,  20 


1120 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES. 


Kupferantimonglanz,  113 
Kupferblau,  700 
Kupferbleiglaiiz,  51 
Kupferbleispath,  927 
Kupferbleivitriol,  927 
Kupferblende,  137 
Kupferbl  lithe,  206 
Kupferdiaspore,  794 
Kupf ere  iseu  vitriol,  943 
Kupferfablerz,  137 
Kupferglauz,  55 
Kupferglas,  206 
Kupfergliinmer,  840 
Kupfergriiu,  699 
Kupferbornerz,  172 
Kupferindig,  68 
Kupferkies,  80 
Kupferlasur,  295 
Kupferlebererz,  206 
Kupfermangauerz,  258 
Kupfernickel,  71 
Kupferoxyd,  209 
Kupferoxydul,  206 
Kupferpecherz,  699 
Kupferphyllit,  840 
Kupfersammterz,  963 
Kupfersand,  172 
Kupferscbaum,  839 
Kupferscbwarze,  209,  258 
Kupfersilberglanz,  56 
Kupfersmaragd,  463 
Kupfersulfobismutit,  110 
Kupferuranit,  856,  857 
Kupfervitriol,  944 
Ktipferwasser,  941 
Kupferwismutherz,  119,  128 
Kupferwismuthglanz,  113 
Knpferzinkbliithe,  298 
Kupfferite,  384 
Kuprein,  55 
Kiistelite,  20 
Kyanite,  500 
Kymatine,  386 

Kypbolite,  v.  Serpentine,  669 
Kyrosite,  95 


Laavenite,  375 
Labrador  feldspar,  334 
Labrador  hornblende,  348 
Labradorite,  334 
Lagonite,  882 
Lagunite,  882 
Lampadite,  258 
Lamprite,  29 
Lampropbanite,  977 
Lanarkite,  923 
Lancasterite,  304 
Langbanite,  543,  1039 
Langite,  961 
Lansfordite,  305 
Lanthanite.  302,  1040 
Lanthanocerite,  550 
Lanthanum    carbonate,   290, 

291,  302 
phosphate,  820 
Lapis-luznli,  432 
Lapis  ollaris,  451 


Lapis  specularis,  936 
Larderellite,  882 
Lardite,  v.  Pagodite 
Lasiouite,  842 
Lasurfeldspath,  315,  318 
Lasurite,  295,  432 
Lasurstein,  432 
Latialite,  431 
Latrobite,  337 
Laubanite,  588 
Laumouite,  587 
Laumontite,  587 
Laurionite,  171 
Laurite,  93 
Lautarite,  1040 
Lautite,  148 
Laveudulan.  814 
Lavenite,  375,  1040 
Lavezstein,  678 
Lavroffite,    Lavrovite,   Law- 

rowit,  356 
Lawrencite,  165 
Laxmanuite,  915 
Lazialite,  431 
Lazulite,  798 
Lazulith,  798;  419 
Lazur-Apatit,  762 
Lazurfeldspjir,  318 
Lazurite,  432 
Lead,  24 

Argentiferous,  41 

Black,  7 

Corneous,  292 

Native,  84 

Supersulphuretted,  49 

White,  286 
Lead  nntimonates,  754,  862 

autimonites,  863,  864 

arsenates,  755,  771,  775,  837 

arsenite,  863 

carbonates,  286;  299 

chloride,  165 

chloro-carbouates,  292 

chromates,  913,  914,  915 

dioxide,  239 

molybdate,  989 

oxides,  209,  231,  239 

oxychlorides,  169,  170, 171, 
172,  1028 

oxy-iodide,  170 

phosphates,  770,  855 

seleuides,  52,  53 

selenite,  981 

silicates,  421,  422,545;  1040 
(artif.) 

sulphantimonate,  149 

sulpbautimonites,  112,  118, 
120,  122,  123,  124,  126, 
129,  143,  145 

suipharsenites,  112,  120, 
131.  141 

sulphates,  907,  923;  925,  927 

sulphato-carbonate,  921 

sulphide.  48 

sulphobismuthites,  110,111, 
114,  119,  121,  122,  123, 
129,  130,  145 

telluride,  51 

vanadates,  773,  787,  789, 
790,  791.  792 


Lead  glance,  48 
Lead  ocher,  209 
Lead  ore,  Green,  770 

Red,  913 

White,  286 

Yellow,  989 
Lead  vitriol,  907 
Leadhillite,  921 
Leberbleude,  61,  107 
Lebererz  Kupfeix  206 
Leberkies,  73,  94 
Leberopal,  195 
Leberstein,  900 
Lecontite,  930 
Ledererite,  593 
Lederile,  712 
Leedsite,  904 
Leelite,  315 
Lehmanite,  515 
Lehma.nnite,  913 
Lehrbachite,  53 
Lehuntite,  (iOO 
Leidyite,  ^07 
Lemuian  earth,  6891 
Leuuilite,  319,  666 
Lenzinite,  688 
Leonhardite,  587 
Leopardite,  1040 
Leopoldite,  156 
Lepidocrocite,  247 
Lepidokrokit,  247 
Lepidolite,  624 
Lepidomelane,  634 
Lepidomorphite,  614 
Lepidopboeite,  258 
LepoMte,  337 
Leptochlorite,  643 
Lepton^matite,  232 
Lerbachite,  53 
Lernilite,  666 
Lesleyite,  707 
Lettsomite,  963, 
Leucanterile,  972 
Leucaugite,  358 
.Leuchte'ubergite,  644 
Leucite,  342,  1041 
Leucochalcite,  837 
Leucocy elite,  566 
Leucolite,  70 
Leucomangjmite,  812^ 
Leucopeirite,  1011 
Leucophanite,  417 
Leucoi)hyllite,  614 
Leucopyrite,  96 
Leucotile,  707 
Leucoxene,  219,  71S 
Leukargyrit,  137 
Leiikoplmn,  417 
Leuzit,  341 
.  Leverrierite,  687 
Levigliaiiiie,  63 
Levyne,  595 
Levynite,  595 
Lherzolyte,  221 
Libethenite,  786 
Liebenerite,  621;  426 
Liebigite,  308 
Lievrite,  541 
Lignite,  1022 
Ligurite.  712 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES. 


1121 


Lilalite.  624 
Lillhammert,  65 
Lillianite,  130 
Lillite,  708 
Limbachite,  675 
Limbilite,  454 
Lime,  210 

v.  Calcium 
Lime-epidpte,  513 

-malachite,  715 

-mesotype.  604 

-urauite,  857 

-wavellite,  843 
Limestone,  267 

Hydraulic,  267 

Magnesian,  271 
Limuite,  251 ;  250 
Limonite,  250 
Linarite,  927 
Lincolnite,  574 
Iiindackerite,  869 
Lindsayite,  Lindseite,  337 
Linnaeite,  78 
Linseite.  337 
Linsenerz,  853 
Liuseukupfer,  853 
Lintonite.  607 
Lionite,  11 
Liparite,  161 
Liroconite,  853 
Lirokomalacbit,  853 
Liskeardite.  846 
Litarjirio  uativo,  209 
Litharge,  209 
Litheosphorus,  899 
Lithidionite,  1041 
Li  thioneiseu  glimmer,  1041 
Lithionglimmer,  624 
Lithionite,  624 
Lithionnephelin,  426 
Lithiophilite,  756 
Lithiophorite,  257 
Lithium  phosphates,  756,  781 

silicates,  312,  366,  624,  626 
Lithographic  stone,  267 
Lithomarge,  6»5,  688 
Lithoxyle,  195 
Litidionite,  1041 
Livingstonite,  109 
Llanca,  699 
Loadstone,  225 
Loboit,  477 
Lodestone,  225 
Loeweite,  946 
Loewiuite,  976 
Logan  He,  398 
Lollingite,  96 
Lomonite,  587 
Louchi'dite,  96 
Longbanite,  543 
Lougulites,  1032 
Lophoite,  653 
Lotalite,  356 
Louisite.  570 
Lovenite,  375 
Loweite,  946 
Lowigite,  976 
Loxoclase,  315 
Lucasite,  666 
Luchssapphir,  419 


Luckite,  941 
Lucullan,  Lucullite,  267 
Ludlamite,  841 
Ludwigite,  877 
Luftsaures  Silber,  309 
Lumachelle,  267 
Liineburgite,  869 
Luunite,  794 
Lupus  nietalloruin,  36 
Lussatite,  197 
Luzonite,  148,  1041 
Lychnis,  210,  220 
Lydian  stone,  189 
Lydite,  189 
Lyellite,  961 
Lyncurium,  482,  1002 
Lythrodes,  621 


M 

Macfarlanite,  43 
Made,  496 
Maclureite,  352,  535 
Maconite,  667 
Magueferrite.  226. 
Magnesia,  v.  Magnesium 
Magnesia  alum,  953 

alba,  304 

saltpeter,  872 
Magnesiau  limestone,  271 

pharmacolite,  753 
Magnesie  hydratee,  252 

carbonatee.  274 

nitratee,  872 

phosphatee,  775 
Maguesinitre,  872 
Magnesiochromite,  228 
Magnesioferrite,  226 
Magnesite,  274;  680 
Magnesium  alumiuate,  220 

arsenate,  817 

borates,  879,  878,  884,  877, 
881,  885 

carbonates,  274,  271;  hy- 
drous, 300,  304,  305 

chlorides.  164,  176,  178 

ferrate,  226 

fluoride,  164 

hydrate,  252 

molybdate,  992 

nitrate,  872 

oxides,  207,  252 

phosphates,  806,  817,  830, 
832,  869 

silicates,  346,  348,  384,  450, 
678,  680,  535  et  seq.;  669 
et  seq. 

sulphates,    932,    938;    918, 

946,  948,  950,  953 
Magneteiseustein,  224 
Magnetic  iron  ore,  224 
Magnetic  pyrites,  73 
Magnetis,  224 
Magnetite,  224,  1041 
Magnetjernmalm,  224 
Magnetkies,  73 
Magnetopyrite,  73 
Magnochromite,  228 
Maguoferrite,  226 


Magnolite,  980 
Makite,  895 
Malachite,  Blue,  295 

Green,  294 

Lime,  295 
Malacolite,  352,  356 
Malacon,  Malakon,  486 
Malaquita,  294 
Maldonite,  15 
Malinowskite,  137 
Mallardite,  943 
Maltha,  1015 
Malthacite,  695 
Mamauite,  950 
Maucinite,  1041 
Mandelato,  267 
Mangau,  Kohleusaures,  278 
Maugaualaun,  955 
Manganamphibole,  378 
MANGANATES,  220 
Manganapatite,  764 
Mauganbleude,  64 
Mauganbrucite,  252 
Mangauchlorite,  648 
Mangandisthen,  542 
Maugauepidote,  521 
Manganerz,  Graues,  243,  248 

Kupferhaltiges,  231 

Prismatoidisches,  248 

Schwarzes,  257 
Manganese,  Black,  257 

Bog,  257 

Cupreous,  258 

Earthy,  257 

Gray,  243 

Red,  378;  278 
Manganese  antimonate,  803 

arsenates,  780,  796,  800,801, 
802,  803,  811,  836 

arsenide,  108 

borates,  876,  877 

carbonate,  278 

chloride,  165 

dioxides,  236,  243 

disulphide,  87 

ferrate.  227 

hydrates,  253,  248,  256,  257, 
258 

uiobate,  731 

oxides,  207,  230,  231,  232, 
236,  243,  248 

phosphates,  756,  758,  775, 
777,  778,  779,  809,  812, 
813,832,850 

silicates,  378,  380,  381,  434, 
442,  448,  457,  460,  465, 
521,  542,  543,  544,  549, 
564,  704,  et  al. 

sulphates,  933,  943;  955 

sulphide,  64,  87 

tantalate,  731 

titanate,  1045 

tungstate,  982 

Manganese  -  ore,    Brachytyp- 
ous,  231 

Prismatic,  243 

Pyramidal,  230 
Manganese  alum,  955 
Manganese  spar,  378 
Manganglarv  ~ 


1122 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES. 


Mangangranat,  437,  442 
Mauganhedenbergite,  356 
Manganhisiugerite,  702 
Manganidokras,  477 
Manganite,  248 
Maugaukiesel,  378 
Mangaukupfererz,  231 
Mangankupferoxyd,  231 
Mangan  magnetite,  225 
Manganocalcite,  269,  278 
Maugauocolumbite,  731 
Maugauoferrite,  1041 
MaDgunomagnetite,  227 
Manganopal,  v.  Opal,  194 
Manganophyllite,  627 
Manganosiderite,  278 
Manganosite,  207 
Manganostibiite,  803 
Manganotantalite,  731 
Manganowolframit,  982 
Manganpectolite,  373 
Manganschaum,  257 
Manganspath,  278 
MangaDtautalite,  731 
Mauganvesuvian,  477 
Marasmolite,  59 
Marble,  267 

Verd-antique,  267,  671 
Marcasite,  94,  1041;  84,  86 
Marceline,  232,  380 
Marcylite,  172, 174,  210 
Marekauiie  -nPearlstone 
Margarite,  636 
Margarites.  1032 
Margarodite,  614 
Marialite,  472;  466,  431 
Marienglns,  933 
Marionite,  299 
Mariposite,  1041 
Marl,  268 
Marmairolite,  391 
Marmatite,  59 
Marmol,  Sp.,  v.  Marble 
Marraolite,  669 
Marsh  ore,  250 
Martinite,  830 
Martinsite,  156,  932 
Martite,  216 
Martourite,  114 
Mascagnine,  894 
Mascagnite,  894 
Maskelyuite,  335 
Masonite,  640 
Massicot,  209 
Massicottite,  209 
Matildite,  115 
Matlockite,  169 
Matricite,  455 

Mauilite,  v.  Labradorite,  334 
Maxite,  !)21 
Mazapilite,  851 
Meadow  ore,  250 
Medjidite,  978 
Aleerschaluminite,  687 
Meerschaum,  680 
Megabasite,  982 
Megabromite,  159 
Mehlzeolith,  600,  605 
Meionite,  467 
Melaconisa,  209 


Melacouite,  209 
Melauasphalt,  1020 
Melanchlor,  758 
Melanchyra,  1014 
Melanellite,  1014 
Melanglanz,  143 
Melauglimmer,  659 
Melangraphite,  7 
Melanh^drit,  1043 
Melanite,  437,  442,  1036 
Melanocerite,  414 
Melanochroite,  914 
Melanolite,  662 
Melanophlogite,  194,  1041 
Melanosiderite,  703 
Melanotallo,  174 
Melanotecite,  545 
Melanotekite,  545 
Melanothallite,  174 
Melauteria,  941 
Melanterite,  941 
Melilite,  Mellilite,  474 
Melinite,  695 
Melinophane,  418 
Meliphanite,  418 
Mellute  of  aluminium,  994 
Mellite,  994 
Melinose,  989 
Meionite,  76 
Melopsite,  708 
Menaccauite,  217 
Meuachanite,  217 
Meuakanite,  217 
Menakerz,  712 
Mendipite,  170 
Mendozite,  952 
Meneghinite,  142 
Mengite,  737,  749, 
Meuilite,  195 
Meunige,  231 
Mercure  argental,  23 

ch  lor  ure,  153 

natif,  22 

sulfure,  66 

iodure,  161 
Mercurio,  22 

corneo,  153 
Mercury,  22 

Horn,  153 

Native,  22 
Mercury  antimonite,  865 

chloride,  153 

iodide,  161 

selenides,  63;  53 

selenite,  981 

sulphantimonite,  109 

sulphate,  916 

sulphides,  62,  66 

sulpho-seleuide,  64,  66 

telluride,  64 
Mercury  amalgam,  23 
Merda  di  Diavolo,  1010 
Mergelkalk,  268 
Merkurblende,  66 
Merkurglauz,  64 
Meroxene,  627 
Mesitine,  275 
Mesitite,  275 
Mesitinspath,  275 
Mesoie,  607 


Mesolin,  595 
Mesolite,  605 

Mesotype,  600,  604,  605,  607 
Mesotype  epointee,  566 
Messelite,  812 
Messiugbliithe,  298 
Messiugerz,  61 
Messingite,  298 
Metabrushite,  829 
Metachlorite,  656 
Metacinnabarite,  62,  1041 
Metagadolinite,  512 
Metal  escrito,  103 
Metalouchidite,  96 
MetaDatrolite,  601 
Metasericite,  614 
Metastibuite,  38 
Metavoltine,  972 
Metaxite,  669 
Metaxoite,  674 
Metaziunober,  62 
Meteoric  iron,  29 
Meteorin,  31 
Mexican  onyx,  268 
Meymacite,  202 
Miargyrite,  116 
MICA  Group,  611 
Mica,  Iron,  634;  627 

Lime,  636 

Lithia,  624,  626 

Magnesia,  627,  632 

Manganese,  629 

Potash,  614 

Soda,  623 

Vanadium,  635 
Mica  des  peiutres,  7 
Mica  pictoria,  7 
Micaceous  iron  ore,  213 
Micaphilit,  496 
Micarelle,  473 
Michaelite,  196 
Michaelsonite,  507 
Michel-levyte,  900 
Microbromite,  159 
Microcline,  322,  1042 
Microcosmic  salt,  826 
Microlite,  728,  1042 
Microlites,  1042 
Microsommite,  428 
Microperthite,  321 
Microphyllite,   Microplakite 

334 

Microschorlite,  686 
Microvermiculite,  686 
Middletonite,  1010 
Miemite,  271 
Miesite,  770 
Mikroklas,  324 
Mikrokliu,  332;  315 
Mikrotin,  341 
Milanite,  688 
Milarite,  312 
Milky  quartz,  188 
Millerite,  70 

Miloschiu,  Miloschite,  697 
Mimetene,  771. 
Mimetese,  Mimetesite,  771 
Mimetite,  771 

Mineral     caoutchouc,     1000, 
1018 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES. 


1123 


Mineral  coal,  1021 

charcoal,  1022 

graisse,  1015 

oil,  1015 

pitch,  1015 

resin,  1002  et  seq. 

tallow,  997 

tar,  1015,  1018 

wax,  998 
Minium,  231 
Mionite,  467 
Mirabilite,  931 
Miriquidite,  870 
Misenite,  922 
Mispickel,  97 
Misy,  941,  964,  972,  974 
Mixite,  860 
Mizzonite,  471 
Mocha  stoue,  189 
Mock  lead,  59 
Modumite,  93 
Mohsine,  96 
Mohsite,  217 
Molisite,  165 
Mollit,  798 
Moloch ites,  294 
Molybdaubleispath,  989 
Molybdiiuglauz,  41 
Molybdanocker,  201 
Molybdausilber,  40 
Molybdate  of  iron,  202 
Molybdate  of  lead,  989 
MOLYBDATES,  982  et  seq. 
Molybden-.un  disulphide,  41 

trioxide,  201 
Molybdeue  sulfure,  41 
Molybdenite,  41,  1043, 
Molybdic  ocher,  201 

silver,  40 
Molybdine,  201 
Molybdite,  201 
Molybdomenite,  981 
Molysite,  165 
Monazite,  749 
Mouazitoid,  749 
Mondstein,  v.  Moonstone,  318 
Monetite,  784 
Monheimite,  279 
Monimolite,  754 
Moiiite,  808 
Mouophau,  577 
Monradite,  364 
Monrolite,  498 
Montanite,  979 
Montebrasite,  781 
Monticellite.  449 
Moutmartite,  933 
Montmilch,  268 
Montmorillonite,  690 
Mouzonite,  562 
Moonstone,  318 
Morallon,  406 

Morasterz,  v.  Limonite,  250 
Mordenite,  573 
Morenosite,  940 
Moresnetite,  549 
Morinite,  1042 
Morion,  M  or  morion,  187 
Mornite,  334 
Morocochite,  115 


Moronolite,  974 
Moroxite,  762 
Morvenite,  581 
Mosandrite,  721 
Moss  agate,  189 
Mossotiite,  281 
Mottramite,  792 
Mountain  blue,  295,  699 

cork,  386,  b89 

green,  294,  699 

leather,  386,  389 
Muckite,  1006 
Muldau,  318 
Muller's  glass,  195 
Mullenu,  Mullerine,  104 
Mullerite,  807 
Mullicite,  814 
Mundic,  84 

Murchisonite,  315,  318 
Muriacite,  910 
Muromontite,  526 
Murrhina,  188 
Mursinskite,  1042 
Muscovite,  614 
Muscovy  glass,  614 
Miiseuite,  v.  Siegeuite,  78 
Musite,  290 
Mussite,  356;  290 
Myelin,  685 
Myrmalm,  250 
Mysorin,  295 


N 

Nacrite,  614,  685 
Nadeleiseuerz,  247 
Nadelerz,  129 
Nadelstein,  281 
Nadelzeolith,  600 
Nadelzinnerz,  235 
Nadorite,  863 
Nsesumite,  708 
Nagyagererz,  105 
Nagyagite,  105 
Nailhead  spar,  266 
Namaqualite,  259 
Nantokite,  154 
Kantoquita,  154 
Napalite,  1001 
Naphtha,  1015 
Naphthadil,  999 
Naphthalene,  1002 
Nasturan,  889 
Native  coke,  1021 
NATIVE  ELEMENTS,  2  et  seq. 
Natrikalite,  155 
Natrite,  301 
Natrium,  v.  Sodium 
Natroborocalcite,  887 
Nat rocal cite,  907;  302 
Natrolite,  600,  1042;  468 
Natrolite,  Iron,  600 
Natronmikrokliu,  324 
Natron,  301,  1042 

alaun,  952 

salpeter,  870 
Natron  chabazit,  593 
Natron  glimmer,  623 
Natronhauyue,  432 


Natrouitrite,  870 
Natronkatapleiit,  412 
Natrouleucit,  343 
Natronorthoklas,  318,  324 
Natron  sal  peter,  870 
Natrouspodumeu,  332 
Natrophilite,  758 
Natrophite,  784 
Natroxouotlite,  1052 
Naumannite,  52 
Necronite,  315 
Needle  ironstone,  247 
Needle  ore,  129 
Needle  spar,  v.  Aragonite,  281 
Needle  tin  ore,  235 
Needle  zeolite,  600 
Needlestoue,  600 
Nefeliua,  423 
Nefedieffite,  708 
Neftdegil,Neft-gil,  999 
Nemalite,  252 
Neochrysolite,  455 
Neociano,  562 
Neoctese,  821 
Neocyanite,  562 
Neolite,  708 
Neoplase,  972 
Neotesite,  458 
Neotocite,  Neotokit,  704 
Neotype,  269 
Nepaulite,  137,  141 
Nepbatil,  999 
Nepheline,  423 
Nephelinitoid,  424,  371 
Nephehte.  423,  1042 
Nephrite,   386,  389,  371,  396, 

515,  1026;  669 
Nercbiuskite,  688 
Nero  autico,  267 

rame,  209 

Nesquehonite,  300,  1042 
Neudorfite,  1006 
Neurolite,  692 
Nevjanskite,  27 
Newberyite,  830 
Newboldtite,  1043 
Newjnuskite,  27 
Newkirkite,  248 
Newportite,  642 
Newtonite,  689 
Niccochromite,  1043 
Niccolite,  71 
Nickel,  Autimonial,  72 

Arsenical,  71;  90 

Copper,  71 

Emerald,  306 

Native,  1043 

White,  101 
Nickel  antimonide,  72 

arsenates,    818,    819,    884. 
869,  870 

arsenides,  71,  88 

carbonate,  306 

diarsenides,  88  101 

oxides,  208,  226 

silicates,  .676,  677,  681 

sulphautimonide,  91 

sulpharsenides,  90,  91,  102 

sulphate,  940 

sulphides,  70,  75,  76 


1124 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES. 


Nickel      sulpho-bismuthide, 

1039 

telluride,  76 
Nickel  bloom,  818 
Nickel  glance,  90 
Nickel  green,  818 
Nickel  iron,  1043 
Nickel  ocher,  818 
Nickel  smaragd,  306 
Nickel  stibine,  SI 
Nickel  vitriol,  940 
Nickelantimouglauz,  91 
Nickelarsenikghinz,  90 
Nickelarsenikkies,  90 
Nickel  bl  lithe,  818 
Nickelfahlerz,  137 
Nickelglauz,  90 
Nickel-Gyrnnite,  676 
Nickeliferous  gray  antimony, 

91 

Nickeline,  71 
Nickelkies,  70 
Nickelocker,  818 
Nickeloxydul,  208 
Nickelspiessglauzerz,  91 
Nickelwismuthglanz,  75 
Nicopyrite,  65 
Nierenstein,  386 
Nigrescite,  708 
Nigrine.  237 
NIOBATES.  725  et  seq. 
Niobite,  731 
Nipbolite,  168 
Niquel  bianco,  101 

rojo,  71 

Niter,  Nitre,  871 
NITRATES,  870  et  seq. 
Nitratine,  870 
Nitrobarite,  872 
Nitrocalcite,  872 
Nitroglauberite,  873 
Nitromagnesite,  872 
Niveite,  965 
Nivenite,  889 
Noceriua,  174 
Nocerite,  174 
Nohlite,  740 
Nontrouite,  701 
Noralite,  386,  392 
Nordenskioldine,  875 
Nordeuskioldite,  385,  389 
Normalin,  577 
Nordmarkite,  558 
Nosean,  Nosin,  Nosite,  432 
Noselite,  432,  1043 
Noumeaite,  (>76 
Noumeite,  Numeite,  676 
Nussierite,  770 
Nuttallite,  468 


Ocher,  Antimony,  203 
Bismuth,  200 
Brown,  250 
Chrome,  697 
Iron,  213,  250 
Molybdic,  201 
Plumbic,  209 


Ocher  Red,  213,  245 

Tautalic,  201 

Telluric,  201 

Tungstic,  202 

Uranic,  978 

Yellow,  250 

Vitriol,  970 
Ochran,  695 
Ochroite,  550 
Ochrolite,  864 
Ockergelb,  250 
Octahedrite,  240,  1043 
Octibbebite,  30 
Odoutolite,  845 
(Eil  de  chat,  188 
CEllacherite,  614 
(Erstedite,  486 
Offretite,  1043 
Ogcoite,  653 

Oil,  Geuesee  or  Seneca,  1016 
Oisauite,  240,  516 
Ojo    de    gato,  Sp.,    v.    Cat's 

eye,  188,  230 
Okenite,  565 ;  373 
Oktibbehite,  30 
Olafit,  328 
Oldhamite,  65,  1043 
Oligist  iron,  213 
Oligoclase,  332 
Oligoclase-albite,  328,  332 
Oligoklasalbit,  328,  332 
Oligon  spar,  276 
Oligonite,  276 
Oligosiderite,  32 
Olive  copper  ore,  784 
Olivenchalcit,  786 
Olivenerz,  784,  847 
Olivenite,  784 
Olivine,  451 

Omphacite,  Omphazit,  357 
Oncophyllite,  614 
Oncosin,  614 
Onegite.  247 
Onice,  Ouicolo,  189 
Onofrite,  64;  981 
Onlariolite,  468 
Onyx, 189 

Mexican,  268 
Onyx  marble,  268 
Oolite,  268 
OOsite,  622 
Opal,  194,  1038 
Opal-allophane,  694 
Opal  jasper,  195 
Opermeut,  35 
Ophicalcite,  671 
Ophiolite.  671 
Ophite,  669 
Opsimose.381 
Or  des  chats,  613 

graphique,  103 

natif,  14 
Orangite.  48$ 
Oravitzite,  696 
Orichalcite,  298 
Oriental  alabaster,  268 

amethyst,  212 

emerald,  212 

ruby,  212 

topaz,  212 


Orileyite,  44 
Orizite,  576 
Oral  blends,  385 

Ornithite,829 
Oroche,  15 
Oro  grafico,  103 

nativo,  14 
Oropimento,  35 
Oropiou,.688 
Orpiment,  35,  1043 
Orthite,  522 
Orthoclase,  315 
Orthochlprite,  643 
Orthose,  315 
Oryzite,  576 
Osbornite,  65 
Oserskite,  281 
Osmelite,  373 
Osmiridium,  27 
Osmium  sulphide,  93 
Osteocolla,  268 
Osteolite,  763 
Ostranite,  482 
Ottrelite,  642,  1043 
Ouatite,  257 
Oulopholite,  936 
Outremer,  432 
Ouvarovite,  438,  444 
Owenite,  657 
Oxacalcite,  993 
Oxalate  of  ammonium,  994 

calcium,  993 

iron,  994 

sodium  and  ammonium,  994 
Oxalite,  994 
Oxalsaures  Eisen,  994 
Oxammite.  994;  807 
Oxhaverite,  566 
OXIDES,  183  et  seq. 
Ox YCHLO RIDES,  169  et  seq. 

OXYFLUORIDES,   175 
OXYSULPHIDES,  106 

Ozarkite,  607 

Ozocerite,  Ozokerit,  998,  999 


Pachnolite,  179 

Pacite,  97 
Paederos,  194 
Pagodite,  622;  691 
Paiuterite,  666 
Paisbergite,  378 
Palaeo-Natrolith.  .600 
Palagonite,  1043 
Paligorskite,  398 
Palladium,  Native,  28, 
Palladium  gold,  15 
Palladiuite,  210 
Pallasite,  32 
Palygorskite,  398 
Panabase,  137 
Pandermite,  8841 
Papierspath,  266 
Paposite,  967 
Parachlorite,  663 
Paracolumbite,  217     • 
Paradoxite,  315 
Paraffin,  996,  997,  998 


INDEX   TO  SPECIES. 


1126 


Paraffin  coal,  1000 
Paragonite,  623 
Parailmenite,  217 
Paralogite,  473 
Paraluminite,  971 
Paramelacouite,  1043 
Paraiikerite,  274 
Parauthiue,  Paranthite,  468 
Parasite,  879 
Parastilbite,  577 
Parathorite.  1044 
Pargasite.  386,  392 
Parisite,  290 
Paroligodase,  1044 
Parophite,  621 
Parrot  coal,  1022 
Partschin,  448 
Partschinite,  448 
Partzite,  204 
Passauite,  468 
Passyite,  194 
Pastreite,  969 
Pateraite,  991 
Patrinite,  129 
Pattersonite,  663 
Paulit,  348 
Pavonado,  137 

bianco,  51 
Pazit,  97 
Peach,  654 
Peacock  ore,  77,  80 
Pealite,  196 
Pearl-mica,  636 
Pearl  sinter,  195 
Pearl-spar,  271,  274 
Peastone,  v.  Pisolite,  268 
Pebble,  Brazilian,  187 
Pecbblende,  Pecberz,  889 
Pecbkoble,  1021 
Pecbo  de  Paloma,  77 
Pechkupfer,  699 
Pecbopal,  195 
Pecburan,  889 
Peckbamite,  351 
Pectolite,  373 
Pecurano,  889 
Peganite.  843 
Pegmatolite.  315 
Pegmatyte,  190 
Pektolith,373 
Pelagite,  259 
Pelagosite,  1044 
Pelhamiue,  708 
Pelhamite,  665 
Peliom,  419 
Pelican  ite,  689 
Pella  natural,  23 
Pelokouite,  258 
Pelosiderite,  276 
Pencatite,  271 
Pencil-stone,  691 
Pennine,  650;  306 
Penninite,  650 
Pennite,  306 
Pentaklasit,  352 
Pentlandite,  65 
Penwitbile,  705 
Pepita.  16 
Peplolit.  421 
Percylite,  172,  1028 


Periclase,  Periclasite,  207 
Pericline,  32« 
Peridot,  451 
Peridoto  bianco,  450 
Periklas,  207 
Periklin,  328 
Peristerite,  328 
Perlgliinmer,  636 
Perlspatb,  271 
Persbergite,  708 
Perth  ite,  321 
Perofskite,  722 
Perovskite,  722;  724 
Perowskine,  756 
Perowskit,  722 
Pesillite,  232,  381 
Petalite.  311 
Petlauque,  131 

iiero,  46 

Petrified  wood,  189,  195 
Petroleue,  1017 
Petroleum,  1015 
Pettkoite,  972 
Petuutze,  687 
Petzite,  48 
Pezblenda.  889 
Pfaffite,  122,  862 
Pfeifenstein,  •».  Catlinite,  696 
Phaactinite,  398 
Phacelite,  Phacellite,  427 
Phacolite,  589 
Phsestine,  351 
Pharmacolite,  827;  753 
Pharmacosiderite,  847 
Pharmakochalcit,  784 
Pharmakopyrit,  96 
Phastine,  351 
Phenacite,  Phenakit,  462 
Pbengite,  614,  617 
Pbiladelphite,  667 
Phillipite,  959 
Phillipsite,  579;  77 
Phlogopite,  632 
Phcenicite,  914 
Phcenicochroite,  914 
Pbcestine,  351 
Pholerite,  685 
Pholidolite,  684 
Pbouite,  423 
Phosgeuite,  292 
Phosphammite,  807 
PHOSPHATES,  747  et  seq. 
Pbosphatic  nodules,  769 
Phosphide  of  iron  and  nickel, 

31 

Phospbocerite,  749,  752 
Phosphocbalcite,  794 
Phospbocbromite,  915;  1033 
Phosphorblei,  770 
Pbosphoreisensinter,  867 
Phosphorgummite,  892 
Phosphorite,  762 
Phosphorkupfererz,  794 
Phosphormanuan,  777 
Phosphornickeleisen,  31 
Phosphorochalcite,  794 
Phospborsalz.  826 
Phosphosiderite,  823 
Phosphuranylite,  859 
Pboticite,  380 


Photizit,  380 
Photolite,  373 
Pbthauyte,  190 
Phyllite,  642 
Phylloretin,  1001,  1002 
Physalite,  492 
Phytocollite,  1015 
Piauzite,   1019 
Picite,  849 
Pickeringite,  953 
Picotite,  221 
Picramilcime,  596 
Picroallumogene,  953 
Picroepidote,  521 
Picrotiuite,  708 
Picrolite,  Pikrolit,  669 
Picromerite,  948 
Picropharmacolite,  813 
Picrophyll,  Pikrophyll,  364 
Picrosmine,  Pikrosmin,  709 
Picrotephroite,  457 
Picrothomsonite.  609 
Picrotitanite,  218 
Pictite,  712 
Piddingtonite,  385 
Piedmontite,  521 
Piemontite,  521 
Pierre  grasse,  423 

de  tripes,  910 

de  Vulpiuo,  910 
Pietra  di  bijada,  386 
Pigotite,  995 
Pihlite,  709 
Pikromerit,  948 
Pilarite,  699 
Pilinite,  709 
Pilite,  454 
Pilolite,  709 
Pilsenite,  40 
Pimelite,  677,  678 
Finakiolite,  877 
Pinguite,  701 
Finite,  621;  421 
Pinitoid,  621 
Pinnoite,  884 
Pinolite,  274 
Piotine,  682 

Pipestone,  v.  Catlinite,  696 
Pireuait,  442 
Pirita  amarilla,  84 

blanca,  94 

magnetica,  73 
Pirodmalite,  465 
Pirop,  440 

Pirolusita,  v.  Pyrolusite 
Piroxene,  v.  Pyroxene 
Pirrotina,  73 
Pisanite,  943 
Pisolite,  268 
Pissasphaltus,  1015 
Pissophane,  Pissophanite,  971 
Pistacite,  Pistazit,  516 
Pistomesite,  275 
Pitch,  Mineral,  1017 
Pitchblende,  889 
Pitchy  iron  ore,  867 
Pitkarantite,  364 
Pittasphalt,  1015 
Pitticite,  Pittizit,  867;  970 
Pittinerz,  892 


1126 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES. 


Pittinite,  892 
Pittolium,  1015 
Placodine,  108 
Plagiocitrite,  975 
Plagioclase,  325 
Plagionite,  118 
Plakodiu,  108 
Planerite,  824 
Plasma,  188 
Plaster  cement,  268 
Plaster  of  Paris,  933 
Plaster  stone,  933 
Plata  azul,  309 

bismutal,  45 

cornea,  158 

iodurado  mercurial,  160 

mercurial,  23 

nativa,  19 

verde,  159 
Platina,  Platiue,  24 
Platiniridium,  27 
Platinum,  Native,  25,  1044 
Platinum  arsenide,  92 
Plattnerite,  239 
Platyophthalmon,  37 
Flenargyrite,  115 
Pleouaste,  221 
Pleonectite,  775 
Plessite,  29,  1037;  90 
Pleurasite,  803 
Pleuroclase,  775 
Plinian,  97 
Plinthite,  695 
Plomb  antimonie  sulfure,  126 

arseniate,  771 

carbonate,  286 

chloro-carbonate,  292 

chlorure,  170 

chromate,  913 

corne,  292 

hydro-alumineux,  855 

jaune,  989 

molybdate,  989 

natif,  24 

oxychloriodure,  170 

oxide,  209,  239 

rouge,  913 

selenie,  seleniure,  52 

sulfate,  908 

sulfure,  48 

tell ure,  51 
Plombgomme,  855 
Plombierite,  570 
Plomp  bianco,  v.  Cerussite 

native,  24 

pardo,  773 

rojo,  v.  Crocoite 

telural,  51 
Plumbago.  7;  48 
Plumballopbane,  693 
Plumbeiue,  50 
Plumbic  ocher,  209    . 
Plumbiodite,  170 
Plumbo-aragonite,  283 
Plumbocalcite,  269 
Plumbocuprite,  51 
Plumboferrite,  228 
Flumbogummite,  855 
Plumbomanganite,  108 
Plumbonacrite,  299 


Plumboresiuite,  855 
Plumbostanuite,  108 
Plumbostib,  129 
Plumbum  candidum,  24 

nigrum,  24 
Plumites,  122 
Plumose  ore,  122 
Plumosit,  122 
Plusb  capper  ore,  206 
Plynthite,  695 
Poikilit,-77 
Poikilopyrite,  77 
Poix  minerale,  1015 
Polianite,  236 
Polirschiefer,  196 
Follucite.  343,  1044 
Pollux,  343,  1044 
Polyadelpbite,  437,  443 
Polyargite,  621 
Polyargyrite.  146 
Polyarsenite,  779 
Polybasite,  146,  1045,  1050 
Polycrase,  744 
Polycliroilite,  421 
Polychrom,  770 
Polydymite,  75 
Polyhalite,  950 
Polybydrite,  710 
Polykras,  744 
Polykrasilitb,  485 
Polylite,  1045 
Polylitbionite,  626 
Polymignite,  743 
Polysiderite,  32 
Polysphserite,  770 
Polytelite,  141 
Polyxen,  25 
Poonablite,  604 
Porcelain  clay,  685 
Porcelain  spar,  685 
Porcellpphite,  670 
Porpezite,  15 

Porricin,  «.  Pyroxene,  352 
Portite,  696 
Portor,  167 
Porzelamt,  468 
Porzellanerde,  685 
Porzellanspath,  468 
Posepnyte,  1013 
Potasb  alum,  951 
Potassium  borates,  880,  885 

chlorides,  156,  177;  918 

nitrates,  871 

silicates,  315,  322,  341,  426, 
566,  614,  et  al. 

sulphates,   897;    895,    922, 
930,   945,   948,  949,  950, 
951,  975 
Potstone,  678 
Potters'  ore.  50 
Pounxa,  v.  Borax,  886 
Pouschkinite,  516 
Powellite,  989 
Prase,  188 
Praseolite,  421 
Prasilite,  663,  680 
Prasin,  794 
Prasinchalzit,  794 
Precious  garnet,  440,  441 

opal.  195 


Precious  serpentine,  670 
Predazzite,  271 
Pregrattit,  623 
Prehnite,  530 
Prelmitoid,  471;  532 
Prenia,  Span.,  v.  Prehnite 
Pfibramite,59,  247 
Priceite,  884 
Prismatine,  560 
Prochlorite,  653 
Proidoniua,  169 
Proidonite,  169 
Protolithionite,  627 
Prosopite,  178 
Protheite,  356 
Protobastite,  346 
Protochlorite.  663 
Protonontronite,  702 
Protovermiculite,  667 
Proustite,  134 
Prussian  blue.  Native,  815 
Przibramite,  59,  247 
Psathyrit,  1009 
Psaturose,  143 
Pseudoalbite,  333 
Pseudoapatite,  764 
Pseudoberzeliite,  753 
Pseudobiotite,  632 
Pseudobrookite,  232 
Pseudocampylite,  770 
Pseudoscapolite,  473 
Pseudocotuunite,  165 
Pseudogalena,  59 
Pseudoleucite,  1041 
Pseudolibetheuit,  786 
Pseudomalachite,  794 
Pseudouatrolite,  573 
Pseudonepheline,  423 
Pseudonocerina,  175 
Pseudopbite,  652 
Pseudosmaragd,  409 
Pseudosommite,  423 
Pseudosteatite,  688 
Pseudotridymite,  193 
Pseudotriplite,  757 
Psilomelane,  257 
Psittacinite,  791 
Psimythit,  921 
Pterolite,  403,  635 
Ptilolite,  572       . 
Pucherite,  755 
Putierite,  583 
Punablit,  604 
Purple  copper  ore,  77 
Puschkinite,  516 
Pycnite,  492 
Pycnopbyllite,  616 
Pyknotrop,  710 
Pyrallolite,  364,  678 
Pyrantimonite,  107 
Pyrargillite.  421 
Pyrargyrite,  131 
Pyrauxite,  691 
Pyreneite,  437,  442 
Pyrgom,  358 
Pyrichrolite,  135 
Pyrite,  84.  1045 
Pyrites,  Arsenical,  96,  97 

Auriferous,  85 

Capillary,  70;  94 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES. 


1127 


Pyrites,  Cellular,  94 

Cockscomb,  94 

Copper,  80 

Erubescent,  77 

Hepatic,  94 

Hydrous,  94 

Iron,  84;  94 

Magnetic,  73 

Prismatic  Iron,  94 

Radiated,  94 

Spear,  94 

Tin,  83 

Variegated,  77 

White  iron,  94 
Pyritolamprite,  43 
Pyroaurite,  256 
Pyrochlore,  726;  728 
Pyrochroite,  253 
Pyrochrotite,  135 
Pyroclasite,  769 
Pyroconite,  179 
Pyroguanite,  769 
Pyroidesine,  710 
Pyrolusite,  243,  1045 
Pyromelane,  716 
Pyromeline,  940 
Pyromorphite,  770 
Pyrope,  437,  440 
Pyrophane,  195 
Pyrophanite,  1045 
Pyrophosphorite,  808 
Pyrophyllite,  691 
Pyrophysalite.  492 
Pyropissite,  1000 
Pyroretin,  1011 
Pyroretinite,  1011 
Pyrorthite,  522 
Pyroscheererite,  1002 
Pyrosclerite,  668 
Pyrosmalite,  465 
Pyrostibite,  107 
Pyrostilpnite,  135 
Pyrotechnite,  895 
Pyroxene,  352,  1045 
PYROXENE  Group,  344-382 
Pyrrharsenite,     Pyrrhoarsen- 

ite,  753 
Pyrrhite,  728 
Pyrrholite,  621 
Pyrrhosiderite,  247 
Pyrrhotine,  73 
Pyrrhotite,  73 

Q 

Quartz,  183,  1046 
luartzyte,  190 
luarz,  Quarzo,  183 
luecksilber,  Gediegen,  22 
>uecksilbercblomr,  153 
luecksilberfahlerz,  137 
Juecksilberbranderz,  1011;  67 
Juecksilberhornerz,  153 
Juecksilberlebererz,  67 

Quecksilbermohr,  63 

Quellerz,  251 

Quenstedtite,  957 

Querspiessglanz,  122 

Quetenite,  977 

Quicksilver,  Native,  22 


Quicksilver,  «.  Mercury 
luiucite,  710 
>uirlkies.  100 
Jvarts,  183 
jvicksilfver,  22 


Rabdionite,  260 
Rabdophane,  820 
Rabeu glimmer,  626 
Radauite,  334 
Radelerz,  126 
Radiated  pyrites,  94 
Radiolite,  600 
Rafisiderite,  217 
Rahtite,  59 
Raimondite,  969 
Ralstonite,  181 
Rame  carbonato,  294,  295 

native,  20 

vetroso,  55 
Ramirite,  787 
Rammelsbergite,  101 
Ramosite,  562 

Randanite,  Randannite,  196 
Randite,  309 
Ranite,  609 
Rapbauosmite,  53 
Rapidolite,  468 
Raphilite,  385,  389 
Raphisiderite,  217 
Raseneisenerz,  251 
Raseneisenstein,  251 
Rastolyte,  632 
Ratholite,  373 
Ratofkit,  161 
Rauchquarz,  187 
Rauhkalk,  271 
Rauite,  609 
Raumit,  421 
Rauschgelb,  33,  35 
Rauteuspath,  271 
Razoumovskyn,  691 
Realgar,  33,  1046 
Rectorite,  687 
Red  antimony,  107 

chalk,  215 

copper  ore,  206 

hematite,  213 

iron  ore,  213 

iron  vitriol,  972 

lead  ore,  913 

manganese,  278,  378 

ocher,  215 

silver  ore,  131,  134 

vitrol,  972 

zinc  ore,  208 
Reddingite,  813 
Reddle.  215 
Redimrtonite,  966 
Redonite,  807 
Redruthite,  55 
Refdanskite,  678 
Refikite,  1006 
Regnolite,  150 
Reh,  155 
Reichardtite,  938 
Reichite,  266 
Reinite,  991 


Reissacherite,  257 
Reissblei,  7 
Reissite,  577 
Rejalgar,  33 
Remingtonite,  306 
Remoliuite,  172 
Reusselaerite,  678 
Resanite,  1046 
Resin,   Mineral,  etc.,  1002  et 

Highgate,  1007 
Resinite,  195 
Restormelite,  710 
Retinaspbalt,  1009 
Retiualite,  669 
Retinellite,  1009 
Retinic  acid,  1009 
Retiuite,  WQl  et  seq. 
Retzbanyite,  111;  121 
Retzite,  v.  ^delforsite 
Reussin,  931 
Reussiuite,  1011 
Revdinskite,  678 
Rezbanyite,  111;  121 
Rhabdite,  31 
Rhabdophane,  820 
Rhabdophanite,  820 
Rhaetizite,  500 
Rhagite,  860 
Rhodalose,  943 
Rhodalite,  695 
Rhodite,  15 
Rhodium  gold,  15 
Rhodizite,  880 
Rhodochrome,  650 
Rhodochrosite,  278 
Rhodoise,  817 
Rhodonite,  378,  1046 
Rhodophyllite,  650 
Rhodotilite,  5o4 
Rhomben glimmer,  627 
Rhomb-spar,  271 
Rhombarsenite,  199 
Rhyacolite,  315 
Richellite,  852 
Ricbmondite,  146,  255 
Richterite,  386,  391 
Riebeckite,  400,  1047 
Riemannite.  693 
Rinkite,  722 
Riolite,  64 
Rionite,  64,  137 
Ripidolite,  644,  653 
Riponite,  471 
Risigallo,  33 
Risiirallum,  33,  34 
Rittingerite,  136 
Rivotite,  203 
Rock  cork,  389 

crystal,  187 

meal,  268 

milk,  268 

salt,  154 

soap,  690 

Rocklandite,    v.    Serpentine 
Rochlederite,  1014 
ROdmalin,  213 
Rodocrosite,  278 
Roemerite,  959 
Roepperite,  459;  278 


1128 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES. 


Roesslerite,  831 
Rogensteiu,  268 
.Rogersite,  746 
Robjadeit,  370 
Rohwand,  274  , 
Roman zovit,  437,  440 
.Romeine,  862 
.Romeite,  862 
Romerite,  959 
Roschgewachs,  148 
Roscoelite,  635 
Rose  quartz,  187 
Roseite,  668 
Roselite,  810 
Rosellan,  v.  Rosite,  621 
Rosenbuschite,  374 
Roseuspath,  278 
Rosicler  claro,  134 

negro,  143 

oscuro,  131 
Rosite,  113,  398 
Rosso  antico,  267 
Rosterite,  405,  407 
Rosthornite,  1007 
Rothbleierz,  913 
Rothbrauustein,  378> 
Rotheisenerz,  Rotheisenstein, 

213 

Rothel,  215 
Rother  vitriol,  972 
Rothgultigerz,  131,  134 
Rothkupfererz,  206 
Rothnickelkies,  71 
Rothoffit,  437,  443 
Rothspiesglaserz,  107 
Rothspiessglanzerz,  107 
Rothsiein,^378 
Rothzinkerz,  208 
Rottisite,  676 
Rowlandite,  1047 
Rubellnn,  632 
Rubellite,  551 
Ruberite,  206 
Rubicelle,  221 
Rubin,  220 

Rubinblende,  116,  131 
Rubinglimmer,  247 
Rubislite,  710 
Rubrite,  964 
Ruby,  Al  man  dine,  221 

Bains,  221 

Oriental,  210,  1031 

Spinel,  221 
Ruby  blende,  61 
-  Ruby  copper,   206 
Ruby  silver,  131,  134 
Ruby  spinel,  220 
Ruby  sulphur,  v.  Realgar 
Ruby  zinc,  61 
Ruddle,  215 
Ruin  agate.  188 

marble.  267 
Rumanite,  1004 
Rumpfite,  661 
Russkobalt,  258 
Ruteniie,  71 

Ruthenium  sulphide,  93 
Rutherfordite,  730 
Rutile.  237,  1047 
Ryacolite,  315 


S 


Saccharite,  334 
Safflorite,  100 
Sngenite,  237;  188 
Sahlite,  356 
Sal  ammoniac,  157 

catartica,  Sp.,  v.  Epsomite 

gema,  154 

gem  me,  154 

marina,  154 

mirabile,  931 
Salamsteiu,  212 
Saldanite,  958 
Salite,  352,  356 
Salitre,  871 
Salmare,  154 
Salmiak.  157 
Salmite,  640 

Salt,  Common,  Rock,  154 
Saltpeter,  871 
Salzkupfererz,  172 
Samarskite,  739,  1037 
Samian  earth,  685 
Sammetblende,  247 
Samrneterz,  963 
Sammteisenerz,  247 
Samoite,  693 
Sandaraca,  33 
Sandbergerite,  137,  614 
Sang-i-yashm.  670 
Sanguine,  213 
Sauguinite,  1047 
Sanidine,  315 
Saphir  d'eau,  419 
Saphirine,  561 
Saponite,  682,  690 
Sappare,  210:  500 
Sapphire.  210 

d'eau,  419 

Sapphire  quartz,  188 
Sapphirme,  561 
Sapphirus,  432 
Sarawakite,  1047 
Sarcolite,  474;  593 
Sarcopside,  Sarkopsid,  778 
Sard,  188 
Sardachates,  189 
Sardinian,  908 
Sardoine,  188 
Sardonyx,  189 
Sarkinite,  779 
Sarkolith,  474 
Sartorite,  112 
Sasbachite,  610 
Saspaohite,  610 
Sassolite,  Sassolin,  255 
Satin  spar,  266,  283,  933 
Satersbergite,  96 
Saualpit,  513 
Saugkiesel,  196 
Saussurite,  515 
Saustein,  267 
Savite,  600 
Savodin&kite,  47 
Savnite,  75 
Scacchite,  165;  449 
SCAPOLITE  Group.  466  et  seq. 
Scarbvoite,  694 
SchaalsU-in,  371 


Schabasit,  589 
Schaffuerite,  787 
Schaleubleude,  61,  70 
Schaleumarcasit,  95 
Schapbachite,  122 
Scharfmangauerz,  230 
Schatzellit,  156 
Schaumkalk,  282 
Schauinspath.  267 
Scheelbleispat.li,  989 
Scheelin  calcaire,  985 

ferrugiue,  982 
Scheelite,  985 
Scheelitine,  989 
Scheelsaure,  202 
Scheelsaures  Blei,  989 
Scheelspath,  985 
Scheererite,  996 
Schefferite,  352,  357 
Scherbenkobalt,  11 
Schererite,  996 
Schieferspath,  267 
Schilfglaserz,  124 
Schiller-spar,  351 
Schillerspath,  351 

Gelber,  351 
Schillersteiu,  351 
Schirmerite,  119 
Schlackenkobalt,  100 
Schlangenalabaster,  911 
Schlanite,  1011 
Schmelzsteint  471 
S'chmirgel,  211 
Schneebergite,  862 
Schneiderite,  587 
Schoarite,  903 
Schoeuite,  948 
Schoharite,  903 
Schouit,  948 
Schorl  blauc,  342 

noir,  352 

See  Introduction,  p.  xliv 
Schorl,  551 
Schorl  rouge,  237 
Schorlite,  492 
Schorlomite,  447 
Schorza,  516 
Schrautite,  1006 
Schreibersite,  31;  79 
Sohriftevz,  Sohriftiellur,  103 
Schrockergiuite,  308 
Schrottente,  094 
Schuchardtite,  1047 
Schulzit,  149 
Schuugite,  8 
Schuppenstein,  624 
Schiitzit,  908 

S.chwarzbraunstein,   257,  381 
Schwartzembergite,  170 
Schwarzerz,  143,  137 
Schwarzii'iltigerz,  143 
Schwarzkohle,  1021 
Schwarzmangauerz,  257 
Schwarzsilberglauz,  143 
Schwarzspiessglaserz,  124 
Schwatzite,  137 
Schwefel,  8 

Schwefelantimoublei,  129 
Schwefelkies,  84 
I    Schwefelkobalt,  78 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES. 


1129 


Schwefelmangan,  64 
Sckwef  el  nickel,  70 
Schwefelquecksilber,  66 
Schwefelsaure,  899 
Schwefelseleu,  10 
Schwefelsilher,  46 
Schweizerite,  673 
Schwerbleierz,  239 
Schwerspath,  899 
Schwerstein,  985 
Schweruranerz.  889 
Schwimmkiesel,     Schwimm- 

stein,  196 
Scleretinite,  1009 
Scleroclase,  112 
Scolecite,  604 

Anhydrous,  467 
Scolexerose,  467 
Scolopsite,  432 
Scorodite,  821 
Scorza,  516 
Scotiolite,  702 
Scoulerite,  607 
Scovillite,  820 
Sebesite,  385 
Seebacbite,  589 
Seeerz,  250 
Sehta.  71,  89 
Seifenstein,  678,  682 
Sel  de  Glauber,  931 
Seladonite.  683 
Selbite,  309 
Selen,  10 
Selenblei,  52 
Selenbleikupfer,  53 
Selenbleispath,  981 
Selenb.eisilber,  52 
Selenbleiwismuthglanz,  114 
SELENIDES,  42  et  seg. 
Selenite,  933 
SELENITES,  980,  981 
Selenium,  10 
Selenkobaltblei,  52 
Selenkupfer,  52 
Seleukupferblei,  53 
Selenkupfersilber,  53 
Selenmercur,  63 
Selenolite,  201 
Seluupalladium,  28 
Selenquecksilber,  63 
Selenquecksilberblei,  53 
Selenschwefel,  10 
Selenschwefelquecksilber,  64 
Selen  si  Iber,  52 
Selensilberglanz,  52 
Selen-sulphur,  10 
Selen-tellurium,  11 
Selenwisnmthglanz,  38 
Sellaite.  164 
Selwvnite,  697 
Semeline,  712 
Semi-opal,  195 
Semseyite,  123 
Senarmontite,  198 
Seneca  oil.  1016 
Sepiolite.  680 
Serbian,  697 
Sericite,  614 
Sericolite,  v.  Satin  spar 
Serpentine,  669,  1047 


Serpierite,  963 
Sesqui-maguesia-alaun,  953 
Settling  Stones  resin,  1019 
Settliugite,  1019 
Severite,  688,  691 
Seybertite,  638 
Sexangulites,  50 
Sfeno.  712 
Shalkite,  1047 
Shepardite,  346 
Shell  marble,  267 
Siberite.  553 
Sicilianite,  905 
Siderazot,  29 
Sideretine,  867 
Siderite,  276;  188,  31,  1047 
Sideritis,  224 
Sideroborine,  882 
Siderochalcit,  795 
Siderochrome.  227 
Sideroclepte,  454 
Siderocouite,  267 
Siderodot,  276 
Sideroferrite,  29 
Siderolite,  31 
Sideronatrite,  973 
Siderophyllite,  627 
Sideroplesite.  276 
Sideroschisolite,  656 
Siderosilicite,  484 
Siderose,  276 
Siderotantal,  731 
Sideroxene,  1037 
Siegburgite,  1005 
Siegelerde,  696 
Siegel stein,  224 
Siegenite,  78 
Sienna  earth,  1037 
Sigterite,  Sigtesite,  341 
Silaonite,  39 
Silber,  Gediegeu,  19 
Silberamalgaui,  23 
Silberfahlerz,  137 
Silberglanz,  46 

Biegsamer,  58 
Silberglas,  46 
Silberhoruerz,  158 
Silberkerat,  158 
Silberkies,  57,  58 
Silberkupferglanz,  56 
Silberphylliuglauz,  106 
Silberspiessglanz.  42 
Silberwismuthglauz,  115 
Silex,  183 

Silfbergite,  386,  391 
Silfver,  19 

Silfverhornmalm,  158 
SILICATES,  SlQetseq. 
Silice  gelatineuse,  v.  Hyalite 
Siliceous  sinter,  195 
Silicitied  wood,  189,  195 
Siliciophite,  674 
Silicite,  334 
Silicoborocalcite,  881 
Silicon  fluoride,  169 

oxide,  183,  192,  194,  197 
Sillimanite.  498 
Silvanite,  v.  Sylvanite 
Silver,  Antimonial,  42 

Antim,  sulplmret,  124,  131 


Silver,  Arsenical,  43 

Bisrnuthic,  45,  122 

Black,  143;  47 

Brittle,  143 

Bromic,  159 

Cupreous  sulphuret,  56 

Flexible  sulphuret,  58 

Gray  (Freieslebeuite),  124 

Horn,  158 

lodic,  160 

Native,  19 

Red,  or  Ruby,  131,  134 

Selenic,  52 

Telluric,  47 

Vitreous,  46 
Silver  bismuthide.  45 

bromide,  159,  160 

carbonate  (?),  309 

chlorides,  158,  159,  160 

iodide,  160 

selenide,  53 

sulphantimonites,  116,  123, 
124,  131,  135,  143,  146 

sulpharseuates,  149,  1047 

sulpharsenite,  134 

sulphide,  46,  58;  56,  57 

sulphobismuthite,  115,  119, 
122 

sulpho-selenide,  1025 

sulpho-telluride,  131 

telluride,  47;  46,  48,  103 
Silver  glance.  46 
Silver  ore,  Brittle,  143 

Flexible,  58 

Red.  or  Ruby,  131,  134 
Silvestrite,  29 
Simetite,  1005 
Simlaite.  687 
Simonyite,  946 
Sinopel,  188 
Sinopite,  695 

Sinter,  Siliceous,  189,  195 
Sipylite,  731 
Siserskite,  27 

Sismondiue,  Sismoudite,  640 
Sisserskite,  27 
Sjomalm,  250 
Skapolith,  466 
Skleroklas,  112;  120 
Skogbolite,  736 
Skolezit,  604 
Skolopsite,  432 
Skorodit,  821 
Skorza.  516 
Skotiolit,  702 
Skutterudite,  93 
Slate-spar,  267 
Sloauite,  610 
Smaltine,  87 
Smaltite,  87 
Smaragd,  405 
Smaragdite,  386,  389 
Smaragdochalcit,  172,  463 
Smectite,  688,  695 
Smegmatite,  690 
Smelite,  v.  Kaolin 
Smeraldo.  -»05 
Sniirgel,  211 
Smithsonite,  279;  546 
Smyris,  211 


1130 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES. 


Snarumite,  384,  1047 
Soapstone,  678;  682 
Soda,  v.  Sodium 
Soda  alum,  952 
Soda  copperas,  ®.  Jarosite 
Soda  feldspar,  327 
Soda  hornblende,  401 
Soda  mesotype,  609 
Soda  niter,  870 
Soda  spodumene,  332 
Sodaite,  468 
Sodalite,  428 
Sodium  arsenate,  780 
berates,  886,  887,  888 
carbonates,    300;    hydrous, 

301,  303 
chloride,  154 

fluorides,  166,  168,  179,  180 
nitrates,  870,  873 
phosphates,   758,   777,  784, 

826 
silicates.  325,  365,  369,  423, 

429,  432,  600 

sulphates,  895;  hydrous,  931; 
(w.  Cl)  917;  (w.  CO2)  920; 
897,    898,   946,  952,   958, 
9*59,  973 
Soin.onite,  213 
Solfataiite,  952,  958 
Sombrerite,  769 
Sommarugaite,  91 
Somervillite,  474,  699 
Sommite,  423 

Sonnenstein,  «.  Sunstone,  332 
Sonomaite,  953 
Sordavalite,  Sordawalit,  1048 
Soroche,  50 
Sory,  941 

Sosa,  Span.,  «.  Soda 
Soude,  D.  Soda 
Soude  sulfatee,  931 
Soufre,  8 
Spadaite,  682 
Spaugite,  581 
Spangolite,  919 
Spauiolite,  137 
Spargelstein,  762 
Spiirkies,  ».  Speerkies,  94 
Sparry  or  Spathic  iron,  276 
Spartaite,  269 
Spartalite,  208 
Spatheisensteiu,  276 
Spathperle,  271 
Spathiopyrite,  100 
Spato  fluore,  161 

pesato,  900 
Spear  pyrites,  94 
Specksteiu,  678;  621 
Specstein,  678 
Specular  iron,  213 
Specularite,  213  • 
Speerkies,  95 
Speiskobalt,  Grauer,  100 
Spessartine,  Spessartite,  437, 

442.  1035 
Speiskobalt,  87 
Sperrylite,  92 
Sphaerite,  845 
Sphaerocobaltite,  280 
Sphaerolites,  1032 


Sphaerosiderite,  276 
Sphserostilbite,  583 
Sphalerite,  59,  1048 
Sphene,  712 
Spheuoclase,  562 
Sphragidite,    Sphragid,    689, 

695 

Spiauterite,  70 
Spiegel  glauz,  40 
Spiesglanzsilber,  42 
Spiesglanzweiss,  199 
Spiesglas,  12 
Spiesglaserz,  36 
Spiesglassilber,  42 
Spiessglanz,  Gediegen,  12 
Spiessglanzblei,  124 
Spiessglauzblende,  107 
Spiessglauzocker,  202 
Spinel,  220,  1048 
Spinel  ruby,  220 
Spiuellan,  432 
Spinelle  ziucifere,  223 
Spinthere,  712 
Spodiosite,  777 
Spodumene,  366 

Soda,  332 

Sporadosiderite,  82 
Spreustein   600,  609 
Sprodglauzerz,  143 
Sprodglaseiz,  143,  146 
Sprodglimmer,  636 
Sprudelsteiu,  281 
Staffelite,  764 
Stagmatite.  165 
Stagno  native,  24 

ossidato,  234 
Stahlkobalt,  89 
Stahlstein,  276 
Stalactite,  268 
Stalagmite,  268 
Stanekite,  1011 
Stangelkobalt,  88 
Stangenschorl,  Weisser,  492; 

551 

Stan  gen  spath,  899 
Staugenstein,  492 
Stannine,  83 
Stannite,  83;  236 
Stauzait,  496 
Stassfurtit,  879 
Star-quartz,  187 

sapphire,  212 
Staurolite,  558;  581 
Staurotide,  558 
Steargillite,  690 
Steatargillite,  663 
Steatite,  678 
Steel  ore,  276 
Steeleite,  573 
Steenstrupine,  415 
Steinheilite,  419 
Stein  kohle,  1021 
Steinmannite,  48 
Steiuinark,  685,  688 
Stein  ol,  1015 
Steinsalz,  154 
Stellarite,  1048 
Stellite,  373 

Stephanite,  143,  1025,  1048 
Stercorite,  826 


Sterlingite,  208,  614 
Sternbergite,  57 
Steruquarz,  187 
Stern  sapphir,  212 
Stetefeldtite,  204 
Stibi,  36 
Stibianite,  203 
Stibiatil,  804 
Stibiconise,  203 
Stibiconite,  203 
Stibine,  36 
Stibioferrite,  204 
Stibiogalenite,  862 
Stibiohexargentite,  43 
Stibiotriargentite,  43 
Stibium,  36 
Stiblite,  Stiblith,  203 
Stibnite,  36,  1048 
Stilbit  anamorphique,  574 

Blattriger,  574 
Stilbite,  583,  585;  574 
Stillolite,  v.  Opal 
Stilpnomelane,  658 
Stilpnosiderite,  250 
Stinkfluss,  161 
Stinkkalk,  267 
Stinkkohle,  1010 
Stimmi,  36 
Stinkstone,  267 
Stiflingite,  459 
Stolpeuite,  690 
Stolzite,  989 
Strahlbaryt,  902 
Strahlenkupfer,  795 
Strahlerz,  795 
Strah Ikies,  94 
Strahlstein,  385,  389;  516 
Strahlzeolith,  583 
Strakonitzite,  364 
Stratopeite,  704 
Strawstone,  549 
Stream  tin,  235 
Strengite,  822 
Striegisan,842 
Strigovite,  659 
Stroganovite,  473 
Strohstein,  549 
Stromeyerite,  56,  1048 
Stromit.  v.  Rhod<  chrosite- 
Strom  nitu,  285 
Stroii tia,  v.  Strontium 
Strontianite,  285,  1048 
Strontianocalcite,  269 
Strontium  carbonate,  285- 

silicate,  576 

sulphate,  90£ 
Struverite,  640 
Struvite,  806 
Stiibelite,  710 
Studerite,  137 
Stiitzite,  46 
Stiivenite,  953 
Stylobat,  476 
Stylotyp,  130 
Styloptypite,  130 
Stypterite,  958 
Stypticite,  968 
Subdelessite,  660 
Succinellite,  1003 
Succinic  acid,  1002: 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES. 


Succinite,  1002;  440 
Sulfatallophan.  693 
Sulfuricin,  194 
Sulpbatite,  899 

SULPHANTIMONATES,   147 
SULPHANTIMONITES,      109     et 

seq. 

SULPHARSENATES,  147 
JSULPHARSENITES,  109  et  86%. 

SULPHATES,  894  et  seq. 
SULPHIDES,  42  et  seq. 

SULPHOBISMUTHITES,    109     et 

seq. 

Sulphohalite,  917 
Sulphur,  8,  1048 

Selenic,  10 
Sulphuric  acid,  899 
Sumpferz,  250,  251 
Sundvikite,  340 
Sunstone,  332 
Susanuite,  Suzannit,  922 
Sussexite,  876 
Svabite,  1052 
Svafvel,  8 
Svafvelkis,  84 
Svanbergite,  868 
Svartmalm,  224 
Svool,  Dan.,  v.  Sulphur 
Svovlkis,  84 
Swinestone,  267 
Sychnodymite,  1049 
Syepoorite,  71 
Syhadrite,  Syhedrite,  583 
Sylvan,  Gediegen,  11 
Sylvane  graphique,  103 
Sylvanite,  103;  11 
Sylvine,  156 
Sylvite,  156,  1036,  1049 
Symplesite,  816 
Synadelphite,  801 
Syngenite,  945 
Syssiderite,  31 
Syutagmatite,  386,  388 
Szaboite,  348 
Szaibelyite,  878 
Szmikite,  933 


Tabaschir,  197 
Tabasheer,  197 
Tabergite,  653 
Tabular  spar,  371 
Tachhydrite,  178,  1049 
Tachyhydrite,      Tachydrite, 

178 

Tachylyte,  1049 
Tachyaphaltite,  486 
Tsenite,  29,  1037 
Tafelspath,  371 
Tagilite,  837 
Talc,  678 
Talc-apatite,  768 
Talc-chlorite,  661 
Talcite.  614 
Talcoid,  680 
Talcosite,  710 
Talkeisenerz,  225 
Talkerde-Alaun,  953 


Talkhydrat,  252 
Talkspath,  274 
Talksteinmark,  685 
Talktriplit,  777 
Tallingite,  174 
Tallow,  Mineral,  997 
Taltalite,  551 
Tamarite,  840 
Tamarugite,  952 
Tammite,  1049 
Tangiwai,  670 
Taukite,  337 
Tauuenite,  113 
TANTALATES,  725  et  seq. 
Tan  tale  oxyde  yttrifere,  738 
Tantalic  ocher,  201 
Tantalite,  731,  734,  736,  738 
Tapalpite,  131 
Tapiolite,  738 
Taranakite,  846 
Tarapacaite,  916 
Targionite,  48 
Tarnowitzite,  281 
Tasmanite,  1010 
Tauriscite,  939 
Tautokliu.  274 
Tautolite.  522 
Tavistockite,  799 
Taylorite,  895 
Taznite,  866 
Tecoretin,  1001 
Tecticite,  940 
Tefroit,  457 
Tekoretin,  1000 
Telaspyriue,  1049 
Telesie,  210 
Tellemarkit,  437 
Tellur,  Gediegen,  11 
TELLURATES,  979  et  seq. 
Tellurbismuth,  39 
Tellurblei,  51 
Tellure  auro-argentif£re,  103 

auro-plombifere,  105 

natif  auro-ferrif£re,  11 
Tellurgoldsilber,  48,  103 
Telluric  bismuth,  39 
Telluric  ocher,  201 
Telluric  silver,  47 
TELLURIDES,  46,  47,  48,  51, 

64,  103,  105 
Tellurige  Saure,  201 
Telluric,  11 
Tellurite,  201;  1049 
TELLURITES,  979  et  seq. 
Tellurium,  11,  1049 

Bismuthic,  39 

Black,  105 

Foliated,  105 

Graphic,  103 

Native,  11,  1049 

White,  Yellow,  103 
Tellurium  dioxide,  201 
Tellurium  glance,  v.  Nagyag- 

ite,  105 

Tellur  nickel,  76 
Tellurocker,  201 
Telltirous  acid,  201 
Tellursilber,  47,  48 
Tellursilberblei,  v.  Sylvanite, 
103 


Tellursilberbleude,  46,  103 
Tellursilberglauz,  47 
Tellursulphur,  9 
Tellurwismuth,  39 
Tellurwisnmlhsilber,  131 
Tengerite.  306 
Tenn,  Gediget.  24 
Tennantite,  137,  1049 
Teuumalm,  234 
Tenuspat,  985 
Tenorite.  209 
Tephroite.  457 
Tephrowillemite,  460 
Tequezquite,  1050 
Teratolite,  696 
Terenite,  473 
Ternarbleierz,  921 
Terra  Lemnia,  689 
Terre  verte,  683 
Teschemacherite,  294 
Tesselite,  566 
Tesseralkies,  93 
Tetartine,  327 
Tetradymite,  39,  1050 
Tetrahedrite,  137 
Tetraphyliue,  756 
Texalith,  252 
Texasite,  306 
Thaluckerite,  384 
Thalheimit,  98 
Thulile,  682 
Thallite,  516 
Thallium  seleuide,  54 
Tharandit  e,  271      - 
Thaumasite,  698 
Thenardite,  895 
Thermonatrite,  300,  1050 
Thermophyllite,  669 
Thierschite,  994 
Thiuolite,  271 
Thiorsauite,  337 
Thomaite,  276 
Thomsenolite,  180 
Thomsonite,  607,  1050 
Thoneisenstein,  276 
Thouerde,  210 

v.  Aluminium 
Thorite,  488,  1050 
Thorium  silicate,  488,  489 
Thorogummite,  893 
Thorunmin,  889 
Thraulite,  703 
Thrombolite,  1050 
Thuenite  (fr.  Thueusky  Mts., 

Ural),   v.  Ilmenite,  217 
Thulite,  513 

Thumite.  Thummerstein,  527 
Thuringite,  657 
Tiemannite,  63,  1050 
Tigererz,  143 
Tiger-eye,  401;  188 
Tile  ore,  206 
Tilkerodite,  52 
Tin,  Native,  24 
Tin  borate,  875 

oxide,  234,  1030 

sulphide,  83 

Tin  ore,  Tin  stone,  234,  1030 
Tin  pyrites,  83 
Tincal,  886 


1132 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES. 


Tincalconite,  887 
Tinder  ore,  123 
Tinkal,  886 
Tiukaizit,  887 
Tirolite,  839 
TITANATES.  711  et  seq. 
Titane  oxyde,  237,  240,  242 

silico-calcaire,  712 
Titaneiseu,217 
Titanic  acid,  237,  240,  242 

iron,  217 

Titanic  oxide,  hydrated,  259 
Titanioferrite,  217 
Titanite,  712;  237 
Titanium    oxides,   237,     240, 
242;  217,  232 

silicates,  447,  712,  717,  719 
Titanjern,       Titanjernmalm, 

217 

Titanolivine,  455 
Titanomorphite,  712 
Tiza,  887 
Toad's-eye  tin,  235 
Tobermorite,  570 
Tocorualite,  160 
Tombazite,  90,  91 
Tonsonite,  607 
Topaz,  492 

False,  187 

Oriental,  212 
Topazolite.  437,  442 
Topazoseme.  495 
Topfstein,  678 
Torbauite,  1008,  1009,  1022 
Torbernite,  856 
Torberite,  856 
Torite.  488 
Torreliie.  731 
Totaigile,  674 
Toucbstone,  189 
Tourbe  papyracee,  1010 
Tourmaline,  551,  1050 
Towauite,  80 
Trausvaalite,  260 
Traubenblei,  770,  771 
Trautwinite,  447 
Traverse! lite,  356,  390 
Travertine,  268 
Tremeuheerite,  8 
Tremolite,  385.  388 
Trichalcite,  814 
Tricbite,  1050 
Tricbopyrit,  70 
Triclasite,  v.  Fahlunite 
Tridymite,  192 
Trimerite,  460 
Trinkerite,  1010 
Tripestone,  911 
Triphane,  366 
Triphyline,  756 
Triphylite.  756 
Triplite,  777 
Triploidite,  779 
Triploklas,  607 
Tripolite,  196 
Trippkeite,  865 
Tritocborite,  787 
Tritomite,  416 
Trogerite,  859 
Troilite,  72,  1051 


Trolleite,  847 

Trombolite,  1050 

Trona,  303 

Troostite,  460 

Tropf stein,  268 

Tscheffkinite,    Tschewkinit, 

718 

Tschermakite,  328 
Tschermigite,  952 
Tuesite,  685 
Tufa,  Calcareous,  268 
Tungspat,  900 
Turjgstate  of  copper,  989 

of  iron,  982,  991 

of  lead,  989 

of  lime,  985 

of  manganese,  982 
Tuugstein,  985 
Tungsten  trioxide,  202 
Tungstic  acid  or  ocher,  202 
Tungstite,  202 
Turchesia,  844 
Turgite,  245 
Turjit,  245 
Turkey-fat  ore,  280 
Tin-Ids,  844 
Turmali,  482 
Turmalin,  551 
Turned! e,  749 
Turquesa,  844 
Turquois,  844 
Turquoise,  844 
Tyreeite,  1051 
Tyrite,  728 
Tyrolite,  839 
Tysonite,  166 


U 

Uddevallite,  218 
Uigite,  532 

Uintahite.  Uintaite,  1020 
Ulexite,  887 
Ullmannite,  91,  1051 
Ultramarine,  432,  433 
Umangite,  1051 
Umite,  535 
Ungbwnrite,  701 
Unionite,  513 
Uraconise,  Uraconite,  978 
Uralite,  390;  364 
Uralorthite,  522 
Uranatemnite,  889 
URANATES,  889  et  seq. 
Uran  bl  lithe,  978 
Urane  oxydule,  889 
Uranglimmer,  856,  857 
Uran green,  978 
Urangrun,  978 
Urangummi,  892 
Uranin,  889 
Uraninite,  889 
Uraniscbes  Gummierz,  889 
Uraniscbes  Pittinerz,  889 
Uranite,  856,  857 
Uranium  arsenates,  857,  858, 
859,  860 

carbonates,  307,  308 

niobates,  727,  741 


Uranium     phosphates,     866. 

857,  859 

silicates,  444,  699 

sulphate.  978 

Urankalk-Carbonat,  308,  307 
Uranmica,  856 
Uranocbalcite.  978 
Uran  ocher,  978 
Uranocircite,  859 
Uranoniobit,  739;  889 
Uranophane,  699 
Urauopilite,  978 
Uranosphaerite,  893 
Uranospinite,  858 
Uranotantal,  739 
Uranothallite,  307 
Uranotborite,  488 
Urauotil,  699 
Uranoxyd,  889 
Uranpecberz,  889 
Uranphyllit,  856 
Uranvitriol,  978 
Urao,  303 
Urdite,  749 
Urpethite,  999 
Urusite.  973 
Urvolgyite,  962 
Utahite,  966 
Uvarovite,  438,  444 
Uwarowit,  438,  444 


Vaalite,  667 
Valaite,  1051 
Valencianite   315 
Valentinite,  199 
Valleriite,  108 
Valuevite,  639 
VANADATES,  773,  787  et  seq. 
Vanadic  ocher,  201 
Vanadiubleierz,  773 
Vanadinite.  773 
Vauadiolite,  792 
Vanadite.  787 
Vanadium  silicates,  356,  548, 

635 

Vanuxemite,  549 
Vargasite,  364 
Variegated  copper,  77 
Variscite,  824 
Varvacite,  Varvicite,  258 
Vasite,  526 
Vatten.  205 
Vattenkies,  73 
Vauqueline.  915 
Vauquelinite,  915 
Velvet  copper  ore,  963 
Veuasquite,  642 
Venerite,  710 
Venus-hairstone.  237 
Verd-antique,  671;  267 
VERMICULITES.  664,  665 
Vermilion,  v.  Cinnabar,  66 
Vermontite.  98 
Vesbine,  1051 
Vestan,  194 
Vestorien,  1051 
Vesuvian  salt,  897 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES, 


1133 


Vesuviamte,  477 
Veszelyite,  841 
Viaudite,  196 
Vicklovite,  792 
Victorite.  346 
Vierzouite,  695 
Vietinghotite.  740 
Villarsite,  455 
Villemite.  460 
Viluite,  371 
Viluite,  437,  444 
Violan,  356 
Violite,  965 
Viridite,  664 
Vitreous  copper,  55 

silver,  46 
Vitriol,  941 

Blue,  944 

Cobult,  943 

Copper,  944 

Green,  941 

Iron,  941 

Lead,  908 

Nickel,  940 

Red,  943 

Red  Iron,  972 

White.  939 

Zinc,  939 
Vitriol  ocher,  970 
Vitriolbleierz,  908 
Vitriolgelb,  974 
Vitriolo  azul,  944 

calcareo,  «.  Gypsum 

marcial,  v.  Melanterite,  941 

rojo,  v.  Botryogen 

verde,  v.  Melanterite 
Vivianite,  814 
Vod,  257 
Vogesite,  437 
Voglianite,  978 
Voglite,  308 
Voigtite,  632 
Volborthite,  838 
Voelknerite,  256 
Volcanite,  10,  352 
Volchonskoite,  696 
Volfrara,  982 
Volgerite,  203 
Volknerite,  256 
Volnyne,  v.  AVolnyn,  902 
Voltaite,  972 
Voltzite,  Voltzine,  107 
Voraulite,  798 
Vorbauserite,  669 
Vreckite,  706 
Vulpinite,  910 


W 

Wacbskohl,  1000 
Wacbsopal,  195 
Wackenrodite,  257 
Wad,  257 
Wagit,  546 
Wagnerite,  775 
Walchowite,  1005 
Waldbeimite,  398 
Walkerite,  373   695 
Walktbon,  Walkerde,  695 


Walleriau,  386,  392 
Walmstedtite,  274 
Walpurgite,  Walpurgin,  860 
Waltherite,  307 
Waluewite,  639 
WTandstein,  274 
Wapplerite,  831 
Wariuglonite,  925 
Warrenite,  120 
Warringtonite,  925 
Warwickite,  881 
Wasbingtonite,  217 
Wasite,  526 
Wasser,  205 
Wasserblei,  41 
Wasserbleisilber,  40 
Wasserglimmer,  650 
AVasserkies,  94 
Wassersappbir,  419 
Water,  2u5 
Water-sappbire,  419 
WattevilHte,  950 
Wavellite,  842;  254 
Webskyite,  674 
Websterite,  970 
Wehrlite,  40,  1052;  541 
Weibyeite,  291 
Weicbbraunstein,  243 
Weicbeisen  kies,     v.    Wasser- 

kies,  94 

Weichmangan,  243 
Weissbleierz,  286 
Weisserkies,  9 
Weisserz,  96,  104 
Weissgolderz,  103 
Weissffilltigerz,  124,  137 
Weissfan,  v.  Scolecite,  604 
Weissigite,  315 
Weissite,  421 
Weisskupfer,  44 
Weisskupfererz,  79;  95,  96 
AVeissnickelkies,  88,  101 
Weisspiessglanzerz,  199 
Weiss-Sylvanerz,  108 
Weissteflur,  104 
Wernerite,  468 
Wertbemanite,  970 
Westanite.  499 
Wbeel  ore,  126 
Wbeelerite,  1008 
Whewellite,  993 
Wbite  antimony,  199 

arsenic,  198 

copper,  44 

copperas,  939,  956 

garnet,  342 

iron  pyrites,  94 

lead  ore,  286 

nickel,  88,  101 

olivine,  450 

tellurium,  103 

vitriol,  939 
Whitneyite,  45 
Wicklowite.  792 
Wichtine,  Wicbtisite,  1052 
Wieseuerz,  251,  250 
Wilhelmite,  460 
Willcoxite,  668 
Willemite,  460 
Williamsite,  460,  669 


Wilsonite,  473,  622 
Wiluite,  437,  477 
Wiuebergite,  9?0 
Wiuklente.  260 
Winkwortbite,  882 
Wiserine,  241 
Wiserite,  253 
Wismutb,  Gediegeu,  13 
Wismutbbleierz,   122 
Wismutb  blende,  436 
Wisumthglanz,  38 
Wismutbkobalterz,  89 
Wismutb  kupfererz,  113, 119, 

128 

Wismutbuickelkies,  75 
Wismutbnickelkobaltkies,  75 
AVismuthocker,  ^00 
Wismutboxyd,  Kolens.,  290, 

307 

Wismutbsilber,  45,  122 
Wismutbspatb,  307 
Witbauiite,  516 
Witherite,  284 
Wittichenite,  Witticbite,  128 
Wittingite,  704 
Wocbeinite,  251 
Wodankies,  v.  Gersdorfflte 
Wohlerite,  376 
Wolcbite,  126 
Wolcbonskoite.  696 
Wolfachite,  102 
Wolfram,  982 
Wolframbleierz,  989 
Wolframine,  982 
Wolframite,  982 
Wolframocber,  202 
Wolfsbergite,  113;  122 
Wollongongite,  1024 
Wollastonite,  371;  1052 
Wolnyn.  902 
Wood,  Fossil,  Petrified,  189., 

195 

Wood  copper,  785 
Wood  opal,  195 
Wood  tin,  235 
Woodwardite,  962 
Worthite,  498 
Wulfenite,  989 
Wundererde,  696 
Wuudersalz,  931 
Wurfelauliydrit,  911 
Wurfelerz.  847 
Wilrfelgyps,  910 
Wurfelspath,  910 
Wilrfelzeolith,  589 
Wurtzilite,  1019 
Wurtzite,  70,  1051 


Xantharsenite.  769 
Xantbiosite,  870 
Xantbitane,  716 
Xantbite,  477 
Xantboarsenite,  769 
Xanthoconite,  149 
Xantbokon,  149 
Xantholite,  558 
Xanthophyllite,  639 


1134 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES. 


Xanthopyrites,  84 
Xanthorthit,  522 
Xanthosiderite,  251,  964 
Xenolite,  498 
Xenotime,  748 
Xonaltite,  569 
Xonotlite,  569,  1052 
Xylite.  Xylotile,  711 
Xylochlore,  566 
Xyloretiuite,  1009 


Yanolite,  527 
Yellow  copperas,  964 

copper  ore,  80 

lead  ore,  989 

tellurium,  103 
Yenite,  541 
Yeremeyevite,  875 
Yeso,  933 
Youngite,  108 
Ypoleime,  794 
Ytterbite,  509 
Yttererde,  v.  Yttrium 
Ytterflussspath,  182 
Yttergranat,  437,  443 
Ytterspath,  748 
Yttrialite,  512 
Yttrium  carbonate,  306 

fluoride,  182 

niobates,  729,  739,  744,  etc. 

phosphate,  748 

silicates,  413,  509,  512,  522, 
698,  1047 

tantalate,  739 
Yttrocalcit,  182 
Yttrocererite,  182 
Yttrocerite,  182 
Yttrocolumbite,  ID.  Yttrotan- 

talite,  738 
Yttroguminite,  893 
Yttroilmenite,  738,  739 
Yttrotantalite,  738;  729 
Yttrotitanite,  717 
Yu,  Yu-shih,  371 


Zafiro,  Sp.,  v.  Sapphire,  210 


Zala,  v.  Borax 
Zamtite,  306 
Zaratite,  306 
Zeagouite,  586 
Zeasite,  v.  Opal,  194 
Zeilauite,  220 
Zellkies,  94 
Zeolite/ Cubic,  595;  589 

Efflorescing-,  587 

Feather,  600 

Fibrous,  600,  604,  605 

Foliated,  574,  583 

Mealy,  600,  605 

Needle,  600 

Pyramidal,  566 

Radiated,  583 
ZEOLITES,  570-610 
Zeolith.Schwarzer,  509 
Zepharovichite,  825 
Zerrmattite,  669 
Zeugite,  829 
Zeunerite,  857 
Zeuxite,  557 
Zeylanite,  220 
Zianite,  v.  Cyanite,  500 
Ziegelerz,  206 
Zietrisikite,  999 
Zigueline,  206 
Zillerthite,  385 
Zimapanite,  161 
Zinc,  Native,  14,  1052 

Red  Oxide  of,  208 
Zinc  aluminate,  223 

arsenates,  786,  819,  841 

bromide,  161 

carbonates,  279;  280,  298, 
299 

ferrate,  227 

iodide,  161 

oxide,  208 

oxysulphide,  107 

phosphate,  808 

silicates,  460,  546;  435 

sulphates,  912,  939,  977 

sulphides,  59,  70 

vanadates,  787,  791 
Zinc  blende,  59 
Zinc  bloom,  299 
Zinc  vitriol,  939 
Zinc  ore,  Red,  208 


Zincaluminite,  977 
Zincite,  208,  1052 
Zinckeuit,  112 
Ziuco,  14 
Ziucocalcite,  269 
Zincouise,  299 
Ziuk,  14 

Zinkarseuiat,  819 
Zinkazurit,  298 
Zinkblende,  59 
Zinkbl lithe,  299 
Zinkeiseuspath,  279 
Zinkenite.  112 
Zinkfuhlerz,  137 
Zinkglas,  546 
Zinkit,  208 
Zinkkieselerz,  546 
Zinkosite,  912 
Zinkoxyd,  208 
Zinkphyllit.  808 
Ziukspath,  279 
Zinkvitriol,  939 
Zinn,  Gediegen,  24 
Geschwefeltes,  83 
Zinnerz,  234 
Zinugraupen,  235 
Zinnkies,  83 
Zinnober,  66 
Ziimstein,  234 
Zinnwaldite,  626 
Zippeite,  978 
Zircarbite,  1052 
•Zircon,  482 
Zirconite,  482 
Zirconium      silicates,       482; 

374,  375,  376,  377.    409, 

412 

Zirkou-pektolith,  374 
Zirlite,  255 
Zoblitzite,  674 
Zoisite,  513,  1035 
Zolestin,  905 
Zoiiochlorite,  610 
Zorgite,  53 
Zundererz,  123 
Zunyite,  436 
Zurlite,  474 
Zwieselite,  777 
Zwitter,  235 
Zygadite,  328 


FIRST  APPENDIX 


TO  THE 


SIXTH  EDITION 


OF 


DANA'S  SYSTEM  OF  MINERALOGY 


BY 

EDWARD  S.  DANA 

PROFESSOR  OF  PHYSICS  AND  CURATOR  OF  MINERALOGY     YALE  UNIVERSITY 


COMPLETING  THE  WOEK  TO  1899 


NEW  YORK 
JOHN  WILEY  &  SONS 

LONDON:    CHAPMAN  &  HALL,  LIMITED 
1911 


Copyright,  1899, 

BY 

EDWARD  S.  DAlfA. 


THE    SCIENTIFIC    PRESS 

ROBERT   DRUMMOND   AND   COMPANY 

BROOKLYN,   N.    Y. 


PREFATORY  NOTE. 


THIS  First  Appendi*  to  the  Sixth  'Edition  of  the  System  of  Mineralogy  issued  In  1892  is 
designed  to  make  the  work  complete  up  to  and  including  the  early  part  of  1899. 

This  Appendix  contains,  first  of  all,  full  descriptions  of  the  species  announced  as  new  since  the 
publication  of  the  System.  There  are  no  fewer  than  one  hundred  and  sixty  names  here  in- 
cluded, and  their  place  in  the  general  scheme  of  classification  adopted  in  the  System  is  shown  in 
the  classified  list  given  in  the  Introduction.  Unfortunately  many  of  the  new  names,  introduced 
into  the  science,  during  this  period,  have  little  claim  to  recognition,  either  because  of  the  incom- 
pleteness of  the  original  examination  or  the  unsatisfactory  nature  of  the  material  investigated. 
On  the  other  hand  a  considerable  part  of  the  descriptions  leave  nothing  to  be  desired  both  as 
regards  fullness  and  accuracy.  The  relative  importance  of  the  new  names  is  approximately 
indicated  by  the  type  used  in  the  classified  list. 

In  addition  to  the  description  of  new  minerals,  this  Appendix  is  intended  to  contain  also  refer- 
ences to  all  important  papers  on  mineral  species  published  during  the  period  named;  with  each 
reference  is  given  a  concise  statement  of  its  character,  and  so  far  as  possible  a  summary  of  ita 
contents.  Since,  however,  the  additions  to  rniueralogical  literature  have  been  very  numerous,  it  has 
been  necessary  in  order  to  keep  this  work  within  reasonable  compass  to  adhere  rigidly  to  a  system 
of  extreme  brevity  of  expression  and  conciseness  of  arrangement.  All  minerals  named  are,  for 
convenience,  placed  in  alphabetical  order. 

For  an  explanation  of  the  Abbreviations  made  use  of  in  the  case  of  periodicals,  also  of  the 
crystallographical,  optical  and  chemical  symbols  employed,  reference  is  made  to  the  Introduction 
to  the  System  (1892),  pp.  xlv-li,  and  pp.  xiii-xl.  General  abbreviations  are  explained  on  pp. 
Ixi-lxiii. 

The  Bibliography  includes  the  full  titles  of  prominent  volumes  published  since  1891.  In  addition 
attention  is  called  to  the  large  number  of  important  memoirs  on  physical  subjects,  recently  issued, 
particularly  those  on  the  molecular  structure  of  crystals  as  related  to  the  symmetry  of  form  by 
Fedorow,  SchSnflies,  Goldschmidt,  Barlow,  Viola,  and  others.  These  and  other  related  papers 
will  be  found  either  in  full  or  as  abstracts  in  Groth's  invaluable  Zeitschrift  fur  Krystallographie 
und  Mineralogie,  vols.  20-30  inclusive. 

The  thanks  of  the  author  are  due  to  his  colleagues,  Prof.  S.  L.  Penfield  and  L.  V.  Pirsson. 
The  former  has  had  the  kindness  to  furnish  brief  accounts  of  some  new  species  now  for  the  first 
time  publicly  described. 

Narw  HAVKN,  June  1, 1899. 

iii 


INTEODUCTION. 


BIBLIOGEAPHY. 

BARRINGER,  D.  M.    A  Description  of  Minerals  of  Commercial  Value.    186  pp.    New  York,  1897. 

BAUER,  M.     Edelsteinkunde.     Leipzig,  1895-96. 

BAUMHAUER,  H.     Die  Resultate  der  Aetzmethode  in   der  krystallographischen   Forschung  an 

einer  Reihe  von  krystallisirten  Korperu  dargestellt.     131  pp.,  12  plates.     Leipzig,  1894. 
BEHRENS,  "W.     Tabellen  zum  Gebrauch  bei  mikroskopischen  Arbeiten.     3d  ed.     Braunschweig, 

1898. 
BERWERTH,  F.     Mikroskopische  Strvicturbilder  der  Massigengesteine  in  f arbigen  Lithographien . 

32  plates.     Stuttgart. 
BRAUNS,  R.     Die  optischen  Anomalien  der  Krystalle.     370  pp.,  6  plates.     Leipzig,  1891.     [Preis- 

schriften  gekront  und  herausgegebeu  von  der  Filrstlich  Jablonowskischen  Gesellschaft.] 

Chemische  Mineral ogie.     460  pp.     Leipzig,  1896. 

BROGGER,  W.  C.     Die  Eruptivgesteiue  des  Krislianiagebietes.     I.  Die  Gesteine  der  Grorudit- 

Tinguait  Serie.     205  pp.     1894.     II.  Die  Eruptionsfolge  der  triadiscben  Eruptivgesteine  bei 

Predazzo  in   Stldtyrol.      183  pp.      1895.      III.    Das   Gangfolge   des  Laurdalits.      377  pp. 

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BRUSH-PENFIELD.     Manual  of  Determinative  Mineralogy,  with  an  Introduction  on    Blowpipe 

Analysis  by  G.  J.  BRUSH.     Revised  and  enlarged  by  SAMUEL  L.  PENFIELD.     108  pp.     New 

York,  1896. 
—  The  same  revised,  with  New  Tables  for  the  Identification  of  Minerals  by  S.  L.  PENFIELD. 

312  pp.    New  York,  1898. 
CHESTER,  A.  H.    A  Dictionary  of  the  Names  of  Minerals,  including  their  History  and  Etymology. 

320  pp.     New  York,  1896. 
COHEN,  E.     Meteoritenkunde.    Heft  1,  Untersuchungsmethoden  und  Charakteristik  der  Gemeng- 

theile.     337  pp.     Stuttgart,  1894. 

CUMENGE,  E.,  and  ROBELLAZ,  F.     L'Or  dans  la  Nature.     106  pp.     Paris,  1898. 
DANA,  E.  S.     Minerals  and  How  to  Study  Them.     380  pp.     New  York,  1895. 
A  Text-book  of  Mineralogy,  with  an  extended  Treatise  on  Crystallography  and  Physical 

Mineralogy.     3d  ed.     593  pp.     New  York,  1898. 
DE  LAUNAY,  L.     Les  Diamants  du  Cap.     223  pp.     Paris,  1897. 
DES  CLOTZEAUX,   A.     Manuel  de  Mineralogie.     Vol.  2,  pt.  2,   pp.   Iv-lx,  209-544.     PI.  Ixix- 

Ixxxiv.     Paris,  1893. 

DOELTER,  C.     Edelsteinkunde.    Leipzig,  1893. 
ENDLICH,  F.  M.     Manual  of  Qualitative  Blowpipe    Analysis    and  Determinative  Mineralogy. 

456  pp.     New  York,  1892. 
FLETCHER,  L.     The   Optical  Indicatrix  and  the  Transmission  of  Light  in  Crystals.     112  pp. 

London,  1890. 
PRAZER,  PERSIFOR.     Tables  for  the  Determination  of  Minerals  by  Physical  Properties  ascertain- 

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bach.     4th  ed.     163  pp.     Philadelphia,  1897. 
FRIEDEL.  C.     Cours  de  Mineralogie  professe  a  la  Faculte  des  Sciences  de  Paris.     Miueralogie 

generate.     416  pp.     Paris,  1895. 

FUCHS,  C.  W.  C.     Anleitung  znin  Bestimmen  der  Mineralien.     4th  ed.     Giessen,  1898. 
GADOLTN,  A.     Abhandhmg  ilber  die  Herleitung  aller  krystallographischen  Systeme  mit  ihren 

Unterabtheilungen  aus  einem  Prinzip.     (Republished  in  Ostwald's  Klassiker,  No.  75,  Leip- 
zig, 1896. 
QOLDSCHMIDT,  V.     Krystallographische  Winkeltabellen.     432  pp.     Berlin,  1897. 


VI  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

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Tabellarische  Uebersicht  der  Miueralieu  nach  ihren  krystallographisch-cheuiischen  Bezieh- 

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KLOCKMANN,  F.     Lehrbuch  der  Mineralogie.     467  pp.     Stuttgart,  1892. 
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notice  and  Index  to  Vols.  1  to  11.     St.  Petersburg,  1891-92. 
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804  pp.,  1896. 
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late  Henry  Carvill  Lewis,  edited  by  T.  G.  BONNEY.  London  and  New  York,  1897. 
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LUEDECKE,  O.     Die  Minerale  des  Harzes.     643  pp.,  with  atlas  and  27  plates.     Berlin,  1896. 
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192  pp.     Leipzig,  1895. 

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TSCHERMAK,  G.     Lehrbuch  der  Mineralogie.     4th  ed.r  Vienna,  1833.     5th  ed.,  1897. 
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1898. 
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Tabellen  zur  Bestimmung  der  Mineralien  nach  ftussereii  Ivenuzeichen.     4th  ed.     1892. 

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Die  Meteoriten  in  Sammlungen  und  ihre  Literatur.     Tubingen,  1897. 

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F.  BECKE).     Vienna,  1893. 


CLASSIFIED  LIST  OF  NEW  NAMES. 


I.  NATIVE  ELEMENTS,  Min.  pp.  2-32. 

JOSEPHINITE  (p.  38),  FeaNi6.     Near  Awaruite,  Min.  p.  29. 
Graphitite  (p.  31).     Var.  Graphite,  Min.  p.  7. 

II.  SULPHIDES,  TELLURIDES,  ARSENIDES,  ETC.,  Min.  pp.  38-101 

GRUNLINGITE  (p.  31),  Bi4TeS3.     Near  Tetradymite,  Min.  p.  39. 

Quirogite  (p.  58).     An  impure  Galena,  Min.  p.  48  ? 

Heazlewoodite  (p.  33),  Folgerite  (p.  52).     Essentially  Pentlandite,  Min.  p.  6& 

Gunnarite  (p.  31),  Fe8Ni2S8?    Near  Pentlandite. 

Hauchecornite  (p.  33),  (Ni,Co),(S,Bi,Sb)8.     Near  Polydymite,  Min.  p.  75. 

BARRACANITE,  Cupropyrite  (p.  21).    Near  Cubanite,  Min.  p.  79. 

Blueite  (p.  56),  Whartonite  (p.  56).     Same  as  Pyrite,  Min.  p.  84. 

Willyamite  (p.  73),  CoSbS.NiSbS.     Near  Ullmannite,  Min.  p.  91. 

BISMUTOSMALTITE,  NiCKEL-SKUTTERUDiTE  (p.  63).    Varieties  of  Skutterudltc,  Min.  p.  961 

Goldschmidtite  (p.  30),  Au2AgTe6.     Near  Sylvanite,  Min.  p.  103. 

KALGOORLITE  (p.  38),  HgAu2Ag«Te8. 

HI.  SULPHO-SALTS,  Min.  pp.  109-151. 

1.    SULPHARSENITES,    SuLPHANTIMONITES,    ETC. 

Andorite,  Webnerite,   Sundtite  (p.   4),   2PbS.Ag2S.3SbaS3.     Related  to  Zinkenite 
Min.  p.  111. 

Lorandite  (p.  43),  Tl2S.As2S3.     Near  Miargyrite,  Min.  p.  116. 

Pearceite  (p.  50),  9AgaS.AsaS3.     Near  Polybasite,  Min.  p.  146. 

Rathite  (p.  58),  contains  S,As(Sb),Pb.     Related  to  Dufrenoysite,  Min.  p.  120,  and  Jameson 
Ite,  p.  122. 

2.    SULPHOSTANNATES. 

Canfieldite  (p.  13),  4Ag,S.(Sn,Ge)S2.     Near  Argyrodite,  4Ag,S.GeS,.  p.  6,  and  Mia,  p.  150, 
Oylindrite,  Kylindrit  (p.  21),  6PbS.Sb,S3.6SnS,. 
Franckeite  (p.  26),  5PbS.Sb2S3.2SnS3. 

IV.  CHLORIDES,  BROMIDES,  IODIDES,  Min.  pp.  162-182. 
1.  ANHYDROUS  CHLORIDES,  ETC. 

Marshite  (p.  45),  Cu2Ia.     In  Group  with  Nantokite,  p.  154. 
Miersite  (p.  47),  Ag2Ia.       "        "          "  "  " 

Cupro-iodargyrite  (p.  21),  CuI.AgI  or  CuaI2.AgaI,. 

2.    OXYCHLORIDES. 

Paralaurionite  (p.  50),  PbCla.Pb(OHa)a.     Near  LaurionitC,  p.  17t 
Penfieldite  (p.  51),  PbO.2PbCla. 

vii 


Viii  CLASSIFIED  LIST  OF  NEW  NAMES. 

CUMENGITE,  PSEUDOBOLEITE  (p.  52).     Near  Percylite  and  Boleite,  Min.  pp.  172  and  1038. 
METANOCERINE  (p.  46).     Near  Nocerite,  Min.  p.  174? 

V.  OXIDES,  Min.  pp,  183-260. 

QUARTZINE,  LUTECINE,  LuTKCiTE  (p.  58).     Near  Quartz,  Min.  p.  183. 

Cubaite,  Guanabaquite,  Guanabacoite'(p.  58).     Same  as  Quartz. 

MITCHELLITE  (p.  17).     Var.  Chromite<Magnochromite),  Min.  p.  228. 

Baddeleyite,  Brazilite  (p.  8),  ZrOa. 

Dicksbergite  (p.  23).     Same  as  Rutile,  Min.  p.  237. 

Mesabite  (p.  30).     Yar.  Gothite,  Min.  p.  247. 

Schulzenite  (p.  61).     Near  Asbolite,  Min.  p.  258. 


Geikielite  (p.  28),  MgO.TiOa. 

Bixbyite  (p.  10),  FeO.MnO2. 

Senaite  (p.  61),  (Fe,Pb)O.2(Ti,Mn)O2. 

Zirkelite  (p.  75),  (Ca,Fe)O.2(Zr,Ti,Th)Oa. 

The  above  may  properly  be  placed  with  the  Titanates  (Manganates,  Zirconates). 

VI.  i.  CARBONATES,  Min.  pp.  261-309. 

Northupite  (p.  49),  MgCO3.Na2CO3.NaCl. 

Pirssonite  (p.  53),  CaCO3.NaaCO3.2H2O. 

KTYPEITE  (p.  39),  CaCO3. 

Hydrocalcite  (p.  36). 

Taraspite  (p.  67).     Var.  Dolomite,  Min.  p.  271. 

Calcistrontite  (p.  13).     A  mixture  of  Calcite  and  Strontianite. 

VI.  2.  SILICATES. 
A.  ANHYDROUS  SILICATES,  Min.  pp.  310-562. 

Epididymite  (p.  24),  HNaBeSi3O8.     Near  Eudidymite,  Min.  p.  313. 
Celsian  (p.  15),  BaAlaSiaO8.     Barium  Feldspar,  near  Anorthite,  Min.  p.  337. 

Urbanite,  Lindesite  (p.  70),  (Ca,Mg)SiO3  +  2NaFe(SiO3)2.     Pyroxene  Group,  Min.  p.  314. 
FEDOROVITE  (p.  57).     Bet.  ^Egirite-augite  and  u32girite,  Pyroxene  Group,  Min.  p.  344. 
Hainite  (p.  31),  contains  Ti,  Zr,  Na,  Ca.  Related  to  Lavenite,  p.  375,  WGhlerite,  Min.  p.  376,  etc. 
HASTINGSITE  (p.  3),  PHILIPSTADITE  (p.  3),  Xiphonite  (p.  3).     Referred  to  Amphibole,  Min. 
p.  385. 

RHODUSITE  (p.  29).     Near  Glaucophane,  Min.  p.  399. 

CATAPHORITE  (p.  14).     Bet.  Arfvedsouite  and  Barkevikite,  Min.  pp.  401,  403. 

CROSBITE  'p.  20).     Bet.  Glaucophane  and  Riebeckite,  Min.  pp.  399,  400. 

VALLEITE  (p.  71).     Near  Anthophyllite,  Min.  p.  384. 

Elpidite  (p.  24),  H6NaaZrSi6O18.     Related  to  Catapleiite,  Min.  p.  412. 

Hardystonite  (p.  32),  CaaZnSiaO7.     Near  Ganomalite,  Mm.  p.  422  ? 

Nasonite  (p.  48),  (Ca,Pb)10ClaSi«Oai. 

RHODOLITE  (p.  28),  LAGORIOLITE  (p.  28).     Varieties  of  Garnet,  Min.  p.  437. 

Ransfttite  (p.  28).     Same  as  Garnet  (spessartite),  Min.  p.  442. 

Glaucochroite  (p.  29),  CaMu8iO4.     Chrysolite  Group,  Mm.  p.  449. 

Iddingsite  (p.  36).     Probably  an  altered  Chrysolite,  p.  451. 

Fuggerite  (p.  27).     Near  Gehlenite,  Min.  p.  476. 

MANGANANDALUSITE  (p.  4),  MALTESITE  (p.  4).     Varieties  of  Andalusite,  Min.  p.  496. 

Thalenite  (p.  68),  H2Y4Si4O1B.     Near  Yttrialite,  Min.  p.  512. 

CLINOZOISITE,  Klinozoisit  (p.  17).     Calcium-epidote  (monoclinic),  Min.  p.  516. 

in 
Eanoockite  (p.  32),  contains  Si,  Pb,  Ca,  Sr,  Al,  Fe.     Epidote  Group? 

Prolectito  (p.  55),  probably  Mg[Mg(F,OH)]SiO4.     Humite  Group,  Min,  p.  535. 


CLASSIFIED  LIST  OF  NEW  NAMES.  IX 

Clinohedrite  (p.  17),  H2ZuCaSiO4.     Near  Calamine,  Min.  p.  546. 
Lawsonite  (p.  41),  H4CaAl2SiaO10.     Ne'ar  Carpholite,  Min.  p.  549. 
Roeblingite  (p.  60),  5HaCaSiO4.20aPbSO4. 
COSMOCHLORE,  Kosmochlor,  Kosmochromit  (p.  20).     A  chromium  silicate. 

B.  OTHER  SILICATES,  CHIEFLY  HYDROUS  SPECIES,  Miii.  pp.  562-711. 

Wellsite  (p.  72),  RAlaSi3O10.3H2O.     Phillipsite  Group,  Min.  p.  579. 

Erionite  (p.  25),  H2CaKaNa2AlaSi6O,7  +  5H2O. 

Gonnardite  (p.  30),  (Ca,Naa)aAlaSi6O,»  +  5£HaO. 

METADEBMINE  (p.  65).     Near  Stilbite,  Min.  p.  583. 

METASCOLEZITE  (p.  61).     Near  Scolezite,  Min.  p.  604. 

LEMBERGITE  (p.  42),  5NaaAlaSiaO8  +  4H2O. 

BADDECKITE  (p.  7).     Near  Muscovite,  Miu.  p.  614. 

Caswellile  (p.  14).     Altered  mica. 

BEACONITE  (p.  66).     Var.  Talc,  Min.  p.  678. 

PSEUDOPYROPHYLLITE  (p.  56).     Near  Pyrophyllite,  Min.  p.  691. 

HOEFERITE  (p.  35),  2Fe9O8.4SiOa.7H2O.     Near  Cbloropal,  Min.  p.  70L 

ALEXANDROLITE  (p.  7),  contains  H2O,Al2O3,CraO3,SiOa. 

BATAVITE  (p.  9),  contains  HaO,MgO,AlaO3,SiOa. 

Taylorite  (p.  67).     A  clay. 

Weldite  (p.  72),  contains  SiOa,  A13O3,  NaaO. 

TiTANo-SiLicATES,  TiTANATES,  Min.  pp.  711-724. 

LAMPBOPHYLLITE  (p.  40).     Near  Astrophyllite,  Min.  p.  719  ? 
Neptunite  (p.  49).     Near  Titanite,  p.  712. 

Knopite  (p.  39).     Near  Perovskite  and  Dysanalyte,  Min.  pp.  722,  724. 
Other  Titanates  are  mentioned  on  the  preceding  page. 

.       VI.  3.  NIOBATES,  TANTALATES,  Min.  pp.  725-746. 

Mossite  (p.  48),  Fe(Nb,Ta)aO6.     Near  Tapiolite,  p.  738. 
STIBIOTANTALITE,  SbaO3.(Ta,Nb)aO6  ? 

VI.  4.  PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,  ETC.,  Min.  pp.  747-861. 

Adelite  (p.  1,  also  Min.  p.  1052),  (MgOH)CaAsO4.     Wagnerite  Group,  Min.  p.  775. 

Tilasite  (p.  68),  Fluor-adelite,  (MgF)CaAsO4. 

MANGANBERZELIITE  (p.  10).     Near  Berzeliite  (Pyrrharsenite),  Min.  753. 

Rhodophosphite  (p.  59).     Same  as  Apatite,  Min.  p.  762  ? 

Retzian  (p.  59).     Basic  arsenate  of  manganese,  etc. 

Gersbyite  (p.  28).     Near  Lazulite,  Min.  p.  798. 

HAUTEFEUILLITE  (p.  33),  (Mg,Ca)3PaOb  +  8HaO.     Near  Bobierrite,  Min.  p.  817. 

Wardite  (p.  71),  2A12O3.P2O>.4H2O. 

MINERVITE  (p.  47),  Al2O3.PaO5.7H2O. 

Utahlite  (p.  71).     Same  as  Variscite,  Min.  p.  824. 

KEHOEITE  (p.  38),  ZuO  4AlaO3.5P2Ofi.9H2O. 

Carnotite  (p.  13),  K2O.2U2O3.VaO6.3H2O. 

The  following  are  imperfectly  described  arsenates,  or  antimonates,  of  manganese  or  iron, 
or  both  : 

Basiliite  (p.  9),  Chloroarsenian  (p.  16),  Chondrostibian  (p.  17),  Elfstorpite  (p.  24),  Lampro- 
stibian  (p.  40),  Magnetostibian  (p.  44),  Melanostibian  (p.  44),  Rhodoarsenian  (p.  59),  Sjogrufvite 
(p.  62). 

ANTIMONATES,  Min.  pp.  861-866. 

Tripuhyite  (p.  70),  2FeO.SbaOs. 

Derbylite  (p.  22),  6FeO.5TiOa.Sb2O5. 


X  CLASSIFIED  LIST  OF  NEW  NAMES. 

Lewisite  (p.  42),  5CaO.2TiO,.3Sb2O5. 
Mauzeliite  (p.  45),  4(Ca,Pb)O.TiOa.2Sb9O». 

PHOSPHATES  (ARSENATEB)  WITH  SULPHATES,  Min.  pp.  866-869. 

Losseuite  (p.  44),  2PbSO4.3(FeOH)3A2O8  +  12HaO. 
Muukforssite  (p.  48).     Near  Svanbergite,  Min.  p.  868. 
Munkrudite  (p.  48).          "  "  "  " 

VI.  5.  BORATES,  Mia.  pp.  874-689. 

Ascharite  (p.  6),  3MgaBaO6.2H2O. 
Sulphoborite  (p.  65),  4MgHBO3.2MgSO4.7HaO. 

URANATES,  Min.  pp.  889-893. 
Mackintoshite  (p.  44),  UOa.3ThOa.3SiOa.3HaO.     Near  Thorogummite,  Min.  p.  893. 

VI.  6.  SULPHATES,  CHROMATES,  Min.  pp.  894-981. 

Langbeinite  (p.  40),  KaSO4.2MgSO4. 
Dietzeite  (p.  23),  7Ca(IO3)2.8CuCrO4. 
BERESOVITE  (p.  9),  6PbO.3CrO3.COa. 

SALVADORITE  (p.  60),  (Cu,Fe)SO4  +  7H2O.     Near  Pisauite,  Min.  p.  943. 
SIDEROTIL  (p.  62),  FeSO4  +  5H2O. 

Leonite,  Kaliblodite,  Kaliastrakauite  (p.  42),  K2SO4.MgSO4  +  4H8O.     Near  Blodite,  Min, 
p.  940. 

Seelundke  (p.  01).     Near  Pickeriugite,  Min.  p.  953. 

Masrite  (p.  45).     An  alum  near  Halotricbite,  Min.  p.  954. 

KAMAREZITE  (p.  38),  (CuOH)2SO4.Cu(OH)a.6H2O.     Near  Langite,  Min.  p.  961. 

PLANOFERRITE  (p.  54),  FeaO3.SO3.15H2O. 

IDRIZITE  (p.  36).     Near  Botryogen,  Miu.  p.  972. 

CUBEITE,  Kubeit  (p.  21),  contains  SO3,Fe2O3,MgO,HaO. 

Kauaiite  (p.  38),  contains  SO3,Al2O3,K2O,Na2O,HaO. 

Bouglisite  (p.  4).     A  mixture  of  anglesite  and  gypsum, 

VI.  7.  TUNGSTATES,  MOLYBDATES,  Min.  pp.  982-995. 
Raspite  (p.  58),  PbWO4.     Wolframite  Group,  Min.  p.  982  ? 

VIII.  HYDROCARBON   COMPOUNDS,  Miu.  pp.  996-1024. 

Alexjejevite  (p.  2),  Alliugite  (p.  2),  Burmite  (p.  12),  Cedarite  (p.  14).     All  near  Succinite  and 
Amber,  Min.  p.  1002. 

Courtzilite  (p.  20).     Same  as  Uintahite,  Min.  p.  1020. 
Peliouite  (p.  51),  Var.  Caunel  Coal. 
Libollile  (p.  43).     Near  Albertite,  Min.  p.  1020. 
Tiffanyite  (p.  68).     Undetermined  hydrocarbon. 


APPENDIX  I. 


ACANTHITE,  p.  58.— Crystals  of  silver  sulphide,  prismatic  and  apparently  orthorhombic,  occur 
at  the  Enterprise  mine,  Rico,  Colorado.  Chester,  School  Mines  Q.,  15,  303,  1894. 

Wire-like  forms  from  Guanajuato,  Mexico,  referred  to  acanthite,  have  been  analyzed  by  Genth, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  44,  383,  1892. 


1. 


ADELITE,  p.  1052.— The  following  is  a  full  description,  Hj.  Sjogren,  G.  For.  F5rh., 
1891;  Bull.  G.  Inst.  Upsala,  1,  56.  1892: 

Monocliuic.  Crystals  rare,  tabular  ||  c  or  pris- 
matic (m).  (Figs.  1,  2.)  Observed  forms:  a  (100), 
•c  (001),  m  (110),  /(Oil),  d(221).  Measured 
angles:  ac  =  73°  15'.  mm"'  (110  A  110)  =  87°  5'*?, 
m  d  (110  A  221)  =  24°  45';  a  relation  to  wagner- 
ite  is  suggested  (see  foot-note).  Usually  massive, 
in  embedded  grains. 

Cleavage  none.     Fracture  conchoidal  to  un- 
even.      H.  =  5.       G=  371-3-76.      Luster  res- 
inous  to  greasy.     Color  gray,   yellowish   gray. 
Translucent.    Optically  -)-.    Bxa  A  c  =  +  38 
Axial  angle  large,   2E  =  106°  40', 
58°  47'  (n  =  1-6703):  p  >  v. 

Composition,  HCaMgAsO6  or  (MgOH)CaAsO4,  analogous  to  the  wagnerite  group 
Analyses,  R.  Mauzelius,  quoted  by  Sjogren: 


13,  781, 
2. 


also  2Kay  = 


m 


1.  Nor  d  mark 


G. 

3-71 


As2O6    CaO 
50-04     25-43 


2.  Langban       3'76 

3.  Jakobsberg  3 '72 


50-28 

48-52 


24-04 
23-13 


MgO 

17-05 

17-90 
19-25 


BaO 

tr. 


PbO  CuO 
0-39      — 


FeO 


MnO 

1-64 


H,O 

4-25 


0-23    2-79 
—     2-41 


[Fe203,Al20,  0 
0-32    0-08 


—      0-09 


0-48 
1-27 


390 
3-99 


Cl 
0-24 
)    Cu  0-26  =  99-60 

tr.  =  100-02 
SiOa  1-88=100-54 

Soluble 


Fuses  easily  B.  B.  to  a  gray  enamel.     With  soda  on  charcoal  yields  arsenical  fumes. 
in  dilute  acids.     The  water  goes  off  completely  only  at  a  high  temperature. 

Occurs  with  grains  of  magnetite  and  scales  of  native  copper  at  the  Kittel  mine,  Nordmark, 
Sweden;  also  at  the  Jakobsberg  mine  with  hausmannite,  etc.,  in  limestone;  with  other  arsenates 
and  manganese  minerals  at  Langban.  Named  from  adrj&oS,  indistinct. 

A  related  mineral  from  the  Moss  mine  gave  LundstrOm  (quoted  by  SjSgren,  G.  For.  Forh.,  7, 
412.  1884,  Upsala,  p.  60):  As2O5  49'73,  CaO  25'52,  MgO  18'98,  BaO  0'81,  MnO  1'69,  ZnO?0'08, 
Al2O3.Fe3O3  0'83,  loss  (H2O)  2  36  =  100.  Its  character  is  somewhat  uncertain. 

See  also  Tilasite,  which  is  o.  fluor-adelite,  (MgF)CaPO4. 


pp.  364,  1046.—  Reported  as  occurring  in  the  nephelite-syenite  of  Paisano  Pass, 
Davis  Mts.,  Texas,  A.  Osann,  4  Ann.  Rep.  Geol.  Surv.  Texas,  128,  1892.  Noted  also  in  rocks  at 
various  points,  as  Salem,  Mass.;  Cripple  Creek,  Colo.;  Black  Hills;  Bearpaw  Mts.,  Judith  Mts.  and 
Crazy  Mts.,  Montana. 


*  The  author's  angles  and  axes  are  hopelessly  at  variance.  He  calculates  d :  b :  c  = 
1-0989  :  1  :  1-5642,  ft  =  73°  15'.  This  ratio  for  a  :  b  requires,  however,  mm"'  (110  A  110)  =  92"  55', 
not  87°  5'  as  stated;  also  the  value  92°  55'  gives  the  author's  angle  cm  =  78°  33'.  Furthermore  he 
gives  110  A  221  =  24°  45'  and  001  A  221  =  75°  27'  (76°  26'  meas.),  but  001  A  110  =  101°  27',  hence 
001  A  221  should  be  76°  42'.  The  value  of  c  deduced  from  the  author's  fundamental  angles  (using 
110  A  110  =  92°  55')  is  0*8799,  not  1-5642;  but  the  measured  angles,  ca  =  73°  15'  and  cf  =  56°  27', 
give  i  =  1-5748. 


APPENDIX  I. 

p.  403. — An  amphibole  occurring  in  the  "heumite"  of  Heum,  Norway,  may 
belong  here,  cf.  BrSgger,  Eruptivgesteine  d.  Krist.,  3,  93,  1898.  Reported  as  occurring  in  Texas, 
see  seg>ite. 

Investigation  of  etching-figures,  R.  A.  Daly,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Sc.,  34,  425,  1899. 

AGRIUOUTE,  p.  448.— From  near  Schwarzenberg,  Saxony,  Frenzel,  Min.  petr.  Mitth  ,  16  528 
1896. 

AGUILARITE,  p  1025. — Several  analyses  have  been  made  by  Genth  on  material  from  the 
original  locality;  the  purest  yielded  :  Sel3'96,  S  5'93,  Ag  79'41,  Cu  0'50  =  99'80  Dodecahedral 
crystals  gave  tbe  composition  of  argentite,  with  Se  =  3  75  (S  :  Se  =  7  :  1).  Other  crystals  were 
partially  altered  to  ttephanite,  etc.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  44,  381,  1892. 

ALABANDITE,  p.  64.— Occurs  at  Tombstone,  Arizona,  in  large  but  rough  twinned  cubic 
crystals  with  tetrahedral  faces;  G.  —  4'031,  4 '040;  analysis  gave  (Volckeniug):  S  36'91,  Mn  63'03 
=  99-94.  Moses  and  Luquer,  Sch.  Mines  Q.,  13,  236,  1892;  Moses,  Zs.  Kr.,  22,  18,  1893. 

ALBITE,  pp.  327,  1025. — On  crystals  from  Revin,  Belgium,  see  Franck,  Bull.  Acad.  Bels:., 
21,  603,  1891. 

Crystallographic  and  optical  investigation  of  a  variety  free  from  calcium  from  Lakous,  Crete, 
Viola,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  16,  135,  1895.  Zs.  Kr.,  30,  423,  436,  1898.  Same  of  varieties  from  Russiaa 
localities,  Glinka,  Zs.  Kr.,  22,  63,  1893;  26,  509,  1886;  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  31,  1,  1894. 

Cleavage  and  parting  investigated,  Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  48,  115,  1894. 

Etching-figures,  T.  L.  Walker,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  5,  182,  1898. 

See  also  Pel 


Alexandrolite.  8.  M.  Losanitsch,  Ber.  Chem.  Ges.,  28,  2631,  1895,  and  Chem.  News,  69, 
243,  1894.—  See  Avalite. 

Alexjejevite.  A  resin  from  the  Kaluga  Govrn.,  Russia.  Composition  :  C  75'5,  H  12-5, 
O  12-0.  Investigated  by  Alexjejev  (Vh.  Min.  Ges.  St.  Pet.,  29,  201,  1892)  and  named  by 
Karnojitsky,  Zs.  Kr.,  24,  504,  1895. 

ALLANITE,  p.  522.  —  Crystals  described  from  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J.,  Eakle,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  47, 
436,  1892;  also  from  the  Harz  (ortMte),  Luedecke,  Min.  d.  Harzes,  444,  1896;  from  Mineville, 
Essex  Co.,  N.  Y.,  H.  Ries,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sc.,  16,  327,  1897. 

Forms  about  56  p.  c.  of  a  granite  on  the  east  shore  of  Lac  &  Baude,  Champlain  Co.,  Quebec. 
Hoffmann,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  7,  12  R,  1894. 

Allingite  E.  Aweng  [Arch.  Pharm.,  232,  1894].  Jb.  Min.,  2,  254  ref.,  1896.  A  fossil  resin 
from  Switzerland,  related  to  succinite. 

ALLOPHANE,  p.  693.—  Analyses  of  Italian  varieties,  G.  D'Achiardi,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  Proc. 
Verb.,  March  13,  1898. 

ALSTONITE.  —  See  Bromlite. 

ALTAITE,  p.  51.  —  Occurs  near  Liddle  Creek,  West  Kootanie,  Br.  Columbia,  Hoffmann,  Rep. 
G.  Canada,  6,  29R,  1893  ;  also  on  Long  lake,  Yale  district,  B.  C.  (anal,  by  Johnston),  ibid.,  8, 
11  R,  1895;  at  Choukpazat,  Upper  Burma,  Louis,  Min.  Mag.,  11,  215,  1897. 

ALUNITE,  p.  974.  —  Occurs  at  Tres  Cerritos,  Mariposa  Co.,  California,  in  an  alunite-quartzite, 
Turner,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  5,  424,  1898.  At  Red  Mountain,  Ouray  Co.,  Colorado,  in  aggregations  of 
minute  crystals  with  enargite,  etc.  Analysis  ;  SO3  38'93,  A12O3  39M33,  K2O  4*26,  Na2O  4'41, 
H2O  13'3i,  insol.  0'50  =  100-48.  E.  B.  Hurlburt,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  48,  130,  1894.  From  Knicker- 
bocker Hill,  Custer  Co.,  Colo.,  anal.,  Eakins,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  90,  62,  1892. 

ALURGITE,  p.  635.  —  The  deep-red  manganese  mica  from  St.  Marcel,  Piedmont,  has  been  ana- 
lyzed by  Penfield,  as  follows  • 

SiO2       A1203      Fe203     Mn2O3     MiiO      MgO       K20       Na2O      HaO 
53-22        21-19        1-22        0*87        0'18        6'02        11-20        0'34 


For  this  the  formula  preferred  is  HR2(AlOH)Al(SiO3)4  with  R  =  MgOH,K  chiefly;  it  is  thus- 
distinct  from  other  species  of  the  mica  group.  It  is  monocliuic;  cleavage  basal:  laminae  flexible. 
H.  =3.  G.  =  2-835-2-849.  Not  highly  pleochroic.  2Ey  =  56°  5'-57°.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  46,  288,  1893. 

AMBER.—  See  SUCCINITE;  also  the  new  names,  Allingite,  Burmite,  Cedarite,  etc. 


APPENDIX  I.  3 

AMPHIBOLE,  pp.  385,  1026.— K.  von  Kraatz  divides  the  varieties  here  included  into  three 
groups  according  to  prismatic  cleavage  angle:  Tremolite  series,  cleavage  angle  55°  10'  to  55°  25'; 
common  green  hornblende,  55°  25'  to  55°  35';  brown  basaltic  hornblende,  5o°  40'  to  55°  50'.  Zs. 
Kr.,  30,  664,  1899. 

A  discussion  of  the  variation  of  extinction-angle  in  the  prismatic  zone  is  given  by  R.  A.  Daly. 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Sc.,  34,  311,  1899.  See  also  by  the  same  author  an  exhaustive  investigation  of 
etching-figures  of  different  members  of  the  amphibole  group,  ibid.,  p.  374  (see  philipstadite  below). 

On  the  composition  of  certain  rock-making  amphiboles,  from  the  Sierra  Nevada,  California, 
see  Turner,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  7,  297,  1899.  Analysis  (2-72  H2O)  of  amphibole  from  the  Durbjich  mica- 
syenite,  Sauer,  Beitr.  G.  Heidelberg,  Mitth.*  Bad.  G.  Laudesaust.,  2,  252.  Analyses  are  given 
also  in  many  petrographical  memoirs,  Jahrb.  Min.,  et  al. 

Synthetic  experiments  leading  to  the  formation  of  this  and  other  species.  Doelter,  Jb.  Min., 
1,1,  1897. 

An  unusual  variety  (monocliuic-hemihedral  or  triclinic?)  occurs  in  the  trachyte  of  Montesanto, 
Italy,  Franco,  Zs.  Kr.,  25,  3^8,  1895;  Rend.  Accad.  Napoli,  May-June,  1895. 

An  amphibole  having  the  composition  of  an  orthosilicate  analogous  to  garnet,  (R2,R)3R2Si3Oi, 
(cf.  syntagmatite,  Min.,  p.  388),  has  been  called  haslingsite  by  Adams  and  Harrington  (Am.  J. 
Sc.,  1,  210,  1896).  Occurs  in  grains  in  the  nephelite-syeuite  of  Dungannon,  Hastings  Co.,  Ontario. 
Optically  —  .  Birefringence  low.  c  nearly  coincident  with  c.  Ax.  pi.  ||  b  (010).  Ax.  angle 
small,  30°  to  45°.  Dispersion  p  >  ID.  Absorption  c  =  ft  >  a.  Pleochroism,  a  yw.-greeu;  fo  and  c 
deep  bluish  green.  Analysis,  Harrington: 

SiO2     TiO,    Ala03    Fe203      FeO     MnO    CaO    MgO    K2O    Na2O    H3O 
G.  =  3433     34-18      1'53      11-52     12'62     21*98      0'63     9'87      1'35     2-28      3'29    0 '35  =  99  "60 

Another  aluminous  amphibole,  from  the  gabbro  of  Pavone,  near  Ivrea,  Piedmont,  Italy,  inves- 
tigated by  Van  Horn  is  also  nearly  an  orthosilicate.  Cleavage-angle  55°  42'.  G.  =  3-217-3'222. 
Extinction-angle  14°  SO7  to  15°  30'  on  b  (010).  Pleochroism  strong:  a  light  yellow;  fc  brown,  tinge 
of  red;  c  brown,  tinge  of  yellow.  Analysis  by  Dittrich: 

SiO,       TiO,      A12O3      Fe2O,       FeO      MnO        CaO         MgO        K2O      Na2O      HaO 

39-58        tr.        14-91        4-01        10'67        tr.        11-76        13-06        0*62       2-87       2-79  =  100'27 

This  corresponds  nearly  to  R6R2Si4O16  or  R3RaSi3Oi,  (syutagmatite)  +  R2SiO4.  Amer.  Geol., 
21,  370,  1898. 

An  amphibole  from  Philipstad,  Sweden,  has  been  called  pJiilipstadiie  by  R.  A.  Daly  (Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  Sc.,  34,  433, 1899).  It  shows  anomalous  etching-figures  on  m  (110)  and  b  (010)  (ibid.,  p. 
399);  pronounced  zonal  structure;  small  optic  axial  angle  (about  50°);  also  unusual  pleochroism  and 
absorption:  viz.,  a  light  brownish  green,  6  dark  yellow-green,  c  dark  blue-green;  t)  >  C  >  a. 
It  is  optically  — ,  with  an  extinction-angle  on  b  (010)  with  c  =  -\-  15°  9'  (Na).  An  analysis  by  Pisani 
gave: 

SiO2      TiO2     A12O3     Fe2O3      FeO        MnO       CaO        MgO      NaaO       K2O        ign. 
45-20       0-84       7-34       7'55       15'80       1'52        12*30        8-40        0'80        0'37       0-70  =  100-82 

Xiphonite  is  a  name  given  by  G.  Platania  (Accad.  Sc.  Acireale,  5,  1893)  to  a  variety  occurring 
in  minute  crystals  with  hematite  in  cavities  of  a  ^lag-like  rock  at  Acicatena  (Etna),  Sicily.  Form, 
angles  and  cleavage  like  amphibole,  but  characterized  by  light  honey-yellow  color  and  by  feeble 
pleochroism.  Composition  undetermined.  Named  from  Xiphonia,  an  old  town  near  the  locality. 

See  Richterite  (astochite);  also  other  species  of  the  group ;  new  names  are  Cataphorite 
(Kataforite),  Crossite,  Rhodusite. 

ANALCITE,  p.  595.— Crystals  described  from  the  Harz,  Luedecke,  Min.  d.  Harzes,  576, 
1896.  Also  from  Boylestoue  Quarry,  near  Barrhead,  Renfrewshire,  Scotland;  doubtful  forms 
z  (543),  t  (421),  also  (332).  Heddle,  Trans.  Edinb.  G.  Soc.,  7,  241,  1897. 

Optical  structure  investigated,  Monte  Somma,  P.  Franco,  Giorn.  Min.,  3,  232,  1892.  Same, 
from  Monte  Catiui,  G.  D'Achiardi,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  Pisa,  1897.  Discussion  of  optical  structure, 
with  relation  to  a  new  artificial  silicate,  G.  Friedel,  Bull  Soc.  Min.,  19,  14,  5,  1896;  also  with 
reference  to  effect  produced  by  loss  of  water,  ibid,,  pp.  94,  363.  Further  discussion  of  optical 
structure,  especially  in  relation  to  leucite,  Klein,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  290,  1897,  and  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.- 
Bd.,  11,  474,  189. 

Analysis,  from  Friedersdorf  on  the  Lahn,  Brauns,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  4,  1892.  From  the  Plauenschen 
Grund,  Dresden,  Zschau,  Abh.  Ges.  Isis,  p.  94,  1893. 

Occurs  in  a  dike-rock  at  Hamburg,  N.  J.,  derived  from  leucite,  Kemp,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  45,  298, 
1898.  Also  in  analcite-diabase  of  San  Luis,  California,  Fairbanks,  Bull.  Depi.  Geol.  Univ. 
California,  1,  273,  1895. 

Present  as  a  primary  constituent  in  certain  igneous  rocks  (monchiquite),  Pirsson,  J.  Geol.,  4, 
679,  1896 ;  also  in  an  aualcite-basalt  near  Cripple  Creek,  Colorado,  Cross,  J.  Geol.,  5,  684,  1897. 


4  APPENDIX  I. 

ANATASE.— See  Octahedrite. 

ANDALUSITE,  p.  496. — Crystals  from  the  Pitzthal,  Tyrol,  show  the  new  forms,  *  (320),  t  (013) 
v  (054),  u  (032),  x  (112).  Haefele,  Zs.  Kr.,  23,  551,  1894. 

A  variety  of  chiastolite  from  the  crystalline  schists  of  the  region  north  of  Ladoga  Lake  in 
eastern  Finland  is  called  maltesite  by  J.  J.  Sederholm.  The  large  nodules  show  a  Maltese  cross  of 
wedge-shaped  parts  of  pure  material,  separated  by  areas  of  impure  material.  G.  For.  Forh.,  18 
390,  1896. 

A  variety  containing  6*91  p.  c.  Mn2O3  is  called  Manganandalusifo  by  H.  Backstrorn.  Occurs  in 
muscovite-quartzite  of  Vestana,  Sweden,_  differs  from  ordinary  andalusite  in  its  grass-green 
color  and  strong  pleochroism:  c  (a)  and  6  (b)  blue-green,  a  (c)  pure  yellow  and  most  absorbed. 

Investigation  of  a  mineral  related  to  andalusite  and  dumortierite,  from  the  granile  of  the 
Argentiue^Republic.  It  is  marked  by  deep-red  pleochroism.  Romberg,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil  -Bd.,  8, 
340,  1893. 

See  also  Westanite. 

ANDESINE,  p.  333.— Stenzelberg,  Siebengebirge,  crystals  described  (new  form,  120),  BUFZ,  Jb, 
Min.,  1,  36,  1898.  See  also  Feldspar. 

Andorite.  J.  A.  Krenner  [Math.  term,  firtesito,  11,  119,  1892],  Zr.  Kr.,  23,  497,  1894;  G.  T. 
Prior  and  L.  J.  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  11,  286,  1897;  and  Zs.  Kr.,  29,  346.  Sundtite,  W.  C.  Brogger,  Zs. 
Kr.,  21,  193,  1893;  Pohlmann,  ibid.,  24,  124,  1894.  Webnerite,  Stelzner,  ibid.,  24,  125,  1894. 

Orthorhombic.  Axes  d:b:c  =  0-6772  : 1  :  0'4458.  100  A  HO  =  34°  6|',  001  A  101  =  33°  21^, 
001  A  Oil  =  24°  If'.  Forms  :  a  (100),  b  (010),  c  (001);  (p  (610),  ^  (510),  n  (210),  o  (320),  m  (110), 
J(280),  A  (120);  A  (102),  6(305),  a  (203).  tc  (405),  /(101),  6(302),  A  (301),  ju  (902);  x  (Oil),  v  (043), 
Tt  (032),  y  (021),  y  (031);  v  (112),  X  (223),  p  (111),  z  (332),  q  (221),  p  (331);  s  (211),  d  (364).  r  (121), 
e  (362);  w  (132);  /?  (131);  a  (162);  C  (2'21'7).  Angles:  mm'"  =  68°  12',  ff'  =  66°  43',  a-a'  =  48°  3', 
yy'  =  106°  26',  w'  =  *35°  37$',  w"'=  *23°  54J'. 

In  aggregates  of  highly  modified  prismatic  crystals,  tabular  ||  a  (100);  faces  in  prismatic  zone 
vertically  striated.  Also  massive. 

Cleavage  none.  Fracture  oonchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  3-3'5.  G.=5'50.  Luster  metallic,  bril- 
liant. Color  steel-gray.  Streak  bla<-k. 

Composition,  PbAgSb3S6  or  2PbS.Ag2S.3Sb2S3.  Analyses. — 1,  Loczka;  quoted  by  Krenner. 
2,  3,  G.  T.  Prior.  4,  P.  J.  Mann,  quoted  by  Stelzner  (also  other  anals.  on  less  pure  material). 

G.  S  Sb  Pb  Ag          Cu  Fe 

1.  Felsobanya     5 '341  23'32        41-91         2207        11-31        0'69        0  70  iusol.  0'04  =  100'04 

2.  "  5-33  22-19        41-76        21-81         11'73        0'73        1-45  =  99-67 

3.  Oruro  5'377  22*06        41  -31        24-10        10-94        068        0-30  =  99-39 
.4.       "  23-10        40-86        24'30        10-25        0'65        0'53  =  99'69 

First  described  by  Krenner  from  Felsobanya,  Hungary,  where  it  occurs  with  stibnite,  quartz, 
and  sphalerite,  also  baiite  and  manganosiderite.  Also  found  at  the  silver-tin  mines  of  Oruro, 
Depart,  of  Oruro,  Bolivia,  especially  the  Itos  mine  (webnerite)  with  stibnite,  pyrite,  etc.  The 
name  Andorite  is  given  for  Audor  von  Semsey  ;  Sundtite,  for  the  mining  director  L.  Sundt ; 
Webnerite,  for  the  mining  engineer,  A.  Webner. 

The  identity  of  andorite.  sundlita  and  webnerite  was  established  by  Prior  and  Spencer. 
The  observed  list  of  forms  is  that  given  by  them;  the  position  and  fundamental  angles  are 
those  of  Brogger  (sundtite).  It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  analysis  of  "sundtite"  by  Theseu,  quoted 
by  Brogger  and  which  shows  only  a  trace  of  lead  (G  =  5'50),  it  is  now  stated  was  not  made  upon 
measured  crystals,  hence  it  appears  to  represent  another  species. 

ANGLESITE,  p.  907. — Crystals  described  from  the  Altai,  new  form  (016),  Jeremejev,  Vh.  Min. 
Ges.,  29,  174,  1892.  Crystals  from  unknown  source  show  the  new  form  P  (255),  L.  J.  Spencer, 
Min.  Mag.,  11,  197,  1899. 

Occurs  at  the  Wellington  mine,  Bear  Lake,  West  Kootanie,  Br.  Columbia,  Hoffmann,  Ref.  G. 
Canada,  6,  27  R,  1892-93. 

A  mineral  having  the  form  of  anglesite,  associated  with  the  boleite  of  Boleo,  Lower  Cali- 
fornia, is  shown  by  Genth  to  have  the  composition  2PbSO4.CaSO4.2H2O,  and  to  be  a  mechanical 
mixture  of  anglesite  and  gypsum.  An  origin  from  a  possible  mineral  2PhSO4.CaSO4  is  sug- 
gested. Am.  J.  Sc.,  45,  32,  1893.  See  also  Mallard,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  16,  195,  1893.  This  sub- 
stnnce  has  been  called  bouglisite  by  Cumenge,  after  M.  de  La  Bouglise  (cf.  Lacroix,  Bull.  Mus. 
d'Hist.  Nat.,  42,  1892). 

ANHYDRITE,  p.  910. — Molecular  properties  investigated,  also  of  other  species,  Mugge,  Jb. 
Min.,  1,  71,  1898. 

Refractive  indices,  Zimanyi,  Zs.  Kr.  22,  341,  1893. 

Deposits  of  anhydrite  and  gypsum  of  Oulx  described  by  Colomba,  Att.  Accad.  Torino,  33, 
779,  1897-98. 


APPENDIX  L  5 

Formation  discussed,  R.  Brauns,  Jb.  Min.  2,  257,  1894.  Occurs  in  bluish  tabular  masses  in 
cavities  in  trap  rock  at  Larrabee's  quarry,  Northampton,  Mass.  Emerson,  Bull.  U.  8.  G.  Surv., 
126,  26,  1895. 

ANORTHITE,  p.  337. — Occurs  at  Buck  Creek,  Clay  Co.,  N.  C.,  analysis  by  C.  H.  Baskerville, 
quoted  by  Pratt,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  5,  128,  1898.  Occurs  with  epidote  at  Phippsburg,  Me.,  Clarke,  Am.. 
J.  Sc.,  48,  429,  1894.  From  Raymond,  Me.,  anal.,  Melville,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  113,  110,  1893. 

See  also  Feldspar. 

ANORTHOCLASE,  p.  324. — Analysis  from  acmite-trachyte  of  the  Crazy  Mts.,  Montana,  Hille- 
braud,  quoted  by  Wolff  and  Tarr,  Bull.  Mus.  Com  p.  Zool.  16,  227,  1893. 

BrOgger  proposes  the  name  soda-microcline  (Natronmikroklin)  and  discusses  relation  to  other 
allied  teldpars,  Eruptivgest.  d.  Kristiauiagebietes,  3,  11,  1898. 

ANTHOPHYLLITE,  p.  384.— Occurs  at  Bakersville,  N.  C.,  in  dunite;  crystals  analyzed  by 
Baskerville  yielded  results  identical  with  those  of  Penfield  (anal.  1,  p.  385) ;  it  is  concluded  that 
the  latter's  specimens  came  from  this  locality,  Pratt,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  5,  429,  1898. 

Oedrite  (14  p.  c.  AlaO3)  occurs  as  a  coarse,  granular  rock  near  Harris's  Soapstoue  quarry, 
Warwick,  Mass.  Emerson,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  126,  86,  1895  (anal.,  Schneider,  Eakins).  Ott 
gedrite-schist  from  Vester  Silfberg,  Sweden,  see  Weibull,  G.  For.  Forh.,  18,  377.  1896. 

Investigation  of  etching-figures,  R.  A.  Daly,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Sc.,  34,  424,  1899- 

See  also  Asbestus  and  Valleite. 

APATITE,  pp.  762,  1027. — Cryst. — From  the  granite  of  Alzo,  Lake  Orta,  Italy,  G.  Striiver, 
Riv.  Min.  Ital.,  12,  52,  1893.  From  Zoptau,  Graber,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  14,  269,  1894.  From 
the  emerald  mines  in  the  Ural,  with  (808?)  Jerernejev,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  Prot.,  33,  65,  1895. 
Elba,  Artini,  Riv.  Min.  Ital.,  16,  15,  1896,  and  Rend.  Accad.  Line.,  4  (2),  259,  1895.  Crystals  of 
mansranapatite  (5*95  p.  c.  MuO)  from  the  Vestaua  mines,  Sweden,  gave  Weibull  ex  (0001  A 
1011)  =  40°  17'  20".  G.  For.  Forh..  20,  63,  1898. 

Twin  crystals  with  tw.  pi.  «  (1121),  inclusions  in  the  andesite  of  Mt.  Stavro,  Algeria,  are  noted 
by  Washington,  J.  Geol.,  3,  25,  1895. 

Discussion  of  vicinal  faces,  Karnojitsky,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  33,  65,  1895. 

Comp. — Composition  discussed,  Rammelsberg,  Jb.  Min.  2,  38,  1897.  Analyses  of  many 
specimens  and  discussion  of  variation  in  composition,  Carnot,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  19,  135,  1896  ; 
Ann.  Mines,  10,  137,  1896,  (also  other  phosphates,  ib.t  8,  321,  1895,)  and  C.  R.,  122,  1375,  1896. 
Montebras,  analysis  of  blue  variety,  Carnot,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  19,  214,  1896.  Ceylon,  occurring 
with  graphite,  Jannasch  and  Locke,  Zs.  anorg.  Ch.,  7,  154,  1894. 

APHTHITALITE,  p.  897. — Vesuvius,  natural  crystals  seem  to  be  in  part  rhombohedral,  in  part 
orthorhombic  and  biaxial,  P.  Franco,  Giorn.  Min.,  4,  151,  1893. 

APOPHYLLITE,  p.  566. — Cryst.— Harz  Mts.,  Luedecke,  Min.  d.  Harzes,  572,  1896.  Kimberley, 
S.  Africa,  new  forms,  £  (119),  x  (223),  k  (332),  Currie,  Trans.  Edinb.  G.  Soc..  7,  252,  1897. 

Collo,  Constantiue,  Algeria,  crystals  described  and  analysis,  Gentil,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  17,  11,. 
1894.  No  fluorine  was  found  ;  Friedel  also  remarks  on  its  absence  while  he  obtains  an  ammonia- 
cal  reaction,  ibid.,  p.  142.  A.  E.  Nordenskiold  found  fluorine  in  the  Collo  mineral  examined  by 
him  ;  he  also  shows  that  the  presence  of  ammonia  was  early  established  (1805,  Rose),  G.  For. 
Forh.,  16,  579,  1894. 

Discussion  of  optical  properties  as  influenced  by  heat  and  pressure,  Klein,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  165, 
1892  (also  less  complete  in  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  1892.  p.  217). 

Anal.— Graugesberg,  Hallberg,  G.  For.  Forh.,  15,  327,  1893.  From  the  "blue  ground  "  of 
Koppiesfontein,  near  Jagersfoutein,  So.  Africa,  J.  A.  Leo  Henderson,  Min.  Mag.,  11,  318,  1897. 
From  the  Grand  Marais,  Minn.,  Berkey,  23  Ann.  Rep.  G.  Surv.  Minnesota,  1894,  p.  195.  See  also 
above. 

ARAGONITE,  pp.  281,  1027.—  Cryst.—  Neussargues  (Cnntal),  Gonnard,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  14,  183, 
1891;  16,  10,  1893.  Framont,  new  forms  (572),  (231),  (341),  (S'll'S),  and  others  doubtful,  Stober 
[Mitth.  G.  Landes.  Els.-Lothr.,  4, 113,  1894],  Zs.  Kr  ,  27,  531.  Monte  R'una/zo.  Liguria,  Italy,  new 
forms  (430),  (570),  (073),  (05k>),  (331),  (512),  (9'2'lt)),  (413),  (3'2'12).  (431),  (24  25'1),  (342),  (7'10'3), 
(352),  (133),  (271),  Negri,  Riv.  Min.  Ital.,  15,  65.  1S96.  Harz  Mts.,  (0-1-12),  Luedecke,  Min.  d. 
Harzes,  338,  1896.  Chaudfomaiue,  Belgium;  G.  Cesaro,  Mem.  Acad.  Belg.,  53,  1897.  From  the 
amianthus  deposits  of  Val  Lanterna,  Italy,  with  doubtful  new  forms  (17'16'0),  (ll'13'O),  (16'22'1), 
Brugnatelli,  Riv.  Min.  Ital.,  18,  51,  1898,  and  Rend.  1st.  Lombardo,  30,  1116,  1897  (also  Zs.  Kr._ 
31,  56,  1899). 

Crystals  from  Sicily  are  referred  to  the  monoclinic  system  by  Viola,  Zs.  Kr.,  28,  225,  1897. 

Determination  of  the  heat  of  formation,  Le  Chatelier,  C.  R.,  11,  390,  1893, 

Tarnowitzite  in  crystals  from  Tarnowitz  described  with  2'2to4'8  p.  c.  PbO,  Traube,  Zs.  G 
Ges.,  46,  64,  1894. 


6  APPENDIX  I. 

ARFVEDSONITE,  p.  401.  —  Investigation  of  etching-figures,  also  of  other  members  of  the  amphi- 
bole  group,  R.  A.  Daly,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Sc.,  34,  404,  1899. 
See  also  Cataph&rite. 

ARGYRODITE,  p.  150.—  Shown  by  Peufield  to  be  isometric  and  tetrahedral,  not  monoclinic  in 
crystallization.  The  faces  wand  o  (fig.  1,  p.  150)  belong  to  the  dodecahedron,  d  (110)  ;  /and  k  to 
the  tetrahedron  o  (111),  and  v  to  (311).  Am.  J.  Sc.,  46,  107,  1893,  and  47,  451,  1894.  Of.  Weis- 
bach,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  98,  1894.  The  mineral  described  by  Penfield  was  from  Bolivia,  and  was  first 
named  canfieldite,  on  the  supposition  that  'it  was  a  new  species,  like  argyrodite  in  composition,  but 
isometric  ;  later  this  name  (see  this  Appe.ndix,  p.  13)  was  transferred  to  another  sulphostanuate 
of  analogous  composition  also  from  Bolivia.  Penfield  shows  that  the  formula  of  argyrodite  is 
AgftGeSa  or  4Ag2S.GeS2  =  Sulphur  17  -1,  germanium  6'4,  silver  76  -5  =  100.  Analyses^: 

S  Ge  Ag  Fe,  Zn  Insol. 

I.Bolivia     G.  =  6'26  (f)  17'04  (f)  6'55  76"05  (f)  013  0'29  =  100'06 

2.  Freiberg  G.  =  6-16  16-97  (f)  6'64  (f)  75'55  0'24         HgO'34=    99'74 

A  stanniferous  argyrodite  from  Aullagas,  Bolivia,  described  by  Prior  and  Spencer  (Min.  Mag., 
12,  6,  1898)  occurs  in  regular  octahedrons,  in  part  spinel-twins  ;  also  in  twinned  dodecahedrons. 
G.  =  6'19.  Composition  as  given  above,  but  Ge  :  Sn  =  5  :  2.  Analysis,  Prior  :  S  16'45,  Ge  4'99, 
Sn  3-36,  Ag  74'20,  Fe  0*68,  Sb  tr.  =  99'68. 

ARSENIC,  p.  11.  —  Occurs  at  Akadauimura,  Ohnogori,  Japan,  in  rhombohedral  crystals,  Frenzel, 
Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  16,  529,  1896. 

ARSENOPYRITE,  p.  97.  —  Weibull,  after  an  investigation  of  the  mineral  from  various  Swedish 
localities  (also  Freiberg),  concludes  that  the  composition  and  form  vary  somewhat  for  different 
occurrences,  but  the  species  (when  pure)  has  the  formula  Fe(  As,  S)  ;  well-formed  crystals  often 
enclose  impurities.  Zs.  Kr.,  20,  1,  1891.  Scherer.has  made  a  still  more  extended  investigation  of 
the  form  and  composition  of  the  mineral  from  many  localities  ;  he  finds  crystals  often  impure, 
having  a  zonal  structure,  but  aside  from  this  he  concludes  that  the  composition  is  expressed  by 
wFeSa  -}-7iFeAs2  with  m  :  n  =  1  :  1  nearly.  No  simple  relation  between  axial  ratio  and  compo- 
sition was  found.  The  list  of  forms  (p.  383)  contains  the  following  not  given  in  Min.,  p.  98: 
5(310),  C  (0-17-2).  e(054).  Zs.  Kr.,  21,  354,  1893.  See  also  idem,  ib.,  22,  61,  1893,  analysis  of 
crystals  from  Weiler  in  Elsass. 

The  composition  of  this  and  related  species  has  been  also  discussed  by  Rammelsberg,  Jb. 
Min.,  2,  45,  1897  ;  by  Starke,  Shock  and  Smith,  J.  Am.  Ch.  Soc.,  19,  948,  1897. 

Danaite  occurs  in  Graham  township,  Algoma,  Ontario  (analysis  by  Johnston  with  4  p.  c. 
Co,  0-9  Ni),  Hoffmann,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  5,  19  R.,  1889-90.  Also  occurs  at  the  Evening  Star 
mine,  Trail  creek,  West  Kootenay,  Br.  Columbia,  ib.,  8,  13  R,  1895. 

ASBESTTJS,  p.  386.  —  Investigation  of  various  asbestiform  minerals,  many  of  which  are  shown  to 
belong  to  fibrous  anthophyllite,  Merrill,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  18,  281,  1895. 

Ascharite.  W.  Feit  [Ch.  Ztg.,  15,  327,  1891],  Zs.  Kr.,  24,  625,  1894.  Found  in  white  lumps 
with  boracite,  in  kainite  and  halite  at  Schmidtmaunshall  near  Aschersleben.  The  lumps  are 
made  up  of  microscopic  grains  showing  no  crystallization.  G.  =  1  -85-1  '95.  Nearly  insoluble 
in  water  and  more  difficultly  soluble  than  stassfurtite  in  acids.  Composition  of  material  freed 
from  other  salts  by  water  3Mg2B206.2H2O.  Analysis  :  f  B2O3  49'2,  MgO  42'8,  H2O  8*0  =  100. 

ASTOCHTTE,  p.  1027.  —  The  brown  variety  of  this  supposed  new  kind  of  amphibole  is  identical 
with  Breithaupt's  richterite  (p.  391),  cf.  Hamberg,  G.  For.  Forh.,  13,  801,  1891  ;  Sjogren,  ib., 
14,  253,  1892.  The  latter  author,  however,  suggests  the  name  natronrichterite  for  the  blue  variety, 
which  contains  more  soda  and  less  potash  than  the  brown.  See  Richterite. 


ASTRAKANITE,  S66  Blodtte.      KALIUM-ASTRAKANITE,  S66  Leonite. 

ATACAMITE,  p.  172.—  Crystals  from  Sierra  Gorda,  Chili,  examined  by  G.  F.  Herbert  Smith, 
are  prismatic  in  habit  with  the  pyramids  r  (111)  and  n  (121)  prominent  ;  e(011)  small;  a  new 
pyramid  h  striated  ||  edge  h/e  in  part  corresponds  to  (132).  The  axial  ratio  calculated  from 
excellent  measurements  is  a  :  b  :  c  =  :  0'66130  :  1  :  0-75293.  Other  more  complex  crystals,  also  from 
Atacama,  show  0(131),  p  (443),  cr  (332)  and  forms  with  doubtful  indices.  Miu.  Mag.,  12,  15, 
1898. 

AUGELITE,  p.  847.  —  Crystallized  specimens  of  this  hitherto  doubtful  species  examined  by  Prior 
and  Spencer  establish  its  character,  Min.  Mag.,  11,  16,  1895. 

Monoclinic  with  the  forms  a(100)J,  6  (010),  c  (001),  m  (110),  x  (101),  r  (Oil),  n(112),  0(112),  and 
•others  doubtful.  Axia?  ratio  :  d  :  b  :  6  =  1  6419  :  1  :  1  2708,  ft  =  67°  33f  .  Habit  tabular  \\c; 


APPENDIX  I.  7 

«,lso  triangular  and  tabular  \tn  or  prismatic  with  c  and  x  equally  developed.  Cleavage:  m 
perfect;  x  (101)  less  perfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  4*5  —  5.  G.  =2'696.  Luster 
vitreous.  Colorless  to  white.  Optically  +.  Ax.  pi.  fl  b.  Bxa  A  c  =  -  34°.  2E...  =  84°  42'.  Indices. : 
a-  1-5736,  £  =  1-5759,  ^=15877. 

Composition  :  A1PO4.A1(OH),  or  2A12O3.P,O6.3H2O.     Analyses,  Prior  : 

P205  A1203  CaO  HaO 

1.  34-60  51-40  0-11'  13-77=    99'88 

2.  35-33  50-28  0'90'  13'93  =  100-44 

*  Probably  foreign  to  the  mineral. 

The  specimens  examined  were  from  Machacamarca,  near  Potosi,  Bolivia,  where  it  occurs  with 
bournonite,  octahedral  pyrite,  zinkeuite,  etc.  The  original  mineral,  described  by  Blomstrand,  was 
from  Westaua,  Sweden  ;  his  results  are  here  confirmed.  Augelite  also  occurs  in  Bolivia  at  the 
silver  mines  of  Tatasi  and  Portugalete,  province  of  Sudchichas,  dept.  of  Potosi  (Spencer,  Min- 
JVIag.,  12,  1,  1898). 

AURICHALCITE,  p.  298. — Analysis,  Torreon,  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  Collins,  Min.  Mag.,  10,  15, 
1892.  Campiglia  Maritima,  also  optical  examination,  G.  D'Achiardi,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  Mem.,  16, 
3,  1898. 

AVALITE,  p.  617.— An  analysis  gave  Losanitsch  (Ber.  Ch.  Ges.,  28,  2631,  1895,  and  Ch.  News, 
69,  243,  1894)  the  results  below  (1).  According  to  the  author  the  so-called  milosin  of  Breit- 
haupt  (1838)  is  derived  from  the  alteration  of  avalite  and  is  a  mixture  of  two  minerals,  to  one 
of  which  (2)  he  limits  this  name,  the  other  he  calls  Alexandrolite,  anal.  (3). 

Si02  A12O3  Cr2O3  FeaO3  MgO  K2O  H2O 

1.  Avalite              54'66  20-46  10'88            1-18  2'06  4-61  5-66=    99'51 

2.  Milosin              46-37  30'18  9'75  0'91  tr.               tr.  13-76  =  100'97 

3.  Alexandrolite  52'07  20-76  13-74  2'22  tr.              tr.  10-88=    99'67 

Milosin  is  described  as  having  a  bluish-gray  color ;  under  the  microscope,  transparent,  crystal- 
line. Insoluble  in  acids.  Analysis  (2)  made  of  material  dried  at  130°.  Alexandrolite  has 
a  green  color,  opaque,  amorphous.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid.  Also  dried  at  130°. 

AXINITE,  p.  527.—  Cryst.—  Nordmark,  Sweden,  new  forms  3  (130),  y  (120),  £7(061),  R  (081), 
£(441),  Q  (327).  A.  (285),  Hj.  SjSgren,  Bull.  G.  lust.  Upsala,  1,  1,  1893  and  G.  F5r.  Forh.,  14,  249, 
1892.  Bourg  d'Oisaus,  Dauphine,  Gonnard  and  Offret,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  16,  75,  1893.  Quenast, 
Belgium,  Franck,  Bull.  Acad.  Belg.,  25,  17,  1893.  Harz  Mts.,  Luedecke,  Min.  d.  Harzes,  464, 
1896. 

Etching-figures  investigated,  T.  L.  Walker,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  5,  180,  1898. 

Composition  discussed,  Rheineck,  Zs.  Kr.,  22,  275,  1893.  Analyses  by  Mauzelius  of  varieties 
from  Nordmark  and  Daunemora  and  discussion  of  composition,  Hj.  SjOgren,  G.  F5r.  F6rh.,  17, 
279,  1895.  Bourar  d'Oisans,  analysis,  Jannasch  and  Locke,  Zs.  auorg.  Ch.,  6,  57,  1894. 

Occurrence  in  the  Pyrenees  described,  Lacroix,  C.  R.,  115,  739,  1892. 

AZURITE,  p.  295.— Cryst.— From  Laurion,  new  forms  7(205),  ^(405),  TF(605),  Zimanyi,  Zs. 
Kr.,  21,  86,  1892.  Willow's  mine,  Pretoria,  Transvaal,  new  forms  A  (O'l'lO),  F  (263),  TF(1-3'15). 
Molengraaf,  Zs.  Kr.,  22,  156,  1893.  Mineral  Point,  Wis.,  new  forms  c  (307),  fc  (203),  &  (9'12'8), 
Hobbs,  Bull.  Univ.  Wisconsin,  1,  145,  1«95,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  25,  270,  1895. 

BABINGTONITE,  pp.  381,  1027. — Occurs  in  minute  crystals  on  gneiss  at  Buckland,  Mass., 
Emerson,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  126,  32,  1895  (anal,  by  Schneider). 

A  pyroxeuic  mineral  from  the  "  mijakite  "  (augite-andesite)  of  the  island  of  Mijakeshima  is 
interpreted  by  Petersen  as  being  a  mangauiferous  babingtonite,  Jb.  Hamb.  Wiss.,  8,  49,  53, 
1890. 

Baddeckite.  G.  Chr.  Hoffmann,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  9,  11  R,  1896;  Am.  J.  Sc.,  6,  274,  1898. 
Occurs  in  small  isolated  scales  embedded  in  a  plastic  clay  near  Baddeck.  Victoria  Co.,  Nova 
Scotia.  G.  =  3-252.  Luster  pearly.  Color  copper-red.  Streak  tile-red.  Analysis,  R.  A.  A. 
Johnston: 

SiO,  A1203          Fe,O8  CaO          MgO  K,O          Na2O          H,O 

48-96  13-85  25-82  1-17  2-65  3-47  0-22  3-78  =  99-92 

Ratio  for  RO  :  R2O3  :  SiO,  :  HaO  =  1:3:8:2,  or  formula  H4R(Rj)3Si8O24,  the  quantivalent 
ratio  for  which  (3  :  4)  approximates  to  some  muscovites,  to  which  it  is  referred  as  a  ferruginous 
variety.  R.  B.  fuses  at  4'5  to  a  shiny  black  slag,  becoming  magnetic.  Decomposed  by  strong 
hydrochloric  acid  with  separation  of  slimy  silica. 


8  APPENDIX  L 

Baddeleyite.  L.  Fletcher,  Nature,  46,  620,  1892;  Min.  Mag.,  10,  148,  1893.  Brazilite, 
E.  Hussak,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  141,  1892;  1,  89,  1893;  Mm.  petr.  Mitth.,  14,  395,  1895. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  a  :  b  :  c  =  0'9871  : 1  :  0-5114;  ft  =  *81°  14^'  =  001  A  100  Hussak.  100  A  HO 
=  *44°  17V,  001  A  101  =  *29°  4£',  001  A  Oil  =  26°  48f.  Observed  forms:  a  (100),  b  (010),  c  (001); 
w(110),  I  (230),  k  (120),  s  (203),  t  (101),  x  (201)  as  tw.  pi.,  r  (101),  a  (201);  d  (021);  p  (221);  n  (111). 
Angles:  mm'"  =  88°  35',  a'r  =  69°  41',  dd'  =  90°  3?',  cm  =  83°  44*'. 

Crystals  usually  twins  :  (1)  a  (100)  .most  common,  also  as  polysynthetic  twinning  lamellae; 
(2)ra(110)  both  contact-  and  penetration-twins,  also  as  thin  lamellae;  (3)  a  (201)  rather  rare. 
Habit  tabular  \\  a.  Cleavage:  c  rather  perfect;  b  much  less  so;  also  parting  ||  m.  H.  =  6'5. 
G.  =  5*5  Hussak;  6'025  Fletcher.  Luster  greasy  to  vitreous,  on  opaque  crystal  nearly  submetallic 
resembling  columbite.  Color  variable,  from  colorless  to  yellow,  brown  and  finally  black  and 
opaque.  Streak  white  to  browish  white.  Pleochroic.  Optically  — .  Ax.  pi.  |  b.  Bxa  inclined 
to  c  about  -4- 13°  Fletcher.  Dispersion  inclined.  Ax.  angle  large,  2E  =  70°-75°. 

Composition,  zircon  dioxide,  ZrOa.  Analysis,  C.  W.  Blomstrand,  quoted  by  Hussak,  Jb.  Min.r 
1,  89,  1893; 

ZrO3  SiO,          A12O3        Fe2O3          CaO          MgO  Alk.  ign. 

96-52  0-70  0-43  (HI  0'55  O'lO  0'42  0'39  =  99-52 

Of  the  accessory  constituents  above  given,  only  the  iron  belongs  to  the  mineral  itself;  the  varia- 
tion in  color  is  probably  due  to  variation  in  amount  of  iron. 

B.  B.  nearly  infusible,  glows  brightly;  reacts  faintly  for  iron  with  borax.  When  cooled  sud- 
denly and  pressed  flat  in  the  borax  bead  microlites  and  microscopic  crystals  are  formed.  Insoluble 
in  acids;  only  slightly  attacked  by  concentrated  sulphuric  acid  if  in  fine  powder.  Decomposed 
by  fusion  with  acid  potassium  sulphate. 

First  identified  by  Fletcher,  and  described  both  as  regards  form  and  composition,  on  a  single 
fragment  of  a  crystal  (3  grams)  from  the  gem  sands  of  Rakwana.  Ceylon;  geikielite  was  obtained 
from  the  same  source.  About  the  same  time  discovered  by  Hussak  from  Brazil  and  named 
brazilite,  but  the  composition  was  only  later  correctly  determined  by  the  analysis  of  Blomstrand. 
The  Brazilian  mineral  occurs  as  an  accessory  constituent  of  a  decomposed  magnetite-pyroxenite 
(jacupirangite  of  Derby)  of  the  magnetite  deposits  of  Jacupiranga,  on  the  branch  of  the  same 
name  of  the  Rio  Ribeira,  State  of  Sao  Paulo.  It  is  associated  with  magnetite,  apatite,  perovskite, 
ilmenite,  titanite,  microlite,  zircon,  etc.  Also  identified  MS  an  accessory  constituent  of  a  rock 
resembling  jacupirangite  from  the  nephelite-syeuite  region  of  Alno,  Sweden,  cf.  Hussak,  Jb. 
Min.,  2,  228,  1898. 

Named  after  Mr.  Joseph  Baddeley,  who  brought  the  specimen  from  Rakwana. 

BAGOTITE.  —  Green  pebbles,  identified  as  lintonite  from  Bagot,  Ontario.  See  Egleston, 
Cat.  Miu.,  192,  1889  (1887);  Chester,  Diet.  Names  Min.,  25,  1896;  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  11,  323, 
1897. 

BARITE,  pp.  899,  1027.— Cry  st.—Lunkany,  Hungary,  Zimanyi,  Foldt.  Kozl.,  22,  267,  1892. 
Montevecchio,  Sardinia,  new  forms  (1'0'25),  (403)?,  (123),  (157),  (2-6-11V.  (163)?,  Negri,  Riv. 
Min.  Ital.,  12,  3,  1893.  Bergheim,  Ober-Elsass,  Feurer,  Mittji.  G.  Land.  Els. -Loth.,  4,  89,  1893; 
Zs.  Kr.,  25,  623.  Caucasus,  new  form  /  (355),  Zimanyi,  Foldt.  Kozl.,  24,  404,  1894.  From 
Harz  Mts.,  Luedecke,  Min.  d.  Harzes,  357.  1896.  Dobsina,  new  form  p  (77i),  Melczer,  Foldt. 
K5zl5ny,  26,  357,  1896,  Zs.  Kr.,  30,  183.  Yassera,  Lombardy,  Italy,  Artini,  Riv.  Min.  Ital.,  16, 
10,  1896.  Odenwald,  occurrence  described,  also  complex  crystals,  new  form  t  (196),  Kraatz- 
Koschlau,  Abh.  Hess.  G.  Land.,  3,  No.  2,  55,  1897.  From  various  localities  in  Belgium,  Cesaro, 
Mem.  Acad.  Belg.,  53,  1897.  KOrosmezo,  Hungary,  G.  Moesz,  Foldt.  Kozl.,  27,  495,  1897. 

Apparent  hemimorphism  discussed,  Beckenkamp,  Zs.  Kr.,  27,  583,  1896.  See  also  idem,  ibid., 
30,  55,  1898. 

As  cementing  material  in  sandstone,  F.  Clowes,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.,  64,  374,  1899  (Min.,  p.  903). 

BARIUM  ANORTHITE. — See  Celsian. 
BARIUM  HEULANDITE. — See  Heulandite. 

BARKEVIKITE,  p.  405. — Daly's  investigation  of  etching-figures  shows  it  to  be  more  closely 
related  to  common  hornblende  than  to  arfvedsonite.  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  Sc.,  34,  374,  1899. 

A  related  amphibole  occurs  in  the  sodalite-syenite  of  Montana  (c  A  c  =  13°),  Lindgren  and 
Melville,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  45,  292,  1893. 

See  also  Cataphorite. 

Barracanite.     R.  Schneider,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  52,  555,  1895.— See  Cubanite. 

BARYTOCALCTTE,  p.  289.— In  parallel  cryst.  growth  with  barite,  Miigge,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  252,  1895. 
Optical  examination  (/3  =  1'684)  and  relation  tobromlite,  also  to  calcite,  aragonite  and  witherite. 
Mallard,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  18,  10,  1895. 


APPENDIX  I. 


BARYTOCELESTITE.— See  Celestite. 


Basiliite.  Igelstrom,  G.  For.  Forh.,  14,  307,  1892  ;  Zs.  Kr.,  22,  470, 1893. 

In  foliated  forms.  Luster  metallic  or  submetallic.  Color  steel-blue,  but  in  very  thin  splinters 
blood-red.  Not  magnetic.  Several  partial  analyses  yielded  : 

Sb2O5  13-09          Mn2O3  70'01          Fe2O3  1'91          H2O  15-00 

Calculated  formula,  H(Mn2O3.Fe2O3).Sb2O5.21H2.O.  Dissolves  readily  in  warm  hydro- 
chloric acid  with  evolution  of  chlorine.  Yields  water  in  the  closed  tube  and  turns  black  and  finally 
red-brown.  Occurs  with  hausuiannite  and  calcite  at  theSjo  mine,  Orebro,  Sweden.  Named  after 
the  alchemist,  Basilius  Valentinus. 

BASTNASITE,  p.  291.— Colorado,  analysis,  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  7,  51,  1899. 

Batavite.  E.  Weinschenk,  Zs.  Kr.,  28,  160,  1897.  A  decomposition-product  from  the  graphite 
district  of  Passau,  Bavaria.  Occurs  in  aggregates  of  pearly  micaceous  scales,  hexagonal  in  out- 
line. G.  =  2'183.  Approximate  composition,  4H2O.4MgO.Al2O3.4SiO2.  Analysis: 

fSiOa  42-33  AlaO,  16-35  MgO  28-17  HaO  13-19  =  100-04 

Named  fro-in  Gastra  Batava,  Roman  name  for  Passau. 

BAUXITE,  p.  251.— Description  of  deposits  in  Arkansas,  Branner,  Amer.  Geol.,  7,  181,1891, 
J.  Geol.,  5,  263,  1897;  in  Georgia,  Alabama,  etc.,  C.  Willard  Hayes,  16  Ann.  Kept.,  U.  S.  G. 
Surv.,  Pt.  Ill,  pp.  547-597,  1896;  also  McCalley,  Proc.  Ala.  Ind.  Sc.  Soc.,  2,  21,  1892; Laur,  Trans. 
Am.  lust.  Mng.  Eug.,  24,  234,  1894.  Analyses,  from  Calhoun  Co.,  Alabama,  Hillebrand,  Bull. 
U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  113,  109,  1893. 

A  general  investigation  (with  analyses)  of  material  from  the  Vogelsberg  has  led  Liebrich  to 
the  conclusion  that  bauxite  is  an  alteration-product  of  a  basaltic  rock.  It  is  in  part  amor- 
phous, in  part  crystalline  and  having  the  composition  of  the  aluminium  hydrate  gibbsite, 
crystals  of  which  occur  in  cavities  in  the  mass  Ber.  Oberhess.  Ges.,  28,  57,  1892  (abstr.  in  Zs. 
Kr.,  23,296,  1894);  also  Zs.  prakt.  Geol.,  5,  212,  1897.  On  the  relation  of  bauxite  to  laterite, 
see  Bauer,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  208,  1898. 

Contains  a  supposed  new  element,  R.  S.  Bayer,  Ch.  News,  71,  128,  1895. 

Beaconite.— See  Talc. 

BENTONITE.— Eng.  Mng.  J.,  Oct.  22  and  Nov.  26,  1898.  A  Wyoming  clay  used  in  making 
candy,  in  adulterating  candy,  etc. 

Beresowite.     Beresovit.    Berezovite.     J.  Samoilow,  Bull.  Soc.  Moscou,  290,  1897'. 

A  chrotnate  and  carbonate  of  lead  from  Berezov  in  the  Ural,  associated  with  galena  and  cerus- 
site;  occurs  also  altered  to  crocoite.  Crystalline  in  small  lamellae  with  one  perfect  cleavage. 
G.  =  6-69.  Color  deep  red.  Birefringent.  Composition  6PbO.3CrO3.CO2.  Analysis  :  CrO3£17'93 
PbO|79-30,C02246. 

BERTHIEKITE,  p.  114. — This  or  a  related  mineral  occurs  on  Mt.  Gibbs,  Tuolumne  Co.,  Cali- 
fornia, Turner,  Am.  J.  Sc..  5,  428,  1898. 

From  Pfibram,  anal.,  Hofmann,  Ber.  Ak.  Bohm.,  Oct.  15,  1897. 

BERTRANDITE,  pp.  545,  1028. — Occurs  with  hamlinite  in  Oxford  Co.,  Me.,  in  twin  crystals, 
prismatic  1  a  (Fig.  1,  k  =  012'1);   G.  =  2571.      Peufield,   Am.  J.  Sc., 
4,  316,  1897.     Crystals,  in  part  twins,  are   described   from   Pisek  and  • 

•>ther  localities,  by  Vrba.  Zs.  Kr.,  24,  112,  1894. 

BERYL,  pp.  405,  1028. — Cryst. — Mursiuka,  crystals  of  rhombo- 
hedral  habit  as  regards  the  s-faces  (1121);  etching-prominences  show 
the  forms  (4374),  (5495)  (6'5  11 -5),  (5494),  (4373),  Arzruui,  Vh.  Min. 
Ges.,  31,  155,  1894.  Mursinka,  with  (13'1'14-0)  and  (19'1'20  1),  Jere- 
mejev,  ibid.,  29,  230,  1892;  also  Union  Mrs.  (1126),  Mursiuka  (2243), 
Nerchinsk  (Wiz), idem., ibid.,  P_rpt.,  33, 26, 1895.  Pisek, with  A  (lS'1-16  1), 
also  supposed  twins,  with  (5'5  10'8)  as  twinning  plane  ;  further,  corrosion 
forms  e(6065),  r  (3032),  u  (2021),  g  (1124),  0  (1122)  and  others,  Vrba, 
Zs.  Kr.,  24,  104,  1894.  On  a  crystal  from  New  York  Island.  Ries, 
Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sc.,  16,  329.  1897.  Etching-figures  investigated,  Bertrandite 

Traube,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.-Bd.,  1O,  464,  1896. 

On  optical  characters  as  influenced  by  heat  and  pressure,  Pockels,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.-Bd.,  8,  217. 
1893. 


10  APPENDIX  I. 

A  variety  from  German  So.  West  Africa  showed  distinct  asterism,  also  cat's-eye  effect,  Stapff 
Zs.  prakt.  G.,  1,  244,  1893. 

Analysis  of  emerald  from  Chanteloube,  Haute- Vienne,  Lebeau,  C.  R.,  121,  601,  1895. 

Occurrence  of  emerald  on  Big  Crab-Tree  Mt.,  near  Bakersville,  Mitchell  Co.,  N.  C.,  Kunz, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  48,  429,  1894. 

Ou  synthesis,  Traube,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  275,  1894. 

BEKZELIITE,  p  753. — A  soda-berzeliite  from  Langban,  Sweden,  has  been  described  by  Hj. 
Sjogreu  (Bull.  G.  lust.  Upsala,  2,  92,  1895).  '  Usually  massive,  also  in  isometric  crystals  (110,  211). 
No  cleavage.  H.  =4  — 4'5.  G.=  4'21.  Luster  greasy.  Color  fire-red  or  orange-yellew.  Isotropic. 
Composiiion  near  caryiuite  (wh.  see),  but  contains  soda  and  differs  in  crystallization.  Analysis, 
R.  Mauzelius : 

As2O5      SbaO.      Y2OB         MnO  CaO  FeO        MgO        Na2O        K2O        H2O 

52-90          tr.         0-24          21-41          18'34          0'38          0'72          5*05          009        0  '40  =  99  "53 

Sjogren  notes  the  similarity  of  the  above  berzeliite  to  pyrrharsenite  (Min.,  p.  753),   and 
Igelstrom,  giving  another  analysis  of  the  latter,  calls  it  mangan-berzelnte,  Zs.  Kr.,  23,  592,  1894. 
An  incomplete  analysis  of  berzeliite  is  given  by  Church,  Min.  Mag.,  11,  10,  1895. 

BEYRICHITE,  p.  76. — Crystals  from  Alteukirchen  have  been  investigated  by  Laspeyres,  who 
finds  it  in  form  and  composition  ((Ni,Co,Fe)S)  like  millerite,  but  the  sp.  gravity  =  4'699  (G.  =  5'3 
-5*9  for  millerite);  he  regards  all  millerite  as  formed  by  paramorphism  from  beyrichite. 
Crystals,  in  part  twins,  are  described  with  the  forms  :  m  (1010),  a  (1120),  i  (4150),  r  (1011),  e  (1012). 
Axis  £  =  0-3277.  Zs.  Kr.,  20,  535,  1892  ;  also  Vh.  Ver.  Bonn,  50,  157,  1893. 

BINNITE.  p.  118. — Tetrahedral  crystals  are  described  by  Baumhauer,  Zs.  Kr.,  21,  202.  1892. 
Same  conclusion  reached  by  Trechmann,  who  adds  many  new  forms,  in  part  doubtful,  Miu.  Mag., 
10,  220.  1893.  Later  Baumhauer  adds  further  new  forms,  Zs.  Kr.,  28,  545,  1897. 

Announced  by  Prior  and  Spencer  to  be  identical  with  tennantite,  Min.  Soc.  Gt.  Britain  Jan. 
31,  in  Nature,  54,  454,  1899. 

BIOTITE,  p.  627. — Twin  crystals  (Servian  twins)  from  Dschepa,  Servia,  formed  of  two  inter- 
penetrating crystals  which  have  the  base  parallel  while  one  is  turned  30°  with  reference  to  the 
other,  Uroschewitsch,  Zs.  Kr.,  29,  278,  1897. 

Composition  (anal.)  of  some  rock-forming  varieties  from  California,  Turner,  Am.  J.  Sc.  7. 
294,  1899. 

Discussion  of  conditions  of  alteration  in  a  magma  (also  of  amphibole),  "Washington,  J.  Geol., 
4,  257,  1896. 

On  the  alteration-products  of  magnesia  mica  and  the  relation  between  composition  and  optic 
axial  angle,  Z.  Schimmer,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Jena,  1898,  pp.  1-70,  and  Jenaisch.  Zeitschr.,  32,  351, 1898. 

See  also  Mica. 

Birmite. — See  Burmite. 

BISMTJTHINITE,  pp/38,  1028. — Occurs  in  Jonquiere  township,  Chicoutimi  Co.,  Quebec  (analysis 
by  Johnston),  Hoffmann,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  6,  19  R,  1892-93.  Also  Lyndoch,  Renfrew  Co.,  Ontario, 
ib.,  8,  14  R,  1895.  From  Sinaloa,  Mexico,  analysis,  Melville,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  90,  40,  1892. 

BISMUTITE,  p.  307.— From  Mt.  Antero,  Chaffee  Co.,  Colorado,  analysis  of  an  impure  variety, 
Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  43,  188,  1892. 

Bismutosmaltite.     A.  Frenzel,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  16,  524,  1896.— See  Skutlerudiie. 

Bixbyite.     S.  L.  Penfidd  and  H.  W.  Foote,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  4,  105,  1897. 

Isometric  ;  in  cubes  with  n  (211).     Cleavage  :  octahedral  in   traces.     Brittle.     H.  =  6  —  6*5. 

G.  =4-945.    Luster  metallic,  brilliant.    Color  and  streak  black.    Opaque. 
Composition,    essentially    FeO.MuO2,    or  analogous    to    perovskite. 

The  analysis  may  also  be  interpreted  as  R2O3,  where  R  =  Fe  and  Mn  in 

nearly  the  ratio  of  1  : 1.     The  SiO2  and  A12O3  of  the  analysis  are  due 

to  impurities.      Analysis  : 

Ti02       Fe303         MnO        MgO         O          SiOa       A12O3 
f     1-70         47-98         4205         010         4-38         1'21         2'53  =  99'95 

Fuses  B.B.  at  4  and  becomes  magnetic.     In  very  fine  powder  is  dis- 
solved with  some  difficulty  in  hydrochloric  acid,  evolving  chlorine. 

Occurs  with  topaz  and  decomposed  garnet  in  rhyolite  on  the  edge  of 
the  desert,  thirty-five  miles  southwest  of  Simpson,  Utah.  Named  after  Mr.  Maynard  Bixby  of 
Salt  Lake  City. 


APPENDIX  1.  11 

BLIABERGSITE.—  L.  J.  Igelstrom,  G.  For.  F5rh.,  18,  41,  1896;  Zs.  Kr.,  27,  603.  M.  Weibull, 
ibid.,  18,  515,  1896.— See  Ottrelite. 

BLODITE,  p.  946. — Crystals  with  T  (450)  described  and  measured,  from  the  salt  seas  of  the 
Astrakan  Govt.,  Jeremejev,  Zs.  Kr.,  23,  268,  1894,  and  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  28,  430.  1891.  Punjab 
Salt  Range,  crystals  described  with  analysis,  F.  R.  Mallet,  Min.  Mag.,  11,  311,  1897. 

A  related  potash  compound  (K2Mg(SO4)a  +  4H2O),  called  Kaliastrakanite  or  Kalium-astra- 
chanite,  has  been  named  Leonite  (wh.  see). 

Blueite.     8.  H.  Emmens,  J.  Am.  Chem.  Soc.,  14,  No.  7,  1892.— See  Pyrite. 

BOLEITE.  p.  1028. — The  complex  relations  of  percylite,  boleite,  pseudoboleite,  cumeugeite 
are  discussed  under  Percylite. 

BORACITE,  p.  879. — Etching-figures  described,  Baumhauer,  Die  Resultate  d.  Aetzmethode, 
etc.,  1894. 

Specific  heat  as  -Influenced  by  the  temperature,  Kroeker,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  125,  1892. 

Occurrence  at  Westeregeln,  Bucking,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  539,  1895. 

Formation  of  isomorphous  chloroborates,  Rousseau  and  Allaire,  C.  R.,  116,  1195,  1893. 

BORNITE,  p.  77. —Crystals  from  Virgen,  near  Pragratteu,  Tyrol,  described  with  (533)  and  (322)?, 
Heimerl,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  17,  289, 1897.  See  also  Klein,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  385,  1898,  who  describes 
a  crystal  from  the  Frossnitz  glacier,  Tyrol,  with  (322)  and  (211),  symmetry  tetrahedral. 

Occurs  as  a  copper  ore  in  western  Idaho,  Packard,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  50,  298,  1895. 

Bouglisite.     E.  Gumenge  (Lacroix,  Bull.  Mus.  d'Hist.  Nat.  Paris,  42,  1895).— See  AnglesiU. 

BOULANGERITE,  p.  129.— Described  by  Hj.  Sjogren  (G.  For.  F5rh.,  19,  153,  1897),  from  the 
mines  of  Sala,  Sweden.  In  orthorhombic  crystals,  prismatic  or  tabular  ||  a  (100).  Axes  a  :  b  :  c  = 
0-5527:1:0-7478.  Forms:  a  (100),  6(010);  r  (210),  q  (320),  m  (110),  w(120),  /u  (140),  I  (160), 
£(180),  i(MO-O),  h  (1-14-0);  w(012).  Angles:  mm'"  =  57°  52',  b/i  =  *24°  20',  bu  =  *69°  30'. 
The  form  approximates  to  that  of  diaphorite.  Composition  :  PbsSbiSn  or  5PbS.2Sb2Ss. 
Analysis,  R.  Mauzelius : 

S  Sb  Pb  Zn          Ag 

G.  =.6-185  18-91          25-54          55-22          0'06          tr.          insol.  0 '23  =  99-96 

The  author  concludes  that  boulangerite  has  the  composition  5PbS.2Sb2S3  like  diaphorite,  to 
which  it  also  approximates  in  form.  Further  he  shows  that  the  earlier  analyses  do  not  corre- 
spond to  SPbS.SbaSa,  the  formula  usually  accepted.  The  minerals  plumbostib  and  embrithrite 
(10PbS.3Sb2S3  Frenzel)  do  not  belong  to  boulaugerite.but  he  regards  them  as  independent  species. 

BOUHNONITE,  p.  126. — Cryst. — Nagybanya,  complex  crystals  described  with  the  new  forms, 
(7(503),  ?(021),  Schmidt,  Zs.  Kr.,20,  151,  1892.  HarzMts.,  Luedecke,  Min.  d.  Harzes,  150,  1896. 
Peychngnard,  Isere,  France,  new  forms  (950),  (780)?,  (380),  (034),  (032),(ll'3-4),(568),  Termier,  Bull. 
Soc.  Miu.,  20,  101,  1897.  Pontgibaud,  Puy-de  D6me,  supposed  new  forms  (18'5'0),  (5'7'12), 
(50  66  59),  (918).  Gonnard,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  20,  312,  1897. 

Measurements  of  crystals  from  different  localities  show  irregularities  in  angle,  but  fail  to 
establish  rnonoclinic  symmetry,  F.  B.  Peck,  Zs.  Kr.,  27,  299,  1896.  Measurements  of  heat  con- 
ductivity, idem,  ibid.,  p  319. 

Occurs  massive  in  Bagot  township,  Renfrew  Co.,  Ontario,  Hoffmann,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  7, 
13  R.  1894.  Also  at  the  mine  Pulacayo,  Huanchaca,  Bolivia,  Peufield  and  Frenzel,  Zs.  Kr..  28, 
608,  1897. 

BRATJNITE,  pp.  232,  1029.— Saint  Marcel,  analyses,  Gorgeu,  Bull.  Soc.  Chim.,  9,  656,  1893. 
Brazilite.    E.  Hussak,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  141,  1892  ;  1,  89,  1893.— See  Eaddeleyiie. 
BREISLAKITE,  p.  391.— Referred  by  Wichmann  to  fayalite,  Zs.  Kr.,  28,  529,  1897. 

BREITHAUPTITE,  pp.  72,  1029. — Crystals  from  Andreasberg  show  the  forms  c,  m,  w  (3031)  and 
(7071);  axis  c  =  0*8627.  Busz,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  119,  1895;  also  idem,  quoted  by  Laspeyres,  Zs.  Kr., 
24,  496,  1895. 

Analysis  (by  Fasolo)  of  arite  from  Nieddoris,  Sardinia,  quoted  by  Brugnatelli,  Rend.  Accad. 
Line..  3  (1),  86,  1894:  As  29"82,  Sb  26-57,  Bi  0'99,  Ni  36  81,  Co  3'91,  Fe  0*98,  S  0'85,  Zn  undet. 
=  99  93.  Analyses  are  also  given  of  an  impure  breithauptite;  of  a  mineral  near  gersdorffite  (Sb 
3'11  p.  c.)  corresponding  to  (Xi,Fe,Co)a(S,As>Sb)3;  also  of  srnaltite. 

BREWSTERITE,  p.  576. — Occurs  in  the  Harz,  Luedecke,  Min.  d.  Harzes,  587,  1896. 


APPENDIX  I. 


BROGGERITE,  p.  889. — See  Uraninite. 

BROMLITE,  p.  283. — Optical  examination  and  relation  to  barytocalcite,  etc.,  Mallard,  Bull.  Soc. 
Min.,  18,  7,  1895. 

BRONGNIARDITE,  p.  123. — The  supposed  isometric  crystals  are  shown  to  belong  to  the  species 
argyrodite  or  canfieldite,  Prior  and  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  12,  11,  1898.  It  is  further  suggested 
by  Spencer  that  brongniardite  and  diaphorite  may  be  identical,  Arn.  J.  Sc.,  6,  316,  1898. 

BROOKITE,  pp.  243,  1029.— Crystals  from  Brazil  show  the  new  forms  g  (305),  v  (124),  g  (146), 
Hussak,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  12,  460,  1892.  On  secondary  twin  formation,  Hussak,  Jb.  Min.,  2, 
99,  1898. 

Occurs  with  octahedrite  on  quartz  at  Placerville,  Eldorado  Co.,  California,  Kunz,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
43,  329,  1892. 

BRUCITE,  p.  252. — Analysis  of  nemalite  from  Afghanistan,  Mallet,  Min.  Mag.,  11,  211,  1897, 
Bee.  G.  Surv.  India,  30,  233,  1898. 

Nemalite  absorbs  electric  waves  vibrating  in  a  certain  plane  and  transmits  those  vibrating 
normal  to  it;  so  also  tourmaline  (with  planes  reversed),  but  not  to  so  great  a  degree.  J.  C.  Bose, 
Nature,  57,  353,  1898. 

BRUSHITE,  p.  828. — A  calcium  phosphate  found  in  human  skeletons  (1630)  unearthed  at  Paris 
in  1896  (Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  20,  112,  1897),  has  the  optical  characters  of  pharmacolite,  viz.: 
optically  — ;  ax.  plane  and  Bx0  d_  b\  Bxa  inclined  25°  forward  to  tmce  of  c;  2Vll  =  81°.  It  might 
hence  be  inferred  to  belong  to  brushite;  however,  G.  =  2*31  and  the  amount  of  water  was  too 
small  (loss  on  ignition  =  25'5  p.  c. ;  Athis  is  probably  too  high).  For  metabrusbite  from  Sombrero, 
G.  =  2'30  was  obtained,  from  the  lie  des  Oiseaux  2'33. 

Burmite.  Birmite.  Otto  Helm,  Rec.  G.  Surv.  India,  25,  180,  1892;  26,  61,  1893.  Schrift. 
Ges.  Danzig,  8,  Nos.  3-4,  p.  63,  1893.  Fritz  Noetling,  Rec.  G.  Surv.  India,  26,  31,  1893.  A  fossil 
resin,  re.-embling  amber,  but  harder  and  tougher.  Occurs  abundantly  in  Upper  Burma.  An 
analysis  gave  helm:  C  80*05,  H  11-50,  O  8 '43,  S  0'02  =  100. 

CACOXENITE,  p.  848. — Partial  optical  examination,  Luquer,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  44,  154,  1893. 

Analysis  by  Church  from  Hrbek,  near  St.  Benigna,  Bohemia  (Min.  Mag.,  11,  8,  1895),  gave: 
P2O6  19-76,  FeaO3  48-57,  H2O  (ign.)  13-11  (F  tr.\  HaO  (vacuo)  18'69  =  100-13.  This  corresponds 
to  the  complex  relation  9Fe2O3.4P2O6.51H2O. 

CALAMINE,  p.  546.— Cryst. — Radzionkau,  Silesia,  Traube,  also  anal.  (Breitfeld)  showing  pres- 
ence of  2-17  p.  c.  PbO,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  46,  65,  1894. 
Sterling  Hill,  N.  J.,  and  Clear  Creek  Co.,  Colo- 
rado (Figs.  1,  2),  Pratt,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  48,  213,  1894. 
Gorno,  Val  Seriaua,  Italy,  new  form  (503),  Artini, 
Riv.  Min.  Ital.,  16,  19,  1896.  Moresnet,  new  form 
(311),  Buttgenbach,  Ann.  Soc.  G.  Belg.,  24,  xl, 
1897.  Nebida,  Sardinia,  C.  Riva,  Rend.  Accad. 
Line.,  6  (1),  421,  1897. 

Analysis  of  pure  variety  from  Wythe  Co.,  Va., 
Jones,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  14,  621, -1892. 

Occurs  in  West  Kootanie  district,  Br.  Colum- 
bia, Hoffmann,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  6,  28  R,  1893. 
Also  finely  crystallized  at  the  Elkhorn  mines, 
Jefferson  Co.,  Montana. 


New  Jersey. 


Colorado. 


CALAVERITE,  p.  105.— Hillebrand  refers  here  gold  tellurides  f rom  Cripple  Creek,  Colorado  (Am. 
J.  Sc.,  50,  128,  426,  1895).  A  crystallized  specimen  from  the  Prince  Albert  mine,  which  (accord- 
ing to  Penfield)  seemed  to  be  triclinic,  but  approximating  toward  sylvanite  in  angle,  though  with- 
out its  cleavage,  gave  the  results  of  anal,  la  (Ib  deducting  impurities).  Color  pale  bronze-yellow. 
H.  —  3.  G.  (corrected)  =  9'00.  Two  other  less  pure  samples  from  different  mines  gave  anals.  2,  3 
deducting  impurities;  all  correspond  to  AuTe2.  Krennerite  also  occurs  at  Cripple  Creek,  and 
according  to  Pearce  sylvanite.  See  Geol.  Cripple  Creek  Dist.,  Colorado,  by  Whitman  Cross  and 
R.  A.  F.  Penrose,  Jr.,  16  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Part  II. 

Te  Au  Ag 

\a.      57-27  38-95  3'21  insol.  0-33,  Fe,O8  0'12  =  99*88 

15.       57-60  39-17  3'23  =  100 

2.  57-40  40-83  1'77  =  100 

3.  57-30  41-80  0'90  =  100 

See  also  Goldschmidtite,  Kalgoorlite  and  Krennerite. 


APPENDIX  /.  13 

Calcistrontite.  Von  der  March,  Vh.  Ver.  Rheinl.  Corrbl.,  39,  84,  1882.  A  mineral  substance 
from  near  Hamm,  Westphalia,  supposed  to  have  the  composition  3CaCO3.SrCO3.  It  is  shown 
bv  Laspeyres  ami  Kaiser  t j  be  a  mechanical  mixture  of  calcite  and  strontianite,  Zs.  Kr.,  27,  41, 
1896. 

CALCITE,  pp.  262,  1026.— Cryst.— Laudelies,  Belgium,  Renault,  Ann.  Soc.  G.  Belg.,  20,  75, 
1892.  Nieder-Rabenstein,  crystals  perhaps  to  be  referred  to  the  dolomite  (phenacite)  type,  Beck- 
enkamp,  Zs.  Kr.,  20,  163,  1892;  cf.  also  Gaubert,  Bui..  Mus.  d'Hist.  Nat.,  p.  39,  1897.  Feld- 
kirch,  Gissinger,  Zs.  Kr.,  22,  359,  1893.  Visby,  Gotland,  crystals  of  pyramidal  habit,  Hamberg, 
G.  For.  Forh.,  16,  709,  1894.  Freiberg,  Snnsoni,  Giorn.  Min.,  5,  72,  1894,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  23,  451, 

1894.  Crystals  from  the  Galena  limestone,   Wisconsin,  Hobbs,  Bull.   Univ.  Wisconsin,  1,  115, 

1895,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  25,  257,  1895.    Lake  Superior,  Palache,  Zs.  Kr.,  24,  588,  1895.     Framont  et  al. 
in  Elsass-Lothringeu,  Stober,  Zs.  Kr.,  24,  629,  1895.     Korosmezo,  G.  Moesz,  Foldt.  Kozl.,  27, 
49o,  1898.     Couzon,  Rhone, 'Gonnard,  C.  R.,  122,  348,  1896,  and  Bull.   Soc.  Min.,  20,  18,  330, 
1897.     Nordma'-k,  Sweden,  K.  Winge,  G.  For.  Forh.,  18,  527,  1896.     Harz  Mts.,  Luedecke,  Min. 
d.  Harzes,  285,  1896.     Budapest,  Melczer,  Foldt.  Kozlony,  26,  79,  1896;  28,  257,  1898.     From 
various  localities  in  Belgium,   Cesaro,  Mem.  Acad.  Belg.,  53,  1897.     From  the  diabase  of  Neu- 
mark,  Schnorr  (1896),  ref.  in  Zs.  Kr.,  30,  660.     Auerbach,  Hesse,  A.  Leuze  (1896),  ref.  in  Zs. 
Kr.,  30,  662.     Montecatini,  G.  D'Achiardi,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  Proc.  Verb.,  May  9,  1897.     Jarow 
near  Wran,  Bohemia,  Polak,  Lotos,  17,  169,  1897. 

Selective  absorption  investigated,  Nichols  and  Snow,  Phil.  Mag.,  33,  379, 1892. 

Refractive  indices  of  Iceland  Spar,  Dufet,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  17,  149,  1894. 

Dichroism  for  infra-red  waves,  E.  Merritt,  Wied.  Ann.,  55,  49,  1895. 

Investigation  on  the  influence  of  substances  in  solution  upon  the  crystallization,  etc.,  Vater, 
Zs.  Kr.,  21,  433;  22,  209,  1893;  24,  366,  378,  1895;  27,  477,  1896;  30,  295,  373,  485,  1898. 

Formation  of  stalactites  in  caves,  G.  P.  Merrill,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  17,  77,  1894. 

Discussion  of  origin,  composition  and  uses  of  onyx  marble  from  many  localities;  with  one 
exception  these  belong  to  calcite,  idem,  Rep.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  16,  539,  1893. 

Investigation  of  hislopite  (Min.,  p.  266)  showing  great  variation  in  the  amount  of  glauconite, 
while  other  inclusions  also  occur,  Holland,  Rec.  G.  Surv,  India,  26,  166,  1893. 

CALEDONITE,  p.  924. — Crystals  described  with  T  (113),  K  (023)  as  new  forms,  Busz,  Jb.  Min., 
1,  111,  1895. 

CAEOMEL,  p.  153. — Optical  characters  determined,  confirming  results  of  Senarmont  (Min.,  p. 
154),  who  showed  its  very  high  birefringence;  Dufet  obtained  (Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  21,  90,  1898): 

GO  .  e  e  —  GO 

Li               1-95560  2-6006  0'6450 

Na              1-97325  2'6559  0*6827 

Tl               1-99085  2-7129  0-7220 

Oanfieldite.  8.  L.  Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  47,  451,  1894  (not  canfieldite,  same  author,  ib.t  46, 
107,  1893,  =  argyrodite). 

Isometric,  perhaps  tetrahedral.  In  octahedrons  o  (111)  with  d  (110).  Fracture  uneven  to  small 
conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  2'5-3.  G.  =  6'276.  Luster  metallic,  brilliant.  Color  black  with 
bluish  tint. 

Composition,  Ag8(Sn.Ge)S« ;  essentially  Ag8SnSa  or  4AgaS.SnSa,  but  with  the  tin  in  part 
replaced  by  germanium,  ratio  Sn,  Ge  =  12  :  5.  Analysis: 

S  Su  Ge  Ag  Fe.Zn 

1622  6-94  1-82  74'10  0 -21  =  99 -29 

As  noted  on  p.  6,  Penfield  has  shown  that  argyrodite  has  the  corresponding  composition 
AggGeSrt.  Franckeite  (vvh.  see)  is  another  new  sulpho-stannate. 

B.  B.  fuses  at  2  on  charcoal,  yielding  a  coating  of  the  mixed  oxides  of  tin  and  germanium, 
white  or  grayish  near  ihe  :»ssay,  tinged  with  yellow  on  the  edges.  By  long  blowing  a  globule  of 
silver  covered  by  tin  oxide  is  obtained.  In  the  dosed  tube  sulphur  is  given  off,  and  at  a  high 
temperature  a  slight  deposit  of  germanium  sulphide. 

Occurs  intimately  associated  \vith  native  silver  at  La  Paz,  Bolivia.  Named  after  F.  A.  Can- 
field,  of  Dover,  N.  J. 

CARNALLITE,  p.  177. — Discussion  of  conditions  of  formation  and  of  alteration,  Van't  Hoff  and 
Meyerhoffer,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  488,  1897;  also  later  papers  by  Van't  Hoff  and  others,  1897  and  1898. 

Carnotite.  G.  Friedel  and  E.  Cumenge,  C.  R.,  128,  532,  1899,  and  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  22,  26, 
1899. 

Occurs  as  a  yellow  crystalline  powder,  or  in  loosely  cohering  masses,  easily  separated  by  the 
lingers;  intimately  mixed  with  a  quartzose  sand. 


14  APPENDIX  I. 

Composition,  perhaps  KaO.2UaO3.VaO6.3H2O.  Analyses,  after  the  separation  of  silica,  of  air- 
dried  material: 

V208  Ua03  KaO  HaO 

20-12  63-54  10-37  5'95  =  99*98 

20-31  64-70  10-97  5*19  FeaO3  0'96  =  102-13 

19-95  62-46  1115  —    Fe2Os  06'5 

The  radiant  power  has  been  investigated  by  M.  and  Mde.  P.  Curie. 

Occurs  in  Montrose  Co.,  Colorado,  in  cavities  or  associated  with  malachite  and  azurite.  Some 
samples  show  60  p.  c.  of  SiO2,  the  purest  2 '6  to  7'2  p.  c.  Separation  is  accomplished  by  nitric 
acid.  Named  after  M.  Adolphe  Carnot. 

CARYINITE,  p.  754 —Further  described  by  Hj.  Sjogren.  Occurs  at  Langban,  massive,  filling 
fissures  in  u  coarse  mixture  of  schefferile,  rhodonite  and  hedyphane.  Anisotropic,  without 
pleochroism.  Two  cleavages  noted  parallel  to  in  (110)  and  b  (010),  bm  =  49°  15'.  Extinction- 
observations  on  plates  |j  and  _L  to  b  make  the  system  orthorhombic.  Optically-)-.  Bxa  _L  b.  Ax_ 
pi.  fl  a  (100).  An  analysis  by  R.  Mauzelius  gave: 

As2O6    P2O5  V3O6  PbO    MuO    FeO     CaO    MgO  BaO  Na2O  K2O    H2O    Cl 
G.=  4-29  49-78    0-19     tr.      9*21     18-66    0'54    12-12    3'09    1*03    5'16    0'37    0'53    tr.  =  100*68 

This  leads  to  the  formula  10RO.3A2O5  or,  if  the  presence  of  the  radical  (OH)  is  assumed,  to 
R3As2Oe.  Nearly  the  same  composition  is  obtained  for  the  soda-berzeliite  (see  p.  10).  The 
origin  of  berzeliite  by  the  alteration  of  caryinite  is  confirmed.  Bull.  G.  lust.  Upsala,  2,  87,  1895. 

CASSITERITE,  pp.  234,  1030,  1037. — Crystals  described  with  new  forms  A.  (IO'9'O),  /  (835), 
Kohlmann,  Zs.  Kr,,  24,  350,  1895.  On  artificial  crystals,  A.  Arzruni,  Zs.  Kr.,  25,  467,  1895. 

Description  of  occurrence  of  tin  ores  in  Bolivia,  A.  W.  Stelzner,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  49,  51,  1897.  On 
the  tin  deposits  of  Temescal,  So.  California,  Fairbanks,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  4,  39,  1897. 

Caswellite.  A.  H.  Chester,  G.  Rep.  N.  J.,  1895.  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  13,  181, 1894.  An 
altered  mica  of  a  light  copper-red  color  and  bronze-like  luster  resembling  clintonite.  Structure 
micaceous.  Inelastic.  H.  =  2*5-3.  G.  =  3*54.  Double  refraction  feeble.  Not  pleochroic. 
Analysis : 

SiOa        A12O3     FeaO3     MnaO3       CaO        MgO       Ign. 
|  38-74        6-58        6'85        15-95        22-30        5'52        4*64  =  100*58 

Occurs  with  rhodonite,  polyadelphite  and  a  dark-colored  biotite,  from  which  it  is  believed  to 
have  been  derived  at  the  Trotter  mine,  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J.  Named  after  Mr.  John  H. 
Caswell. 

Cataphorite.  Kataforit,  W.  G.  Brogger,  Die  Eruptivgest.  d.  Kristiauiagebietes,  1,  37,  73, 1894* 
3,  169,  1898,  et  al. 

An  alkali-iron  amphibole,  intermediate  between  barkevikite  and  arfvedsonite,  but  not  yet 
analyzed.  Occurs  in  the  grorudite-tinguaite  series  of  rocks  of  southern  Norway.  Cleavage-angle 
about  56°.  Extinction-angle  on  b  (010),  c  A  c  =  30°  to  60°.  Predominating  absorption-colors 
reddish;  6  >  c  >  a.  Lacroix  gives  for  a  similar  amphibole  (but  nearer  barkevikite)  from  the 
Haute-Loire.  2E  =  60°;  a  yellowish  brown;  fc  violet;  c  yellow,  slightly  greenish.  Min.  France, 
1,  689,  1893.  Brogger  suggests  that  the  amphibole  of  pulaskite  (J.  Fr.  Williams,  Ign.  Rocks 
Arkansas,  p.  64)  may  also  belong  between  barkevikite  and  cataphorite.  See  also  Barkemkite. 

CATAPLEIITE,  p.  412. — Occurs  at  Kangerdluarsuk,  Greenland,  with  neptunite,  epididymite,, 
segirite.  etc.,  in  crystals  with  (1013);  G.  =  2"743;  analysis  by  Flink:  SiO2  44-08,  ZrO2  31  "83, 
CaO  0-17,  Na2O  14-80,  H2O9*12  =  100.  This  corresponds  to  a  pure  natron-catapleiite,  G.  F5r. 
Forh.,  15,  206,  1893. 

Cedarite.  R.  Klels  [Jb.  preuss.  geol.  Landesanst.  1896],  Jb.  Miu.,  2,  212  ref.,  1898.  A  fossil 
resin  resembling  amber  somewhat  widely  distributed  in  the  alluvium  of  the  Saskatchewan  river  in 
Canada.  Cold  clear  yellow,  or  clouded.  Composition:  C  78'15,  H  9'89,  O  11*20,  S  0*31,  ash  0*45 
=  100.  Partially  soluble  in  the  usual  solvents. 

CELESTITE,  p.  905. — Cryst. — List  of  cryst.  forms  with  references,  also  optical  characters,  etc. 
Gruneuberg  [Tnaug.  Diss.,  Breslau,  1892],  Zs.  Kr.,  24,  199,  1894.  Brousseval,  Ville-sur-Saulx, 
France,  new  form  (1 -10*10),  St5ber,  Zs.  Kr.,  21,  339,  1893.  From  the  Romagna  with  new  forms 
(450),  (230),  (105),  (087)?,  (326),  (562),  Artini,  Rend.  1st.  Lomb.  Sc.,  26,  323,  1893.  Westeregln, 
Bucking,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  536,  1895.  Giershngen  Stadtberge,  new  forms  N  (705),  Q  (332), 
R  (T19-19),  also  discussion  of  variation  in  axial  ratio,  physical  characters,  etc.,  Arzruni  and 
Thaddeeff,  Zs.  Kr.,  25,  38,  1895.  Bessarabia,  Prendel,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  34,  185,  1896. 


APPENDIX  1. 

Occurs  in  Lansdowne  township,  Leeds  Co..  Ontario  (anal,  by  Johnston,  BaO  tr.\  Hoffmann, 
Rep.  G.  Canada,  7,  9  R,  1894;  cf.  also  ib.,  5,  25  R,  1889-90. 

A  fibrous  radiated  variety  from  the  Silurian  crystallized  limestone  of  Eastern  Ontario  gave  C. 
W.  Volney  :  SrSO4  70  01.  BaSO4  30'85,  Al2O3,Fe2O3  O'OOo  =  100'865.  G.  =  4'123.  J.  Am.  Ch. 
Soc.,  21,  386,  1899.  Another  specimen  from  Lausdowne,  Ontario,  gave,  SrSO4  58'20,  BaSO4 
39'8o  —  98  05.  G.  =  4-188.  Still  another  celestite  showed  over  3  p.  c.  BaSO4;  G.  =  4'41.  Ibid.,. 
13,  290,  1891.  Cf .  Hoffmann,  above. 

Celsian.     Hj.  Sjogren,  G.  For.  FOrh.,  17,  578,  1895. 

Triclinic.  Massive.  Cleavage:  c  (001)  perfect;  b  (010)  distinct;  m  (llO)and  M(\W)  less  distinct. 
Angles  :  be  =  89°  34'-89°  37',  cm  =  68°  30-68°  45',  bm  =  59°  18'.  H.  =  6  to  6'5.  G.  =  3  37. 
Luster  vitreous.  Colorless.  Extinction  on  c  inclined  3°  10',  and  on  b,  26°  45'  to  edge  b/c.  Optic 
axis  si-en  obliquely  in  sections  ||  c. 

Composition  analogous  to  that  of  anorthite,  BaAl2Si2O8  or  BaO.Al2O3.2SiO2.  Analysis  R, 
Mauzelius: 

SiO2        A12O3     Fe2O3       BaO        CaO       MgO       K8O      Na2O      H2O         F 

32-43        26-55        0'12        39'72        0'23        O'll        0'22        0'16        0'64        0'64  =  100'82 

B.  B.  scarcely  fusible  even  on  thin  splinters. 

From  the  manganese  mines  of  Jakobsberg,  Sweden,  with  schefferite  and  manganophyllite. 
Named  after  Anders  Celsius,  the  Swedish  naturalist. 

CELYPHITE. — Same  as  KelypTiite,  p.  447. 

CENOSITE,  p.  698. — Described  by  Hj.  Sjogren,  from  the  Ko  mines,  Nordmark,  Sweden; 
occurs  with  diopside,  clinochlore,  magnetite  and  apatite.  Crystallization  orthorhombic.  Axes 
a  :  b  :  c  =  0'9517  :  1  :  0'8832,  or  near  those  of  cerite.  Forms  :  b  (010),  c  (001) ;  m  (110),  h  (230) ; 
0(201);  /(023),  d  (Oil),  e  (021).  Habit  short  prismatic.  Angles:  mm'"  =  87°  10',  mm'  =  *92°  50', 
bd  =  *48°  33'  (see  below).  Cleavage  not  observed.  G.  =  3 '38.  Luster  greasy.  Color  yellow- 
brown  to  dark  chestnut-brown.  Analysis  (on  0*067  gr.),  R.  Mauzelius: 

SiOa         Y2O3,  etc.        Fe2O3        CaO        MgO        Alk.        H2O        CO, 

31-7  35-9  2-9  16  5          174  3'6  2'9        [5'1]  =  100 

The  author  gives  bd  =  41°  33',  which  is  obviously  an  error  ;  48°  33'  agrees  with  his  axial  ratio. 
G.  F5r.  For.,  19,  54,  1897. 

CERUSSITE,  pp.  286,  1030. — Oryst. — Pacaudiere,  Loire,  and  Roure,  (Pontgibaud),  France, 
Gonuard,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  15,  35,  41,  1892.  Norberg,  twins,  Johansson,  G.  For.  Forh.,  14,  49, 
1892  Black  Hawk,  Montana,  Pratt,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  48,  212,  1894.  Cabo  de  Gata,  Osanu,  Zs.  Kr., 

23,  264,  1894.     Tarnowitz,  Silesia,  new  forms  a  (441),  f  (170),  e  (020),  B  (171) ;  also  on  iglesiasite, 
from    Radzionkau   (3'4  ZnO),    i  (210),    Traube,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  46,  60,  1894.      From  the   Galena, 
limestone,  Wisconsin,  with  the  new  form  A(0'25'4),  Hobbs,  Zs.  Kr.,  25,  265,  1895,  and  Bull.  Univ. 
Wisconsin,  1,  128,  1895;  also  from  Missoula,  with  &  (380),  id.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  50,  121,  1895.    Gorno, 
Val  Seriana.  Italy,  crystals  described,  with  new  form  (0'131),  Artini,  Riv.  Min.  Ital.,  16,  21, 

1896.  and  Rend.  1st.  Lombardo,  30,  1529,  1897.     Nebida,  Sardinia,    Riva,  Riv.  Min.  Ital.,  18, 
54,  1898,  and  Rend.  Accad.  Line.,  6  (1),  421,  1897. 

CHABAZITE,  p.  589.— Tulferthal,  Tyrol,  crystals  described  (twins),  Habert,  Zs.  Kr.,  28,  243, 

1897.  Investigation  of  the  absorption  of  gases  after  having  been  partially  deprived  of  water,  G. 
Friedel  (also  other  zeolites),  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  19,  102,  1896;  22,  5,  1899.     Also  Rinne,  Jb.  Min., 
2,  28,  1897. 

CHALCANTHITE,  p.   944. — Etchmer-figures  investigated,   T.  L.  Walker,  Am.  J.  Sc.,   5,   176, 

1898.  Occurs  at  the  Avoca  claim,  Bonaparte  river,  Lillooet  district,  Br.  Columbia,  Hoffmann, 
Rep.  G.  Canada,  9,  12  R,  1896. 

CHALCOCITE,  p.  55. — Crystals  from  Bristol,  Conn.,  with  (130)  as  tw. -plane,  Kaiser,  Zs.  Kr., 

24,  498,  1895.    From  Moutecatini,  with  new  form  (052),  Boeris,  Zs.  Kr.,  23,  235,  1894,  and  Riv. 
Mm.  Ital.,  14,  26,  1895. 

CHALCOPHANITE,  p.  256. — Hydrofranklinile  of  Roepper  (Min.,  p.  259)  is  shown  by  Penfield  and 
Kreider  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  48,  141,  1894)  to  be  identical  with  chalcophanite.  The  form  is  not  octahedal, 
but  rhombohedral,  a  combination  of  c  and  r.  Analysis:  FeO  lO'OO,  MnO  48'27,  ZuO  18'25, 
O  11  21,  H2O  11  85,  insol.  0'25  =  99'83;  G.  =  4'012. 

CHALCOPYRITE,  pp.  80,  1030.— Cryst.— Westphalia,  new  form,  s  (525),  Cesaro,  Bull.  Ac. 
Belg  ,  28,  182,  1891.  Victoria  mine,  near  Burgholdingshausen,  Siegen,  new  forms  (312),  (534), 


16 


APPENDIX  I. 


Sonheur,  Zs.  Kr.,  23,  545,  1894.     Kis- Almas,   Hungary,   new   forms  r  (605),    £(907),   x  (704), 
Zimanyi,  Zs.  Kr.,  27,  95,  1896.     Harz  Mts.,  Luedecke,  Miu.  d.  Harzes,  123,  1896. 
Occurs  at  Mtisen,  in  capillary  forms,  Laspeyres,  Zs.  Kr.,  20,  529,  1892. 

CHALCOSTIBITE,  pp.  113,  1030.— Penfield  and  Frenzel  have  shown  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  4,  27,  1897, 
and  Zs.  Kr.,  28,  598)  that  the  euejarite  of  Cunienge  (Min.,  pp.  110,  1030)  is  identical  with 
chalcostibite  (wolfsbergite*).  Referred  to  the  axial  ratio  d  :  b  :  k  =  0'5283  : 1  :  0'6364,  which  is 
that  of  Laspeyres  (p.  1030,  Wolfsberg  cryst.)  modified  to  correspond  with  the  symbol  6'12'7  of  p 


1. 


2. 


Guejar. 


Huanchaca,  Bolivia. 


{not  7-14-8  Lasp.).  the  forms  are  :  6  (010),  c  (001),  h  (203),  d  (101),  i  (302),  g  (201),  t  (021),  u  (061). 
Analyses  (Frenzel)  1,  2,  below.  G.  =  4*959  Pfd. 

Crystals  of  chalcostibite  from  the  Pulacayo  mine,  Huanchaca,  Bolivia,  showed  (1.  c.)  the  new 
forms  I  (130),  A  (209),  A±  (207),  4,  (205J,  s  (065),  ju  (136),  v  (133).  7t  (265),  p  (263),  a  (4'12'5), 
T  (261).  The  axial  ratio  deduced  is  &  :b  :  c=  0'5312  : 1  : 0-63955.  Other  crystals  from  the  same 
locality  examined  by  L.  J.  Spencer  (quoted  above)  showed  the  additional  forms  :  a  (233), 
ft  (354),  y  (474).  S  (475),  e  (476).  The  crystals  are  prismatic  1  b  and  striated  in  this  direction. 
Cleavage  :  basal,  perfect ;  a  and  b  also  observed. 

Analyses,  Freuzel :  1  of  chalcostibite  from  Guejar,  G.  =  4'96  ;  2  of  the  original  guejarite  ;  3  of 
chalcostibite  from  Bolivia : 

S  Sb  Cu  Pb  Fe 

1.  Guejar  26'28        48'86        24*44          0'58          0.42  =  100-58 

2.  "  26-12        48-44        25-23          0'32          0'49  Zn  0'18  =  100'78 
S.  Huanchaca        26 "20        48 '45        24  72  —     =  99 '37 

CHLOR  AST  ROUTE,  p.  610. — Examined  by  N.  H.  Wiuchell,  who  concludes  that,  while  the 
material  may  be  somewhat  impure  (delessite,  etc.),  it  has  constant  and  distinguishing  optical 
characters.  Occurs  in  small  round  pebbles  with  fine  fibrous,  stellate  structure.  H.  =  5'5. 
G.  =  3'155.  Color  light  and  dark  green.  Fibers  elongated  ||  t).  Extinction  oblique,  to  20°.  Re- 
fractive index  higher  than  for  thomsonite.  Pleochroism:  distinct,  colorless  and  light  green. 
From  Isle  Royale,  Lake  Superior.  Remarks  are  also  made  on  the  possible  relation  of  "  zom> 
chlorite  "  to  chlorastrolite  and  mesolite.  Amer.  Geol.,  23,  116,  1899. 

CHLORITEB,  pp.  643-664. — Discussion  of  composition  and  analyses,  F.  W.  Clarke  and  Schneider, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  43,  378,  1892.     Also  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  113,  11,  27,  1893. 
See  also  Clinochlore,  Penninite,  etc. 

CHLORITOID,  pp.  640,  1031. — Occurs  in  blocks  on  the  south  shore  of  Michigamme  lake,  Mich., 
W.  H  Hobbs(aual.  Kahleuberg),  Am.  J.  Sc.,  50,  121,  1895;  2,  87,  1896;  cf.  Lane  and  Kellar, 
Min.,  p.  1031,  also  Rorainger,  Geol.  Surv.  Michigan,  vol.  5,  p.  31. 

From  Lainicium,  Carpathian  Mts.,  anal.,  Duparc  and  Mrazek,  C.  R.,  116,  601,  1893.  Also  in 
Xincardineshire  described  (anal.)  by  G.  Barrow,  Q.  J.  G.  Soc.,  54,  149,  1898. 

See  also  Ottrelite. 

Ohloroarsenian.  L.  J.  Igelstrom,  G.  F8r.  Forh.,  15,  471,  1893;  Zs.  Kr.,  22,  468.  An  im- 
perfectly described  mineral  occurring  with  basiliite  (p.  9)  at  the  Sj6  mine,  Orebro.  Sweden. 
In  crystals,  showing  one  cleavage  and  having  a  vitreous  luster  and  yellowish  green  color.  Con- 
tains MnO  and  Asa6B  (or  As,Os),  but  no  SbaO6  nor  HaO.  It  is  to  be  regretted  in  the  case  of  this  and 
other  supposed  new  minerals  from  the  same  locality  that  the  name  was  not  withheld  until  they 
could  be  adequately  described  according  to  scientific  methods. 

CHONDRODITE,  p.  535.— See  Humite. 


*  The  probable  Identity  of  chaloostibite  and  guejarite  was  urged  by  L.  J.  Spencer  in  1896. 
See  Min.  *Mag.,  11,  pp.  x  and  188.  1897. 


APPENDIX  L 

Chondrostibian.  L.  J.  Igelttrom,  G.  Fdr.  Forh.,  15,  343,  1893;  Zs.  Kr.,  22,  48,  1893  In 
grains  and  perhaps  also  in  octahedral  crystals  (?)  embedded  in  barite  at  the  Sj5  mine,  Orebro, 
Sweden.  Color  dark  brownish  red  to  yellowish  red  in  small  grains.  Feebly  magnetic.  An 
analysis  on  very  impure  material  gave  after  the  deduction  of  51  p.  c.  of  foreign  substances  (cal- 
cite,  tephroite,  barite,  etc.) :  Sb2O5  30-66,  As,O6  2'10,  Mn,O,  33'13,  Fe20, 15'10,  H,O  19  01  =  100. 
The  result  thus  obtained  has  obviously  little  claim  to  accuracy. 

CHKOMITE,  pp.  228,  1031. — Crystals  from  the  Bendego  meteoric  iron  show  the  forms  (111),  (110), 
(311),  (221 i;  (001)  rare;  also  faces  of  (510),  (310),  (210.,  (211),  (553),  (774)?,  (552)?,  (331),  (441  j. 
Hussak,  quoted  by  Derby,  Arch.  Mus.  Nacioual  de  Rio  de  Janeiro,  p.  165,  1896. 

A  variety  (mmgnochromite)  from  Tampadel,  Zobtengebirge,  Lower  Silesia,  gave  Laszczynski 
(quoted  by  Traube.  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  46,  52,  1894):  CraO,  41  23,  A1,OS  24'58,  FeO  i9'04,  MnO  0'58, 
MgO  14-77  =  100-20 ;  the  iron  may  be  partly  Fe,O3.  G.  =  4*21. 

J.  H.  Pratt,  discussing  the  occurrence  and  origm  of  chromite  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  7,  281,  1899),  has 
proposed  the  name  mitcfollile,  after  Prof.  Elisha  Mitchell  of  North  Carolina  (1793-1857),  for  a 
magnesian  variety  represented  by  the  mineral  from  Webster,  N.  C.  An  analysis  by  H.  W.  Foote 
gave: 

Cr.O,  Al,0,  FeO  MgO 

39-95  29-28  13'90  17'31  =  100-44, 

The  calculated  formula  is  2MgAl2O4.MgCr9O4.FeCr3O4.  This  corresponds  closely  to  the 
magnochromite  of  Bock  (Min.,  p.  228)  and  to  the  similar  mineral  from  Tampadel,  Silesia,  noted 
above. 

CHRYSOLITE,  pp.  441.  1031.— Crystals  from  Monte  delle  Croce,  near  Montefiascone,  described 
and  measured.  Fautappie,  Riv.  Min.  Ital.,  17,  3,  1897. 

A  minute  discussion  of  the  form,  composition,  etc.,  of  minerals  of  the  Chrysolite  Group  is  given 
by  Thaddeeff.  Zs.  Kr.,  26,  28,  1896. 

Crystals  altered  to  serpentine  from  Middlefield,  Mass.,  Emerson,  Bull.  Amer.  G.  Soc.,  6, 
473  ;  Bull  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  126,  152,  1895. 

An  alteration-product  from  the  north  shore  of  L.  Superior  is  referred  to  bowlingite  (Min., 
p.  682)  by  Winchell,  Amer.  Geol.,  23,  43,  1899.  See  also  Iddingsite. 

A  lead-ziuk  chrysolite  (Bleizinkckrysolith)  from  a  slag  is  noted  by  Heberdey,  Zs.  Kr.,  21,  61, 
1892. 

CINNABAR,  pp.  66,  1031.— Occurs  in  fine  crystals  at  Ouen-Shan-Tchiang,  central  China,  Ter- 
mier.  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  20,  204,  1897. 

On  occurrences  in  Canada,  see  Hoffmann,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  5,  66  R,  1889-90;  6,  31  R,  1892- 
•93.  The  occurrence  in  Southern  Texas  near  the  Rio  Grande  (Long.  27°  W.,  Lat.  29°  30'  N.)  is 
described  by  W.  P.  Blake  (Trans.  Am.  Inst.  Mng.  Eng.,  March,  1895);  in  grains  and  smail  rhom- 
bohedral  crystals. 

On  synthesis,  Ippen,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  14,  114,  1894. 

CLEVEITE,  p.  889. — See  Uraninite. 

CLINOCKLORE,  p.  644. — Crystals  from  the  Ural  described,  Jeremejev,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  31, 
417,  1894. 

A  discussion  of  optical  characters  specially  with  reference  to  the  relations  of  clinochlore  and 
penninite  is  given  by  Klein,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  119-132,  1895.  Clinochlore  is  found  to  be  always  opti- 
cally positive,  even  when  it  becomes  uniaxial  on  heating;  penninite,  however,  is  negative. 

Analyses,  of  specimens  from  Zlatoust  (also  leuchtenbergite),  Clarke  and  Schneider,  Am.  J. 
Sc.,  43,  378,  1892. 

From  Buckingham,  Ottawa  Co.,  Quebec,  and  Bagot  township,  Renfrew  Co.,  Ontario  (analyses 
by  Johnston),  Hoffmann,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  6,  17  R,  1892-93. 

CLINOCLASITE,  p.  795.— Analysis  by  Church,  Min.  Mag.,  11,  4,  1895. 

Clinohedrite,  S.  L.  Penfield  and  H.  W.  Foote,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  5,  289,  1898. 

Monoclinic-clinohedral.  Axes  d  :  b  :  I  =  0-68245  : 1 :  0*3226;  ft  =  76°  2£'  =  100  A  001.  Angles 
100  A  100  =  33°  31',  001  A  Oil  =  17°  23',  001  A  101  =  22°  22  9'.  bm  ="*  56°  29',  ppf  —  *29°  8/, 
mp  =  *  51°  54'.  Observed  forms:  b  (010).  h  (320),  m  (110),  ml  (110),  n (120),  J(130);  «(101),  el  (101), 
p  (111),  pl  (111),  q  (111),  ql  (111),  r  (331),  s  (551),  t  (771),  u  (531),  o  (131),  ol  (131),  x  (131),  y  (121). 
Habit  of  crystals  varied  as  shown  in  figures,  but  conforming  to  the  group  under  the  monoclinic 
system  (clinohedral  or  doinatic  group)  which  has  a  plane  of  symmetry,  but  no  axis  of  symmetry. 

Cleavage:  6(010)  perfect.  Brittle.  H.  =  5  5.  G.  =  3'33.  Luster  vitreous.  Colorless  to 
white  and  amethystine.  Transparent.  Optically  — .  Birefringence  not  high.  Ax.  pl.  and  Bio  _L  b. 
b  A  &  =  —  28°.  Strongly  pyroclectric. 

Composition  analogous  to  calamine,  H,ZnCaSiO4  or  (ZnOH)(CaOH)SiO, ;  this  requires:  Silica 
27-92,  zinc  protoxide  37*67,  lime  26'04,  water  8  37  =  100.  Analysis  (Foote) : 


18 


APPENDIX  I. 


SiO,          ZnO         MnO         CaO          MgO        H,O     (Fe,Al),0, 

|        27-22          37-44          0'50          26'25          007          8'56          0'28  =  100  32 

B.B.  exfoliates  and  then  fuses  at  4  to  a  yellowish  enamel;  the  water  is  expelled  at  a  faint  red 
heat.  Yields  a  coating  of  zinc  oxide  on  charcoal.  Dissolves  readily  when  powdered  in  hydro- 
chloric acid,  yielding  gelatinous  silica  on  evaporation. 


2. 


3. 


From  the  Trotter  mine,  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J.,  associated  with  willemite,  brown  garnet, 
axinite,  datolite,  phlogopite.  This  name  had  previously  been  used  for  a  variety  of  tetrahedrite 
supposed  (Breilhaupt)  to  differ  from  others  in  form. 

Olinozoisite.  Klinozoisit.  E,  Weimchenk,  Zs.  Kr.,  26,  161,  433,  1896.  A  name  proposed 
for  those  members  of  the  zoisite-epidote  group,  which  are  near  zoisite  in  composition  but  mono- 
clinic  in  crystallization;  they  are  further  optically  -f-  and  of  feebler  refringence  and  birefringence 
than  typical  epidote  ;  zoisite  is  regarded  as  dimorphous  with  epidote.  To  clinozoisite  belong 
crystals,  like  epidote  in  habit,  from  rolled  pebbles  at  the  foot  of  the  Goslerwand,  Pragratten,  Tyrol. 
Color  pale  rose-red,  transparent.  Optically  -)-.  Bxa  A  c  =  2°.  /?  =  1'7195.  y  —  a  —  0  0056. 
2Vy  =  81°  40'.  Analysis  gave : 

SiO2          A13O3        Fe2O3        FeO        MnO        CaO  HaO 

G.  =  3-372          39-06          32'57          1-68          0'29          tr.          24'53          O'Ol  =  100-14 

An  epidote  from  the  Rothenkopf,  Zillerthal,  with  only  3-52FeaO3,  was  optically  negative,  with 
Y  -  a  —  0-0105.  See  also  Fouqueite  (Miu.,  p.  1035)  and  Zoisite. 

COBALTITE,  p.  89. — From  Siegen,  twins  with  o  (111)  as  tw.-plane,  Laspeyres,  Zs.  Kr.,  20, 
550,  1892. 

COHENITE,  pp.  31,  1038. — Noted  in  the  Bendego,  Brazil,  meteoric  iron,  in  dendritic  aggregates, 
also  in  isolated  isometric  crystals  with  the  forms  a  (100),  o  (111),  d  (110),  p  (221),  ft  (322),  (944)? 
Hussak,  quoted  by  Derby,  Arch.  Mus.  Rio  de  Janeiro,  p.  160,  1896.  Also  described  from  other 
meteoric  irons  (Cohen)  and  in  the  terrestrial  iron  of  Niakornak,  Greenland.  Analyses  by  Cohen, 
Medd.  om  GrOnland,  15,  293,  1897. 

COLEMANITE,  p.  882. — Anomalous  etching-figures  examined,  Baumhauer,  Zs.  Kr.,  30, 97,  1898. 

COLTJMBITE,  p.  731. — Crystals  of  a  mangano-columbite  from  Rumford,  Me.,  are  described  by 
H.  W.  Foote  (Figs.  1,  2).  G.  =  6'44,  color  dark  reddish  brown,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  1,  460,  1896. 


rn\ 


m 


vrV 


APPENDIX  L 


19 


Analysis  from  North  Carolina,  Khrushchov,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  31,  412,  1894. 
Occurs  (G.  =  5-36)  in   the  township  of   Sebastopol,   Renfrew  Co.,   Ontario,  W.  G.  Miller, 
Rep't  Bureau  of  Mines,  7,  Part  III,  p.  234,  Toronto,  1898. 
See  also  Tantalite  and  Tapiolite. 

COOKEITE,  p.  625. — From  Hebron,  Me.,  analyzed  by  Penfleld,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  45,  393,  1893, 
and  shown  to  have  the  formula  Li[Al(OH)]3[SiO3]2.     Crystallization  monoclinic,  the  crystals 

1. 


often  formed  of  wedge-shaped  cleavage- plates  grouped  as  in  figures  1-3  ;    the  center  a  of  3  uni- 
axial.     Analysis : 

SiO,      A1203     Fe2O3    CaO      K2O     Na2O    Li2O      H2O         F 
G.  =  2-675      |      34-00      45-06      0'45      0'04      0'14      0'19      4'02      14-96      0-46  =  99'32 

A  mineral  referred  here  by  Hoffmann  occurs  in  the  sericite-schist  of  Wait-a-bit  creek,  Colum- 
bia river,  British  Columbia  (analysis  by  Johnston),  Rep.  G.  Canada,  6,  22  R,  1892-93. 

COPPEU,  p.  20. — Crystals  in  aventurine  glass  described,  Washington,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  48,  411,  1894. 
Crystals  from  Burra-Burra,  S.  Australia,  are  covered  with  an  incrustation  of  minute  crystals 
of  cuprite  in  parallel  position  with  it,  Miisrge,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  151,  1898. 

Occurs  at  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J.,  J/E.  Wolff,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  33,  429,  1898. 

CORDIERITE. — See  lolite. 

CORUNDUM,  pp.  210,  1031. — Description  of  twin  crystal  (showing  the  new  form  (5-5-10'4)) 
with  r  (1011)  as  tw. -plane  ;  also  a  similar  contact-trilling,  etc.,  H.  Barvif,  Ann.  Mus.  Wien,  2, 
135,  1892. 

Discussion  of  planes  of  parting,  viz.,  parallel  to  c  (0001),  a  (1120),  both  normal  "solution- 
planes";  also  r  (1011),  a  gliding  plane  and  sometimes  a  secondary  solution-plane,  Judd,  Min. 
Mag.,  11,  49,  1895. 

Pratt  has  described  crystals  of  sapphire  (Figs.  1-3)  from  Yogo  Gulch,  Montana,  with  x  (3032) ; 
also  showing  natural  etching-figures,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  4,  424,  1897.  See  also  below.  Bauer  notes  the 
new  form  r  (0112)  on  Burma  rubies,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  197,  1896. 

2.  3. 


Investigations  of  hardness  of  minerals  in  the  scale  of  Mohs  compared  with  corundum,  Rosi- 
wul,  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  475,  1896.  See  also  Auerbach,  Wied.  Ann.,  58,  357,  1896;  Jaggar 
(microsclerometer),  Am.  J.  Sc.,  4,  399,  1897. 

In  regard  to  the  occurrence  of  corundum,  recent  investigations  show  that  it  is  often  associ- 
ated with  igneous  rocks  and  is  itself  of  igneous  origin,  though  also  of  secondary  origin  in  crystal- 
line limestone  and,  further,  the  result  of  contact-metamorphism.  These  subjects  have  been  dis- 
cussed by  the  following  authors: 

On  the  occurrence  and  origin  of  the  rubies  of  Burma  (and  associated  minerals),  C.  Barriugton 
Brown  and  J.  W.  Judd,  Phil.  Trans.,  187  (A),  151-228,  1896.  See  also  Bauer,  1.  c.;  on  the  rubies 
of  Siam,  Louis.  Min.  Mag.,  10,  2fi7,  1894. 

On  the  corundum  of  India,  T.  H.  Holland,  Geol.  India,  2d  Ed.,  Part  I,  pp.  1-79,  Calcutta, 
1898.  See  also  Judd,  Min.  Mag.,  11,  56,  1895. 


20  APPENDIX  I. 

Corundum  deposits  of  Georgia,  F.  P.  King,  Geol.  Surv.  Georgia,  Bull.  2,  1894.  Associated 
with  peridotite  of  N.  Carolina,  igneous  origin  discussed,  Pratt,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  6,  49,  1898. 

Sapphire  of  Yogo  Gulch,  Fergus  Co.,  and  elsewhere,  Montana,  Kunz,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  4,  417,  1897  ; 
Pirsson,  ibid.,  p.  421. 

Corundum  of  Eastern  Ontario,  W.  G.  Miller,  Rep.  Bureau  of  Mines,  Vol.  7,  Pt.  Ill,  Toronto, 
1898. 

Produced  by  contact-metamorphism  on  the  border  of  the  Dartmoor  granite,  Devonshire,  Busz, 
Geol.  Mag.,  3,  492,  1896. 

Experimental  investigation  of  conditions  of  formation  in  a  magma,  Morozewicz,  Min.  petr. 
Mitth.,  18,  22,  202,  1898  ;  see  also  Zs.Kr.,  24,  281,  1894. 

Description  of  emery  from  Naxos,  Tschermak,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  14,  311,  1894. 

Cosmochlore.  Kosmochlor,  Laspeyres,  Zs.  Kr.,  27,  592,  1896.  Kosmochromit,  Groth,  Tab. 
Ueb.,  ib2,  1898. 

Monoclinic,  probably.  In  embedded  splinters,  showing,  in  thin  sections,  cleavages  parallel  to 
a  (100),  b  (010),  also  less  distinct  prismatic  (30°  ^ud  150°).  H.  =  5-6.  Color  emerald-green, 
strongly  pleochroic.  Extinction  oblique,  a  A  c  —  12°.  Birefringence  high.  Ax.  pi.  f  b  (010). 

In  composition  a  chromium  silicate.     An  approximate  analysis  (on  0'003  gr.)  gave : 

Si02  Cr203  A1203  Fe2O3  CaO  MgO 

31-82  39-39  9'09  909  6'06  4-55  =  100. 

Identified  in  minute  amount  in  the  stony  portion  of  the  Toluca  meteoric  iron.  The  author 
found  also  orthoclase,  plagioclase,  pyroxene,  quartz,  zircon,  chromite,  and  others  not  fully  deter- 
mined, perhaps  new. 

COTUNNITE,  p.  165.— Study  of  artificial  crystals,  Stober,  Bull.  Ac.  Belg.,  30,  345,  1895. 

Courtzilite.  17th  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S  .G.  Surv.,  Part  III.,  p.  752,  1895-96.  A  form  of  asphaltum 
allied  to  uintahite  (gilsonite),  etc. 

COVELLITE,  p.  68.  Occurs  in  fine  indigo-blue  masses  at  the  East  Gray  Rock  mine,  Butte, 
Montana;  analysis  by  Hillebraud,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  7,  56,  1899.  Also  massive  from  La  Sal  mine,  La 
Sal  distr.,  Utah  ;  in  plates  from  Rio  Grande  Co.,  Colo.  (Pfd.). 

CROCOITE,  p.  913. — Crystals  from  Penchalonga,  Mashonaland,  described  (new  form  403),  Red- 
lich.  Zs.  Kr.,  27,  607,  1896.  See  also  Alford,  Q.  J.  G.  Soc.,  50,  8,  1894. 

Occurs  finely  crystallized  at  the  Adelaide  mine,  Mt.  Dundas,  Tasmania,  new  forms  £(10-3'0), 
7X530),  Palache,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  1,  389,  1896.  On  the  occurrence  in  Tasmania,  see  also  Petterd,  Min. 
Tasmania,  p.  24,  1893,  p.  30,  1896;  further,  Liversidge  (anal.),  Proc.  R.  Soc.  N.  S.  W.,  29,  318, 
1895. 

Obtained  in  minute  crystals  by  exposing  for  several  months  to  the  air  a  solution  of  lead  cb.ro- 
mate  in  caustic  potash,  Ludeking,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  44,  57,  1892. 

Crossite.     Charles  Palache,  Bull.  G.  Univ.  California,  1,  181,  1894. 

A  mineral  of  the  amphibole  group,  characterized  by  its  blue  color,  occurring  somewhat  widely 
distributed  in  the  crystalline  schists  of  the  Coast  Ranges  of  California.  The  following  descrip- 
tion belongs  to  specimens  from  near  Berkeley: 

Occurs  in  lath-shaped  crystals  ;  also  in  irregular  prisms  and  rounded  grains.  Form  and  cleav- 
age like  ordinary  amphibole.  G.  =  3'16.  Color  fine  blue,  yellowish  blue.  Pleochroism  strong  : 
C  brown  to  greenish  yellow  ;  fc  reddish  or  bluish  violet ;  a  deep  blue.  Absorption  a  5:  fc  >  c. 
Ax.  pi.  ||  b  (010).  a  A  c  —  13°  (assumed  as  -f  13°). 

In  composition  between  glaucophane  and  riebeckite,  being  optically  more  nearly  related  to  the 
latter.  Analysis,  W.  S.  T.  Smith  : 

SiO       A12O3      Fe2O3       FeO       MgO       CaO       Na2O      K2O 
5502        4-75        10-91        9'46        9'30        2'38        7'62        0'27         MnO  tr.,  H2O  undet.  =  99'76 

Named  after  Mr.  Whitman  Cross  of  the  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey. 

A  blue  amphibole  of  like  optical  characters  occurs  as  a  secondary  growth  on  brown  hornblende 
and  on  pyroxene  in  Custer  Co.,  Colorado,  (cf.  Min.,  p.  402,  where  it  is  provisionally  placed  under 
arfvedsonite). 

CRYOLITE,  pp.  166,  1032. — Description  of  twin  crystals,  Baumhauer,  Zs.  Kr.,  24,  87,  1894. 

CRYSTALLITES. — Discussion  01  various  forms  with  introduction  of  new  names:  clavalite, 
spiculite,  bacillite,  scopulite,  arculite,  rotulite,  furculite,  crenulite,  Rutley,  Min.  Mag.,  9, 
261,  1891. 


APPENDIX  I.  21 

Cubaite. — See  Quartz. 

CUBANITE,  p.  79. — Analyses  of  a  mineral  having  the  external  characters  of  Brelthaupt's 
species  gave  Schneider  : 

1.  S  34-37  Cu  24-32  Fe  41-15  =  98-84 

2.  34-01  23-00  42-51  =  99-52 

This  leads  to  the  formula  CuFe2S3,  agreeing  with  the  analysis  of  Scheidauer  (anal.  4,  Min.,  p. 
79).  For  the  mineral  analyzed  by  Eastwick  and  others  (auals.  1-3,  ibid.)  which  corresponds 
to  CuFeaS4,  the  author  proposes  the  name  barracanite  or  cupropyrite.  J.  pr.  Ch.,  52,  555,  1895. 

Cubeite.  Kubeit,  L.  Darapsky,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  163,  1898.  This  name  was  earlier  suggested 
for  an  imperfectly  known  iron  sulphate  from  the  neighborhood  of  the  Loa  river,  desert  of  Ata- 
cama.  Now  obtained  in  druses  of  elongated  rhombic  or  monclinic  double  pyramids.  Brittle, 
of  vitreous  luster.  Analysis  gave  :  SO3  36'4,  Fe2O3 19-3,  MgO  7'8,  HaO  33'7,  CaO  [O'l],  insol.  2'7 
=  100. 

Cumengeite.     E.  Mallard,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  16,  184,  1893.     Cumengite.— See  P&rcylite. 

CUPRITE,  p.  206.— Etching-figures  do  not  show  the  trapezohedral  symmetry  sometimes  ex- 
hibited in  the  distribution  of  the  faces.     Traube,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.-Bd., 
10.  455,  1896.    Fig.  shows  a  crystal  from  Cornwall,  drawn  by  J.  H.  Pratt 
(priv.  contr.),  in  which  the  trapezohedral  symmetry  is  marked. 

See  also  Copper. 

Ouprocassiterite.    Titus  Ulke,  Trans.  Am.  lust.  Mng.  Eug.,  21,  240, 
Feb.  1892.— See  Stannite. 

Cuproiodargyrite.     H.  Schulze  [Ch.  Ztg.,  16,  1952,  1892],  Zs.  Kr., 
24,  626,  1895. 

Occurs  as  an  incrustation  or  filling  crevices  in  limestone.     Somewhat 
harder  and   less  sectile  than  iodyrite.     Color  sulphur-yellow.     Trans- 
lucent.    Composition  CuI.Agl.    Analysis  :  I  57'75,  Ag  25-58,  Cu  15-91  Cuprite. 
=  99  24.     Occurs  at  the  mine  San  Agustin,  Huantajaya,  near  Iquique, 
Chili,  as  a  decomposition-product  of  stromeyerite. 

CUPROPLUMBITE,  p.  51.— From  Butte  City,  Montana,  analysis  by  J.  T.  De  Bell  :  S  17'77,  Cu 
61-32,  Pb  18  97,  quartz  1-58  =  90'64.  This  gives  5Cu,S.PbS.  The  corrected  specific  gravity 
(5'39)  is  shown  to  correspond  with  that  called  for  (5*45)  on  the  supposition  that  it  is  to  be  classed 
with  isometric  iralena.  Am.  Ch.  J.,  14,  620,  18i»2. 

From  Semjpalatinsk,  anal,  by  Antipov,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  28,  527, 1891,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  23,  275,  1894. 

CTANITE,  p.  500.— Etching-figures  investigated,  Traube,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.-Bd.,  10,  459,  1896 ; 
same  by  T.  L.  Walker,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  5,  181,  1898. 

Occurs  in  rich  grass-green  crystals  with  t  (520),  often  perfectly  transparent,  on  North  Toe 
river,  Yancey  Co.,  N.  C.;  also  pale  green  cyanite  elsewhere  in  the  state,  Pratt,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  5, 
126,  1898. 

Cylindrite.     Kylindrit,  A.  Frenzel,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  125,  1893. 

Mas«ive;  in  cylindrical  forms  separating  under  pressure  into  distinct  shells  or  folia,  difficult 
to  pulverize,  like  graphite.  Soft;  H.=  2'5-3.  G.=  5'42.  Luster  metallic.  Color  blackish  lead- 
gray.  Streak  black. 

Composition,  Pb6Sb2Sn6S2i  or  3PbS.Sb2S3  +  3(PbS.2SnS2).     Analysis: 

S  Sn  Sb  Pb  Ag  Fe 

24-50  26-37  8'73  35'41  0'62  3'00  =  98'63 

Obtained  from  the  Mine  Santa  Cruz,  at  Poopo,  Bolivia.  The  same  country  has  also  afforded 
the  allied  minerals  plumbostannite,  Min.,  p.  108;  franckeite,  this  App.,  p.  26;  also  canfieldite, 
$.,  p.  13. 

CYRTOLITE,  p.  487. — See  Zircon. 

DAHLLITE,  p.  866. — Shown  by  Hamberg  to  be  an  alteration-product  of  apatite  somewhat  an- 
alogous to  staff  elite  (Min.,  p.  764).  G.  For.  Forh.,  13,  802,  1891. 


APPENDIX  I. 


DANALITE  pp.  435,  1032. — Occurs  at  Redruth,  Cornwall,  in  large  rough  tetrahedral  crystals, 
of  H  columbine-red;  H.  =  5-5;  G.  =  3'350.  Analysis:  SiOa  29'48,  FeO  37-53,  MuOll'53,  ZuO4'87, 
BeO  14-17,  CaO  tr.,  S  5'04  =  102 '62.  Calculated  ratio,  SiO2  :  RO  :  RS  =  3  :  7  : 1  nearly.  Miers 
.and  Prior,  Miu.  Mag.,  10,  10,  1892. 

DANBURITE,  p.  490  — Occurs  in  crystals  in  the  Cimina  region,  Rome,  Italy;  in  erratic  blocks 
with  da^yne,  tou-maline,  etc.,  Fantappie,  Riv.  Min.  Ital.,  16,  82,  1896;  18,  7,  1898;  also  Rend. 
Accad.  Line.,  5  (2):  108,  1896. 

DAR \PSKTTE,  p.  873. — Shown  by  'Osann  to  be  inonoclinic.  Axial  ratio  d:b:k  = 
1  -5258  : 1  : 0-7514.  ft  =  77°  5'  =  001  A  100.  100  A  HO  =  56°  5'.  001  A  101  =  23°  23',  001  A  Oil  = 
36°  13'.  Observed  forms:  a (100),  6(010),  c(001);  m(110);  r(101),  e  (302);  »(101),  tf(901);  q (Oil); 

o  (111),    s  (111),   0  (121).      Angles:    ac  =  *77°  5',    am  =  *56°  5', 
ar  =  *53°  42',  cr  =  23°  23'.     Crystals  tabular  ||  a;  often  twins,  tw. 
)1.  a.     Cleavage:  a  perfect.     Ax.pl.  _L  b,  b  =  a.    Axial  angle  large. 
[.  =  2-3.     G.  =  2-203.     Zs.  Kr.,  23,  584,  1894. 

Artificial  formation,  A.  de  Schulten,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  19,  161, 
1896. 

DATOLITE,  p.  502. — Oryst. — Loughboro,    Ontario,    description 
of  large  crystals,  prismatic  ||  d,  Pirsson,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  45,  100,  1893. 
Lake  Superior,  Osann,  Zs.  Kr.,  24,  543, 1895.     Harz  Mts.,  Luedecke, 
Datolite.  Min.  Harzes,  418,    1896.     Guanajuato,    Mexico,    crystals,    tabular 

I  x  (102)  (Fig.),  Farrington,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  5,  285,  1898. 

Etch  ing -figures  investigated  and  figured,  Bauinhauer,  Die  Result-ate  d.  Aetzmethode,  1894. 
Analysis,  Grand   Marais,  Minn.,  Berkey,  23  Ann.  Rept.    Minn. 
G.  Surv.,  p.  197. 

DAVYNE,  p.  428. — Occurrence  in  the  Cimina  region  near  Rome, 
see  Danburite. 

Derby  lite.  E.  Hussak  and  O.  T.  Prior,  Min.  Mag.,  11,  85,  176, 
1897. 

Orthorhombic.  Axes  a  :  b  :  c  =  0'9661  :  1  :  0'5502.  Forms  : 
a  (100),  c  (001),  m  (110);  also  (Oil)  as  tw.  pi.  Angles:  am  = 
*44°  Of,  c  A  Oil  =  28°  49i',  mm  =  39°  8$'  Hussak.  In  slender  pris- 
matic crystals,  2  to  3  mm.  long;  often  iu  cruciform  twins  crossing 
at  an  angle  of  57°  39'  ;  rarely  in  trillings. 

Fracture  conchoidal.  Very  brittle.  H.  =  5.  G.  =  4'512-4'530. 
Luster  resinous.  Color  pitch-black,  dark  brown  and  translucent 
in  thin  splinters. 

Composition  perhaps  FeO.SbaO6  +  5FeO.TiO2.      Analysis 
(hence  SiO2,  etc.),  Prior  : 


Derbylite. 
on    material    not  entirely  pure 


Sb905 
24-19 


TiOa 
34-56 


FeO 
32-10 


CaO 

0-32 


Si02 
3-50 


A1208 
3-17 


Na20 
0-76 


K20 

0-28 


ign 

0-50  =  99-38 


B.B.  in  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  a  bead(R.F.)  yellow  when  hot,  violet  when  cold.  Insoluble 
in  acid,  but  decomposed  by  acid  potassium  sulphate. 

Occurs  in  the  cinnabar-bearing  gravel  of  Tres  Cruzes,  Tripuhy  near  Ouro  Preto,  Mina  Gcraes, 
Brazi  ;  lewisite,  xenotime,  monazite,  zircon,  rutile,  etc.,  are  associated.  Named  after  Dr.  O.  A. 
Derby,  Director  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Brazil. 

DESCLOIZITE,  p.  787. — Analyses,  from  Obir,  Carinthia,  Brunlechner,  Zs.  Kr.,  24,  626,  1895. 

DIAMOND,  pp.  3,  1033.— Crystals  from  the  Ural  described  with  (971),  (432),  Jeremejev,  Vh. 
Min.  Ges.,  34,  59,  1896. 

Artificial  corrosion-figures,  Luzi,  Ber.  Ch.  Ges.,  25,  2470,  1892. 

Refractive  indices  measured,  Wiilfiug,  Min.  petr.  Mitth..  15.  61,  1895.  Investigation  of  varia- 
tion of  refractive  indices  with  the  temperature,  A.  Sella,  Riv.  Miu.  Ital.,  10,  65,  1892.  Thermal 
expansion,  J.  Joly,  Nature,  49,  480,  1894. 

Shown  to  be  transparent  to  X-rays  (while  paste  is  opaque),  also  investigation  of  behavior  of 
many  species  toward  X-rays,  Doelter,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  87,  1896;  1,  256,  1897.  (See  further  on  the 
general  subject,  Zs.  Kr.,  30,  610,  1899.) 

Found-  in  the  glacial  drift  of  Wisconsin,  at  Plum  Creek,  Pierce  Co.;  Oregon,  Dane  Co.; 
Kohlsville,  Washington  Co.  (21^  carats);  Eagle,  Waukesha  Co.  (16  carats),  cf.  Kunz,  Bull.  G.  Soc. 
Am  ,  2,  638,  1891,  and  Miu.  Res.  U.  S.;  Hobbs,  Amer.  Geol.,  14,  31,  1894;  Bull.  Univ.  Wisconsin, 
1,  152,1895. 

Occurrence  and  origin  in  California,  Turner,  Amer.  Geol.,  23,  182,  1899.  Also  in  South  Africa, 


APPENDIX  I. 


Stone,  Bonney  and  Raisin,  Geol.  Mag.,  2,  492,  1895;  Moissan,  C.  R.,  116,  292,  458,  460;  117, 
423,  1893.  Description  of  the  Kimberley  mines,  Stelzner,  Isis,  p.  71,  1893.  Discussion  of  origin 
as  illustrated  in  Brazil,  Derby,  J.  Geol.,  6,  121,  1898. 

See  also  the  works  of  L  de  Launay  and  H.  Carvill  Lewis  noted  in  the  bibliography. 

In  the  meteoric  iron  of  Canon  Diablo,  Arizona,  A.  E,  Foote,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  42,  413,  1891; 
Kunz  and  Huntinglou,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  46,  470,  1893.  Also  C.  Friedel,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  15,  258, 
1892  (C.  R.,  115,  10:57,  1892);  116,  290,  1893.  Also  Moissan,  C.  R.,  116,  288,  1893  (Bull. 
Soc.  Chiin.,  9,  967,  1893).  Occurrence  in  meteorites  in  general,  Huntington,  Proc.  Amer.  Acad., 
29,  204,  1894. 

Formed  artificially,  Moissan,  C.  R.,  116,  218,  1893;  Friedel,  ibid,  p.  224;  Rousseau,  ib.,  117, 
164;  further,  Moissau,  ib.,  118.  320,  1894;  123,  206,  210,  1896.  Also  J.  Friedlander,  Berlin, 
1898,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  202,  1899.  Reproduction,  Q.  Majorana,  Riv.  Min.  Ital.,  19,  22,  1898. 

DIAPHORITE,  p.  124. — Identified  by  L,  J.  Spencer  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  6,  316,  1898)  with  pyrargyrite, 
galena,  dolomite  on  a  specimen  of  stephanite  from  the  Lake  Chelan,  distr.,  Okauogan  Co., 
Washington  ;  also  with  miargyrite,  etc.,  from  Santa  Maria  de  Catorze,  San  Luis  Potosi,  Mexico 

Dicksbergite.  L.  J.  Igelstrom,  G.  For.  Forh.,  18,  231,  1896.  A  supposed  new  species  occur- 
ring with  cyanite  at  Dicksberg,  Ransat  parish,  Wermland,  Sweden.  Shown  by  Weibull  and  Up- 
mark  (ibid. ,  p.  523)  to  be  rutile. 


Dietzeite.     A.  Osann,  Zs.  Kr.,  23,  588,  1894. 

Monocliuic.  Axes  d  :  b  :  b  =  1'3826  : 1 :  0'9515  ;  ft  =  *73°  28'  =  001  A  100. 
58',  001  A  101  =  39°  22',  001  A  Oil  =  42°  22^'.  Observed  forms  :  a  (100), 
6  (010),  c  (001);  I  (210),  m  (110);  r  (101),  *  (223),  o  (221).  Angles  :  mm'"  = 
105°  56',  a'r  =  *67°  10',  cm  =  80°  8'.  Crystals  prismatic,  tabular  J  a  and 
elongated  |  £.  Commonly  fibrous  to  columnar. 

Cleavage  :  a  imperfect.  Fracture  conchoidal.  H.  =  3-4.  G.  =  3*698. 
Luster  vitreous.  Color  dark  gold-yellow.  Optically  -f.  Ax.  pi.  _L  b. 
Bx0  J.  a  in  obtuse  angle  c  d\  extinction  on  b  (010)  5°  to  7°  with  c.  2Ga.y  = 
87°  to  88'.  Dispersion  horizontal  and  v  >  p,  both  strongly  marked. 

Composition,  7Ca(IO3)2.8CaCrO4.  Soluble  in  hot  water;  from  the  solution 
the  colorless  calcium  iodate  (Ca(IO3)a  +  6H3O)  separates  on  cooling,  leaving 
the  calcium  chromate  in  solution. 

Obtained    from    the    same   region   which   furnished   the   calcium   iodate 
lautarite  (Min..  p.  1040).     The  occurrence  of  this  salt  was  earlier  described 
whom  it  is  named),  see  Min.,  1.  c. 


100  A  HO  = 


Dietze  (after 


DIOPSIDE.  —  See  Pyroxene. 

DIOPTASE,  pp.  463,  1033.  —  Occurs  in  crystals  in  the  neighborhood  of  Mindouli,  east  of  Comba, 
on  the  road  to  Brazzaville,  French  Congo;  also  at  other  points  in  the  Congo  region.  Lacroix, 
C.  R.,  114,  1384,  1892.  See  also  A.  Le  Chatelier,  C.  R.,  116,  894,  1893. 

Etching-figures    investigated,  Traube,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.-Bd.,  10,  462,  1896. 


S.—  See  Wernerite. 


DOLOMITE,  pp.  271,  1033. — From  Raibl,  containing  traces  of  thallium  and  lithium,  Heberdey, 
Z^.  Kr  ,  21,71,  1892. 

Origin  discussed,  Element,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  14,  526,  1895;  Pfaff,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.-Bd.,  9,  485, 
1894. 

The  black  crystals  from  Teruel,  Spain,  occurring  embedded  in  gypsum  have  been  long  called 
tern  elite. 

DUFHENOYSTTE,  p.  120. — Description  by  Baumbauer  of  crystals  (anal.,  Konig)  with  the  new 
forms  (223),  (441),  (207),  (103),  (205),  (407),  (027),  (013),  (025),  (049),  (047),  Zs.  Kr.,  24,  85,  1894; 
28,  551,  1897. 

Dundasite.  W.  F.  Petterd,  Catalogue  of  Minerals  of  Tasmania,  p.  26,  1893.  Inferred  from 
qualitative  tests  to  be  a  hydrated  carbono-phosphate  of  lead  and  aluminium.  Occurs  as  an  in- 
crustation on  a  ferro  manganese  gossan  with  crocoite  ;  consists  of  small  spherical  aggregates  with 
radiated  structure  ;  color  within  white  and  silky,  externally  yellow-brown.  H.  =  2.  From  the 
Adelaide  Proprietory  mine,  Dun  das,  Tasmania. 

DURDENITE,  p.  980. — F.  C.  Knight  lias  noted  an  oxidation-product  of  the  tellurides  of  Cripple 
Creek,  Colo.  The  soluble  (HC1)  portion  of  the  mixture  analyzed  was  perhaps  2Fe,O3.2TeOa.H,O, 
the  insoluble calaverite.  Proc.  Colo.  Soc.,  Oct.  1,  1894. 


APPENDIX  I. 


DYSCRASITE,  p.  42. — Crystals  from  the  Ilarz  described,  Luedecke,  Min.  d.  Harzes,  48,  1896. 

EDINGTONITE,  p.  599. — Occurs  in  large  crystals  (to  3  cm.  in  length)  at  the  mines  of  Bohl, 
Sweden.  Habit  prismatic,  tabular  |  one  pair  of  ra-faces  ;  twins,  pseudo-tetragonal.  These  are 
referred  to  the  orthorhombic  system  (hemihedral)  with  the  forms:  c  (001),  m  (110),  p  (111),  pt 
(111),  r,(1 21),  r,(121).  Axes  a:t>:c  =  0'9873  : 1:  0  6733.  Andes  :  mm'"  =  89°  16',  cp  =  43°  47'. 
G.  =  2-776.  2Ey  =  87°  17'.  O.  Nprdeuskidld.  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  18,  396,  1895,  and  G.  For. 
Forh.,  17,  597,  1895.  An  analysis  is  giyeu  by  G.  Lindstrom,  Ofv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  53,  469,  1896. 

Elfstorpite.  L.  J.  Igelstrom,  G.  F6r.  Forh.,  15,  472,  1893;  Zs.  Kr.,  22,  468.  An  imper- 
fectly described  mineral  from  the  Sjo  mine.  Orebro,  Sweden.  Occurs  in  crystals  and  crystalline 
particles  with  one  cleavage.  H.  —  4.  Brittle.  Color  and  stnak  whitish  gray.  Inferred,  on 
the  basis  of  a  partial  qualitative  analysis,  to  be  a  hydrated  arseuate  of  manganese  (M>iO). 

Elpidite.     G.  Lindstrom,  G.  For.  F5rh.,  16,  330,  1894.     G.  Nordenskiold,  ibid.,  p.  343. 

Orthorhombic.  Axes  :  d:b:c  =  0'5117 : 1 :  0'9781.  100  A  HO  =  27°  6',  001  A  101  =  62°  23', 
001  A  Oil  =  44°  22'.  Forms  a  (100),  b  (010),  c  (001),  m  (110),  n  (120),  e  (013),  d  (Oil) ;  also  doubt- 
ful u  (540),  £(580),  s  (5-12-0).  Angles:  mm!"  =  *54°  12',  cd  =  *44°  22'.  Crystals  prismatic, 
rarely  distinct  (described  by  G.  Nordeuskiold).  Usually  massive,  fine  fibrous  or  columnar  ;  also 
as  a  felt-like  mass. 

Cleavage  :  m  (110).  H.  nearly  7.  G.  =  2 '524  white,  2 -594  red.  Luster  silky.  Color  white  to 
brick-red.  Extinction  parallel  to  prismatic  direction,  which  corresponds  to  a. 

Composition,  essentially,  HeNa2ZrSi6O18  or  Na2O.ZrO2.6SiO2.3HuO.     Analysis,  Lindstrom: 

Si03         Zr03        FeO        CaO    NaaO    K2O  H2O  (ign.)  H2O  (100°)  Cl 

59-44        20-48        0'14        0'17     10'41B    0-13        5'72  3'89        0-15    TiO2,CuO  tr.  =  100-53. 

•Another  determination  gave  :  Na2O  10 -29,  K2O  0  21. 

From  the  locality  in  southern  Greenland  (probably  Nagssarsuk  near  Igaliko)  which  has  afforded 
neptuuite  (see  this  App.,  p  49)  and  epididyrnite,  p.  25.  Named  from  e/\7r^$,  hope. 

ENARGITE,  pp.  147,  1033. — Occurs  at  the  Ida  mine,  also  at  Red  Mountain,  Summit  distr., 
Colorado;  crystals  from  1he  latter  locality  show  the  new  forms  v  (210),  e  (012),  2(134);  habit 
prismatic  or  tabular  (figs.  1-5,  Red  Mountain).  Pirsson,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  47,  212,  1894. 


1. 


3. 


77? 


a 


in 


Monograph  on  the  crystallization,  L.  J.  Spencer;  new  forms  noted  are:  y  (610),  /  (520),  £(540), 
.2V (230),  H108),  A  (207),  w  (709),  u  (301).  The  author  concludes  that  clarite  (Min.,  p.  148)  is 
identical  with  enargite.  Miu.  Mag.,  11,  69,  1895.  Crystals  from  Peru  show  the  new  forms  n  (031), 

0  (132),  0,  (394),  02  (131),  03  (392),  idem,  Miu.  Mag.,  11,  196,  1897. 

Occurs  in  large  crystals  at  the  Bell  Stow  mine,  Missoula  Co.,  Montana,  Moses,  School  Mines 
Q.,  16,  230,  1895.  Analysis,  from  Butte,  Montana,  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  7,  56,  1899. 

ENSTATITE,  p.  346.— From  Corundum  Hill.  N.  C.,  also  Webster,  Jackson  Co  ,  N.  C.,  analyses 
quoted  by  Pratt,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  5,  430,  431,  1898. 

Investigation  of  alteration-products,  Johansson,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  Bihang,  17  (2),  No.  4,  1891. 
(Ref.  inZs.  Kr.,  23,  152.) 

Epididymite.  O.  Flink,  G.  F5r.  F6rh.,  15,  201,  1893;  Zs.  Kr.,  23,  353,  1894.  G.  Norden- 
skiold,  G.  For.  Forh.,  16,  345,  1894. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  d  :  b  :  c  =  0'5758  : 1 :  0'5340  or  1  : 1-7367  :  0'9274.     100  A  HO  =  29°  56', 

001  A  101  =  42°  50£',   001  A  Oil  =  28^  6J'.     Observed  forms:   a  (100),  b  (010),  c  (001);    m  (110), 
I  (120),  n  (130);  i  (023),  h  (034).  g  (Oil),  e  (043),  d  (021),  /  (041),  A  (061),  x  (081);  p  (221).     Angles  : 
mm'"  -  59°  52',  nri  r=  119°  52',  bn  =  *30°  4',  cd  =  *46°  53'. 

Crystals  usually  tabular  ||  c  and  elongated  by  extension  of  the  faces  in  the  brachydome  zone;  these 
faces  horizontally  striated.  In  part  in  hexagonal  tables,  b  and  m  being  equally  developed:  these 
also  twinned,  having  c  in  common  but  revolved  60°  about  the  vertical  axis,  and  as  tw.  lamellae. 

Cleavage  :   b  and  c  perfect.      H.  =  5*5,      G.  =  3'548.     Luster  vitreous,  on  b  and  c  pearly, 


APPENDIX  I.  25 

Colorless.      Optically—.     Ax.    pi   ||  c.      Bxa  ±  b.     Indices      .For  Na,   *  =  1'5645,  /3  -  1*5685 
7=1-5688.     .-.  2Va.J  =  31°4'. 

Compositi.m  HNaBeSi3O8  like  eudidymite  (Min.,  p.  313).    Analysis,  G.  Flink 


BeO  3Sa3Q  HaO 

iO"56  13-88 


B.B.  fuses  easily  ;o  a  colorless  glass,  but  yields  water  only  at  a  high  temperature,     Not  attacked 
by  acids. 

From  Greenland,  exact  locality  uncertain,  probably  Narsasik  (or  Nagssarsuk,  Lindstrom)  near 
(galiko,  cf.  neptunile  and  elpidite. 

EPIDOTE,  p.  516.—  Crystals  from  Quenast  described,  Stober,  Bull.  Ac.  Belg.,  29,  403,  1895. 
Also  from  the  Comba  di  Compare  Robert,  Avigliana,  G.  Boeris,  Atti  Accad.  Sc.  Torino,  32,  Aprf 
25,  1897,  aud  Riv.  Min.  Ital.,  20,  65,  1898. 

Optical  examination  of  isomorphous  layers  of  crystals,  Ramsay,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  111,  1893. 

Occurrence  as  a  primary  constituent  of  igneous  rocks,  Keyes,  Bull.  G.  Soc.  Amer.,  4,  305 
1893. 

The  relation  of  epidcte  to  zoisite  is  discussed  by  Weinschenk,  Zs.  Kr.  ,  26,  166,  1896.  See 
also  Clinozoisite. 

EPSOMITE,  p,  938.—  Description  of  natural  crystals  from  Stassfurt  (new  form  ^(210)),  aisc 
optical  determination,  Milch,  Zs.  Kr.,  20,  221,  1892. 

Erionite.     A.  S.  Eakle,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  6,  66,  1898,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  30,  176,  1898. 

Orthorhombic.  In  aggregates  of  very  slender  fibers,  resembling  woolly  hairs.  G.  =  1'997 
Luster  pearly.  Color  white.  Optically  biaxial,  positive.  Extinction  and  Bxa  (c)  parallel  to  fibers 
Birefringence  high. 

Composition,  H2CaK2Na2Al2Si3O17  +  5HaO  or  CaO.K2O.Na2O.Al2O3.6SiO2.6H2<a  Analp 
sis  : 


SiOa  AU3-;  CaO  MgO  K2O  ISTa2O  H2O 

57-16  16-08  3-50  0'60  3'51  2'47  17-30  =  100'68 

Fuses  B.B.  easily  and  quietly  to  a  clear,  colorless  glass.     Easily  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 
Occurs  with  milky  opal  in  cavities  in  a  rhyolite  tuff  at  Durkee,  Oregon.     Named  from  epio^ 
wool. 

EUYTHRITE,  p.  817.  —  Occurs  on  the  west  shore  of  Rabbit  Lake,  Nipissing,  Ontario,  Ferrier, 
Ottawa  Naturalist,  9,  193. 

ETTRINGITE,  p.  976.  —  From  Tombstone,  Arizona,  analyzed  by  Moses  (after  deducting 
1-91,  Si02)  :  S03  18-54,  A12O3  9'72,  CaO  26-31.  HaO(red  heat)  10'88,  H2O  (115°)  34'53  =  99'98. 
Formula  deduced  10CaO.2Al3O3.58O3.54H.,O;  14  parts  of  H3O  go  off  at  a  red  heat,  the  formub 
then  reduces  to  2R2O3.SO3  -f  8H2O.  Occurs  in  bunches  of  white,  silky  fibers.  H.  =2.  G.  =  1'5& 
{Shows  double  refraction  with  parallel  extinction.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  45,  489,  1893;  Zs.  Kr.,  22,  It 
1893. 

Euchlorine.  A  Scacchi,  1869;  E.  Scacchi,  Rend.  Accad.  Napoli,  23,  158,  1884.  A  thi;: 
emerald  -green  incrustation  on  the  lava  at  Vesuvius.  The  analysis  by  Pisani  (quoted  by  Scacchi) 
made  it  a  compound  of  copper  sulphate  and  cuprous  chloride.  According  to  a  later  investigation; 
however  (E.  Scacchi),  it  is  made  up  of  an  insoluble  and  a  soluble  portion.  The  proper  euchlorine 
yielded  :  SO3  43'98,  CuO  41  '50,  K.,O  8  04,  Na2O  6*48  =  100.  The  crystallization  is  orthorhombic, 
Observed  forms  :  b  (010),  c  (001),  e  (Oil),  d  (103),  o  (101)  ;  measured  angles  :  ce  =  61°  56'. 
jo  -  67°  54'.  An  analysis  by  Rammelsberg  (Min.  Ch.  ,  Erg.  -Heft,  87,  1886)  gave  :  SO3  42'96,  Cu^ 
37-87,  NauO  5'48,  K20  10-34,  H2O  [3"35]  =  100. 

EUCHROITE,  p.  838.—  Libethen,  crystals  with  the  new  forms,  /  (102),  d  (101),  Gissinger,  Zs, 
Kr.,  22,  367,  1892.  An  analysis  by  A.  H.  Church  shows  1'48  p.  c.  P2OB,  Min.  Mag.,  11,  1,  1895 

EUCLASE,  p.  508.—  Babim,  j£razil,  crystals  described,  Hussak,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  12,  473,  189£ 

EODIALITK,  pp.  409,  1034.  —  Kola,  peninsula,  optical  investigation  of  crystals,  confirming  an; 
extending  earlier  results  (Mia.,  p.  410),  Ramsay,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.-Bd.,  8,  722,  1893. 

EVANSITE,  p.  846.  —  Occurs  at  a  mine  in  the  Zeehan  district,  Tasmania.  G.  =  1'939.  Analysis 
P,05  18-11,  A1203  40-19.  H,O  -  41-27  =  9«-57.  H.  G.  Smith,  Proc.  B.  Soc,  N.  S.  W,,  2%  38£ 
1893. 


26  APPENDIX  L 

FAYALITE,  pp.  456,  1034. — From  Rockport,  Mass.,  analysis  (nearly  pure  Fe2SiO4,  G.  =4*318) 
and  optical  properties  with  discussion  of  the  relation  of  the  latter  to  composition  in  the  species  of 
the  Chrysolite  Group  ;  also  analysis  of  hortouolite.  Penfield  and  Forbes,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  1,  129,  1896. 
Analysis  of  crystals  from  slag,  G.  O.  Smith,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  112,  May  1894. 

See  also  Neochrysolite  and  Breislakite. 

Fedorovite.     Fedorowit,  G.  Viola,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  121,  1899.— See  Pyroxene. 

FELDSPARS,  pp.  314,  1034. — Much  work  has  been  done  recently  upon  the  optical  characters  of 
the  feldspars,  and  chiefly  those  of  the  plagioclase  series;  this  has  to  a  large  extent  had  as  its  object 
the  determination  of  the  different  species  under  the  microscope,  as,  for  example,  in  the  form  they 
appear  in  thin-sections  of  rocks.  Prominent  contributions  are  the  following  : 

Michel-Levy,  an  important  work  entitled  "  Etude  sur  la  determination  des  feklspaths  dans  les 
plaques  minces,"  Paris  (two  parts),  1894  and  1896  (see  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  18,  79,  1895)  A  summary 
of  this  (and  other  papers)  is  given  by  N.  H.  Wiuchell  in  Amer.  Geol.,  21,  12,  1898;  see  also 
G.  F.  Becker,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  5,  349,  1898. 

Fedorow,  feldspar  studies,  Zs.  Kr.,  22,  248,  1893;  26,  225,  1896;  27,  337,  1896;  29,  604,  1898. 
Viola,  Zs.  Kr.,  30,  23,  232,  1898. 

Fr.  Becke,  determination  of  refractive  indices,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  102  (1),  358,  1893;  also  deter- 
mination by  interference-figures,  etc.,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  14,  415,  1895. 

Bertrand,  Bull.  Soc.  Miu.,  20,  219,  1897.  Wallerant,  rapid  determination  in  rocks,  ibid.,  21, 
268,  1898. 

Many  optical  determinations  with  analyses  are  given  by  Fouque,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  17,  283-611, 
1894.  See  also  Brogger.  Eruptivgesteine  d.  Kristianiagebietes,  1894-98;  also  many  memoirs  on 
petrography  (Jb.  Min.,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  et  al.). 

Discussion  of  composition  of  plagioclase  feldspars,  Rammelsberg,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  165,  1896. 

See  also  the  species  Albite,  Anorthite,  Anorthoclase,  Celsian,  Microcline,  Orthoclase. 

FERGUSONITE,  p.  729. — From  Ceylon,  analysis.  Prior,  Min.  Mag.,  10,  234,  1893. 
Examination  of  gases  yielded  (helium,  etc.),  Ramsay,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.,  59,  325,  1896;  Ramsay 
and  Travers,  ib.t  60,  443, 1897.    Investigation  of  endothermic  properties,  Ramsay,  ib.,  62,  325, 1898. 

FIEDLERITE,  p.  172. — Description  of  crystals  from  Laurion,  Greece,  Lacroix,  C.  R.,  123,  955, 
1896.  Also  G.  F.  Herbert  Smith,  Min.  Mag.,  12,  107,  1899. 

FLUOCERITE,  pp.  175,  1034. — Weibull  has  described  a  fragment  of  an  hexagonal  crystal  from 
Osterby  (cf.  anal.,  Min.,  p.  175)  with  m  (1010)  and  p  (1122) ;  mp  =  51°,  whence  a  :  c  =  1  : 1-06. 
Optically  uniaxial,  positive  ;  e  —  a>  =  0'002  approx.  G.  For.  Forh.,  20,  54,  1898. 

Fluor-adelite.— See  Tilasite. 

FLUORITE,  pp.  161,  1034.— Sarnthal,  Tyrol,  crystals  described  with  the  form  (27'12'5)  devel- 
oped by  corrosion,  Hofer,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  12,  500,  1892.  On  crystals  from  the  Harz  Mts., 
Luedecke,  Min.  d.  Harzes,  252,  1896. 

Tenacity  investigated,  Sella  and  Voigt,  Wied.  Ann.,  48,  663,  1893. 

Anomalous  optical  characters,  Wallerant,  Bull.  Soc.  Miu.,  21,  44,  1898. 

Phosphorescent  under  the  action  of  X-rays,  this  is  also  true  of  calcite  and  other  species,  Bur- 
bank,  Am.  J.  Sc,  5,  53,  1898. 

Refractive  indices  for  long  waves,  Carvallo,  C.  R.,  116,  1189,  1893;  Rubens  and  Snow, 
Wied.  Ann.,  46,  529,  1892. 

Dispersion  in  the  infra-red,  Paschen,  Wied.  Ann.,  53,  301,  1894. 

Photoelectrical  properties,  Schmidt,  Wied.  Ann.,  62,  407,  1897. 

From  Quincie,  containing  free  fluorine  (anal.,  G.  =  3'117),  to  which  the  odor  on  fracture 
is  due,  Becquerel  and  Moissan,  Bull.  Soc.  Chim.,  5,  154,  1891. 

On  the  fluorite  deposits  of  southern  Illinois,  see  S.  F.  Emmons,  Trans.  Am.  Inst.  Mng.  Eug. 
21,  31,  1892. 

Occurs  on  a  large  scale  at  San  Roque,  Cordoba,  Argentina,  Valentin,  Zs.  prakt.  Geol.,  4,  104, 
1896. 

Folgerite.    S.  H.  Emmens,  J.  Am.  Chem.  Soc.,  14,  No.  1,  1892.— See  Pentlandite. 

FOSTERITE,  p.  450. — Colorless  transparent  crystals  from  Monte  Somma  have  been  measured 
by  Jolles  and  analyzed  by  Thaddeeff,  see  Arzruni  (Zs.  Kr.,  25,  471,  1895) ;  the  latter  also  gives 
the  optic-axial  angles  and  notes  twins  with  (031)  as  tw.  pi. 

Analysis,  from  the  crystalline  limestone  of  the  Passau  graphite  region,  Weinschenk,  Zs.  Kr., 
28,  145,  1897. 

Franckeite.     A.  W.  Stelzner,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  114,  1893. 

Massive,  with  imperfect  radiated  and  foliated  structure;  in  part  in  spherules  aggregated  in 


APPENDIX  I.  21 

ren if orm  shape.     Cleavage  perfect  in  one  direction.     Somewhat  malleable,  making  a  mark  on 
paper.     H  =  2'75.     G.  =  5-55.     Luster  met:illic      Color  blackish  gray  to  black.     Opaque. 
Composition,  Pb5SnaSb*Sia  or  2PbSnS3.PbsSbaS6.     Analysis  by  C.  Wiukler : 

S  Sb  Sn  Pb  Fe  Zn       Gangue 

21-04  1051  12-34  50'57  2*48  122          0-71  =  98'87 

Germanium  is  present  in  small  amount  (01  p.  c.) ;  also  about  1  p.  c.  silver. 

B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  a  yellow  coating  of  lead  oxide,  and  farther  from  the  assay  one  of 
oxide  of  antimony.  In  the  open  tube  yields  sulphurous  and  antimonial  fumes.  In  the  closed 
tube,  a  slight  coating  of  germanium  sulphide  if  no  air  is  present.  Dissolved  by  nitric  acid  with 
the  separation  of  a  white  powder  (oxides  of  antimony,  tin  and  germanium) ;  also  readily  in  aqua 
regia  with  separation  of  sulphur. 

From  the  silver-mining  region  of  Las  Animas.  southeast  of  Chocaya,  Bolivia  ;  it  is  locally 
known  as  llicteria ;  wurtzite  is  closely  associated.  Named  after  the  mining  engineers,  Carl  and 
Ernst  Fraucke. 

FRTEDELITE,  pp.  46"),  1035. — From  the  Sjo  mine,  Wermland,  Sweden,  analysis,  Igelstrom  : 
SiO2  34-36,  MnO  45-88,  FeO  1'35,  CaO  1'50,  MgO  1-50,  Mn  2'79,  Cl  3'00,  H2O  9'00,  P2O6  tr.  = 
99-38.  G.  For.  Forh.,  14,  505,  1892  ;  Zs.  Kr.,  21,  92,  1892. 

Fuggerite.     E.  Weinscliexk,  Zs.  Kr.,  27,  577,  1896. 

In  thick  four-sided  tabular  crystals,  probably  tetragonal.  Cleavage:  basal,  perfect.  H.  =  6'5. 
G.  =  3'18.  Color  light  apple-green;  also  white  and  dull.  Birefringence  very  low,  for  yellow 
(Na)  sensibly  isotropic;  ojna  =  ena  =  l'69i. 

Corresponds  in  composition  to  a  member  of  the  gehlenite-akermanite  series  (3  Ak  :  10  Gehl), 
but  deviates  in  physical  characters.  Analysis,  E.  Mayr: 

SiOa  A1303         Fe203  CaO  MgO          Na2O        MriO,K2O  insol. 

34  04  17-97  3  49  37  65  4-89  2-04  tr.  0'12  =  100-20 

Occurs  on  the  contact-zone  adjoining  the  monzonite  of  the  Monzonithal;  in  part  as  a  micro- 
scopic constituent,  in  part  in  nests  of  crystals,  also  as  a  coarse-granular  aggregate  with  calcite. 

GADOLINITE,  pp.  509,  1035. — Crystals  from  the  Harz  described  by  Luedecke,  Min.  d.  Harzes, 
438,  1896. 

GAHNITE,  pp.  223,  1035. — Occurs  in  Raglan  township,  Renfrew  Co.,  Ontario,  Hoffmann,  Rep. 
G.  Canada,  9,  15R,  1896. 

GALENA,  p.  48. — Cryst. — From  Neudorf  with  the  new  form  (551),  Cesaro,  Zs.  Kr.,  20,  468, 
1892.  From  the  Harz,  Luedecke,  Min.  d.  Harzes,  16,  1896.  On  the  octahedral  cleavage  of  a 
variety  from  Nil-St. -Vincent  containing  tellurium,  Cesaro,  Ann.  Soc.  G.  Belg.,  19,  Bull  ,  76,  1892. 
Freiberg,  new  form  (447),  Cesaro,  Ann.  Soc.  G.  Belg.,  24,  Ixxix,  1898. 

From  Broken  Hill,  N.  S.  W.,  containing  15'5  p.  c.  Zn,  Liversidge,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.,  N.  S.  W., 
29.  320.  1895.  Cubic  crystals  stated  to  be  from  Bingham,  Utah,  gave  Hartley  4'97  p.  c.  Zn,  Miers, 
Min.  Mag.,  12,  112,  189.9. 

GAENET,  pp.  437,  1035. — Pyrope  of  cubic  form  occurs  in  the  diamond  sands  of  Agua  Suja, 
Minns  Geraes,  Brazil,  Hussak,  Ann.  Mus.  Wien,  6,  113  (not.),  1891. 

Optical  investigation  of  crystals  from  many  localities  with  references  to  the  recent  literature 
(since  1882,  cf.  Min.,  p.  439),  etc.,  Klein,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  68, 1895,  also  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  723,  1895;  676, 
1898.  See  also  Brauns,  Opt.  Auom.,  1891,  p.  133;  Karnojitsky,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  34,  1,  1896; 
Fedorow,  Zs.  Kr.,  28,  276,  1897. 

Optical  character  of  pyreneite  corresponding  to  that  of  an  orthorhombic  crystal,  Mallard,  Bull. 
Soc.  Min.,  14,  293,  1891.  Same  of  melanite  from  Algeria,  Gentil,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  17,  269,  1894; 
of  crystals  from  Affaccata,  Elba,  G.  D'Achiardi,  Annal.  Univ.  Tosc..  20,  1896. 

Orossulariie,  analysis  of  an  apple-green  variety  resembling  jade,  found  as  a  water-worn  peb; 
ble  near  Eltoro,  California,  F.  W.  Clarke,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  50,  76,  1895.  Analyses,  Rothenkopf, 
Zillerthal,  Schuerr,  Zs.  Kr.,  27,  431,  1896. 

Almandite,  analysis,  Sydney,  N.  S.  W.,  H.  G.  Smith,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.,  K.  S.  W.,  28,  47, 1894. 

Andradite  from  nephelite-syenite  of  Dungannon,  Hastings  Co.,  Ont.,  with  1'08  p.  c.  TiO2 , 
Adams  and  Harrington,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  1,  217,  1896.  Italian  Peak,  Gunuison  Co.,  Colo.,  Eakins, 
Bull.  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  113,  112,  1893. 

Topazolite,  Melanite,  analyses,  Piners,  Zs.  Kr.,  22,  479,  1894. 

Pyrope,  etc.,  chemical  composition  discussed  with  analysis,  C.  v.  John,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  42,  53, 
1892. 

Spessarttte,  analyses  from  Llano  Co  ,  Texas,  W.  H.  Melville,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  90,  40. 1892. 
Silberberg  near  Bodenmais,  analysis,  Weiuschenk,  Zs.  Kr.,  25,  357,  1895.  Aschaffenburg  (analy- 
sis by  Wehr  and  Schroder),  Weinschenk,  Zs.  Kr.,  28,  162,  1897.  Caprera,  Sardinia,  Lovisato, 
Rend.  Accad:  Line.,  5  (1),  56,  1896. 


APPENDIX  1. 


Analyses  by  Wait  of  varieties  from  Canada  Hoffmann,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  6,  16R,  1892-93. 

Discussion  of  composition  witii  analyses,  K.  H.  Schnerr,  Inaug.  Diss.  Munich,  1894,  abstract 
in  Jb.  Mm.,  1,  432  ref.,  1897. 

Occurrence  in  the  dune  sands  of  Holland  (analysis),  Retgers,  Jb.  Miu.,  1,  16,  1895. 

Discussion  of  relation  of  subspecies,  Weinschenk,  Zs.  Kr.,  25,  365,  1895. 

Hrubseliitz,  altered  to  diopside,  hornblende,  and  plagioclase,  Barvif,  Ber.  Bohm.  Ges.,  May  19 
1893. 

Artificial  formation  of  melanite,  MicUel,  C.  R.,  115,  830,  1892. 

RJtodolite  is  a  variety  from  Mason's  Branch,  Macori  Co.,  N.  C.,  described  by  Hidden  and  Pratt 
(Am.  J.  Sc.,  5,  294,  1898).  Characterized  by  its  rose  like  color  and  brilliant  luster  by  reflected 
light.  Occurs  in  rolled  pieces  and  etched  fragments  G.  =•  3*838.  Composition  corresponds  to 
2  molecules  of  pyrope,  Mg3Al2[SiO4]3,  and  1  of  almandite,  Fe3Al2[SiO4]3.  Analysis,  Pralt: 


SiO2 
41-59 


A12O3 
23-13 


Fe2O3 
1-90 


FeO 
15'55 


MgO 

17'23 


CaO 

092  =  100-32 


Lagoriolite  (Lagoriolith)  is  an  artificial  compound  obtained  by  Morozewicz,  corresponding  in 
composition  to  a  soda-variety  of  grossular  garnet;  formula  (Na2  ,Ca)3A]2[SiO4]3  ,  with  Na2  :  Ci\ 
=  3:  2.  An  analysis  (deducting  14'8  p  c  insol.)  gave:  SiO2  39-6,  A12O3  21'4,  CaO  14"2,  Na20 
23'6,  SO3  1'2  =  100.  The  crystals  obtained  seemed  to  be  isometric  in  form  (100  and  110),  but 
showed  optical  anomalies,  twinning,  etc.,  analogous  to  some  garnet,  also  particularly  to  uoselite 
and  haiiynite.  Named  after  Professor  A.  Lagorio.  Miu.  petr.  Mitth.,  18,  147,  1898. 

Schneebergite  of  Breziua  is  shown  by  Eakle  and  Muthmaun  to  be  a  garnet  of  the  topuzolitc  type 
in  octahedral  form.  Am.  J.  Sc  ,  50,  244,  1895;  Zs.  Kr.,  24,  583,  1895. 

Ranmtite  is  a  supposed  new  mineral  from  the  damourite  of  Bliaberg,  Rjinsat,  Wermlaud, 
Sweden,  described  by  Igelstrom  (G.  For.  Forh.,  18,  41,  1896).  It  is  shown  by  Weibu',1  (ibid.,  20, 
53,  1898)  to  be  an  impure  manganesian  garnet. 

GARNIERITE,  p.  676.—  N.  Caledonia,  analysis  of  a  related  silicate,  Pisani,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  15, 
48,  1892.  Various  nickel  silicates  have  been  examined  by  H.  v.  Foullon,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  42  223 
1892. 

GAY-LUSSITE,  p.  301.  —  Crystals  described  from  Borax  Lake,  San  Bernardino  Co.,  Cal.  (Fig» 
1-3).  G.  =  1-992.  J.  H.  Pratt,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  2,  130,  1896. 

3. 


Occurs  in  a  confused  crystalline  mass  at  the  borax  locality  in  San  Bernardino  Co.,  Civl.,  3>,.>ks, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  43,  540,  1892,  Mng.  Sc.  Press,  March  26,  1892. 

On  the  artificial  formation,  A.  de  Schulteu,  C.  R.,  123,  1023,  1896. 

GEHLENITE,  p.  476. — Occurs  in  limestone  of  the  Kaiserstuhl,  Brauns,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  81,  1899. 
See  also  Fuggerite. 

Geikielite.     L.  FletcJier,  Nature,  46,  620,  Oct.  27,  1892.     A.  Dick,  Min.  Mag.,  10,  145,  1893. 

Massive;  in  rolled  pebbles.  Cleavage:  in  one  direction  perfect;  also  imperfect  in  another, 
nearly  normal  to  it.  Brittle.  H.  =6.  G.  =  3'98-4.  Luster  metallic-adamantine  on  the  cleavage- 
face.  Color  bluish  or  brownish  black;  microscopic  fragments  transmit  a  purplish-red  light. 
Optically  uniaxial,  negative.  Birefringence  high. 

Composition,  essentially  magnesium  titauite,  MgTiO3.     Analysis,  Dick  : 


Ti03  67-74 


MgO  28-73 


FeO  3-71  =  100-38 


B.B.  infusible;  reacts  for  titanium  with  salt  of  phosphorus.  Slowly  decomposed  by  hot 
hydrochloric  acid  if  in  fine  powder. 

Obtained  from  the  gem  mines  of  Rakwana,  Ceylon,  a  locality  which  has  also  furnished 
baddeleyite.  Named  after  Sir  Archibald  Geikie,  Director  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Great 
Britain. 

Gersbyite.  L.  J.  Igelstrom,  Zs.  Kr.,  28,  310,  1897.  Occurs  in  pale-blue  to  deep-blue  grains 
embedded  in  quartzose  damourite-schist  at  Dicksberg,  Wermland,  Sweden.  Closely  resembles 


APPENDIX  I.  29 

lazulite  and  is  near  it  in  composition.     One  of  several  analyses  gave:  P^O;  32'26,  AlaO3  46'68, 
CaO.FeO.MnO  6'66,  JVJgO  5  33,  H2O  9  07  =  100. 

GERSDORFFITE,  p.  90.  —  Occurs  in  octahedral  crystals  in  Denison  township,  Algoma  district, 
Ontario  (analysis  by  Johnston),  Hoffmann,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  5,  22R.  Also  on  Kooteuay  Moun- 
tain, near  Rossland,  British  Columbia,  ibid.,  9,  15R,  1896.  Analysis  from  Goslar  in  the  Harz, 
Klockmnnn,  Zs.  prakt.  Geol.,  1,  387,  1893. 


E,  p.  254  —Artificial  formation  of  crystals,  A.  de  Schulten,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  19,  157, 
189,'i. 

GILSONITE.—  See  Uintaite. 

GISMONDITE,  p.  586.  —  Occurrence  in  basalt,  St.-Agr£ve,  Ard£che,  France,  Gonnard,  C.  R., 
117,  590,  1893. 

GLATJBERITE,  p.  898.  —  Description  and  measurements  of  crystals  from  "Westeregeln,  W.  von 
Schulz,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  30,  75,  1893. 

Glaucochroite.     8.  L.  Penfield  and  C.  H.  Warren,  priv.  contr. 

Orthorhombic.  In  embedded  prismatic  crystals  without  distinct  terminations.  Prismatic 
angle  m  /\  m  47°  30'.  Twins  with  the  brachydome  (Oil)  as  tw.  plane,  the  vertical  axes  crossing 
at  an  angle  of  58°30'  (microscope).  Axes  a  :  b  :  c  -  0'44  :  1  :  0  56.  H.  about  6.  G.  =  3-407.  Color 
a  delicate  bluish-green  like  some  beryl. 

Composition,  CaMnSiO4,  analogous  to  the  Chrysolite  Group  ;  corresponds  to  a  manganese 
mouticellite.  Analysis,  Warren  : 

SiO2  MnO  CaO  PbO 

31-48  38-00  28-95  1'74  =  100'17 

B.B  fuses  quietly  at  3'5.  Easily  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  and  yields  gelatinous  silica 
upon  evaporation.  Reacts  for  manganese  with  borax. 

Occurs  at  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J.,  with  nasonite,  brown  garnet,  axinite  and  a  little  frank- 
liuite.  Named  from  yXavKoS,  blue-green,  and  xPoa>  color,  in  allusion  to  its  color. 


GLAUCONITE,  p.  683.—  Extensive  beds  occur  in  Spottsylvania  and  Stafford  Cos.,  Va.,  analysis, 
Corse  and  Baskerville,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  14,  6£7,  1892. 

In  Woodbnrn,  Antrim,  Ireland,  analysis,  Hoskins,  Geol.  Mag.,  2,  317,  1895. 

General  discussion  of  composition,  origin,  etc.,  Gumbel,  Ber.  Ak.  Miinchen,  26,  545,  1896; 
also  Glinka,  Zs.  Kr.,  30,  390,  1898. 

GLAUCOPHANE,  p.  399.—  Investigation  of  etching-figures,  R.  A.  Daly,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Sc.,  34, 
404,  1899. 

Analysis,  Beaume,  Dora  Riparia,  Colomba,  Att.  Accad.  Torino,  29,  404,  1893. 

RJiodusite  is  a  variety  of  glaucophane  described  by  Foullon  as  occurring  in  the  Eocene  Flysch 
rocks  of  the  island  Rhodus.  It  is  characterized  by  a  fibrous  asbestus-like  structure.  Coloi 
lavender-blue.  Analysis  of  purified  material  gave  : 

SiO2         A1203       Fe2O3       FeO       MgO        CaO      Na2O      K2O       H20 
5.5-03         0-49         15-47        7'39        11-48        0'98        6'38        0'80        1*98  =  100 

This  corresponds  to  a  glaucophane,  in  which  FeaO3  has  taken  the  place  of  A12O3.     Ber.  Ak. 
Wien,  100  (1),  176,  1891 
See  also  Grossite. 

GLOCKERITE,  p.  970.  —  An  orange-yellow  ocherous  basic  ferric  sulphate  from  Parys  Mount, 
Anglesea,  analyzed  by  Church,  corresponds  nearly  to  2Fe2O3.SO3.8H2O.  Loss  of  H2O  at  100° 
13-51  p.  c.,  on  moderate  ignition  12*85.  Glockerite  is  2Fe2O3.SO3.6H2O.  Miu.  Mag.,  11,  13,  1895. 

GMELINITE,  p.  593.—  Crystals  from  Montecchio  Maggiore,  described  with  new  forms  (2130)., 
(2133),  (1233),  Artini,  Giorn.  Min.,  2,  262,  1891. 

GOLD,  p.  14.—  Crystals  from  the  Ural,  described,  new  form  (811),  Jeremejev,  Vh.  Min.  Ges., 
Prot,,  33,  60,  1895. 

Crystalline  structure  of  nuggets  investigated  by  Liversidge,  Proc.  R.  Soc.  N.  S.  W.,  31,  70, 
1897  (read  Oct.  3,  1894).  Discussion  as  to  the  origin  of  moss  gold  and  of  gold  nuggets,  Liver- 
sidge, Proc.  R.  Soc.  N.  S.  W.,  27,  287,  303,  Sept.  6,  1893. 

Gold  containing  palladium  occurs  in  the  Caucasus,  Th.  Wilm,  Zs.  anorg.  Chem.,  4,  300,  1893. 

Occurs  in  California  with  albite,  bante,  calcite,  etc.,  Turner,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  47,  467,  1894. 


30 


APPENDIX  L 


On  the  gold  fields  of  the  Southern  Appalachians,  G.  F. Becker,  IGth  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  G.  Surv., 
Purl  II,  18:  4.  Of  Transvaal,  tlie  same,  18th  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S  G.  Surv.,  Part  V,  1896.  Of  Alaska, 
the  same,  18th  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Part  III  (also  Map  of  Alaska,  etc.,  S.  F.  Emmons, 
U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  1898).  Of  Georgia,  Geol.  Surv.  Georgia,  Bulletin  4A,  Yeates,  McCallie  and 
King  1896.  On  the  mining  regiou  of  Cripple  Creek,  Colorado,  Cross  and  Penrose,  16th  Ann. 
Kept.  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  Part  II. 

The  world's  production  of  gold  has  increased  at  a  very  remarkable  rate  during  the  past 
decade.  In  1890  the  value  of  the  total  amount  produced  (see  Min.,  p.  19)  was  less  than  120 
million  dollars;  in  1896  it  was  about  200..mil  lions,  in  1897  237  millions,  and  the  amount  estimated 
for  1898  is  upwards  of  280  millions.  Of  this  increase,  South  Africa  has  contributed  relatively  the 
largest  amount.  For  the  United  States  the  amount  for  1898  is  nearly  66  millions,  or  double  that 
of  1890;  for  Colorado  the  amount  has  increased  from  4  millions  in  1890  to  more  than  24  millions 
for  1898,  chiefly  through  the  productivity  of  the  Cripple  Creek  mines.  Canada's  amount  for  1898 
is  14£  millions,  of  which  it  is  estimated  that  the  Klondike  region  on  the  tributaries  of  the  Yukon 
river  has  yielded  12  millions. 

Goldschmidtite.      W.  H.  Hobbs,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  7,  357,  1899. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  d  :  b :  £  =  1-8561  : 1  : 1  "2980;  /?  =  89C  11'  =  100  A001.    Forms  a  (100),  b  (010), 

c  (001);  g  (310),  /  (210),  m  (110),  t  (370),  I  (130);  y  (508), 
s(101),  ?i(201),  r(703),  w  (401),  q  (SOI),  x  (lO'O'l), 
^35-0-1),  £(101),  JVT(20l),  TF(401),  X(lOO'l),  #(14 -O'l); 
A:  (032).  Angles:  am  =  *61°  41',  mm'"  =  123°  22', 
as  =  54°  29',  a' 8  =  *55°  35',  an  =  35°  17',  a'N  =  35°  50', 
ac  =  89°  11'  (mean  derived  (following  Hobbs)  from 
the  measured  angles  :  as  =  54°  57',  a'tS  =  55°  35'  and 
an  =  34°  13',  a'N=  34°  58).  In  form  related  to 
calaverite). 

Crystals  prismatic  |  c.  Twins  common,  tw.  plane 
a  (100)  (Fig.  2). 

Cleavage,  b  (010)  perfect.  Brittle.  H.  =2.  G.  =  8'6 
(estimated).  Luster  metallic.  Color  silver- white. 
Streak  dull  grayish  black.  Opaque. 

Composition,  AuaAgTes.     Analysis  (on  O'l  gram): 

Te  [59-64]         Au  31 -41         Ag  8'95  =  100 

B.B.  fuses  easily  on  charcoal,  giving  a  bluish-green  flame  (Te)  and  yielding  a  white  sublimate 
of  tellurium  oxide  with  a  yellowish-white  button  of  gold  and  silver. 

Occurs  sparingly  at  the  Gold  Dollar  mine  in  Arequa  Gulch,  Cripple  Creek  district,  Colorado. 
Named  after  Professor  Victor  Goldschmidt  of  Heidelberg. 

See  also  Calaverite  and  Krennerite. 

Gonnardite.     A.  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  19,  426,  1896.     Min.  France,  2,  279,  1896. 

Orthorhombic  ?  In  spherules  with  fibrous  structure.  H.  =  4'5-5.  G.  =  2 '246-2 '26  ;  2*357 
Gonnard.  Color  white.  Luster  silky.  Translucent.  Optically  biaxial,  positive.  Bxa  and  ax. 
pi.  parallel  to  the  fibers.  Ax.  angle  very  small. 

Composition,  (Ca.lSaa^AlaSisO^  +  5.}HaO  with  Ca  :  Naa  =  5  :  3.  Analysis,  Pisani,  quoted 
by  F.  Gounard,  C.  R.,  73,  1448,  1871  : 

SiOa  AlaO,  CaO  Na2O  K2O  H20 

42-3  28-1  10-0  6-7  tr.  141  =  101 '2 

From  cavities  in  the  doloritic  basalt  of  Gignat,  Puy-de-D6me  and  elsewhere  in  the  same  region  ; 
early  analyzed  by  Pisani,  1.  c.;  in  Dana's  Min.  (p.  606)  provisionally  referred  to  mesolite.  Named 
after  M.  Gonnard  of  Lyons,  France. 

GOSLARITE,  p.  939.— Occurs  in  white  silky  fibrous  masses  at  Altenberg  (anal.).    Graff,  Jb. 

GOTHITE,  pp.  247,  1036.— Optical  investigation  of  crystals  from  Ouro  Preto,  Brazil,  giving 
results  differing  from,  those  of  Palla.  Ax.  pi.  |  a  (100)  for  red,  ||  (001)  for  green  (and  yellow); 
optically  negative  for  both  colors.  2Er  =  58°  31',  2Egr  =  67°  42'.  p  =  2 '5.  Pelikan,  Miu.  petr. 
Mitth.,  14,  1,  1894. 

The  ocherous  variety  abundant  at  Mesabi,  Minnesota,  has  been  called  mesabite  by  H.  V. 
Winchell,  Trans.  Am.  lust.  Mug.  Eng.,  21,  661,  1893. 

GRAHAMITE,  p.  1020.— A  related  mineral  substance  occurs  at  various  points  in  Texas,  cf. 
Durable,  Trans.  Amer.  Inst.  Mug.  Eng.,  21,  602,  1892. 

Origin  di-cussed  (derived  like  albertite,  uiutahite,  etc.,  from  the  oxidation  of  petroleum), 
I.  C.  White,  Bull.  G.  Soc.  Amer.,  10,  277,  1897. 


APPENDIX  I.  31 

GRAPHITE,  pp.  7,  1036. — The  relations  of  the  different  forms  of  carbon  are  discussed  by 
Moissan,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  8,  289,  306,  4G6,  1896,  and  C.  R.,  121,  538,  540,  1895.  Also  by  Luzi, 
Ber.  Ch.  Ges.,  24,  4085,  1891,  25,  214,  1378,  1892,  26,  890,  1893;  Zs.  Na'.  Halle,  64,  224  ;  B.-H. 
Ztg,,  52,  12,  1893  (cf.  Jb.  Min.,  2,  241  ref.,  1893).  Finally  by  Weinscheuk,  Zs.  Kr.,  28,  291, 
1897.  Graphvite  of  Luzi  (1.  c.),  a  supposed  new  form  of  amorphous  carbon  (cf.  Zs.  Kr.,  24,  639), 
is  shown  by  Weiuschenk  to  have  no  real  distinctive  characters. 

On  the  graphite  and  associated  minerals  of  the  Passau  region  iii  Bavaria,  see  Weiuscheuk, 
Zs.  Kr.,  28,  135,  1897. 

Graphitite.— See  Graphite. 

GREENOCKITE,  pp.  69,  1036. — Occurs  wilh  wurtzite  and  smithsonite  at  the  Lilderich  mine, 
near  Beusberg,  Sonheur,  Zs.  Kr.,  23,  549,  1894.  Also  at  Laurion,  Greece,  (analysis,)  as  a  yellow 
pulveruknt  incrustation  on  nn  amber-colored  smithsonite  (with  2*70  CdO),  A.  C.  Christomanos, 
Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  16,  360,  1896;  C.  R.,  123,  62,  1896. 

Griinlingite.      W.  Muthmann  and  E.  Schroder,  Zs.  Kr.,  29,  144,  1897. 

Rhombohedral?  Massive,  with  one  distinct  cleavage;  resembling  tetradymite.  G.  =  7"321. 
Color  gray,  tarnishing  black. 

Composition  Bi4teS3  or  Bi^Te.S)  with  Te  :  S  =  1  : 3  ;  this  requires,  tellurium  12'0,  sulphur 
9-1,  bismuth  78 '9  =  100.  Analyses : 

Te  12-82  89-31  Bi  79-31  =  101-44 

12-66  9-40  78-82  =  100-88 

From  Cumberland,  England  ;  an  approximate  analysis  was  earlier  made  bv  Rarnmelsberg 
(Min.  Ch.,  p.  5,  1875). 

Guanabacoite,  Guanabaquite. — See  Quartz. 

GUARINITE,  p.  717. — The  absence  of  titanium,  early  shown  by  Mauro,  is  confirmed  by  O. 
Rebuffat.  Analysis  gave : 

Si03        Y,0,(?)        Fe203          A12O3          Ce2O3  CaO  Na2O          K2O 

34-84  1-23  1-69  25*37  3'45  25-20  6'57  1'56=99'91 

Calculated  formula:  2(Na,K)2O.8CaO.5(Al,Fe,Ce)2O3.10SiO3.  Lab.  Chim.  Napoli,  1894 j 
abstract  in  Zs.  Kr.,  26,  219,  1896. 

GUMMITE  (Eliasite),  p.  892. — Investigations  of  gases  yielded,  Lockyer,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.,  59,  1, 
1895. 

Gunnarite.  G.  Landstrom,  G.  For.  Forh.,  9,  368,  1887.  A  briefly  described  nickel-iron 
sulphide  containing  845 p.  c.,  Ni  22,  Fe  33;  formula  suggested  3FeS2.2NiS.  Color  tin-white 
with  tinge  of  yellow,  tarnishing  yellowish  brown.  G.  =  4'4.  Not  magnetic.  Dissolves  with 
difficuliy  in  hydrochloric  acid  ;  more  easily  in  aqua  regia  with,  separation  of  sulphur.  Occurs 
embedded  in  pyrrhotite  at  Rud,  parish  of  Skedevi,  Ostergotland. 

GYPSUM,  p.  933. — Cryst. — Discussion  of  symbols  of  doubtful  forms,  Cesaro,  Bull.  Ac.  Belg., 
29,  385,  1895.  Crystals  from  Girgenti  with  (350),  Kraatz,  Zs.  Kr.,  27,  604,  1896.  Harz,  forms 
(510),  (850),  etc.,  Luedecke,  Min.  d.  Harzes,  377,  1896.  From  the  environs  of  Paris,  forms  (203), 
(Oil),  (031),  (211),  (549),  (15-21-26),  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  21,  39,  1898,  and  N.  Arch.  Mus.  Paris, 
9,  201. 

On  cleavage-planes,  Cesaro,  Ann.  Soc.  G.  Belg.,  Mem.,  22,  23,  1895. 

On  gliding-planes,  Nies,  Zs.  Kr.,  30,  662,  1899 

On  etching-figures,  Viola,  Zs.  Kr.,  28,  573,  1897  ;  also  K.  von  Kraatz,  Zs.  Kr.,  30,  662,  1899. 
Corrosion-figures  due  to  loss  of  water,  Sohncke,  Zs.  Kr.,  30,  1,  1898. 

Analysis  of  saline  water  contained  in  cavities  in  crystals  from  Sicily,  Hi.  Siogren.  Bull.  G. 
lust.  Upsala,  1,  277,  1893. 

On  the  formation  of  incrustations  in  caves,  G.  P.  Merrill,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  17,  77,  1894. 

Gigantic  crystals  have  been  obtained  from  a  cave  at  South  Wash,  Wayne  Co.,  Utah,  see 
Talmage,  Science,  21,  p.  85,  Feb.  17,  1893.  On  the  occurring  forms  including  (450)  or  (340) 
and  (013),  see  Moses,  School  Mines  Q.,  14,  325,  1893;  also  G.  O.  Smith,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ., 
112,  May,  1894. 

Crystals  containing  fine  sand,  about  50  p.  c.,  occur  at  Carcote,  Bolivia,  Pohlmaun,  Vh.  Ver. 
Santiago,  2,  238,  1892.  Also  others  similar  from  the  Astrakau  steppes  described  by  Doss,  Zs.  G. 
Ges.,  49,  143,  1897. 

Hainite.     Jos.  Blwnrich,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  13,  472,  1893. 

Tricliuic.  In  slender  needles  and  plates.  Twins  tw.  pi.  a  (100).  Angles  ab  =  78°  14',  b  A 
hko,  =31i°-  Cleavage  :b  (010)  rather  perfect ;  a  (100)  faintly  indicated.  Brittle.  H.  =  5.  G. 


32  APPENDIX  T. 

=  3'184.  Luster  vitreous  to  adamantine.  Color  wine-yellow,  honey-yellow,  colorless.  Optically 
-f.  Ax.  pi.  1  b  and  oblique  to  a.  Ax.  angle  large.  Dispersion  strong  ;  p  >  u.  Birefringence 
low  ;  y — a  —  0'012.  Pleochroism  not  marked  ;  c  >  fo  >  a. 

Qualitative  trials  make  it  a  silicate  of  sodium,  calcium,  titanium  and  zirconium  ;  probably 
allied  to  w5hlerite,  mosaudrite,  lavenite,  etc. 

Occurs  in  crystals  in  cavitities,  and  in  embedded  needles  or  plates  of  the  grouudmass  of  the 
phonolite  of  the  Hohe  Hain,  near  Mildenau  in  northern  Bohemia. 

HALITE,  pp.  154,  1036.— Description  of  crystals  (artif.)  with  7i  (410),  n  (211).  p  (221),  r  (332). 
Traube,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  163,  1892.  Starunia,  crystals  with  the  rare  form  (210),  Pelikan,  Min.  netr 
Mitth..  12,  48  i,  1892. 

Capillary  relations   of  crystal   faces   with  reference  to  the   mother  liquor  (also  of  sylvite), 
,  Berent,  Zs.  Kr.,  26,  529,  1896. 

Investigation  of  tenacity,  Sella  and  Voigt,  Wied.  Ann.,  48,  636,  1893. 
Refractive  indices  for  long  waves,  Rubens  and  Snow,  Wied.  Ann.,  46, 
529,  1892.     Dispersion  in  the  infra-red,  Paschen,  Wied.  Ann.,  53,  337,  1894. 
Dispersion   and  absorption,  Rubens  and  Trowbridge,  Wied.  Ann.,  60,  724, 
1897;  Am.  J.  Sc.,  5,  33,  1898. 

The  skeleton  crystals  of  calcite  (resembling  chiastolite")  embedded  in 
black  slate  at  West  Springfield,  Mass,  (and  at  other  points),  and  variously 
interpreted  (see  Min.,  p.  222),  are  shown  to  be  pseudomorphs  after  salt  by 
Emerson,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  126,  145,  1895. 

HAMLINITE,  p.  762.— Occurs  in  crystals  (Fig.  1)  with  the  forms  r  (1011), 
(0^21)    associated    with     bertrandke     in     Oxford    Co.,     Maine ;     these 
(G.  =  3-159-3-283)   have   been    analyzed    by  Penfield  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  4,  313, 
1897)  and  the  unknown  composition  of  the  mineral  thus  determined,  viz.: 
Al?Sr(OH)7P2O7  or  [Al(OH)2]3[SrOH]P2O7.  In  2,  the  SiO2,  Fe2O3,  K2O,  Na2O 


Hamlinite. 


have  been  deducted  as  impurities. 

P205    A1203      SrO    BaO    H2O      F 

1.  §28-92    32-30    18'43    4*00    12-00    1 -93  SiOa  0*96,  K2O  0-34,  Na2O  0'40,  Fe2O3  0-90=100-18 

[(lessO  0-81)  =  99-37 

2.  30-20    32-67     19'25    4'18     12'53     2'01  =  100-84  (less  O  0'84)  =  100 

Hancockite.     S.  L.  Penfield  and  C.  H.  Warren,  priv.  contr. 

Mouoclinic.  In  very  small,  lath-shaped  crystals  and  crystal  aggregates.  Habit  like  that  of 
epidote.  Forms  a  (100),  c  (001),  e  (101),  r  (101)  and  n  (111).  Approximate  measurements  of 
the  angles  gave  values  near  those  of  epidote.  Color  of  the  mass  brownish  red  ;  of  an  isolated 
crystal  under  the  microscope,  golden-brown  for  rays  vibrating  parallel  to  the  axis  of  symmetry 
and  somewhat  variable  for  the  direction  at  right  angles  to  this.  A  crystal  shows  a  delicate 
greenish-brown  color  near  the  termination  and  a  pale  rose  at  the  attached  end.  Ax.  pi.  |  b  (010). 
2V=  50°  approximately.  Cleavage  basal.  H.  =  6-7.  G=4'03. 

Analysis  (Warren)  as  yet  incomplete,  but  shown  to  be  a  silicate  of  aluminum,  ferric  iron,  lead, 
calcium  and  strontium.  Yields  a  small  amount  of  water  and  may  be  expected  to  conform  to 
the  general  formula  of  the  epidote  group.  Fusible  B.B.  with  intumescence  at  3  to  a  black 
globule.  Alone  on  charcoal  becomes  magnetic.  With  soda  on  chnrcoal  gives  a  coating  of  lead 
oxide.  Insoluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  but  after  fusion  dissolves  and  yields  gelatinous  silica 
upon  evaporation. 

Occurs  at  Franklin,  N.  J.,  with  clinohedrite,  axinite,  garnet,  phlogopite,  willemite,  rceblingite, 
native  lead  and  copper.  Named  after  Mr.  E.  P.  Hancock  of  Burlington,  N.  J. 


HANKSITE,  p.  920. — Borax  Lake,  San  Bernardino  Co.,  Cal.,  analyses  (deducting  insol.,  0'19 
0-121  p.  c.),  J.  H.  Pratt: 


Tabular  cry  si. 
Prismatic  cry st.  t  Fig.  1 


SO3 
46-11 
45-92 


COa 

5-66 
5-65 


Na2O 
43-53 
43-74 


Cl 

2-215 
2-29 


K 

2-485  =  100 
2-40    =100 


The  chlorine  is  shown  to  be  essential,  and  the  following  formula  is  obtained  : 
9Na,8O4.2Na,COB.KCl.  Indices (Na):  a?  =  1  -4807,  e  =  1  -4614.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  2, 133, 1896. 
On  the  formation  of  artificial  crystals,  A  cle  Schulten,  C.  R.,  123,  1325,  1896. 


Hardystonite.     /.  E.  Wolff,  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  Sc.,  34,  479,  1899. 

Tetragonal.     In  granular  masses  showing  good  cleavages  f  c  (001),  also  secondary  Hanksite. 
cleavages  |  a  (100)  and  m  (110).      H.  =  3-4    "  G.  =  3  396.     Luster  vitreous.    Color  white.      Opti- 
tically  uniaxial,  negative.     Birefringence  high. 


S 
22-71 
22-88 
22-62 

22-71 

Bi 

24-06 
24-51 
23-72 
24-74 

Sb 
5-69 
6-74 
6-23 
3-14 

As 
1-96 
0-90 
0-45 
3-04 

Ni 
41-08 
45-05 
45-88 
45-26 

Co 

2-83 
0-70 
0-82 

Fe 

0-89 
0-27 
0-17 
tr. 

Zn 

0-12 

APPENDIX  I.  33 

Composition  essentially  CaaZnSi2O7  or  2CaO.ZnO.2SiO2  ;  perhaps  related  to  gauouialite 
(Miu.,  p.  422).  Manganese  replaces  part  of  the  zinc  and  magnesium  of  the  calcium.  Analysis 
(also  others  less  complete) : 

SiOa  ZnO  MuO  CaO  MgO         Fe2O3  Ign. 

38-10  24-30  1-50  33'85  1'62  0'57  052  =  10046. 

B  B.  fuses  with  difficulty  to  a  cloudy  glass,  giving  a  red  calcium  flame  ;  on  charcoal  glows  ana 
yields  a  sublimate  of  zinc  oxide.  Gelatinizes  easily  with  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obtained  from  the  North  Hill  mine  at  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J.  Occurs  in  a  fine  granular 
banded  ore  associated  with  willemite,  rhodonite  and  frunklinite.  Named  from  the  township  in 
which  the  locality  is  situated. 

HARMOTOME,  p.  581. —  Analysis  from  the  Beaver  mine,  Thunder  Bay  district,  Ontario,  Hoff- 
mann, Rep.  G.  Canada,  5,  16R,  1889-90. 

Hastingsite.      F.  D.  Adams  and  /.  B.  Harrington,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  1,  210,  1896.— See  Amphibole. 

Hauchecornite.     Scheibe,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  40,  611,  1888;  Jb.  preuss.  G.  Land.,  1891,  p.  91. 

Tetragonal.  Axis  c  =  1-05215 ;  001  A  101  (ce)  =  46°  27|'.  Forms:  a  (100),  c  (001),  m  (110), 
e  (101),  s  (112),  p  (111).  Angles  :  cp  =  56°  6',  me  =  *59°  10.  In  tabular  crystals,  pyramidal  or 
short  prismatic.  H.  —  5.  G.  =  6'4.  Luster  metallic.  Color  light  bronze-yellow. 

Composition,  (Ni,Co)7fS,Sb,Bi)8.     Analyses,  1,  R.  Fischer;  2,  3,  Hesse:  4,  Fraatz  : 

Pb 

0-64=   99-98 
003  =  101-08 
—    =    99-88 
—     Cu  0-09  =    98-98 

Occurs  with  millerite,  bismuthinite,  etc.,  in  cavities  in  siderite  at  the  Friedrich  mine,  near 
Hamm  a.  d.  Sieg,  Prussia. 

HAUSMANNITE,  pp.  230,  1036. — Ilmenau,  analyses,  Gorgeu,  Bull.  Soc.  Chim.,  9,  653,  1893. 

Hautefeuillite.     Michel,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  16,  38,  1893,  and  C.  R.,  116,  600,  1893. 

Monoclinic.  In  lamellar  masses  with  radiated  structure  :  these  are  made  up  of  minute  pris- 
matic crystals  with  the  forms  a  (100),  b  (010),  m  (110). 

Cleavage  :  b  perfect.  H.  =2'5.  G.  =  2'435.  Colorless.  Transparent.  Optically-)-.  Ax.  pi.  \  b. 
Bxa  inclined  45°  to  a.  2Ey  =  88°.  ny  =  1*52.  Dispersion  p  <  V  ;  inclined  strong. 

Composition,  (Mg,Ca)8PaOs  -f-  8H2O.  This  is  like  bobierrite  except  in  the  calcium  present.  The 
two  minerals  also  differ  optically.  Analysis  : 

P2O5  MgO  CaO  H20 

3452  25-12  5'71  34-27  =  99'62 

B.B.  exfoliates  and  fuses  to  a  greenish-white  globule.     Dissolves  with  difficulty  in  acids. 
Occurs  with  apatite,  monazite  and  pyrite  at  the  mines  of  Odegaarden,  Banile,  Norway.    Named 
after  M.  Hautefeuille. 

HATJYXITE,  p.  431. — A  variety  from  the  Kaiserstuhl  exhibits  phosphorescence,  Brauns,  Jb. 
Min.,  1,  84,  1899. 

Heazlewoodite.  W.  F.  Petterd,  Catalogue  of  Minerals  of  Tasmania,  p.  47,  1896.  A  sulphide  of 
nickel  and  iron  related  to  pentlandite,  occurring  in  narrow  bauds  in  the  serpentine  of  Heazlevvood, 
Tasmania.  Color  light  yellow-bronze ;  streak  light  bronze. 
Highly  magnetic.  H.  =  5.  G.  =  4'61.  Rich  in  nickel,  up  to 
38  p.  c.,  but  not  analyzed. 

HEDENBERGITE. — See  Pyroxene. 

HEDYPHANE,  p.  775.— Occurs  in  distinct  crystals  at  the  Hars- 
tigmine,  Norway,  with  tephroite  in  calcite.  Hexagonal  ;  forms  : 
m,  c,  r,  x,  «(3032),  y,  v,  s;  axis  c  =  0'7063,  or  near  that  of  apa- 
tite. Cleavage  x  (1011).  Hj.  Sjogren,  G.  For.  Forh.,  14,  250, 
1892 ;  Bull.  G.  Inst.  Upsala,  1,  11,  1893. 

HEINTZITE,  p.  885. — Crystals  from  Westeregeln  examined  by  TT«/I'  «u», 

Bucking,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  58,  1895.  Hedyphane. 

Lneaecke  remarks  on  the  identity  of  heiutzite,  hintzeite  and  kaliborite  (Min.,  p.  885),  Zs. 
Ges.  Nat.  Halle,  64,  423,  1892. 


34 


APPENDIX  I. 


HELVITE,  p.  434. — Schwarzenbers;,  associated  with  fluorite,  scheelite,  etc.  Analysis  after 
deducting  fluorite  (corresponding  to  3'16  p.  c.  CaO) :  SiO2  39'33,  FeO  4"45,  MnO  44 '43,  BeO 
14  92,  AlaO,  0-77,  S  5  03  =  102  93.  G.  =  3'202.  Miers  and  Prior,  Min.  Mag.,  10,  13,  1892. 

Discussion  of  composiiion  with  the  conclusion  that  the  ratio  Be  :  Mn  -f-  Fe  -\-  Zn  is  constant, 
=  1 : 1;  hence  the  formula  3Be(Mn,Fe,Zn)SiO4-|-(Mu,Fe,Zu)S,  Retgers,  Zs.  phys.  Ch.,  20,  488, 1896 

HEMATITE,  pp.  213,  1037. — Cryst.  study,  Framont,  Schweitzer  [Inaug.  Diss.,  Strassburg, 
1892],  Zs.  Kr.,  24,  627,  1895.  Crystals  from  Puy  de  la  Tache,  Mont  Dore,  with  new  forms, 
F.  Gonnard,  C.  R.,  126,  1048,  1898.  Artificial  crystals  with  m  (0115),  etc.,  Doss,  Zs.  Kr.,  20, 
567,  1892. 

Refractive  indices  measured,  mean  value  for  A  2'834,  for  (72-964,  "Wiilfing,  Min.  petr.  Mitth., 
15,  68,  1895. 

Occurrence  of  hematite  and  martile  ores  in  Mexico,  Hill,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  45,  111,  1893. 

On  the  action  of  a  powerful  magnet  upon  minerals  containing  iron,  as  hematite,  limonite, 
siderite,  frankliuite,  etc.,  see  Wilkens  and  Nitze,  Trans.  Am.  Inst.  Mng.  Eng. ,  26,  351,  Feb.,  1896. 

HERCYNITE,  p.  223. — From  the  Veltlin  forming  a  granular  aggregate  with  corundum, 
sillimanite,  etc.,  analysis  by  Linck,  after  deducting  2*8  p.  c.  pyrrhotite :  A12O3  61'21,  Fe2O3 
3-18,  FeO  25'98,  MgO  9*63  =  100.  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  47,  1893. 

HERDEUITE,  p.  760.— Shown  by  Penfield  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  47,  329,  1894)  to  be  monoclinic  in  crystal- 
lization. Axes  d :  b  :  c  —  0-63075  :  1  :  0*42742  ;  ft  =  *89°  54'  for  crystals  from  Paris,  Me.  Forms  : 
a  (100),  b  (010),  c  (001)  ;  m  (110),  I  (120),  n  (130)  ;  d  (101),  e  (302),  e  (302),  &  (301)  ;  u  (Oil),  t  (032), 
D  (031),  s  (061) ;  r  (112),  p  (111),  q  (332),  n  (331),  o  (441),  q  (332),  u  (331) ;  k  (122),  w  (3'12'4),  r  (121), 
x  (362),  z  (394),  jj  (391).  Also  y  (131  or  131).  Angles  mm!"  =  64°  29',  ct  =  *45°  25',  bv  =  *37'  57'. 


Paris. 


Hebron. 


6. 


Figs.  4-6,  Stoneham. 


8. 


Greenwood. 


Greenwood. 


Auburn. 


APPENDIX  I. 


35 


7\£ 


Crystals  sometimes  monoclinic  in  habit  (Paris),  but  commonly  penetration-twins  with  c  (001) 
as  twr.  pi.  and  then  pseudo  orthorhombie,  analogous  to  stilbite  (Figs.  4,  5).  Sections  ||  b  (010)  show 
inclined  extinction  ;  c  A  c  =  Bx0  A  c  =  —  2£° 

for     Na.       Dispersion     inclined,    distinct.  • 

ft  =  1-632,  2Ha  =  70-  44'  and  .  •.  2Va  =  71°  59' 
forNa,  Paris.  Also  ft  =  1-612,  2Ha  =  66°  0', 
.  -.  2Va  =  68°  7',  again  2Ea  =  128°  25'  for  Na, 
Stoneham.  Sections  of  twins  show  mono- 
clinic  character  (Figs.  10,  11  (cf.  Fig.  5)). 

The  composition  is  shown  to  vary  accord- 
ing to  the  relative  amounts  of  fluorine  and 
hydroxyl  present,  the  general  formula  being 
Ca[Be(F, OH)]PO4.  The  pure  fluor-herdertie 
has  not  been  noted  as  yet,  but  the  Sloneham 
mineral  is  a  hydro-fluor-herderiie,  while  that  from  Paris  (new  local.)  and  Hebron  is  hydro-lierderite 
as  shown  below.  Greenwood  is  another  new  locality  affording  both  kinds.  Analyses,  1,  2, 
H.  L.  Wells,  quoted  by  Penfield,  also  Am.  J.  Sc.,  44,  114,  1892.  Anal.  2  after  deducting  5'27 
iusol. 


Stoueham. 


Paris 
Hebron 


G. 

2-952 
2-975 


P,05 
44  05 

4308 


BeO 

16-13 
16-18 


CaO 

34-04 

[34-35] 


H2O 

5-85 
6-15 


-      insol.  0'44  =  100-51 
0-42     =  100-18 


HESSITE,  pp.  47,  1037.— San  Sebastian  distr.,  Jalisco,  Mexico,  analysis  by  J.  S.  de  Benneville, 
quoted  by  Genth  and  Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  43,  187,  1892. 

Occurs  in  Yale  district,  Br.  Columbia,  Hoffmann,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  8,  11R,  1895. 

HETEROMORPHITE,  p.  122.— See  Plagionite. 

HEULANDITE,  p.  574.  —  Crystals  described  from  Tulferthal,  Tyrol,  Habert,  Zs.  Kr.,  28, 
250,  1897-. 

Relation  in  physical  characters  and  composition  to  brewsterite,  stilbite,  etc.,  discussed  by 
Riune,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  12,  1892. 

Analysis  from  the  granite  on  the  Struth,  Thuringia,  Fomme,  Ber.  phys.-med.  Soc.  Erlangen, 
25,  1893.  Also  from  Anthracite  Creek,  Gunnisou  Co.,  Colo.,  Eakins,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  90,  62, 
1892.  From  Pula,  Sardinia  (anal.,  2'55  p.  c.  BaO),  Lovisato,  Rend.  Accad.  Line.,  6  (1),  260,  1897; 
Riv.  Min.  Ital.,  18,  33,  1898. 

Results  of  treatment  with  sulphuric  acid  and  hydrochloric  acid,  Rinne,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  139,  1896. 

HISLOPITE,  p.  266.— See  Calcite. 


Hoeferite.     Hoferite,  F.  Katzer,  Miu.  petr.  Mitth.,  14,  519,  1895. 

Amorphous  ;  earthy,  granular  or  scaly.  H.  =  1-3.  G.  =  2*34  (air-dried).  Luster  glim- 
niery  to  greasy.  Color  siskin-green,  also  apple-  to  grass  green.  Streak  slightly  lighter.  Adheres 
to  the  tongue. 

Composition,  2Fe2O3.4SiO2.7H2O  ;  or  Fe3O3.SiOa.H2O  if  the  water  lost  at  120°  is  neglected 
=  Silica  35'2,  iron  sesquioxide  46'5,  water  18  3  =  100.  Hence  closely  related  to  chloropal  (non- 
trouite).  Analyses : 

SiO2  Fe2(V       A18O3 

36-14  45-26  I'll 

35-88  46-64 


Tgn. 

18*15  =  100-66 

18-20  =  100-72 


•Includes  a  little  FeO. 

B.B.  becomes  reddish  brown,  then  dark  grayish  black,  and  fuses  with  difficulty  to  ft  black 
magnetic  slag.  Insoluble  in  dilute  acids,  and  only  in  part  decomposed  by  hot  sulphuric  acid  with 
separation  of  pulverulent  silica. 

Occurs  at  Kfitz,  near  Rakonilz,  Bohemia,  at  the  formerly  worked  antimony  mines.  Named 
after  Professor  H.  Hoefer  of  Leoben. 


!.— Crystals  described  from  Moresnet,  Belgium,  G.  Cesaro,  Mem.  Acad.  Belg., 


HOPEITE,  p. 
53,  1897. 

HUMITB  GROUP,  p.  535. — Analyses  on  carefully  selected  material,  identified  by  crystallographic 
study,  have  enabled  Penfield  and  Howe  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  47,  188,  1894)  to  establish  the  following 
formulas  for  the  three  species  of  the  group  : 

Chondrodite,  Mg3fMir(F,OH)]2[SiO4]a 
Humite,  Mg5[Mg(F,OH)]2[SiO,1, 

Clinohumite,  Mg7[Mg(F,OH)]6[Si04j4 


36  APPENDIX  I. 

These  formulas  vary  progressively  by  an  increase  of  one  molecule  of  (Mg2SiO4),  and  this 
variation  is  closely  connected  with  the  crystallization  (see  Miu.,  p.  534).  The  vertical  axes  are  in 
the  ratio  of  5:7:9,  that  is,  of  the  total  number  of  magnesium  atoms  present.  The  same  result 
was  reached  at  nearly  the  same  time  by  Hj.  Sjogren,  Bull.  G  Inst.  Upsala,  2,  39-54,  1894. 

Penfield  ami  Howe  ateo  remarked  that  another  member  of  the  series,  having  the  composition 
Mg[Mg(F,OH)]8iOi,  was  to  be  expected,  whose  axial  ratio  should  be  about  1  -086:  1 : 1  887,  ft  =  90°. 
This  would  then  give  for  the  vertical  axes  of  the  four  compounds  the  ratio  of  3  :  5  :  7  :  9  A 
member  of  the  group  having  this  form  was  later  discovered  by  Hj.  Sjogren  and  called  Prolectite. 
Though  not  yet  analyzed,  its  composition  is  probably  expressed  by  the  formula  given  above. 
See  Prolectite.  Cf.  also  Lewis,  Min.  Magr,  11,  137,  1896. 

A  full  study  of  the  form  and  optical  characters  of  crystals  of  the  three  members  of  the  group, 
humite,  chondrodite,  clinohumite,  has  been  also  given  by  Sjogren,  G.  For.  Forh.,  14,  423,  1892; 
Bull.  G.  Inst.  Upsala,  1,  16-40,  1892. 

A  humite,  occurring  in  serpentine  in  the  Allalin  region,  Valais,  Switzerland,  contains  no 
fluorine,  having  the  composition  Mg5(MgOH)2(SiO4)3,  see  analyses  by  Jannasch  and  Locke,  Zs, 
au.org.  Oh.,  7,  92,  1894;  occurrence  described  by  Schafer,  Miu.  Mitth.,  15,  126,  1895. 

HURONITE,  p.  340. — Investigation,  chemical  and  microscopic,  showing  it  to  be  a  basic  plagio- 
clase,  more  or  less  altered  to  saussurite.  Barlow,  Ottawa  Naturalist,  9,  25  ;  Jb.  Miu.,  1,  430  ref., 
1897. 

Hydrocalcite.  K  Kosmann,  B.-H.  Ztg.,  No.  38,  1892  ;  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  44,  155,  1892;  Jb.  Min., 
1,  260  ref.,  1894.  A  soft  white  pulpy  substance  occurring  in  a  limestone  cave  at  Wolmsdorf, 
Glatz,  Silesia.  Dried  over  sulphuric  acid,  it  yields  the  composition  CaCO(OH)4  or  CaCO3.2H2O. 
When  free  from  water  it  forms  a  "  Bergmilch,"  containing  needle-like  crystals  with  strong  double 
refraction.  The  author  would  regard  the  "  Bergmilch  "  as  a  third  form  of  calcium  carbonate. 

HYDROFRANKLINITE,  p.  259. — See  CUalcopTianite. 

HYDROGIOBERTITE,  p.  305. — A  mineral  provisionally  referred  here,  but  perhaps  new,  has 
been  noted  by  Bruguatelli  at  the  amianthus  deposits  of  Val  Brutta.  In  loose  aggregates  of  pris- 
matic (orthorhombic)  crystals,  biaxial  with  parallel  extinction.  G.  =  2'013.  Analysis:  CO2  21 '85, 
MgO  43-32,  HaO  34'32  =  99'49.  Rend.  1st.  Lombardo,  30,  1109,  1897,  and  Riv.  Miu.  Ital.,  18,  44, 
1898  ;  also  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  54,  1899. 

HYDROHERDERITE. — See  Serderite. 

HYDROZINCITE,  p.  299.— Analysis  from  Bleyberg,  Belgium,  G.  Cesaro,  Mem.  Acad.  Belg., 
53,  1897. 

ICE,  p.  205.— Photographs  of  snow-crystals,  G.  Nordeuskiold,  Bull.  Soc.  Miu.,  16,  59,  1893, 
and  G  For.  Forh.,  20,  163,  1898.  Also  by  W.  A.  Bentley,  noted  by  J.  E.  Wolff,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.,  33,  431,  1898  and  Bentley  and  Perkins,  Pop.  Sci.  Monthly,  May,  1898. 

Resemblance  of  spherical  crystals  to  choudrules  in  meteorites,  Rinne,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  259,  1897. 

Plasticity  of  crystals  measured,  Miigge,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  211,  1895. 

Observed  in  hollow,  hopper-like,  hexagonal  crystals,  Grossmann,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.,  54,  113, 
1894. 

Density  determined,  E.  L.  Nichols,  Phys.  Rev.,  8,  21,  1899.  The  final  results  for  0°  reached 
are  :  0'9181  for  natural  ice,  0'9161  for  artificial  ice  (obtained  with  CO2  and  ether). 

Iddingsite.  A.  G.  Lawson,^  Bull.  G.  Univ.  Cal.,  1,  31,  1893.  A  mineral  substance  occurring 
in  the  carmeloite  (augite-andesite)  of  Carmelo  Bay,  California,  probably  an  alteration-product  of 
chrysolite.  Structure  lamellar.  Cleavage  easy  |  a  (100) ;  also  parallel  to  a  brachydome  of 
80°.  H.  =  2'5.  G.  variable,  2'839  a  maximum.  Luster  on  a  (cleavage)  bronze-like.  Color 
brown.  Optically  biaxial.  Ax.  plane  ||  010  and  JL  a  (cleavage).  Pleochroism  on  a  chestnut-  and 
lemon-yellow.  Absorption  c  >  i)  >  a.  A  silicate  of  iron,  calcium  and  magnesium.  B.  B.  in- 
fusible. Finally  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid.  Named  after  Prof.  J.  P.  Iddiugs  of  Chicago. 

Idrizite.  A.  Schrauf,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  41,  379,  1892.  A  sulphate  related  to  botryogen  from 
the  Idria  mercury  mines  in  Carniola.  Compact  to  cystalliue.  Color  yellow-gray.  H.  =  3.  G. 
=  1  829.  Analysis  gave:  SO3  33"94,  A12O3  8'59,  Fe2O3  8'70,  Fe(Mn)O  3'10,  MgO  4'51,  H2O 
40-80  =  99-64.  The  formula  (Mg,Fe)(Fe,Al)2Si3O13  +  16H2O  is  deduced.  Insoluble  in.  hot 
or  cold  water,  but  soluble  in  dilute  hydrochloric. acid. 

ILMENITE,  p.  217. — Discussion  of  composition  leading  to  formula  FeTiO3,  Th.  Koeuig  and 
O.  von  der  Pfordten,  Ber.  Chem.  Ges.,  22,  1488,  2070,  1889.  This  subject  has  been  also  treated 


At  PEN  DIX  I  37 

by  i'enfield  ana  Foote.  A  new  analysis  (Foote)  of  the  crystallized  mineral  <<r.  =  4'34o)  from 
Layton's  Farm,  Warwick,  N.  Y.,  gave;  (I)  TiO2  57  29,  SiO2  0'37,  FeO  24'15,  MgO  15'97,  MuO 
I'lO,  FeaOi  1'87  =  100  75  This  (which  confirms  the  analysis  of  Rammelsberg)  yields  the 
formula  RO.TiO2,  where  R  =  Mg  and  Fe.  Hence  it  is  inferred  that  the  composition  "should  be 
regarded  as  an  isomorphous  mixture  of  MgO.TiOa  and  FeO.TiOa.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  4,  108,  1897. 

Variety  containing  11  '9  (f)  p.  c.  MgO,  from  the  Magnolia  district,  Colorado,  analyzed  by 
Whitaker  (G.  =  4-44),  Colorado  Sc.  Soc.,  Feb.  5,  1898. 

Analysis  from  Bedford  Co.,  Va.,  Peck..  Am.  Ch.  J.,  19,  232,  1897. 

LLVAITE,  pp.  541,  1037.  —  Occurs  in  crystals  with  rhodonite  (bustamite)  at  Cap  Bon-Garonne, 
Algeria,  Gentil,  Bull  Soc.  Min.,  18,  410,  1895.  Also  occurs  near  the  head  of  Barclay  Sound, 
/ancouver  Is.,  Br.  Columbia  (analysis),  Hoffmann,  Rep.  G,  Canada..  6:  12R,  1889-90. 

INESITE,  p.  564.  —  Crystals  from  Jakobsberg,  Nordmark,  Sweden,  described  by  Hamberg, 
show  the  forms  :  a  (100),  b  (010),  c  (001),  d  (Oil),  g  (201),  and  /  (301)  new  ;  analysis,  G.  Lundell  : 
SiO,  4292,  MuO  36-31,  PbO  0  73,  CaO  8'68,  MgO  037,  H2O  10'48  (0'62  over  H2SO4)  =  99"49. 
Gt  For.  Forh.,  16,  32S,  1894. 

IOLITE.  p.  419.  —  Crystals  from  Selrain,  Montavon  and  the  Pitzthal  in  the  Alps,  described  by 
iemboek  (new  forms  350,  120,  160,  501,  351,  261,  281),  Zs.  Kr.,  29,  805,  1808. 

Occurrence  in  an  eruptive  rock  from  S.  Africa,  Molengraaf,  Jb.  Mi*i.,  1,  79,  1894. 
Experimental  investigation  of  conditions  of  formation  in  a  magma,  Morccewicz,  Min.  petr. 
.,  18,  22,  1898. 


IRON.  pp.  28,  1037.—  Discussion  of  twinning  structure,  Linck,  Zs.  Kr..  2O,  209,  1892  ;  Ann. 
Mus.  Wien,  8,  113,  1893.  See  also  papers  by  Cohen  on  the  investigation  of  meteoric  iron, 
Ann.  Mus.  Wien,  7,  143,  1892  ;  9,  97,  1894  ;  12,  42,  119,  1897. 

Many  papers  on  meteoric  irons  have  been  published  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  Ann.  Mus.  Wien,  Ber.  Ak. 
Berlin,  etc.)  See  also  the  classification  of  meteorites  and  catalogue  of  Vienna  collection,  Brezina, 
Ann.  Mus.  Wien,  10,  231,  1895. 

Terrestrial  native  iron  occurs  in  minute  spherules  in  feldspar  in  Cameron  township,  Nipissing 
district,  Ontario,  Hoffmann,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  6,  23R,  1895.  Noted  also  in  connection  with  the 
coal  measures  of  Missouri,  E.  T.  Allen,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  4,  99,  1897. 

The  Coahuila  and  Toluca  irons  yield  minute  quantities  of  platinum,  also  iridium,  Davison, 
Am,  J.  Sc.,  7,  4,  1899. 

JACKSONITE,  p.  531.  —  Examined  by  N.  H.  Winchell,  who  concludes  that  it  is*  optically  dis- 
tinct from  prehnite  and  thomsonite.  but  may  perhaps  be  the  same  as  lintonite  (wh  see).  Amer. 
3eol.s  23,  250,  1899. 

JAPEITE.  p.  369.  —  Analyses  of  chloromelanite,  Damour,  Bull  Soc  Min.,  16,  57,  1893.  From 
IVTogoung,  Burma,  analysis,  Farrington,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  17,  29,  1894. 

Occurrence  in  Upper  Burma  described,  Noetling,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  1,  1896  (Rec.  G.  Surv.  India, 
36,  26,  1893)  ;  Bauer,  ib.,  p.  18  ;  from  "  Thibet,"  Bauer,  ib.,  p.  85. 

A  soda-  pyroxene,  allied  to  jadeite,  occurring  with  allurgite,  at  St.  Marcel,  Piedmont,  has  been 

investigated  by  Penfield.      Tough,  forming  an  interwoven  aggregate  of  coarse  prismatic  crystals 

Jolor  ash-gray.     G.  =  3  26-3  '38.     Analysis  (f)  :  SiO,  54  59,  A12O3  9  74,  Fe2O3  11  99,  MnaO,  1-0'?, 

tfnO  0  58,  MgO  5  03,  CaO  7'24,  Na.,C  9'32;  K2O  0  24,  H2O  0-37  =  100'16.     Am.  J.  Sc.,  46,  291 

893. 

JAMESONITE,  p.  122.  —  Occurs  in  East  Kootanie,  Br.  Columbia,  Hoffmann.  Rep.  G.  Canada,  5, 
iftR.  Also  from  Barrie  township,  Frontenac  Co*,  Ontario,  ib,  6,  30R,  1892-93. 

On  the  historical  relations  of  Jameson  ite  and  heteromorphite,  see  L.  J.  Spencer.  Min  Mag  ,  12, 
•j8.  1899.  The  crystallized  jamesouite  from  Bolivia  is  stated  not  to  conform  to  2PbS.Sb2S3  (Rose's 
original  formula  was  3PbS.Sb2S3). 

JAROSITE,  p.  974  —  Occurs  in  auriferous  quartzite  at  the  Buxton  mine,  Lawrence  Co.,  So. 
Dakota,  W.  P.  Head  den  (analysis),  Am.  J  Sc.  46  24,  1892.  Also  at  the  Jarilla  Mts.,  Dona  Ana 
Co.,  N.  M.,  Hidden,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  44.  255  1893  At  Pisek,  Bohemia  in  crystals  with  c,  r,  s  (0221), 
&rejci,  Ber.  Ak.  Bohm.,  Feb.  21,  1896. 

JARROWITE.  —  A  local  name  for  pseudomorphs  ot  calcite,  perhaps  after  celestite,  from  the  Jar- 
row  Docks,  Durham,  England  (  =  pseudo-gaylussite,  this  Appendix,  also  Min.,  p.  907).  See 
Miers,  Min.  Mag.,  11,  264,  897. 

JEFFERSONITE.—  See  Pyroxene. 


38  APPENDIX  L 

JORDANITE,  pp.  141,  1039. — Further  description  of  Biunenthal  crystals,  monocliuic  in  sym- 
metry, with  new  forms,  Baumhauer,  Zs.  Kr.,  24,  78,  1894. 

Josephinite.      W.  H.  Melville,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  43,  509,  1892. 

Massive,  granular,  forming  the  metallic  portion  of  ellipsoidal  pebbles  whose  sp.  gravity  is  6'204. 
Their  complex  composition  is  noted  below  ;  the  metallic  part  has  the  following  characters  :  Mal- 
leable and  seclile.  H.  =  5.  Luster  metallic.  Color  gray.  Opaque.  Magnetic.  Composition 
Fe2Ni5.  Analysis  gave  (f) :  Fe  23-23,  Ni  30'45.  A  little  cobalt,  copper  and  arsenic  were  also 
present ;  phosphorus  was  absent. 

The  pebbles  consist  of  13'38  p.  c.  of  silicates,  of  which  12'88  p.  c.,  soluble  in  HC1.  is  serpentine; 
the  remainder,  insoluble,  is  perhaps  bronzite,  A  very  small  amount  of  chromite,  magnetite,  pyr- 
rhotite  are  also  present,  further  a' trace  of  chlorine  (0  04  p.  c.)  of  uncertain  relations.  Occur  in 
the  placer  gravel  of  a  stream  in  Josephine  and  Jackoon  counties,  Oregon,  which  it  is  inferred 
probably  came  from  an  eruptive  dike  in  the  vicinity.  Deposits  of  nickel  silicate  occur  in  Douglas 
Co.  to  the  south  of  the  locality  here  noted  (see  Miu.,  p.  677  ;  also  awaruite,  Min.,  p.  x9). 

KAINITE,  p.  918. — Analyses  of  kainite  and  other  salts  from  Kalusz  and  Aussee,  C.  v.  John, 
Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  42,  341,  1892. 

KAINOSITE  — See  Genosite. 

Kalgoorlite.     E.  F.  Pittman,  Rec.  G.  S.  New  South  Wales,  vol.  5  (separate). 
Massive.    Fracture  subconchoidal.    Color  iron-black.    G.  =  8-791.    Composition,  HgAu2AgBTe6. 
Analysis  by  J.  C.  H.  Mingaye : 

Te  S  Au  Ag  Hg  Cu 

[37-26]        0-13        20-72        30'98        10-86        0'05  =  100 

Occurs  at  the  telluride  deposits  at  Kalgoorlie,  West  Australia.  A  yellow  gold  telluride 
(G.  =  9-377)  referred  to  calaverite  is  associated;  this  gave  Te  56-65,  Au  41*76,  Ag  0'80  =  99 -21. 

Kaliastrakanite.  Kalium-astrakanite,  J.  K.  van  Heide,  Ber.  Ch.  Ges.,  26,  414,  1893  ;  Naupert 
and  Wense,  ibid.,  p.  873. — See  Leonite. 

Kaliblodite.     C.  A.  Tenne,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  48,  632,  1896.— See  Leonite. 

Kamarezite.    K.  Bust,  Ber.  Ges.  Bonn,  50,  83,  1893;  Jb.  Min.,  1,  115,  1895. 

Orthorhombic?  In  minute  crystals,  tabular  ||  b  and  vertically  striated  ;  terminations  formed  by 
two  domes  (assumed  as  101  and  201  (d)) ;  crystals  in  cavities  of  a  crystalline  mass.  Cleavage  : 
perfect  1  b.  H.  =  3.  G.  =  3 '98.  Color  grass-green.  Ax,  pi.  ||  b.  Bxa  J_  cleavage.  Ax.  angle 
large. 

Composition,  (CuOH)aSO4.Cu(OH)j  -f  6H2O,  thus  related  to  langite  and  aruiniite.     Analysis  • 

S08  CuO  FeO  H20 

(£)    17-52        (|)    51-50  0-69  [30'29]  =  100 

B.B.  in  the  closed  glass  tube  decrepitates  strongly  and  gives  off  first  water  and  then  sulphuric 
acid.     Insoluble  in  water,  but  readily  soluble  in  ammonia  and  acids. 
From  Laurion,  Greece;  named  from  Kamareza  in  Greece. 

Katoforite.  W.  C.  Erogger,  Die  Eruptivgesteine  d.  Kristianiagebietes,  1,  37,  73  (et  al.\  1894 ; 
3,  169,  1898.— See  Cataphorite. 

Kauaiite.  GoldsmilJi,  Proc.  A  cad.  Nat.  Sc.,  Philad.,  1894,  105.  Occurs  on  the  island  Kauai, 
Hawaiian  Is.,  as  a  soft,  amorphous  chalk-like  mass.  G.  =  2 '566.  Analysis :  A12(SO4)3  7 '18, 
A12O3  33-40,  K2SO4  17'00,  Na2SO4  4'91,  H2O  31  "57,  X  [5'94]  =  100. 

Kehoeite.      W.  P.  Headden,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  46,  22,  1893. 

Massive,  amorphous,  forming  seams  and  bunches  in  the  ore  (argentiferous  galena  with  sphaler- 
ite and  pyrite)  of  the  Merritt  mine,  Galena,  So.  Dakota.  G.  =  2-34.  Insoluble  in  water,  soluble 
in  dilute  acids  ;  becomes  insoluble  after  ignition.  Infusible.  Analysis  gave,  after  deducting  1'76 
insoluble : 

P2OS  AlaOa         Fe2O3  ZnO  CaO  MgO  H2O  SO3 

27-13  2529  0'79  11'74  275  0'08  31-60  0-51  =  99  -89 

This  corresponds  1o  4R2O3  RO.5P2O5.9H2O.  Of  the  water  14-2  per  cent  are  lost  between  105° 
and  110",  3'34  between  115°  and  120°;  the  remainder  is  expelled  only  at  a  red  heat. 


APPENDIX  I. 


39 


KENTROLITE,  pp.  544,  1039. — Described  by  Flink  as  occurring  in  crystals  at  Langban,  Sweden, 
with  barite  and  calcite.  as  noted  in  Min.,  p.  1039. 

Crystals  from  Jakobsberg  have  been  examined  by  G.  Nordenskiold,  G.  For.  Forh..  16,  153, 
1894.  Forms  :  e  (102),  v  (115),  u  (114),  o  (111),  s  (221),  z  (3-15  10)?  Habit  usually  pyramidal,  ot  n, 
with  m  and  e  small ;  rarely  prismatic,  m,  o.  Angles  ppiv  (111  A  H_l)  =  62°  31  '7',  pp'  (111  A  111) 
—  92C  34'.  Ax.  pi.  (on  Langban  sections)  f  b;  also  a  =  a,  6  =  5,  c  =  c.  Birefringence  high. 
Occurs  with  inesite.— See  also  Melanotekite. 

KERMESITE,  p.  106. — Revision  of   crystallographic  data  with  new  forms,  in  part  doubtful, 
Pjanitsky,  Zs.  Kr.,  20,  417,  1892  ;  cf.  also  Goldschmidt,  Kryst.  Winkeltabellen,  389,  1897. 
Discussion  of  composition,  Baubigny,  C.  R  ,  119,  737,  1894. 

KIESEKITE,  p.  932. — Occurs  in  crystals  at  Westeregeln  with  carnallite,  etc. ;  new  forms 
c  (001),  y  (335),  Bucking,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  533,  1895. 

Klinozoisite.     E.  WeinscJienk,  Zs.  Kr.,  26,  161,  433,  1896.— See  Clinozoisite. 

KNEBELITE,  p.  457. — A  variety  containing  magnesia  (4 '7  p.  c.  MgO)  has  been  called  talk* 
knebelite  by  Igelstrom  (Jb.  Min.,  1,  248,  1890).  It  occurs  with  eisenkuebelite  (Min.,  p.  457)  at 
the  Hillang  mine,  Dalecarlia,  Sweden. 

Knopite.     P.  J.  Holmquist,  G.  For.  Forh.,  16,  73,  1894 ;  also  ibid.,  15,  588,  1893. 

A  mineral  closely  related  to  perovskite  (Min.,  p.  722),  but  containing  cerium  without  niobium 
or  tantalum  and  thus  intermediate  between  it  and  dysanalyte  (p.  724). 

Type  A  is  in  cubo-octahedrons  also  with  (911)  and  (920);  color  lead-gray  ;  luster  metallic; 
these  show  on  a  polished  surface  lamellae,  thus  on  a,  parallel  to  the  cubic  edges,  also  diagonal.  In 
thin  sections  optically  biaxial  with  high  birefringence  and  a  lamellar  structure.  H.  =  5-6. 
G.  =  4-11. 

Type  B  is  in  cubes,  overy  small  or  absent;  penetration-twins  with  o  as  tw.  pi. ; without  distinct 
lamellae  and  opaque  except  in  fine  powder.  H.  =  5-6.  G.  =  4'21-4'29. 

Composition  corresponds  to  RO.TiO2.     Analyses  : 


Ti02  ZrO2  SiO2 

1.  Type  A.  5874  0'91     1  29 

2.  —       — 

3.  Type  B.  54-12  —       — 


56-30 
54-52 


Ce2O3  Y2O3? 
5-80      0-06 


4-46 
4-42 


FeO 
3-23 

263 
4-19 

5-15 
4-94 


MnO 

0-31 


MgO    CaO    K20  Na2O  H3O 

0-19     26-84    0-75    029    1'00=99'41 


—  27-29 

—  33-32 

035  3222 

0-32  32  84 


1-99 
0-38    0-79 


1-68 


0-21=99-83 

0  30=99-17 
0-92=99-64 


From  Alno,  Sweden,  and  the  neighboring  mainland.  Type  A  occurs  in  a  limestone,  crystal- 
line, as  a  result  of  contact-metamorphism,  with  garnet,  titanomagnetite,  etc.  Type  B  is  from  a 
brecciated  limestone  also  in  a  syeiiitic  rock.  Named  after  Prof.  A.  Knop  of  Carlsruhe,  who 
described  dysanalyte. 

Kosmochlor.  Laspeyres,  Zs.  Kr.,  27  592*,  1896.—  Kosmochromit,  Grotfi,  Tab.  Ueb.,  132, 1898. 
— See  Cosmochlore. 

Kosmochromite. — See  KosmocJdor  and  Cosmochlore. 


KRENNERITE,  pp.  105,  1039. — Chester  quotes  the  results  of  an  examination   by  Penfield  of 


crystals  from  Cripple  Creek,  Colorado,  which  have  the  habit  of  Fig. 
1.  Myers  obtained  for  them  (deducting  1P21  insol.):  Te  55'68,  Au 
43'86,  Ag  0-46  =  100,  or  AuTe2.  The  original  Nagyag  mineral  con- 
tained silver.  It  is  urged  that  calaverite  is  probably  a  sylvanite 
essentially  free  from  silver.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  5,  375,  1898.  See  also 
Calaverite  and  Goldschmidtite. 

Ktypeite.  A.  Lacroix,  C.  R.,  126,  602, 1898.  Calcium  carbonate 
in  the  form  of  pisolites  from  Carlsbad,  Bohemia,  and  Hammam- 
Meskoutine  in  Algeria  ;  formerly  referred  to  aragonite.  The  specific 
gravity  varies  from  2'58  to  2'70,  or  less  than  that  of  ralcite.  Birefrin- 
gence =  0'020.  In  parallel  polarized  light  a  distorted  black  cross  is 
noted,  while  portions  give  a  positive  black  cross  in  converging  light. 
Heated  to  low  redness,  the  pisolites  decrepitate  and  are  finally  trans- 
formed into  calcite  ;  the  name  given  refers  to  this  fact. 

Kubeite.     L..Darapsky,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  163,  1898.— See  Cubeite. 


m 


Krennerite. 


40  APPENDIX  I. 

Kylindrite.     A.  Frenzel,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  125,  1893.— See  Cylindrite. 

Lagoriolite.  Kalk-Natron-Granat,  Lagoriolith,  J.  Morozewicz,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  18,  147, 
1898.— Bee  Garnet. 

Lamprophyllite.  W.  Ramsay,  V.  Hackman,  Fenuia,  11,  No.  2,  p.  119,  Helsiugfors,  1894. 
Also  W.  Ramsay,  ibid.,  3,  No.  1,  p.  45,  1890. 

A  mineral  related  to  astrophyllite  in  form  and  cleavage,  occurring  iu  the  nephelite-syenite  of 
Lujavor-Urt,  peninsula  of  Kola,  Russian  Lapland.  Occurs  macroscopically  in  minute  flattened 
prisms  with  mica-like  cleavage.  Color  yellow-brown  and  luster  submetallic.  Obtuse  negative 
bisectrix  with  large  axial  angle  symmetrically  normal  to  cleavage.  Pleochroism  di.-tinci,  c  brown- 
yellow,  t  brigbt  golden-yellow.  Absorption  c  >  1)  (for  astrophyllite  t  >  c).  In  thin  sections, 
a  form  (110)  was  noted  inclined  41°  to  42°  with  the  cleavage  (100),  also  terminations.  Twins 
common,  parallel  the  direction  of  elongation  ;  alsopolysynthetic  twinning.  Pleochroism  distinct, 
a,  6  straw-yellow,  c  orange-yellow. 

These  observations  agree  with  earlier  ones  by  Ramsey  (1.  c.)  ;  he  remarks  on  the  resemblance 
to  lavenite,  noting  also  a  form  (210)  inclined  27°  to  100.  G.  =  3'45.  Absorption  a  ^  fi  <  c. 
Birefringence  lower  than  with  segirite.  Contains  silica,  titanium,  iron,  manganese,  and  sodium. 

Lamprostibian.  L.  J.  Igelstrom,  G.  For.  Forh.,  15,  471,  1893;  Zs.  Kr.,  22,  467,  1893.  A 
partially  described  mineral  from  the  Sjo  mine,  Orebro,  Sweden.  Occurs  in  foliated  or  scaly 
forms.  H.  —  4.  Brittle.  Luster  brilliant.  Opaque  and  color  lead-gray,  except  in  very  thin 
layers,  then  blood-red  in  color.  Streak  red.  Not  magnetic.  Difficultly  soluble  in  hot  concen- 
trated hydrochloric  acid  without  evolution  of  chlorine.  Inferred  to  be  an  anhydrous  antimonate 
of  iron  and  manganese  (FeO,MnO). 

LANABKITE,  p.  923.— Artificial  production  of  crystals,  A.  de  Schulten,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  21, 
142,  1898. 

LANGBANITE,  Longbanite,  pp.  543,  1039. — Crystals  from  Langbnn  examined  by  Hj.  Sjogreu 
(Bull.  G.  Inst.  Upsala,  1,  41,  1892)  are  shown  to  be  rhombohedral,  not  hexagonal.  Crystals  com- 
plex; habit  varied,  prismatic  or  tabular,  sometimes  with  prominent  rhombohedral  development. 

Also  occurs  with  rhodonite,  mauganophyllite,  brauuite,  calcite,  at  the  Sjo  mine,  ibid.,  2,  96, 
1894.  Analyses  by  R.  Mauzelius  quoted  by  Sjogreu  : 

G.  Sb2O3  Fe203  SiO2  MnO2  MuO  CaO  Mg  H2O 

1.  Langbau      4'65  11'76    1415  12'23  2615  31'54  2'24  1-61      —  =    99 '68  (O  3 '50) 

2  "            4-73  11-61     14-31  11*32  2713  32'30  204  0*86  0*32  =    99  89  (O  3 -70) 

3  "            4-83  12-92      4'33  8'95  35-15  36'39  1'95  0'47      —  =  100'16  (O  5'03) 
4.  Sjo  mine      4'60  12'51     13'98  12'82  24'36  32'22  2'40  I'll  0'52  =    99'92  (0  3  09) 

IV  II 

The  formula  calculated  is  wSb2O3.7iFe2O3vpRRO3  ;  a  relation  to  hematite  is  suggested. 

Langbeinite.     S.  Zuckschwerdt,  Zs.  ang.  Ch.,  356,  1891.     0.  Luedecke,  Zs.  Kr.,  29,  255,  1897. 

Isometric-tetartohedral.  Observed  forms  :  a  (100),  o  (111),  Oi  (111),  d  (110),  y  (920),  / (3 10), 
e  (210),  p,  (221).  n  (211).  Crystals  highly  modified. 

Fracture  conchoidal.  H.  =  3-4.  G.  =  2 '81-2  86.  Luster  greasy  to  vitreous.  Colorless  when 
fresh,  but  speedily  taking  up  water  when  exposed  to  the  air.  Tasteless.  Index  ny  =  1'5329. 
Shows  no  circular  polarization. 

Composition,  K2Mg2(SO4)3  or  K2S04.2MgSO4  =  Potassium  sulphate  42-1,  magnesium  sulphate 
57  9  =  100.  Analyses  :  1,  2,  Zuckschwerdt,  Zs.  ang.  Ch.,  356,  1891.  3,  Edw.  Wagner,  quoted  by 
Luedecke : 

K2S04  Mg2S04  CaSO4  MgCla  MgO  NaCl       H2O 

1.  Colorless                                41-30  58'20  —  0'22  0'08  0'20  =  100 

2.  Grayish-wJiite                         38'99        58'55  0'57  0'55  0'13  0'43        0'78  =  100 

3.  Colorless.     G.  =  2'81            41 -0          581  I'O 

Occurs  in  beds  of  rock  salt  (taking  the  place  of  polyhalite)  at  Wilhelmshall  near  Anderbeck, 
and  at  Thiederhall ;  also  at  Westeregeln  and  Neu-Strassfurt  as  a  secondary  mineral;  at  Solvayhall 
near  Bernburg  with  carnallite.  Named  after  A.  Langbein  of  Dessau. 

LAUMONTTTE,  p.  587.— Anal.,  from  the  Plaiienschen  Grund,  Dresden,  Zschau,  Abh.  Ges.  Isis, 
p.  90,  1893.    Caucasus  (also  of  stilbite),  Zjemiatschensky,  Zs.  Kr.,  25,  574.  1895,     Grand  Marais, 
.,  Berkey,  23  Aim.  Rept.  Miuu.  G.  SUIT.,  p.  196. 


APPENDIX  I. 


41 


LAURIONITE,  p.  171. — Twin  crystals  with  rectangular  axes  from  Lauriou,  noted  by  Lacroix, 
C.  R.,  123,  955,  1896.  Set-  also  (new  forms)  G.  F.  Herbert  Smith,  Miu.  Mag.,  12,  102,  1899. 

On  the  formation  of  artificial  crystals,  also  of  (PbBrOH),  A.  de  Schulten,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  20, 
186.  194,  1897. 

See  also  Paralaurionite. 

LAUTARITE,  p.  1040.— Crystals  examined  by  Osann  showed  the  forms  :  b  (010),  c  (001),  m  (110), 
'I  (120),  r  (101),  n  (101),  ?  (ol1);  babit  prismatic.  Angles  :  mm'"  =  *62°  33',  qq'  =  *63°  36',  mr  = 
*46°  31',  whence  d  :  b  :  c  =  0'6331  :  1  :  0'6462,  ft  =  73°  38'.  Zs.  Kr.,  23,  586,  1894. 

Crystals  artificially  produced,  A.  de  Schulten,  Bull.  Soc.  Miu.,  21,  144,  1898. 

LAUTITE,  p.  148. — Analysis  of  the  pure  mineral  gave  Frenzel :  S  17'88,  As  45*66,  Cu  86'iO  = 
99-64.  This  leads  to  the  formula  CuAsS.  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  14,  125,  1894. 

LAVENITE,  pp.  375,  1040.— Reported  as  occurring  in  nephelite-syenite  of  Paisauo  Pass,  Davis 
Mts.,  Texas,  Osann,  4th  Ann.  Rep.  G.  Surv.  Texas,  128,  1892. 


Lawsonite.     F.  Leslie  Eansome,  Bull.  Univ.  California,  1,  301,  1895. 
Zs.  Kr.,  25,  531,  1895. 


Eansome  and  Palache, 


Orthorhornbic.  Axes  a  :  b  :  c  =  0-66524  :  1 
d  (041).  Angles  :  mm '"  =  *07°  36',  dd'  =  *72° 
53^'.  Crystals  rather  large,  prismatic  or  tab- 
ular ||  c,  also  distorted  by  extension  of  an 
??i-face.  Twins  :  tw.  pi.  m.  Faces  in,  d 
striated  |  intersections  with  c. 

Cleavage  :  b  very  perfect ;  c  perfect  ;  m 
indistinct.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  = 
8-25.  G.  =  3-084,  3 '091.  Luster  vitreous  to 
greasy.  Color  pale  blue  to  grayish  blue. 
Absorption  distinct;  a  >  ft  >  c.  Pleochroisui 
distinct  in  thick  sections  :  a  blue,  ft  yellow- 
ish or  colorless,  c  colorless  ;  colors  often  in 
bands.  Optical  -\-.  Ay  x.  pi.  |  b.  Bxa  ±  c. 

IT,    2H0.y  = 


0-7385.     Forms  :  b  (010),  c  (001),  m  (110),  d  (Oil), 


Ax.  angles:  2MBT  =  88°  27' 


103°  16', 


2V,y  =  84 


1-6690,  y  =  1  6840.  y  -  «=  0'019. 

Composition,  H4OaAl,SiaO,0  or  Ca[Al(OH)2]2[SiO3]a  Groth. 
(Miu.,  i).  519).     Analyses,  1,  Ransome  ;  2,  Palache: 


Indices  for  Na  :  a=  1-6650,  ft= 
Hence,  analogous  to  carpholite 


8iO, 

1.  38-10 

2.  37-32 


Al,03 
28-88 


Fe,03 
0-85 


35-14 


CaO 

18-26 

17-83 


MgO 
0-23 


0-65 


H,0 

11-42=    98-39 

11-21  =  101-50 


B.B.  becomes  clouded  and  fuses  easily  to  a  colorless,  blebby  glass.  Yields  water  in  the  closed 
tube.  Resists  acids,  but  easily  decomposed  with  gelatinization  after  ignition.  The  specific  grav- 
ity of  the  ignited  powder  was  2*558. 

Occurs  in  a  crystalline  schist  (lawsonite-scbist),  which  is  associated  with  serpentine  in  the  Ti- 
buron  peninsula,  Mann  Co.,  California.  The  schist  also  contains  glaucophane  abundantly,  actino- 
lite,  margarite,  epMote,  garnet  ;  also  rutile,  titanite.  Further  in  glaucophane-schist  at  other  points 
near  Berkeley,  and  probably  at  Sulphur  Creek.  Sonoma  Co.,  Cal.  Also  observed  in  the  meta- 
morphic  rocks  of  the  Piedmontese  Alps  near  Elva,  Val  Maira  and  at  other  points  (Franchi,  Bull. 
Soc.  Min.,  20,  5,  1897,  and  Att.  Accad.  Torino,  32,  260,  1896).  In  the  massive  rocks  (gabbro-dia- 
base-peridotite  types)  of  the  Southern  Apennines,  on  the  boundary  between  the  provinces  of  Ba- 
silicata  and  Calabria  (Viola,  Zs.  Kr.,  28,  553,  1897).  In  the  glaucophane  rocks  of  Corsica;  also 
in  New  Caledonia  (Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  20,  309,  1897). 

Named  after  Prof.  A.  C.  Lawson  of  the  University  of  California. 

LAZULITE,  p.  798. — Occurs  with  quartz  near  Lake  Mistassiui,  Quebec,  Hoffmann,  Rep.  G. 
Canada,  5,  66R,  1889-90. 


LEAD,  p.  24.— Occurs  with  rceblingite,  native  copper,  etc.,  at  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J.,  W.  M. 
Foote,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  6,  187,  1898. 

On  artificial  crystals  with  hexagonal  pseudo-symmetry,  Miers,  Min.  Mag.,  12,  113,  1899;  A. 
Pick,  ibid.,  p.  118*, 


42  APPENDIX  I. 

LEADHILLITE,  p.  921.  Occurs  at  Granby,  Mo.,  in  well-formed  prismatic  crystals  (Figs.  1,  2). 
Pirsson  and  Wells.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  48,  219,  1894.  Wells  obtained  on  pure  material:  SO3  7'33,  COa 
8-14,  PbO  82'44,  HaO  1'68  =  99*59,  confirming  the  formula  given  by  Groth  (Dana  Min.,  p.  921), 

1.  2. 


\ 

~J^^\ 

772 

a[ 

m  \ 

s 

which  is  equivalent  to  PbSO4.2PbCO3.Pb(OH)a.      Pseudomorphs  after  calcite  and  galena  aK 
observed,  W.  M.  Foote,  i  id.,  50,  99,  1895. 

Occurs  in  ancient  lead  shigs  from  the  Mendip  Hills,  L.  J.  Spencer,  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.,  1898. 

Lembergite.  Lagorio  [Trav.  Soc.  Nat.  Varsovie,  6,  xi,  7-9,  1895],  Zs.  Kr.,  28,  526,  1897. 
This  is  the  artificial  mineral,  5Na2AlaSiaO8  +  4H2O,  called  by  Lemberg  nephelin-hydrat  (see  Zs. 
G.  Ges.,  39,  562,  1887). 

Leonite.  Kalium-Astrachanite,  J.  K.  van  der  Heide,  Ber.  Ch.  Ges.,  26,  414,  1893;  Naupert 
and  Wense,  ibid.,  p.  873.  Leonite,  C.  A.  Tenne,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  48,  632,  1896.  Kaliastrakauite. 
Kaliblodite. 

Monocliuic.  Axes  d  :  b  :  c  =  1  "03855  :  1  :  1*23365,  ft  -  *84°  50'.  Forms  :  b  (010),  c  (001), 
//  (120);  d  (102),  d  (102);  o  (013),  n  (Oil);  q  (113),  p  (111),  it  (111).  Angles  :  MI'  =  51°  36',  nn'  =  101° 
43',  cp  =  *57°  1',  pp'  =  *74°  21'  Tenne. 

Iii  tabular  crystals,  also  commonly  massive.  Cleavage  not  distinct.  Fracture  conchoidal. 
Luster  vitreous.  Colorless,  white  or  yellowish.  Ax.  pi.  ±  b.  Bx0  nearly  _L  c  (001). 

Composition,  probably  K2SO4.MgSO4  -f-  4H2O,  the  potash  salt  corresponding  to  blodite  (astra- 
kanite),  which  is  known  as  an  artificial  compound  (van  der  Heide).  Groth  calls  attention  to  the 
fact  that  the  correspondence  in  form  is  apparently  not  what  would  be  expected,  Zs.  Kr.,  30,  655, 
1899.  Analysis,  Tenne  : 

SO4  Mg  K  Cl  HaO  insol. 

43-73  6-54  25'48  4'84  18-99  0'42  =  100 

Occurs  usually  massive,  also  in  crystals  with  kainite,  in  the  salt  deposits  of  Westeregeln,  and 
Leopoldshall,  Germany. 

LEPIDOLITE,  p.  624. — Tanagama  Yamo,  Japan,  analysis  of  grayish-white  or  slightly  pinkish 
plates,  Geuth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  44/387,  1892. 

Composition  of  the  lithia  micas  discussed  by  F.  W.  Clarke,  J.  Am.  Chem.  Soc.,  15,  No.  5, 
1893;  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  113,  1893. 

LEPIDOMELANE,  p.  634. — Occurs  with  arsenopyrite  at  the  Bob  Neil  mine,  Marmora,  Hastings 
Co.,  Ontario  (analysis  by  Wait),  Hoffmann,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  6,  14R,  1892-93. 

LEUCITE,  pp.  341,  1041. — Discussion  of  optical  characters,  relation  to  analcite,  etc.,  Klein,  Jb. 
Min.,  Beil.~Bd.,  11,  475,  1898  (Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  290,  1897). 

Occurs  (chiefly  altered  to  analcite)  in  a  leucite-tephrite  associated  with  elaeolite-syenite  at 
Hamburg,  Sussex  Co.,  N.  J.,  Kemp,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  45,  298,  ^1893  ;  47,  339,  1894.  In  bowlders  in 
the  auriferous  gravels  of  the  Horsefly  river,  Cariboo  district,  Br.  Columbia,  Hoffmann,  Rep.  G. 
Canada,  7,  14R,  1894.  In  the  Highwood  and  Bearpaw  Mts.,  Montana,  Weed  and  Pirssou,  Am. 
J.  Sc.,  2,  143,  1896.  In  igneous  rocks,  Province  of  Rome,  Viola,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  121,  1899.  In  the 
lavas  of  the  lower  Celebes  (Wichmanu). 

Lewisite.    E.  Hussak  and  G.  T.  Prior,  Min.  Mag.,  11,  80,  1895. 

Isometric.  In  minute  octahedrons.  Cleavage  octahedral,  nearly  perfect.  H.  =  5*5.  G.  =  4*950. 
Luster  vitreous  to  resinous.  Color  honey-yellow  to  colophony-brown.  Streak  light  yellowish 
brown.  Translucent. 

Composition,  5CaO.2TiO2.3Sb2O6 ;  closely  related  to  mauzeliite.     Analyses,  Prior: 

Sba06  TiOa  CaO  FeO  MnO         Na2O 

67-52  11-35  15*93  4*55  0*38  0*99  =  100-72 

65-52  11-70  15-47  6'79  -  1'06  =  100-54 


APPENDIX   I 


43 


Puses  rather  readily  on  the  edges  in  the  Bunsen  flnme,  coloring  it  greenish  blue.  In  salt  of 
phosphorus  yields  a  bead  yellow  when  hot  and  violet  when  cold.  Insoluble  in  acids. 

From  the  cinnabar  mine  of  Tripuhy,  near  Ouro  Preto,  Minns  Geraes,  Brazil  ;  occurs  in  the 
gravel  consisting  largely,  after  washing  of  cinnabar  and  hematite;  also  xenotime,  monazite,  zircon, 
cyanile  rutile,  etc.  Named  after  Prof.  W.  J.  Lewis  of  Cambridge,  England.  > 

A  new  titano-antimouate  of  iron  in  slender  six-sided  (m,  a]  crystals  of  a  resinous  black  color, 
G.  =  4-529,  was  also  noted,  but  owing  to  lack  of  material  it  has  not  yet  been  fully  investigated. 

Libollite.  J.  P.  Gomes,  Comm.  Dir.  Trabalhos  Geol.  Portugal,  3,  244,  290,  1896-98.  A  kind 
of  aspbaltum  occurring  near  Libollo,  in  western  Africa,  has  been  called  libollite  by  Gomes.  It 
resembles  albertite,  having  a  pitch-black  color,  brilliant  luster,  and  more  or  less  conchoidal 
fracture.  H.  —  2'5  ;  G.  =  I'l.  An  analysis  by  A.  Machado  and  A.  Noronha  gave:  C  80'30, 
H  8*41,  O  9  45,  N  T84  =  100.  The  ash  (6 -92  p.  c.)  has  been  deducted.  Compare  albertite  and 
grahamite,  Miu.,  p.  1020. 

LINARITE,  p.  927. — From  San  Giovanni  mine,  Sardinia,  crystals  described  by  Brugnatelli 
(new  form  (718)),  also  optical  characters.  Optically  —  ._  Ax.  pi.  and  Bx0  j_  b.  Bxa  A  c  =  —  24° 
(hence  Bxa  nearly  coincident  with  the  normal  to  s  (101)).  2Ha  =  106°  21'  red,  =  106°  42'  Na, 
=  110°  12'  blue.  2V  =  79°  59'  Na.  Indices  a  =  1*8092,  ft  =  1'8380,  y  =  1'8593.  Riv.  Miu. 
Ital.,  17,  56,  1897,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  28,  307,  1897. 

Occurs  in  New  Caledonia,  Lacroix,  C.  R.,  118,  553,  1894. 

Lindesite.     L.  J.  Igehtrom,  Zs.  Kr.,  23,  590,  1894.— See  Urbanite. 

LINTONITE,  p.  607. — Shown  by  N.  H.  Winchell  to  differ  in  optical  characters  from  thomsonite, 
•with  which  it  agrees  chemically  and  to  which  it  has  been  referred.  Amer.  Geol.,  22,  348,  1898. 

LIROCONITE,  p.  853.— Cornwall,  analysis  by  Church,  Min.  Mag.,  11,  3,  1895. 

LOLLINGITE,  p.  96. — Occurs  at  Drum's  Farm,  Alexander  Co.,  N.  C.,  massive,  G.  =  7'031, 
analysis,  Genth  :  As  27'93,  S  0'77,  Fe  70'83,  Cu  tr.  =  99'53.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  44,  384,  1892. 

Also  occurs  in  Galway  township,  Peterborough  Co.,  Ontario,  analysis  (2 '88  p.  c.  Co)  by 
Johnston,  Hoffmann,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  6,  19R,  1892-93. 

LONGBANITE. — See  Langbanite. 

Lorandite.  J.  A.  Krenner  [Mat.  es  firtesitO,  12,  473,  1894  ;  13,  258,  1895],  Zs.  Kr.,  27,  98, 
1897.  GoldscJimidt,  Zs.  Kr.,  30,  272,  1898. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  d  :  b  :  c  =  1-3291  : 1 : 1'0780.  ft  =  52°  27'  Goldschmidt.  Forms  :  a  (100,  t), 
b  (010).  c  (001,  a);  q  (210),  e  (320),  m  (110,  <r),  e  (120),  n  (130),  u  (140)?; 
ft  (205),  d  (101),  K  (201,  c);  a  (034),  h  (045),  w  (021)  ;  v  (112),  *  (112), 
z  (111);  g  (425),  /(212),  y  (748),  j  (5_36);  t  (834)?,  I  (12*).  S  (M3'8)?; 
y  (312),  n  (525),  p  (212),  r  (211),  C  (324),  k  (322),  77  (2  5'10)?  Angles 
ac  =  52°  57',  mm'"  =  93°  0',  qq"'  =  55°  24',  etc  =  89°  29'. 

Crystals  highly  modified,  often  tabular,  or  prismatic  (m) ;  faces 
in  prismatic  zone  vertically  striated,  especially  m  (2).  A  similarity  to 
miargyrite  is  noted  (cf.  Gdt.).  Cleavage:  a  perfect;  c  and  d  (101) 
erood.  Flexible,  separating  easily  into  cleavage  lamellae.  H.  =  2-2*5. 
G.  =  5'529  Loczka.  Luster  metallic-adamantine.  Color  cochineal- 
*,o  carmine-red,  often  dark  lead-gray  on  the  surface  and  frequently 
covered  with  an  ocher-yellow  powder.  Streak  dark  cherry-red.  T  •,.. 

Translucent  to  transparent.     Refractive  index  high.  -Lorandite, 

Composition,  a  sulpharsenide  of  thallium,  TlAsS2  or  Tl2S.As2S3  =  Sulphur  18*7,  arsenic  21*9. 
tiiallium  59'4  =  100.  Analysis  by  J.  Loczka : 

S  19-02    As  [21-47]     Tl  59 -51  =  100. 

B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  easily,  colors  the  flame  bright  green,  yields  arsenical  fumes  and  vola- 
tilizes completely.  In  the  closed  tube  fuses  and  yields  a  black  sublimate  of  thallium  sul- 
phide, also  an  orange  one  of  arsenic  sulphide,  further  some  arsenic  oxide.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid 
with  separation  of  sulphur. 

From  Allchar  in  Macedonia,  where  it  occurs  in  crystals  implanted  upon  realgar. 

The  position  of  Goldschmidt  is  here  provisionally  accepted:  100,  001,  110,  201  of  Gdt.  corre- 
spond to  101,  100,  121,  001  of  Kreuner. 


44  APPENDIX  I. 

Lossenite.     L  Milch,  Zs.  Kr.,  24,  100,  1894. 

Orthorhombic.  Axes  a  :  b  :  c  =  0'843  :  1  :  0-945  approx.  lu  acute  pyramids.,  resembling 
scorodite  in  angle,  with  pp'  =  79°  and  pp'"  =  64°.  Color  brownish  red,  often  altered  on  the  sur- 
face. Optically  +.  Ax.  pi.  |  a.  Bx.  j_  c. 

Composition  probably  2PbSO4.3(FeOH)3As2O8  -f  12H2O.     Analysis  : 

As2O6       SOS         PbO        Fe2Oa       H,O         H2O 

33-44        3-74        10-63        34*53        3'74        11-81%  SiOa  M3,  CaCO3  1-46  =  100  48 

a  Water  of  crystallization. 
U'rom  Laurion,  Greece,  where  It  was  found  in  a  drusy  ferruginous  quartzose  rock. 

LOVENITE. — See  Lavenite. 

Lutecine,  Lutecite.  MicheZ-LSvy  and  Munier-Chalmas,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  15,  159,  1892.~See 
Quartzine. 

Mackintoshite.      W.  E.  Hidden,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  46,  98,  1893. 

Tetragonal,  in  square  prisms  with  pyramid  ;  commonly  massive,  nodular.  Fracture  small 
subcouchoidal.  H.  =  5'5.  G.  =  5;438.  Luster  dull.  Color  black.  Opaque.  In  composition 
allied  to  thorogummite  (Min.,  p.  893);  perhaps  UO2.3ThO,.3SiO2.3H2O.  Analyses,  W.  H.  Hille- 
brand  : 

Si02    U02    ZrO2?    ThO2,Ce2O8    La2O3,Y2O8    PbO    FeO    CaO    M&O    K2O    (Na,Li)aO    P2O6    H2O 

13-90    22-40     0-88  45'30  1'86  3'74      1'15      0'59      O'lO      0'42          0'68          067      4'81»  =  96'50 

13-92    21-86  undet.  3'92       —       0'44      0'13  ~0-70~  0'46      0'35& 

•  Above  100°  4-31 ,  below  0'50.  «>  Below  100°. 

From  the  gadolinite  locality  of  Llano  Co.,  Texas.  The  alteration  of  mackiuloshite  seems  to 
have  yielded  thorogummite.  Named  after  James  B.  Mackintosh  (died  1891),  chemist  of  New 
York  City. 

MAGNESIOFERRITE,  p.  226. — Roc  de  Cuzean,  Mont  Dore,  France,  crystals  (largely  made  up  of 
plates  of  hematite)  similar  to  those  of  Mte.  Somrna,  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Miu.,  15,  11,  1892. 

MAGNESITE,  p.  274.— Crystals  from  Val  Lanterna,  Brugnatelli,  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  55,  1899. 

MAGNETITE,  pp.  224,  1041. — Occurs  in  cubic  crystals,  in  part  penetration-twins,  at  the  Moss 
mine,  Nordmark,  Sweden.  Hj.  Sjogren,  Bull.  G.  Inst,  Upsala,  2,  63,  1894. 

Crystals  described  from  Acquacetosa,  near  Rome,  new  forms  (520),  (331),  Zambouiui,  Riv.  Min. 
Ital.,  21,  21,  1898. 

Magnetic  properties  of  crystals  investigated,  Weiss,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  20,  137,  1897. 

Present  in  various  minerals  (hematite,  etc.),  and  thus  giving  them  magnetic  properties, 
Liversidge,  Trans.  Austr.  Assoc.  Adv,  Sci.,  1892. 

Occurs  at  the  Kodiir  mines,  Vizagapatam,  Madras,  India,  containing  manganese  (2'08  Mn3O4) 
and  alumina  (2-54  p.  c  A12O3),  G.  =  5'045.  Holland,  Rec.  G.  Surv.  India,  26,  164,  1893. 

Ch.  Friedel  shows  that  slow  heatinir  in  the  air  at  a  rather  high  temperature  changes  crystals 
to  hematite  (i.e.  martite).  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  17,  150,  1894. 

A  titaniferous  variety  containing  nickel  occurs  in  Eastern  Ontario,  W.  G.  Miller,  Rep't 
Bureau  of  Mines,  Toronto,  7,  Part  III,  p.  230,  1898. 

Magnetostibian..  L.  J.  Igelstrom,  Zs.  Kr.,  23,  212,  1894.  A  partially  investigated  mineral 
from  the  Sjo  mine,  Orebro,  Sweden.  Occurs  in  grains  and  granular  aggregates.  Luster  metallic. 
Color  and  streak  black.  Magnetic.  An  analysis  (after  deducting  68 '6  p.  c.  impurities,  CaCO8, 
MgCO3  and  tephroite)  gave  : 

Sb2O6  9-83        As2O6  1'54       FeaO3  12-36       FeO  17-16       MnO  59'11  =  100 
MAGNOCHROMITE,  p.  228. — See  Chromite. 

MAGNOFRANKLINITE.— A  local  name  (credited  to  Koenig)  for  a  highly  magnetic  franklinite 
containing  little  zinc.  From  Sterling  Hill,  N.  J.;  see  Rep.  G.  Surv.  N.  J.,  2,  (1)  14,  1892;  also 
Chester,  Diet.  Names  Minerals,  164,  1896. 

MALACHITE,  p.  294. — Artificial  formation  by  a  new  process,  A.  de  Schulten,  C.  R.,  June  8, 
Maltesite.    /.  J.  Sederholm,  G.  F5r.  Forh.,  18,  390,  1896.— See  Andalusite. 


APPENDIX  1.  45 

Manganandalusite      H.  Backstrom,  G.  For.  Forh.,  18,  386,  18C6.—  See  Andalusile. 
Manganberzeliite.     L,  J.  Igelstrom,  Zs.  Kr.,  23,  592,  1894.— Se«  Berzeliite. 

MANGANITE,  p.  248.— Crystals  from  the  Harz  described,  Luedecke,  Min.  d.  Harzes,  237,  1896. 
Analyses,  Ilfeld,  Gorgeu,  Bull.  Soc.  Chim.,  9,  650,  1893. 

MANGANOSITE,  p.  207. — Discussion  of  origin  at  Laugbau  and  Nordmark,  Hj.  Sojgren,  G. 
For.  FOrh.,  20,  25,  1898. 

MARCASITE,  pp.  94,  1041.— Crystals  from  Capo  Schino,  Sicily,  described,  G.  La  Valle,  Riv. 
Min.  Ital.,  13,  3,  1893. 

Occurs  at  Pontpean,  Ille  et-Vilaiue,  forming  with  galena  pseudomorphs  after  pyrrhotite  with 
regular  orientation  of  its  minute  crystals,  Lncroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  20,  223,  1897,  and  C.  R.,  125, 
265,  1897. 

Occurs  in  spear-head  forms  in  the  Raritan  clay  at  Sayreville,  near  New  Brunswick,  N.  J., 
Hamilton,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.,  485,  1898. 

See  also  Pyrite. 

MARIPOSITE,  p.  1041. — Analyses  by  Hillebrand  of  green  and  white  varieties  are  quoted  by 
Turner.  The  former  (G.  =  2'817)  contains  chromium,  the  latter  has  none  (G.  =  2*787);  a  simi- 
larity to  pinite  is  noted  Am.  J.  Sc.,  49,  377,  1895, 

Marshite.  Liversidge,  C.  W.  Marsh,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  N.  S.  W.,  26,  326,  1892.  Miers,  Zs. 
Kr.,  24,  207,  1894. 

Isometric-tetrahedral.  Fracture  subconchoidal.  Brittle.  Luster  adamantine.  Color  oil-brown. 
Streak  orange-yellow.  Translucent.  Consists  essentially  of  cuprous  iodide,  Cuala.  Occurs  in 
cerussite  or  anglesite  at  the  Broken  Hill  mines,  New  South  Wales. 

MARTITE,  p  216. — See  Magnetite. 

Masrite.  H.  Droop  Richmond  and  Hussein  Off,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  61,  491,  1892.  A  fibrous  alum 
from  Egypt,  containing  a  small  amount  of  cobalt  and  the  supposed  new  element  masrium  (called 
after  the  Arab  name  of  Egypt).  Composition,  RO.A12O3.4SO3.20H3O.  Analysis  : 

S03        A12O3      Fe2O3      MsO      MnO       CoO       FeO  H2O 

36-78        10-62        1-63        0'20        2-56        1'02        4'23         [40'35]         insol.  2'61  =  100 

MASSICOT,  p.  209. — Occurs  in  the  lead  slags  of  Laurion,  Greece. 

Mauzeliite.     Hj.  Sjdgren,  G.  For.  Forh.,  17,  313,  1895. 

Isometric.  In  octahedrons,  o  (111),  with  a  (100)  and  m  (311).  H.  =  6— 6'5.  G.  =  5'11.  Color 
dark  brown,  lighter  in  fragments,  and  of  the  powder  light  yellow  or  yellowish  white.  Trans- 
lucent. 

In  composition,  a  titauo-antimouate  of  lead  and  calcium  chiefly.     Assuming  that  the  water  is 

present  as  (CaOH),  the  ratio  calculated  isRO:TiOa  :  SbaO6 :  F  =  4 : 1 :  2  : 1.  It  is  related  to  lewisite, 
p.  42      Analysis,  R.  Mauzelius  : 

Sb205  TiOa    PbO  FeO  MnO    CaO     MgO   K20  Na20    F     H2O 
§59-25    7-93    679    0'79    1'27    17'97    0-11    0'22    2'70  [363]  0-87=101'53  less  (O=F)  1-53=100 

Occurs  with  svabite  and  calcite  at  Jakobsberg,  Wermland,  Sweden  ;  these  minerals  form 
narrow  veins  in  a  mixture  of  hausmannite,  limestone,  a  yellow  garnet,  schefferite  and  mau- 
gauophyllite. 

MELANOPHLOQITE,  pp.  194.  1041.— Discussion  of  conditions  of  formation,  G.  Friedel,  Bull. 
Soc.  Min.,  15,  49,  1892;  Bombicci,  ibid.,  p.  144.  Investigated  by  Bombicci,  Accad.  Sc.  1st 
Bologna,  March  22,  1891.— Giona,  G.  Spezia,  Riv.  Min.  Ital.,  11,  37,  1892. 

Melanostibian.  L.  J.  Igelstrom,  G  For.  Forh.,  14,  583,  1892  ;  Zs.  Kr.,  21,  246,  1893.  Mas- 
sive, foliated  ;  also  in  microscopic  crystals  H.  =  4.  Luster  metallic.  Color  black.  Streak 
cheiry-red.  Composition,  perhaps  6(Mu,Fe)O.  SbsO3.  Analysis  (assuming  the  state  of  oxidation 
as  given): 

SbaO3         FeO        MnO        CaO        M<rO        H2O 
37-50         27-30        2962        1-97         1'03         106=98'48 
From  the  SjO  mine,  Orebro,  Sweden,  where  it  occurs  in  veins  in  dolomite. 


46 


APPENDIX  I. 


MELANOTEKITE,  p.  545. — Occurs  iu  prismatic  crystals  with  a  (100),  m  (110),  d  (110),  o-' 


1. 


1 


s  (221)  at  Pajsberg,  Sweden,  G.  Nordenskiold,  G.  For.  Forh., 
16,  158,  1894  ;  iu  hal)it  and  angles  resembling  kentroli'e. 

Also  found  at  Hillsboro,  New  Mexico,  associated  with 
cerussite  and  a  brown  jasper-like  material,  C.  H.  Warren. 
Crystals  (Fies.  1,  2)  with  forms  a  (100),  b  (010),  m  (110), 
n  (130),  k  (150),  o  (111).  Habit  like  kentrolite,  angles  oo"  = 
*119°  13',  oo'"  =  *55°  0',  mm'"=  64°  44'  (calc.).  Axes  a  :  b  :  c  - 
0-6338  :  1  :  0-9127  (Nordenskiold  obtained  0  6216  :  1  : 0  9041). 
Analysis  gave : 


G 

5-854 


SiOa 
15-49 


PbO 
55-56 


Fe203 
27-51 


X 

0-82 


H2O 

0-68  =  100-06 


Melanotekite,  New  Mexico. 


whence  the  formula  Fe4Pb3  SisOu  .or  (Fe4Os)Pb9  (SiO4V  It 
is  shown  that  the  analogous  formula  (Mu4O3)Pb3(SiO4)3 
probably  belongs  to  kentrolite  (p.  39,  Miu.  p.  544).  Am.  J. 
Sc.,  6,  116,  1898. 


MELANTERITE  p.  941. — Laurion,  Greece,  analysis  of  zinc-bearing  variety,  L.  Michel :  SO3  28'85, 
FeO  17-74,  ZtiO  8'92,  H2O  44-21  =99-73.  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  17,  204,  1894. 

Discussion  of  the  chemical  constitution  and  genesis  of  various  iron  sulphates,  Scharizer,  Zs. 
Kr.,  30,  209,  1898. 

MELILITE,  p.  474 — Crystals  from  Vesuvius  described  with  new  form  (201),  Kaiser,  Zs.  Kr., 
31,  24,  1899.  Discussion  of  microscopic  structure,  Gentil,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  17,  108,  1894. 

Composition  discussed,  Bodiander,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  15,  1393;  cf.  Vogt,  ibid.,  2,  73,  1892. 

Occurs  at  Ste.  Anne  de  Belleville,  near  Montreal,  Canada,  in  ulnoite,  F.  D.  Adams,  Am.  J. 
Sc.,  43,  269,  1892;  also  (optically  positive}  in  alnoite  of  Mauheiin,  N.  Y.,  C.  H.  Smith,  ibid.,  46, 
|04,  1893.  Cf.  Berwerth,  Ann.  Mus.  Wieu,  10,  75,  1895. 

Formed  by  the  burning  of  Portland  cement,  Bodiander,  Jb.  Min  ,  1,  53,  1892. 

A  soda-alumina  silicate,  tetragonal,  and  resembling  melilite  in  habit,  which  occurs  in  the  new 
rock -type  farrisite,  from  Norway,  has  been  called  natronmelilith  by  Brogger  (Die  Eruptivgesteine 
d.  Kristianiagebietes,  3,  69,  1898).  It  is  largely  altered  to  natrolite.  A  later  examination  (ibid., 
p.  366;  has  led  to  the  conclusion  that  it  should  perhaps  be  referred  to  the  Scapolite  Group. 

A  new  type  of  rock  containing  melilite,  a  chrysolite-melilite-leucite  rock,  occurs  as  a  volcanic 
cone  at  San  Venanzo,  Umbria,  Italy,  and  is  called  venanzite,  by  Sabatini  Boll.  Com.  Geol.,  Sept., 
1898.  The  same  rock  was  later  described  by  Rosenbusch  and  by  him  named  euctolite  (Ber.  Ak. 
Berlin,  110,  1899). 

Mesabite.— See  Odthite. 

METABRUSHITE,  p.  828. — Brushite,  ormetabrushite,  occurs  with  minervite  (wh.  see)  in  the  lime- 
stone caves  of  the  Nuinmulite  limestone  of  Southern  France  ;  thus  in  the  Grotto  of  Minerva  on 
the  Cesse,  Valley  of  the  Aude,  Gautier,  C.  R,  116,  1171,  1893.— See  also  .Brushite. 

METACINNABAKITE,  pp.  62,  1041. —  Idria,  discussion  of  occurrence,  paragenesis,  etc. ;  crystals 
are  dodecahedral  in  habit  with  also  a  (100)  and  0(111),  Schrauf,  Jahrb.  G.  Reichs.,  41,  349, 
1891. 

Occurs  at  San  Joaquin.  Orange  Co.,  California,  in  iron-black  particles  in  barite  ;  G.  =7'706; 
analysis:  S  13-69,  Hg  85-89.  Cl  0'32  =  99  90,  Gentb,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  44,  383,  1892. 

Also  occurs  amorphous  filling  cavities  in  quartz  on  the  west  side  of  Read  Is.,  near  Vancouver 
Is.,  Br.  Columbia,  Hoffmann,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  5,  66R,  1889-90. 

Metadesmine.     F.  Rinne,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  57,  1897.— See  Stilbite. 

Metanocerine.  Sandberger,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  221,  1892.  A  partially  investigated  mineral  oc- 
curring with  the  babingtonite  of  Areudal  in  white  crystals  resembling  bromlite  ;  H.  =  4'5.  From 
the  qunlituiive  analysis  a  possible  relation  to  nocerite  (Miu.,  p.  174)  is  inferred,  and  the  name  pro- 
visionally given  refers  to  this. 

Metascolecite.     F.  Rinne,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  51,  60,  1894.— See  Scolecite. 

MICA  Gudup,  p.  611. — Discussion  of  the  crystalline  form  based  upon  the  percussion-figure, 
the  etching-figures,  etc.  It  is  concluded  that  probably  phlogopite,  biotite  and  perhaps  the 
lithia  micas  should  be  regarded  as  triclinic  ;  muscovite  appears  to  be  monoclinic.  T.  L.  Walker, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  7,  199,  1899.— See  also  G.  Friedel,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  19,  18,  1896. 


APPENDIX  I.  47 

General  discussion  of  chemical  composition,  F.  W.  Clarke,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  113  and 
125,  1893  ;  Clarke  and  Schneider,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  43,  378,  1892. 
Analyses  are  quoted  by  Stelzuer,  Zs.  prakt.  Geol.,  4,  377,  1896. 

MICROLINE,  pp.  322,  1042. — From  the  Spessart,  analysis,  E.  Philippi,  Ber.  Scnck.  Nat.  Ges., 
1896,  p.  125.  Analyses,  Jones  Falls,  Maryland,  Hillebrand,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  113,  110,  1893.— 
See  also  Anorthoclase. 

MICROLITE.  pp.  728,  1042. — Igaliko,  Greenland,  approximate  analysis  of  impure  material,  G. 
Nordenskiold,  G.  For.  Forh.,  16,  336,  1894. 

Occurs  at  Rumford,  Me.,  in  honey-yellow  crystals,  G.  =  5*17  (Penfield),  Foote,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
1,  461,  1896. 

Miersite.     L.  J.  Spencer,  Nature,  57,  574,  1898. 

Isometric-tetrahedral.  In  small  cubes,  with  o  (111)  and  0,  (111),  the  latter  differing  in  size  but 
not  in  luster.  Twins:  tw.  pi.  o.  Cleavage:  dodecahedral.  Brittle.  Luster  adamantine.  Color 
pale  to  bright  yellow.  Streak  the  same  or  deeper.  Optically  isotropic. 

Composition  essentially  silver  iodide,  probably  Ag2I2,  analogous  to  marshite,  Cu2I2  (this  Ap- 
pendix, p.  45),  and  nantokite,  Cn.,Cl2  (Min.,  p.  154). 

From  the  Broken  Hill  mines,  New  South  Wales,  associated  with  chalcocite,  garnet,  quartz  ; 
also  with  malachite,  anglesite.  Named  after  Prof.  H.  A.  Miers  of  Oxford,  England. 

MILARITE,  p.  312.— Analysis,  Treadwell,  SiO2  72*79,  A12O3  10-12,  CaO  11-32;  MgO  tr.,  KaO 
4-32,  Na2OO'21,  H2O  1-19  =  100.  Jb.  Min.,  1,  167,  1892. 

MILLEKITE,  p.  70. — Occurrence  (also  of  other  nickel  minerals)  in  the  Rhine  region,  Laspeyres, 
Vh.  Nat.  Ver.  Bonn,  pp.  143,  375,  1893. 

MILOSIN.— See  Avalite. 

Minervite.  A.  Gautier,  Ann.  Mines,  5,  23,  1894;  C.  R.,  116,  928,  1022,  1171,  1271,  1893. 
An  aluminium  phosphate,  A12O3.P2OB.7H2O,  occurring  with  phosphate  of  lime  as  a  white  plastic 
mass  mixed  with  clay,  etc.,  in  the  "  Grotte  de  Minerve  "  on  the  shores  of  the  Cesse,  Valley  of 
the  Aude,  France.  Analyses  of  impure  material  are  given.  The  above  formula  applies  to  air- 
dried  material. 

Mitchellite.     /.  //.  Pratt,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  7,  286,  1899.— See  Chron 

MIZZONITE,  p.  471.— Franco  obtained  ar  =  67°  56'  and  67°  58';  also  <wy  =  1'563,  ey  =  1-545, 
Giorn.  Min.,  5,  193,  1894.— See  also  Wernerite. 

MOLYBDENITE,  pp.  41,  1042. — Crystals  from  Frankford,  Penn.,  examined  by  A.  P.  Brown, 
are  hexagonal  in  habit,  prismatic  or  barrel- shaped,  resembling  some  mica.  Forms  as  interpreted: 
e(0001),  m  (1010)  o  (1011),  p  (2021),  q  (3031).  Angles:  co  =  *65°  35',  cp  =  77°  13',  eg  =  81°  24'; 
axis  c  =  1-9077.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philnd.,  210,  1896 

Occurs  in  large  crystals  (3'5  X  5-5  in.  and  2  or  3  in.  thick)  with  native  bismuth,  etc.,  at  Kings- 
gate,  Glen  Innes,  N.  S.  W.,  Liversidge,  Rec.  Austr.  Mus.,  2,  1892. 

MONAZITE,  p.  749.—  Cryst.— NiUSaint- Vincent,  Belgium,  Franck,  Bull.  Acad.  Belg.,  21,40, 
1891.  Brazil,  Hussak,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  12,  470,  1892.  South  Lyme,  Conn.,  occurs  in  distinct 
crystals,  Matthew,  School  Mines  Q  ,  16  232,  1895. 

Occurrence  on  New  York  island.  Niveu,  Am  J.  Sc.,  50,  75,  1895.  Distribution  in  European 
rocks,  Derby,  Min.  Mag.,  11,  304,  1897.  Distribution  in  U.  S.,  and  elsewhere,  U.  S.  G.  Surv., 
16  Ann.  Rept.,  Pt.  IV,  p.  667.  Occurs  rather ^ abundantly  in  the  gold  sands  of  southern  Idaho, 
Liudgren,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  4  63,  1897. 

Yields  helium  and  other  gases,  Ramsay,  Collie  and  Travers,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  65,  684,  1895;  also 
Ramsay  and  Travers,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.,  60,  442,  1897.  Also  Erdmann,  Ber.  Ch.  Ges.,  29,  1710, 
1896. 

MORDENITE,  p.  573. — Relation  in  composition  to  ptilolite,  Clarke,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  44,  101,  1892. 

MORENOSITE,  p.  940. — Zermatt,  analysis  of  magnesium  variety,  Pisaui:  SO3  28*7,  NiO  18'5, 
MgO  6-5,  H2O  46-5  =  100-2.  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  15,  48,  1892. 

MOKONITE. — A  mixture  of  calcium  carbonate  with  the  remains  of  foraminifera,  cf.  S.  Cal- 
dcrou  [Anal.  Soc.  Espagn.  Hist.  Nat.,  23,  21,  1894],  Zs.  Kr.,  26,  331,  1896. 


48  APPENDIX  1. 

Mossite.      W.  C.  Brogger,  Vidensk.  Skvift.  I.  Matli.-nat.  Kiasse,  No.  7,  Chrisliania,  1897. 

Tetragonal.  Axis  c  =  0-6438  ;  001  A  101  =  32°  46£'.  Forms  :  a  (100),  c  (001),  m  (110), 
0  (6-9  10),  y  (305)  e  (101),  v  (301),  «  (111)  cp  =  42°  19',  wp  =  *47°  41'.  Crystals  small;  commonly 
twins  with  tw.  pi.  e,  these  often  prismaiic,  elongated  parallel  a  pyramidal  ed<.ie  analogous  to  twins 
of  rutile  (cf.  Fig.,  Min.,  p.  1047,  and  Fig  1  of  tapiolite,  this  Append.),  hence  simulating  ortho- 
rhombic  forms;  also  drillings,  fourlings.  Cleavage  none.  G.  =  6'45.  Luster  metallic,  brilliant. 
Color  black. 

Composition,  Fe(Nb,Ta)aO«,  like  tapiolite,  with  probably  Nb  :  Ta  =  1  :  1.  Analysis,  G. 
Tbeseu  : 

NbaO6,TaaO5    "SiiO,  FeO 

82-92  0-18  16-62  =  99'72 

Occurs  very  sparingly,  with  yttrotautalite  and  columbite  on  feldspar,  in  a  pegmatite  vein  at 
Berg  near  Moss,  Norway. 

Munkforssite.     L.  J.  Igelstrom,  Zs.  Kr.,  27,  601,  1896. 

Massive,  foliated  or  small  granular;  the  grains  apparently  monoclinic  in  crystallization. 
Cleavage  in  one  direction.  H.  =  5.  Color  white  or  pale  reddish. 

Near  svanbergite  in  composition.     Analysis  after  deducting  10"74  p.  c.  insol. : 

S03  15-12        PaO.  16-01        AlaO3  29-23        CaO  36'64        ign.(SO3  ?)  3  00  =  100 

B.  B.  infusible  and  does  not  yield  a  blue  color  with  cobalt  solution;  only  partially  decomposed 
by  acids. 

Occurs  in  the  cyanite  of  a  damouritic  quartzite  at  Horrsjoberg,  Westana,  and  Dicksberg  in 
the  Ransat  parish,  Wermland,  Sweden.  Named  from  the  Munkforss  iron-works. 

Munkrudite.  L.  J.  Igelstrom,  Zs.  Kr. ,  28,  311,  1897.  Near  svanbergite  in  composition,  con- 
taining PaO6,SO3,F<.'O,CaO,  but  not  analyzed.  Occurs  foliated  and  crystalline;  colorless  to 
yellow.  From  Munkerud,  near  Dicksberg,  Wermland,  Sweden. 

MUSCOVITE,  p.  614. — Percussion-figure  shown  to  deviate  from  the  assumed  normal  position; 
thus  the  angle  between  the  rays  opening  opposite  b  (010)  was  found  to  be  53°  to  56°  instead  of 
60°  ;  similarly  in  other  micas,  e.g.  in  phlogopite  (Ceylon)  this  angle  was  63|°.  T.  L.  Walker, 
Am.  J.  Sc  .  2,  5, 1896. 

From  Matawatchan,  Renfrew  Co.,  Ontario,  analysis  by  Wait  (1'26  Cr2O3),  quoted  by  Hoff- 
mann, Rep  G.  Canada,  5,  21R,  1889-90. 

Fuchsite  (2'73  p.  c.  Cr2O3)  occurs  in  Habevsham  Co.,  Ga.,  in  emerald-green  scales,  analysis, 
Genth,  Am  J.  Sc.,  44,  388,  1892.  On  the  occurrence  of  fuchsite  in  the  Swiss  Alps,  see  J.  Erb, 
Nat.  Ges.  Zurich,  43,  276,  1898. 

Analysis  of  compact  variety,  G.  Friedel,  Bull.  Soc   Min.,  21,  135,  1898. 

On  certain  new  silicates  yielded  in  synthetic  experiments,  C.  and  G.  Friedel,  Bull.  Soc.  Min., 
22,  17,  20,  1899. 

See  Baddeckite, 

NAGYAGITE,  p.  105. — Occurs  at  the  Sylvia  mine,  Tararu  creek,  New  Zealand,  J.  Park,  Austr. 
Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  3,  150,  1891. 

NANTOKITE,  p.  154.— From  the  Broken  Hill  mines,  New  South  Wales,  Liversidge.  Occurs  in 
indistinct  crystals  in  a  matrix  of  cuprite  with  native  copper  and  cerussite.  G.  =  4*7,  Analysis 
by  Carmichael :  Cl  35'92,  Cu  64'28  =  100-20.  Also  Min.  Mag.,  10,  326,  1894  (but  here  C]  = 
35-82).  [Proc.  R.  Soc.  N.  S.  W.,  28,  96,  June  6,  1894.] 

See  also  Marshite  and  Miersite. 

Nasonite.     8.  L.  Penfield  and  C.  H.  Warren,  priv.  contr. 

M-issive,  granular,  cleavable  and  probably  monoclinic.     Luster  greasy.     Color  white. 

Composition,  (Ca,Pb)ioClaSi6O2i.     Analysis: 

SiOa          PbO  CaO         MnO        ZuO         FeO  Cl          (OH) 

18-47          65-84          ll'SO         0'90         0'84          O'lO          2'80          0'26  =  100'41 

B.B.  on  charcoal,  decrepitates,  but  fuses  easily  when  powdered,  giving  a  lead  flame  and  coat- 
ing of  PbO.  In  closed  tube  decrepitates,  giving  off  a  little  HaO  and  an  abundant  sublimate  of 
lend  chloride. 

Occurs  at  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J.,  associated  with  brown  garnet,  yellow  axiuite,  glaucochroite 
(wh.  see)  and  a  little  franklinite.  Named  after  Mr.  F.  L.  Nasou,  formerly  of  the  Geological 
Survey  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey. 


APPENDIX  L  & 

NATEOLITE,  pp.  600,  1042. — Crystals  described,  from  Puy-de-Dorne,  GonnartV  Bull.  Soc.  Min., 

15,  231,  1892.     Also,  with  analysis,  Magnet  Cove,  Arkansas,  W.  H  Melville,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  Surv., 
90,  38,  1892. 

Analysis,  from  the  Plauenschen  Grumi,  Dresden,  Zschau,  Abh.  Ges.  Isis,  p.  100,  1893. 

'Weed  and  Piisson  conclude  from  the  analysis  of  a  portion  (G.  —  about  2'80)  of  the  leucite  rock 
called  by  them  missourite,  from  the  High  wood  Mts.,  Montana,  that  it  probably  consists  of  analcite 
and  a  new  potash  zeolite,  (K2,Ca)Al2Si3Oio  2H2O.  This  would  correspond  to  a  natrolite  con- 
taining potassium  and  calcium  in  place  of  sodium.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  2,  319,  1896. 

Natronberzeliite. — See  Berzeliite. 
Natrongranat. — See  Garnet. 
Natronmelilith.— See  Meltttte. 
Natronmikroklin. — See  A  northoclase. 
Natronrichterite. — See  Astocliite  and  Richterite. 

NEOCHBYSOLITE,  p.  455. — Identical  with  fayalite  according  to  Wichmann,  Zs.  Kr.,  28,  538, 
1897. 

NEPHELTTE,  pp.  423,  1042.— Crystals  from  Vesuvius,  with  new  form  (5160),  Kaiser,  Zs.  Kf., 
31,  24,  1899.  Relation  to  davyne  also  discussed. 

Discussion  of  symmetry  of  crystallization  and  twinning,  etc.,  as  revealed  bv  etching,  etc., 
Traube,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.-Bd.,  9,  466,  1895. 

Occurrence  in  New  Zealand,  Ulrich,  Trans.  Austr.  Assoc.  Sc.,  3,  127,  1891. 

From  the  nephelite  syenite  of  Dungannon,  Ontario,  analysis  by  Harrington,  Am.  J.  Sc. ,  48, 

16,  1894. 

Artificial  formation  of  a  purely  potash  compound,  Duboiu,  C.  R  ,  115,  56,  1892. 

Neptunite.  G.  Flink,  G.  For.  Forh.,  15,  196,  467,  1893 ;  Zs.  Kr.,  23,  346,  1894.  G.  Norden- 
skwld,  G.  For.  Forh.,  16,^346,  1894. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  d  :  b :  c  -  1'3164  :  1  :  0'8076  ;  ft  =  *64°  22'  =  001  A  100.  100  A  HO  =  49°  53', 
001  A  101  =  23°  36*',  001  A  Oil  =  36°  3*'.  Forms:  a  (100),  b  (010),  c  (001);  m  (110);  e  (201), 
d  (301)  :  s  (111),  v  (221) ;  0(111)  ;  w(512).  Angles  :  mm'"_  =  *99°  46',  cs  =  *35°  51',  cm  =  73°  49', 
ss'  =  55°  36'.  In  prismatic  crystals,  with  c  (001)  and  u  (512)  prominent.  Twins :  tw.  pi.  c. 

Cleavage  :  m  distinct.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  5-6.  G.  =  3'234.  Luster 
vitreous.  'Color  black  ;  in  very  thin  splinters  deep  blood-red.  Streak  cinnamon-brown.  Nearly 
opaque.  Optically  -f-  .  Ax.  pi.  J_  b.  Bxa  A  ^  =  +  18°.  Pleochroic  ;  absorption  c  >  6  >  a. 

In    composition,   n    titan o-silicate  of    iron    (manganese)   and    the    alkali    metals  ;    formula 

RaRTiSi4Oia,  with  R  =  Na :  K  =  3  :  1  and  R  =  Fe :  Mn  =  2  :  1.     Neptunite  is  therefore  related 
in  composition  to  titanite,  and  as  Flink  shows  there  is  also  a  rather  close  correspondence  in  angle. 
Analyses,  1,  Flink.  2,  O.  A.  Sjostrom,  G.  For.  F6rh.,  15,  393,  1893. 

Si02         Ti02         FeO        MnO       CaO       MgO      K2O      Na2O 

1.  51-53        18-13        10-91        4-97          -         0'49        4'88        9-26  =  100-17 

2.  |    51-93        17-45        10-23        5-32        0'71          -         5-71        9-63  =  100-98 

Obtained  from  Greenland,  the  locality  probably  not  the  well-known  Kangerdluarsuk,  but 
rather  Narsasik,  near  Igaliko.  It  occurs  closely  associated  with  aegirite  (whence  the  name),  also 
eudialyte,  arfvedsouite,  etc. 

Nickel. skutterudite. —See  Skutterudite. 

NITER,  p.  871. — Occurs  in  cavities  of  the  leucite  rocks  of  North  Table  Butte,  Leucite  Hills, 
Wyoming.  In  the  rock  of  the  Boar's  Tusk  of  the  same  region,  soda  niter  also  occurs.  Cross, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  4,  118,  1897. 

Northupite.     Warren  M.  Foote,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  50,  480,  1895.     J.  H.  Pratt,  ibid.,  2,  123,  1896. 
Isometric,  in  octahedrons.     Cleavage  none.     Fracture  conchoidal.     H.  =  3'5-4.     G.  =  2'380. 
Colorless  when  perfectly  pure;  also  pale  yellow  to  gray  and  brown.     Index  ny  =  1*5144  Na. 
Composition,  MgCO3  Na2CO3.NaCl.     Analysis,  Pratt. 

CO,  35-43,  MgO  16-22,  Na2O  24'90,  Cl  14-23,  Na  9'22  =  100. 

B.B.  fuses  at  1  with  frothing  to  a  white  alkaline  mass;  colors  the  flame  intense  yellow.  Easily 
soluble  in  acids. 

Occurs  in  a  clay  at  a  depth  of  450  feet  at  Borax  lake,  San  Bernardino  Co.,  California.  Named 
afler  Mr.  North  up,  who  first  obtained  the  mineral. 

This  compound  has  been  formed  synthetically  by  A.  deSchulten,  Bull.  Soe.  Min  ,  19, 164,  1896. 


50 


APPENDIX  I. 


OCTAHEDRITE,  pp.  240,  1043. — Oryst.— Bourg  d'Oisans,  new  form  <r  (H'3'44)?,  K.  Busz,  Zs. 
Kr.,  20,  557,  1.892.  Janulaud,  Himberg.  G.  For.  Forh.,  16,  307,  1894.  Glacier  de  la  Meije, 
Hautes  Alpes,  Lacroix,  C.  R.,  122,  1429,  18^6. 

Investigation  of  crystalline  structure,  Baumhauer,  Zs.  Kr.,  24,  555,  1895. 

Occurs  with  brookite  at  Placerville,  Eldorado  Co.,  Gal.,  Kunz,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  43,  329,  1892. 
Also  at  Magnet  Cove,  Ark.,  Peufield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  48,  114,  1894. 

See  Halite. 

OLIGOCLASE,  p.  322. — Cleavage  and  parting  planes,  Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  48,  115,  1894. 
See  also  Feldspar. 

ONOFKITE,  p.  64. — Occurs  with  cinnabar  at  Oueu-Shau-Tchiang,  Central  China.  Termier 
(anal,  by  Pisani),  Bull.  Soc.  Miu.,  20,  204,  1897. 

OPAL,  pp.  194,  1038. — Occurrence  in  New  South  Wales,  Anderson  [Rec.  G.  Surv.  N.  S. 
Wales,  3,  29,  1892J,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  221  ref.,  1894. 

ORPIMENT,  pp.  35,  1043.— Obtained  in  fine  crystals  in  cavities  in  clay  at  Mercur,  Utah;  these 
are  mouocliuic  (Penfield,  priv.  coutr.)  as  earlier  (1866)  deduced  for  Hungarian  crystals  by  Breit- 
haupt;  Groth  has  also  reached  this  conclusion  (Tab.  Ueb.  Min.,  17,  1898;  cf.  also  notes  by  Hiutze, 
Zs.  Kr.,  24,  204,  1894).  Miers  found  nothing  in  the  optical  characters  at  variance  with  ortho- 
rhombic  crystallization,  Miu.  Mag.,  10,  204,  1894. 

ORTHOCLASE,  p.  315. — Vesuvius,  measurement  of  crystals,  Franco,  Giorn.  Min.,  5, 184,  1894. 

Crystals  from  Lapland  with  (370)  as  tw.  plane,  Jeremejev,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  30,  463,  1893. 
Also  twin  with  tw.  pi.  1  plane  cm,  Goldschmidt  and  Wright,  Zs.  Kr.,  30,  300,  1898  (earlier 
noted  by  Tschermak,  Min  petr.  Mitih  ,  8,  414,  1887).  Sanidiue  from  Monte  Cimiuo,  near 
Viterbo,  Italy,  Zamboniui,  Riv.  Miu.  Ital  ,  20,  20,  1898. 

Noted  as  a  gangue  mineral  iu  a  fissure  vein  in  the  Silver  City  district,  Idaho,  Liudgren,  Am. 
J.  Sc.,  5,  418,  1898. 

See  also  Feldspar. 

OTTRELITE,  pp.  642,  1043.— Analysis,  Liberty,  Maryland,  Eakins,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  113, 
111,  1893. 

In  metamorphic  conglomerate  in  the  Green  Mts.,  Vermont,  Whittle,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  44,  270, 1892. 
See  Ghloritoid,  Bliabergsite. 

Paralaurionite.     G.  F.  Herbert  Smith,  Min.  Mag.,  12,  108,  1899. 

Monoclinic.  Forms:  a  (100),  c(001),  w(110),  rf(101),  7i(201),  k  (401),  Z(601);  ^(111).  Angles* 
ac  =  *62°  47',  om=*67°  25',  ap  =*58C  28',  cm  =  79°  53',  cp  =  52°  37*'. 

In  prismatic  (||  b)  or  tabular  (|  a)  crystals;  twins  with  a  as  tw.  pi.  and  thus  pseudo- 
orthorhombic.  Cleavage,  basal.  G.  =  6'05.  Sections  |  a  show  iu  monochromatic  light  a  double 
interference-figure.  Refractive  index  ft  =  2'1463. 

Composition  as  for  lauriouite,  PbClOH.  Analysis,  Cl  14'9,  O  [3'6],  Pb  78-1,  HaO  3'4  =  100. 
The  water  is  given  off  at  180°;  laurionite  loses  its  water  at  142°. 

Occurs  in  lead  slags  from  Laurion,  Greece. 

PARISITE,  p.  290. — Crystals  (rhombohedral,  with  new  forms)  from  Igaliko, 
Greenland,  described,  also  analysis,  G.  Nordenskiold,  G.  For.  Forh.,  16, 
338,  1894. 

Obtained  from  Ravalli  County,  Montana,  in  .striated  hexagonal  crystals  (Fig. 
1),  with  pyramidal  terminations,  embedded  in  a  white  siliceous  matrix.  Analy- 
ses, 1,  by  C.  H.  Warren;  also  2,  from  Muso,  id. : 

G.       COa     CeaO3  (La,Di)aO3    CaO       F   gangue  =  O  =  F 

Montana,        4-128    2293    26-14        28'46        10-98    5-90    [8 '07] =102-48    2'48 
Muso  Valley,  4-302    24'22    30'67        29'74        10-70    6'82      0'50  =102'65    2'87 

These  analyses  lead  to  the  formula  [(Ce,La,Di)F]aCa(CO3)a.  Penfield  and 
Warren,  priv.  contr. 

Pearceite.     S.  L.  Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  2,  17,  1896. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  d:b:c  =  1-7309  :  1 : 1-6199,  ft  =  *89°  51'.  Observed  forms: 
a  (100),  6(010),  0(001);  J  (310),  m  (110),  h  (130);  d  (102),  n  (101),  t  (201),  c  (401), 
/(601),  A  (203),  n0  (101),  t0  (201),  e0  (401), /„  (601);  k  (021);  o  (114),  r  (1-12),  p  (111), 
v  (332),  s(221),  ^(331),  o0  (114),  g0(113),  r0  (112),  p0(ln),  v0  (332),  s0  (221),  u0  (331), 
a(311),  y(313),s(3-l-12).  Angles:  mm'  (110AllO)=*60°  2',  cd=*25°  3',  cn=43°  2', 
Parisite.  cr  =  43°  3',  cp  =  61°  49'. 

In   pseudo-rhombohedral   crystals,  tabular  |  c;    basal  faces  with  triangular 

*  The  author  gives  the  axes,  a :  b:  c  =  O'881'l :  1 :  0-6752  (ft  =  62°  47'),  which,  however,  do 
not  correspond  with  the  angles  quoted. 


APPENDIX  I. 


51 


markings  (Fig.  1).     Twinning  probable  as  with  the  micas  and  chloriles,  but  not  definitely  deter- 
mined; this  would  explain  the  occurrence  of  some  of  the  forms  in  the  list  above.     Also  massive. 


Figs.  1,  2,  Marysvale,  Montana. 

Cleavage  none.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  3.  G.  =  6'125-6'166.  Luster  metallic. 
Color  and  streak  black.  Opaque. 

Composition,  Ag9AsS6  or  9Ag2S.AssS3,  hence  an  arsenical  polybasite.  Analyses:  1,  F.  C. 
Knight,  quoted  by  Penfield,  1.  c.  2,  S.  H.  Pearce,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  44,  16,  1892,  after  deducting 
28-18  p.  c.  impurities  (siderite,  g.-ilena).  3,  Penfield,  1.  c.,  deducting  12'81  p.  c.  (chiefly  galena). 
Here  belongs  also  an  analysis  by  H,  Rose  of  a  Schemnitz  mineral  (No.  2,  Dana  Miu.,  p.  146). 

8          As         Sb        Ag 

1.  Marysvale,  Mont.          17'71       7'39        —        55.17 

2.  Aspen,  Colo.     mass.     17-73      6'29      0-18      59 -73 

3.  "          "          cryst.    18'13      7'01      0-30      56'90 


Cu  Zu 

18-11  —  Fe  1  -05,  insol.  0'42  =  99*85 

12-91  3-16  =  100  * 

14-85  2-81  =  100 


B.B.  decrepitates  slightly  and  fuses  readily.  On  charcoal  in  O.F.  a  slight  arsenical  coating; 
with  soda  a  silver  globule.  In  the  open  tube  fumes  of  sulphur  dioxide  nnd  sublimate  of  arsenic 
trioxide.  In  the  closed  tube  fuses,  gives  a  yellow  sublimate  of  arsenic  trisulphide  and  above  a 
faint  deposit  of  sulphur.  Readily  oxidized  and  dissolved  in  powder  by  nitric  acid. 

Occurs  with  quartz  and  calcite,  also  chalcopyrite,  in  a  cavity  at  the  Drumlummon  mine, 
Marysvale,  Montana.  Also  at  the  Mollie  Gibson  mine,  Aspen,  Colorado,  both  massive  in  large 
quantity  disseminated  through  a  pink  barite;  also  in  tabular  crystals  embedded  in  siderite,  in  both 
cases  associated  with  galena.  Also  in  good  crystals  from  the  Tiutic  district,  Utah. 

Named  after  Dr.  Richard  Pearce  of  Denver. 

PECTOLITE,  p.  373.— Torosay  in  Mull,  Scotland,  analyses,  Heddle,  Trans.  G.  Soc.  Glasgow, 
241,  1892. 

Pelionite.  A  name  suggested  by  W.  F.  Petterd  for  a  bituminous  coal  (Pelion  Coal)  resem- 
oliug  the  English  cannel  coal,  from  near  Monte  Pelion,  Tasmania.  Catalogue  of  Minerals  of 
Tasmania,  1893. 


PENCATITE,  p.  271.— Investigated  (also  predazzite),  Lenecek,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,42,  429,447, 
1892. 

Penfieldite.     F.  A.  Gentli,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  44,  260,  1892.     8.  L.  Pen-fold,  ibid.,  48,  114,  1894. 

Hexagonal.       Axis  c  =  0'8967  ;    0001  A  0111  =  39°    26±'.     In   hexagonal  1. 

prisms  (Fig.  1)  with  c  (0001),  m  (1010)  and  p  (1122)  ;  also  undetermined  acute 
pyramids  of  the  unit  series  forming  tapering  crystals.      Angle  cp  =  *41°  53'. 

Cleavage :   basal,  distinct.     Luster  vitreous,    inclining  to  greasy.     Color 
white.     Transparent  to  translucent.     Double  refraction,  strong,  positive. 

Composition,  a  lead  oxychloride,  PbO.2PbCl.j  =  Chlorine  18'2,  lead  79'7, 
oxygen  2'1  =  100.     Analysis,  Genth  : 


Cl  Pb 

1.  Tapering  cryst.  18  "55  78  "25 

2.  Opaque  cryst.      17 '94  undet. 

B.B.  in  the  closed  tube  decrepilates  and  yields  a  sublimate  of  lead  chloride 
but  no  water.  Easily  soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Found  in  the  ancient  lead  slags  from  Laurion,  Greece,  in  which  it  has 
resulted  from  the  action  of  sea-water.  Other  lead  oxychlorides  occuring  at 
Laurion  are  :  laurionite,  fiedleriteand  paralaurionite  (this  Append.,  p.  50). 


772 


Penfieldite. 


PENNINITE,  p.  650. — Analysis  of  kammererite,  from  Tampadel,  Zobtengebirge,  Lower  Silesia. 
Traube,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  48,  53,  1894. 
See  Clinochlore. 


52  APPENDIX  1. 

PENTLANDITE,  p  65.— Shown  by  Penfield  (Am  J.  So.  45,  493,  1893)  to  QQGG?  intimately 
mixed  with  pyrrholite  at  Sudbury,  Ontario.  It  is  non-mngnetie,  has  a  lighter  color  and  is 
isometric  as  shown  by  the  octahedral  parting  G.  =  4'946-5'0('6.  Analysis  gave  S  :  33*42 
Fe  3J-35,  Ni  34'23,  Co  0  85.  gangue  0'67  =  99  42.  It  is  also  shown  that  {\\efolgerite  of  Emmens 
(ref..  p.  26)  from  the  Worthington  mi  no,  80  miles  southwest  of  Sndbnry,  is  only  pentlandite. 

Occurs  at  Beiern.  Norway,  (analysis),  J.  H.  L.  Vogt,  G.  For.  Forh.,  14,  325,  1892. 

See  also  Heazlewoodite. 

PERCYLITE,  pp.  172,  1028. — Synthetic  experiments  by  C.  Friedel  lead  to  the  composition 
before  suggested  for  the  species,  viz.  PbCuCl2(OH)2  or  Pb(OH)Cl.Cu(OH)CI.  This  is  the  com- 
position of  boleite  (Min.,  p.  1028)  except  that  it  contains  a  small  amount  of  silver  chloride 
(tAgCl).  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  15,  96.  1892.  Friedel  has  also  obtained  crystals  with  the  latter  com- 
position (boleite),  ibid..  17,  6,  18,)4. 

The  locality  at  Boleo,  Lower  California  has  yielded  not  only  the  cubes  of  boleite  to  which 
belong  the  formula  PbCuCl9(OH)a  -fiAgCl  (see  Min.,  p.  1028,  and  Mallard  and  Cumeuge,  Bull. 
Soc.  Min.,  14,  283,  1891),  but  also  octahedral  or  pyramidal  crystals,  sometimes  in  pseudo  isometric 
groupings  of  six  crystals.  They  are  referred  to  the  tetragonal  system  by  Cumenge,  C,  K  ,  116, 
898.  1893.  Analyses,  1,  Fourment,  quoted  by  Cumenge;  2,  Friedel,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  16,  187, 
1893. 

G.                   Cl               Pb               Cu             Ag  H2O  O 

1.4-675            18-53            52'99            15-20          0'15  9'00  4-13  =  100 

2.  4-71              19-04            52-85            17'95  5 -44'  4'55    SiOaO'39  =  100-26 

a  Ignition. 

Analysis  2  (1  being  incorrect  in  the  HaO)  corresponds  to  PbCuCl3(OH)3,  the  composition 
above  given  for  percylite.  These  crystals  are  called  cumengeite  by  Mallard,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  16, 
184,  1893.  He  obtained  001  A  101  =  58°  44';  c  =  1-6469  ;  optically  negative,  uuiaxial  ;  indices 
GO  =  2  026,  e  =  1-965,  GO  -  e  =  0  061. 

The  relation  of  percylite  to  boleite  and  cumeugite  has  also  b.een  discussed  by  Lacroix  (Bull. 
Mus.  d'Hist,  Nat.,  Paris,  p.  39,  1895),  but  his  conclusions  rest  on  insufficient  data.  He  would 
recognize  a  series  passing  from  cumengite  containing  no  silver  (PbCuCl2(OH)2)  through  pseudo- 
boleite with  less  than  &AgCl  and  boleite  with  fcAgCl,  to  percylite  in  which  still  more  AgCl  is 
present  (but  see  Friedel  above).  He  would  also  find  a  progressive  increase  in  specific  gravity, 
viz.  for  the  four  substances  named  :  4-71,  ^  5  08,  5 '08,  5'254  ;  also  a  decreasing  birefringence, 
viz.  0'06l  (cumengite),  0'03,  (pseudoboleite),  O'Ol  (boleite),  to  0  or  nearly  0  in  percylite.  The  sub- 
stance called  pseudoboleite  forms  part  at  least  of  the  cubic  crystals  with  re-entrant  angles  (001  /\  102 
=  63°  44')  referred  to  cumengite  and  percylite  by  Mallard. 

A  mineral  from  the  Broken  Hill  mines,  New  South  Wales,  is  referred  to  boleite  by  Liversidge, 
Proc.  R.  Soc.  N.  S.  W.,  28,  94,  1894.  In  cubic  crystals  with  o  and  d.  H.  =  3*5.  G.  =  5  02, 
Analysis  by  Carmichael  and  Armstrong  :  Cl  13'50,  Pb  47'20,  Cu  19'20,  Ag  8'25,  O  calc.  [6'10]. 
H2O  calc.  [5-44]  =  99 -69.  H2O  determined  by  Liversidge  6'39  p.  c. 

Obviously  these  supposed  distinct  minerals  need  further  examination,  especially  on  the  chemi- 
cal side. 

PEKICLASE,  p.  207.— Occurs  in  small  grains  at  Langban,  Hj.  Sjogren,  G.  For.  Forh,  17,  288, 
1895. 

Discussion  of  method  of  origin  at  Langban  and  Nordmark,  Hj.  Sjogreu,  G.  For.  Forh.,  20, 

'Artificial  production,  A.  de  Schulteu,  Bull.  Soc.  Mm.,  21,  87,  1898. 

PEROVSKITE,  p.  722. — Further  investigation  of  crystallographic  and  optical  characters  Des 
Cloizeaux  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  16,  218,  1893. 

Occurs  with  magnetite  as  a  rock  at  Catalao,  Goyaz,  Brazil,  Hussak,  Jb.  Miu.,  2,  297,  1894. 

PETALITE,  p.  311.— Occurs  near  the  source  of  the  Amanaur  river,  Caucasus,  C.  Jeremeiev 
(anal.,  Antipov),  Bull.  Ac.  St.  Pet.,  5,  1896,  Proc.  Verb.,  p.  viii. 

PETZITE,  p.  48.— Occurs  in  the  Yale  district,  Br.  Columbia,  Hoffmann,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  8, 
12R,  1895.  Also  at  the  Nordenfeldt  mine,  Thames  gold-field,  New  Zealand  J  Park  Austr 
Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  3,  152,  1891. 

PHAHMACOLITE,  p.  827.— Analysis  by  Church  gives  12-37  p.  c.  as  loss  of  water  in  vacua 
(3  =  H2O),  and  3'11  between  100°  and  200°  (H2O).  Miu.  Mag.,  11,7,  1895. 

PHENACITE,  p.  462. —Crystals  described  (anal,  by  Preis)  from  Ober-Neusattel,  Vrba,  Zs. 
Kr. ,  24,  119,  1894t 


APPENDIX  I.  53 

Crystals  occur  at  EragcrO  of  prismatic  habit,  the  usually  tri-rhombo_hedral  symmetry  not  dis- 
tinctly shown,  twins  of  both  contact  and  penetration  types,  with  m  (1010)  as 
tw.   plane,  Biickstrom,  G.  For.  Forli.,  20,  295,  1898,  and  Zs.  Er.,  30,  352,  1. 

1898. 

Pseudomorphous  crystals  (Fig.  1)  of  very  large  size  (one  weighed  28  1!  s.) 
occur  at  Greenwood,  Me.,  C.  H.  Warren,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  6,  119,  1898. 

Occurrence  at  St.  Christophe-en  Oisans,  Dauphine,  Des  Cloizeaux  and 
Lacroix,  C.  R.,  116,  1231,  1892.  Also  at  Striegau,  Silesia,  Hintze,  Zs.  Er., 
28,  174,  1897. 

Philipstadite.  E.  A.  Daly,  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  Sc.,  34,  433,  1899.— See 
AmpJtibole. 

PHILLTPSITE,  p.  579. — Analysis  by  G.  H.  Edwards  of  crystals  from  Bass 
Strait,  Australia,  gave  :  l  nenacite. 

G.  Si02  A12O3         Fe2O,      (Ba,Sr)O       CaO          Na2O          K2O 

220  47-94  21-72  4'44  0'77  2'25  2'73  9  '87  =  100*65 

This  leads  to  the  formula  RAl2Si4O12  4H2O,  where  R  =  K2,  Na2  and  Ca.  That  phillipsite 
should  contain  4H2O,  instead  of  44H2O  as  generally  accepted  (Min.,  p.  580),  was  indicated  by 
Pratt  and  Foote  in  their  discussion  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  3,  448,  1897)  of  the  wellsite-phillipsite-harmo- 
toine  stilbite  series.  S.  L.  Peuficld,  priv.  contr.— See  Welteite. 

PHLOGOFITE. — See  Mica. 

PBCENicoctmoiTE,  p.  914.— Synthesis,  Ludeking,  Am.  J.  Sc.,44,  57,  1892.  Also  Lachaud  and 
Lepierre,  Bull.  Soc.  Chim.,  6,  232,  1891. 

PHOSGENITE,  p.  292.  — Crystals  from  Monteponi,  Sardinia,  studied  by  Goldschmidt,  are  refer- 
red to  the  trapezoh<dral  group  of  the  tetragonal  system,  Zs.  Er.,  21,  321,  1893;  23,  139,  1894; 
26,  9,  1896.  Tra.u be  concludes,  however,  that  etching  figures  are  not  at  variance  with  crystal- 
lization in  the  normal  (holohedral)  group,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.-Bd.,  1O,  456,  1896.  On  crystals  from 
Lsuirion,  Greece.  G.  F.  Herbert  Smith,  Min.  Mag  ,  12,  107,  1899. 

Formation  of  artificial  crystals  also  of  PbCO3.PbBr2,  A.  de  Schulten,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  20, 
191,  194,  1897. 

PICHOMERITE,  p.  948. — (Schoenite.)  Relation  to  other  sulphates,  etc.,  J.  K.  van  der  Heide, 
Zs.  phys.  Ch.,  12,  416,  1893. 

PIEDMONTITE.  p  521. — Shown  by  G.  H.  Williams  to  occur  at  South  Mountain,  Pa.,  in  an  ancient 
rhyolite  with  scheelite,  etc.;  analysis  by  W.  F.  Hillebraud,  after  deducting  quartz  assumed  to 
be  present  to  the  amount  of  10  p.  c.:  SiO2  37'37,  A12O3  22  07,  Ce2O3  0  89.  R2O3a  1-52,  Fe2O3  4'78, 
Mn30,  8-15,  MnO  2-285,  CaO  18825,  MgO  0'30,  K2O  0'81,  NaaO.O'27,  H2O  2'48,  CuO  0'13, 
PbO  0-17  =  100  05.  («  Other  rare  earths.)  Am.  J.  Sc.,  46,  50,  1893. 

Occurs  in  rhyolite  in  Province  of  Shiuano,  Japan,  Yamasaki,  J.  Coll.  Sc.  Japan,  9,  117,  1897. 

PINAKIOLITE,  p.  877. —  A  related  mineral  from  Langban  has  been  analyzed  by  Biickstrom, 
G.  For.  Forh,  17,  257,  1895. 

FINITE,  p.  621.—  Brenge,  Cornwall,  analysis,  Collins,  Min.  Mag.,  10,  8,  1892. 

Pirssonite.     /.  H.  Pratt,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  2,  126,  1896. 

Orthorhombic-hemimorphic.  Axes  a  :  b:  c  —  0'5662  : 1  :  0*3019.  Forms:  5(010),  m  (110), 
7?(111),;?,  (Ill),  e(131),  *  (311).  Angles:  mm'"  =  *59°  2',  pp"  =  *63°  0',  pp'  =  54°  &,pp'"  =  29° 
50'.  Habit  prismatic  (Figs.  1  to  4). 

Cleavnge  none.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  3-3;5.  G.  =  2*352.  Luster  vitreous. 
Colorless  to  white,  sometimes  dark  from  impurities.  Pyroelectric.  Optically  -j—  Ax.  pi-  1  c- 
Bxa  l  b.  2Ey  =  48°  14'.  Indices  (Na)  :  a=  1  '5043,  /?  =  1-5095,  y  =  1'5751  ( .-.  2V  =  32°  48'). 

Composition,  CaCO3.Na2CO3.2H2O.     Analysis  : 

CO2  CaO  Na20  E2O  H2O 

\    36-07  23-38  25'70  0'15  14-73  Al2O3,SiO2  0'32  =  100-45 

B.B.  decrepitates,  fuses  at  2-2-5,  coloring  the  flame  deep  yellow;  alkaline  reaction  after  heat- 
ing. Soluble  in  cold  acids  with  effervescence, 


54 


APPENDIX  I. 


Occurs  sparingly  with  gay-lugsite  and  northupile  at  a  boring  near  Borax  lake,  San  Bernardino 
Co.,  California.     Named  after  Prof.  L.  V.  Pirsson  of  New  Haven. 

This  mineral  has  been  obtained  artificially  by  A.  de  Schulten,  C.  R.,  123,  1023,  1896. 

1.  2.  3. 


m 


772 


Figs.  1-4,  Pirssonite. 


PLAGIOCLASE. — See  Feldpar. 


PLAGIONITE,  p.  118. — Description  of  crystals  from  Wolfsberg,  Luedecke,  Min.  d.  Harzes,  125, 
1896;  also  with  new  forms,  L.  J.  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  11,  192,  1897,  and  12,  56,  1899  (see  further 
Stmseyite). 

Planoferrite.     L.  Darapsky,  Zs.  Kr.,  29,  213,  1897. 

In  rhombic  or  hexagonal  tabular  crystals  (probably  orthorhombic)  with  basal  cleavage  and 
faces  on  the  edges.  Brittle.  H.  —  3.  Color  yellowish  green  to  brown  (Griinling)  streak  chrome- 
yellow.  Composition  Fe2O3.SO3.15H2O.  Analysis: 

SO3  15-57,     Fe2O3  31*20,     H2O  51'82,  insol.  1-41  =  100. 
Occurs  in  druses  in  copiapite  at  the  Lautaro  mine  near  Morro  Moreno,  Antofagasta,  Atacarna. 

PLATINUM,  pp.  25,  1044. — Venable  concludes  that  the  reported  occurrence  of  platinum  in 
North  Carolina  is  very  do  :btful,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  43,  540,  1882  ;  J.  Elisha  Mitchell  Sc.  Soc.,  8,  1892. 

Occurs  with  gold  in  the  sand  of  the  N.  Saskatchewan  river,  near  Edmonton,  Alberta,  Hoff- 
mann, Rep.  G.  Canada,  5,  65R,  1889-90.  Also  on  Rock  creek,  Kettle  river,  Yale  district,  Br. 
Columbia,  ib.t  6,  14R. 

PLATTNERITE,  p.  239. — Mullan,  Idaho,  analysis  (Yeates)  andcryst.  description  (Ayres)  as  given 
in  By st.  Miu.,  p.  240.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  43,  407,  1892. 

PLUMBOCUPRITE. — See  CuproplumUte. 

PLUMBOFERRITE,  p.  228. — Sjo  mine,  Orebro,  Sweden,  analysis  of  impure  material,  Igel- 
stroin,  G.  For.  Forh.,  16,  594,  1894,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  24,  129,  1894. 

POLIANITE,  p.  236.— Analyses,  Gorgeu,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  16,  96,  1893. 

POLLUCITE,  pp.  343,  1044. — Rum  ford,  Me.,  anal}  sis  by  H.  W.  Foote  confirming  formula  of 
Wells,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  1,  457,  1896. 

Si02        A1203        Cs2O        K20        Na,0        Li2O        H2O 
G.  =  2-984  |    43-64        16'84         36-14        037          2'09          0'08         1'58  =  100-74. 

POLYBASITE,  pp.  146,1045. — Crystals  from  the  Yankee  Boy  mine,  Ouray,  Colorado,  are  shown 
j  by    Penfield   to    be    monoclinic 

and  pseudo-rhombohedral  (Fig. 
1).  Axes:  d  :  b  :  c  =  1-7309  :  1  : 
1-5796,  ft  =.  90°  0'.  Forms  :  c 
(001),  I  (310),  m  (110),  n  (101),  A 
(203),  w0  (101),  7T(40P>),  U  (201); 
o(114),  r  (112),  p  (111),  a(221),  u 
Colorado.  Freiberg.  (331)?,  o0  (114),  r0  (112),  p0  (112). 

Angles  cm  =  *90°  0',  mm'  =  *60°  2',    en  =  *42°  23',  cr  =  42°  22',  co  =  24°  31'.     Crystals  tabular 


APPENDIX  I.  55 

f  c,  Figs.  1,  2.  The  form  is  very  near  that  of  pearceite,  p.  50,  Fig.  2  shows  a  crystal  from  the 
Himmelfahrt  mine,  Freiberg,  perhaps  a  twin.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  2,  23,  1896.  See  also  Pearceite. 
Also  occurs  iu  tine  crystals  a'  the  Big  Seven  Mine,  Neihart,  Montana  (Pfd.). 

Analysis  from  Quespisiza,  Chili,  by  Bodlander:  S  16'37,  Sb  5'15,  As  3'88  Ag  67'95  Cu 
6-07,  Pb  0-76  =  100-18.  This  gives  the  ratio  of  Aga(Cua)S  :  Sba(Asa)Ss  =  7'74  :  1  instead  of  9  : 1 
as  commonly  accepted,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  98,  1895. 

POLYCRASE,  p.  744. — Occurs  in  the  township  of  Calvin,  Nipissing,  1. 

Ontario,  Canada,  Hoffmann,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  7,  243,  1899. 

POLYLITE,  p.  1045. — Thomson's  supposed  mineral  is  shown  to  be  a 
mixture  containing  fayalite  derived  from  an  iron  furnace,  Lacroix,  Bull. 
Soc.  Min.,  20,  308,  1897. 

POWELLITE,  p.  989. — Occurs  at  the  South  Hecla  copper  mine, 
Hoimhton  Co.,  Michigan,  (WO3  1'65  and  4'50  p.  c.,)  Koenig  and 
Hubbard,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  46,  356,  1893.  The  same  locality  has  afforded 
some  fine  crystals  described  by  C.  Palache,  ibid.,  7,  367,  1899.  G.  = 
4'356,  color  bluish  green.  Habit  as  in  Fig.  1.  Observed  forms  :  e  (101), 
p(lll),  h  (133),  j  (3-11-11);  also  narrow  and  doubtful,  #(155),  f  (l-ll*ll). 
Angles  near  those  of  scheelite.  Cleavage  e  interrupted.  One  specimen 
showed  a  dark,  nearly  black  exterior  and  bluish-green  interior  presum- 
ably due  to  variation  in  composition. 

Crystals,  with  c  (001),  e  (101),  p  (111),  have  been  obtained  artificially 
by  L.  Michel ;  analysis  gave  MoO3  62'37,  WO3  10*23,  CaO  26'41  = 
99-01.  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  17,  612,  1894.  Powellite. 

PREHNITE,  p.  530. — Occurs  in  crystals  at  Friedensdorf  near  Marburg,  Brauns  (anal,  by  A. 
Nau),  Jb.  Miu.,  2,  6,  1892. 

Crystals  described  and  investigated  pyroelectrically;  new  forms  (301),  (601),  (lO'O'l);  crystals 
hemimorphic  and  twinned  (tw.  pi.  a  (100)).  Traube,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.-Bd.,  9,  134,  1894. 

Crystals  described  from  Tulferthal,  Tyrol,  Habert,  Zs.  Kr.,  28,  258,  1897.  Anal.,  Fassa,  Tyrol, 
Schneider,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  113,  112,  1893. 

Identification  in  rocks,  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  21,  277,  1893. 

Prolectite.     Hj.  JSjogren,  Bull.  G.  Inst.  Upsala,  1,  40,  1892;  2,  99,  1894. 

A  new  member  of  the  HUMITE  GROUP,  thus  far  only  known  from  two  fragments  of  crystals 
obtained  with  humite,  choudrodite,  and  clinohumite  at  the  Ko  mine  at  Nordmark,  Sweden.  In 
appearance  and  physical  characters  like  other  members  of  the  group.  Crystallization,  monoclinic. 
Axes  d:b:c  =  1'0803  :  1  :  1'8862,  ft  =  90°.  Forms :  (001),  (010);  (110);  (103),  (503),  (409);  (012), 
(Oil);  (121),  (367),  (362);  (227),  (223),  (111):  (121),  (249).  Ax.  plane  (a  =Bx0)  inclined  44°  to  47° 
15'  to  (001),  that  is,  46°  to  42°  45'  to  c.  2Ka.y  =  79°  45'  (n?  =  1-6703). 

Not  yet  analyzed,  but  the  composition  is  probably  Mg[Mg(F,OH)]SiO4 ,  the  member  of  the 
group  predicted  by  Penfield  and  Howe  as  noted  under  the  Humite  Group,  p.  35.  Hence  named 
from  itpo\.eyeiv,  to  foretell. 

PROSOPITE,  p.  178. — Analysis  of  a  pale  green  variety  from  Utah,  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  7, 
53,  1899. 

Pseudoboleite.     A.  Lacroix,  Bull.  Mus.  d'Hist.  Nat.  Paris,  p.  39,  1895.— See  Percylite. 

PSEUDOBROOKITE,  p.  232. — Crystals  from  Aranyer  Berg  have  been  examined  by  Traube,  Zs. 
Kr.,  20.  327,  1892.  Doss  has  described  crystals  obtained  as  a  furnace  product,  ibid.,  p.  566.  He 
deduced  the  composition  Fe2O3.TiO2  and  urges  isomorphism  with  audalusite;  Frenzel,  however, 
has  confirmed  the  accepted  formula,  2FeaO3.3TiO2,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  14,  126,  1894. 

PSEUDOGAYLUSSITE. — Discussion  as  to  the  origin  of  the  barley-corn  pseudomorphs  of  calcium 
carbonate  (see  Min.,  pp.  907,  271)  with  description  of  forms  occurring  in  Holland,  F.  J.  P.  van 
Calker,  Zs.  Kr.,  28,  556,  1897.— See  also  Jarrowite. 

PSEUDOMALACHITE,  p.  794. — Analysis  of  eJilite,  from  Semipalatinsk,  Antipov,  Vh.  Min.  Ges., 
28,  527,  1891. 

Pseudopyrophyllite.     F.  Loewimon- Leasing ,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  33,  283,  1895.     Zs.  Kr.,  28,  516. 

— See  Pyrophyllite. 

PTILOLITE,  p.  572. — A  new  locality  near  Silver  Cliff,  Custer  Co.,  Colorado,  is  described  by 
Cross  and  Eakins,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  44,  96,  1892.  Occurrence  similar  to  that  of  Green  Mountain. 
Analysis,  Eakins:  SiO2  67 -83,  A12O3  11-44,  CaO  3  30,  K2O  0'64,  Na2O  2*63,  H2O  13-44  =  99'28. 
The  relation  in  composition  between  ptilolite  and  mordenite  is  discussed  by  Clarke,  ibid.,  p.  101. 


66  APPENDIX  I. 

PYRARGYRITE,  p.  131.— Crystals  from  Mexico  with  new  form  (1126),  Busz,  Zs.  Kr.,  20,  557, 
1892  From  the  Harz  described  by  Luedecke.  Miu.  d.  Harzes,  134,  1896. 

Occurs  in  galena  near  Bear  Lake,  West  Kootauie,  Br.  Columbia,  Hoffmann,  Rep.  G.  Canada, 
6,  2711,  1892-93. 


PYIUTE  pp  84  1045.— Crystals  described  from  Belabanya,  Hungary;  new  forms  (11  '5 '0), 
(13-8  0), '13-9-0),  (10-7-0)  (15- I'l'O),  (8'13-0),  (7'H'O),  (ll'15'O),  (16>9'1).  A.  Franzenaii,  Ber.  aus 
Ungarn  15,  198,  1898.  Also  from  Kotterbach,  with  new  forms  (21  I'D),  (H'l'O),  etc.,  Zimanyi, 
Fdldt.  Kozl.,  28,  192,  1898. 

Monte  dclla  liiva,  Vulle  del  Dardagna,  description  of  peculiar  crystals,  Bombicci,  Mem.  Accad. 
Sci.  Bologna,  Jan.  8,  1893. 

A  twinning  of  tetnrtohedral  crystals  (similar  to  ullmannite)  is  suggested  by  Miers  for  a  specimen 
from  Gilpiu  Co.,  Colorado,  Min.  Mag.,  12,  112,  1899. 

Twin  crystal  with  (320)  as  tw.  plane,  G.  D'Achiardi,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  Proc.  verb.,  Match  14, 

From  Museu,  containing  4"  13  Ni  and  1'97  Co,  Laspeyres,  Zs.  Kr.,  20.  553,  1892.  Also  from 
Sudbnry,  Ont.,  (Murray  mine,)  containing  4'34  p.  c.  Ni,  Walker,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  47,  312,  1894. 

Action  of  alkaline  reagents  on  pyrite  compared  with  that  on  marcasite,  Doelter.  Jb.  Min.,  2, 
273,  1894.  The  same  subject  has  been  fully  studied  by  A.  P.  Brown,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  33, 

Penfield  bas  shown  that  the  uncertain  blueite  and  wJtartonite  of  Emmens  (J.  Am.  Ch.  Soc., 
14,  No.  7.  1892),  both  from  the  Sudbury  region,  are  (even  if  the  analyses  are  trustworthy)  only 
uickeliferous  varieties  of  pyrite.  Am.  J.  Sc.,45,  496,  1893. 

PYROAURITE,  p.  256.— Described  by  Hj.  Sjogren  from  the  Moss  mine,  Norway.  Occurs  in 
hexagonal  or  rounded  tabular  crystals  (Fig.  1).  Forms:  c  (0001), 
m  (1010),  A  (2130),  /  (1011);  cf*  =  76°  30',  hence  c  =  3  6073.  Crystals 
apparently  show  pyramidal  hemihedrism  in  tbe  development  of  h. 
H.  —  2-3.  G.  =  2'07.  Luster  pearly  to  greasy.  Color  yellow  to 
yellowish  brown.  Translucent.  Optically  —  ;  birefringence  low. 
Analysis  (on  0'02  gr.)  by  R.  Mauzelius  :  FeaO3  22-0,^  MnO  4'5, 
MgO  34-8,  HQO  36-1,  insol.  0'5  =  97  9.  Associated  with  pyrochroite 
(often  altered  to  mangauite)  in  mangauiferous  dolomite.  Bull.  G.  lust.  Upsala,  2,  59,  1895. 

PYROCHLOBB,  p.  726. — From  Alno",  analyses  and  discussion  of  composition  (also  of  related 
minerals),  Ilolmquist,  G.  For.  Forh.,  15,  588,  1893.  From  the  Ural,  analysis,  Khrushchov,  Vh. 
Miu.  Ges.,  31,  415,  1894. 

PYROLUSITE,  pp.  243,  1045.— Analyses,  Gorgeu,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  16,  96,  1893. 

PYROMORPHITE,  p.  770.— Crystals  from  New  Caledonia  with  new  forms  (15-0-15-4),  (9091). 
Lacroix,  C.  R.,  118,  553,  1894,  and  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  17,  120,  1894. 

Crystals  described  from  Nil-Saiut-Viucent,  Belgium,  G.  Cesaro,  Mem.  Acad.  Belg.,  53,  1897. 

PYROPIIYLLITE,  p.  691. — F.  Loewinson-Lessing  concludes  from  his  investigations  of  the 
mineral  of  Pyshminsk  tbat  it  represents  a  mixture  of  pyrophyllite,  SHaO.SAlsOs.llSiOu,  and 
pseudo-pyrophyllite,  3MgO.4Al2O3.9SiO2.8H3O.  These  were  separated  by  the  Thoulet  solution. 
Both  are  assumed  tobeorihorhombic  with  Bxa  l  base  (cleavage);  the  former  is  optically  negative, 
the  latter  positive.  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  33,  283,  1895,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  28,  516,  1897. 

PYROSTILPNITE,  p.  135. — Discussion  of  crystalline  form,  Luedecke,  Miu.  d.  Harzes,  133, 
1896. 

PYROXENE,  pp.  352,  1045. — Crystals  from  New  York  State  described,  with  optical  investiga- 
tion and  analyses,  H.  Ries,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sc.,  9,  124,  1896. 

Diopside,  Achmatovsk,  new  form  IT (551),  Busz,  Zs.  Kr.,  20,  558,  1892.  Crystals  from  several 
localities  described,  also  augite.  new  forms  gf(lO'l-O),  ©(710),  $  (750),  &  (140),  3tf  (160), 
9t  (0-11-5),  @  (414),  «8  (421),  £8  (531),  A.  Schmidt,  Zs.  Kr.  21,  1,  1892.  From  Graubttnden, 
Baumhauer,  ibid.,  p.  200.  From  Zoptau,  optical  and  chemical  description,  Graber,  Min.  petr. 
Mitth.,  14,  265,  1894. 

Forms  a  saccharoidal  rock  of  an  azure-blue  color,  on  the  Gila  river,  40  miles  from  Silver  City, 
New  Mexico.  Analysis  by  Merrill  and  Packard  gave:  SiOa  54'30,  MgO  18'33,  CaO  25'00, 
FeO  1-11  =  98-74.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  43,  279,  1892. 

*  The  author  gives  1010  A  1011  =  76°  30. 


APPENDIX  L 

Violan,  p.  357.— Analysis  of  original  material  by  Penfield  shows  it  to  be  essentially  a  diopside, 
An,.  J.  Sc.,  46,  293,  1893.  Color  light  blue.  G.  =  3'237-3-272. 

SiO2        A12O3      Fe2O3      Mu2O3      MnO         MgO          CaO        Na2O        K2O         igu. 
53-94          I'OO          0-86         0'88         0'36         16'63         23-80         1'22         005         0  66  =  99 '40 

Saliie,  from  Sala,  optical  exam,  and  analysis,  Hovey,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  13,  218,  1892. 

Hedenbergite,  Su  Poru,  Sardinia,  analysis  by  Fasolo,  quoted  by  Lovisato  (10'92  p.  c.  MnO  and 
no  A12O3);  also  epidote,  etc.,  Rend.  Accad.  Line.,  4  (1),  111,  1895.  From  Renfrew  Co.,  Ontario, 
optical  characters,  analysis,  etc.,  Waiting,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  15,  29,  1895. 

Iron-schefferite,  Laugban,  analysis  by  Mauzelius,  Hj.  Sjogren,  G.  For.  Forh.,  14,  251, 1892.  Sec 
Urbanite. 

Jeffcrsonile,  from  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J.,  analyzed  by  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  7,  55,  1899. 

Augite,  on  crystals,  see  diopside  above. 

Analysis,  Italian  Peak,  Guunison  Co.,  Colo.,  Eukins,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  113,  112,  1893. 
From  Highwood  Mts.,  Montana,  L.  V.  Pirsson,  Bull.  G.  Soc.  Am.,  6,  410,  1895.  In  analcitCr 
basalt,  Colorado,  Hillel.rand,  quoted  by  Cross,  J.  Geol.,  5,  687,  1897. 

On  the  pyroxene  (segirite-augite,  augite)  from  the  volcanic  rocks  (leucitite,  etc.)  of  the  Ernici, 
Province  of  Rome,  Italy,  see  Viola,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  101  et  seq.,  1899.  Crystals  often  show  zonal 
structure  with  varying  extinction  ;  twins  noted  with  m  (110)  as  tw.  plane.  The  name  federomte 
is  suggested  by  Viola  for  a  pyroxene  from  this  region,  which  falls  between  segirite-augite  and 
tegirite,  containing  9  to  13  p.  c.  alkalies  and  about  24  p.  c.  FeO  ;  pleochroism  strong,  c  yellow, 
6  =  a  olive-green  ;  c  A  c  =  65°  to  75°,  2V  <  50°. 

On  the  extinction-angles  in  the  vertical  zone,  see  R.  A.  Daly,  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.,  34,  311, 
1899  ;  also  the  same  on  etching-figures,  ibid.,  p.  374. 

Many  petrographies!  papers  (in  Jb.  Min.  et  al.)  contain  analyses,  optical  determinations, 
etc.;  a  summary  of  some  of  these  is  given  by  Viola,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  115-120,  1899. 

Conditions  of  formation  in  a  magma,  Morozewicz,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  18.  113,  1898. 

The  meteorite  of  Vara  Muerta,  Sierra  de  C'hico,  contains  an  unidentified  silicate,  in  some 
respects  resembling  augite.  Weiuschenk,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  17,  567,  1897. 

PYRRHARSENITE,  p.  753. — See  Eerzeliiie. 

PYRRHOTITE,  p.  73.— Crystals  from  Andreasberg,  described  with  t  (1012),  r  (7071),  Busz,  Jb. 
Miu.,  1,  124,  1895.  From  Froutenac  Co.,  Canada,  with  (2021),  (4041),  etc.,  W.  Nicol,  Zs.  Kr., 
31,  53,  1899. 

Investigation  of  magnetic  properties,  Abt,  Wied.  Ann.,  57,  135,  1896. 

From  Sudbury,  Out,  containing  nickel,  Vogt,  G.  For.  Forh.,  14,  315,  1892. 

Linck  shows  reason  for  not  regarding  pyrrhotite  and  troilite  as  heteromorphic  modifications 
of  the  same  compound  (FeS),  Ber.  Ch.  Ges.,  32,  895,  1899. 

QUARTZ,  pp.  183,  1046. — Cryst. — Monograph  for  crystals  from  Val  Malenco,  Rossignoli,  Riv. 
Min.  Ital..  1O,  3,  1892.  No.  Carolina,  A.  Capen  Gill,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Leipzig,  1893,  reproduced  in 
Zs  Kr..  22  97  1893;  also  H.  A.  Miers,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  46,  420,  1893.  Jamtland,  Hamberg.  G.  For. 
Forh..  16.  807  1894.  Wurmlhal,  Harz,  cryst.  described,  Luedecke,  Abh.  Nat.  Ges.  Halle,  20, 
1894;  Min  d.  Harzes,  196,  1896.  Devil's  Lake,  Wisconsin,  Hobbs,  Bull.  Univ.  Wisconsin,  1,  109, 
1895.  Switzerland,  Termier,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  18,  443,  1895,  and  C.  R.,  121,  842,  1895.  Nil-St.- 
Vincent,  Butgenbarh,  Ann.  Soc.  G.  Belg.,  24,  11,  1897.  Pisek,  Bohemia,  Heberdey,  Zs.  Kr.,  26, 
267,  181-6.  Tuscany,  G.  D'Achiardi,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  Mem.,  17,  1898. 

Crystalline  structure  of  pyrogene  quartz,  Rimie,  Jb.  Miu.  1,  1,  1892.  Lamellar  structure 
shown  to  l>e  of  secondary  origin,  also  effect  on  optical  character,  Judd,  Min.  Mag.,  10,  123,  1893. 

Mechanical  deformation  of  crystals  from  Pitourles-en-Lordat,  Ariege,  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc. 
Min.,  14,  306,  1891.  Discussion  of  curved  and  twisted  complex  crystals  and  groups  from  Swit- 
zerland. G.  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wieu,  Denkschr.,  July  12,  1894.  Also  from  Cararra,  Bombicci, 
Mem.  Accad.  Bologna,  2,  1892. 

Inclusions  in  quartz  of  Stromboli  lava,  H.  Johnston-Lavis,  Soc.  G.  Ital.,  April  1,  1894. 

Dichroism  for  infra-red  waves,  E.  Merritt,  Wied.  Ann.,  55,  49,  1895. 

Rotatory  power  at  low  temperatures  (to  —  71  5°),  Soret  and  Guye,  Bibl.  Univ.,  29,  242,  1892. 
Rotatory  polarization  for  infra-red  waves,  Carvallo,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  26,  113,  1892,  and  C.  R., 
114,  288,  1892.  Rotatory  power  and  double  refraction,  Beaulard,  J.  Phys.,  2,  393,  1893,  effect 
of  pressure  on  optical  phenomena,  id.,  ibid.,  pp.  459,  472;  see  also  Wiechmann.  Sch.  Mines  Q.. 
20,  2(57,  1899,  Measurement  of  rotatory  power,  Gumlich,  Zs.  Instrumentenkunde,  16,  97,  1896. 
Tenacity  investigated,  Sella  and  Vcigt,  Wied.  Ann..  48,  663,  1893. 

Piezo-electric  property  discussed.  Lord  Kelvin,  Phil.  Mag.,  36,  331,  1894. 

Refractive  indices  measured,  Wiilfing,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  15.  59,  1895. 

Investigation  of  coloring  matter  of  smoky  quartz  (titanium),  Weinschenk,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  48, 
704,  1896;  Zs.  auorg.  Ch.,  12,  375,  1896. 


58  APPENDIX  I. 

Observations  on  the  solvent  power  of  water  at  elevated  temperatures  (153°  to  323°)  and  after 
long  duration,  G.  Spezia,  Att.  Accad.  Sc.  Torino,  33,  June  16,  1898;  also  ibid.,  31,  Dec.  29,  1895. 

Stated  to  occur  in  the  Toluca  meteoric  iron,  Laspeyres,  Zs.  Kr.,  24,  485,  1895. 

A  supposed  cubic  form  of  silica  from  Guanabacoa,  Cuba,  lias  been  called  cubaite  by  F.  Vidal 
y  Careta  [Cron.  Cient.  Barcelona,  13,  497, 1890]  ;  shown  by  L.  F.  Navarro  to  be  rhombohedrons  of 
ordinary  quartz,  Anal.  Soc  Espan.  Hist.  Nat.,  21,  Actas  p.  120,  1893.  Later  (ibid.,  14,  268,  1891) 
the  first  author  proposed  to  substitute  the  name  guanabaquite  (guanabacoite) ;  this  includes  also 
pseud omorphous  chalcedony  (analogous  to  that  from  Hungary)  as  further  shown  by  Navarro,  1.  c. 

Quartzine.  Lutecine,  Lutecit*.  'Michel-Levy  and  Munier-Chalmas,  C.  R,  HO,  649,  1892, 
and  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  15,  159,  1892.  Warrant,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  20,  52,  1897. 

The  forms  of  anhydrous  silica  having  a  fibrous  structure  differ  from  quartz  in  slightly  lower 
density  (G.  =  2'5-26)  and  more  distinct!/  in  optical  characters.  They  are  optically -f,  but 
biaxial  with  a  small  axial  angle,  20°  to  35e  ;  birefringence  0*009  to  0*010.  Three  varieties  have 
been  distinguished,  according  to  the  direction  of  elongation  of  the  fibers.  (1)  In  chalcedony  the 
elongation  coincides  with  the  axis  a  (=  Bx0),  in  other  words  the  direction  of  the  fibers  is  some- 
times said  to  be  negative.  (2)  In  quartzine  it  coincides  with  c,  and  in  lutecine  with  a  plane  of 
symmetry  (=  BxJ  to  the  axes  c  and  6,  the  fibers  making  an  angle  of  29°  with  c  and  of  61°  with  b. 

As  interpreted  by  Michel-Levy  and  Munier-Chalmas  the  regular  arrangement  of  the  fibers  of 
chalcedony  give  rise  to  spherulites  with  concentric  zones  of  like  extinction;  regular  ternary  (120°) 
aggregates  of  quartzine  are  regarded  as  producing  ordinary  quartz  ;  the  regular  hexagonal  (60°) 
arrangement  of  the  elementary  lutecine  gives  the  double  hexagonal  pyramids  of  lutecitet  aggregates 
about  an  axis  inclined  45°  to  c  and  74°  to  the  elongation  of  the  fibers  in  the  plane  o  and  c. 
According  to  Wallerant  (1.  c.)  all  quartz  is  to  be  regarded  as  formed  by  regular  iutergrowths  of 
minute  elements  of  quartzine. 

It  is  obvious  that  these  three  forms  of  fibrous  silica  are  essentially  identical,  and  all  their 
various  aggregates  seem  to  have  been  derived  from  original  colloidal  concretions.  Groth 
(Tab.  Ueb.,  42,  1898)  uses  quartzine  as  a  general  term  to  embrace  them  all. 

On  quartzine  from  Herman  Mestec,  Barvif,  Ber.  Ak.  Bohm.,  March  10,  1893. 

Christobalite  (p.  193)  has  been  shown  to  result  from  the  action  of  water  and  hydrofluoric 
acid  (at  200°  and  26  atmospheres)  upon  amorphous  silica,  Khrushchov,  Bull.  Acad.  St.  Pet.,  2, 

27,  1895. 

On  the  peculiar  form  of  silica  obtained  from  heulandite,  with  G.  =  2*14  and  optically  nega- 
tive, seeRinne,  Jb.  Min.,  147,  1896. 

QUBNSTEDTITB,  p.  957. — A  ferric  sulphate  having  the  composition  of  quenstedite  has  been 
observed  by  O.  Kuntze  as  a  yellow  incrustation  in  sandstone  near  Montpelier,  Muscatine  county, 
Iowa.  H.=  25.  G.=  2-212.  Analysis  gave:  SO3  39*01,  FeaO3  26'86,  A1,OS  0-27,  H2O  32*32, 
insol.  (SiO3)  1*79  =  100*25.  Amer.  Geol.,  23,  119,  1899. 

Quirogite.     L.  F.  Navarro  [Anal.    Soc.  Espafi.  Hist.  Nat.,  24,  Actas  p.  96,  1895]  Zs.  Kr., 

28,  202,   1897.      A  supposed  tetragonal  mineral  of  metallic  luster  and  lead-gray  color,  often 
tarnished  dull.      H.=  3.     G.=  7*22.     Analysis  on  material   containing  pyrite  gave:   S  17*51, 
Pb  63*89,  Sb  9*69,  Fe  6'30,  Ag  tr.=  97-39.     From  the  mines  San  Andres,  Georgina,  etc.,  Sierra 
Almagrera,   Spain.      Named  after  the   Spanish  mineralogist,  F.  Quiroga.     Probably  only  an 
impure  galena  (cf.  remarks  credited  to  Schrauf,  Zs.  Kr.,  1.  c.). 

Ransatite.     L.  J.  Iglestrom,  G.  For.  F5rh.,  18,  41,  1896.— See  Garnet. 

Raspite.     G.  Hlawatsch,  Ann.  Mus.  Wien,  12,  38,  1897 ;  Zs.  Kr.,  29,  137,  1897 ;  31,  8,  1899. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  d  :  b  :  c  =  (1*3358  : 1 : 1-1112  ;  ft  =  72°  19'  =  100  A  001  =  ac.  Angles  ce  = 
46°  41',  cd  =  46°  38'.  Observed  forms  :  a  (100),  b  (010),  c  (001),  e  (101),  d  (Oil).  Crystals  small, 
elongated  |  b  and  tabular  ||  a  with  this  face  as  twinning  plane  ;  a  striated  horizontally. 

Cleavage :  a  perfect.  H.  =  2*5.  G.  undetermined.  Luster  adamantine,  brilliant.  Color 
brownish  yellow.  Transparent.  Ax.  pi.  f  b.  An  axis  and  negative  bisectrix  oblique  to  a.  Index 
=  2*6  approx. 

Composition,  lead  tungstate,  PbWO4,  like  stolzite.        Analysis,  Treadwell : 

WO,  49-06  PbO  48*32  FeaO3,MnO  1*43  =  98*81 

Occurs  with  reddish  stolzite  on  limonite  at  the  Broken  Hill  mines,  New  South  Wales.  Named 
after  Mr.  Rasp,  the  discoverer  of  the  Broken  Hill  mines. 

Rathite.     Baumhauer,  Zs.  Kryst.,  26,  593,  1896. 

Orthorhombic.  Axes  d :  b  :  c  :  =  0*6681  :  0  :  1*0579.  100  A  HO  =  33°  44f ,  001  A  101  =  57°  43|', 
001  A  Oil  =  46°  36|'.  Also  001  A  203  =  *46°  33',  001  A  045  =  *40°  14J',  001  A  021  =  64°  42'. 
Observed  forms:  (001),  (107),  (106),  (209),  (207),  (103),  (205),  (102),  (203),  (405),  (101),  (403),  (302). 
(201),  (401),  (601) ;  (045),  (0*1MO),  (021),  (016  3) ;  also  other  forms  in  part  vicinal. 


APPENDIX  I. 


In  crystals,  prismatic  |  5,  with  numerous  macrodomes  finely  striated  J  an  undetermined  brachy- 
dorne.  Twins:  tw.-plaue  an  obtuse  brachydome.  In  luster  and  color  not  to  be  distinguished 
from  dufreuoysite. 

In  composition  allied  to  dufrenoysite  and  jamesonite,  but  formula  uncertain.  Analysis,  Bomer : 

S  23-72  As  17-24  Sb  4 -53  Pb  52  98  Fe  0-56  =  99 "03 

From  the  dolomite  of  the  Biuuenthal,  Switzerland,  with  other  related  species,  learned  after 
Prof.  G.  vom  Rath  (1830-1888). 

REALGAR,  pp.  33,  1046.— Crystals  from  Allchar,  Macedonia,  described  (new  form  C  (450)), 
Hackrnau,  Zs.  Kr.,  27,  608,  1896;  also  Vrba,  Ber.  Ak.  Bohrn.,  Dec.  7,  1894. 

Retzian.  Hj.  Sjogren,  Bull.  G.  Inst.  Upsala,  2,  54,  1894  ;  G.  For.  Forh.,  19, 
106,  1897. 

Orthorhombic.  Axes  d :  b  :  k  =  0-4414  :  1  :  0-7269.  Forms  :  b  (010),  m  (110), 
n  (130),  d  (101),  k  (071).  Angles:  mm'"  =  47°  38',  bm  =  *66°  11',  cd  =  *58°  44'. 
Crystals  prismatic,  sometimes  tabular  |  b.  The  axial  ratio  is  near  that  of  flinkite 
(Min.,  p.  802). 

Cleavage  none.  Fracture  conchoidal  to  uneven.  H.  =4.  G.  =  4-15.  Luster 
vitreous  to  greasy.  Color  dark  chocolate-brown  to  chestnut-brown.  Streak  light 
brown.  Sutitranslucent.  Strongly  pleochroic.  Ax.  pi.  |  b.  Ax.  angle  large. 
a,  ft,  c  =  k,  b,  d. 

In  composition,  a  basic  arsenate  of  manganese,  calcium  and  undetermined 
rare  metals  ;  formula  uncertain.  Analysis,  on  0  08  gr.,  R.  Mauzelius  : 

Asa06       X'        MuO      FeO      PbO      CaO      MgO     HaO 
24-4        10-3        30-2        1-7        0'2        19-2        2'7        8'4    SiO,  0-5,  insol.  4'3  = 

•  X  =  rare  earths. 


101-9 


B.B.  almost  infusible  ;  yields  water.  With  soda  on  charcoal  gives  arsenical  fumes  ;  reacts  for 
manganese  and  iron.  Soluble  in  acids. 

Found  sparingly  in  small  drusy  cavities  in  the  manganiferous  limestone  of  the  Moss  mine, 
Nordmark,  Sweden  ;  it  is  associated  with  jacobsite.  Named  after  the  Swedish  naturalist,  Anders 
Jahan  Retzian  (1742-1821). 

RHABDITE,  p.  31. — See  Schreibersite. 

Rhodoarsenian.  L.  J.  Igelstrom,  Zs.  Kr.,  22,  469,  1893.  A  partially  described  mineral  from 
the  Sjo  mine,  Orebro,  Sweden.  Occurs  in  small  rose-red  spherules  embedded  in  arseniopleite. 
H.  =  4.  Luster  vitreous.  An  analysis  (after  deducting  CaCO3)  yielded  :  AsaO6 12-17,  MnO  49'28, 
CaO  21-53,  MgO  5-87,  HaO  11 -65,  Pb.Cl  tr.  —  100.  Regarded  as  the  arsenic  compound  corre- 
sponding to  ferrostibian  (Min.,  p.  804). 

RHODOCHROSITE,  p.  278.— Artificial  formation,  A.  de  Schulten,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  20, 195, 1897, 
Rhodolite.     Hidden  and  Pratt,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  5,  294;  6,  463,  1898.— See  Garnet. 

RHODONITE,  pp.  378,  1046.— Etching-figures  investigated,  T.  L.  Walker,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  5,  182, 
1898. 

Rhodophosphite.  L.  J.  Igelstrom,  Zs.  Kryst.,  25,  433,  1895.  A  mineral  occurring  in  a 
quartzite  carrying  cyanite  with  svanbergite,  lazulite,  etc.,  at  the  H5rrsjoberg  Mts.,  Wermland, 
Sweden.  Occurs  crystalline  (hexagonal),  cleavable  ;  color  white  or  pale  red  ;  translucent. 
Analysis:  PaO6  36-42,  CaO  45*17.  MnO, FeO  8 -80,  Cl  2-92,  SO3  1'34,  F  undet.  =  94'65  (author 
gives  97'93).  It  is  probably  simply  apatite. 

Rhodusite.     H.  B.  Foullon,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  100  (1),  176,  1891.— See  Glaucophant. 

RICHTERITE,  pp.  386,  391. — Hj.  Sjogren  has  shown  that  the  original  mineral  of  Breithaupt 
is  identical  with  that  examined  by  Michaelson,  Igelstrom  and  Fliuk.  His  astochite  (Min.,  p.  1027) 
is  simply  a  soda-richterite,  see  astochite,  this  Append.,  p.  6).  Sjftgren  also  refers  here  the 
marmairolite  of  Hulst,  Min.,  p.  391.  G.  For.  Forh.,  13,  604,  1891  ;  ib.,  14,  253,  1892  ;  Bull.  G. 
Inst.  Upsala,  2,  71,  1894  ;  also  Hamberg,  G.  For.  Forh.,  13,  801,  1891. 

RIEBECKITE,  pp.  400,  1047.— Occurs  in  pebbles  in  the  glacial  drift  of  the  east  coast  of  Ireland  ; 
crystals  found  at  Portrane  have  been  measured  by  Sollas.  Observed  forms  :  b  (010),  m  (110), 
x  (150),  t  (101),  p  (101),  r  (Oil),  z  (121).  Angles  :  mm!"  =  56°,  pm'  =  77°  50',  pt  =  54°  20',  hence 
d  :  b  :  k  =  0-5558  :  1  :  0-2927,  ft  =  73°  4'.  A  partial  analysis  gave  :  SiO,  42'69,  Al,O,,Fe,O,  41  -71. 
NaaO  10-00,  KaO  0'87.  Proc.  R.  Irish  Acad.,  3,  516,  1895. 


60  APPENDIX  I. 

Heddle  has  noted  on  crystals  from  the  micro-granite  of  Ail?a  Craig,  Scotland,  the  additional 
forms:  a  (100),  c  (001),  e  (130),  tf  (031),  o  (021).  Trans.  Eclinb.  G.  Soc.,  7,  265,  1897. 

Occurs  in  an  intrusive  rock  in  slates  between  Song  and  Tikobu,  Soul  hern  Sikkim,  India, 
Holland,  Rec.  G.  Surv.  India,  25.  159,  1892.  Extinction-angle  7°  30'  to  10°  with  c.  Also 
reported  by  A.  Osann  as  occurring  in  the  neph  elite-syenite  of  Paisano  Pass,  Davis  Mountains, 
Texas,  Geol.  Surv.  Texas,  4th  Ann.  Report,  1892,  p.  28.  Occurs  in  trachytic  rocks  from 
Abyssinia,  Prior,  Min.  Mag.,  12,  92,  1899. 

See  Grossite. 

RITTINGERITE,  p.  136.— Shown  by  Miers  to  be  identical  with  xanthoconite,  wh.  see.  Min. 
Mag.,  10,  185,  1893. 

Roeblingite.     S.  L.  Penfield  and  H.  W.  Foote,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  3,  413,  1897. 

Massive  ;  closely  compact ;  consisting  of  aggregates  of  prismatic  crystals.  H.  =  3'25.  G.  = 
3'433.  Color  white.  Extinction  parallel  ;  birefringence  low. 

Composition,  probably  Hi0Ca7Pt)2Si6S2O28,  which  is  regarded  as  a  combination  of  five  mole- 
cules of  the  silicate,  HQCaSiO4,  and  two  of  the  basic  sulphite,  CaPbSO4.  This  requires:  Silica 
22-1,  sulphur  trioxide  9'4,  lead  protoxide  32  9,  lime  29  0,  water  6'6=  100.  Analysis  : 

SiO          SO3         PbO        MnO        CaO         SrO        K2O      Na,O       H2O 
|        23-58        9-00        31-03        2'48        25-95        1-40        0-13        0'40        635  =  100-32 

Fuses  B.  B.  at  3  to  a  gray  globule  giving  the  pale  blue  flame  of  lead.  With  soda  on  charcoal 
yields  metallic  lead  and  a  lead  coating.  In  the  closed  tube  yields  water.  Dissolves  readily  even 
in  dilute  acid,  yielding  gelatinous  silica  on  evaporation. 

Found  at  a  depth  of  1000  feet  in  the  Parker  shaft  at  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J. ;  occurs  at  or  near 
the  contact  of  the  granite  and  limestone  with  garnet  rock;  associated  with  titanite,  axinite,  zircon, 
willemite,  rhodonite,  etc.  Named  after  W.  A.  Roebling  of  Trenton,  N.  J. 

•  ROUMANITE. — See  Rumanite,  Min.,  p.  1005. 

ROWLANDITE,  p.  1047. — Further  described  by  Hidden  with  analysis  by  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
46,  208,  1893. 

RUTILE,  pp.  237,  1047. — Crystals  from  the  Valais,  twins,  etc.,  described,  Baumhauer,  Cong.  Sc. 
Catholiques,  Fribourg,  1897. 

Parting  \\  (902)  (cf.  Min.,  p.  238)  observed  on  crystals  from  Pragratten  and  Georgia,  Milgge,  Jb. 
Min.,  2,  82,  1897. 

Occurs  at  West  Cheyenne  Canon,  El  Paso  Co.,  Colorado,  in  iron-black  distorted  crystals 
containing  6  68  p.  c.  Fe2O3  ;  G.  =  4'249,  Genth  and  Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  44,  384,  1892. 

Shown  by  spectroscopic  examination  to  often  contain  vanadium  in  small  amount,  Hasselberg, 
Astrophysical  Journal,  6,  22,  1897  ;  9,  143,  1899.  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  Bib..,  23,  (1),  No.  3,  1898.  Cf. 
also  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  6,  209,  1898. 

Artificial  formation,  Michel,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  15,  37,  1892. 

See  Dicksbergite. 

SAFFLOHITE,  p.  100. — A  related  mineral  occurs  at  the  Ko  mine,  Nordmark,  Sweden,  with 
chond'-odite,  tremolite,  etc.  Usually  massive,  rarely  in  prismatic  crystals  elongated,  \  b\  e  (101) 
prominent.  Forms:  a  (100),  m  (110),  e  (001),  d  (Oil),  o  (111).  Angles  ee"'  =  59°  14',  oo'  =  105° 
20'.  Axial  ratio  a  :  b  :  c  =  0'5086  :  1  :  0'8945  or  0  6782  :  f  M927,  the  latter  showing  the  relation 
to  arsenopyrite,  etc.  G.  =  7'41.  Analysis  by  R  Mauzelius  :  As  71 '13,  S  0-68,  Fe  15'28,  Co  12'99, 
Ni  0-20,  Pb(Cu)  0-33  =  100-61.  This  gives  the  formula  (nearly)  FeAs2.CoAs2.  Hj.  SjOgren, 
Bull.  G.  Inst.  Upsala,  2,  68,_1894. 

SAL-AMMONIAC,  p.  157. — Observations  on  crystals,  Wolff,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  1085,  1895. 
SALITE,  p.  356. — See  Pyroxene. 

Salvadorite.      W.  Herz,  Zs.  Kryst.,  26,  16,  1896. 

Monocliuic.  In  aggregates  of  rough  prismatic  crystals,  with  m  (110),  also  b  (010);  mm  ~  48" 
.16'.  Crystals  often  twins  united  by  a  plane  inclined  30°  to  c. 

:    Cleavage  :  b  perfect.     Luster  vitreous.     Color  green  to  blue,  bluish  green.     Ax.  pi.  \  b.     Bxa 
inclined  52°  to  c  for  Na  (on  same  side  as  tw.  plane),  46^°  for  Tl  ;  ax.  angle  76°  for  Na. 

Composition  like  pisauite  (Min.,  p.  943),  (Cu,Fe)SO4  +  7H2O  with  Cu  :  Fe  =  2  :  1.     Analyses: 

SO3  CuO  FeO  H2O 

1.  Green  •         27-87  1877  8-49  44- 65  =  99 -78 

2.  Slue  28-16  17"57  959  44  31  =  99 '63 


APPENDIX  I.  61 

From  the  Salvador  mine,  Quetena  near  Calama,  Chili.  Differs  from  pisanitc  in  optical  orienta- 
tion and  apparently  in  form. 

SAMARSKITE,  pp.  739,  1037.— Contains  germanium  in  small  amount  (1  '5  p.  c  );  this  is  also  true 
of  tantalite,  fergusouite,  gadoliuile,  eolumbite,  etc.,  Khrushchov,  Zs.  Kr.,  24,  516,  1895.  Analy- 
sis from  the  Ural  by  the  same,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  31,  415,  1894. 

Examination  of  gases  (helium,  etc.),  Ramsay,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.,  59,  325,  1896.  Ramsay  and 
Travers,  ib.,  60,  443,  1897. 

SARTORITE,  p.  113.— Description  of  complex  crystals  (new  forms)  from  the  Binnenthal  with 
analysis,  Baumhauer,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  243, 1895. 

SCAPOIJTE,  p.  466.— Crystals  from  Eel  lake,  Frontenac  Co.,  Ontario,  described,  G.  O.  Smith, 
Johns  Hopkins  Circ.,  No.  '112,  May,  1894.  Analysis  of  a  "paranthite  "  from  Clay  Co.,  N.  C., 
Berkley,  Am.  Ch.  J.,  14,  628,  1892. 

See  also  Wernerite. 

/ 

SCHEELITE,  p.  985. — From  Marlow  township,  Beauce  Co.,  Quebec,  analysis  by  Johnston  quoted 
by  Hoffmann,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  5,  21R,  1889-90;  also  from  the  Ballou  mine,  Queens  Co.,  Nova 
Scotia,  ibid.,  7,  14R. 

Occurs  at  South  Mountain,  Pa.,  with  piedmontite  in  an  ancient  rhyolite,  Williams,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
44,  50,  1893. 


SCHEFFERITE,  p.  357. — See  Pyroxene. 
SCHNEEBERGITE,  p.  862. — See  Garnet. 
SCHOENITE,  p.  948. — See  Picromerite. 


SCHREIBERSITE,  p.  31.— Cohen,  as  the  result  of  an  investigation  of  many  meteoric  irons,  has 
shown  that  the  tetragonal  iron-nickel  phosphide,  called  rhabdite  (Min.,  p.  31),  is  identical  with 
schreibersite;  the  relative  amounts  of  the  metals  vary  widely.  Ann.  Mus.  Wien,  9,  97,  1894. 

"  Rhabdite  "  occurs  in  tetragonal  crystalline  forms  (with  (001),  (110),  (111))  in  the  meteoric  iron 
of  Bendego,  Brazil;  110  A  HI  =  39°-40°  Hussak.  Of.  Derby,  Arch.  Mus.  Nac.,  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
9,  171,  1896. 

Schulzenite.  P.  Martens  [Act.  Soc.  Sci.  Chili,  5,  87,  1895],  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  19,  211,  1896.  A 
doubtful  substance  of  uncertain  origin,  related  to  asbolite.  Found  in  the  collection  of  J.  Schulze 
and  supposed  to  have  come  from  northern  Chili.  Amorphous  with  conchoidal  fracture. 
H.  =  3*5.  G.  =  3'39.  Color  and  streak  black.  Gives  off  chlorine  when  treated  with  hydro- 
chloric acid.  Analysis  gave:  Co  46*76,  Cu  12'65,  SiOa  1-76,  Fe2O3  0'29,  H2O  (comb.)  14*08, 
H2O  (hygr.)  4'92,  O  [19'54]  =  100.  From  this  the  formula  is  deduced  :  CuO.2CoO.Co2O3  4- 
4H20. 

SCOLECITE,  p.  604. — Referred  to  the  clinohedral  group  of  the  monoclinic  system  by  Rinne, 
who  gives  the  results  of  investigation  by  etching,  pyroelectricity,  etc.  Jb.  Min.,  2,  51,  1894. 
Moderate  heating  causes  a  partial  loss  of  water,  and  this  is  accompanied  by  molecular  changes, 
the  new  form  being  called  metascolecite,  ibid.,  p.  60;  also  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  46,  1163,  1890. 

Crystals  from  the  Tulferthal,  Tyrol,  described  by  Habert,  Zs.  Kr.,  28,  252,  1897. 

Analysis,  from  granite  on  the  Struth,  Thuringia,  Fomme  [Ber.  phys.-med.  Soc.  Erlangen,  25, 
1893],  Zs.  Kr.,  25,  616.  Also  from  Italian  Peak,  Gunnison  Co.,  Colo.,  Eakins,  Bull.  U.  S.  G. 
Surv.,  113,  112,  1898. 

SCORODITE,  p.  821.— Crystals  from  the  Lolling  show  the  forms  h  (101),  /  (Oil),  Busz,  Zs.  Kr., 
20,  555,  1892. 

Seelandite.  Brunlec7incr  [Jb.  Nat.  Land.-Mus.  Klagenfurt,  22,  192,  1893],  Bull.  Soc.  Min., 
19,  121,  1896.  A  variety  of  pickeringite  forming  an  efflorescence  on  the  siderite  of  Lolling, 
Carinthia.  Composition,  MgAl2(SO4)4  +  27H2O,  deduced  from  the  analysis:  SO3  34-03,  A12O3 
10-54,  MgO  4-07,  H2O  51-22  =  99  86. 

SEMSEYITE,  p.  123.— L.  J.  Spencer  has  described  (Min.  Mag.,  12,  60,  1899)  crystals  from 
Wolfsberg  similar  to  Kreuner's  mineral  and  yielding:  S  19'42,  Sb  28*62,  Pb  51 '84  =  99'88, 
G.  =  5'92;  calculated  formula  21PbS.10Sb2S3.  The  form  is  near  that  of  plagionite.  The  author- 
also  discusses  the  relations  of  plagionite,  heteromorphite  and  semseyite,  and  the  suggestion  is 
made  that  they  may  form  a  morphotropic  series  from  5PbS.4Sb2S3  (through  7PbS.4Sb2S3,  etc., 
heteromorphite)  to  9PbS.4SbaS3.  The  complex  formulas  often  obtained  (cf.  plagionite)  may  be 
explained  by  assuming  that  the  crystals  analyzed  in  a  given  case  are  compounded  of  smaller  crys- 
tals in  nearly  parallel  position  but  differing  among  themselves  slightly  in  angle  and  composition. 


62  APPENDIX  I. 

Senaite.     E.  IlussaJc  and  G.  T.  Prior,  Mh>.  Mag.,  12,  30,  1898. 

Tri-rhombohedral  like  ilmenite  (phenacke  type).  Axis  0997.  cr  =  49°  4'.  In  crystals  with 
the  forms  c  (0001);  r  (1011),  £(2021),  2  (4041).  Twins  common,  tw.  pi.  a  (1120). 

Cleavage  none.  Fracture  conehoidal.  H.  =  6  or  slightly  above.  G.  =  5-301  unchanged 
cryst. ;  4'78  fresh  grains;  4'22  altered  cry  St.  Luster  submetaliic.  Color  black.  Streak  brownish 
black.  In  very  thin  splinters  oil-green  to  greenish  brown.  Optically  uniaxial;  birefringence 
low.  Not  magnetic. 

Composition  uncertain;  if  the  iron  is  all  FeO  and  the  manganese  MnO2,  the  approximate  for- 
mula is  (Fe,Pb)O.2(Ti,Mu)Oa.  Analysis,  Prior : 

TiOa  FeaO3  PbO  FeO  MnO  MgO  SnO2 

57-21  20-23  10-51  4'14  "  7'00  0'49  (HI  =  99'68 

Occurs  in  rounded  fragments  and  rough  crystals  in  the  diamond-bearing  sands  of  Diamautiua, 
Minus  Geraes,  Brazil.  Named  after  Prof.  Joachim  da  Costa  Sena  of  Ouro  Preto,  Brazil. 

SENARMONTITE,  p.  198. — Occurs  at  Nieddoris,  Sardinia,  Brugnatelli,  Rend.  Accad.  Line.,  3(1). 
78,  1894. 

SEPIOLITE,  p.  680.— Optical  structure  Investigated,  also  of  other  compact  "amorphous"  min- 
erals (glaucouite,  celadonite,  halloysite,  nontronite),  which  are  shown  to  be  crystalline  with  minute 
mica-like  scales,  Lacroix,  C.  R.,  121,  737,  1895;  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  18,  426,  and  Min.  France, 
Vol.  1. 

Analysis  from  Eskishehir,  Asia  Minor,  Weinschenk,  Zs.  Kr.,  27,  574,  1896. 

SERPENTINE,  pp.  669,  1047,— Anal.— Ky  nance  Cove,  Lizard,  England,  aluminous  var.  (pseud o 
phyte),  Fox,  Min.  Mag.,  9,  275,  1891.  Binneuthal,  Duparc  and  Mrazec,  Bull  Soc.  Miu.,  17, 
210,  1894.  Elzivir,  Ontario,  autholite,  Coleman,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  48,  281,  1894.  Serpentine  and 
serpentine  rocks  of  northern  Syria,  formation  from  gabbros  and  associated  peiidotites,  Fiuckh, 
Zs.  G.  Ges.,  50,  113  et  seq.,  1898. 

Comp. — Discussion  of  composition  with  experiments  and  analyses,  R.  Brauns,  Jb.  Min.,  1, 
205,  1894;  Zs.  anorg.  Ch.,  8,  348,  1895,  Schneider,  ibid.,  8,  98,  1895;  A.  Lindner  [Inaug.  Diss., 
Breslau,  1893],  Zs.  Kr.,  25,  589,  1896. 

Occurrence  and  associated  minerals  in  the  Austrian  Alps,  Weinschenk,  Zs.  Kr.,  26,  337,  27, 
559,  1896. 

SERPIERITE,  p.  963.— Laurion,  Greece,  analysis  by  Frenzel:  (G.  =  2'52),  SO3  24*29,  CuO  36*12, 
ZuO  13-95,  CaO  8 '00,  H2O  16'75  =  99  11.  The  formula  deduced  is  3(Cu,Zu,Ca)SO4  -f  3H2O.  Min. 
petr.  Mitth.,  14,  121,  1894. 

SIDERITE,  pp.  276,  1047. — Description  of  crystals  from  France  with  the  new  forms  (0332), 
(1012),  (3034),  Gonnard,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  18,  382,  1895. 

From  Neunkirchen,  Siegen,  containing  3*85  p.  c.  CoO,  Bod  lander,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  236,  1892. 
Occurrence  and  origin  in  the  Province  of  Dreuthe,  Holland,  G.  M.  van  Bemmelen,  Arch.  Neer- 
land.,  30,  25,  1897.  Occurrence  in  the  Mecklenburg  Moors,  A.  Gartner,  Arch.  Ver.  Meckl. ,  51, 
1897. 

The  "clay -ironstone"  of  Yorkshire,  England,  contains  gallium,  Hartley  and  Ramage,  Proc. 
Roy.  Soc.,  60,  35,  393,  1896. 

Siderotil.  A.  Sclirauf,  Jb.  G.  Reichs.,  41,  380,  1892.  A  rare  iron  sulphate  occurring  in 
groups  of  divergent  needles  with  nielanterite  at  Idria,  Carniola.  Composition,  FeS04.5H2O, 
deduced  from  the  approximate  analysis:  SO3  34*3,  Fe-jO,  31-7,  FeO  30'0,  H2O  [34-0],  MgO  tr. 
=  100. 

SILICATES.— Discussion  of  constitution,  F.  W.  Clarke,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  125,  also  113. 

SILLIMANITE,  p.  498. — Experimental  investigation  of  conditions  of  formation  in  a  magma. 
Morozewicz,  Miu.  petr.  Mitth.,  18,  22,  1898. 

SILVER,  p.  19. — Occurs  at  Silver  Hill,  near  Livingston,  Davidson  Co.,  N.  C.,  Kunz,  Am  J. 
Sc.,  7,  242,  1899.  Also  in  groups  of  minute  crystals  at  the  Elkhoru  mine,  Jefferson  Co., 
Montana  (Pfd.). 

Sjogrufvite.  Igelstrom,  G.  For.  Forh.,  14,  309,  1892.  A  partially  investigated  mineral  from 
the  Sjo  mine,  Orebro,  Sweden.  Occurs  in  cavities  and  minute  veins  with  jacobsite.  Crystalline. 
Color  yellow;  blood-red  in  thin  layers.  Streak  yellow.  Dissolves  completely  in  cold  hydro- 


APPENDIX  I.  63 

chloric  acid  without  evolution  of  gas.    Analysis  gave:  As2O5  49*46,  Fe2O»  11'29,  MnO  27'26,  CaO 
3-01,  PbO  1-74,  HaO  6  81  =  10017.     It  is  related  to  arseuioplelte  (Min.,  p.  803). 

SKUTTERTJDITE,  p.  93. — Crystals  from  the  Turtmaunthal,  Switzerland,  show  the  forms:  a  (100), 
o  (111),  d  (110),  e  (210),  n  (211).  Analysis:  As  74-45,  8  0  72,  Bi  4'4C,  Co,3Ti  IG'47,  Fe  S'90,  gangue 
0-28  =  100-22.  Staudenmaier,  Zs.  Kr.,  20,  468,  1892. 

Bismutosmaltite  is  a  skutterudite  containing  bismuth.  Occurs  in  small  crystals,  a  and  o  or  a 
and  d.  Brittle.  EL  =  6.  G.  =  6 '92.  Luster  metallic.  Color  tin-white.  Streak  black.  Com- 
position, Co(As,Bi)3,  Analysis:  As  61 '59,  Bi  20 -17,  Sb  O'lC,  Co  1C'70,  Cu  0'69,  I^e  3'71,  S  0'05  = 
100 '07.  Occurs  with  other  bismuth  minerals  at  Zschorlau,  near  Schnecberg,  Saxony.  Frenzel, 
Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  16,  524,  1896. 

Nickel- shutter  udiie  is  a  variety  occurring  in  granular  form  in  the  Bullard's  Peak  distr.,  Grant 
Co.,  New  Mexico.  H.  =  5  ;  color  gray;  streak  black.  Analysis,  after  deducting  4*56  SiO9  and 
8-38  Ag  (native  silver),  yielded  :  As  78-10,  ITi  IS'80,  Co  5'9o,  Fe  O'CG  =  100.  This  corresponds  to 
RAs3  with  R  =  Ki :  Co  :  Fe  =  4  : 2  : 1.  Waller  and  Moses,  Scb.  Mines  Q.,  14,  49,  1892. 

SMITHSONITE,  p.  279. — A  variety  from  Boko,  Lower  California,  has  a  delicate  pink  color, 
G.=  3-874,  and  contains  39'02  p,  c.  ZuO,  10-25  OoQ,  £'36  MnO,  7°2C  MgO.  C.  H.  Warren,  Am. 
J.  Sc.,  6,  123,  1898. 

Analysis  of  the  "turkey-fat  ore"  of  Marion  Co.,  Arkansas,  gave  H.  N.  Stokes,  CdS  0'25. 
CdO  0-63,  etc.,Bull.  U.  8.  G.  Surv.,  90,  62,  ISPS. 

On  the  occurrence  of  lead  and  zinc  ores  in  Iowa,  A.  G.  Leonard,  Iowa  Geol.  Surv.,  6,  1896. 

SODA-BERZELIITE.— See  Berzeliitc. 

SODA-NITER,  p.  870.— On  the  morphology,  see  Wolff,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  715,  1895  ;  135,  1896. 

SODA-RICHTERITE.— See  AstocJiite  and  Richterite. 

SODALITE,  p.  428.— Anal. — Hastings  Co.,  Ontario,  etc.,  Luquer  and  Volckening,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
49,  465,  1895.  Dungannon,  Hastings  Co.,  Ontario,  Harrington,  ibid.,  48,  17,  1894.  From  the 
trachyte  of  Montesanto,  Italy,  Franco,  Zs.  Kr.,  25,  332,  1895. 

Reported  by  Osann  as  occurring  in  the  nephelite-syenite  of  Paisano  Pass,  Davis  Mts.,  Texas, 
Geol.  Surv.  Texas,  4th  Ann.  Rep.,  128,  1892. 

On  the  formation  of  some  twenty-five  analogous  compounds,  Thugutt  [Inaug.  Diss.,  Dorpat, 
1891],  Zs.  auorg.  Ch.,  2,  65,  113,  1892,  also  Jb.  Min.,  2,  10  ref.,  1893. 

Experimental  investigation  of  conditions  of  formation  in  a  magma  (also  for  related  species), 
Morozewicz,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  18,  128,  1898. 

SPANGOLITE,  p.  919. — Associated  with  connellite,  clmoclasite,  iiroconite  from  Cornwall  (prob- 
ably the  St.  Day  distr.,  Redruth  ?) ;  in  hemimorphic.  hexagonal  crystals  pyroeiectric  Miers 
Nature,  48,  426,  1893,  and  Min.  Mag.,  10.  273;  1894. 

1, 

SPERRYLITE,  p.  92. — Crystals  from  the  Vermillion  mine  show  the 
diploid  (10-5-2),  T.  L.  Walker,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  1,  110,  1896. 

Occurrence  and  crystals  (Fig.  1  by  G.  H.  Edwards)  described,  from 
Macon  Co,,  N.  Carolina,  Hidden,  Am.  J.  Sc,,  6,  381..  467;  1898. 

SPILEROSTILBITE,  p.  583. — Prior  shows  that  the  supposed  mineral  of 
Beudant  probably  has  no  existence.  Specimens  from  various  localities 
called  by  this  name  proved  to  be  thomsonite,  not  stilbite.  Min.  Mag., 
12,  26,  1898. 

SPHALERITE,  pp.  59,  1048. — Cryst. — Binnenthal,  new  form  316, 
Cesaro,  Bull.  Acad.  B<<lg.,  25,  88,  1893 ;  also  earlier  618  (or  618),  idem, 
Ann.  Soc.  G.  Belg.,  17,  237,  1890.  Kis-Almas,  Hungary,  new  form 
(10-10-1),  Franzenau,  Zs.  Kr.,  27,  95,  1896  Galena,  111.,  new  form  (775),  ;  Sperrylite 

Hobbs,    Bull.    Univ.  Wisconsin,    1,   134,  1895,   and   Zs.   Kr.;   25,   268 

Harz  Mts.,  Luedecke,  Miu    d.  Harzes,   53    1896.     Val  Trompia,   Bovegno,  Artiui,  Rend.   1st. 
Lombardo,  30,  1526,  1897. 

Analysis  of  "  scbalenblende  :  from  Mies,  Bohemia,  with  1  02  p.  c.  cadmium,  Becke,  Min.  petr, 
Mitth.,  14,  278,  1894. 

Peelwood,  N.  S.  W.,  contains  gallium  and  indium,  Kirkland,  Austr.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  4,  266, 
1892. 

A  variety  (Cornwall?)  containing  9'29  p.  c.  Fe  has  perfect  metallic  luster,  Miers,  Min.  Mag., 
12,  111,  1899. 

SPINEL,  pp.  220, 1048.— Experimental  investigation  of  the  cond'tionsof  formation  in  a  magma, 
Morozewicz,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  18,  22,  1898 


64 


APPENDIX  I. 


SPODIOSITE,  p.  777.—  Crystals  from  Nordmark.  Sweden,  examined  by  G.  Nordenskiold  were 
ortuorhombic  with  the  for  ins  :  a  (100),  b  (010).  c  (001),  m  (110),  d  (102),  e  (021).  p  (111),  q  (->54)?, 
r  (854)?.  Axes  deduced  />  :  b  •  c  =  0-8944  :  1  :  1-5836;  bm  =  M8°  ll'-4,  c?>  =  *67°  10'  '2.  Analysis 
on  material  much  decomposed  gave  (of.  anal.,  p.  777):  PaO6  296-3.  CaO  45'84,  MgO  8  '56, 
A12O3  4-  FeaOs  2-38,  SiO2  8'74,  HaO  3'7<5,  F  2'94  =  101  84.  The  formula  deduced  is 
w»Cu3PaO8  +  ?iCuFa.  G.  For.  For').,  15,  400,  1893. 


STANNITE,  p.  83.  —  Tetrahedral  crystals  are  mentioned  by  vom  Rath,  Vh.  Ver.  Rheinl.  ,  41, 
23'5,  1884;  also  Stelzuer  (from  Bolivia),  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  49,  97,  1897. 

Shown  by  Headden  to  occur  at  the  ''Peerless  and  Etta  mines,  Black  Hills,  S.  Dakota,  Am.  J. 
Be.,  45,  105,  1893.  Analysis  (Peerless  mine)  gave  :  S  28'26,  811  24'08,  Cu  29  81,  Fe  7'45,  Zn  8'71. 
CM  0-33,  Sb  tr.,  insol.  1  51  =  lOO'lo.  G.  =  4  534;  color  grayish  black.  Largely  altered  by 
oxidation  to  a  greenish  earthy  mass  ;  this  substance  has  been  made  by  Ulke  (Trans.  Am.  Inst. 
Mug.  Eng.,  21,  240.  Feb.,  1892)  the  basis  of  a  new  species,  citprocassiterite,  supposed  (as  the  result 
of  a  partial  analysis)  to  have  the  formula,  4SnO2  -j-  Cu2Sn(OH)3.  Headden  shows,  however,  thut 
the  composition  varies  widely. 

STAUROLITE,  p.  558.  —  Penfield  and  Pratt,  on  the  basis  of  new  analyses  (below)  on  pure  material, 
have  established  the  formula  HAUFeSiaOis,  or  (AlO)4(AlOH)Fe(SiO4)2.  Sections  of  crystals  from 
Lisbon,  N.  H.,  show  a  regular  arrangement  of  carbonaceous  inclusions,  thus  Figs.  1  to  4,  cut 
from  the  same  crystal. 

1.  2.  3.  4. 


G. 

1.  St.  Got  hard  3 '748 

2.  Windharn,  Me.       3  728 

3.  Lisbon,  N.  H.        3-775 

4.  Burnsville,  N.  C.    3  773 

The  composition  has  also  been  discussed  by  Rammelsberg,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.-Bd.,  9,  480,  and 
Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  435.  1893. 


SiOa 

A1203 

Fe203 

FeO 

MuO 

MgO 

H2O 

27-73 

53-29 

2-83 

11  21 

053 

1-81 

2-19  = 

99-59 

27-84 

54-46 

283 

10-60 

0-59 

1-85 

2-24  = 

10041 

27-81- 

54-09 

2-76 

12-48 

— 

1.92 

1-70  = 

100-76 

27-70 

53-22 

4-82 

9-72 

0-34 

266 

1-97  = 

100-43 

415.  —  Further  examined  by  Moberg  (Zs.  Kr.t  29,  386,  1898)  with   the 
stallization   rhombohedral,   axis  c  =  l'0842.   cr  —  *51°  23',  rr'  =  85°  10'. 


STEENBTIIUPINE,  p. 
following  results:     Crystallizati 

Forms  :  c  (0001),  a  (1120),  p  (.5059),  r  (1011),  z  (4041),  e  (0113),  e  (Oll2),  /(0445),  d  (0221),  £  (0881). 
Habit  rhombohedral,  r  predominating.  Cleavage  none.  Fracture  conchoidal.  H.=  4.  G.=  3'40 
-3  47  cryst.  ;  3'19  massive.  Luster  resinous  Color  dark  brown  to  nearly  black.  Streak  brown. 
Optically  —  .  Birefringence  low.  By  alteration  isotropic.  Analyses  by  Blomstrand,  1  on 
crystals  and  2,  3  on  massive  material  ;  all  somewhat  altered,  the  crystals  least  so.  About  one- 
third  of  the  water  goes  off  at  100°  to  110°. 


SiOa  (Ta,Nb)2O5  P2O5  ThOa  CeaO3  (La,Di)aO,  YaO,  FeaO,  Mn2Oa 

1.  26-57          1-21         5-81      3'03     14'40  ~1?90  4"55        1'82 

SiO2  (Ta,Nb)2O6  P2O5  ThOa  CeOa  (La,Di)8O3  YaO3  Fe2O,  MnaO,  A1,O8 

2.  20-61          1  58         4-53      3*84    17'85          15'52         2'19      5'18         5'79      0'40 

3.  21-30          1-02         4-39     4'13    19'40          16'68         1'68    .  4'91          6'80      0'60 


BeO 
1-22 
1-93 


CaO    PbO    NaaO 

4-03     0-46       8-34 
KaO  0-50,  H2O  7-58  =  99'07 

CaO  PbO  Nu2O  H2O 

4-22    1-02    2-53     12'73  =    99-21 

455    0-78    2-54    10  30  =  lOl'Ol 


STEPHANITE,  pp.  143,  1025,  1048. — Cryst, — Sarrabus,  Sardinia,  crystal  monograph,  new 
forms  noted:  (510)?,  (230),  (O'5'll)?,  (818),  (18'5'5),  (13-4-4),  (7-11-9),  (372),  (141),  (S-10'l),  (161). 
Ariini,  Giorn.  Min.,  2,241,  1891.  Pribram,  cryst.  memoir,  new  forms:  N  (522),  r3  (441).  7<2 
(9-13-18)?,  z!3  (8-33-16)?,  Nejdl,  Ber.  Bdhrn.  Ges.,  Feb.  8,  1895.  Harz  Mts.,  Luedecke,  Min.  d. 
Harzes,  168,  1896.  Chili,  new  forms  (551),  (10'10'3),  L.  J.  Spencer,  Mm.  Mag.,  11,  196,  1897. 

Stevensite. — See  Talc. 

Stibiotantalite.  G.  A.  Goyder,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  63,  1076,  1893.  A  mineral  substance,  occurring 
in  water-worn  fragments  in  the  tin- bearing  sands  of  Greenbushes,  West  Australia.  Analysis  on 
nearly  pure  mateiial  gave:  Ta2O5  51 '13,  NbaO8  7'56,  SbaO8  40'23,  Bi2O3  0  82,  NiO  0  08,  H..OO  08= 
99'90.  G.  —  7  37.  H.=  5-55.  Luster  adamantine  to  resinous.  Color  pale  reddish  yellow  to 
greenish  yellow  and  yellow.  Fracture  subconchoidal  to  granular.  Structure  crystalline. 

STIBNITE,  pp.  36,  1048.— Cryst.— Celine,  Italy,  Artiui,  Rend.  Accad.  Line.,  3  (2),  416,  1894. 
Allchar,  Macedonia,  Viba,  Ber.  Ak.  Bohm.  Dec.  7,  1894.  Schlaining,  Hungary,  new  forms 


APPENDIX  1.  65 

b  (034),  a  (10-9-15),  to  (12-19  3),  s  (40-19-10),  r  (563),  A.  Schmidt,  Zs.  Kr.,  29,  196,  1897.  Brixlegg, 
Tyrol,  Worobieff,  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  52,  1899. 

Heat  conductivity  measured,  F.  B.  Peck,  Zs.  Kr.,  27,  316,  1896. 

STILBITE,  p.  583.— Crystals  from  the  Tulferthnl,  Tyrol,  described,  Habert,  Zs,,  Kr.,  28,  243, 
1897. 

Change  in  physical  and  chemical  characters  brought  about  by  the  action  of  sulphuric  acid, 
Rinue,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  41,  1897.  The  name  metadesmme  (p.  58)  is  given  to  the  forms  resulting  from 
more  or  less  complete  dehydration;  the  chemical  and  physical  changesare  found  to  go  on  together 

See  Sphcerostilbite. 

STILPNOMELANE,  p.  658. — Occurs  at  the  Wallbridge  mine,  Madoc,  Hastings  Co.,  Ontario; 
Also  on  Partridge  Is.,  Nova  Scotia.  Hoffmann,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  7,  15R. 

STOLZITE,  p.  989. — Crystals  from  Loudville,  Mass.,  described  by  Emerson  are  hemihedral  with 
the  forms:  (120),  (130),  (101),  (111),  (131),  (342).  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  Surv  ,  126,  163,  1895. 

Crystals  from  the  Broken  Hill  mines,  New  South  Wales,  described  by  C.  Hlawatsch,  show 
the  new  forms;  a  (100),  £1  (I'O'IO)  ?,  a-  (109),  T  (103),  o  (102),  rf  (203),  h  (304),  6  (201),  n  (133), 
A  (155).  Axis  c  --  1  5606.  Optically  -.  Indices  &?„  =  2'2685,  ey  =  2-182.  Analysis  by  Treadwell. 
Zs.  Kr.,  29,  i:  0,  1897. 

On  rounded  faces,  etching-figures,  etc.,  Hlawatsch,  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  1,  1899. 

STRIGOVITE,  p.  659. — Analysis,  Grand  Marais,  Minn.,  Berkey  23d  Ann.  R^p't  Minn.  G.  Surv., 
p.  197. 

STROMEYERITE,  pp.  56,  1048.— Occurs  at  the  Silver  King  mine,  Toad  Mt.,  Yale  district,  Br. 
Columbia  (anal,  by  Johnston),  Hoffmann,  Rep.  G.  Canada.  8,  13R,  1895. 

STHONTIANITE,  pp.  285,  1048. — Occurs  in  Nep°an  township,  Carleton  Co.,  Ontario,  Hoffmann, 
Rep.  G.  Canada,  6,  22R,  30R,  1892-93  At  Lubna,  near  Rakouitz,  Bohemia,  Eichleiter,  Vh.  G. 
Reichs.,  297,  1S98. 

SUCCINITE,  p.  1004  — See  investigations  on  succinite  and  related  resins  by  Dahms,  Schrift.  Ges. 
D;mzig,  8,  Nos.  3-4,  p.  97,  1892;  9,  No.  2,  1,  1895.  Also  Aweng  [Arch.  f.  Pharm.,  232,  660, 
1894],  Jb.  Min.,  2,  254  ref.,  1896;  Helm  [ibid.,  233,  191,  1895],  Jb.  Min.,  2,255,  1896.  Also  Mono- 
graph, d.  bultKsch.  Bernsteinbaume,  H.  Conwentz,  Danzig,  1890. 

See  also  allingite,  burmite,  cedarite,  etc. 

Sulfoborite.     See  Sulphoboritc. 

Sulphoborite.  Sulfoborit,  H.  Naupert  and  W.  Wense,  Ber.  Ch.  Ges.  26,  874,  1893.  H. 
Sucking,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  967,  1893. 

Orthorhombic.  Axes  cub:  c  =  0'6196  :  1 :  0'8100.  Observed  forms  :  b  (010),  c  (001),  m  (110), 
r  (101),  o  (111).  Angles:  mm'"  =  63°  34',  oo'  =  *90°  53',  ooiv  =  *66°  4',  oo"  =  113°  56', 
oo'"  =  52°  24'.  In  small  prismatic  crystals  of  varying  habit. 

Cleavage  :  m  rather  perfect ;  c  less  so.  Brittle.  H.  =4.  G.  =  2'38-2'45  Naupert  and  Wense  ; 
2*416  Thaddeeff,  also  clear  cryst.  2  440.  Luster  dull  on  c.  Colorless  or  reddish  on  the  exterior 
(Fe2O3).  Transparent.  Optically  -  .  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bxa  j_  c.  2Har  =  79°  36',  2IIoy  =  85°  4'  Na. 
.-.  fa  =  1-5396,  also  ay  =  1-5272.  r  =  1  '5443. 

Composition,  2MgSO4.4MgHBO3.7HaO  Thaddeeff;  Naup-rt  and  Wenee  obtained  3M£rSO4, 
2Mg3B4O9  -f  12H2O.  Analyses,  1,  Naupert  and  Wense  ;  2  Thaddeeff,  Zs.  Kr  ,  28,  264,  1897. 

•SOs          BaO3     MgO     H2O 

1.  21-95(|)     T2364]     32'91     21 -50  =  100 

2.  22-46  19  79     33  48    23'43  (ign.),  HaO  0-10  (110°-1700),  FeaO3  O'll,  insol.  0'32  =  99'69 

B.B.  fuses  with  intumescence,  coloring  the  flame  green;  reacts  for  sulphur  with  soda  on  char- 
coal. Dissolves  rather  readily  in  mineral  acids. 

From  the  salt  mines  of  Westeregeln.  where  it  occurs  with  anhydrite,  carnallite,  kieserite, 
celestite,  eisenboracite,  etc. 

SULPHOHALITE,  p.  917. — Van't  Hoff  and  Snunders  suggest  doubts  as  to  the  existence  of  this 
species  on  the  insufficient  grounds:  (1)  since  they  failed  to  obtain  it  synthetically;  and  (2)  since 
specimens  furnished  as  sulphohalite  by  a  dealer  proved  to  be  simply  halite.  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  p. 


66  APPENDIX  L 

392,  1898.     Penfield,  however,  has  examined  (priv.  contr.)  the  original  specimen  and  finds  it  to  be 
homogeneous  and  to  contain  both  sulphate  and  chloride  of  sodium.    A  new  analysis  will  be  made. 

SULPHUR,  pp.  8,  1048. — Cryst. — Milo  ;  Roisdorf,  new  form  /  (151) ;  Bassick,  rj  (553);  Coinil, 
near  Cadiz,  twins,  tw.  pi.  (101),  Busz,  Zs.  Kr.,  20,  558  et  seq.,  1892.  Allchar,  Macedonia,  new 
form  k  (122),  Pelikau,  Miii.  petr.  Milth.,  12,  344,  1892;  also  Vrba,  Ber  Ak.  Bohm.,  Dec.  7, 
1894.  Schlainiug,  Hungary,  occurriug  with  stibnite,  Schmidt,  Zs.  Kr.,  29,  207,  1897.  Buggeru, 
Surdiuia,  new  forms,  0  (305),  u,  (319),  A  (155),  Millosevich,  Riv.  Min.  Ital.,  21,  43,  1898. 

Occurs  in  the  Upper  Helderberg  limestone  of  Monroe  Co.,  Mich.,  Sherzer,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  50, 
246,  1895.  Occurrence  in  Texas,  E.  A. 'Smith,  Science,  3,  May  1,  1896. 

Method  of  formation,  of  the  third  allotropic  form  (monoclinic),  Salomon,  Zs.  Kr.,  30,  605,  1899. 

Sundtite.     W.  C.  Brogger,  Zs.  Kr.,  21,  193,  1893.— See  Andorite. 


SVABITE,  p.  1052.— Further  described  by  Hj.  Sjogren,  G.  For.  Forh.,  13, 
i,   1891  ;    17,  313,  1895 ;   Bull.   G.  Inst.   Upsala,    1,  50,   1892.      Occurs  well 
crystallized    at    the    Harstig    mine,    Pajsberg ;    also    in    minute    crystals,    but 


usually  massive,  at  the  Jakobsberg  mine,  near  Nordmark,  Sweden.  Composi- 
tion essentially  Ca4(CaF)As3Oi2,  or  analogous  to  that  of  apatite,  with  which  it 
agrees  in  form  ;  F  partly  replaced  by  Cl  and  (OH),  Ca  partly  by  Pb,  Mg  and 
alkalies.  Analyses,  R.  Mauzelius,  quoted  by  Sjogren,  Bull.  G.  Inst.  Upsala,  1, 
54 :  1,  G.  =  3-77  ;  2,  G.  =  3'82. 

As2O6  P2O5  CaO    PbO  FeO  MnO  MgO  NaaO  KaO  SO,     Cl       F      HaO 

!     l.Jakobsberg    51'05    0'38    42'07    3'02    0'08    0'26    0'52    0'56    0'30    0'69    0'12    1'99    0-25  =  101'29 

^--^   2.  "  5092     tr.     37-22    4'52    0'14    0'19    3'90    0'39    0'28    0'57    0'08    2'SO    0'33  =  101'34 

Svabite. 

Svabite  appears  to  belong  distinctly  to  the  Apatite  Group;  its  relationship  is 
shown  not  only  in  the  similarity  of  angle,  but  also  in  the  symmetry  of  the  form  as  indicated  by 
traces  of  a  hexagonal  prism  of  the  third  order  (cf.  Fig.). 

SYLVANITE,  p.  103. — From  Nagyag,  Vrba,  Ber.  Ak.  BGhm  ,  Dec.  7,  1894. 
Occurs  at  Kalgoorlie,    West  Australia.     G.  =  8'14,    Ag  =  3-82  p.    c.     Frenzel,    Min.  petr 
Mitth.,  17,  288,  1897. 

Occurs  at  Cripple  Creek,  Colorado.     See  Calavcrite,  .Krennerite,  and  Goldschmidlite. 

SYLVITE,  pp.  156,  1036,  1049. — Refractive  indices  for  long  waves,  Rubens  and  Snow,  Wied. 
Ann.,  46,  529,  1892. 

Dispersion  and  absorption  in  infra-red,  Rubens  and  Trowbridge,  Wied.  Ann.,  60,  724,  1897. 
and  Am.  J.  Sc.,  5,  33,  1898. 

Stassfurt,  analysis  by  W.  Schimpff,  Zs.  Kr.,  25,  92,  1895. 

SYNGENITE,  p.  945. — Optical  constants  determined,  Mtigge,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  266,  1895. 

TACHHYDRITE,  p.  178. — Discussion  of  conditions  of  formation  and  of  alteration,  van't  Hoff  and 
Meyerhoffer,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  508,  1897. 

On  the  synthesis  of  isomorphous  compounds,  A.  de  Schulten,  Bull.  Soc.  Ch.,  17,  165,  1897. 

TALC,  p.  678. — From  the  dolomite  of  Canaan,  Conn.,  rose-colored,  analysis  by  L.  Kahlenberg- 
SiOa  61-48,  AUO,  3'04,  MgO  25'54,  CaO  4'19,  FeO  0'77,  MnO  tr.t  HaO  5'54  =  100'56.  See 
Hobbs,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  45,  404,  1893. 

On  the  origin  (from  enstatite  and  tremolite)  of  the  fibrous  talc  of  northern  New  York,  C.  H. 
Smyth,  Sch.  Mines  Q.,  17,  333,  1896  ;  see  Am.  Geol.,  10,  44,  1892. 

Talc,  pseudomorphous  after  pectolite,  has  been  called  stevemite  by  Leeds,  cf.  Chester,  Diction- 
ary Names  Minerals,  257,  1896. 

A  fibrous  variety  perhaps  pseudomorphous  has  been  called  beaconite  by  L.  W.  Hubbard,  Rep't 
State  Bd.  Geol.  Surv.  Michigan,  1891-92,  p.  171  (Lansing,  1893).  Resembles  asbestus;  /5  =  1-5- 
1-6;  2V  =  60°  (Lane).  G.  =  2 '74-2 "88.  Analysis  gave  Packard:  SiO,  59'72,  FeaO3,FeO  8'67, 
MnO  0-64,  MgO  26'42,  ign.  4'13  =  99'58;  formula  deduced  H3(Mg,Fe)3(SiO4)3.  From  the 
Champion  mine,  Beacon  P.  O.,  Michigan. 

A  magnesium  silicate  near  talc  in  composition  occurs  in  irregular  veins  and  streaks  of  a  bright 
blue  color  in  silver-bearing  limestone  near  Silver  City,  New  Mexico.  As  separated  it  is  dull, 
earthy,  resembling  vivianite.  An  analysis  gave:  SiO3  62-43,  MgO  28'53,  ign.  6'47,  AlaO3  025, 
FeO  0-99,  Na,O  0'14,  K2O  0-16  =  98'97.  R.  L.  Packard,  Proc.  Nat.  Mus.,  17,  19,  1894.  This 
mineral  has  been  called  native  ultramarine. 

Talkknebelite,  Talc-knebelite.     L.  J.  Igtlstrom,  Jb.  Miu.,  1,  248,  1890.— See  Knebelite. 


APPENDIX  I. 


67 


TANTALITE,  pp.  731  et  seq. — Crystals  from  Paris,  Me.,  with  G.  =  7 '26,  agree  closely  with 


columbite  in  angles  (Fig.  1);  forms  a,  b,  c,  m,  d  (730),  g  (130),  o  (111),  n  (163), 
C.  H.  Warren,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  6,  123,  1898.  These  results  show  the  correctness 
of  the  position  taken  in  Dana's  Miu.  (1.  c.)  in  regard  to  the  relation  of  true 
tantalite  and  columbite,  as  also  of  the  former  to  "skogbolite  "  and  "ixiolite." 
Brogger  has  now  proved,  further,  that  the  supposed  orthorhombic  iron  tanta- 
lite (skogbolite  of  Nordenskiold),  which  most  authors  have  vainly  tried  to 
bring  into  correspondence  in  form  with  columbite,  is  in  fact  tetragonal  and 
identical  with  tapiolite.  The  crystals  (Figs.  1,  2,  Min.,  p.  736)  are  twins  elon- 
gated parallel  to  e  (101)  as  tw.  plane  (r  =  111,  etc.).  In  axial  ratio  and  habit 
they  correspond  to  mossite  (this  Append.,  p.  48).  Vid.  Skrift.  I,  Math.-nat. 
Klasse,  No.  7,  1897,  Christiania.  See  also  Tapiolite. 

Analysis  from  Finland,  Khrushchev,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  31,  415,  1894. 

See  also  Mossite. 


g- 


TAPIOLITE,   p.   738.— Crystals,   in  part  twins    (Figs.  1,  2),  with  G.  =  7*67-7-68,  occur  at 

Topsham.  Me.,  C.  H.  Warren,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  6,  121, 

1.  2.  1898.      The  twins  are  elongated  1  e  (tw.  pi.),  simi- 

larly to  some  rutile,  cf>  Min.,  p.  1047.  Similar 
twins  exist  with  the  tapiolite  of  Norway  formerly 
called  tantalite  (skogbolite),  see  Tantalite. 

Taraspite. — A  variety  of  dolomite  from  Tarasp, 
Switzerland,  apparently  the  same  as  miemite  (Min., 
p.  271),  cf.  C.  v.  John,  Vh.  G.  Reichs.,  67,  1891. 

Taylorite. — This  name  (already  in  use,  Min.,  p. 
895)  has  been  given  by  W.  C.  Knight  (Eng.  Mng. 
J.,  63,  600,  1897)  to  an  unctuous,  greenish-yellow  to 
cream-colored  clay  with  G.  =  2*132;  composition 
variable.  Forms  beds  in  the  Cretaceous  shales  of 
Rock  Creek,  Albany  Co.,  Wyoming. 


Tapiolite,  Topsham,  Me. 


TENNANTITE,  pp.  137,  1049.— A  massive  variety  occurs  at  the  Mollie  Gibson  mine,  Aspen, 
Colorado,  associated  with  polybasite  (see  p.  54,  this  "Appendix).  Analysis.  Penfield  :  (G.  —  4'56), 
S  25-04,  As  17-18,  Sb  0'13,  Cu  35*72,  Ag  13'65,  Zn  6-90,  Fe  0'42,  Pb  0'86  =  99-90.  Also  stated 
to  occur  near  Central  City  and  at  the  Freelaud  lode  and  Crocett  mine,  Idaho  Springs,  Colorado. 
Penfield  and  Pearce,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  44,  18,  1892. 

Occurs  in  Barrie  township,  Frontenac  Co.,  Quebec,  Hoffmann,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  6,  28R,  1892-3. 
Also  at  the  Avoca  claim,  Bonaparte  river,  Lillooet  distr.,  3r.  Columbia,  ibid.,  9,  13R,  1896. 

See  also  Binnite ;  which  is  stated  to  be  identical  with  tennantite. 

TETRADTMITE,  p.  39. — Analyses  by  W.  Muthmann  and  E.  Schr5der,  of  specimens  from 
Orawitza  and  Schubkau  give  the  same  composition,  Bi2(Te,S)3  or  2Bi2Tes.Bi3S3.  Zs.  Kr.,  29, 140, 
1897.  Analyses  below  after  deducting  gangue,  in  1,  11  p.  c.;  in  2,  0'5  p.  c. 

Occurs  with  altaite  and  hessite  near  Liddell  creek,  Kaslo  river,  West  Kootanie,  Br.  Columbia, 
Hoffmann,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  8,  10R,  1895.  Analysis  by  Johnston  (3  below  after  deducting  3'5  p.  c. 


quartz). 

1.  Orawitza 

2.  Schubkau 

3.  Br.  Columbia 


G             Te  Se       S            Bi 

I    35-43  —  4-49  59-14  =  99-06 

7-095    |    35-43  tr.  4-31  60*23  =  99-97 

37-29  tr.  4-45  53'69    Pb  3'63,  Ag  0'94,  Tl  tr.  =  100. 


Tetragophosphite.  L.  J.  Igehtrom,  Zs.  Kryst.,  25,  433,  1895.  A  supposed  new  phosphate 
resembling  lazulite,  occurring  at  Horrsjoberg  in  a  quartzose  rock  carrying  cyanite.  In  four-sided 
tabular  crystals  ;  color  bright  blue;  transparent.  Two  analyses  gave  somewhat  discordant  results: 

P206  AlaO3  FeO,MuO         Mg.CaO  H2O 


36-92 
33-64 


40-00 
41-81 


9-51 
9-51 


Mg.CaO 
7 '50 
6*54 


5-96  =    99-89 
8  30  =  100 


TETRAHEDRITE,  p.  137.— Crystals  from  Framont  described  with  new  forms,  (771),  (H'11'2), 
(21-20-20),  Brunlechner  [Inaug.  Diss.,  Strnssburg,  1892],  Zs.  Kr.,  24,  628,  1895. 

A  variety  containing  lead  (9*38  p.  c.  Pb)  occurs  at  the  Antelope  claim,  West  Kootanie,  Br. 
Columbia  (anal,  by  Johnston),  Hoffmann,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  7,  12R,  1894.  Occurs  also  (3'09  p.  c. 
Ag)  near  Sicamons,  Shuswap  Lake,  Br.  Columbia,  Hoffmann,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  5,  65R,  1889-90. 
With  gold  ores  of  California,  Turner  and  Lindgren,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  49,  379,  1895. 

Specific  heat  determined,  also  of  other  sulphur  compounds,  A.  Sella.  Nachr.  Ges.  GOttingen, 
311,  1891. 


68  APPENDIX  I. 

Thalenite.     Benedicks,  G.  F5r.  Forh.,  20,  308,  1898. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  a  :  b  :  c  =  1-154  :  1  :  0  602  ;  ft  =  80'2°.  Forms  :  a  (100),  b  (010),  c  (001), 
m(110),f(Q21),«(llfy  d  (lit),  &  (311).  Angles  :  am  =  48'7°,  a'd  =  73°  0',  6d  =  55'7°.  Crystals 
tabular  f  a,  in  part  prismatic  ||  c. 

Cleavage  none.  Fracture  uneven  to  splintery.  Brittle.  H.  =  6'5.  G.  -=  4'227.  Color  fiYsh- 
red.  Optically—.  Ax.  pi.  nearly  1  c.  Bxa  1  a(100).  Indices  for  Na,  a  =  1'73  12,  0=1-7375, 
r  =  1-7436.  2Ha.y  =  81°  36',  .  •  2Va  y  =  67°  35'. 

Composition,  H2Y4Si4OJ5  or  HaC.2Y«O3.4SiOa.  Analyses:  1,  of  fresh  material;  2,  of  weathered 
material. 


SiO2      Y2<V    FeaO3  Al3O3(BeO)     CaO      MgO      Na2O     SnO  H2O  COa  Xb 

1      29-88       63-35      030            0-45           0'49       021        026      0'23  2'08  1'04  140=-    9969 

2.     27-69       58-58       1-51            0'35           2'19       0'40        1-07      0'22  270  3'33  2  50  =  100  '53 

«RaO3  =  245-3      bHelium,  etc. 

The  numbers  given  are  the  mean  of  two  to  five  determinations. 

Occurs  with  fluocerite  at  Osterby  in  Dalecarlia,  Sweden.  Named  after  Prof.  R.  Thaleu. 
Related  to  yttrialite  (Miu.,  p.  512),  rowlandite  (p.  1047),  etc. 

THALITE,  p.  682.  —  Examined  by  N.  H.  Winchell  (anal.,  Pease),  Amer.  Geol.,  23,  41,  1899. 

THAUMASITE,  p.  698.  —  From  West  Paterson,  N.  J.,  described  by  Penfield  and  Pratt.  Occurs 
in  trap  associated  with  pectolite,  apophyllite,  and  various  zeolites.  Forms  a  loose  aggregate  of 
prismatic  crystals  (hexagonal).  G.  =  1-875-1-887.  Color  white.  Index  ny  =  l*5125Na.  Anal- 
ysis: 

SiOa  CO,  S03  CaO  H2O  Na2O          K2O 

(|)    9-26  6-82  13-44  27'13  42'77  0'39  <H8  =  99'99 

This  agrees  closely  with  earlier  results.  As  regards  the  water,  13  molecules  go  off  at  150°  and 
are  regarded  as  being  water  of  crystallization,  hence  the  formula  [(CaOH)CO2].[(CaOH)SO3]. 
[(CaOH)HSi04]  -f-  13H2O.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  1,  229,  1896. 

Also  described  by  Backstrom  from  Skottvaug,  Nykopiug,  Sweden;  associated  with  apophyl- 
lite, G.  For.  Forh.,  19,  307,  1897. 

See  also  note  by  Pisaui,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  19,  85,  1896. 

THENARDITE,  p.  895.  —  Psendomorphs  after  mirabilite  from  Aussee  in  the  Salzkammergut  ure 
described  by  Pelikau;  also  pyram'dal  crystals  r  (111)  with  the  new  forms  0(113)  and  u  (130); 
these  yield  the  mean  axial  ratio,  a  :  b  :  c  =  0-5970  :  1  :  1-2541.  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  12,  476,  1891. 

THOMBONITE,  pp.  607,  1050.—  Crystals  from  the  Tulferthal,  Tyrol,  described,  Habert,  Zs.  Kr., 
28,  254,  1897. 

See  also  Bagotite  and  Lintonite. 

THORITE,  pp.  488,  1050.  —  Crystals  from  Arendal,  described  with  c  (001),  Hamberg,  G.  For. 
Fftrh.,  16,  327,  1894. 

Occurs  in  granite  of  the  Trotter  mine,  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J.,  Kemp,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad. 
Sc.,  13,  76,  1893. 

Tiffanyite.  G.  F.  Kunz,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  14,  260,  1895.  A  name  proposed  for  a 
hydrocarbon  assumed  to  be  present  in  certain  diamonds,  namely,  those  which,  on  this  account, 
exhibit  fluorescence  and  phosphorescence.  The  substance  apparently  has  a  bluish-white  color. 

Tilasite,  Fluor-  Adelite.  //.  tyogren,  G.  For.  Forh.,  17,  291,  1895.  Massive,  granular. 
Oleavage  in  one  direction  (  A)  distinct,  in  three  others  (B,  C,  D]  less  so.  G.  —  3*28.  Luster  resinous, 
•m  cleavage-surfaces  vilreous.  Color  gray  with  a  tinge  of  violet.  A  section  ||  A  and  Bx0  shows 
che  ax.  plane  inclined  19°  to  B  and  28°  to  G. 

Composition  (MgF)CaAsO4  ,  or  analogous  to  adelite  (p.  1)  with  fluorine  instead  of  hydroxyl. 
Analysis,  Mauzelius: 

As305  P2O5     FeO     MnO       CaO        Me:O     Na2O     H2O        F         Cl 

50-91     tr.     014    0-16    25"32    18'22    0'29    0'28    8'24    0'02  =  103-58  less  (O  =  F)  3'47  =  100-11 

Occurs  at  Langban,  Sweden,  with  berzeliite  and  calcite  in  veins  in  the  manganiferous  (hausman- 
uite)  dolomitic  limestone.  Named  after  the  Swedish  mining  engineer,  Daniel  Tilas. 

TITANITE,  p.  712.  —  Crystals  from  Lauvitel,  Isere,  France,  show  the  new  forms  (S'3'20)  and 
(883),  Termier,  Bull.  Soc.  Miu.,  19,  81,  1896.  Crystals  from  Tyrol,  Wciuschenk,  Zs.  Kr.,  26, 
502,  18()6. 

Pyroelectriciiy  investigated,  Traube,  Jb  Min.,  Beil.-Bd.,  11,  209,  1897. 


APPENDIX  I.  69 

Occurs  as  a  prominent  constituent  of  the  "  titanite-gneiss  "  from  near  the  Brenner  Pass  in 
Tyrol,  Rodewyk,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  17,  544,  1897. 
Artificial  formation,  Michel,  C.  R.,  115,  830,  1892. 
See  also  Wept  unite. 

TOPAZ,  p.  492.— Cryst.— Alabashka,  new  form  (338),  Jeremejev,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.  St.  Pet.,  27, 
439,  1891,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  22,  74,  1893.  Ilmeii  Mts.,  new  forms  (290),  (580),  (415),  (10'3'13), 
(8-7-15),  (116)?,  and  others  doubtful,  Souheur,  Zs.  Kr.,  20,  232,  1892.  Japan,  Matthew,  Sch. 
Mines  Q.,  14,  53,  1892.  Japan  and  New  South  Wales,  Hahu,  Zs.  Kr.,  21,  334,  1893.  Mino, 
Japan,  T.  Hiki,  J.  Coll.  Sc.  Japnn,  9.  69,  1895.  Kohlerloh  quarry  near  Reenersreuth,  Fichtelee- 
birge,  forms  (9'9'20),  (1'1M2)?,  Bucking,  Ber.  Senckeuberg.  Ges.,  147,  1896.  Crystals  in  collec- 
tion of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  Eakle,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum,  21,  361,  1898. 

Investigation  of  inclusions,  Tolstopiatov,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.,  33,  289,  1895. 

Ilmeu  Mis.  and  Adun  Chalon,  optical  characters  determined,  Thaddeeff,  Zs.  Kr.,  23,  536,  1894. 

Occurs  abundantly  in  colorless  crystals  in  alluvial  sands  of  district  of  Bat.-mg  Padang,  Perak, 
Lacroix  and  Sol,  C.  R.,  123,  135,  1896.  Occurs  near  Palestine,  Texas,  in  rolled  crystals,  Kuuz, 
Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sc..  13,  144,  1894,  and  Am.  J.  Sc  ,  47,  403,  1894. 

Synthetic  experiments,  A.  Reich,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  105  (2),  105,  1896;  Mouatsh.  f.  Chemie,  17, 
149,  1896. 

By  a  series  of  accurate  analyses,  Pen  field  and  Minor  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  47,  387,  1894)  have  shown 
that  the  ratio  for  SiO2  :  A12O3 :  F  +  OH  is  constant,  viz.  =  1:1:2,  but  the  amounts  of  fluorine 
and  hydroxyl  vary  widely.  This  ratio  gives  the  formula  [Al(F,OH)]2SiO4  or  AI(F,OH)2AlSiO4. 
With  the  change  in  the  relative  amounts  of  fluorine  and  water  vary  also  the  specific  gravity,  crys- 
tallographic  axes,  and  optical  characters.  Crystals  from  the  Thomas  Range,  Utah,  contained 
almost  no  water  (0*19  p.  c.  with  20  37  F);  they  have  G.  =  3'565,  2Ey  —  125°  53'  and  y  —  a  — 
0-0104.  Crystals  from  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil,  gave  2'45  H2O  and  15'48  F;  for  tbem  G.  =  3'532, 
2E  =  84°  28'  and  y  —  a  =  O'OOSl.  Between  these  extremes  fall  crystals  from  Colorado,  Japan, 
Siberia,  Saxony,  Maine.  The  presence  of  water  has  also  been  determined  by  Jannasch  and  Locke, 
Zs.  aiiorg.  Ch.,  6,  168,  321,  1894,  and  Am.  J.  Sc.,  47,  386,  1894. 

TORBERNITE,  p.  856. — Etching-figures  indicate  monoclinic  symmetry  T.  L.  Walker,  Am.  J. 
Sc.,  6,  41,  1898. 

TOURMALINE,  pp.  551,  1050. — From  Elba,  monographs  on  the  crystallization  (new  forms 
(2'0'2-H)  and  (5'l'6'l))and  physical  characters,  especially  the  refractive  indices,  also  pleochroism, 
specific  gravity,  hardness,  etc.  G.  D'Achiardi,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  Mem.,  Pisa,  13,  229,  1894,  also 
Proc.  Verb.,  March  4,  1894,  and  15,  1896.  Isola  del  Giglio,  investigation  of  sections  ||  c,  showing 
zou*l  structure,  idem,  Anual.  Univ.  Tosc.,  22,  1897. 

Etching-figures  investigated,  Traube,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.-Bd.,  10,  460,  1896  ;  also  Walker,  Am.  J. 
Sc..  5,  178,  1898.  Secondary  enlargement  in  itncolumite,  Derby,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  5,  190,  1898. 

Dichroism  for  infra-red  waves,  E.  Merritt,  Wied.  Ann.,  55,  49,  1895. 

Anal.—  U  ml  ga,  Siberia,  Prendel,  Zs.  Kr.,  20,  93,  1892.  Kuhrau,  Bohemia,  Katzer;  also 
from  Beuitz,  Formanek,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  12,  420,  1892.  Nevada  Co.,  California,  W.  H. 
Melville,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  90,  39,  1892.  Caprera,  Fasolo  quoted  by  Lovisato,  Rend.  Accad. 
Line.,  4(1),  84,  1895. 

Occurrence  of  tourmaline  schists,  Belcher  Hill,  Colorado,  H.  B.  Patton,  Bull.  G.  Soc  Amer 
10,  ?i.  1899. 

Comp.— Pen  field  and  Foote  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  7,  97,  1899),  on  the  basis  of  two  new  analyses  of 
widely  different  varieties  (quoted  below)  which  were  carried  through  with  great  care  on  material 
of  absolute  purity,  and  also  after  a  discussion  of  many  other  trustworthy  analyses,  arrive  at  the 
conclusion  that  all  varieties  of  tourmaline  can  be  referred  to  the  aluminium-borosilicic  acid 
H»A13(B  OH)2Si4Oi».  More  simply  put,  the  acid  derived  is  H20Bi2Si4O2i,  the  ratio  of  H  :B2O3; 
SiO2  being  20  :  1  :  4.  The  constant  relation  between  the  boron  and  silicon  deduced  by  other  ana- 
lysts is  fully  confirmed.  Of  the  analyses  of  others  (for  the  most  part  quoted  in  Min.,  pp.  554,  555) 
the  si -ries  by  Riggs  agree  closely  with  the  above  ratio;  this  is  also  true  of  those  by  Jannasch  and 
Kalb;  the  analyses  by  Rammelsberg  are  (as  stated  by  him)  low  in  water  and  require  correction  for 
the  oxidation  of  the  iron.  Corrected  in  these  points  they  also  conform  to  the  above  ratio.  The 
new  analyses  by  Penfield  and  Foote  are  : 

G         SiO,  TiO,  BaO3  A12O3  FeO  MuO  MgO    CaO  NaaO   K2O   Li9O  H,O     F 

3.  DeKalb,  colorless  3'049  f  36'72  0'05  10'81  29'C8  0'22  —  14'92  3'49  1'26  0'05  —  2'98  0-93=101'11 

deduct  (F=  O)  0-39=100-?-3 

2.  Haddam  Neck,  green  3'089  f  36'96  0'03  ll'OO  39'56  2'14  2'00  0'15  1'28  2'10  —  1'64  3'10  ri3=101'09 

deduct  (F=  O)  0-48 =100  -61. 

The  composition  has  been  also  discussed  by  Kenngott,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  44,  1892,  and  by  Rheineck, 
Zs.  Kr.,  22,  52,  1893. 

TRIPHYLITE,  p.  756. — The  influence  of  varying  amounts  of  iron  and  manganese  in  triphylite 
and  lithiophilite  has  been  minutely  investigated"  by  Penfield  and  Pratt,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  50,  387,  1895. 


70  APPENDIX  I. 

Tripuhyite.     K  Hussak  and  G.  T.  Prior,  Mm.  Mag.,  11,  302,  1897 

In  fragments  in  gravel,  these  are  micro-crystalline  aggregates.    G.=5  82.    Color  dull  greenish 
yellow.     Streak  canary-yellow,     Translucent.     Refringeu.ce  and  birefringence  high.     Biaxial. 
Composition,  probably  2FeO.SbaO6.     Analysis,  Prior  . 

Sb2O6  FeO  CaO  SiO.  AlaO3  TiO, 

66-68  27-70  0'82  1'35  1-40  0'86  undet.  M9  =  100 

From  the  cinnabar-bearing  gravels  of  Tripuhy  near  Ouro  Preto,  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil.  Asso- 
ciated with  the  new  species  lewisite  and  de'-bylite  ;  also  xeuotime,  monazite  cyanite,  rutile,  hema- 
tite, magnetite,  etc. 

TROILITE,  pp.  72,  1051.— See  Pyrr7wtite. 

TSCHEFFKINITE,  p.  718. — On  th-e  occurrence  in  India,  see  Mallet,  Rec.  G.  Surv.  India,  25, 123, 
1892.  The  original  locality  is  shown  to  be  Kaujamalai  Hill  in  the  Salem  district,  Southern  India. 

TURQUOIS,  p.  844. — Analyses  from  New  Mexico  and  Persia,  Carnot,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  18, 
119,  1895. 

Occurs  in  the  Jarilla  Mts.,  Dona  Ana  Co.,  N.  M.,  Hidden,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  44,  400,  1893. 

TYROLITE,  p.  839. — Church,  working  again  upon  material  examined  in  1873  (J.  Ch.  Soc.,  27, 
108)  seems  to  prove  that  the  mineral  (from  Falkenstein  or  Libetheu?)  in  fact  contains  CaCO3 
(11  p.  c.)  as  an  essential  ingredient ;  of  the  total  watei  (15*68  p.  c.)  5*23  p.  c.  was  lost  in  vacuo 
aiid  2-40  at  100°  C.  Min.  Mag.,  11,  5,  1895. 

TYSONITE,  p.  166. — Analysis,  Colorado,  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  7,  51,  1899. 

A  partially  described  yttrium-calcium  fluoride  occurs  with  the  astrophyllite  of  W.  Cheyenne 
Canon,  El  Paso,  Colorado,  Geuth  and  Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  44,  386,  1892.  Granular,  crystalline, 
cleavable.  H.  =  4.  G.  =  4'316.  Color  white,  grayish  or  reddish  white.  Analysis  (Genth)  gave; 
(Y,Er)aO3  47-58  (at.  wght.  126),  CeO2  0'83,  (La,Di)2O3  1'55,  CaO  19  41,  ign.  1'57,  FeaO3,  F,  etc., 
undet.  The  formula  suggested  is  CaFa.(Y,Er,Ce,La,Di)F3. 

UINTAITE,  p.  1020. — For  description  of  the  occurrence  and  properties  of  this  hydrocarbon 
(also  called  gilsonite),  see  Locke,  Trans.  Am.  Mng.  E-ug.,  17,  162,  1888,  and  Eldridge,  U.  S.  G. 
Surv.,  17th  Ann.  Rep.,  Part.  I,  pp.  915-945,  1896. 

URANINITE,  p.  889.  —  The  varieties  cleveite  and  broggerite  yield  helium  (and  other  gases), 
Ramsay,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.,  58,  65,  81,  1895  ;  59,  325,  1896.  Also  Ramsay  and  Travers,  ibid.,  60, 
443,  1897.  Lockyer,  ibid.,  58,  67,  113,  116,  192,  193;  59,  4,  1895;  59,  342,  1896;  (and  other 
minerals)  60,  133,  1896.  Tilden,  ibid.,  59,  218,  1896  Lauglet,  Oefv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  52,  211,  1895. 

Regarded  as  containing  the  new  substances  polonium  and  radium,  M.  and  Mde.  P.  Curie  and 
G.  Belrnont,  C.  R.,  127,  175.  1215,  1898. 

Analyses,  Llano  Co.,  Texas ;  Marietta,  S.  C.,  Villeueuve,  Quebec,  Johanngeorgenstadt,  W.  H. 
Hillebrand,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  90,  22,  1892. 

URANOTIL,  p.  699.— On  the  crystalline  form  (triclinic),  Pjanitzky,  Zs.  Kr.,  21.  74,  1892  ,  also 
Jb.  Min.,  2,  249  ref.,  1896. 

Urbanite.  ffj.  Sjogren,  G.  F5r.  Forh.,  14,  251,  1892  ;  Bull.  G.  Inst.  TJpsala,  2,  77,  106,  1894. 

Lindesite,  £.  J  Iglestrom,  Zs.  Kr.,  23,  590,  1894. 

Monoclinic,  belonging  to  the  Pyroxene  Group.  Axes  (Sjogren), 
d  :  b  :  b  -  1'1009  :  1  .  0'6058,  ft  =  72°  T.  Forms :  a  (100),  b  (010), 
m  (110),  p  (101),  r  (053),  u  (111),  n  (221),  s  (111),  o  (221);  also 
doubtful,  x  (322  or  433),  y  (614).  Angles  :  mm"r=  92°  40',  uu'— 
48°  28',  mu  =  44°  5',  m's  =  59°  6'  (calc.,  Sj.). 

Habit  pyramidal,  u,  s  prominent  (Fig.  1).  Cleavage,  pris- 
matic (m)  distinct ;  c  less  so.  H=.  5-6.  G.=  3'52  (L.),  3 '53  (G.). 
Luster  vitreous.  Color  brownish  black  (L.),  chestnut-brown  (G.). 
Streak  light  brown.  Faintly  translucent.  Strongly  pleochroic. 
a  brown,  ft  yellow-brown,  c  j'ellow.  Ax.  pi.  f  b  (010).  a  A  ^  = 
-f  16°  (L.)  to  22°  (G.). 

In  composition  a  nietasilicate  corresponding  to  (Ca,Mg)SiO3 

in 

(diopside)  -f-  2  NaFe(SiO3)3  (acmite).     Analyses,  R.  Mauzelius,  quoted  by  Sjogren  (Bull.  G.  Inst. 
Upsala,  1.  c.): 

SiOa   TiOa  AlaO8  FeaO3   FeO  MnO  CaO  MgO  KaO    NaaO   HaO 

1.  Langbau  51*61      —      0'74    27'24    054    1'73    4'90    275    0'36    10-59    0-90=101-36 

2.  Glakarn    49'21     0'06    1'27    25'35    050    6'71    5'68    1'39    0'40      8'95    1  '05  F  0 -20 =100 '77 

B.B.  fuses  with  difficulty  to  a  magnetic  slag.     Only  slightly  attacked  by  acids. 


APPENDIX  I.  71 

Occurs  at  Langban,  Sweden,  in  cavities  in  granular  hematite.  This  mineral  was  apparently 
earlier  (1865)  mentioned  by  Breithaupt  and  analyzed  by  Winkler  (cf.  Sjogreu).  It  had  been 
confounded  with  schefferite  (iron-schefferite).  Also  found  at  Glakarn,  province  of  Orebro,  as 
idiomorphic  grains  in  a  mixture  of  yellowish-white  feldspar  and  rhodonite.  This  mineral  was 
partly  investigated  by  Igelstrom  (1.  c.)  and  called  lindesite.  Named  after  the  Swedish  investigator 
Urban  Hj&rne. 

Utahlite.— See  Variscitt. 

VALERIITE,  p.  108. — Shown  by  Petren  to  be  a  mixture  of  covellite,  pyrrhotite,  hydrotalcite, 
siderite,  spinel  and  probably  limonite,  G.  F5r.  Forh.,  20,  183,  1898. 

Valleite.  G.  Cesaro,  Bull.  Acad.  Belg.,  29,  508,  1895 ;  32,  536,  1896.  A  colorless  or  pale  red 
orthorhombic  amphibole  accompanying  the  violet  tremolite  of  Edwards,  N.  Y.  In  prismatic 
crystals  with  a  (100),  m  (110),  x  (920)?,  (021)?  ;  mm'"  =  54°  30'.  Cleavage  m,  also  (according  to 
the  author)  parallel  to  the  pinacoids,  and  several  brachydomes.  H.  =  4'5.  G.=  2*88.  Optically 
negative.  Ax.  pi.  ||  b  (010).  Bxm  1  a  (100).  2E  =  90°  28',  2V  =  51°  approx.  y-0  =  0-0036. 
Composition  RSiOs  or  that  of  anthophyllite,  deduced  from  the  analysis  by  Reuard  :  SiO2  58*02, 
MgO  27-99,  CaO  5'04,  FeaO3  1-28,  MnO  2'88,  K2O  0'89,  HaO  3'13  =  99'23.  Easily  fusible  to  a 
white  opaque  bead.  Named  after  De  la  Vallee-Poussin. 

VARISCITE,  p.  824. — From  near  Lewiston,  Cedar  Valley,  Tooele  Co.,  Utah,  compact,  nodular 
or  crypto-crystalline,  color  bright  green ;  analysis,  R.  L.  Packard  G.  2'62 :  PaO6  44*40, 
AlaO,  [32*65],  H2O  22'95  =  100.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  47,  297,  1894.  This  variscite  has  been  called 
utahlite,  see  G.  F.  Kunz,  16th  Ann.  Rep't.  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  1894-5,  Part  IV,  p.  602.— See  also 
Wardite. 

VERMICULITES,  p.  664. — A  hydro-mica,  largely  but  not  wholly  altered  to  vermiculite,  from 
Rocky  Hill,  N.  J.,  has  been  analyzed  by  F.  W.  Clarke  and  N.  H.  Darton.  It  is  unusual  in 
containing  a  large  percentage  of  iron  (Fe2O3),  and  a  ferric  muscovite  is  suggested  as  part  of  the 
unaltered  compound.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  7,  365,  1899. 

VESUVIANITE,  p.  477.— Oryst. — Mte.  Somma  and  Zermatt,  new  forms  (observed,  except  E, 
once  only):  T(106),  5(229),  F(552),  F(14-14*5),  D  (18'5*5),  K  (722),  #(11-4-4),  also  (13134)? 
Boecker,  Zs.  Kr.,  20,  225,  1892.  Vesuvius,  P.  Franco,  Giorn.  Min.,  4,  185,  1893;  also  in  full 
in  Boll.  Soc.  geol.  Ital.,  11,  No.  2,  1893.  Monograph  with  optical  determinations,  analyses, 
discussion  of  composition,  etc.,  Weibull,  Zs.  Kr.,  25,  1,  1895.  Friedeberg,  Silesia,  Graber,  Min. 
petr.  Mitth.,  17,  384,  1897. 

Optical  characters  fully  discussed,  Klein,  Jb.  Miu.,  2,  106,  1895. 

Comp. — Ural,  analysis  of  a  chromium-bearing  variety  (2 '31  p.  c.  Cr9O3),  Sofia  Rudbeck,  G. 
For.  FOrh.,  15,  607,  1893.  Harstig  (4'81  p.  c.  MnO)  and  Vaticha  (anal,  by  Mauzelius),  discussion 
of  the  composition  of  the  species  in  general,  Hj.  Sjogren,  G.  For.  Forh.,  17,  267,  1895.  Analyses 
and  discussion  of  composition,  Jannasch  and  Weingarteu,  Zs.  anorg.  Ch.,  11,  40,  1895.  Com- 
position  discussed,  Rammelsberg,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  157,  1896.  See  also  Weibull,  above. 

VIOLAN,  p.  356.  —See  Pyroxene,  p.  57. 

VIVIANITE,  p.  814. — Occurrence,  origin,  etc.,  in  province  of  Dreuthe,  Netherlands,  G.  M.  van 
Bemmelen,  Arch.  Neerland,  Harlem,  30,  25,  1897. 

Occurrence  in  the  Mecklenburg  moors,  A.  Gartner,  Arch.  Ver.  Meckl.,  51,  1897  (and  Inaug. 
Diss.,  Rostock). 

Wardite.     J.  M.  Damson,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  2,  154,  1896. 

Massive,  encrusting;  with  concretionary  structure,  in  part  oolitic.  H.  =  5.  G.  =  2*77.  Luster 
vitreous.  Color  light  green,  bluish  green.  Streak  white. 

Composition,  2A12O3.P2O..4H2O  or  A1,(OH)3PO4  -f  £HaO.     Analysis,  Davison,  1.  c.: 

P2O6  A12O,  CuO          FeO          MgO         NaaO         K2O  H2O 

34-46  [38*25]  0*04  0*76  2*40  5*98  0*24  17*87  =  100 

Occurs  encrusting  cavities  in  nodular  masses  of  the  variscite  from  Cedar  Valley,  Utah 
(see  above).  Named  after  Prof.  Henry  A.  Ward  of  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

WAVELLITE,  p.  842. — Crystals  described  from  Arbrefontaine,  Belgium,  G.  Ces-iro,  Mem.  Acad. 
Belg.,  53,  1897. 

Analyses  by  Carnot,  C.  R.,  118,  995,  1894. 

Occurs  at  the  Dunellen  phosphate  mines,  Marion  Co..  Florida,  Moses  and  Luquer,  Sch.  Mines 
Q.,  13,  238,  1893. 


APPENDIX  I. 


Webnerite.     Stelzner,  Zs.  Kr.,  24,  125,  1894.— See  Andorite. 

Weldite.  F.  M.  Krause  [Proc.  II.  Soc.  Tasmania,  1884]  quoted  by  Petterd,  Catalogue  of 
Minerals  of  Tasmania,  p.  94,  1896.  A  white,  amorphous  substance,  containing  chiefly  silica, 
alumina  and  soda,  but  of  undetermined  composition.  H.  =  5'5.  G.  =  2'98.  Occurs  with  bands 
of  quartzite  and  is  probably  derived  from  the  alteration  of  a  felsitic  rock.  From  the  Weld  river. 
Upper  Huon,  Tasmania. 


Wellsite. 


1. 


J.  H.  Pratt  and  H.  W.  Faote,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  3,  443,^1897. 

Monoclinic     Axes  a  :  b  :  c  =  0'76S  :  1 : 1'245;  /?  =  53°  2? 


2. 


Analysis: 

SiO2 
f        43-86 


=  001  A  100.  Measured  angles:  ac  =  53°  27',  bm  —  58°  19', 
aa  =  73°  6',  bb  =  90°.  In  complex  twinned  crystals  (Figs. 
1,  2)  analogous  to  familiar  forms  of  harmotome  and  phil- 
lipsite, but,  without  striatious  on  the  6-faces. 

Cleavage  none.  Brittle.  H.  =  4-4*5.  G.  =  2-278-2-366. 
Luster  vitreous.  Colorless  to  white.  Optically  -4-  Bi 
refringence  low.  Bxa  1  b  (010).  Bx0  A  c  =  —  52°.  Ax. 
angle  large. 

Composition,  RAl2Si3Oi0.3H20  where  R  =  Ba  :  Ca  :  Ka 
=  1:3:3.  This  requires:  Silica  42'8,  alumina  24'3,  baryta 
6-6,  lime  7'3,  potash  6'1,  water  12'9  =  100.  Wellsite  thus 
falls  into  the  Phillipsite  Group,  containing  less  water  than 
the  other  members  (cf.  Min.,  p.  571).  It  is  shown  further 
that  it  is  to  be  expected  that  phillipsite  should  contain 
4H2O,  not  4|H2O  as  usually  accepted  (see  Phillipsite). 


A1203 
24-96 


BaO 

5-07 


SrO 
1-15 


CaO 

5-80 


MgO 
0-62 


K20 

3-40 


Na2O 
1-80 


H20 

13-35  =  100-01 


About  one  molecule  of  water  is  given  off  between  100°  and  200°,  a  second  between  200°  and 
300°,  and  the  remainder  at  a  red  heat. 

B.B.  exfoliates  slightly  and  fuses  at  2'5-3  to  a  white  bead.  Yields  water  readily  in  the  closed 
tube.  Easily  decomposed  by  hot  hydrochloric  acid  with  separation  of  silica. 

Found  in  Buck  Creek  corundum  mine  in  Clay  Co.,  N.  C.;  occurs  in  small  crystals  with  chaba- 
zite  on  feldspar,  also  on  corundum.  Named  after  Prof.  H.  L.  Wells  of  New  Haven,  Conn. 

WERNEKITE,  p.  468. — As  a  contact  mineral  in  the  Adamello  Group  and  discussion  of  compo- 
sition (anal.),  Salomon,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  15,  159,  1895.  It  is  argued  that  dipyreis  to  be  regarded 
not  as  a  definite  scapolite  type  but  as  belonging  in  part  to  wernerite,  in  part  to  mizzouite. 

WESTANITE  (Vestanite),  p.  499. — Weibull  has  confirmed  Groth's  suggestion  that  the  mineral 
is  an  altered  andalusite.  A  specimen  examined  by  him  showed  a  nucleus  of  audalusite  surrounded 
by  pyrophyllite.  G.  F5r.  Forh.,  20,  57,  1898. 

Whartonite.     8.  H.  Emmens,  J.  Am.  Chem.  Soc.,  14,  No.  7.     See  Pyrite. 

WHEWELLTTE,  p.  993. — Obtained  at  the  Venus  mine,  near  Briix,  Schubert  (optical  determina- 
tions), Miii.  petr.  Mitth.,  18,  251,  1898. 

WICKELKAMAZITE.     E.  Cohen,  Ann.  Mus.  Wien,  6,  157,  1891. 

WILLEMITE,  p.  460. — Penfield  has  described  colorless  prismatic  crystals  from  the  Merritt 
1.  2  3.  4. 


a 


m     a 

r~     11 

m 

a 

APPENDIX  I. 


73 


mine,  New  Mexico,  with  the  new  forms  2(0111),  u  (2113),  v  (1325)  (Fig.  1);  colorless  rhombo. 
ht'dral  crystals  (Fig.  2)  from  the  Sedalia  mine,  Balida,  Colo.;  also  pale  green  prismatic  Ciystsils 


from   Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J.  (Figs.  3,  4)  with  h  (3120),  *  (1123),  x  *3i21).     Am.  J.  So.,  47,  305, 
Etching-figures  investigated,  Traube,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.-Bd.,  10,  463,  1896. 

Willy  amite.     E.  F.  Pittman,  Proc.  R.  Soc.  N.  S.  W.,  27,  366,  1893. 

Isometric  :  massive.  Cleavage  :  cubic,  perfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  5*5. 
G.  =  6  '87.  Luster  metallic.  Color  between  tin-white  and  steel-gray.  Streak  grayish  black. 

Composition  a  sulph-antimonide  of  cobalt  and  nickel,  CoSa.NiSa.CoSb^NiSba.  Analysis, 
J.  C.  H.  Mingaye: 


S 

1.  15-64 

2.  15-92 


Sb 
5685 
56-71 


Co 
13-92 
13-84 


Ni 
13-38 
13-44 


Fe,Cu  Pb  tr.  =  99'79 
Fe,Cu,Pb  tr.  =  99'91 


In  the  closed  tube  yields  a  dark  red  sublimate,  orange  on  cooling;  in  the  open  tube  sulphurous 
and  antimonial  fumes;  <ilso  the  latter  on  charcoal  fusing  to  a  globule.  Decomposed  by  nitric  acid 
with  separation  of  antimony  trioxide. 

Found  at  the  Broken  Hill  mines  (in  Willyama  township),  New  South  Wales,  associated  with 
dyscrasite  in  a  gangue  of  calcite  p.ud  siderite. 

WINEBERGITE,  p.  970  — Bod  3nmais,  Bavaria,  analyses,  Thiel,  Zs.  Kr.   23,  295,  1894. 
WITHERITE,  p.  284.— In  parallel  growth  with  barite,  Milgge,  Jb.  Min,  1,    252,  1895. 


WOLFRAMITE,  p.  982.- 


/        \a 

•"•;'^.:::;::.v  

I 

m 

"•  --£"... 

•Occurrence  in  Bolivia,  described  by  Frenzel,  analysis  by  Sipftcz,  Min. 

petr.  Mitth.,  16,  256,  1896. 

Occurs  (C.  H.  Warren,  priv.  contr.)  in  Lawrence  Co.,  South 
X  Dakota,  in  small  brilliant  black  crystals  (Fig.  1)  in  a  highly  sili- 
J\  ceous  matrix.  Observed  forms:  a  (100),  c  (001),  b  (010)',  I  (210), 
\l  ra(110),  i(Tll-0)  new,  t  (102),  y  (101),  /(Oil),  A  (112).  The 
JJ  angles  show  a  close  agreement  with  those  given  for  ordinary 
r  wolframite.  B.B.  the  crystals  show  no  reaction  for  manganese; 

they  are  hence  inferred  to  be  the  pure  iron  tungstale. 


WOLFSBKRGITE.  —  See  Chdlcostibite. 

WOLLARTONITE,  pp.  371,  1052.—  Crystals  from  near  Harrisville,  N.  Y.,  described,  Ries,  Trans 
N.  Y.  Acad.  Sc.,  13,  146,  207,  1894. 

New  Hartford,  Oneida  Co.,  N.  Y.,  shows  strong  greenish-yellow  phosphorescence,  Hillebrand, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  1,  323,  1896. 

Occurs,  with  gehleuite  and  hexagonal  CaSi03,  in  slags  from  Pfibram,  Heberdey,  Zs.  Kr.,  26, 
19,  1890. 

An  essential  constituent  in  aplite  from  Querigut,  AriSge,  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  21,  272, 
1898. 

Crystals  altered  to  pyroxene,  Diana,  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y.,  C.  H.  Smyth,  Jr.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  4,  309, 
1897. 


WULFENITE,  p.   989.—  Oryst.—  Jarilla  Mts.,   Dona  Ana  Co.,  New  Mexico,   crystals   hemi- 
morphic  (Figs.  1-3)  with  p  (201)  below  only,  while  c  (001),  u  (102),  e  (101),  n  (111),  it  (313)  occur 

1.  2. 


both  above  and  below;  p  and  ft  are  new  forms,  C.  A.  Ingersoll,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  48,  193,  1894.    Loud- 
ville,  Mass.,  habit  varied,  in  part  hemimorphic;  new  forms  0  (1'1'12),  y  (443),  A  (131),  Emerson, 


74  APPENDIX  L 

Bull.  U    S.  G    Surv.,   126    176,   1895.     Gorno,  Val  Seriana,  Italy  (with  (5-1-75)?),  Artini   Riv 
Min.  Itul.,  16,  25,  1896. 

Etching-figures  do  not  show  hemimorphic  symmetry,  Traube,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil  -Bd.,  10,  457,  1896. 

Observations  on  optical  anomalies,  A.  de  Gramont,  Bull.  Soc.  Mm.,  16,  127,  1893. 

WUBZITB.  pp.  70,  1051.— Artif.  cryst.  described,  Traube,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.-Bd.,  8,  151,  1894. 

XANTHOCONITE,  p.  149.— Shown  by  ISfiers  (Min.  Mag.,  10,  185,  1893,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  22,  433) 
to  be  mpuoclinic  with  the  axia".  ratio,  d,',b  ;  c  =  1*9187  :  1  :  1*0152,  ft  =  88°  47'.  Here  belongs 
also  rittingerite  from  Joachimsthal.  Common  forms  :  c  (001),  m  (110),  d  (501),  D  (501),  p  (111) 
q  (551),  P(lll),  Q  (551);  also  a  (100),  n  (053),  r  (112),  t  (223),  h  (334),  and  on  ritt'ngerite  /  (115), 
y  (443),  p  (332),  R  (112),  7(443).  Angles  mm'"—  124°  56',  cd  =  68°  14',  cp  =  48°  32;,  cP  =  49°  10', 
cm  =  80°  26'. 

Crystals  tabular  ||  c,  usually  stout,  again  very  thin  ;  also  massive,  earthy.  Twins  :  tw.  pi.  c, 
common. 

Cleavage  c,  distinct.  Fracture  subconchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =2-3.  G.  =  5  54.  Luster 
adamantine  to  pearly.  Color  brown,  orange-red  ;  by  transmitted  light,  lemon-yellow.  Streak 
orange-yellow.  Transparent.  Optically  — .  Birefringence  strong.  Ax.  pi.  j_  b  (010)  Bxa  nearly 
_L  c  (001).  2E  =  125"  approx.;  p  <  e. 

Composition  same  as  for  proustite,  Ag3AsS3  or  3Ag2S.As2S3.     Analysis,  Prior  (corrected): 

Freiberg,  G.  =  5'54    As  14-93    S  19-07    Ag  65*15  =  99*15 

Xauthoconite  occurs  in  calcite  at  Freiberg,  Saxony,  the  original  locality  ;  also  at  Johanu- 
georgeustadt,  Markirch  in  Elsass,  Kudelstadt  and  Chanarcillo. 

XANTHOPHYLLITE,  p.  639. — Waluewite,  Zlatoust,  anal,  and  discussion  of  composition  Clarke 
and  Schneider,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  43,  379,  1892. 

XENOTIME,  p.  748.— Cryst.— Brazil,  Hussak,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  12,  465,  1892. 

Anal.— El  Paso  Co.,  Colorado,  Penfield  obtained:  P2O6  32'11,  (Y,Er)aOi  67'78,  ign.  0'18  = 
100-07  (at.  weight  of  Y,Er,  118);  G.=  5  IOC,  Am.  J.  Sc .,  45,  398,  1893.  Analyses  (Eakins)  from 
the  Brindletowu  gold  district,  Burke  Co.,  N.  C.,  £reen  and  brown  var.,  Hidden,  Am.  J  Sc  46 
255,  18J3. 

Occurrence  on  New  York  island,  Niven,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  50,  75,  1895.  In  Calvin  township, 
Nipissing  distric*  Ontario  (mass  of  312  grams),  Hoffmann,  Rep.  G.  Canada,  9,  13R,  1896.  Dis- 
tribution in  European  rocks,  Derby,  11,  304,  1897. 

Xiphonite.     G.  Platania,  Accad.  Sc.  Acireale,  5,  1893. — See  Amphibole,  p.  3. 

ZEOLITES,  pp.  570-610.— Discussion  of  the  composition  of  the  species,  F.  W.  Clarke,  Am.  J 
Sc.,  48,  137,  1894.  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  125.  Also  as  to  the  part  played  by  the  water,  G.  Friedel 
Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  21  5,  1898. 

See  also  Analcite,  etc. 

ZINCITE,  p.  208. — Franklin  Furnace,  N".  J.,  hemimorphic  crystals  with  m  (1010),  c  (0001)  and 
a  pyramid  o  probably  (2023),  measured  co  =  5o°  38';  analysis  by  Schutz  gave  :  ZnO  96  20,  MnO 
3-33,  Fe2O3  0'43  =  99 "96.  Grosser,  Zs  Kr.,  2_0,  354,  189_2.  Crystals  from  Franklin  measured  by 
Moses  show  two  pyramids,  interpreted  as  (4045)  and  (5054)  if  c  =  T6219.  School  Mines  Q  16, 
226  1895. 

On  artificial  crystals,  in  part  twins,  Cesaro,  Ann.  Soc.  G.  Belg.,  19,  271,  189?  (abstr  Zs.  Kr., 
24,  618).  Also  Rk-s,  Am  J.  So.,  48,  256,  1894  ;  Traube,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.-Bd.,  9,  147,  1894 

ZINKENITE,  p.  112— Crystals  from  Wolfsberg  in  the  Harz  show  the  form:  <t  (100),  c  (001), 
e  (102),  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  11,  188  1897.  He  notes  also  relation  in  form  to  chalcostibite  and 
other  similar  species.  Cf.  also  Luedecke,  Min.  d.  H;irzes,  121,  1896. 

Occurs  at  Cinque  Valle,  Val  Sugana,  Tyrol,  Suudberger,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  196,  1894.  Also  at 
Oruro,  Bolivia  (anal,  by  Mann),  Stelzner,  Zs.  G.-Ges.,  49,  86,  1897. 

Zinkmanganerz.  —  A.  Brunlechner,  [Jb.  Nat.  Land.-Mus.,  Klagenfurt,  22,  194,  1893,]  Zs. 
Kr.,  25,  433.  A  hydrated  compound  of  ZuO  and  MnOa.  Massive,  compact ;  color  dark  brown 
or  gray.  Occurs  with  calamine  at  Bleiberg,  Carinthia. 

ZIRCON,  p.  482. — Crystals  described  from  the  nephelite-syenite  of  Dungannon,  Out.,  Pratt, 
Am  J.  Sc.,  48,  214,  1894.  From  Ilmen  Mts  ,  new  forms  (501),  (643),  (766),  (545),  Jeremejev. 
Vh.  Miu.  Gcs.,  33,  429,  1895. 


APPENDIX  L 


75 


Crystals  from  the  Meredeth  Freeman  mine  in  Henderson  Co.,  N.  C.,  are  cruciform-twins  with 
the  following  twinning  planes:  e  (101)  Fig.  1,  p  (111)  Fig.  2,  d  (553)  Fig.  3,  <b  (774),  v  (221), 
u  (331),  Hidden  and  Pratt,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  6  323  1898. 


Occurs  in  the  Toluca  meteoric  iron,  Laspeyres,  Zs  Kr  ,  <24,  485,  1895. 

Synthesis,  Khrushchov,  Jb.  Miu.,  2,  232,  1892. 

Analyses  of  cyrtolite  from  Mt.  Autero,  Colorado,  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  44,  387,  1892. 

Zirkelite.  E.  Hussak  and  G.  T.  Prior,  Min.  Mag.,  11,  86,  1895  ;  O.  T.  Pri&r,  ibid.,  11,  180, 
1897.  E.  Hussak,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  14,  408,  1894. 

Isometric.  In  octahedrons,  sometimes  with  cubic  faces ;  crystals  flattened  and  striated  |  o, 
due  to  polysynthetic  twinning.  Spinel  twins  common,  also  fourlings. 

Cleavage  none.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  5'5.  G.  =  4-706-4-741.  Luster  resinous. 
Color  black.  Nearly  opaque  ;  dark  brown  and  isotropic  in  thin  splinters.  Non-magnetic. 

Composition,  RO.2(Zr,Ti,Th,Oa.  Analysis,  G.  T.  Prior,  1.  c.,  p.  180  (also  an  approximate 
analysis  in  p.  88): 


G.  =4-741 


ZrO2 

52-89 


TiO2 

14-95 


ThO2 
7-31 


Ce2O3 
2-52 


Y203? 

0-21 


UO2 

1-40 


FeO 

7-72 


CaO 
10-79 


MgO 
022 


ign. 

1-02  =  99-03 


Found  with  baddeleyite,  perovskite,  etc.,  in  the  decomposed  magnetite  -  pyroxenite  of 
Jacupiranga,  S.  Paulo,  Brazil. 

Named  after  Prof.  F.  Zirkel  of  Leipzig.  The  same  name  was  earlier  given  (1887)  to  a  rock 
by  M.  E.  Wadsworth,  cf.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  5,  153,  1898. 

ZOISITE,  pp.  513,  1035. — Relation  to  epidote  discussed  with  description  of  crystals  from 
Zermatt  and  Pragratten,  Weinschenk,  Zs.  Kr.,  26,  156,  433,  1896  ;  see  also  Clinozowte. 

On  the  optical  characters  of  ordinary  zoisite  (ax.  pi.  |  b  (010),  dispersion  p  <  v  large),  also 
those  of  "  /2-zoisite"  (ax.  pi.  ||  c  (001),  dispersion  p  >  v  small,  variable),  and  the  relation  of  these 
varieties  to  each  other,  see  Termier,  Bull  Soc.  Min.,  21,  148,  1898. 

Occurs  at  Flat  Rock  mine,  Mitchell  Co.,  N  C.,  with  monazite  and  allanite,  analysis  by  Eakius, 
W.  E.  Hidden,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  46,  154,  1893  (in  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  Surv.,  113,  111,  1893,  same  anal, 
credited  to  James's  mica  mine,  Yancey  Co.,  N.  C.) 

ZONOCHLOKITE,  p.  610.— See  Chlorastrolite. 

ZUNYITE,  p.  436. — Occurs  in  minute  tetrahedrons  in  an  altered  porphyrite  near  Red  Mountain, 
Ouray  Co.,  Colorado,  Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  45,  397,  1893.  The  mean  of  two  analyses  gave: 
SiOa  24-11,  AlaO3  57'20,  Fe2O3  0'61,  Cl  2'62,  F  5'81,  H2O  11 -12,  PaO5  0'64,  CaO  O'll,  Na2O  0'48  = 
102-70  (deduct  O  3'03)  =  99'67.  This  confirms  Hillebrand's  results  and  the  formula  given  in 
Min.,  p.  436. 


SECOND   APPENDIX 


TO   THE 


SIXTH  EDITION 


OF 


DANA'S  SYSTEM  OF  MINERALOGY 


BY 

EDWARD   S.  DANA 

PROFESSOR  OF  PHYSICS  AND  CURATOR  OF  MINERALOGY,  YALE  UNIVERSITY 

AND 

WILLIAM  E.  FORD 

ASSISTANT  PROFESSOR  OF  MINERALOGY,  SHEFFIELD  SCIENTIFIC   SCHOOL  OF 

YALE  UNIVERSITY 


COMPLETING  THE  WORK  TO  1909 


NEW   YORK 

JOHN  WILEY   &   SONS 

LONDON:    CHAPMAN  &  HALL,  LIMITED 

1911 


COPYRIGHT,  1909, 

BY 
EDWARD   S.    DANA. 


THE  SCIENTIFIC  PRES9 
3ERT  DR&MMOND  AND  COMPANY 
BROOKLYN,    N.   Y. 


PREFATORY   NOTE 


THIS  Second  Appendix  to  the  Sixth  Edition  of  the  System  of  Mineralogy  issued  in  1892  is 
designed  to  make  the  work  complete  up  to  the  beginning  of  1909.  Its  preparation  was  begun  by  the 
Senior  Editor  soon  after  the  publication  of  the  First  Appendix  in  1899,  and  carried  forward  at 
intervals  down  to  1906,  when  he  was  finally  compelled  to  relinquish  it.  The  work  was  resumed 
by  the  Junior  Editor  in  1907  and  carried  through  to  completion. 

During  the  ten  years  of  mineralogical  investigation  which  this  appendix  covers,  a  large  amount 
of  material  has  been  published.  An  evidence  of  this  is  to  be  found  in  the  two  hundred  new  names 
which  are  given  in  the  classified  list  in  the  Introduction.  About  sixty  of  these  new  names  on 
account  of  the  completeness  of  their  descriptions  seem  to  have  a  warrant  for  their  acceptance  as 
new  species.  The  other  names  are  either  of  imperfectly  described  minerals  or  variety  names  of 
well-recognized  species. 

The  descriptions  of  the  new  species  included  in  this  book  are  given  concisely  but  completely. 
It  was  found,  however,  impracticable  to  follow  the  plan  adopted  in  the  System  and  the  First 
Appendix  of  recalculating  all  the  angles  and  crystal  constants  of  the  new  species.  This  has  been 
done  in  a  few  cases,  but  in  the  majority  of  the  descriptions  the  figures  of  the  authors  have  been 
accepted  without  verification.  In  the  cases  of  some  of  the  new  species  with  complex  crystals  it 
has  been  impossible  to  give  the  complete  lists  of  the  forms  identified  upon  them.  The  method 
followed  has  been  to  give  the  more  common  and  prominent  forms  and  to  indicate  the  number  of 
those  not  listed. 

For  an  explanation  of  the  Abbreviations  made  use  of  in  the  case  of  periodicals,  also  of  the 
crystallographical,  optical  and  chemical  symbols  employed,  reference  is  made  to  the  Introduction  to 
the  System  (1892),  pp.  xlv-li  and  pp.  xiii-xl.  General  abbreviations  are  explained  on  pp.  Ixi-lxiii. 

The  bibliography,  while  not  intended  to  be  exhaustive,  contains,  it  is  thought,  the  titles  of  all 
the  important  volumes  published  between  1899  and  1909. 

YALE  UNIVERSITY, 
NEW  HAVEN,  CONN.,  July  1, 1909. 


iii 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

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BAUER,  M.     Lehrbuch  der  Mineralogie.     2d  ed.     924  pp.     Stuttgart,  1904. 

BAUMHAUER,  H.     Die  neuere  Entwickelung  der  Kristallographie.     184  pp.     Braunschweig,  1905. 

BECKER,  A.     Krystalloptik.     362  pp.     Stuttgart,  1903. 

BOGGILD,  O.  B.     Mineralogia  Groenlandica.     625  pp.     Copenhagen,  1905. 

BRAUNS,  R.     Das  Mineralreich.     444  pp.,  82  pis.     Stuttgart,  1903. 

Mineralogie.     3d  ed.     134  pp.     Leipzig,  1905. 

BROGGER,  W.  C.     Die    Mineralien    der    Sudnorwegischen    Granitpegmatitgange.     I.    Niobate, 

Tantalate,  Titanate  und  Titanniobate.     136  pp.     Christiania,  1906. 
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BUTLER,  G.  M.     A  Pocket  Handbook  of  Minerals.     298  pp.     New  York,  1908. 
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1908. 

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73  pp.     New  York,  1904. 

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FUCHS,  C.  W.  C.     Anleitung  zum  Bestimmen  der  Mineralien.     5th  ed.    220  pp.     Giessen,  1907. 
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1906. 
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Physikalische  Krystallographie.     4th  ed.     820  pp.     Leipzig,  1905. 

Chemische  Krystallographie.     Vol.  1,  626  pp.,  1906;  vol.  2,  914  pp.,  Leipzig,  1908. 

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Oxford,  1903. 

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• Igneous  Rocks.     Vol.  1,  Composition,  Texture  and  Classification.     464  pp.,  New  York,  1909. 

JOHANNSEN,  A.     Determination  of  Rock-Forming  Minerals.     542  pp.     New  York,  1908. 
KLOCKMANN,  F.     Lehrbuch  der  Mineralogie.     622  pp.     4th  ed.     Stuttgart,  1907. 
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v 


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CLASSIFIED   LIST   OF   NEW   NAMES. 


I.  NATIVE   ELEMENTS,  Min.  pp.  2-32. 

Arsensulfurite  (p.  9).     Var.  Sulphur,  Min.  p.  8. 

QUISQUEITE  (p.  87).     Chiefly  C  and  S. 

Souesite  (p.  11).     Nickel-iron  alloy,  near  Awaruite,  Min.  p.  29. 

II.  SULPHIDES,  TELLURIDES,  ARSENIDES,  ETC.,  Min.  pp.  33-108. 

ARSENSCHWEFEL  (p.  9),  As2S3  +  H2O. 

PATRONITE  (p.  79),  VS4  (?). 

Keweenawite  (p.  59),  (Cu,Ni,CO)2As. 

Stibiodomeykite  (p.  97).     Var.  of  Domeykite,  Min.  p.  44. 

MOHAWKITE  (p.  70),  (Cu,Ni,CO)3As. 

LEDOUXITE  (p.  62),  Cu4As. 

Rickardite  (p.  89),  Sanfordite  (p.  90),  Cu4Te3. 

KALGOORLITE  (p.  58),  HgAu2Ag6Te6. 

Coolgardite  (p.  31).     Telluride  of  Au,Ag,Hg.     Probably  a  mixture. 

Chalmersite  (p.  27),  Cu2S.Fe4S5.     Near  Chalcocite,  Min.  p.  55. 

Teallite  (p.  104),  PbS.SnS2. 

Bravoite  (p.  19).     Nickeliferous  Pyrite,  Min.  p.  84. 

BADENITE  (p.  12),  (Co,Ni,Fe)2(As,Bi)3. 

Speculite  (p.  95).     A  silver,  gold  telluride  near  Sylvanite,  Min.  p.  103. 

VON  DIESTITE  (p.  110).     Telluride  of  silver  and  bismuth. 

III.  SULPHO-SALTS,  Min.  pp.  109-151. 

HISTRIXITE  (p.  52),  7Bi2S3.2Sb2S3.5CuFeS2. 

Hutchinsonite  (p.  53),  (Tl,Ag,Cu)2S.As2S3  +  PbS.As^.,  (?). 

Trechmannite  (p.  107),  Ag2S.As2S3,  rhombohedral. 

Smithite  (p.  95),  AgaS.As^g,  monoclinic. 

LIVEINGITE  (p.  64),  5PbS.4As2S3. 

Baumhauerite  (p.  13),  4PbS.3As2S3. 

SELIGMANNITE  (p.  92),  Cu2S.2PbS.As2S3  (?)    Near  Bournonite,  Min.  p.  126. 

LENGENBACHITE  (p.  62),  6PbS.(Ag,Cu)2S.2As2S3  (?) 

Antimon-luzonite  (p.  7).     Var.  Enargite,  Min.  p.  147. 

SULVANITE  (p.  101),  3Cu2S.V2S5. 

IV.  CHLORIDES,   BROMIDES,    IODIDES,  Min.  pp.  152-182. 

1.  ANHYDROUS  CHLORIDES,  ETC. 

i 
Kleinite  (p.  59).     Mercury  ammonium  chloride. 

Chlornatrokalite  (p.  28).     A  mixture  of  Halite,  Min.  p.  154,  and  Sylvite,  Min.  p.  156. 
Chlonnanganokalite  (p.  28),  4KCl.MnCl2. 
Chloragryrite  (p.  28).     Same  as  Cerargyrite,  Min.  p.  158. 

vii 


Vlll  CLASSIFIED  LIST  OF  NEW  NAMES. 

Bromargyrite  (p.  20).     Same  as  Bromyrite,  Min.  p.  159. 

lodembolite  (p.  55),  Ag(Cl,Br,I). 

Rinneite  (p.  89),  FeCl2.3KCl.NaCl. 

Villiaumite  (p.  110),  NaF. 

Cryolithionite  (p.  33),  Li3Na3Al2F12.     To  follow  Cryolite,  Min.  p.  166. 

2.    OXYCHLORIDES. 

Terlinguaite  (p.  104),  Hg2ClO. 

Egglestonite  (p.  37),  Hg4Cl2O. 

Rafaelite  (p.  87).     Same  as  Paralaurionite,  App.  I,  p.  50. 

Paratacamite  (p.  79),  CuCl2.3Cu(OH)2.     Near  Atacamite,  Min.  p.  172< 

KOENENITE  (p.  60).     Justite  (p.  58).     Oxychloride  of  Al  and  Mg. 

V.  OXIDES,  Min.  pp.  183-260. 

Pseudochalcedonite  (p.  87).     Var.  of  Chalcedony,  Min.  p.  188. 
Montroydite  (p.  71),  HgO. 
CADMIUMOXYD  (p.  21),  CdO. 

MELANOCHALCITE  (p.  67),  Copper  oxide  with  SiO2,  CO2  and  H2O. 
CORONADITE  (p.  32),  (Mn,Pb)Mn3O7. 
HOLLANDITE  (p.  52),  w(Ba,Mn)2MnO6  +  nFe4(MnO6)3. 

HYDROGOTHITE  (p.  54),  3Fe2O3.4H2O.  .  | 

Esmeraldaite  (p.  40),  Hydrous  ferric  oxide. n 
Brostenite  (p.  20).     Manganite  of  Mn  and  Fe. 

VI.  1.  CARBONATES,  Min.  pp.  261-309. 
Glendonite  (p.  46).     Calcite  pseudomorphs  after  Glauberite. 
KUTNOHORITE  (p.  61),  (Ca,Mn,Mg,Fe)CO2. 

Manganospherite  (p.  66).     Manganiferous  Siderite,  Min.  p.  276. 
Lacroisite  (p.  61).     Mixture  of  Rhodochrosite  and  Rhodonite. 
Conchite  (p.  31).     Same  as  Aragonite,  Min.  p.  281. 
Zeyringite  (p.  114).     Var.  of  Aragonite,  Min.  p.  281. 
Leesbergite  (p.  62),  2MgCO3.CaCO3  (?). 

Cordylite  (p.  31),  (BaF)(CeF)Ce(CO;;)3.     Related  to  Parisite,  Min.  p.  290, 
Synchisite  (p.  102),  CeFCa(CO3)2. 
Rutherfordine  (p.  90),  UO2CO3. 
Ancylite  (p.  5),  4Ce(OH)CO3.3SrCO3.3H2O. 

Tychite  (p.  108),  2MgCO3.2Na2CO3.Na2SO4.     Related  to  Northupite,  App.  I,  p.  49. 
ROSASITE  (p.  89),  2CuO.3CuCO3.5ZnCO3. 
BLEIMALACHITE  (p.  16),  2CuCO3.PbCO3.Cu(OH)2. 
OTAVITE  (p.  77),  basic  cadmium  carbonate. 
Artinite  (p.  9),  MgCO3.Mg(OH)2.3H2O. 
Giorgiosite  (p.  45),  4MgCO3.Mg(OH)2.4H2O. 
Bragnatellite  (p.  21),  MgCO3.5Mg(OH)2.Fe(OH)3.4H2O. 

% 

VI.  2.  SILICATES. 

A.  ANHYDROUS  SILICATES,  Min.  pp.  310-562. 

Leucosphenite  (p.  64),  Na4Ba(TiO)2(Si2O5)5.     Related  to  Eudidymite,  Min.  p.  313. 
Isorthose  (p.  57).     Var.  of  Orthoclase,  Min.  p.  315. 

Paracelsian  (p.  78),  Ba3Al8Si8O31.     Probably  var.  of  Celsian,  App.  I,  p.  15. 
Clinoenstatite  (p.  30).     Magnesium  pyroxene. 


CLASSIFIED  LIST  OF  NEW  NAMES.  IX 

Pigeonite  (p.  81),  Violaite  (p.  110),  .^Egirine-hedenbergite,  Blanfordite  (p.  16).     Var.  of  Pyroxene, 

Min.  p.  352. 

Kunzite  (p.  61).     Var.  of  Spodumene,  Min.  p.  366. 
Torrensite  (p.  107).     Probably  a  mixture  of  Rhodonite,  Min.  p.  378,  and  Rhodochrosite,  Min. 

p.  278. 

Pseudowollastonite  (p.  83). 

Alamosite  (p.  1),  PbSiO3.     Near  Wollastonite,  Min.  p.  371. 
Schizolite  (p.  92),  HNa(Ca,Mn)2(SiO3)3. 

Soretite  (p.  95),  Szechenyiite  (p.  102),  Tscherniche'wite  (p.  108),   Osannite  (p.  77),  Winchite 
(p.  111).     Var.  of  Amphibole,  Min.  p.  385. 

ii   in 
Rhbnite  (p.  88),  (Ca,Na2,K2)3Mg4Fe2Fe3Al4(Si,Ti)6O30.    Related  to  ^Enigmatite,  Min.  p.  403. 

Oehrnite  (p.  76),  6(Mg,Fe,Ca)O.6SiO2.H2O. 
WEINBERGERITE  (p.  Ill),  NaAlSiO4  +  FeSiO3  (?). 

ii    in 
Taramellite  (p.  103),  Ba4Fe  Fe4Si,0O31. 

Hackmanite  (p.  48),  Na4  [Al(NaS)]  Al2(SiO4)3.     Member  of  Sodalite  Group. 

Viellaurite  (p.  110).     A  mixture  of  Tephroite,  Min.  p.  457,  and  Rhodochrosite,  Min.  p.  278. 

Pseudomeionite  (p.  83).     Var.  of  Meionite,  Min.  p.  467. 

Howdenite  (p.  53).     Var.  of  Chiastolite,  Min.  p.  496. 

Calif ornite  (p.  24).     Var.  of  Vesuvianite,  Min.  p.  477. 

Naegite  (p.  72).     Zircon  (Min.  p.  482)  containing  UO3,  ThO2,  Nb2O5,  Ta2O6,  Y2O3. 

Johnstonotite,  Landerite  (p.  61),  Xalostocite,  Rosolite  (p.  90).     Var.  of  Garnet,.  Min.  p.  437. 

BITYITE  (p.  16),  7(R2O  +  RO).4Al2O3.5SiO2;  R  =  H,Li,Na,K;  R  =  Ca,Be,Mg. 

Hibschite  (p.  52),  H4CaAl2Si2O10. 

Spurrite  (p.  97),  2Ca2SiO4.CaCO3. 

Cerepidote  (p.  25).     Same  as  Allanite,  Min.  p.  522. 

Leucophoenicite  (p.  63),  Mn5(MnOH)(SiO4)3. 

in  in 
Hellandite  (p.  50),  Ca2R3[R  (OH)2J  3(SiO4)4. 

Molybdophyllite  (p.  70),  RSiO4  +  H2O;  R  =  Pb,  Mg. 

Stokesite  (p.  100),  H4CaSnSi3On 

Beckelite  (p.  14),  Ca3(Ce,La,Di)4Si3O15. 

Grandidierite  (p.  47),  7SiO2.ll(Al,Fe)2O3.7(Mg,Fe,Ca)O.2(Na,K,H)2O. 

SILICOMAGNESIOFLUORITE  (p.  94),. a  fluosilicate  of  Ca  and  Mg. 

SERENDIBITE  (p.  93),  a  basic  silicate  of  Al,  Ca,  Mg. 

B.  OTHER  SILICATES,  CHIEFLY  HYDROUS  SPECIES,  Min.  pp.  563-711. 

Bakerite  (p.  12),  8CaO.5B2O3.6SiO2.6H2O 

Hillebrandite  (p.  52),  Ca2SiO4.H2O. 

REYERITE  (p.  88),  Ca,  Al  silicate  with  H2O. 

ZEOPHYLLITE  (p.  113).     Calcium  silicate  with  H2O.     Near  Gyrolite,  Min.  p.  566. 

Agnolite  (p.  1),  H2Mn3(SiO3)4.H2O. 

Pseudophillipsite  (p.  83),  Var.     Phillipsite,  Min.  p.  579. 

Astrolite  (p.  10),  (Na,K)2Fe(Al,Fe)J(SiO3)5.H2O  (?). 

Pseudomesolite  (p.  83).     Var.  of  Mesolite,  Min.  p.  605. 

Bavenite  (p.  14),  Ca3Al2Si6O,8.H2O. 

MELITE  (p.  68),  2(Al,Fe)2O3.SiO2.8H2O. 

LOTRITE  (p.  65),  4SiO2.2R2O3.3RO.2H2O. 

LASALLITE  (p.  61),  MgO.Al2O3.5SiO2.3$H2O  (?). 


X  CLASSIFIED  LIST  OF  NEW  NAMES. 

Irvingite  (p.  57).     Var.  of  Lepidolite,  Min.  p.  624. 

MORAVITE  (p.  71),  H4Fe2(Al,Fe)4Si7O24. 

Pycnochlorite  (p.  84).     Var.  of  Chlorite,  Min.  p.  643. 

BRUNSVIGITE  (p.  21),  6SiO2.2Al2O3.9MgO.8H2O. 

Stilpnochloran  (p.  99).     Alteration  product  of  Thuringite,  Min.  p.  657. 

SPODIOPHYLLITE  (p.  96),  (Na2K2)2(Mg,Fe)3(Fe,Al)2(SiO3)8. 

T^ENIOLITE  (p.  102),  (K,Li)2O.MgO.3SiO2.2H2O  (?). 

Radiotine  (p.  87),   Hampdenite   (p.  49),   Hampshirite    (p.  49),   Ricolite   (p.  89),   Nemaphyllite 

(p.  74).     Var.  of  Serpentine,  Min.  p.  669. 
NEPOUITE  (p.  75),  3(Ni,Mg)O,2SiO2.2H2O. 
Greenalite  (p.  47).     Near  Glauconite,  Min.  p.  683. 
TERMIERITE  (p.  105),  a  hydrated  Al  silicate. 
Hyaloallophane  (p.  54).     Var.  of  Allophane,  Min.  p.  693. 
Dubuissonite  (p.  36).     Near  Montmorillonite,  Min.  p.  690. 
PLANCHEITE  (p.  81),  15CuO.12SiO2.5H2O. 
MULLERITE  (p.  72),  Fe2Si3O9.2H2O. 
Morencite  (p.  72),  a  silicate  of  ferric  iron  with  H2O. 
ALOISIITE  (p.  3),  a  hydrous  silicate  containing  FeO,  CaO,  MgO,  Na2O. 

TWANG-SILICATES,  TITANATES,  Min.  pp.  711-724. 

Carlosite  (p.  24).     Same  as  Neptunite,  App.  I,  p.  49. 

Narsarsukite  (p.  73),  acid  titano-silicate  of  ferric  iron  and  sodium. 

Benitoite  (p.  14),  BaTiSi3O9. 

Lorenzenite  (p.  65),  Na2(TiO)2Si2O7. 

Yttrocrasite  (p.  112),  a  hydrous  titanite  of  the  yttrium  earths  and  thorium. 

Delorenzite  (p.  34),  2FeO.UO2.2Y2O3.24TiO2  (?). 

Davidite  (p.  34),  TiO2  with  Fe,  U,  V,  Cr  and  rare  earths. 

VI.  3.  NIOBATES,   TANTALATES,  Min.  pp.  725-746. 

Marignacite  (p.  66).     Var.  of  Pyrochlore,  Min.  p.  726. 

ii  ii 

Chalcolamprite  (p.  26),  RNb2O6F2.RSiO8.     Allied  to  Pyrochlore,  Min.  p.  726. 

Neotantalite  (p.  74).     Near  Tantalite,  Min.  p.  731. 
STRUVERITE  (p.  100),  FeO.(Ta,Nb)2O5.4TiO2  (?). 
LORANSKITE  (p.  65),  Ta2O5,  Y2O3,  Ce2O3,  CaO,  FeO,  ZrO,  H2O. 

ENDEIOLITE  (p.  38),  RNb2OG(OH)2.RSiO3  (?). 

EPISTOLITE'  (p.  39),  Nb2O6,SiO2?TiO2,Na2O,H2O,F  (?). 

ERIKITE  (p.  39),  SiO2,P2Os,ThO2,(Ce,Le,Di)2O3,Al2O3,Na2O,H2O  (?). 

BRITHOLITE  (p.  19).     Silicate  andt  phosphate  of  Ce  metals  and  Ca. 

Blomstrandine-Priorite  (p.  17)!     Niobate  and  tantalate  of  Y,  Er,  Ce,  U. 

Robellazite  (p.  89).     Contains  Va,  Nb,  Ta,  W,  Al,  Fe  and  Mn. 

VI.  4.  PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,  ETC.,  Min.  pp.  747-861. 

Hussakite  (p.  53).     Var.  of  Xenotime,  Min.  p.  748. 

Graftonite  (p.  47),  R3P2O8;  R  =  Fe,  Mn,  Ca. 

Bowmannite  (p.  19).     Same  as  Hamlinite,  Min.  p.  762. 

Florencite  (p.  42),  3Al2O3.Ce2O3.2P2O5.6H2O.     Near  Hamlinite,  Min.  p.  762. 

Georgiadesite  (p.  45),  Pb3(AsO4)2.3PbCl2. 


CLASSIFIED  LIST  OF  NEW  NAMES.  XI 

Petterdite  (p.  80).     Same  as  Mimetite,  Min.  p.  771. 

Tarbuttite  (p.  103),  Zn3P2O&.Zn(OH)2. 

SCHERTELITE  (p.  91),  Mg(NH4)2H2(PO4)2.4H2O. 

Parahopeite  (p.  78),  Zn3P2O8.4H2O.     Near  Hopeite,  Min.  p.  808. 

Anapaite  (p.  5),  Tamanite  (p.  103),  (Ca,Fe)3(PO4)2.4H.2O. 

Paravivianite  (p.  79).     Var.  Vivianite,  Min.  p.  814. 

Purpurite  (p.  83),  2(Fe,Mn)PO4.H2O. 

GORCEIXITE  (p.  46),  BaO.2Ali!O3.P2O5.5H2O. 

STOFFERTITE  (p.  99),  2CaO.P2O5.6^H2O.     Near  Brushite,  Min.  p.  828. 

PALMERITE  (p.  78),  HK2A12(PO4)3.7H2O. 

KERTSCHENITE  (p.  59).     A  hydrated  basic  ferric  phosphate. 

CERULEITE  (p.  25),  CuO.2Al2O3.As2O3. 

PODOLITE  (p.  82),  3Ca3(PO4)2.CaCO3. 

HARTTITE  (p.  50),  (Sr,Ca)O.2Al2O,.P2O5.SO3.5H2O. 

VI.  5.  BORATES,   URANATES,  Min.  pp.  874-893. 

Thorianite  (p.  106),  ThO2,U3O8. 

HULSITE  (p.  53),  10(Fe,Mg)O.2Fe2O3.lSnO2.3B2O,.2H2O. 

Paigeite  (p.  78).     Probably  same  as  Hulsite,  above. 

VI.  6.  SULPHATES,   CHROMATES,  Min.  pp.  894-981. 

Palmierite  (p.  78),  3(K,Na)2SO4.4PbSO4  (?). 

Vanthoffite  (p.  109),  3Na2SO4.MgSO4. 

BELLITE  (p.  14).     Lead  chromate  containing  arsenious  oxide,  etc. 

ARZRUNITE  (p.  9),  (Pb2O)SO4.3(CuCl2.H2O).Cu(OH)2(?). 

DOUGHTYITE  (p.  36),  A12(SO4).,.5A12(OH)6.21H2O. 

Stelznerite  (p.  97),  CuSO4.2Cu(OH)2. 

FERROPALLIDITE  (p.  42),  FeSO4.H2O. 

SCLEROPASTHITE  (p.  92).     A  hydrous  sulphate  of  ferrous  iron  and  chromium. 

Cuprogoslarite  (p.  33).     Var.  Goslarite,  Min.  p.  939. 

Boothite  (p.  18),  CuSO4.7H2O. 

Natrochalcite  (p.  73),  Na2SO4.Cu4(OH)2(SO4)2.2H2O. 

Ferroromerite  (p.  42),  Zinkromerite  (p.  114).     Var.  of  Romerite,  Min.  p.  959. 

Janosite  (p.  57).     Same  as  Copiapite,  Min.  p.  964. 

Palacheite  (p.  78).     Var.  of  Botryogen,  Min.  p.  972. 

Natrojarosite  (p.  73).     Var.  of  Jarosite,  Min.  p.  974. 

Plumbojarosite  (p.  82).     Var.  of  Jarosite,  Min.  p.  975. 

Moissanite  (p.  70),  CSi. 


APPENDIX  II. 


MgO 
0.51 


CO2 
6.14 


H2O 

6.37  -  100.39 


ACMITE,  Min.,  pp.364,  1046;  App.,  p.  1.  —  Crystals  of  aegirite  from  Narsarsuk,  Greenland, 
have  been  described  by  Flink,  Medd.Gronl.,  24,  70,  1901;  from  Kororsuak,  Greenland,  with 
new  form  (221);  Boggild,  Min.  Gronl.,  379. 

^Egirite  occurs  as  a  constituent  of  mariupolite  (elseolite-syenite)  on  the  shore  of  the  Sea  of  Azov 
(anal.),  Morozewicz,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  21,  240,  1902.  Anal,  of  acmite  from  nepheline-syenite, 
Montreal;  Harrington,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Canada,  11,  (3),  25,  1905. 

^Egirite  and  riebeckite  rocks  occur  in  the  neighborhood  of  Adowa  and  Axum,  Abyssinia; 
Prior,  Min.  Mag..  12,  255,  1900. 

ADAMITE,  Min.,  p.  786.  —  Description  of  crystals  (with  anal.)  from  Monte  Valerio,  Campiglia 
Marittima,  Italy;  Aloisi,  Proc.  Soc.  Tosc.,  Nov.  17,  1907. 

^ENIQMATITE,  Min.,  p.  403;  App.,  p.  2.  —  Occurs  as  an  essential  constituent  of  certain  basalts 
(aenigmatite-basalts)  especially  in  the  southern  Rhon;  Soeliner,  Centralblt.  Min.,  206,  1906. 
Widespread  occurrence  of  cossyrif.e  in  pantellerites  in  Choa,  in  Afar  and  on  the  plateaus  of 
Somali  and  Abyssinia,  East  Africa;  Arsandaux,  C.  R.  Sci.  de  la  Mission  Duchesne-Fournet, 
Paris,  1906. 

Agnolite,  Agnolithe :  —  E.  Breussig,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.  13,  265;  Bull.  Min.  Soc.,  23,  36,  1900. 

A  mineral  from  Schemmitz  called  mangano-calcite  by  Breithaupt,  was  later  proven  to  consist 
of  a  mixture  of  a  rhombohedral  carbonate  and  a  silicate  (cf.  Min.,  p.  278).  The  silicate  has  been 
studied  and  named  agnolite. 

Triclinic.  In  radiating  fibrous  masses.  Cleavage  ||  length  of  fibers.  H.  =  5.  G.  =  3. 054-3. 067. 
Luster  vitreous.  Color  flesh  red  to  rose. 

Comp.  H3Mn3(SiO3)4.H2O. 

Anal.:—  SiO.         FeO        MnO         CaO 

I.  42.15         1.12         35.88          8.22 

II.*         49.29  43.26  7.45  =  100.00 

*  After  deducting  carbonates  of  lime  and  magnesia  and  recalculating. 

Associated  with  carbonates  of  calcium,  magnesium,  manganese  and  iron,  with  quartz,  sphal- 
erite and  pyrite.  Name  derived  from  ayvoew  (not  recognized). 

AIKINITE,  Min.,  p.  129.  —  Anal,  of  material  from  Beresowsk,  Urals;  Guillemain,  [Inaug.-Diss., 
Breslau,  1898],  Zs.  Kr.,  33,  75. 

AKERMANITE,  Min.,  p.  476.  —  Double  refraction  studied  by  Hlawatsch,  Min.  Mitth.,  23,  420, 
1904.  An  attempt  to  synthesize  it  in  a  melt  consisting  of  only  CaO  and  SiO2  failed;  Day  and 
Shepherd,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  22,  280,  1906. 

Alamosite.  C.  Palache  and  H.  E.  Merwin,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  27, 
399,  1909. 

Monoclinic.      a  :  b  :  t  =  1.375  :  1  :  0.924.      B  =  84°   10'. 

Forms:  c  (001),  a  (100),  b   (010),  m  (110),  v  (101),  g  (Oil), 

p  (121),  r  (121).     Angles:  cv  =  32°  02'; /#  =  42°  36';  am  =  53° 

50'. 

In  radiating  fibrous  aggregates,  occasionally  in  minute  slender 

crystals,  elongated  parallel  to  b. 

Cleavage  perfect  ||  b  (010).  G.  =  6.488.  H.  =  4.5.  Luster 
adamantine.  Colorless  or  white.  Ax.  pi.  ||  b  (010).  Refraction 
and  double  refraction  high. 

Comp.  —  PbSiO,;  PbO,  78.68;  SiO2,  21.32. 

Anal.  (Merwin)  =  SiOa,  21.11;  PbO,  78.13;  CaO,  tr. 
99.94. 


FeO,  .09;  Insol.,  .08;  Undet.,  .53;  total, 


2  APPENDIX    II. 

Fuses  at  3  to  greenish  yellow  bead,  colorless  when  cold. 
Lead  reactions  on  charcoal.     Sol.  in  HNO3,  yielding  silica  jelly. 

Found  associated  with  quartz,  iron  oxide,  cerussite,  leadhillite  and  wulfenite  on  specimena 
from  an  undeveloped  prospect  near  Alamos,  Sonora,  Mexico. 

Closely  related  to  wollastonite  in  crystal  forms  and  composition. 

ALBERTITE,  Min.,  p.  1020.  —  On  an  asphalt  from  McGee  Creek  valley  and  Impson  valley  in 
Indian  Territory;  Taff,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  219,  1899. 

ALBITE,  Min.,  pp.  327, 1025;  App.,  p.  2.  —  Cryst.  —  Melczer  (Zs.  Kr.,  40,  571)  gives  in  tabula* 
form  the  results  of  the  crystallographic  studies  on  albite  by  previous  investigators,  describes 
and  figures  crystals  from  Nadabula  and  from  his  measurements  derives  the  following:  a  :  6  :  c 
-  0.6350  :  1  :  0.5578;  a  =  94°  6',  /?  =  116°  36£',  7  =  87°  52'. 

Dreyer  and  Goldschmidt  (Medd.  om  Gronland,  34,  1907)  give  a  description  of  fine  crystals 
from  Greenland,  with  an  exhaustive  discussion  of  the  forms  and  elements  of  the  mineral.  From 
their  measurements  the  authors  derive  the  following:  a  :  b  :  c  =  O.G373  :  1  :  0.5599,  a  =  94°  18', 
P  =  116°  41',  7  =  87°  37'.  They  give  a  new  table  of  angles  for  the  faces  of  albite,  using  theae 
fundamentals.  The  following  new  forms  were  identified  on  the  Greenland  crystals:  (350), 
(041),  (051)?,  (332),  (211),  (312),  (291)?,  (151),  (152);  on  Greenland  crystals  see  also 
Bdggild,  Min.  Gronl.,  460,  1905. 

Crystals  from  Zoptau  figured,  Min.  Mitth.,  21,  348;  Neuwirth,  Min.  Mitth.,  23,  263,  [Zs.  d. 
mahr.  Landmus.  Briim,  39,  1904],  Zs.  Kr.,  42,  411.  Crystals  from  Lake  Baikal;  Jeremejew, 
Zs.  Kr.,  32,  494.  Twins  from  Schirm,  and  Rettenegg;  Milch,  Jb.  Min.,.  1,  152,  154,  1900.  Crystals 
from  Haddam  Neck,  Conn.,  show  the  forms  Z  (120),  W  (111),  X  (241),  Y  (311).  Bowman,  Min. 
Mag.,  13,  115,  1902;  from  Comba  Persegiie,  Piedmont;  Zambonini,  Centralblt.  Min.,  117,  1903. 
Crystals  from  marble  of  Carrara  with  chem.  and  opt.  study;  D'Achiardi,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.  Sc., 
Mem.  22,  1906;  from  L.  Como;  Repossi,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  15,  (1),  508,  1906;  from  Lyon  Mt., 
Clinton  Co.,  N.  Y. ;  Whitlock,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.,  107,  66,  1907.  Crystallographic  and  optical 
study  of  albite  from  Morro  Velho  and  Greenland;  Grosspietsch,  Min.  Mitth.,  27,  353,  1908. 

Pseudomorphs  after  laumontite  from  Evje,  Satersdalen,  Norway;  Schei,  [Nyt.  Mag.,  43,  137, 
1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  639. 

Opt.  —  Studies  by  Viola,  Albite  from  Carrara,  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  113;  from  Wallhomthorl,  Amelia, 
albite-oligoclase  from  Bakersville.  pericline  from  Weidalp  and  Kramkogl,  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  305. 
Optical  orientation  discussed  with  measurements  on  albite  from  Amelia;  Becke,  Min.  Mitth., 
19,  321;  Viola,  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  318;  Min.  Mitth.,  20,  199;  Optical  studies  on  albite  from  amphibole 
diabase  in  Murra  dist.,  Sardinia  (with  anal.);  Viola,  Zs.  Kr.,43,  202;  Boll.  Com.  Geol.  d'ltalia,  6, 
106,  1905;  from  granites  of  Sardinia  (with  anal.);  Riva,  Att.  Ace.  Sc.,  Napoli,  12,  No.  9,  1905. 

Anal.  — From  San  Pablo,  Calif.;  Blasdale,  Uni.  Calif.  Bull.  Dept.  Geol.,  2,  11,  327,  1901;  from 
Amelia,  Va.;  Erben  and  Ceipek,  Min.  Mitth.,  20,  85. 

Occ.  — From  Mokruscha  Mt.,  near  Mursinka,  Russia;  Worobieff,  [Verh.  russ.  min.  Ges.,  42, 
Prot.  52,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  71;  in  granite  from  Montorfano;  Tacconi,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  14,  (2), 
88,  1905;  in  chalk  from  Ortola,  Massa,  Italy;  Aloisi,  [Proc.  Soc.  Tosc.,  15,  42,  1906];  Zs.  Kr., 
44,  659. 

Effect  of  ammonium  chloride  upon;  Clarke  and  Steiger,  U.  S.  G.  S.,  Bull.  207,  1902;  Zs.  Kr., 
38,  697. 

ALGODONITE,  Min.,  p.  45.  —  A  specimen  from  the  Pewabic  mine,  in  the  Quincy  amygdaloid 
bed,  L.  Superior,  analyzed  by  Koenig,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  10,  447,  1900,  gave: 

G.=  8.383  As  16.08,  Cu  83.72,  (Fe,  Ni,  Co)  0.08  =  99.88.  On  the  fresh  fracture  has  the  color 
and  texture  of  razor-steel,  tarnishes  chocolate-brown,  tough.  The  specific  gravity  obtained  is 
near  the  calculated  value  and  much  higher  than  the  value  given  by  Genth  (7.62).  Another 
specimen  from  the  Champion  mine  gave  Koenig:  As  16.55,  Cu  83.53  =  100.18,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14, 
414,  1902. 

Mohawk-algodonite,  Koenig,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  414,  1902,  is  regarded  as  an  intimate  mixture  of 
these  two  species. 

An  artif.  material  containing  some  silver,  named  argento-algodonite  ;  Koenig,  Proc.  Am.  Phil. 
Soc.,  42,  229. 

Alith.  —  Portland  cement  clinkers  show  in  microscopic  sections  several  crystalline  mineral 
substances  called  alith,  belith,  celith,  felith.  Of  these  alith  is  the  most  common;  its  probable 
composition  is  given  as  x  (3CaO.SiO'2).9CaO.Al2O3.  See  Tornebohm,  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  610,  1900 
[Stockholm,  1897]. 

ALLANITE,  Min.,  p.  522;  App.,  p.  2.  — Crystals  in  granite  of  Sardinia;  Riva,  Att.  Ace.  Sc., 
Napoli,  12,  No.  9,  1905;  from  biotite-granite  on  Hiei  mountain,  Japan;  Hiki,  Mem.  College  of  Sci 
and  Eng.,  Kyoto  Imperial  Uni.,  1,  1,  1903. 

Anal,  of  bucklandite  from  the  Achmatovsk  mines  in  the  Urals;  Antipoff;  Vh.  Min.  Ges.  St. 
Pet.,  37,  Prot.  45,  1899. 

Occurrence  at  Avigait  and  Kara  Akungnait,  Greenland;  Boggild,  Min.  Gronl.,  259,  1905. 


APPENDIX    II.  3 

Aloisiite;  Luigi  Colomba,  Rend.  Ace..  Line.,  17,  (2),  233,  1908. 

A   hydrous   silicate  acting  as  a  cement  in  tuff  found  at  Fort  Portal,  Uganda.     Amorphous, 
brown  to  violet  in  color.     Anal.:  * 

SiO,  FeO  CaO  MgO  Na2O  H2O 

24.52  20.56  26.50  11.08  9.96  6.95  =  99.57 


After  deducting  impurities  and  CaCO3. 


The  water  is  considered  as  basic  and  the  general  formula  given  as  (R",  R/)4SiOa. 
Name  derived  from  Aloisius.  a  Latin  form  of  Luigi. 

ALTAITE,  Min.,  p.  51 ;  App.,  p.  2.  —  In  crystals,  octahedrons  with  a  (100)  and  ft  (322)  with  gold 
in  the  Birney  pocket  mine,  Tuolumne  Co.,  Cal.  (anal,  by  Schaller);  Eakle,  Bull.  G.  Univ.  Cal.,  2, 
324,  1901. 

Occurs  sparingly  with  other  tellurides  at  Kalgoorlie,  West  Australia;  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  13, 
278,  1903. 

ALUM,  Min.,  p.  951.  —  On  the  growth  of  crystals;  Weyberg,  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  510;  ibid.,  36,  40;  also 
Chevalier,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  134;  Becker  and  Day,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Sci.,  7,  283,  1905;  on  variation 
of  angles  on  alum  crystals;  Miers,  Zs.  Kr.,  39,  220. 

ALUMYTE.  —  G.  H.  Kinahan,  [Jour.  R.  Geol.  Soc.  Ireland,  8,  66,  1889] ;  [Trans.  Manchester 
Geol.  Soc.,  23,  165,  1895] ;  Min.  Mag.,  12,  378.  Alum  clay  ("  bauxite  ")  of  Co.  Antrim,  Ireland. 

ALUNITE,  Min.,  p.  974;  App.,  p.  2.  —  On  the  relation  of  alunite  to  jarosite,  natrojarosite, 
plumbojarosite,  see  jarosite.  Varieties  of  alunite  containing  soda  (natroalunite,  Hillebrand  and 
Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  218,  220,  1902)  have  been  described  by  Cross  (4.32Na2O)  from  Rosita 
Hills,  Colorado  (ib.,  41,  472,  1891),  and  Hurlburt  (4.41Na2O)  from  Red  Mountain,  Colorado  (ib., 
48,  130,  1894,  App.,  p.  2). 

Occ.  with  anal,  from  Realmont,  Tarn,  France;  Ternier,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  31,  215,  1908. 

ALUNOGEN,  Min.,  p.  958.  —  Anal,  from  Cripple  Creek,  Colo. ;  Hobbs,  Amer.  Geol.,  36,  185,  1905; 
Zs.  Kr.,  43,  394.  Found  as  a  deposit  at  the  Doughty  Springs  and  at  Alum  Gulch  in  Colorado; 
anal.;  Headden,  Proc.  Col.  Sc.  Soc.,  8,  62,  1905.  See  also  doughtyite.  Anal,  of  material  from 
Zolfo  Grotto,  Mesino,  Italy;  Zambonini,  Rend.  Ace.  Sci.,  Napoli,  Dec.,  1907. 

AMALGAM,  Min.,  p.  23.  —  Sjogren  has  described  two  varieties  from  Sala,  Sweden;  var.  A  in 
crystals  is  Ag2Hg3,  var.  B,  massive,  is  Ag5Hg6;  analyses  by  R.  Mauzelius,  G.  For.  Forh.,  22,  187, 
1900. 

AMBLYGONITE,  Min.,  p.  781.  —  Two  analyses  of  material  from  Montebras  are  given  by  Lasne, 
C.  R.,  132,  1191,  1901.  Occurs  massive  (anal.)  at  the  lepidolite  mine  near  Pala,  San  Diego  Co., 
Cal.;  Schaller,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  17,  191,  1904.  Occurrence  near  Sumjam  in  Padar  district,  Kashmir; 
Mallet  [Rec.  Geol.  Sur.  India,  32,  228,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  620. 

AMPHIBOLE,  Min.,  pp.  385,  1026;  App.,  p.  3. 

Cryst.  —  Small  crystals  found  associated  with  pyroxene,  biotite,  chrysolite,  leucite,  apatite, 
sodalite,  haiiyn,  titanite,  in  volcanic  bombs  from  Cappuccini  di  Albano,  Italy;  Zambonini,  Zs.  Kr., 
37,  369.  Twelve  forms  were  observed  and  the  following  axial  ratio  calculated:  a  :  b  :  c  =  0.55051  : 
1  :  0.29470;  ft  =  74°  35'  24".  Small  crystals  from  the  cavities  in  syenite  near  Biella;  idemj  ib., 
40,  231.  The  crystals  are  complex  in  habit,  showing  13  different  forms,  one  being  new,  B  (132). 
Angle  (110)  :  (132)  =  79°  38',  meas.,  79°  45'  33",  calc.  The  calculated  constants  for  these  crys- 
tals are  a  :  b  :  c  =  0.54501  :  1  :  0.29439;  ft  =  75°  4'  13".  An  analysis  is  given  and  the  relation 
between  chemical  composition  and  the  crystallpgraphic  constants  discussed.  Crystals  formed  at 
eruption  of  Vesuvius  in  1906;  see  under  Vesuvius.  Crystals  fom  Lyon  Mt.,  Clinton  Co.,  N.  Y.; 
Whitlock,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.,  107,  66,  1907. 

Opt.  —  Refractive  indices  of  hornblende  in  inclusions  of  Augite-Andesite  lava  from  Bellen- 
berges  near  Mayen ;  Gaubert,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  28,  187,  1905;  Optical  study  of  amphiboles  occurring 
in  glaucophane  schists  of  California  with  discussion  of  classification  of  group;  Murgoci,  Bull.  Uni. 
Calif.,  4,  15,  359,  1906.  Var.  pargasite  from  Grenville,  Canada,  and  Pargas,  Finland  (with  new 
anal.),  studied  optically  with  discussion  of  variation  in  optical  constants  of  amphiboles  of  different 
composition.  Kreutz,  Min.  Mitth.,  27,  247,  1908.  Optical  constants  of  rockformingamphibolea 
and  hornblendes  from  various  localities;  Duparc  and  Pearce,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  31,  109,  1908. 

Chem.  Comp.  —  Penfield  and  Stanley,  Am.  J.  S.,  23,  23, 1907;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  233,  give  new  analyses 
(1)  tremolite,  Richville,  N.  Y.,  (2)  Lee,  Mass.,  (3)  actirwlite,  Greiner,  Tyrol,  (4)  Russell,  N.  Y., 
(5)  Kragero,  Norway,  (6)  Pierrepont,  N.  Y.,  (7)  hornblende,  Renfrew,  Ontario,  (8)  Edenville,  N.  Y., 
(9)  Cornwall,  N.  Y.,  (10)  Monte  Somma,  Italy,  (11)  Bilin,  Bohemia,  (12)  Grenville,  Quebec.  The 
authors'  conclusions  as  to  the  composition  of  amphibole  are  (1)  that  it  is  a  metasilicate,  (2)  that 
fluorine  and  hydroxyl  are  isomorphous  with  the  protoxides,  (3)  that  the  presence  of  sesquioxides 
is  explained  by  their  introduction  into  thevinolecule  in  the  form  of  various  bivalent  radicals. 


4  APPENDIX    II. 

New  analyses  (see  below)  of  amphibole  resembling  kaersutite  from  island  of  Linosa  (for  which 
name  linosite  is  suggested)  and  of  kaersutite  from  Kaersut,  Umanak  Fiord,  Greenland,  with  optical 
study;  Washington  and  Wright,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  26,  187,  1908.  Discussion  of  chem.  comp.  of  amphi- 
boles  given.  Anal,  by  Washington. 

MgO         CaO 

I.  Linosa    40.85         8.47         9.89       8.85       3.96       0.12       0.10        12.47        12.16 
II.  Kaersut  39.52       10.31        11.22       1.22       8.81       0.06      13.31        10.93 


=    99.98 
=  100.00* 

*  Corrected  for  presence  of  0.77%  of  apatite. 

Study  of  the  role  of  water  in  tremolite  with  new  analyses  of  material  from  Ham  Island,  Alaska; 
Ossining,  Gouverneur,  Russell  and  Edwards,  N.  Y.  Also  analyses  of  kupfferite  from  Edwards, 
N.  Y.,  and  diopside  from  Ham  Island.  Conclusion  reached  that  water  is  not  chemically  com- 
bined in  tremolite  but  is  to  be  regarded  rather  as  dissolved  water  in  a  solid  solution.  Allen  and 
Clement,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  26,  101,  1908. 

Anal.  —  Tremolite  from  Bistrau,  Bohemia;  Kovar  [Abh.  Bohm  Ak.,  28,  1899];  Zs.  Kr.,  34, 
704:  —  from  Pisek,  Bohemia;  Krejci,  Ber.  bohm.  Gess.  Wiss.,  xliv,  1899;  hornblende  from  vol- 
canic bomb  found  on  the  island  of  St.  Christopher;  Fels.,  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  460;  from  Granatilla, 
Cabo  de  Gata;  Pfeil,  [Inaug.  Diss.  Heidelberg,  1901];  Centralbl.  Min.,  143,  1902;  amphibole  from 
Grenville,  Quebec,  containing  2.8%  fluorine;  Harrington,  Am.  J.  S.,  15,  392,  1903;  from  near 
Easton,  Pa.;  Eyerman,  Amer.  Geol.,  34,  43,  1904;  hornblende  from  Lukow,  Bohemia;  Hibsch,  Min. 
Mitth.,  24,  271,  1905;  also  Hampel,  ib.,  27,  271,  1908;  "grammatite"  from  Statoust  in  southern 
Urals;  Smirnoff,  [Travaux  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  St.  Petersbourg,  Sect.  geol.  et  min.,  33,  5,  45,  1905]; 
Zs.  Kr.,  44,  93;  dannemorite  from  Macskamezo,  Hungary;  Kosmat  and  v.  John,  Zs.  prakt.  Geol., 
13,  305-325,  1905;  amphibole,  with  anal.,  from  Cevadaes,  Portugal;  Hlawatsch,  Festschrift  zum 
siebzigsten  Geburtstage  von  Harry  Rosenbusch,  p.  68,  1906. 

A  blue  amphibole  is  described  by  L.  L.  Fermor  [Rec.  Geol.  Sur.  India,  31,  235,  1904],  Zs.  Kr., 
42,  390,  as  occurring  in  a  schist  associated  with  quartz,  calcite  and  a  black  oxide  of  manganese. 
Prismatic  crystals  e11"11  in  length.  Pleochroic,  a  pale  reddish  lilac,  b  paler  lilac,  c  blue.  Shows 
zonal  structure  evidently  due  to  varying  composition,  with  corresponding  variation  in  extinction 
angle  a  :  c  from  16°  to  70°.  G.  =  2.86.  Secondary  blue  amphibole  occurring  in  a  kersantite  in 
Co.  Down,  Ireland,  noted  by  H.  J.  Seymour,  Geol.  Mag.,  7,  257,  1900.  Occurrence  of  fibrous 
amphibole  (with  anal.)  in  spinel  rock  on  island  of  Elba;  P.  Aloisi,  Proc.  Soc.  Tosc.,  July,  1908. 

Hornblende  occurring  in  a  hornblende  gabbro,  from  Pavone,  near  Ivrea,  Piedmont,  Italy,  is 
described  and  an  analysis  given  by  Van  Horn,  Amer.  Geol.,  21,  370,  1898;  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  600.  Horn- 
blendes occurring  as  rock  constituents  in  the  coast  range  near  Berkeley,  California;  Blasdale,  Uni. 
Calif.  Bull.  Dept.  Geol.,  2,  11,  327,  1901.  Tremolite  from  Campo  longo,  Tessin;  Mann,  [Inaug. 
Diss.,  Leipzig,  1904];  Zs.  Kr.,  42,  666. 

Actinolite  as  pseudomorph  after  diopside  from  Kragero,  Norway,  with  anal. ;  S.  Hillebrand, 
Min.  Mitth.,  27,  272,  1908.  Derived  from  pyroxene,  which  see. 

Nephrite  from  New  Zealand  with  analyses,  Dieseldorff;  Centralbl.  Min.,  334,  1901;  from 
Bodensee,  Kalkowsky,  Ber.  Abh.  Naturwiss.  Ges.  Isis,  28,  1907.  Historical  with  bibliography; 
Berwerth,  Min.  Mitth.,  24,  228,  1905. 

See  Asbestus. 

Edenite.  —  Occ.  in  upper  Vallone  delle  Rovine,  Italy,  with  anal.;  Roccati,  Riv.  min.  cristall. 
ital.,  32,  12,  1905. 

Hudsonite  from  Cornwall,  N.  Y.,  formerly  classed  as  a  pyroxene,  is  proven  by  Weidman,  Am. 
J.  Sc.,  15,  227,  1903,  to  be  an  amphibole.  An  optical  description  and  a  new  analysis  are  given. 

Soretiie  is  an  aluminous  amphibole  from  the  anorthite-diorite^rocks  of  Koswinsky  in  the  north 
Ural;  Duparc  and  Pearce,  Mem.  Soc.  Phys.  Geneve,  34,  1902;  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  26,  126,  1903. 
Occurs  in  short  prismatic  crystals  with  6  (010),  m  (110)  but  not  terminated.  G.  =3.223.  Refrac- 
tion indices:  a  =  1.6627,  ft  =  1.6765,  7  =  1.Q856.  Birefringence  negative.  7  -  «  =  0.0228. 
2  V  =  82°  30'  obs.  Extinction  of  7  on  b  =  IT3.  Pleochroism  deep  green,  green,  pale  greenish 
yellow. 

Analysis,  Gabaglio: 

SiO2     TiO2     A12O3      Fe2O3      FeO     MnO      CaO       MgO      K,O    Na2O      Ign. 
I     40.52    1.71      10.99       9.64         9.83       ir.       12.33      11.82     0.68     2.38      0.50  =  100.40 

Crossite.  The  blue  amphibole  occurring  at  Silver  Cliff,  Colo.,  and  thought  by  Palache  (Bull.  G. 
Univ.  Calif.,  1,  181, 1894)  to  be  the  same  as  crossite,  is  said  to  be  crocidolite,  instead:  Murgoci,  Am. 
J.  Sc.,  20,  143,  1905. 

Szechenyiite  is  an  amphibole  occurring  with  jadeite  from  Central  Asia,  collected  by  Count 
Sz&henyi  (1877-1880)  and  examined  by  J.  Krenner,  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  502,  1899. 


APPENDIX    II.  0 

G.  =  3.033.  Color  light  greenish  brown  to  brownish  or  blackish  green;  pleochroism  feeble. 
Extinction  on  m  (cleavage)  14°  12',  on  b  (010)  16°  16'.  An  analysis  by  Loczka  gave: 

SiO,        A12O3      Fe2O3       FeO        MgO         CaO        Na.,O        K..O        H2O 
55.02         4.53          1.04         3.28         20.36         8.00          6.71         1.52         0.51    =  100.97 

Tschernichewite  is  the  name  given  by  Duparc  and  Pearce,  Arch.  Sci.  Phys.  Nat.,  Geneve,  23, 1, 
1907;  C.  R.  144,  763,  1907;  to  an  amphibole  found  in  a  magnetite  bearing  quartzite  in  northern 
Urals.  It  shows  very  strong  pleochroism,  a  =  deep  violet,  b  =  pale  greenish  yellow,  c  =  intense 
blue  green.  Probably  near  riebeckite  or  arfvedsonite. 

Osannite,  name  given  by  Hlawatsch,  Festschr.  H.  Rosenbusch,  76,  1906,  to  a  soda-am  phi  bole 
between  riebeckite  and  arfvedsonite  in  which  ax.  pi.  is  JL  to  (010)  and  Bxac  nearly  coincides  with 
axis  c.  Found  in  amphibole-gneiss  at  Cevadaes,  Portugal.  Named  after  Prof.  A.  Osann  of 
Freiberg,  Baden. 

Winchite;  name  given  to  a  blue  amphibole  near  tremolite  from  manganese  mines  of  Central 
India.  Named  after  H.  J.  Winch.  Fermor  [Trans.  Min.  Geol.  Inst.  India,  1,  79,  1906];  Min. 
Mag.,  14,  413,  1907. 

Artificial.  In  investigating  the  synthetic  production  of  a  series  of  minerals  of  the  composi- 
tion MgSiO3,  E.  T.  Allen,  F.  E.  Wright  and  J.  K.  Clement,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  22,  385,  1906,  succeeded  in 
making  microscopic  crystals  which  they  determined  to  be  amphibole.  Preparation  of  Norden- 
skioldine;  Ouvrard,  C.  R.  143,  315,  1906. 

ANALCITE,  Min.,  p.  595;  App.,  p.  3. — Crystals  from  basalt  of  East  Greenland;  Boggild, 
[Medd.  om  Gronl.,  28,  99];  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  636;  from  Scottish  localities;  Goodchild,  [Trans.  Geol. 
Soc.,  Glasgow,  12,  Suppl.,  1-68,  1903];  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  307;  (with  anal.)  from  Ben  Lomond,  N.  S.  W.; 
Anderson,  Rec.  Aus.  Mus.,  6,  418,  1907. 

Effect  of  low  temperatures  on  optical  properties;  Panichi,  [Mem.  Ace.  Line.,  4,  389,  1902]; 
Zs.  Kr.,  40,  88. 

Anal,  of  material  from  nepheline-syenite,  Montreal;  Harrington,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Canada, 
11,  (3),  25,  1905;  composition  discussed;  Clarke  and  Steiger,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  251,  1899.  Chem. 
constitution;  McNeil,  Jour.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  28,  594,  1906.  Anal,  of  material  from  Seissei 
Alp  in  Tyrol  with  discussion  of  composition;  Baschieri,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  24,  1908. 

Occurrence  in  rocks.  J.  W.  Evans,  Quar.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.,  57,  38,  1901,  describes  analcite 
as  forming  the  isotropic  base  to  a  monchiquite  from  Mount  Girnar  Junagarh,  Kathiawar.  A. 
Pelikan.  Mitth.,  25,  113,  describes  analcite  as  a  primary  constituent  of  an  analcite-nephelite- 
phonolite  from  Schonfeld  near  Kamnitz,  Bohemia,  and  of  an  analcite  phonolite  from  Kubatsch- 
kaberge,  northwest  from  Praskowitz.  Noted  by  H.  Proboscht,  Centralbl.  Min.,  79,  1904,  as 
occurring  in  the  center  of  altered  olivine  crystals  in  an  analcite-melaphyre  from  Pizmeda. 

Anapaite.  A.  Sachs,  Ber.  Ak.,  Berlin,  1902,  p.  18.  Tamanite,  S.  P.  Popoff,  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  267, 
1902.  Tschirwinskij,  [Ann.  Ge*ol.  Min.  Russ.,  7,  28,  1904];  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  77. 

Triclinic.  Axis  a  :  b  :  c=  0.8757  :  1  :  0.5975;  a  =  132°  22',  /?  =  106°  47',  7  =  83°  28'- 
Forms:  a  (100),  c  (001),  m  (110),  M(110),  o  (111). 

Angles:  ac  =  73°  10',  am  =  44°  55',  aM  =  52°  20',  co  =  52°  35'.    Crystals  tabular.    ||  a  (100). 

Cleavage  a,  perfect.  H.  =  3.5.  G.  =  2.81-2.85.  Color  green  white.  Extinction  on  a 
(100),  15°  with  c.  Ax.  angle  about  127°. 

Composition  (Ca,Fe)3(PO4)2.4H2O. 

Analyses:  1.  Sachs,  1.  c.;  2.  Popoff,  1.  c.;  3.  Loczka,  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  438,  1902. 

G  P2O5  FeO  CaO  H2O 

1.  2.81  35.51  18.07  27.77  18.47  =    99.82 

2.  2.812  \          34.50  20.00  27.72  18.33  =  100.55 

3.  2.85  34.36  17.49  28.32  18.64  Fe2O30.84,  CO2  0.62  =  100.27. 

From  the  limonite  mines  of  Zelesnyj  Jlog  near  Anapa  on  the  Taman  peninsula,  Kuban 
Province,  occurs  in  crusts  lining  cavities  at  the  junction  of  the  limonite  and  siderite-bearing 
schist. 

Ancylite.     Ankylite.     G.  Flink,  Medd.  om  Gronl.,  14,  235,  1899;  [ibid.,  24,  49,  1901]. 

Orthorhombic.  Axes  a:  b  :  c  =  0.916  :  1  :  0.9174.  Forms:  d  (101),  e  (Oil),  Angles:  dd"r 
=  90°  5',  ee'"  =  85°  4'.  In  small  rhombic  pyramids,  de,  with  curved  faces  and  edges;  also 
occasionally  in  small  groups  or  druses  and  in  crusts. 

Cleavage  not  observed.  Fracture  splintery.  Brittle,  rather  tough.  H.  =  4.5.  G.  =  3.95. 
Luster  on  crystal  faces  vitreous,  on  the  fracture  greasy.  Color  light  yellow  to  orange,  also 
brownish  or  grayish,  resin-brown,  yellowish  green.  Subtranslucent.  Ax.  pi.  ||  (001).  Bxa  -J-  (010). 
Birefringence  strong,  optically  positive. 


6  APPENDIX    II. 

Composition,  4Ce(OH)CO3.3SrCO.,.3H2O.     Analysis,  R.  Manzelius  on  0.3  gram: 

CO2         ThO2        Ce2O,       (La,Di)2O3         FeO          SrO          CaO        H2O        insol. 
23.28         0.20         22.22  24.04  0.35         21.03         1.52         6.52         0.60    =  99.76* 

*  Traces  of  Y2O3,  MnO,  F. 

B.  B.  infusible,  loses  CO2  and  becomes  brown;  moistened  with  hydrochloric  acid  gives  an 
intense  red  flame.  In  the  closed  tube  yields  water  freely.  Readily  soluble  in  acids  with  evolu- 
tion of  CO2. 

Occurs  at  Narsarsuk,  southern  Greenland,  with  segirite  and  albite;  also  in  crusts  on  corroded 
feldspar  crystals.  Ancylite  is  related  to  weibyeite  (Min.,  p.  291). 

Named  from  cfy/cuXos,  curved,  in  allusion  to  the  rounded  character  of  the  crystal  faces. 

A  mineral  found  in  a  pebble  in  West  Russia,  related  to  ancylite  (spelled,  ansilite)  and  pari- 
site,  is  described  by  G.  Tschernik,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.  St.  Pet.,  41,  43,  1903;  Zs.  Kr.,  41,  184.  In  minute 
octahedrons  in  part  dark  brown  (anal.  1),  in  part  brownish  yellow  (anal.  2)  with  rounded  faces. 
Luster  vitreous.  H.  =  4  -  5,  dark  crystals  harder.  G.  =  4.298  dark  var.,  =  3.962  light  var. 
Analyses: 

CO2     Ce2O3  La2O3  Pr2O,,Nd2O,  Y2O3     FeO    BaO     CaO      H2O    insol. 

1.  Dark  brown     23.78     44.58     2.85    "      2.57  tr.       5.36      tr.      13.01      6.97      —    =  99.12 

2.  Yellow  23.70     35.61     6.47  7.74  tr.       5  55f    tr.      12.83      6.94    0.22  =  99.06 

t  MnO. 

ANDALUSITE,  Min.,  p.  496;  App.,  p.  4.  — Crystals  from  Pisek,  Bohemia;  Krejci,  Ber.  bohm. 
Ges.  Wiss.,  xxxv,  1902;  chiastolite  crystals  remarkable  for  their  size  and  complex  structure  occur 
at  Mt.  Howden,  ten  miles  north  of  Bimbowrie,  South  Australia.  C.  Anderson,  Records  Austr. 
Mus.,  4,  298,  1902;  see  also  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  183,  1907. 

Refractive  indices;  Taubert,  flnaug.-Diss.,  Jena,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  313. 

Analyses  of  material  from  various  localities  in  the  neighborhood  of  Fliiela  and  Scaletta  in 
Switzerland,  are  given  by  A.  Grammann,  [Inaug.-Diss.,  Zurich,  1899;  Viertelj.  —  Schrift  d. 
Naturf.  Ges.  Zurich,  44,  302,  1899];  Zs.  Kr.,  35,  407.  Author  also  discusses  the  probable  cause 
of  the  variation  in  color  in  the  Alpine  specimens;  Chem.  constitution  of;  Zulkowski,  Ber.  Ak. 
Wien,  109,  (lib),  851,  1900;  conversion  at  high  temperature  into  sillimanite,  which  see. 

ANDESINE,  Min.,  p.  333;  App.,  p.  4. — Crystals  from  Ekaluit,  Greenland;  Boggild,  Min. 
Grdnl.,  467. 

ANDORITE,  App.,  p.  4.  The  following  new  forms  were  observed  by  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  14, 
316,  on  crystals  from  Oruro:  o>  (035),  17  (041),  £  (312),  A  (321),  B  (441),  C  (243)?.  D  (241),  £(261). 
The  chemical  and  crystallographic  position  is  also  discussed,  andorite  being  considered  as  the 
first  member  of  a  series  with  diaphorite  and  freieslebenite. 

ANGLESITE,  Min.,  p.  907;  App.,  p.  4.  — Crys.:  from  Malfidano,  Sardinia;  Millesovich,  Rend. 
Ace.  Line.,  9,  (1),  153,  1900;  Eureka,  Utah;  Rogers,  Sch.  Mines  Q.,  23,  135,  1902;  from  Laurium 
and  from  the  Tintic  distr.,  Utah,  the  latter  with  several  new  forms;  Hulyak  [Term.  Fiiz.,  23, 
187,  1900]  in  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  201 ;  from  Monte  Poni,  with  new  forms  and  a  critical  summary  of  all 
known  forms  with  literature,  etc.,  also  a  table  of  angles  (after  Gdt.);  Hermann,  Zs.  Kr.,  39,  463, 
1904;  from  Broken  Hill,  S.  Australia;  Toborffy,  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  601;  from  Mies.,  Slavik,  [Abh. 
bohm.  Akad.  No.  19,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  83;  from  Gaeta,  L.  Como;  Repossi,  Att.  Soc.  Milano,  43, 
430,  1905;  from  ore  bodies  of  province  of  Messina,  Sicily;  Traina,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  14,  (1),  220, 
1905;  from  Dundas,  Tasmania,  mine  Meretrice,  New  Caledonia  and  Lewis  Ponds  near  Orange, 
N.  S.  W.  C.  Anderson,  Rec.  Austr.  Mus.,  6,  90,  1905;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  621-622;  from  Broken  Hill, 
N.  S.  W.,  with  new  forms  y  (187),  X  (3.4.12),  v  (598);  Anderson,  Rec.  Aus.  Mus.,  7,  1,  63,  1908; 
Tintic  dist.,  Utah;  Farrington  and  Tillotson,  Field  Col.  Mus.,  Geol.  Series  3,  No.  7,  p.  131,  1908.; 

Etching  figures,  see  under  barite. 

ANHYDRITE,  Min.,  p.  910;  App.,  p.  4.  — Crystals  from  the  Simplon  Tunnel  and  the  etching 
figures  on  the  three  cleavage  faces  studied  by  Preiswerk,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  33,  1905.  Twin  from  Aussee, 
Styria,  with  new  form  p  (151);  Bascom  and  Goldschmidt,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  487,  1907;  Zs.  Kr., 
44,  65. 

Effect  of  low  temperatures  upon  optical  properties,  Panichi,  [Mem.  Ace.  Line.,  4,  389,  1902]; 
Zs.  Kr.,  40,  89.  Pleochroism  was  noted  in  a  crystal  of  anhydrite  from  Stassfurt  by  Gorgey, 
Min.  Mitth.,  26,  141,  1907,  giving  a  violet,  ft  colorless,  y  violet;  absorption  7  >  a  >  ft. 

Analysis  of  anhydrite  from  Frontenac  County,  Ontario,  by  Nicol.,  [Can.  Rec.  of  Sci.  1896- 
1897,  7,  61],  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  293. 

Studies  in  the  genesis  of  anhydrite  and  its  associated  minerals  were  made  by  van't  Hoff  with 
Armstrong,  Hiurichsen,  Weigert,  Farup,  d'Ans;  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  559,  1900;  570,1140,  1901; 
1000,  1903;  218,  1906;  [Arch.  Neerland  d.  sc.  exact,  et  nat.  Harlem,  6,  471,  1901];  reviewed  in 
Zs.  Kr.,  38,  525;  Jb.  Min.,  2,  5,  1902;  and  by  Vater,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  269,  1900. 


APPENDIX    II.  1 

Inclusions  of  liquid  carbon  dioxide  in  anhydrite  from  Simplon  Tunnel;  Spezia,  Att.  Ace. 
Torino,  39,  521,  1904.  Occurrence  at  Wilhehnsgluck;  Lenze  [Ber.  ub.  d.  Versamml.  d.  oberrhein. 
geol.  Vereins,  32,  23,  1899J;  Zs.  Kr,  35,  411.  In  a  phonolite  at  Hammer-Unterwiesenthal, 
Saxony,  blue  anhydrite;  Bergt,  Abh.  naturwiss.  Ges.  Isis,  Dresden,  88,  1899;  in  a  micaceous 
dolomite  from  Simplon  Tunnel;  Spezia,  Att.  Ace.  Sci ..  Torino,  38,  June,  1903. 

Micro-determination  in  rocks;  Berg,  Centralbl.  Min.,  688,  1907. 

ANKERITE,  Min.,  p.  274. — Analysis  of  normal  var.  from  Phelps  Co.,  Mo.;  Rogers,  Kans. 
Univ.  Bull.,  8,  183,  1899. 

ANNABERGITE,  Min.,  p.  818.  —  Artif.;  de  Schulten,  Bull.  Min.  Soc.,  26,  87,  1903.  Occurrence 
at  Cobalt,  Ont.;  Miller,  Rep.  Can.  Bureau  Mines,  2,  1905. 

ANNERODITE.  —  See  under  Uraninite. 

ANORTHITE,  Min.,  pp  337,  391, 1027;  App.,  p.  5.  —  Oryst. —  From  Vesuvius  figured  by  Viola, 
Zs.  Kr.,  31,  484.  From  Aranyi-Berg  described  by  V.  Hulydk,  [Foldt.  Kozl.,  33,  54,  1903],  Zs.  Kr., 
40,  504.  Following  new  forms  given,  G  (405),  F  (205),  V  (131),  H  (421),  K  (243),  L(243).  Crys- 
tals from  a  volcanic  bomb  found  on  the  island  of  St.  Christopher  described  by  Fels,  Zs.  Kr.,  37, 
450.  From  Franklin,  N.  J.,  by  Warren,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  11,  369,  1901.  Twins  from  Rochenoire,  Puy- 
de-D6me;  Vigier,  Bull.  Soc.  Min  ,  31,  142,  1908. 

Opt.  —  Studies  of  optical  constants  and  orientation  on  anorthite  from  Vesuvius  by  Becke, 
Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  108,  434,  1899,  Min.  Mitth.,  19,  201,  1899;  by  Viola,  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  484,  and  Klein, 
Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  346,  1899. 

«D=  1.57524,  Viola;  1.57556,  Klein. 
/?„  =  1.58327,        "     1.58348,      " 
7D=  1.58840,       "     1.58849,       " 
2V  =  76°  56',        "     76°  30', 

One  of  the  optic  axes  lies  in  c  (001)  and  makes  the  angle  26f°  (Becke)  with  pole  to  6  (010),  the 
other  optic  axis  makes  a  small  angle  with  the  c  axis. 

Anal.  —  From  Phippsburg,  Maine,  by  Hillebrand,  U.  S.  G.  S.,  Bull.  167, 1900;  from  the  island 
of  St.  Christopher  by  Fels,  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  460;  from  Franklin,  N.  J.,  by  Warren,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  11,  371, 
1901 ;  discussion  of  chemical  constitution  by  Tschermak;  Ber.  Ak.  Wien.,  112,  (1),  355,  1903;  114, 
455,  1905;  115,  217,  1906. 

ANORTHOCLASE,  Min.,  p.  324;  App.,  p.  5.  — Portoscuso,  Sardinia,  determination  of  refractive 
indices;  Riva,  Riv.  Min.  Ital.,  26,  21,  1901;  Zs.  Kr.,  35,  274,  1901.  Anal,  of  phenocrysts  from 
granite  of  Port  Victor,  S.  Australia;  Gartrell,  [Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  S.  Aus.,  27,  256-260,  1903];  Zs.  Kr., 
45,  315. 

ANSILITE,  see  under  Ancylite. 

ANTHOPHYLLITE,  Min.,  p.  384;  App.,  p.  5.  — Occurs  with  fayalite  at  Rockport,  Mass.,  (Opt.) 
Warren,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  339,  1903,  17,  179,  1904;  also  at  Saint-Germain-l'Herm,  France  (Anal. 
Opt.)  G.  Friedel,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  25,  102,  1902.  Occurrence  at  Fonte  del  Prete,  Elba;  Cornu  and 
Himmelbauer,  [Mitth.  Nat.  Ver.  Wien,  3,  9-19,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  299. 

Artif.  formation  of  kupfferite;  Allen,  Wright  and  Clement,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  22,  385,  1906. 

Antimon-luzonite.     S.  Stevanovic,  Zs.  Kr.,  27,  239,  1902.  —See  Enargite. 

APATITE,  Min.,  pp.  762,  1027;  App.,  p.  5.  — Cryst.  — Complex  crystals  of  rich  purple  color  are 
described  from  Minot,  Maine,  by  Palache,  occurring  with  tourmaline,  lepidolite,  cookeite,  etc.,  in 
pegmatite;  optical  properties  (biaxial)  are  also  described  and  analysis  given  by  Wolff,  Proc. 
Amer.  Acad.,39,  517,  1902;  crystals  from  granite  of  Baveno;  Artini,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  11,  (2),_362, 
1902 ^crystals,  pink,  also  green  occur  at  Haddam  Neck,  Conn.;  new  forms  noted  I  (7430), 
W  (7520),  W'  (7250) ;  Bowman,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  111,  1902.  Crystals  described  from  Rautenkrantz  in 
the  Erzgebirgej  Hermann,  Centralbl.  Min.,  433,  1904;  from  Biella,  Italy,  by  Zambonini  with  new 
pyramid/  (1014)_,  Zs.  Kr.,  40,  220,  1904;  from  Gellivara  in  Norbotten,  Sweden,  with  new  forms 
e  (7.0.7. ll),/ (2023)  g  (7079),;'  (7078),  also  refractive  indices  measurements;  Zimanyi,  Zs.  Kr.,  39, 
505,  1904;  Ann.  Mus.  Nat.  Hung.,  p.  288,  1904.  Needle-like  crystals  in  volcanic  bomb  from 
Cappuccini  di  Albano,  Italy;  Viola,  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  370.  Crystals  rich  in  faces  of  a  clear  pale  amethyst 
color  from  Gletsch,  Switzerland;  Busz,  Centralblt.  Min.,  753,  1906.  The  following  new  forms 
noted,  X  (4.0.4.21),  /?  (5057),  d  (4045),  7  (8089);  Lyon  Mt.,  Clinton  Co.,  N.  Y.;  Whitlock,  N.  Y. 
State  Mus.  Bull.,  107,  72,  1907.  Chemical,  optical  and_crystallographic  study  of  apjatite  from 
Epprechtstein,  Bavaria  (new  forms;  B  (5490),  K  (10.9.19.0),  K,  (19.9.10.0),  D  (13.0.13.4)),  and 
Luxullian.  Cornwall.  —  Walter,  Inaug.  Diss.,  Univer.  Miinster,  1907. 


8  APPENDIX    II. 

Opt.  — Refractive  indices  of  fluorapatite  from  Pisek;  K.  Zimanyi,  Zs.  Kr.,  40,  281, 1904;  Ann. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hung.,  562, 1904;  also  of  crystals  found  in  inclusions  in  augite  andesite  lava  from  Bel- 
lenberges  near  Mayen ;  Gaubert,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  28, 186, 1905.  Optically  anomalous  crystals  from 
amphibole  diabase  from  Nurra,  Sardinia;  Viola,  Boll.  Com.  Geol.  Ital.,  6,  106,  1905.  Optical 
constants  for  crystals  from  Gletsch,  Switzerland;  Busz,  Centralbl.  Min.,  760,  1906.  Refractive 
indices;  Gaubert,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  30,  108, 1907.  Optical  study  of  material  from  various  localities; 
Baumhauer,  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  555,  1908. 

Anal. — Gordonbrook,  New  South  Wales,  analysis;  Mingaye,  Trans.  Austr.  Ass.  Sc.,  1898. 

An  apatite  from  Narsarsuk,  Greenland,  containing  3.36  p.  c.  Y2O.,  has  been  described  by  G. 
Flink,  Medd.  Gronland,  14,  235,  1898;  24,  173,  1901.  Analysis  of  crystals  from  Gletsch,  Switzer- 
land; Busz,  Centralbl.  Min.,  760,  1906. 

Pseudomorph  of  " osteolite  "  after  calcite  from  near  Prausnitz,  Kreis  Jauer,  Silesia;  Schwantke, 
Centralbl.  Min.,  641,  1905. 

On  the  apatite  deposits  of  Canada;  A.  Osann,  Geol.  Surv.  Canada,  12,  Pt.  O,  1899. 

Phosphorite.  —  Various  Swedish  phosphorites  contain  fluorine  in  the  same  ratio  to  the  phos- 
phoric acid  as  in  apatite;  Andersson  and  Sahlbom,  Bull.  G.  Inst.  Upsala,  4,  79,  1899.  Occurrence 
in  Europe;  Kruft,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil,  15,  1,  1902. 

APHTHITALITE,  Min.,  p.  897;  App.,  p.  5. — See  B.  Gossner  on  the  crystallographic  relations  of  the 
sulphates  and  chromates  of  potassium  and  sodium,  Zs.  Kr.,  39,  155,  1903;  also  van't  Hoff  on  the 
formation  of  isomorphous  mixtures  of  K2SO<  and  Na0SO4,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  359,  1903.  The  latter 
concludes  that  glaserite  (K2SO4),  aphtalose  or  aphtalite  (75%  K2SO4)  and  arcanite  (62%  K,SO4) 
are  probably  identical. 

Probable  occurrence  in  fumaroles  of  Mt.  Pelee,  Martinique;  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  28,  60, 
1905.  Formed  at  eruption  of  Vesuvius  in  1906;  see  under  Vesuvius. 

APOPHYLLITE,  Min.,  p.  566;  App.,  p.  5. — Cryst.  — Crystals  with  optical  study  and  anal, 
from  Sulitelma,  Sweden;  Hennig,  Geol.  For.  Forh.,  21,  391,  1899;  From  Seiser-Alp  with  (013); 
Zambonini,  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  561;  in  tabular  crystals  from  Rezbanya,  Hungary;  Zimanyi,  Zs.  Kr., 
36,  256,  1902;  from  Gross-Priessen,  east  of  Aussig,  showing  i  (103);  Pelikan,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  111, 
334,  1902.  From  Scottish  localities;  Goodchild,  [Trans.  Geol.  Soc.  Glasgow,  12,  Suppl.,  1-68, 
1903];  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  305.  From  following  Swedish  localities,  Nordmarken,  Taberg,  Uto,  Skott- 
vang,  Langbaushyttan,  Hallestad;  Flink,  G.  For.  Forh.,  28,  423, 1906.  From  basalt  of  East  Green- 
land; Boggild,  [Medd.  om  Gronl.,  28,  99];  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  636;  also  in  Min.  Gronl.,  546,  1905.  From 
Traversella  with  anal,  and  discussion  of  chem.  comp.;  Colomba;  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  16,  966,  1907. 

Quartz  pseudomorph  after  apophyllite  occurs  with  datolite  and  pectolite  near  Fort  Point, 
San  Francisco,  Cal.,  see  under  quartz. 

Studies  on  apophyllite  free  from  fluorine  and  on  those  which  contain  fluorine  show  that  the 
first  variety  is  +  with  higher  index  of  refraction,  the  second  —  and  with  lower  index  of  refraction; 
Cornu,  Centralbl.  Min.,  79,  1906. 

Occurrence  (with  anal.)  at  Asmara  and  Sciket,  Eritrea;  Manasse,  Proc.  Soc.  Tosc.,  July,  1906. 
Discussion  of  chem.  comp.;  Zambonini,  Mem.  Ace.  Sci.  Napoli,  14,  124,  1908.  Anal,  of  material 
from  Seisser  Alp,  Tyrol,  with  discussion  of  composition;  Baschieri,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  24,  1908. 

Effect  of  ammonium  chloride  upon;  Clarke  and  Steiger,  U.  S.  G.  S.,  Bull.  207,  1902;  Zs.  Kr., 
38,  696. 

ARAGONITE,  Min.,  pp.  281, 1027;  App.,  p.  5.  —  Crystals  described  by  Jeremejew  from  Karkara- 
linsk  distr.,  Khirgise  Steppes,  Vh.  Min  Ges.  St.  Pet.,  [35,  75,  1897];  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  507;  by  Zimanyi 
from  Dognacska  with  new  forms  and  list  of  forms  for  the  species  with  references  to  authors,  etc., 
Zs.  Kr.,  31,  353,  1899.  From  Herrengrund,  new  forms,  discussion  of  twins  and  measurement  of 
refractive  indices;  Melczer,  Zs.  Kr.,  38,  249,  1903;  Ber.  aus  Ungarn,  23,  272,  1905; from  East  Green- 
land; Boggild,  Medd.  om  Gronl.,  28,  108,  1905;  from  Plauen  in  Vogtland;  Henglein,  Centralbl. 
Min.,  372,  1908. 

Symmetry  that  of  the  holosymmetric  class;  Melczer,  Zs.  Kr.,  39,  279,  1904.  See  also  Becken- 
kamp,  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  24,  1899. 

The  crystalline  structure  of  the  members  of  the  Aragonite  group  has  been  exhaustively  studied 
by  Westhoff,  Inaug.  Diss.,  1899.  See  also  absts.  in  Zs.  Kr.,  35,  188. 

Investigation  of  structure  of  mimetic  crystals,  Mugge,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.  Bd.,  14,247,  1901. 

Fluorescence  in ;  Schincaglia,  [II  Nuovo  Cimento,  Pisa,  10,  212,  1899];  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  312. 

On  the  relations  of  aragonite  to  calcite  see  H.  W.  Foote,  Zs.  phys.  Ch.,  33,  740,  1900. 

Conchite  of  Agnes  Kelly,  Ber.  Ak.  Munchen,  30,  187,  1900;  Min.  Mag.,  12,  363,  1900,  the 
material  of  molluscan  shells  supposed  to  be  a  new  form  of  CaCO:5  is  shown  by  Vater,  Zs.  Kr.,  35, 
149,  and  Brauns,  Centralbl.  Min.,  134,  1901,  to  be  identical  with  aragonite. 

Mossottite  from  Montieri  is  shown  by  G.  D'Achiardi;  to  be  a  mixture  of  calcite  and  aragonite, 
[Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  Proc.  Verb.,  11,  1898];  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  522. 

ARAGOTITE,  Min.,  p.  1013.  — Occurrence  in  ^Etna  mercury  mine,  Napa  Co.,  Calif.,  Hanks, 
[Jour.  Roy.  Microsc.  Soc.,  673,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  615. 


APPENDIX    II. 

ARDENNITE,  Min.  p.  542.  —  Analysis  by  W.  Prandtl  of  the  arsenical  variety: 

SiO2      A12O3      Fe2O3      MnO        FeO        MgO     CaO    As,O5     V2O5      Ign. 
27.77     25.25      0.53        22.70       0.65         5.20      1.44      9.91        0.81      5.24  =  99.50 


This  leads  to  the  formula  HeMnjAl^As.V)^^,  Zs.  Kr.,  40,  392,  1904. 

ARFVEDSONITE,  Min.,  p.  401;  App.,  p.  6.  —  Crystals  from  Narsarsuk,  Greenland;  Flink,  Medd. 
Gronl.,  24,  77,  1901. 

ARGENTITE,  Min.,  p.  46.  —  Occurrence  at  Cobalt,  Ontario;  Miller,  Rep.  Can.  Bureau  of  Mines, 
14,  Pt.  2,  1905.  Occurrence  (with  anal.)  at  California  mine  on  Glacier  Mt.,  Montezuma,  Summit 
Co.,  Colo.;  Van  Horn,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  25,  508,  1908. 

ARGENTODOMEYKITE,  see  under  Domeykite. 

ARGENTOPERCYLITE,  Chem.  Zeit.,  16,  1952,  1892,  same  as  Boleite,  which  see. 

ARGTRODITE,  Min.,  p.  150;  App.,  p.  6.  —  Occurrence  in  Bolivia;  Canfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  23,  20, 
1907.  Crystallographic  and  chemical  study  of  material  from  Colquechaca,  Bolivia;  V.  M.  Gold- 
schmidt,  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  548,  1908.  Anal,  of  material  from  old  specimen  from  "  Bescheert  Glilck  " 
mine,  Freiberg;  Kolbeck,  Centralblt.  Min.,  331,  1908. 

See  Plusinglanz. 

ARSENIC,  Min.,  p.  11  ;  App.,  p.  6.  —  Occurs  near  Montreal  with  calcite  in  a  vein  cutting  nephelite- 
syenite,  G.  =  5.74,  contains  1.65  Sb  and  0.16  S;  Evans,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  15,  92,  1903.  Also  occurs  in 
reniform  masses  at  Washington  Camp,  Santa  Cruz  Co.,  Arizona;  Warren,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  337,  1903. 

ARSENOPYRITE,  Min.,  p.  97;  App.,  p.  6.  —  Crystals  from  the  Lengenbach  quarry  in  the  Binnen- 
thal  have  been  measured  by  Lewis,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  291,  1903.  Crystals  from  Brosso  and  Traver- 
sella  with  new  form  (221);  Colomba,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  15,  642,  1906.  Crystals  from  Ivigtut, 
Greenland;  Boggild,  Min.  Greenland,  49,  1905. 

The  cobaltiferous  variety,  danaite,  from  the  Sulitjelma  mines  in  northern  Norway,  contains 
1.15  p.  c.  Co  and  gives  an  axial  ratio  near  that  of  glaucodot,  according  to  Fletcher,  Min.  Mag., 
14,  54,  1904.  Crystals  from  the  same  locality  earlier  described  by  Stelzner  gave  6.81  p.  c.  Co, 
cf.  Fletcher,  1.  c.,  also  Vogt,  Zs.  prakt.  Geol.,  2,  43,  1894,  and  Hintze,  Min.,  1,  863,  1901. 

Occurrence  (with  anal.)  at  Cobalt,  Ont.;  Miller,  Rep.  Can.  Bureau  Mines,  14,  Pt.  2,  1905. 

Arsenschwefel,  E.  Monaco,  [Ann.  Scuola  Agricolt.  Portici,  1902],  Zs.  Kr.,  40,  297,  1904. 

A  blue-gray  mineral  with  metallic  luster  occurring  in  granular  crystalline  (tetragonal  ?)  aggre- 
gates, mixed  with  realgar,  at  the  Solfatara  of  Pozzuoli,  near  Naples.  An  analysis,  yielding  the 
formula  As3S,  +  HaO,  gave:  8,35.92;  As,  56.90;  H2O,  7.00  =  99.82. 

ARSENSULFURITE,  see  Sulphur. 

Artinite.  L.  Brugnatelli,  [Rend.  R.'  1st.  Lomb,  Mailand,  35,  869,  1902;  36,  824,  19031: 
Centralblt.  Min.,  144,  663,  1903;  Zs.  Kr.,  40,  103;  41,  257. 

Orthorhombic.     Fibrous,  radiating,  in  spherical  aggregate* 

H.  =  2.  G.  =  2.028.  Color  white.  Optically  -  .  Length  of  fibres  usually  ||  6.  Ax.  pi. 
usually  J-  to  length  of  fibers.  /?  =  about  1.537.  7  —  a  =  about  0.055.  2E  over  90°. 

Comp.  —  MgCO3.Mg(OH)2.3H2O  =  MgO,  40.82;  CO2,  22.45;  H2O,  36.73. 

Anal,  on  material  from  Val  Laterna: 

MgO  CO2  H2O 

41.34         22.37       (36.39)  =  100.00 

Obs.  Found  in  an  asbestus  quarry  associated  with  a  peridotite  at  Val  Brutta  in  the  Val  Laterna. 
Later  observed  with  magnesite  at  Emarede  in  the  Aosta  valley.  Named  in  honor  of  Prof.  Ettore 
Artini  of  Mailand. 

Arzninite.     A.  Arzruni  and  K.  Thaddeeff,  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  230,  1899. 

Orthorhombic.  In  druses  of  small  hexagonal  prisms  with  basal  planes  and  minute  pryamidal 
faces  ;  these  are  interpreted  as  being  Orthorhombic  with  a  prismatic  angle  sensibly  60°,  and  show- 
ing the  forms  6  (010),  c  (001),  m  (110),  also  (021)  and  (111).  Color  blue  or  bluish  green,  but  the  light 
transmitted  through  the  prism  is  in  part  blue,  in  part  nearly  colorless.  Biaxial,  an  axis  nearly  JL  m. 

Composition  highly  uncertain,  as  the  material  for  analysis  was  scanty  (0.2,  0.19  gr.)  and  very 
impure;  further  the  only  completed  analysis  shows  a  loss  of  2  p.  c. 

Analyses,  Thadde"eff: 

SO,        Cl  PbO         CuO         H2O      Fe2O3        CaO         ZnO         SiO2 

1.  8.07      14.39        31.41        21.39        undet.      0.70          1.70         undet.        13.60 

2.  13.06       9.46       33.38        14.54        11.01        1.81          1.87         4.08  8.88  =-  98.09 


10  APPENDIX    11. 

Of  the  above  the  SiO2  is  assumed  to  be  present  as  quartz,  Fe2O3  as  limonite,  ZnO  as  goslarite, 
furthermore  the  mineral  graduates  into  lanarkite;  deducting  the  impurities  a  formula  is  deduced 
which  would  make  arzrunite  a  double  salt  of  basic  lead  sulphate  and  a  basic  copper  chloride, 
(Pb2O)SO4.3(CuCl2.H2O).Cu(OH),;  the  result,  however,  has  little  value. 

Observed  as  a  drusy  crystalline  incrustation  lining  cavities  in  the  cellular  gangue  rock  at  the 
mine  Buena  Esperanza,  Challacollo,  Tarapaca,  Chile.  Named  after  Prof.  A.  Arzruni  of  Aachen. 

ASBESTUS.  —  Occurrence,  Exploitation  and  Uses  is  the  title  of  a  pamphlet  (pp.  169,  19  plates) 
by  Fritz  Cirkel,  published  at  Ottawa  in  1905  by  the  Mines  Branch  of  the  Dept.  of  the  Interior, 
Canada.  It  gives  an  account  of  the  amphibole  asbestus  occurring  in  Hastings  Co.,  Ontario,  and 
elsewhere,  which  has,  however,  only  limited  applications  in  the  arts;  also,  more  fully  of  the  ser- 
pentine asbestus,  or  chrysolite,  mined  extensively  in  Canada,  particularly  south  of  Quebee  at 
Thetford,  etc. 

The  occurrence  and  origin  of  asbestus  (chrysotile)  is  discussed  at  length  in  the  geological 
reports  of  Vermont  for  1903-1904  and  for  1905. 

ASCHARITE,  App.,  p.  6.  — Formation  discussed;  van't  HofT,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  652,  1907. 

ASPHALT,  etc.,  Min.,  pp.  1017-1020. — The  asphalt  and  bituminous  rock  deposits  of  the 
United  States,  with  description,  occurrence,  etc.,  of  asphaltum,  albertite,  impsonite,  grahamite, 
nigrite,  uintahite  (gilsonite),  wurtzilite,  ozocerite;  Eldridge,  22nd  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  1.  211- 
452,  1900-1901. 

ASTRAKAMITE,  Min.,  p.  946.  —  See  Blddite. 

Astrolite.     Astrolith,  R.  Reinisch,  Centralbl.  Min.,  108,  1904. 

Orthorhombic  (?).  In  globular  forms  with  radiated  or  stellate  structure.  Under  the  microscope 
foliae  are  noted,  in  part  showing  sections  of  irregular  outline  without  cleavage  lines  and  non- 
pleochroic.  to  these  Bxa(  — )  is  normal  with  2E  =  48°,  dispersion  p>  v;  sections  of  foliae  are  also  in 
part  elongated,  pleochroic,  and  showing  cleavage  cracks. 

H.  =  3.5.  G.  =  2.78.  Luster  vitreous  to  pearly.  Color  siskin-green.  Streak  grayish  white. 
Translucent. 

Composition  somewhat  uncertain,  the  material  being  impure  from  inclusions:  the  formula 
deduced  is  that  of  a  metasilicate:  (Na,K)2Fe(Al,Fe)2(SiO3)5.H2O.  Analysis,  after  deducting 
3.88p.c.CaCO3: 

SiO2  A12O3  Fe2O3  FeO  K2O  Na2O  H2O 

52.14  8.15  13.05  12.01          5.20  6.62  2.83  =  100 

Fuses  B.  B.  at  3.5  quietly  to  a  gray  enamel ;  reacts  for  iron  with  the  fluxes ;  not  sensibly  attacked 
by  acids. 

Occurs  inclosed  in  a  diabase  tuff  near  Neumark  in  masses  of  black  siliceous  schist,  of  granular 
limestone  and  of  calcareous  alum  schist  in  Saxon  Voigtland.  Named  in  allusion  to  the  stellated 
structure. 

ASTROPHYLLITE,  Min.,  p.  719.  —From  Narsarsuk,  Greenland;  Boggild,  Medd.  om  Gronl,  33, 
103,  1906. 

ATACAMITE,  Min.,  p.  172;  App.,  p.  6. — Cryst.  From  the  Brilladora  mine,  Paposo,  Atacama, 
show  the  new  forms  0(210),  y  (150);  Moses,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  100,  1901;  from  same  locality;  Keller, 
Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  47,  84,  1908;  from  Sardinia;  Pelloux,  Att.  Ace.  Line.,  13,  (2),  34,  1904; 
from  Bimbowrie,  S.  Australia,  with  anal.;  Mawson,  [Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  S.  Aus.,  30,  67-70,  1906]; 
Zs.  Kr.,  46,  315;  from  Gloncurry,  Queensland ;  Anderson,  Rec.  Aus.  Mus.,  7,  (1),  67,  1908. 

ATOPITE,  Min.,  p.  861.  — Occurs  at  the  manganese  mines  of  Miguel  Burnier,  Minas  Geraes, 
Brazil,  (anal.);  Hussak,  Centralbl.  Min.,  240,  1905. 

AUERBACHITE,  see  under  Zircon. 

AUGELITE,  Min.,  p.  847;  App.,  p.  6.  — Found  in  small  amount  in  the  silver  ores  of  Tatasi  and 
Portugalete,  in  the  province  Sud-Chichas,  Potosi,  and  from  Oruro,  Bolivia.  New  face  g  (910) 
observed.  Indices  of  refraction  for  Na  light  =  1.5752  and  1.5893.  2E  =  82£°.  G.  =  2.69. 
Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  12,  1;  ibid.,  14,  323. 

AUTUNITE,  Min.,  p.  857.  —  Study  of  absorption  spectrum  and  the  changes  through  loss  of 
water  by  heating  into  "  metakalkuranite;"  Rinne,  Centralbl.  Min.,  709,  1901. 

Occ.  in  Madagascar  and  at  Tinh-Tuc,  region  of  Cao-Bang,  Tongking,  China;  Lacroix,  Bull. 
Soc.  Min.,  31,  245,  259,  1908. 


APPi.XDIX   II.  11 

AWARUITE,  Min.,  pp.  29,  1043.  —  Native  nickel-iron  alloys,  near  the  awaruite  from  New  Zealand, 
have  been  described  by  Sella  from  Biella,  Piedmont,  see  Min.,  p.  1043;  also  by  Melville  from 
Josephine  Co.,  Oregon,  and  called  josephinite,  see  App.,  p.  38;  by  Hoffmann  from  the  auriferous 
gravels  of  the  Fraser  river,  British  Columbia,  and  called  by  him  souesite,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  319,  1905; 
by  Jamieson  from  Josephine  Co.,  Oregon  (see  above)  and  from  South  Fork,  Smith  river,  Del  Norte 
Co.,  California,  ibid.,  19,  413,  1905. 

The  alloy  called  souesite  (after  Mr.  F.  Soues)  is  obtained  from  the  gold  washings  of  the  Fraser 
river  near  Lillooet,  with  platinum,  iridosmine,  magnetite,  chromite,  etc.  It  occurs  in  small,  irregu- 
lar, rounded  grains,  not  exceeding  1.5  mm.  in  diameter,  in  part  microscopic.  Strongly  magnetic 
and  malleable.  G.  =  8.215.  Slowly  dissolved  in  hot  hydrochloric  acid,  readily  in  hot  nitric  acid. 
Analysis  1  below  by  Wait,  after  deducting  1.16  p.  c.  silica. 

The  nickel-iron  from  Oregon  (earlier  described  by  Melville,  and  named  josephinite,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
43,  509,  1892,  App.,  p.  38)  occurs  in  water-worn,  bean-shaped  pebbles,  from  a  few  milli- 
meters to  several  centimeters  in  diameter;  these  consist  of  a  sponge-like  mass  enclosing  particles  of 
a  silicate  resembling  serpentine;  analysis,  2  below,  after  deducting  impurities. 

The  Smith  river  iron  is  in  nearly  uniform  grains,  from  0.15  to  1.5  mm.  in  diameter;  it  is  obtained 
with  magnetite  and  chrornite  as  a  residue  from  gold  washings.  G.  =  7.85  (corrected  for  admixed 
magnetite). 

Analyses:  1.  Wait,  1.  c.;  2,3.  Jamieson,  1.  c. 

Ni  Fe  Co  Cu  P              S 

1.  Fraser  R.,  souesite                  76.48  22.30  1.22         =100 

2.  Josephine  Co.,  Oregon      f     74.23  25.18  0.46         0.04          0.09  =  100 

3.  Smith  R.,  California          f     76.69  21.37  1.20  0.64  0.04          0.06  =  100 

The  above  approximate  to  Ni3Fe  which  requires  Ni  76.0,  Fe  24.0  =  100.  Skey  obtained  for 
awaruite  Ni  67.63  and  Mattirolla  for  the  Biella  mineral  described  by  Sella  Ni(Co)  75.20. 

AXINITE,  Min.,  p.  527;  App.,  p.  7.  — Crystals  from  Obira,  Japan,  described  by  Zima"nyi,  Zs.  Kr., 
32,  125,  245,  1899;  also  by  Ford,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  15,  200,  1903,  and  by  Wada,  Minerals  of 
Japan,  p.  114,  Tokyo,  1904;  crystals  from  Biella,  Italy;  Zambonini,  Zs.  Kr.,  40,  259,  1904;  from 
Bowling  Alley  Point,  near  Mundle,  N.  S.  W. ;  from  Moonbi,  N.  S.  W.,  and  from  Colebrook  mine, 
Dundas,  Tasmania;  Anderson,  Rec.  Aus.  Mus.,  6,  133-137,  1906;  from  Tremore,  Bodmin,  Corn- 
wall; Barrow  and  Thomas,  Min.  Mag.,  15,  119,  1908. 

Ford  (1.  c.)   gives  the  analyses  1  and   2  below,  from  which,  and   with  other  reliable  earlier 

ii  ni  ii 

analyses,  the  formula  R-R4B2(SiO4)8  is  deduced;  here  R  =  Ca  chiefly,  also  Fe,  Mn,  Mg,H2  and 
in 
R  =  Al,  also  Fe. 

G         SiO,     B2O3  A12O3  Fe2O3  FeO  MnO    CaO   MgO   H2O 

1.  Bourg  d'Oisans  3.287  §]42.78    6.12    1767   0.99    6.02     2.99  20.16    2.41    1.40  =  100.54 

2.  Obira,  Japan  3.028       41.80    5.61    17.15    1.11    2.84  10.71   19.51    0.21    1.22  =  100.16 

3.  Bonsall,  San  Diego  Co.,  j  42 M    QM   17  43  Q  3g    ?  53     4  1Q  1Q  ?4   Q  44    15Q=  gg  g3 

4.  Con^sumereMme.Amador          j  42.79  [6.70]  16.38   ....    4.22     8.7619.21    0.09    1.85  =  100.00 

Anal.  3  and  4  by  Schaller  (priv.  contr.),  who  finds  that  axinite  consists  of  isomorphous  mixtures 
of  ferroaxinite,  8SiO2,  2A12O3,  2FeO,  H2O,  4CaO,  B2O3,  and  manganoaxinite,  8SiO2,  2A12O3,  2MnO, 
H2O,  4CaO,  B2O3. 

AZURITE,  Min.,  p.  295;  App.,  p.  7.  — Crystals  from  Rosas,  Sardinia;  Riva,  Zs.  Kr,,  31,  534,  1899; 
from  Chessy  with  new  forms  (261),  (1. 10. 2),  also  crystal  from  Broken  Hill;  Cesaro,  Bull.  Ac. 
Belg.,  130-143,  1905. 

Occurrence  at  Castello  di  Bonvei,  near  Mara,  Sardinia;  Millosevich,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  15,  (2), 
732,  1906;  from  Timpone  Rosso,  near  Lagonegro,  Basilicata;  Zambonini,  ibid.,  16,  (2),  737,  1907. 

BABINGTONITE,  Min.,  pp.  381,  1027;  App.,  p.  7.  — Palache  and  Fraprie  have  described  crystals 
from  Somerville  and  Athol,  Mass.,  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.,  38,  382,  1902.  At  Somerville  it  occurs 
with  prehnite  in  veins  and  pockets  in  diabase,  the  crystals  are  complex  and  show  several  new 
forms.  An  analysis  by  Fraprie  gave: 

SiO2     TiO2  A12O3    Fe2O3      FeO     MnO      CaO     MgO    (Na,K),O     H2O 

52.25     0.18     5.27       7.49       11.05     1.94      20.36     0.46         0.22          0.29  -  99.51  . 

Shepard's  identification  of  babingtonite  at  Athol  is  confirmed.  The  crystals  are  less  com- 
plex than  those  from  Somerville. 

BADDELEYITE,  App.,  p.  8.  —  Three  crystals  found  in  the  gem  gravels  from  Balangoda, 
Ceylon.  The  axial  ratio  calculated  from  measurements  on  these  crystals  was  &  :  b  :  c  =— 
0.9905  :  1  :  0.5110;  /?  =  80°  32'.  Anal.  1.  Blake  and  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  378. 


12  APPENDIX   II. 

Occurs  in  rolled  masses  in  the  Rio  Verdinho  near  Caldas,  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil;  E.  Hussak, 
Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  18,  339,  1899;  Hussak  and  Reitinger,  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  566,  1903,  have  described 
other  occurrences  of  "zirkonfavas  "  from  the  same  region,  including  light  brown  specimens  with 
G.  =  4.639-4.983  (anal.  2)  and  slate-gray  to  blackish,  G.  =  5.102-5.402  (anal.  3).  These 
"zirkonfavas  "  are  probably  alteration  products  of  silicates  containing  zirconium. 

The  same  authors  also  describe  "zirkonoxydfavas  "  occurring  in  reniform  crusts,  fibrous  and 
concentric;  they  contain  97.19  p.  c.  ZrO2  and  are  regarded  as  an  independent  modification  of  the 
native  ZrO2,  not  as  fibrous  baddeleyite. 

ZrO2    SiO2  TiO2  Fe2O3  A12O3   CaO         Ign. 

1.  Crystals,  Ceylon  G.  =  5.72-5^82  98.90    0.19   ...    0.82*    ...       0.06         0.28  =  100.25 

2.  Light  brown,  Brazil     G.  =  4.85  81.75  15.49  0.50  1.06     0.85    Ir.  MnO   0.63  =  100.28 

3.  Slate-gray,  Brazil        G.  =  5.245         93.18     1.940.612.76     0.64     0.47=    99.60 

*  Including  FeO. 

Badenite.  P.  Pom,  Min.  Roumanie,  p.  17,  1900  (Ann.  Sci.  Univ.  Jassy,  1,  29).  — Massive 
granular  to  fibrous.  G.  =  7.104.  Luster  metallic.  Color  steel-gray,  becoming  dull  on  ex^ 
posure  to  the  air. 

Composition,  (Co,Ni,Fe)2(As,Bi)3. 

Analysis:     As  Bi  S  Co  Ni  Fe 

61.54  4.76  0.27  20.56  7.39  5.98  =  100.50 

B.  B.  on  charcoal  gives  arsenical  fumes  and  fuses  to  a  magnetic  bead;  with  borax  a  cobalt  bead. 
In  the  closed  tube  yields  metallic  arsenic  and  in  the  open  tubes  a  crystalline  sublimate  of  As2O3. 
Dissolves  easily  in  nitric  acid. 

From  Roumania,  occurring  in  the  valley  of  Neguletzul,  opposite  the  village  Badeni-Ungureni, 
district  of  Muscel;  associated  with  erythrite,  annabergite,  malachite  in  siderite. 

Bakerite.     W.  B.  Giles,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  353,  1903. 

In  compact  masses  resembling  unglazed  porcelain;  under  the  microscope  feebly  birefringent. 
H.  =  4.5.     G.  =  2.73;  2.7-2.93,  Spencer.  .  Color  white  with  sometimes  a  faint  tinge  of  seagreen. 
In  composition  a  hydrated  calcium  borosilicate.     Analyses  yield  the  formula  8CaO.5B,O,. 
6Si02.6H20. 

SiO2  B2O3  CaO  H2O       Al2O3,Fe2O3 

White  28.45  27.74  34.88  8.30  0^63          =  100 

Faint  greenish  28.05  26.85  35.22  8.60  1.22          =100 

Fuses  B.  B.  to  a  white  transparent  bead,  coloring  the  flame  green.  Readily  soluble  in  dilute 
hydrochloric  acid,  the  solution  on  evaporation  yielding  gelatinous  silica. 

Occurs  in  veins  and  nodules  in  the  mines  of  the  Consolidated  Borax  Company  situated  in  the 
Mohave  desert,  sixteen  miles  N.  E.  of  Daggett  in  San  Bernardino  Co.,  Cal.  Named  after  Mr.  R.  C. 
Baker  of  Nutfield,  Surrey,  director  in  the  Borax  company,  who  discovered  the  mineral. 

BARITE,  Min.,  pp.  889,  1027;  App.,  p.  8.  —  Cryst.  — From  Tetschen.-Bodenbach,  Bohemia, 
with  K  (267);  Polak,  [Lotos,  77,  1897],  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  528;  from  Auvergne,  with  (11.3.8);  Buttgen- 
bach,  Ann.  Soc.  G.  Belg.,  25,  xxx,  1898;  Is.  San  Pietro,  Sardinia,  with  (152);  Millosevich,  Rend. 
Ace.  Line.,  9,  (1),  336,  1900;  Sarrabus,  Sardinia;  D'Achiardi,  Mem.  Soc.  Tosc.,  17,  1900; 
Caserta  province,  Italy,  refractive  indices  measured;  P.  Franco,  [Boll.  Soc.  G.  Ital.,  19,  1900], 
Zs.  Kr.,  36,  523;  Bolet,  Sweden;  Edgren,  G.  For.  Forh.,  23,  322,  1901;  complex  crystals  from 
limestone,  Kansas  City,  Mo.;  Rogers,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  47,  1901;  Pitkaranta,  Sweden;  Borgstrom, 
Geol.  For.  Forh.,  23,  557,  1902;  Basin,  Montana;  Rogers,  Sch.  Mines  Q.,  23,  135,  1902;  Sili- 
ceous barites;  Delkeskamp,  Zs.  fur  Naturwiss.,  Halle,  76,  185,  1902;  crystals  from  various  Bohe- 
mian localities;  Prchlik,  Ber.  bohm.  Ges.  Wiss.,  xlvii,  1902;  Sassina  Valley,  with  (253), 
(7.16.10);  Artini,  Att.  Soc.  Milano,  42,  102,  1903;  from  Russian  localities  with  new  forms  in 
part  uncertain;  J.  Samojloff,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.  St.  Pet.,  38,  323,  1900,  and.  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  172,  1901; 
also  by  the  same  author  a  critical  summary  of  known  forms,  with  several  new  ones,  Bull.  Soc. 
Mosc.,  16,  105,  1902,  and  Zs.  Kr.,  39,  614,  1904;  from  Lozere,  France;  Guedras;  C.  R.  138, 
1440,  1904;  Undscha  river  near  Polowtschinowo,  Kostroma,  Russia,  with  form  (214)(?);  Arte- 
mieff,  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  364,  1904;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  73;  various  types  of  crystals  from  Mies, 
Bohemia,  with  following  new  forms:  (253),  (1.12.11),  (045),  (067),  (054),  (199),  (164),  (168), 
(179),  (169),  (188),  (1.16.16),  (1.16.24),  (1.16.32);  Slavfk,  [Abh.  bohm.  Akad.  No.  19,  1905]; 
Zs.  Kr.,  44,  80;  Rdko,  Abanj.-Torna,  Hungary;  Zimanyi,  Foldt.  Kozl.,  36,  547,  1905;  from  sand- 
stone of  Calafuria,  Tuscany:  Manasse,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.  Sci.  Nat.,  Pisa,  21,  159,  1905;  from  locali- 
ties near  Sydney,  N.  S.  W.;  C.  Anderson,  Rec.  Austr.  Mus.,  6,  89,  1905;  sand-barite  crystals  from 
Oklahoma;  Nichols,  Field  Columbian  Mus.,  No.  Ill;  Traversella  with  new  forms,  II,  (350); 
£,(170);  E,  (1.10.0);  e.,  (1.1.14);  et  (1.1.17);  ^(727);  from  Brosso;  Colomba,  Rend.  Ace.  Line., 
16,  419,  1906;  Tschiaturi,  Caucasus;  Surgunoff,  Bull.  Nat.  Moscow,  p.  153,  1906;  Simferopol, 
Crimea,  with  new  form  (027);  Fersmann,  ibid.,  p.  201,  1906;  acicular  crystals  from  marble  of 


APPENDIX  II.  13 

Carrara;  D'Achiardi,  Proc.  Soc.  Sc.  Tosc.,  Mar.  11,  1906;  Frostburg,  Maryland,  with  F(551); 
Schaller,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  21,  364  1906;  Derno  and  Alsosajo,  Comitat  Gomor,  Hungary,  with  new 
forms,  (047),  (407);  Zimanyi,  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  162,  1907;  Wellington,  N.  S.  W.;  Anderson,  Rec.  Aus. 
Mus.,  6,  413,  1907;  Pine  Hill  mine,  Nevada  Co.,  Calif.;  Eakle,  Uni.  Calif.  Pub.,  5,  6,  90,  1907; 
in  peat  at  Sillweg,  Styria;  Cornu,  Centralbl.  Min.,  280,  1908;  Binnenthal,  Switzerland;  Baum- 
hauer  and  Trechmann,  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  609,  1908;  from  Norwegian  localities;  Traag,  with  description 
of  etched  faces;  Fehn,  with  new  form  ^(15.5.12);  Kongsberg,  with  new  forms,  W,,  (2.0.13), 
and  K,  (5.0.13);  Heskestad;  Arendal  and  Alten;  with  discussion  of  variation  in  axial  ratios;  T. 
Vogt;  Norsk  Geol.  Tidsskrift,  1,  9, 1908;  Khargeh,  Egypt;  Couyat,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  31,  268,  1908; 
Framont,  Bergheim,  Brezouard,  Steinbach,  Mine  de  Saint-Sylvestre  near  Urbeis,  all  in  Alsace; 
from  Lubine  (new  form  (7.0.20)),  Flaviac  and  Cassagnoles  in  France;  Liskeard,  Cornwall;  Monte- 
vecchio,  Sardinia;  Los  Tocayos,  Sombrerete  and  Tepatitlan,  Mexico,  Apishapa,  Colorado  (new 
forms,  (083),  (887),  (342));  Ungemach,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  31,  192,  1908;  Boccheggiano,  Grosseto, 
Italy;  Viola,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  17,  1,  496,  1908;  Besano,  Italy;  Repossi,  Att.  Soc.  Milano,  47, 
93,  1908;  Cartersville,  Georgia;  Farrington  and  Tillotson,  Field  Col.  Mus.,  Geol.  Series,  3,  No.  7. 
134,  1908. 

Etching  figures  compared  with  those  on  celestite  and  anglesite;  Samojloff,  Zs.  Kr.,  46,  113; 
natural  etching  figures,  see  Sommerfeldt,  Centralbl.  Min.,  97,  1902. 

Presence  of  lamellae  in  crystals  from  Rosenhof  near  Clausthal,  Prussia;  Andree,  Centralbl. 
Min.,  230,  1908. 

Fluorescence;  Schincaglia,  [II  Nuovo  Cimento,  Pisa,  10,  212,  1899];  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  312;  Plec- 
chroism  in  barite  from  Teplitz,  Bohemia;  Cornu,  Centrallbl.  Min.,  468,  1907;  ibid.,  393,  1908; 
see  also  Cesaro,  Bull.  Ac.  Belg.,  330,  1907. 

On  the  dielectric  constant;  Fellinger,  Zs.  Kr.,  35,  187,  1901. 

Artificial  formation;  de  Schulten,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  26,  103,  1903. 

BARYLITE,  Min.,  p.  562.  — M.  Weibull,  G.  For.  Forh.,  22,  33,1900,  has  extended  the  examina- 
tion of  Blomstrand  (1874)  as  follows:  Crystallization  orthorhombic ;  axes  a:  b  =  0.4084  :  1. 
Crystals  imperfect,  tabular  ||  a  but  showing  no  other  faces;  cleavage  a  good,  also  6,  c,  and  m, 
cleavage  angle  am  =  22°  13'  (22°  6'-22°  21'),  mm'"  =  44°  26'.  Color  milk-white.  Optically  +. 
Ax.  pi.  ||  c,  Bxa-La.  Dispersion  p  >  v  small.  2VNa  =  65°.  /?Na  =  1.685,  y  -a  =  0.014.  A 
relation  to  the  chrysolite  group  (knebelite)  as  well  as  iolite  is  suggested. 

BARYSILITE,  Min.,  p.  421. — Occurs  at  Langban,  Sweden,  as  described  by  Hj.  Sjogren, 
G.  For.  Forh.,  27,  458,  1905.  Crystals  rhombohedral,  tabular  in  habit,  with  the  forms  c  (0001), 
s  (1011),  r  (9097),  n  (2794);  cs  =  29°  19';  ss'  =  129°  51';  rr'=  119°  4';  c  =  0.4863,  G.  Flink. 
G.  =  6.72  (corrected).  Optically  uniaxial.  Analysis  by  R.  Mauzelius: 

SiO2          PbO         FeO        MnO       MgO        CaO       Na2O       H2Q(100°)     Cl 

16.42         79.51        0.04        3.34        0.03        0.60        0.08  6.02  tr.  =  100.04 

Discussion  of  chem.  comp.;  Cesaro,  Mem.  Soc.  Liege,  5,  No.  6,  16,  1904. 

BARYTA-ORTHOCLASE,  see  under  Celsian. 

Baumhauerite.  R.  H.  Solly,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  151,  339 ;  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  321 ;  38,  652.  Monoclinic. 
A  :  6  :  c  =  1.1368  :  1:  0.9471.  ft  =  82°  42'  45".  Forms:  a  (100),.  b  (010_),  c  (001),  (702),  (301), 
(502),  (201),  (302),  (101),  (102),  (103),  (104),  (106),  (301).  (502),  (201),  (704),  (302),  (101), 
(102),  (104),  (120),  (110),  (320),  (210),  (520),  (111),  (111),  (122),  (122),  (Oil).  These  are  the 
most  common  forms  observed,  there  being  one  hundred  and  twenty  forms  listed  in  the  original 
articles. 

Angles:  100  A  101=50°  27'*,  101  A  001  =  32°  15f'*,  010  A  11T  =  50°  33'*,  010  A  111  =  53°  51*'. 

Crystal  habit  varied,  (1)  with  large  development  of  (010),  (2)  tabular  ||  (100),  (3)  pris- 
matic ||  a  axis,  (4)  with  rhombic  shape. 

Cleavage:  a  perfect.  Fracture  conchoidal.  H.  =3.  G.  =  5.330.  Luster  metallic.  Color 
lead  to  steel-grey,  with  sometimes  an  iridescent  tarnish. 

Composition,  4PbS.3As2S3=  sulphur  24.61,  arsenic  26.64,  lead  48.75. 

Anal,  by  Jackson: 

S  As  Pb 

24.39  26.42  48.86  =  99.67 

Obs.  —  from  the  Binnenthal  in  Switzerland. 

Named  in  honor  of  Prof.  H.  Baumhauer,  of  Freiburg. 

BAUXITE,  Min.,  p.  251;  App.,  p.  9.  — Analyses  of  bauxite  from  Adairsville,  Ga.,  which  corre- 
spond to  A12O3.3H2O.  Watson,  Amer.  Geol.,  28,  25,  1901 ;  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  79;  from  Italian  localities; 
Formenti,  (Gazz.  chim.  ital.,  31,  455,  1901;  32,  453,  1902),  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  406,  40,  109;  Aichino; 
D'Achiardi,  Lotti,  (Rass.  Min.,  15,  1902,  18,  1903),  Zs.  Kr.,  40,  296,  41,  261,  279;  Novarese,  Zs. 
prakt.  Geol.,  11,  299,  1903. 

Occ.  Does  not  occur  at  Calabre  as  stated  in  Sys.,  p.  251;  Salmoiraghi,  Rend.  Inst.  Lomb. 
Milano,  33,  252,  1900. 


14  APPENDIX  II. 

Bavenite.     E.  Artini,  Ace.  Line.,  10,  (2),  139,  1901. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  d  :  6  :  c  •=  1.1751  :  1  :  0.7845;  /?  =  89°  17'  19".  Forms:  a  (100),  m  (110), 
g  (210),  (103),  (101). 

In  fibrous-radiated  groups  of  pseudo-orthorhombic  prismatic  crystals,  flattened  parallel 
a  (100).  Faces  a  striated  ||  edge  a/c. 

Cleavage  b  easy.  H.  =  5.5.  G.  =  2.72.  Color  white.  Ax.  pi.  nearly  normal  (2°)  to  a. 
Bxa  -1  cleavage  (6).  2Ey  =  78°  30',  9  =  1.580. 

Composition,  Ca3Al2Si6O18.H2O. 

Analysis:        SiO2  A12O3          ,,CaO  MgO  Na2O  H,O 

56.93  15.42  24.47  0.12  0.29  2.49  =  99.72 

Occurs  in  pegmatitic  druses  in  the  granite  of  Baveno,  Italy. 

BECHILITE,  Min.,  p.  888.  —  Occ.  in  Argentina  of  var.  hayesine  which  author  considers  as 
identical  with  bechilite;  Buttgenbach,  Am.  Soc.  ge"ol.  Belg.,  28,  99,  1900-1901. 
Formation  discussed;  van't  Hoff,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin   652,  1907. 

Beckelite.  J.  Morozewicz,  Min.  Mitth.,  24,  120,  1905;  Bull.  Inter,  de  1'Acad.  des  Sci.de 
Cracovie,  485,  1905. 

Isometric.  Observed  forms:  a  (110),  o  (111),  d  (110).  In  small  crystals,  often  miscroscopic, 
the  smaller  crystals  showing  combinations  of  cube  and  octahedron,  the  larger  being  dodecahedral. 

Cleavage  cubical.  Fracture  conchoidal.  H.  =  5.  G.  =  4.15.  Luster  nonmetallic.  Color 
yellow. 

Composition,  Ca3(Ce,La,Di)4Si3OI5.     The  analysis  gave: 


AhOs   Fe2O3   ZrO2  Y2O3+  EnOs   Ce2O3  La2O3   Di2O3   Mn2O3  CaO  MgO  K2O   Na2O   Ig. 
17.13    0.30       tr.        2.50  2.80  28.10    13.60    18.00     0.07     15.46    tr.     0.39   0.78   0.99  =  100.12 

Infus.  Sol.  in  phosphorus  salt,  giving  a  pale  yellow-green  bead  that  is  not  changed  in  the 
reducing  flame.  Easily  sol.  in  acids. 

Occurs  in  connection  with  nepheline  syenite  rocks  near  Mariupol,  on  the  north  shore  of  the  Sea 
of  Azov,  Russia,  and  is  associated  with  nepheline  and  magnetite. 

Named  after  F.  Becke. 

Beckerite.  E.  Pieszczek,  [Arch.  Pharm.  (3),  14,  433,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  Abstracts,  40,  687,  1881]. 
Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  12,  379,  1900.  —  A  brown  resin  occurring  with  Prussian  amber. 

Belith.  —  See  Alilh. 

Bellite.  W.F.  Pellerd,  Notes  on  Tasmanian  Minerals,  priv.  publ.,  John  Vail,  Gov't  printer, 
Tasmania,  1904. 

Hexagonal.  In  aggregates  of  delicate  tufts  and  in  thin  velvety  coatings,  rarely  showing 
minute  acicular  crystals;  sometimes  pulverulent. 

H.  =  2.5.  G.  =  5.5.  Luster  adamantine.  Color  bright  crimson-red  in  the  mass,  also  yellow 
to  orange  especially  when  distinctly  crystallized.  Streak  pale  yellow.  Transparent  to  trans- 
lucent. 

In  composition  lead  chromate  containing  arsenious  oxide,  etc. 

An  analysis  by  J.  D.  Millen  gave: 

CrO3          As2O3         PbO         V2O5        P2O5       A1?O3          Cl  SO3        SiO2 

22.61  6.55          61.68          0.11          0.04          0.01          0.52          0.05        7.59  =  99.16 

B.  B.  fuses  readily,  yielding  a  lead  globule  with  lead  and  arsenic  coatings  and  arsenical  odor; 
reacts  for  chromium  with  salt  of  phosphorus. 

.  From  the  upper  workings  of  the  Magnet  silver  mine,  Magnet,  Tasmania,  associated  with  a 
chromiferous  cerussite,  also  with  crocoite  and  mimetite;  forms  a  lining  to  druses  of  a  soft  iron- 
manganese  gossan.  Named  after  Mr.  W.  R.  Bell  of  Tasmania. 

Benitoite.  G.  D.  Louderback,  Uni.  Cal.  Pub.,  5,  9 
149,  1907;  Rogers,  Science,  28,  676,  1908;  Palache,  Am. 
J.  Sc.,  27,  398,  1909. 

Hexagonal,  ditrigonal-bipyramidal.  c  =  0.7319 
(Palache).  Forms:  m  (1010),  fJ>  (OlTO),  a  (1120), 
c  (0001),  p  (1011),  TT  (01T1),  e  (0112),  x  (2211).  An^le: 
(0001)  :  (1011)  =  40°  12'.*  In  crystals  with  p  promi- 
nent. Occasionally  tabular. 

Cleavage  j|  p,  imperfect;  fracture  conchoidal.  H.  = 
6.25-6.5.  G.  =  3.64-3.65.  Color  sapphire  blue  to  light 

Rpnitoitp  CPalarhf^  blue  and  colorless-  Transparent.  Strongly  dichroic, 

€  =  deep  blue,  «  =  colorless.  Refractive  indices, 
w  «=  1.77;  e  =  1.80.  Absorption  e  >  w. 


APPENDIX   II. 


15 


Comp.     BaTiSi3O9;  SiO2,  43.71 ;  TiO2,  19.32 ;  BaO,  36.97. 

Anal,  by  Blasdale: 

I  II 

SiO2  43.56  43.79 

TiO2  20.18  20.00 

BaO  36.34  36.31 


Av. 
43.68 
20.09 
36.33 


100.08 


100.10 


Mesa  Grande,  Calif. 


Pyr.  Fuses  to  a  transparent  glass  at  3.  Insol.  in  HC1  but  easily  attacked  by  HF  and  sol.  in 
fused  Na2CO3. 

Found  associated  with  neptunite  (carlosite}  and  natrolite  near  the  head  waters  of  the  San 
Benito  River,  in  San  Benito  County,  California.  Used  as  a  gem  mineral. 

Bentonite.     Non-Metallic  Minerals,  Merrill,  p.  243. 

A  peculiar  soapy  clay  found  in  Albany,  Crook,  Weston  and  Natrona  counties,  Wyoming. 
Considered  to  have  been  derived  from  labradorite  found  in  the  rocks  of  the  Laramie  Mountains. 

BERTHIERITE,  Min.,  p.  114;  App.,  p.  9.  —  Loczka  has  confirmed  the  usual  formula  FeS.Sb2S3 
by  analysis  of  the  Braunsdorf  mineral,  variations  from  this  are  due  to  impurities,  Zs.  Kr.,  37, 
379,  1902. 

Occurs  rather  abundantly  near  Charbes,  Val  de  Ville,  Alsace,  in  the  veins  of  Honilgoutte  and 
Trou-du-Loup ;  analysis  agrees  with  the  usual  formula,  Ungemach,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  29,  266,  1905. 

BERTRANDITE,  Min.,  pp.  545,  1028;  App.,  p.  9.  —  Crystals  from  Albany,  Maine,  with  new  form 
I  (203);  Farrington  and  Tillotson,  Field  Col.  Mus.,  Geol.  Series,  3,  No.  7,  136,  1908. 

BERYL,  Min.,  pp.  405,  1028;  App.,  p.  9.  — Crystals  from  Russian  localities;  von  Jeremejew, 
Vh.  Min.  Ges.  St.  Pet.,  35,  58,  1897;  also  by  E.  Romanovsky,  ibid.,  p.  63;  from  Pisek,  Bohemia; 
Kreici,  Ber.  bohm.  Ges.  Wiss.,  xxxv,  1902;  from  Emmaville, 
N.  S.  W.;  Anderson,  Rec.  Aus.  Mus.,  5,  300,  1904;  Elba,  de- 
scribed by  G.  D'Achiardi,  Soc.  Tosc.,  Proc.  Verb.,  March  13, 
1904.  Crystals  of  rose-pink  color  in  modified  short  prismatic 
crystals  from  San  Diego  Co.,  Cal.  (at  Mesa  Grande  and  Pala) 
(fig.);  Ford,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  22,  217,  1906;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  12;  the 
same  author  describes  unusual  crystals  from  Mt.  Mica,  Paris, 
Me.,  Haddam  Neck,  Conn.,  etc.,  1.  c.;  from  Rincon,  Calif.; 
Eakle,  Uni.  Calif.  Pub.,  5,  6,  89,  1907;  from  pegmatite  veins 
carrying  tourmaline  in  Madagascar,  including  description  of 
pink  beryl  rich  in  alkalies  (Cs,  Li,  Na)  having  as  indices 
w  =  1.5977  £  =  1.5894;  Lacroix,  Bull.  Min.  Soc.,  31,  234, 
1908.  Study  of  crystals,  etching  figures  and  optical  properties  of  Brazilian  beryls;  Kohlmann, 
Jb.  Min.,  Beil.,25,  135,1908. 

Analyses  of  two  varieties  of  beryl  from  the  Motajica-Planina  Mts.,  Bosnia;  Koch,  Zs.  Kr.,  40, 
298,  1904. 

The  emerald  locality  known  as  Cleopatra's  emerald  mines  has  been  investigated  by  D.  A. 
MacAlister,  Geol.  Jour.,  16,  537,  1900;  it  is  situated  near  Jebel  Sikait  in  northern  Etbai  nearly 
due  east  of  Edfu;  the  extensive  workings  date  back  some  two  thousand  years.  Star  emerald  from 
Muso;  Prinz,  Bull.  Ac.  Belg.,  283,  1903.  Occurrence  at  Heidelbach,  Saxony;  Bergt,  Ber.  Abh. 
Naturwiss.  Ges.  Isis,  Dresden,  23,  1903.  From  Vail'  Autoliva  and  Cosasca;  Lincio,  Att.  Ace. 
Sc.,  Torino,  40,  870,  1905;  at  Torrington  and  Emmaville,  N.  S.  W.;  Anderson,  Rec.  Aus.  Mus.,  7,  1, 
62,1908. 

BERYLLONITE,  Min.,  p.  758.  — Refractive  indices;  Gaubert,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  30,  108,  1907. 

BEUDANTITE,  Min.,  p.  868.  —  Composition  discussed  in  detail  by  Hartley,  Min.  Mag.,  12, 
234,  1900  (cf.  Miers,  ibid.,  p.  242).  The  formula  deduced  is  4Fe2O3.3P2Os.3SO3.As2O5.9H2O,  from 
the  analysis  of  dark  green  crystals. 

SO3  P2O5  Fe2O3  PbO  CuO  H2O          Gangue 

12.72  9.35*  34.61  32.33  1.35  8.45  0.56  =  99.37 

*  With  trace  of  As2O5. 

BINNITE,  Min.,  p.  118;  App.,  p.  10.  —  The  identity  of  binnite  with  tennantite,  early  announced, 
is  discussed  in  detail  by  Prior  and  Spencer  in  Min.  Mag.,  12,  184,  1899.  Crystals  are  isometric- 
tetrahedral,  highly  modified,  and  analysis  gives  the  formula  3Cu2S.As2Sa;  see  discussion  of  comp. 
under  Tetrahedrite. 

BIOTITE,  Min.,  p.  627;  App.,  p.  10. — Meroxene  with  unusual  axial  angle  from  andesite  of 
Assos  in  Troas,  Asia  Minor;  Johnsen,  Centralbl.  Min..  620,  1908. 

Anal,  from  Easton,  Pa.;  Eyerman,  Amer.  Geol.,  34,  43,  1904;  Zs.  Kr.,  42,  304.  Chemical 
constitution  discussed;  Dalmer,  Centralbl.  Min.,  51,  1907. 

BISCHOFITE,  Min.,  p.  176.  —  Sp.  G.;  Przibylla,  Centralbl.  Min.,  234,  1904. 


16  APPENDIX  II. 

BISMITE,  Min.,  p.  200.  —  Minute  pearly  scales  of  this  mineral  have  been  found  in  the  oxidized 
zone  of  the  veins  of  Goldfield,  Nevada.  The  scales  have  a  brilliant  luster  and  a  silvery-white  color. 
The  mineral  is  proven  to  be  uniaxial,  negative,  with  perfect  basal  cleavage.  From  triangular  mark- 
ings on  the  basal  planes  and  the  occasional  presence  of  striated  faces  corresponding  to  rhom- 
bohedrons  it  appears  to  be  hexagonal,  rhombohedral  and  not  orthorhombic  as  usually  stated. 
Measurements  of  crystals  gave  c  =  0.5775.  The  following  forms  were  determined:  c  (0001), 
o  (1016),  q  (1015),  u  (1014),  k  (1013),  (2025)?,  (1012)?.  Anal,  of  impure  material  gave  \  Insol., 
78.94;  Bi2O3,  17.04;  H2O,  3.96;  Fe2O3,  0.36;  total,  100.30.  W.  T.  Schaller  (priv.  contr.). 

BISMUTH,  Min.,  p.  13.  —  Occurs,  also  bismite,  at  Pala,  San  Diego  Co.,  Calif.;  Kunz.,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
16,  398,  1903.  Occurrence  at  Cobalt,  Ontario;  Miller,  Rep.  Can.  Bureau  Mines,  Ft.  2,  1905; 
Zs.  Kr.,  43,  395. 

BISMUTHINITE,  Min.,  pp.  38,  1028;  App.,  p.  10.— Occurs  with  hematite  at  the  Paulina  mine, 
Nacozari,  Mexico;  analyzed  by  Headden,  Proc.  Col.  Sc.  Soc.,  8,  67,  1905. 

The  supposed  tetradymite  from  Bastnas,  Riddarhyttan,  Sweden,  has  been  shown  by  G.  Lind- 
Btrom  to  be  bismuthinite  containing  0.95  p.  c.  Te,  G.  For.  Forh.,  28,  198,  1906. 

BISMUTITE,  Min.,  p.  307.  —  A  basic  bismuth  carbonate  occurring  as  a  botryoidal  incrustation 
showing  minute  square  plates,  uniaxial  and  tetragonal,  has  been  described  by  A.  Arzruni,  K. 
Thadde"eff  from  Schneeberg,  Saxony,  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  238, 246,  1899.  The  composition  5Bi2O3.CO2.H,O 
is  deduced  by  Thadde"eff  from  the  analysis  (after  deducting  impurities):  Bi2O3,  97.38;  CO2,  1.83; 
H3O,  0.78  =  99.99. 

A  bismuth  carbonate  from  the  Sierra  de  S.  Luis,  Argentina,  has  given  Bodenbender  0.54Ce2O3, 
Zs.  prakt.  Geol.,  7,  322,  1899. 

BITUMEN,  Min.,  p.  1017.  — A  fossil  egg,  found  in  a  large  pebble  in  the  placer  gravels  of  the  Gila 
river,  Arizona,  contained  crystalline  colemanite  associated  with  a  tar-like  substance  in  contact 
with  the  shell;  Morgan  and  Tallmon,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  363,  1904. 

Bityite.     A.  Lacroix,  C.  R.,  146,  1369,  1908;  Bull.  Min.  Soc.,  31,  241,  1908. 

Pseudo-hexagonal.  Occurs  in  minute  hexagonal  plates  which  in  polarized  light  show  division 
into  six  sectors.  Crystals  often  in  parallel  grouping  with  basal  planes  in  common.  Color  yellowish 
white.  Cleavage  parallel  to  base,  showing  slight  pearly  luster.  H.  =  5.5.  G.  =  3.05.  Under 
microscope  each  sector  shows  the  emergence  of  an  acute  negative  bisectrix.  Indices  of  refrac- 
tion between  1.62  and  1.64. 

Comp.  —  A  silicate  of  calcium  and  aluminium  with  water.  Formula  suggested  7(R2O  +  RO), 
4AlaO3,5SiO3.  Anal,  by  Pisani : 

SiO3        A12O3          CaO       BeO        MgO        Li2O        Na2O        K2O         H2O 

31.95       41.75          14.30       2.27         0.13         2.73         0.40         0.16         6.50  =100.19 

Found  as  crusts  of  crystals  coating  tourmaline,  quartz,  etc.,  in  pegmatite  veins  at  Maharitra, 
Madagascar. 

Name  derived  from  Mt.  Bity  where  the  mineral  occurs. 

Blanfordite.     See  Pyroxene. 

BLEIMALACHITE.  S.  F.  Glinka  and  7.  A.  Antipov,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.  St.  Pet.,  p.  468, 1901;  Glinka, 
Centralbl.  Min.,  281, 1901. 

Acicular  crystals  occurring  in  druses  in  the  Syrjanovsk  mine  in  the  Altai  have,  according  to 
Antipov,  the  composition  2CuCO3.PbCO3.Cu(OH)2.  The  crystals  are  monoclinic,  twins,  showing 
three  cleavages;  strongly  pleochroic  (yellow,  green). 

BLODITE,  Min.,  p.  946;  App.,  p.  11. — Simonyite  from  Hallstadt  proven  to  be  identical  with 
blodite  (astrakamite)  from  Astrakhan;  Jaeger,  Min.  Mitth.,  22,  103, 1903.  Optical  investigation 
gave:  for  Na  light,  a  =  1.4825,  /?  =  1.4839,  7  =  1.4866;  2V  (calcO  =  71°  45$'.  Anal,  and 
description  of  crystals  from  Hallstadt.  Axial  ratio  derived  =  a  :  b  :  c  =  1.3492  :  1  :  0.6717; 
p  =  100°  48*'.  Koechlin;  Ann.  Hofmus.,  Wien,  16,  103,  1900;  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  637. 

Anal,  of  material  from  Chuquicamata,  Prov.  Antofogasta,  Chile;  Palache  and  Warren,  Am. 
J.  Sc.,  26,  347,  1908;  Zs.  Kr.,  46,  536,  1908. 

Formation  discussed;  van't  Hoff  and  Meyerhoffer,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  678,  1903. 

Natronkalisimomjite,  name  given  to  crystals  agreeing  with  blodite  in  form  but  differing  slightly 
in  chemical  comp.  From  the  salt  deposits  of  Kalusz,  Galicia;  Koechlin,  Min.  Mitth.,  21,  356,  1902; 
formation  discussed;  van't  Hoff  and  Barschall,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  359,  1903. 


APPENDIX  II. 


17 


Blomstrandine-Priorite.  W.  C.  Brogger,  Die  Mineralien  der  Siidnorwegischen  Granit- 
pegmatitgange,  98,  1906. 

Orthorhombia  Axes  £  :  b  :  c  =  0.4746  :  1  : 
0.6673.  110  A  UO  =  50°  47',  120  A  120  =  87° 
1',  130  A  130  =  109°  50',  140  A  140  =  124°  32' 
30",  100  A  101  =35°  26',  021  A  021  =  106°  19', 
110  A  111  =  32°  44'  *,  111  A  111  =  42°  17'*, 
010  A  121  =  52°  17'. 

Forms:  a  (100),  b  (010),  c  (001),  m  (110),  r  (120), 
n  (130),  t  (140),  x  (021),  d  (101),  p  (111),  TT  (121) 

Crystals  tabular  ||  6,  the  most  prominent  com- 
bination being  6,  n  and  c.     b  is  horizontally  striated. 
Fracture   conchoidal.      Brittle.     G.   =  4.82-4.93. 
Luster  submetallic.     Color  brownish  black. 

Comp.  —  Niobates  and  titanates  of  yttrium, 
erbium,  cerium  and  uranium  similar  to  the  euxenite-polycrase  series. 

Formula  contains  (Br.)  the  following  molecules:  (R,R2).[(Nb,Ta)O3]2,  [(U,Th)O].[(Nb,Ta)O3], 
(y,Th).[TiO3]2,  ( Y,Ce)2[TiO3].,.  Blomstrandine  and  priorite  are  the  end  members  of  a  series  which 
give  the  following  ratios  of  Nb2O5:  TiO2  =  1:2  (Priorite),  1  :  4(Blomstrandine  from  Arendal), 
1  :  6  (Blomstrandine  from  Hittero). 

Anal.  —  I  and  II,  Blomstrand  (loc.  cit.);  Ill  Prior,  ibid.,  and  Min.  Mag.,  12,  97. 


121 


I.  Hittero 
II.  Arendal 
•III.  Swaziland  (Priorite) 


Nb205  Ta205 
17.99    0.89 
23.35    1.15 
36.68    . 


TiO2 
32.91 
27.39 
21.89 


SnO2 
0.12 
0.18 
0.29 


SiO, 
0.38" 
0.40 
2.12 


ZrO2 
tr. 
1.33 


UO2 
4.01 
5.35 
0.49 


UO3 


2.14 


Th02  (Y,Er).,03 
7.69       28.76 
4.28       25.62 
0.61       17.11 


(Ce,La,Di)2O3  FeO  MnO  CaO  ZnO     PbO  MgO  Na,O     K2O  H2O 

1.97          1.48  0.27  1.02  ....     0.06  0.04  0.22     0.19  1.88  =  99.88 

2.48          1.43  0.30  1.80  0.09     0.84  0.15  0.90     0.18  2.56  =  99.78 

4.32          5.63  0.19  4.12  0.22  3.69  =  99.50 

Brogger  considers  that  the  euxenite-polycrase  and  the  priorite-blomstrandine  series  are 
dimorphous. 

Obs.  Originally  found  in  a  pegmatite  vein  at  Urstad  on  the  island  of  Hittero,  also  observed 
from  the  neighborhood  of  Arendal  and  in  other  localities  in  southern  Norway.  Blomstrandine 
named  from  Prof.  C.  W.  Blomstrand.  The  name  is  not  to  be  confounded  with  blomstrandite. 
Priorite  was  named  from  G.  T.  Prior  of  the  British  Museum. 

[Brogger  (1.  c.)  shows  that  blomstrandine  could  be  referred  to  the  euxenite  axes,  but  because 
of  their  difference  in  habit  and  because  in  one  case  a  crystal  of  blomstrandine  was  observed  on  a 
crystal  of  polycrase  in  parallel  position  and  orientated  according  to  the  position  adopted  above  he 
considers  that  blomstrandine  and  euxenite  should  have  distinct  axes.] 

BOBIERRITE,  Min.,  p.  817.  —  On  the  artificial  reproduction  of  crystals;  A  de  Schulten,  Bull. 
Soc.  Min.,  26,  81,  1903. 

BOLEITE,  PSEUDO-BOLEITE,  CuMENGiTE.  These  closely  associated  and  related  species  have 
been  studied  by  G.  Friedel,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  29,  14,  with  the  following  results. 

Boleite.  Tetragonal,  pseudo  isometric.  Axis,  c  =  3.996.  001  A  101  =  75°  57'.  Forms 
(001),  (101). 

Twinning:  Each  crystal  is  made  up  of  three  individuals,  the  c  axis  in  each  case  being  parallel  to 
a  cubic  axis.  The  basal  planes  of  each  individual  form  the  pseudo  cubic  faces.  Cleavages 
(1)  (001)  perfect,  (2)  (100)  poor,  (3)  (101)  good.  G.  =  5.054.  Luster  pearly  on  cleavage  (001). 
Color  pure  Prussian  blue,  in  thin  section  somewhat  more  green  than  with  cumengite.  Powder 
blue  with  a  greenish  tint. 

Optically  —  .  Strength  of  birefringence  =  0.020.  In  thin  sections  crystals  show  isotropic 
interior  surrounded  by  a  birefringent  border.  Isotropic  center  considered  to  be  caused  by  a 
mixture  of  the  three  individuals.  The  two  zones  were  proven  identical  chemically  (see  below). 

Comp.  —  9PbCl2.8CuO,3AgCl,9H2O  =  Pb  49.93,  Cl  17.13,  AgCl  11.54,  CuO  17.05,  H2O  4.35. 

Anal.  —  I  of  interior  isotropic  zone,  II  of  exterior  birefringent  zone. 

Pb  Cl  AgCl  CuO  H2O  Insol. 

I.          49.16  17.04  12.03  17.17  4.35  0.21  =  99.96 

II.          49.52  17.28  11.16  17.20  4.35  0.25  =  99.76 

Pseudo-boleite.     Tetragonal.     Axis  c  =  2.023.     001  A  101  =  63°  42'. 

Forms  (001),  (100),  (110),  (101),  (112).  Always  observed  in  parallel  growth  on  boleite,  with 
face  (001)  of  pseudo-boleite  in  contact  with  (001)  of  boleite.  Frequently  occurs  as  raised  crystal- 
line masses  on  the  different  pseudo  cubic  faces  of  boleite,  leaving  reentrant  angles  along  the  cubic 
edges,  or  it  may  completely  envelop  the  latter. 


18  APPENDIX   II. 

Cleavage  (1)  (001)  perfect,  (2)  (101)  perfect.     G.  =  4.85  (?).     Pearly  luster  on  cleavage  (001). 

Optically—.     Strength  of  birefringence  *=  0.032. 

Comp.  —  5PbCl2,  4CuO,  6H2O  =  PbCl2  76.52,  CuO  17.51,  H2O  5.97. 

Anal.:*  PbCl2  CuO  H2O 

77.5  16.9  5.5  =  100.00 

*  After  deducting  1.6AgCl  and  corresponding  amounts  of  other  constituents  to  form  boleite 
molecule. 

Cumengile.     Tetragonal.     Axis  c  =  1.625.     001  A  101  =  58°  24'. 

Forms  (001),  (101),  (110).  Occurs  in  parallel  position  with  boleite  and  pseudo-boleite,  some- 
times completely  enveloping  them. 

Cleavage  (101)  very  good,  (110)  good,  (001)  poor.  Distinguished  from  the  other  members 
of  the  group  by  lack  of  pearly  luster  on  cleavage  faces,  and  by  a  purer  blue  color  in  thin  section 
and  in  powder.  G.  =  4.67. 

Optically  —  .     Strength  of  birefringence  =  0.1. 

Comp.  —  4PbCl2,  4CuO,  5H2O  =  Pb  54.46,  Cl  18.68,  CuO  20.93,  H2O  5.93. 

Anal. : 

Pb  Cl  CuO  Insol.  H2O 

54.47  19.03  20.27  0.19  5.90  =  99.86 

These  three  minerals  occur  in  intimate  association  and  in  parallel  orientation  with  each  other. 
Boleite  is  always  the  first  to  form,  while  pseudo-boleite  and  cumengite  are  deposited  subsequently 
and  often  simultaneously. 

Boothite.     W.  T.  Schaller,  Bull.  G,  Univ.  Cal.,  3,  207,  1903. 

Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  6  :  c  =  1.1622  :  1  :  1.500.     /?  =  74°  24_'. 

Forms:  a  (100),  c  (001),  m  (110),  t  (101),  z  (301),  n  (112),  e  (111),  <r  (121). 

Usually  massive,  crystalline,  also  fibrous.  Cleavage  basal,  imperfect.  Fracture  uneven. 
Brittle.  H.  =  2-2.5.  G.  =  1.94.  Color  blue,  paler  than  chalcanthite. 

Ax.  pi.  ||  (010).     Bxa  nearly  J.  c. 

Composition,  CuSO4  +  7H2O,  or  since  1  molecule  H2O  goes  off  only  at  a  high  temperature, 
CuSO4.H2O  -f  6H2O. 

Analyses  1,  2,  1.  c.;  3,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  17,  192,  1904. 

)     H2O  (105°)     H2O  (above  105°) 

=  10026 

=  101.22 
i  =  10046 

Occurs  as  a  secondary  mineral  at  the  Alma  pyrite  mine,  near  Leona  Hetghts,  AlamedaCo.,  and 
at  copper  mine  near  Campo  Seco,  Calaveras  Co.,  Cal.  Chalcanthite  is  intimately  associated  with 
massive  boothite.  Named  after  Mr.  Edward  Booth  of  the  University  of  California. 

BORACITE,  Min.,  p.  879;  App.,  p.  11.  —  F.  Rinne  shows  that  the  green  colored  boracites  contain- 
ing iron  lose  the  greater  part  of  their  double  refraction  only  when  heated  to  a  somewhat  higher 
temperature  (285°)  than  is  the  case  with  ordinary  boracite  (265°).  Author  also  discusses  the 
internal  structure  of  boracite,  with  the  effect  of  heat  upon  variously  oriented  thin  sections.  Jb. 
Min.,  2,  108,  1900. 

BORICKITE,  Min.,  p.  852.  — Analysis  of  material  from  Trpin,  near  Beraun,  Bohemia;  P2O5, 
20.22;  Fe2O3,  42.43;  CaO,  8.63;.H26,  28.72;  giving  for  the  formula,  Ca3(PO4),.3Fe3(OH)6PO4. 
20H2O;  Preis  [Ber.  d.  k.  Bohm.  Ges.  d.  Wiss.,  19,  1897],  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  526. 

BORNITE,  Min.,  p.  77;  App.,  p.  11. — Variation  in  streak,  from  gray  with  bluish  tinge 
(fresh  mineral)  to  greenish  (slightly  altered);  Schroeder  van  der  Kolk,  Centralbl.  Min.,  78, 
519,  1901. 

Analyses  of  pure  specimens  of  the  massive  mineral  from  Canadian  localities  (G.  =  5.055- 
5.085)  and  of  crystals  from  Bristol,  Conn.  (G.  =  5.072),  agree  with  the  formula  Cu5FeS4,  while  the 
usually  accepted  formula  Cu3FeS3  was  probably  deduced  from  analyses  of  impure  material. 
Harrington,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  151,  1903. 

BOTRYOGEN,  Min.,  p.  972. — Comp.:  Analysis  by  Cleve  of  botryogen  from  Falun,  Sweden, 
gave  for  the  formula  2RO.Fe2O3.4SO3.15H8O,  or  as  suggested  Mg(FeOH)(SO4)2  -f  7H?O;  Sjogerni 
G.  For.  F6rh.,  17,  268,  1895;  Zs.  Kr.,  28,  507.  Analysis  of  material  from  Val  de  Ville",  Alsace; 
Ungemach,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  29,  270,  1906. 


1. 

2. 
3. 

Leona  Heights 

.11         u 

Campo  Seco 

S03 

28.87 

28.65 
27.25 

CuO 

27.83 

2853 
26.13 

FeO 
tr. 

0.28 
0.81 

MgO     H2O  (105°)     H2O  (above  105°) 
tr.             36.64                  7.42 

tr. 
0.64 

43.76 
36  76                 4  91  3 

.96  (In 

APPENDIX  II.  19 

A  variety  of  botryogen  from  Knoxville,  California,  has  been  called  palacheite  (after  Dr.  Charles 
Palache  of  Harvard  University)  by  Eakle,  Bull.  G.  Univ.  Cal  ,  3,  231,  1903;  its  true  relations  were 
later  recognized  by  the  same  author,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  379,  1903. 

Found  somewhat  abundantly  at  the  Redington  mercury  mine  (now  the  Boston  mine),  Knox- 
ville, Cal.,  in  loosely  coherent  aggregates  of  minute  crystals.  Habit  prismatic,  m  (110),  /  (120) 
both  vertically  striated  with  c  (001);  also  subordinate  b  (010)  and  rare  a  (100),  t  (450),  d  (403) 

v  (023),  o  (043),  p  (223),  s  (243).  Axial  ratio  deduced:  a  :  b  :  c  =  0  6554  :  1  :  0.5994,  ft  =  62°  51'. 
Cleavage  6  perfect,  m  distinct.  Brittle.  H.  =  1.5-2.  G.  =  2.075.  Luster  vitreous. 
Color  deep  brick-red.  Streak  pale  yellow.  Ax.  pi.  JL  b.  c  A  c  (Bxa)  =  —  12°.  Indices  : 
a  =  1.544,  /?=  1.548,  7  =  1-572  .-.  2V  =  40°  54'  for  Na.  Dispersion  p  <  v.  Pleochroism  strong: 
c  deep  orange-red,  b  pale  red,  a  bright  yellow.  The  composition  deduced  is  the  same  as  that 
deduced  by  Cleve  as  above  noted,  viz.,  2MgO.Fe2O3.4SO3  +  15H2O.  Analysis: 

SO3  Fe2O3  MgO  H2O  (100°)    H2O  (above  100°) 

38.37  19.51  9.35  19.53  12.75          =  99.51 

BOULANGERITE,  Mir.,  p.  129;  App.,  p.  11.  —  Analyses  of  material  from  various  localities; 
Guillemain  (Inaug.-Diss.,  Breslau,  1898),  Zs.  Kr.,  33,  74. 

Occurrence  at  Voute  Chilhac  Canton,  Haute-Loire;  Gonnard,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  28,  23,  1905. 

BOURNONITE,  Miti.,  p.  126;  App.,  p.  11.  — Crystals  from  Ally,  Haute-Loire,  France;  Richard, 
Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  27,  218,  1904;  from  Pulacayo,  Bolivia,  with  new  form  g  (601);  Mauritz,  [Ann. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hung.,  3,  461  or  470,  1905J ;  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  78;  from  Sarrabus,  Sardinia;  Millosevich,  Rend. 
Ace.  Line.,  15,  (1),  457,  1906. 

Analyses  of  material  from  Liskeard,  Cornwall,  and  Wolfsberg,  Harz;  Guillemain,  (Inaug.  —  Diss., 
Breslau,  1898),  Zs.  Kr.,  33,  75.  Occurs  at  the  mine  Argentiera  della  Nurra,  Portotorres,  Sar- 
dinia (anal.,  Rimatori);  D.  Lovisato,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  11,  (2),  357,  1902. 

BOWENITE,  see  Serpentine. 

BOWLINGITE,  Min.,  p.  682.  —  A  related  mineral  occurs  at  Beaver  Bay  and  other  points  on  the 
north  shore  of  L.  Superior,  derived  from  the  alteration  of  chrysolite;  N.  H.  Winchell,  Am.  Geol., 
23,  41,  1899. 

Bowmannite,  see  Hamlinite. 

BRAUNITE,  Min.,  pp.  232,  1029;  App.,  p.  11.  —  Crystals  from  Brazil  with  following  new  forms: 
r  (013),  d  (111),  v  (122),  w  (344),  /  (121),  z  (353),  g  (153);  Koechlin,  Min.  Mitth.,  27,  266,  1908. 

Bravoite.     W .  F.  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  142,  1907. 

In  small  grains  and  crystal  fragments,  apparently  octahedral.  Pale  yellow,  whiter  than 
pyrite,  with  a  faint  reddish  tarnish.  An  iron  nickel  sulphide  carrying  vanadium,  siliceous  and 
titaniferous  matter.  The  analysis  gave: 

S  Fe  Ni         CO       V*        Mo        C        H2O    TiO,       SiO2    A12O, 

45.06       25.38       15.70         tr.       4.31     0.09     0.47      1.38     0.93        1.93     2.45  =  97.70 

*  V2O3  6.33  or  V2O5  7.66. 

Considering  the  mineral  as  simply  an  iron  nickel  sulphide  and  calculating  to  100%  gives  S  52.31, 
Fe  29.46,  Ni  18.23,  which  gives  the  formula  (Fe,Ni)S2  with  Fe  to  Ni  nearly  as  5  to  3. 
It  is  evidently  a  highly  nickeliferous  pyrite. 

Occurs -disseminated  through  the  vanadium  ore  in  which  patronite  was  found,  at  Minasragra, 
Peru.  The  name  suggested  is  from  J.  J.  Bravo  who  described  the  occurrence. 

BREJSLAKITE,  Min.,  pp.  386,  391;  App.,  p.  11.  —  Probably  identical  with  ilvaite  (lievrite); 
Weinschenck,  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  442,  1902.  Occurs  as  a  product  of  the  eruptions  of  Vesuvius  of  1895- 
99;  R.  V.  Matteuci,  Centralbl.  Min.,  48,  1901,  cf.  Zambonini,  ibid.,  p.  401. 

BREITHAUPTITE,  Min.,  pp.  72,  1029;  App.,  p.  11.  — Reference  in  App.  I  to  anal,  of  arite  from 
Sardinia  should  read  ''quoted  by  Lovisato  "  etc. 

BREUNNERITE,  Min.,  p.  274.  —  Occurrence  near  Avigliana,  Italy,  with  anal.;  Piolti,  Att.  Ace. 
Torino,  41,  1066,  1906. 

Britholite.     Chr.  Winther,  Medd.  om  Gronland,  24,  190,  1901. 

Orthorhombic.  In  pseudo-hexagonal  prisms,  formed  by  twinning  parallel  to  the  prism  mt 
mm"'  =  63°  34',  six  individuals  unite  with  their  optic  axial  planes  meeting  in  the  vertical  axis. 


20 


APPENDIX   II. 


Forms:  6  (010),  m  (110),  z  (130),  d  (021),  p  (111). 

Angles:  bm  =  58°  13'*,  bd  =  49°  48'*,  hence  the  approx.  ax.  ratio,  &  :  6  :  I  =  0.620:  1:  0.423. 

Cleavage  not  observed.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  5.5.  G.  =  4.446.  Luster  greasy 
to  vitreous.  Color  brown.  Opaque.  Optically  negative.  Birefringence  weak.  Ax.  plane  ||  (100). 
Bxa-Lc. 

Composition;  a  complex  silicate  and  phosphate  of  the  cerium  metals  and  calcium,  formula 
uncertain. 

Analysis,  Chr.  Christansen: 


SiO., 
16.77 


P205      (Ce,La,Di)A 

6.48  60.54  0.43 


CaO 
11.28 


MgO      Na2O 
0.13        1.85 


H2O 

1.27 


F 
1.33 


100.08. 


Brought  from  the  nephelite-syenite  region  of  Julianehaab,  South  Greenland,  by  G.  Flink  in 
1897  (Medd.  om  Gronland,  14,  245,  1898);  found  at  Nanjakasik  in  pegmatitic  veins  with  arfved- 
sonite,  eudialyte,  streenstrupite,  nephelite,  sodalite,  segirite. 

Named  from  ppWos,  weight,  in  allusion  to  the  high  specific  gravity. 

BROCHANTITE,  Min.,  p.  925. — Crystals  from  Utah  show  the  new  form  (532);  Zamboriini,, 
Zs.  Kr.,  34,  238,  1901.  Occurs  rather  commonly  in  prismatic  crystals,  often  intergrown  with 
malachite,  at  various  points  in  the  Clifton-Morenci  copper  district;  most  abundant  in  fissure  veins 
in  porphyry.  Lindgren  and  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  458,  1904. 

Analysis  of  specimen  from  Chile;  Arzruni  and  Thaddeeff,  Zs.  Kr.,  31,245,  1899.  Containing 
2.35%  As2O5  from  Copaquire,  Province  of  Tarapaca,  Chile;  Keller,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  47,  82, 
1908. 

Occ.  at  Rosas,  Sardinia;  Riva,  Rend  Ace.  Line.,  8,  (1),  347,  1899. 

BROGGERITE,  see  Uraninite. 
BROMARGYRITE,  see  Cerargyrite. 
BROMYRITE,  see  Cerargyrite. 

BROOKITE,  Min.,  pp.  243,  1029;  App.,  p.  12. —  Crystals  from  the  Piattagrande,  near  Sondalo, 
Veltlin,  with  (324);  Brugnatelli,  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  355,  1899;  Rend.  R.  Inst.  Lomb.,  32,  1405,  1899; 

complex  crystals  from  Tremadoc  with  0'  (5.13.17);  habit  hemihedral 
but  etching  figures  normal  orthorhombic;  Busz,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  135, 
1901.  From  Brindletown,  N.  C.,  prismatic  in  habit,  often  complex, 
with  new  forms,  r  (101),  a  (324),  ft  (5.4.10),  v  (146)  (fig.);  Robinson, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  182,  1901.  Crystals  in  gneiss  at  Freiberg;  Kolbeck, 
Centralbl.  Min. ,547, 1908;  from  Somerville,  Mass. ;  Palache,  Festschr, 
siebzigsten  Geburtstage,  H.  Rosenbusch,  p.  314,  1906. 

Effect  of  low  temperatures  upon  optical  properties;  Panichi, 
[Mem.  Ace.  Line,  4,  389,  1902] ;  Zs.  Kr.,  40,  88.  Refractive  indices; 
Taubert,  [Inaug.-Diss.,  Jena,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  313. 

Anal,  from  Magnet  Cove,  Ark.;  Pfeil,  [Inaug.-Diss.,  Heidel- 
berg, 1901];  Centralbl.  Min.,  144,  1902.  Discussion  of  formula, 
see  Rutile. 

Occurrence  in  quartzite,  Shankille,  Co.  Dublin,  Ireland;  O'Reilly, 
[Proc.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc.,  8,  691,  1898];  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  293;  from  the 
Bristenstock,  near  Amsteg,  Switzerland ;  Pearce  and  Fornaro,  Arch.  Sc. 
Phys.  Geneve,  (4),  10,  435,  1900;  with  octahedrite  in  misute  crystals 
in  the  Cleveland  ironstone,  England;  Lindsley,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  96, 
1905. 

Brostenite.     P.  Pom',  Min.   Roumanie,  p.  41  (Am.  Sci.  Univ. 
Jassy,  1,  53,  1900);  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  199.     A  decomposition  product  of 
J^-Q  rhodochrosite  occurring  in  crystalline  schists  at  several  points  near 

Brosteni,  Roumania.     Occurs  in   dull   black  friable   and   compact 
masses,  with  submetallic  luster  on  the  fresh  fracture. 

In  composition  a  manganite  of  manganese  and  ferrous  iron,  but  variable  in  specimens  from 
different  localities. 
Analyses : 

MnO2  MnO  FeO  CaO  MgO  H2O  Gangue 

1.  Holda                      52.40  6.16  11.47  3.05  11.97  14.75  =  99.80 

2.  Dorna                     68.06  8.96  4.08  3.82  0.61  7.17       5.51      CaCO3 1.97  =  100.18 

3.  Dealul-Ferului       61.95  3.11  12.02  2.70  0.72  10.90       8.20  =  99.60 


APPENDIX  II.  21 

BRUCITE,  Min.,  252;  App.,  p.  12.  — Crystals  from  the  Nikolaje-Maximilianovsk  mine,  Russia, 
described  by  Jeremejew,  Vh.  Min.  Ges.  St.  Pet.,  36,  19,  1899. 

Effect  of  low  temperatures  upon  optical  properties;  Panichi,  [Mem.  Ace.  Line,  4,  389,  1902]; 
Zs.  Kr.,  40,  89. 

Occurrence  (with  anal.)  from  Lyssogorsk,  Caucasus;  Karpinsky,  [yerh.  niss.  min.  Ges.,  42, 
Prot.  21,  1905J;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  70.  In  chalk  from  Teulada,  Sulcis,  Sardinia;  Peruzzi,  Rend.  Ace. 
Line.,  14,  (2),  83,  1905. 

Brugnatellite.     E.  Artini,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  18,  (1),  3,  1909. 

Micaceous,  lamellar.  Perfect  cleavage.  Color  flesh  pink.  Faint  pearly  luster.  Uniaxial, 
negative.  Opt.  axis  _L  to  cleavage  plane,  w  =  1.533Na.  Absorption  u  >  e;  w  =  yellow  red,  e  = 
•oolorless. 

Comp.     MgC03.5Mg(OH)2.Fe(OH)3.4H20. 
Anal.: 

MgO  MnO  Fe.,O3  CO2  H2O  Insol. 

42.79  1.80  13'20  7.78  33.77  1.03  =  100.37 

Found  in  an  old  asbestos  mine  at  Torre  Santa  Maria,  Val  Malenco,  Lombardy.  Named  in 
honor  of  Professor  Luigi  Brugnatelli  of  the  University  of  Pavia. 

Brunsvigite.     J.  Fromme,  Min.  Mitth.,  21,  171,  1902. 

In  cryptocrystalline  and  small  foliated  masses  sometimes  forming  spherical  radiated  aggregates. 
The  folia  under  the  microscope  (Tschermak)  have  a  hexagonal  outline,  are  cleavable  and  show 
a  uniaxial  figure  and  negative  double  refraction ;  normal  to  the  cleavage  the  color  is  olive-green, 
parallel  to  it  yellow-green. 

H.  =  1-2.  G.  =  3.01.  Luster  vitreous  to  greasy,  on  cleavage  folia  of  the  mass  dull. 
Color  green  to  dark  leek-green.  Translucent. 

In  composition  not  far  from  the  metachlorite  of  the  Biichenberg  and  like  it  classed  with  the 
leptochlorites.  Calculated  formula:  6  Si  O2.2Al2O^.9MgO.8H2O. 

Anal.: 

SiO,      A1A      Fe2O3      FeO       MnO     CaO     MgO      H2O 

27.88      15.81       1.77      31.92       0.51      0.20      9.52      11.97       H2O  [hygr.]  0.15=99.73. 

In  powder  easily  decomposed  by  acids  with  the  separation  of  pulverulent  silica. 
Occurs  in  the  gabbro  of  the  Radauthal  in  the  Harz,  filling  crevices  and  coating  quartz  and 
calcite. 

BRUSHITE,  Min.,  p.  828.  —  Optical  characters  of  crystals  from  the  island  of  Mona,  W.  Indies; 
Klein,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  720,  1901.  Artificial  formation  of  crystals;  A.  de  Schulten,  Bull.  Soc.  Min., 
26,  11,  1903. 

CABRERITE,  Min.  p.  819.  —  Crystals  from  Laurium;  Sachs,  Centralbl.  Min.,  198,  1906,  with  the 
forms:  a  (100),  6  (010),  r»  (110),  w  (101)  v  (111);  axial  ratio  a  :  6  :  c  =  0.82386  :  1  :  0.77672,  /?  = 
73°  31'  deduced  from  the  angles:  aw  =  55°  30',  vv'  =  65°  15',  mv  =  44°  53';  also   calc.  mb  =• 
51°  42'. 
Analysis: 

As2O5          NiO  CoO        FeO         MgO  H2O 

G.  =  3.01  40.45          26.97  tr.          1.10          6.16  25.26  =  99.94 

Artif . ;  de  Schulten,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  26,  87,  1903. 

CACOXENITE,  Min.,  p.  848;  App.,  p.  12.  —  Occurs  at  Ober-Rosbach,  Taunus  Mts.,  Prussia,  with 
manganese  ores;  Wittich  and  Neumann,  Centralbl.  Min.,  656,  1902, 

Optical  character;  Mann,  [Inaug.  —  Diss.,  Leipzig,  1904];  Zs.  Kr.,  42,  665. 

Cadmiumoxyd.     E.  Wittich  and  B.  Neumann,  Centralbl.  Min.,  549,  1901. 

Isometric,  in  minute  octahedrons,  sometimes  with  cubic  faces,  also  as  penetration  twins;  forms  a 
very  thin  coating,  of  black  color  and  brilliant  metallic  luster,  upon  calamine  from  Monte  Poni, 
Sardinia;  also  in  part  pulverulent.  H.  =  3.  G.  =  6.146. 

Easily  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid.  Analysis  gave:  Cd  87.5,  O  12.5  =  100.  The  associated 
calamine  contains  no  cadmium. 

The  artificial  mineral  has  been  noted  in  the  muffles  of  zinc  furnaces  (cf.  Werther,  J.,  pr.  Ch.,  66, 
1852)  in  octahedrons  with  a,  d,  n.  Also  obtained  (Wittich  and  Neumann)  by  burning  cadmium 
in  an  atmosphere  of  oxygen;  crystals  cubic,  cleavable,  probably  ||  o. 

CALAMINE,  Min.,  p.  546;  App.,  p_.  12.  — The  supposed  new  form  (311)  from  Moresnet  (App.  I, 

E.  12)  is  really  identical  with  (211);  Buttgenbach,  Ann.  Soc.  G.  Belg.,  26,  cliii,  1899.     Crystals 
•om  Leadville,  Colo.;  Farrington  and  Tillotson,  Field  Col.  Mus.,  Geol.  Series,  3,  No.  7,  138,  1908. 
Composition  discussed;  Clarke  and  Steiger,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  249,  1899.     R61e   of   water  and 
discussion  of  chem.  comp.;  Zambonini,  Mem.  Ace.  Sci.  Napoli,  14,  35,  1908. 
Occurrence  at  Broken  Hill,  N.  W.  Rhodesia;  Spencer,  15,  34,  1908. 


22 


APPENDIX   IL 


CALAVERITE,  Min.,  p.  105.  —  Cryst.  —  Crystals  of  fine  quality  have  been  found  at  Cripple 
Creek  and  have  been  the  subject  of  study  by  Penfield  and  Ford,  (figs.),  Am.  J.  Sc  12,  225  1901  • 
Zs.  Kr.,  35,  5,  and  by  Smith,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  122;  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  209.  The  crystals  are  prismatic,' 
being  deeply  striated  in  this  zone;  they  show  monocline  symmetry,  the  striated  prism  zone  being 
parallel  to  the  ortho  axis;  the  terminal  faces  are  many,  often  very  small;  they  are  arranged  in  a 
number  of  prominent  zones  but  with  few  exceptions  only  very  complicated  symbols  can  be  assigned 
to  them;  by  selecting  certain  prominent  and  frequently  recurring  faces  and  assigning  simple 
indices  to  them  and  using  their  angles  as  fundamentals  Penfield  and  Ford  derived  the  axial  ratio 
as  d  :  b  :  c=  1.6313  :  1  :  1.1449;  ft  =  89°- 47$',  values  very  close  to  those  assigned  to  sylvanite. 
Twins  according  to  two  laws  are  described  by  same  authors  and  according  to  the  same  laws  and 
two  more  by  Smith.  The  complexity  of  the  symbols  necessarily  assigned  to  the  majority  of  the 
faces  makes  the  problem  a  very  unusual  one,  there  being  no  evidence  of  any  twinning  that  could 
solve  it.  Smith  suggests  that  it  is  to  be  explained  by  a  very  intimate  twinning  and  that  the 
different  faces  are  to  be  referred  to  five  distinct  lattices  which  are  incongruent  but  not  independent 
and  which  have  the  prism  zone  in  common. 


Calaverite,  Cripple  Creek. 

Analyses  of  material  from  Cripple  Creek  by  Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  246,  1901,  by  Prior,  Min. 
Mag.,  13, 149 ;  from  Kalgoorlie  quoted  by  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  13, 271,  prove  the  formula  to  be  AuTe,. 

Occurs  abundantly  at  Kalgoorlie  in  the  East  Coolgardie  gold  district,  West  Australia,  cf 
Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  270,  1903;  Carnot,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  24,  362,  1901  (anal.);  C.  R.,  132,  1301, 
1901;  Krusch,  Centralbl.  Min.,  199,  1901. 

CALCIOVOLBORTHITE,  Min.,  p.  790.  —  A  mineral  occurring  in  bright  yellow  scales  found  at 
Little  Baby  copper  prospect  25  miles  N.  E.  of  Baker  City,  Oregon,  is  provisionally  referred  to  this 
species.  It  is  a  vanadate  of  copper  with  some  sodium.  22d  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  II,  644. 

CALCITE,  Min.,  pp.  262,  1029;  App.,  p.  13.  —  Cryst.  —  Over  50  forms  described  as  new  are  to 
be  found  in  the  following  papers. 

Crystals  from  Jarow  near  Wran  (south  of  Prag);  Polak,  Lotos,  Prag,  77,  1897;  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  528; 
in  coral  chalk  atBremke;  Fromme,  (10, 11,  Jahresber.d.  Ver.  f.  Naturw.,  Braunschweig,  1897-1898), 
Zs.  Kr.,  32,  192;  Villers-en-Fague;  Buttgenbach,  Ann.  Soc.  Geol.  Belg.,  25,  73, 1898;  Lake  Superior 
with  lists  of  81  forms,  31  new;  Palache,  Geol.  Sur.  Mich.,  6, 161, 1898;  Iceland;  Jeremejew,  [Bull. 
Acad.  Sc.,  St.  PStersbourg,  9,  5,  1898];  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  428;  Nordmark,  Sweden;  Moberg,  Geol.  For. 
Forh.,  21,  349,  1899 ;  crystals  of  different  types  in  parallel  growth  from  Ofner  mountains;  Melczer, 
(Fold.  Koz.,  29,  160,  217,  .1899);  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  709;  also  Argentine,  Kan.,  and  Kansas  City,  Mo.; 
Rogers,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  9,  365,  1900;  twins  and  study  of  crystal  forms  from  Joplin,  Mo.;  Farrington, 
Bull.  Field  Mus.  Geol.  Series  No.  7,  1,  221,  1900;  Zs.,  Kr.,  36,  78;  Grasberg,  Dalarne,  Sweden; 
Weibull,  Geol.  For.  Forh.,  22,  19,  1900.  Twins,  Union  Springs,  Cayuga  Co.,  N.  Y.  (figs.);  Egre- 
mont  and  Pallafat,  Cumberland;  Stank  mine,  Lancashire;  from  elseolite-syenite,  Montreal; 
Penfield  and  Ford,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  10,  237,  1900;  Zs.  Kr.,  33,  6;  Tharandt,  Saxony;  Sachs,  Zs.  Kr., 
36,  449;  Shullsburg,  Wis.,  and  other  neighboring  localities,  Saguache  Co.,  Colo.,  Frizington,  Eng., 
from  Eudora,  Kan.,  Kansas  City,  Mo.;  Rogers,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  42,  1901;  Dortmund;  Beykirch, 
Centralbl.  Min.,  494,  1901;  from  Pradalunga,  Val  Seriana,  Italy;  Artini,  Att.  Soc.  Milano,  40,  269, 
1901 ;  from  Trapp-Region  of  N.  J.;  Rogers,  Sch.  of  Mines  Quart.,  23,  336,  1902;  Zs.  Kr.,  38,  693; 
twins,  Somerset;  Bowman,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  329;  twins,  Joplin,  Mo.;  Sterrett,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  73, 
1904;  Rak6  and  Szentandras,  Hungary;  Zimanyi,  [Fold.  Koz.,  35,  491  or  544,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  72; 
Guggiate,  Lake  Como;  Repossi,  Att.  Soc.  Ital.  Sc.  Nat.,  Milano,  44,  106,  1905;  Grand  Rapids, 


APPENDIX  II. 


23 


Union  Springs. 


Mich.,Hobbs,  Amer.  Geol.,36,  179,  1905 ;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  394;  Rondout,  Ulster  Co  .,  and  Union  Springs 
Cayuga  Co.,  N.  Y.;  Whitlock,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.,  Bull.  98,  1905;  East  Greenland;  Boggild,  Medd. 
om  Gronl.,  28,  106,  1905;  Narsarsuk,  Greenland;  id.,  ibid.,  33,  98,  1906 ;  Simplon  Tunnel;  Abraham, 
Mem.  Soc.  Liege,  6, 11,  1906;  twins  from  marble  of  Carrara;  D'Achiardi,  Proc.  Soc.  Sc.  Tosc.,  Mem. 

21,  1905;  also  Mar.  11,  1906;  RikuchQ  Province,  Japan;  JimbO,  Beitrage  Min  Japan,  2,  26,  1906; 
twin  crystals;  St.  Kreutz,  [Denkshr.  Wien  Akad  ,  80,  15,  1906];  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  628;  crystals  from  Lyon 
Mountain,  Clinton  Co.,  N.  Y.,  Whitlock,  N.  Y.  State  Mus., 

Bull.  107,  58,  1907;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  321.  West  Paterson,  N.  J.; 
WThitlock,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  426,  1907;  "  Kis  Strazsahegy,"  near 
Esztergom,  Hungary;  Franzenau,  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  468;  Bojcza, 
and  Salgotarjan,  Hungary,  from  "  Kiihlen  Tal  "  near  Buda- 
pest; Toborffy,  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  604.  605,  607;  from  Piszke,  Tata- 
banya  and  Torock6,  Hungary ;  Toborffy,  Foldt.  Kozl.,  37, 
308,  1907.  Andreasberg,  Harz;  England;  San  Francisco, 
Calif.;  Hillsboro,  N.  M.;  Lincoln,  R.  I.;  Terlingua,  Texas; 
Schaller,  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  321 ;  Terlingua,  Texas;  Zeller,  Central bl. 
Min.,  18,  1907;  stalactite  of  rhombohedral  crystals,  Potter 
Creek  cave,  Shasta  Co.,  Calif. ;  small  crystals  from  Terlingua, 
Texas;  Eakle,  Uni.  Calif.  Pub.,  5,  6,  89,  91,  1907;  associated 
with  dioptase  from  Mindouli,  French  Congo;  Lacroix,  Bull. 
Soc.  Min.,  31,  258,  1908;  crystals  in  a  marble  inclusion  in 
basalt  at  Weitendorf  in  Styria;  Leitmeier,  Centralbl.,  Min., 
257,  1908;  figures  of  various  twins,  etc. ;  Lewis,  Min.  Mag.,  15, 
62,  1908;  crystals  from  Joplin,  Mo.,  and  Bellevue,  Ohio;  Far- 
rington  and  Tillotson,  Field  Col.  Mus.,  Geol.  Series  3,  No.  7, 
140, 144, 1908. 

Opt. — Fluorescence;   Schincaglia,  [II  Nuovo  Cimento, 
Pisa,  10,  212,  1899];  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  312;  dispersion  of  iceland 
spar;  Carvallo  [Jour,  de  physique,  9,  465,  1900],  Zs.  Kr.,  35, 
629;  phosphorescent  calcites  from  Fort  Collins,  Colo.,  and  Joplin,  Mo.;  Headden,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  21, 
301,  1906. 

Studies  of  solution  and  etching  figures,  etc.;  Gaubert,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  24,  326,  1901;  also 
Goldschmidt  and  Wright,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.  17,  355,  1903;  ibid.,  18,  335,  1904;  pits  produced  by 
polishing  basal  planes;  Samojloff,  Zs.  Kr.,  39,  19. 

Experiments  with  compression  of  marble  at  varying  pressures  and  temperatures;  Adams  and 
Nicholson,  [Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  London,  67,  228,  1900];  Ze.  Kr.,  36,  82;  also  Rinne,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  160, 
1903. 

Siliceous  calcites,  Penfield  and  Ford,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  9,  352,  1900,  from  Washington  Co.,  S.  D., 
CaCo3,  40%,  quartz  sand,  60%,  apparently  rounded  pyramids,  near  the  form  7  (8  8.16.3)  (the 
sand  stone  crystals  from  near  Heidelberg,  Ger.,  considered  to  have  the  same  form;  Cohen,  Zs.  Kr., 
37,  610);  from  S.  Dakota  and  Goshen  Hole  region,  Wy.,  showing  combinations  of  acute  and  obtuse 
rhombohedrons;  Barbour  and  Fisher,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  451,  1902;  siliceous  calcites;  Delkeskamp, 
Zs.  fur  Naturwiss.,  Halle,  75,  185,  1902;  sand-calcite  concretions  from  Salton,  Calif.;  Nichols, 
Field  Columbian  Mus.,  No.  Ill;  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  539. 

Studies  as  to  whether  calcite  or  aragonite  is  formed  under  varying  conditions  when  CaCO, 
is  precipitated  from  solution;  Meigen,  (Ber.  Naturfors.  Gesellsch.,  Freiburg,  13,  40,  1902),  Zs  Kr., 
40,  524. 

Fetid  calcite  from  Chatham,  Canada,  analyzed  by  Harrington,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  345,  1905, 
showed  the  presence  of  H2S  in  small  amount. 

Containing  Co2  from  Traversella;  Spezia,  Att.  Ace.  Torino,  42,  409,  1907. 

Studies  concerning  origin,  structure,  physical  properties  and  associated  minerals  of  marble  by 
Vogt,  Zs.  pr.  Geol.,  6,  4-16,  43-52,  1898.  The  minerals  of  the  marble  of  Carrara;  D'Achiardi,  Att. 
Soc.  Tosc.,  21,  (1),  49;  (2),  236,  1905;  22,  94,  1906;  Giampaoli,  sep.  pub.;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  492. 

Calcite  and  aragonite  in  coral  rock;  Sep.  Pub.,  The  Atoll  of  Funafuti,  Roy.  Soc.,  1904. 

Portland  cement  clinkers  have  been  minutely  studied  by  Tornebohm.     See  alith. 

CALCIUM  ORTHOSILICATE.     Artif.  formation;  Day  and  Shepherd,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  22,  280,  284,  1906. 

CALCIUM  OXIDE.  —  Crystalline  form  and  density  of  fused  lime;  Day  and  Shepherd,  Am  J.  Sc. 

22,  271,  1906. 

CALEDONITE,  Min.,  p.  924;  App.,  p.  13.  Occurs  in  crystals  at  the  Stevenson-Bennett  mine, 
Organ  Mts.,  New  Mexico;  O.  C.  Farrington,  Bull.  Field  Col.  Museum,  Geol.,  1,  224,  1900;  also 
at  the  Alice  mine,  near  Butte  City,  Montana;  Rogers,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  47,  1901.  In  deep  sky-blue 
crystals  at  the  silver  mines  of  Mt.  de  Challacollo,  Atacama,  Chile;  G.  Berg,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,20, 
390,  1901.  An  analysis  by  Brunk,  after  deducting  2.31  insol.,  gave: 


S03 
14.15 


PbO 
69.18 


CuO 
9.73 


CO, 
3.16 


H,O 

3.78  =  100 


22 


APPENDIX   II. 


CALAVERITE,  Min.,  p.  105.  —  Cryst.  —  Crystals  of  fine  quality  have  been  found  at  Cripple 
Creek  and  have  been  the  subject  of  study  by  Penfield  and  Ford,  (figs.),  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  225,  1901 ; 
Zs.  Kr.,  35,  5,  and  by  Smith,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  122;  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  209.  The  crystals  are  prismatic, 
being  deeply  striated  in  this  zone;  they,  show  monocline  symmetry,  the  striated  prism  zone  being 
parallel  to  the  ortho  axis;  the  terminal  faces  are  many,  often  very  small;  they  are  arranged  in  a 
number  of  prominent  zones  but  with  few  exceptions  only  very  complicated  symbols  can  be  assigned 
to  them;  by  selecting  certain  prominent  and  frequently  recurring  faces  and  assigning  simple 
indices  to  them  and  using  their  angles  as  fundamentals  Penfield  and  Ford  derived  the  axial  ratio 

as  &  :  b  :  c=  1.6313  :  1  :  1.1449;  /?  =  89°  47$',  values  very  close  to  those  assigned  to  sylvanite. 
Twins  according  to  two  laws  are  described  by  same  authors  and  according  to  the  same  laws  and 
two  more  by  Smith.  The  complexity  of  the  symbols  necessarily  assigned  to  the  majority  of  the 
faces  makes  the  problem  a  very  unusual  one,  there  being  no  evidence  of  any  twinning  that  could 
solve  it.  Smith  suggests  that  it  is  to  be  explained  by  a  very  intimate  twinning  and  that  the 
different  faces  are  to  be  referred  to  five  distinct  lattices  which  are  incongruent  but  not  independent 
and  which  have  the  prism  zone  in  common. 


Calaverite,  Cripple  Creek. 

Analyses  of  material  from  Cripple  Creek  by  Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  246,  1901,  by  Prior,  Min. 
Mag.,  13, 149;  from  Kalgoorlie  quoted  by  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  13, 271,  prove  the  formula  to  beAuTe,. 

Occurs  abundantly  at  Kalgoorlie  in  the  East  Coolgardie  gold  district,  West  Australia,  cf. 
Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  270,  1903;Carnot,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  24,  362,  1901  (anal.);  C.  R.,  132,  1301, 
1901;  Krusch,  Centralbl.  Min.,  199,  1901. 

CALCIOVOLBORTHITB,  Min.,  p.  790.  —  A  mineral  occurring  in  bright  yellow  scales  found  at 
Little  Baby  copper  prospect  25  miles  N.  E.  of  Baker  City,  Oregon,  is  provisionally  referred  to  this 
species.  It  is  a  vanadate  of  copper  with  some  sodium.  22d  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  II,  644. 

CALCITE,  Min.,  pp.  262,  1029;  App.,  p.  13.  —  Cryst.  —  Over  50  forms  described  as  new  are  to 
be  found  in  the  following  papers. 

Crystals  from  Jarow  near  Wran  (south  of  Prag);  Polak,  Lotos,  Prag,  77,  1897;  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  528; 
in  coral  chalk  atBremke;  Fromme,  (10, 11,  Jahresber.d.  Ver.  f.  Naturw.,  Braunschweig,  1897-1898), 
Zs.  Kr.,  32,  192;  Villers-en-Fague;  Buttgenbach,  Ann.  Soc.  Geol.  Belg.,  25,  73,  1898;  Lake  Superior 
with  lists  of  81  forms,  31  new;  Palache,  Geol.  Sur.  Mich.,  6, 161, 1898;  Iceland;  Jeremejew,  [Bull. 
Acad.  Sc.,  St.  P&ersbourg,  9,  5,  1898];  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  428;  Nordmark,  Sweden;  Moberg,  Geol.  For. 
Forh.,  21,  349,  1899;  crystals  of  different  types  in  parallel  growth  from  Ofner  mountains;  Melczer, 
(Fold.  Koz.,  29,  160,  217,  .1899);  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  709;  also  Argentine,  Kan.,  and  Kansas  City,  Mo.; 
Rogers,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  9,  365,  1900;  twins  and  study  of  crystal  forms  from  Joplin,  Mo.;  Farrington, 
Bull.  Field  Mus.  Geol.  Series  No.  7,  1,  221,  1900;  Zs.,  Kr.,  36,  78;  Grasberg,  Dalarne,  Sweden; 
Weibull,  Geol.  For.  Forh.,  22,  19,  1900.  Twins,  Union  Springs,  Cayuga  Co.,  N.  Y.  (figs.);  Egre- 
mont  and  Pallafat,  Cumberland;  Stank  mine,  Lancashire;  from  elseolite-syenite,  Montreal; 
Penfield  and  Ford,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  10,  237,  1900;  Zs.  Kr.,  33,  6;  Tharandt,  Saxony;  Sachs,  Zs.  Kr., 
36,  449;  Shullsburg,  Wis.,  and  other  neighboring  localities,  Saguache  Co.,  Colo.,  Frizington,  Eng., 
from  Eudora,  Kan.,  Kansas  City,  Mo.;  Rogers,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  42,  1901;  Dortmund;  Beykirch, 
Centralbl.  Min.,  494,  1901;  from  Pradalunga,  Val  Seriana,  Italy;  Artini,  Att.  Soc.  Milano,  40,  269, 
1901 ;  from  Trapp-Region  of  N.  J.;  Rogers,  Sch.  of  Mines  Quart.,  23,  336,  1902;  Zs.  Kr.,  38,  693; 
twins,  Somerset;  Bowman,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  329;  twins,  Joplin,  Mo.;  Sterrett,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  73, 
1904;  Rak6  and  Szentandras,  Hungary;  Zimdnyi,  [Fold.»Koz.,  35,  491  or  544,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  72; 
Guggiate,  Lake  Como;  Repossi,  Att.  Soc.  Ital.  Sc.  Nat.,  Milano,  44,  106,  1905;  Grand  Rapids, 


APPENDIX  II. 


23 


Union  Springs. 


Mich.,  Hobbs,  Amer.  Geoi.,  36,  179, 1905;  Zs.  Kr,  43,  394;Rondout,  UlsterCo  ,  and  Union  Springs 
Cayuga  Co.,  N.  Y.;  Whitlock,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.,  Bull.  98,  1905;  East  Greenland;  Boggild,  Medd. 
omGronl.,28,  106,  1905;  Narsarsuk,  Greenland; id.,  ibid.,  33,  98,  1906;  Simplon  Tunnel;  Abraham, 
Mem.  Soc.  Liege,  6, 11,  1906;  twins  from  marble  of  Carrara;  D'Achiardi,  Proc.  Soc.  Sc.  Tosc.,  Mem. 
21,  1905;  also  Mar.  11,  1906;  RikuchQ  Province,  Japan;  JimbO,  Beitrage  Min  Japan,  2,  26,  1906; 
twin  crystals;  St.  Kreutz,  [Denkshr.  Wien  Akad  ,  80,  15,  1906];  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  628;  crystals  from  Lyon 
Mountain,  Clinton  Co.,  N.  Y.,  Whitlock,  N.  Y.  State  Mus., 
Bull.  107,  58,  1907;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  321.  West  Paterson,  N.  J.; 
Whitlock,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  426,  1907;  "  Kis  Strazsahegy,"  near 
Esztergom,  Hungary;  Franzenau,  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  468;  Bojcza, 
and  Salgotarjan,  Hungary,  from  "  Kiihlen  Tal  "  near  Buda- 
pest; Toborffy,  Zs.  Kr,  44,  604,  605,  607;  from  Piszke,  Tata- 
banya  and  Torock6,  Hungary ;  Toborffy,  Foldt.  Kozl,  37, 
308,  1907.  Andreasberg,  Harz;  England;  San  Francisco, 
Calif.;  Hillsboro,  N,  M.;  Lincoln,  R.  I.;  Terlingua,  Texas; 
Schaller,  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  321 ;  Terlingua,  Texas;  Zeller,  Centralbl. 
Min.,  18,  1907;  stalactite  of  rhombohedral  crystals,  Potter 
Creek  cave,  Shasta  Co.,  Calif. ;  small  crystals  from  Terlingua, 
Texas;  Eakle,  Uni.  Calif.  Pub.,  5,  6,  89,  91,  1907;  associated 
with  dipptase  f rom  Mindouli,  French  Congo;  Lacroix,  Bull. 
Soc.  Min.,  31,  258,  1908;  crystals  in  a  marble  inclusion  in 
basalt  at  Weitendorf  in  Styria;  Leitmeier,  Centralbl.,  Min., 
257,  1908;  figures  of  various  twins,  etc. ;  Lewis,  Min.  Mag.,  15, 
62,  1908;  crystals  from  Joplin,  Mo,  and  Bellevue,  Ohio;  Far- 
rington  and  Tillotson,  Field  Col.  Mus,  Geol.  Series  3,  No.  7, 
140,  144, 1908. 

Opt. — Fluorescence;   Schincaglia,  [II  Nuovo  Cimento, 
Pisa,  10,  212,  1899];  Zs.  Kr,  34,  312;  dispersion  of  iceland 
spar;  Carvallo  [Jour,  de  physique,  9,  465,  1900],  Zs.  Kr,  35, 
629;  phosphorescent  calcites  from  Fort  Collins,  Colo,  and  Joplin,  Mo.;  Headden,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  21, 
301,  1906. 

Studies  of  solution  and  etching  figures,  etc.;  Gaubert,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  24,  326,  1901;  also 
Goldschmidt  and  Wright,  Jb.  Min,  Beil.  17,  355,  1903;  ibid.,  18,  335,  1904;  pits  produced  by 
polishing  basal  planes;  Samojloff,  Zs.  Kr,  39,  19. 

Experiments  with  compression  of  marble  at  varying  pressures  and  temperatures;  Adams  and 
Nicholson,  [Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  London,  67,  228,  1900];  Zs.  Kr,  36,  82;  also  Rinne,  Jb.  Min,  1,  160, 
1903. 

Siliceous  calcites,  Penfield  and  Ford,  Am.  J.  Sc,  9,  352,  1900,  from  Washington  Co,  S.  D, 
CaCo3,  40%,  quartz  sand,  60%,  apparently  rounded  pyramids,  near  the  form  7  (8  8.16.3)  (the 
sand  stone  crystals  from  near  Heidelberg,  Ger.,  considered  to  have  the  same  form;  Cohen,  Zs.  Kr, 
37,  610);  from  S.  Dakota  and  Goshen  Hole  region,  Wy,  showing  combinations  of  acute  and  obtuse 
rhombohedrons;  Barbour  and  Fisher,  Am.  J.  Sc,  14,  451,  1902;  siliceous  calcites;  Delkeskamp, 
Zs.  fur  Naturwiss,  Halle,  75,  185,  1902;  sand-calcite  concretions  from  Salton,  Calif.;  Nichols, 
Field  Columbian  Mus,  No.  Ill;  Zs.  Kr,  44,  539. 

Studies  as  to  whether  calcite  or  aragonite  is  formed  under  varying  conditions  when  CaCO, 
is  precipitated  from  solution;  Meigen,  (Ber.  Naturfors.  Gesellsch,  Freiburg,  13,  40,  1902),  Zs.  Kr, 
40,  524. 

Fetid  calcite  from  Chatham,  Canada,  analyzed  by  Harrington,  Am.  J.  Sc,  19,  345,  1905, 
showed  the  presence  of  H2S  in  small  amount. 

Containing  Co?  from  Traversella;  Spezia,  Att.  Ace.  Torino,  42,  409,  1907. 

Studies  concerning  origin,  structure,  physical  properties  and  associated  minerals  of  marble  by 
Vogt,  Zs.  pr.  Geol,  6,  4-16,  43-52,  1898.  the  minerals  of  the  marble  of  Carrara;  D'Achiardi,  Att. 
Soc.  Tosc,  21,  (1),  49;  (2),  236,  1905;  22,  94,  1906;  Giampaoli,  sep.  pub.;  Zs.  Kr,  43,  492. 

Calcite  and  aragonite  in  coral  rock;  Sep.  Pub,  The  Atoll  of  Funafuti,  Roy.  Soc..,  1904. 

Portland  cement  clinkers  have  been  minutely  studied  by  Tornebohm.     See  alith. 

CALCIUM  ORTHOSILICATE.     Artif.  formation;  Day  and  Shepherd,  Am.  J.  Sc,  22,  280,  284,  1906. 

CALCIUM  OXIDE.  — Crystalline  form  and  density  of  fused  lime;  Day  and  Shepherd,  Am  J.  Sc. 
22,  271,  1906. 

CALEDONITE,  Min,  p.  924;  App,  p.  13.  Occurs  in  crystals  at  the  Stevenson-Bennett  mine, 
Organ  Mts,  New  Mexico;  O.  C.  Farrington,  Bull.  Field  Col.  Museum,  Geol,  1,  224,  1900;  also 
at  the  Alice  mine,  near  Butte  City,  Montana;  Rogers,  Am.  J.  Sc,  12,  47,  1901.  In  deep  sky-blue 
crystals  at  the  silver  mines  of  Mt.  de  Challacollo,  Atacama,  Chile;  G.  Berg,  Min.  petr.  Mitth,  20, 
390,  1901.  An  analysis  by  Brunk,  after  deducting  2.31  insol,  gave: 

SO,  PbO  CuO  CO,  H2O 

14.15  69.18  9.73  3.16  3.78  -  100 


24  APPENDIX  II. 

The  CO,  here  belongs  to  the  caledonite  and  is  not  due  to  impurity  (cf .  Min.,  p.  925) ;  the  formula 
deduced  is  5[4PbSO4.3Pb(OH)2]  +  2[4CuCO3.3Cu(OH)2]. 

From  Sardinia;  Pelloux,  Att.  Ace.  Line.,  13,  (2),  34,  1904. 

Calif ornite,  see  Vesuwanite. 

CALOMEL,  Min.,  p.  153;  App.,  p.  13.  —  Occurs  in  square  prisms  and  in  tabular  crystals  with 
other  mercury  minerals  at  Terlingua,  Texas;  Moses,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  262,  1903;  crystals  from 
same  locality  showing  d  (016)  and  d  (031>as  new  forms,  and  from  Avala,  Spain;  Goldschmidt  and 
Mauritz,  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  393;  Schaller  (priv.  contr.)  on  crystals  from  Terlingua  gives  new  form 
K  (553)  and  deduces  c  =  1.7234. 

CANCRINITE,  Min.,  pp.  427,  1029.  —  A  cancrinite-syenite  has  been  described  (anal.)  by  Sundell, 
Bull.  Comm.  G.  Finland,  No.  16,  1905.  Effect  of  ammonium  chloride  upon;  Clarke  and  Steiger, 
U.  S.  G.  S.,  Bull.,  207,  1902.  Discussion  of  chem.  comp.;  Zambonini,  Mem.  Ace.  Sci.  Napoli,  14, 
48,  1908. 

CANFIELDITE,  App.,  p.  13.  — The  true  locality  of  the  specimens  described  by  Penfield  (Am. , 
J.  Sc.,  47,  451,  1894)  is  shown  by  Canfield  to  be  Colquechaca,  Bolivia,  not  La  Paz,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
23,  21,  1907;  spinel  twins  are  noted.    . 

Carbapatite;  P.  Tschirwinsky,  [Ann.  Geol.  et  min.  Russie,  8,  8,  1906] ;  Centralbl.  Min.,  283, 1907. 
Name  suggested  through  an  error  for  a  supposed  crystalline  type  of  podolite,  3Ca3(PO4)2.CaCOs. 
Name  withdrawn. 

CARBORUNDUM,  see  Moissanite. 
Garlosite  =  neptunite,  which  see. 

CARNALLITE,  Min.,  p.  177;  App.,  p.  13.  —  Large  crystals  (8x6  cm.)  from  Beienrode  near 
Konigshutter  gave  the  new  forms:  n  (103),  g  (012),  h  (032),  u  (118),  t  (114),  w  (126),  v  (136). 
Optical  determinations  also  given  and  analysis  (by  Kleinfeldt);  Bucking,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  539, 
1901.  Also,  Busz;  Ber.  Naturhist.  Ver.,  Bonn,  1,  C,  2,  1906;  Ber.  Med.-naturwiss.  Ges.  Miinster, 
June,  1906.  Sp.  G.  and  artif.  formation;  Przilylla,  Centralbl.  Min.,  234,  1904;  of  related  com- 
pounds of  iodine;  de  Schulten,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  23,  5,  1900.  Isotrimorphism  of  carnallite  and 
bromcarnallite;  Boeke,  Centralbl.  Min.,  710,  1908. 

Deformation  under  pressure;  Rinne,  Festschr.  siebzigsten  Geburtstage,  Adolf  v.  Koenen, 
369,  1907. 

CARNOTITE,  App.,  p.  13.  —  Description  of  occurrence  in  western  Colorado  with  analyses; 
Hillebrand  and  Ransome,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  10,  120,  1900.  The  material  is  shown  to  be  impure,  so  that 
no  definite  formula  can  be  assigned. 

Ratio  of  radium  to  uranium;  Boltwood,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  97,  1904.  Examination  by  E.  P. 
Adams  has  shown  the  absence  of  helium,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  321,  1905. 

CARPHOLITE,  Min.,  p.  549.  —  Occurs  in  quartz  pebbles  found  in  the  diluvial  deposits  of  the 
region  of  Bernburg,  probably  derived  from  the  southeastern  Harz  Mts.,  near  Wippra;  Cornu, 
Centralbl.  Min.,  77,  1906. 

CASSITERITE,  Min.,  pp.  234,  1030,  1037;  App.,  p.  14.  —  Crystals  from  Pitkaranta  with  complex 
new  forms;  Borgstrom,  Zs.  Kr.,  40,  1,  1904;  Ivigtut,  Greenland;  Boggild,  Min.  Gronl.,  91,  1905. 
Small  crystals  resembling  hexagonal  pyramids  by  repeated  twinning  on  101,  from  near  La  Paz, 
Bolivia;  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  332;  pseudomorphs  after  some  unknown  monoclinic  mineral 
from  Tres  Cruces,  Bolivia;  Pearce,  ibid.,  345.  Crystals  from  Emmaville;  Elsnore;  Hognis  Creek, 
near  Dundee;  The  Glen,  New  England,  all  in  N.  S.  W.,  and  from  Stanthorpe,  Queensland;  Ander- 
son, Rec.  Aus.  Mus.,  6,  404,  1907.  Secondary  twinning  lamellae  in  crystals  from  Selangor,  Malacca; 
Johnsen,  Centralbl.  Min.,  426,  1908. 

Hidden  notes  cleavage  (or  parting)  ||  e  (101)  on  crystals  from  the  Ross  tin  mine,  near  Gaffneys, 
So.  Carolina,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  40,  410,  1905. 

From  tin  gravels,  Embabaan  district,  Swaziland,  S.  A.;  Prior,  Min.  Mag.,  12,  100;  also  see 
Molengraaff,  [Trans.  G.  Soc.  S.  Africa,  4,  141,  1898],  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  301.  On  the  deposits  of  Mt. 
Bischoff,  Tasmania,  see  von  Fircks,  Zs.  G.  Ges.,  51,  431,  1899;  of  the  Carolinas;  Pratt  and  Sterrett, 
Bull.  19,  G.  Surv.  No.  Carolina,  1904;  discussion  as  to  formation  of  tin  deposits  of  Campiglia 
Marittima,  Tuscany;  Bergeat,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  135,  1901. 

CATAPLEIITE,  Min.,  p.  412;  App.,  p.  14.  —  Crystals  from  Narsarsuk,  Greenland;  Flink,  Medd. 
Gronland,  24,  93;  also  see  Boggild  on  optical  and  crystallographic  relationships;  ibid.,  33,  106,  1906. 

Role  of  water  in;  Zambonini,  Mem.  Ace.  Sci.  Napoli,  14,  54,  1908. 

A  catapleiite-syenite  occurs  in  central  Sweden,  near  the  Wettersee;  Tornebohm,  Sveriges 
Geol.  Und.,  C,  No.  199,  1906. 


APPENDIX  II.  25 

CELESTITE,  Min.,  p.  905;  App.,  p.  14.  —  Cryst.  —  From  the  Marienstein  mine,  near  the  Tegem- 
see,  Bavaria,  (anal.);  Sustschinsky,  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  563,  1901;  with  (124)  prominent,  near  Mentor, 
Saline  Co.,  Kansas;  Rogers  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  48,  1901;  from  Wymore,  Nebraska,  id.,  Sch.  Mines  Q., 
23,  134,  1902;  from  Boratella,  Romagna,  with  (017),  by  Zambonini,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  13,  (1),  37, 
1904;  from  Monte  Viale,  Vicentine  Alps;  new  forms  (214).  (0.1.16),  (119),  (117);  Billows,  Riv.  Min. 
Ital.,  31,  3,  1904;  from  the  Djebel  Kebbouch  and  Djebel  Bezine,  Tunis  (anal.  Pisani);  Termier, 
Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  25,  173,  1902,  also  see  Samojtoff  (pseudemorph  after  barite  ?),  Centralbl.  Min., 
33,  1905;  from  Haring,  Tyrol;  Koechlin,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  24,  114,  1905;  from  Lyssaja  gora  near 
Theodosia,  Crimea;  Popoff,[Bull.  Nat.  Moscow,  p.  180,  1906];  Zs.  Kr.,  46,  221;  from  Maybee, 
Michigan,  with  discussion  of  occurrence,  crystals,  natural  etching  figures  and  anal.;  Kraus  and 
Hunt,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  21, 237,  1906;  crystals  from  sulphur  caves  near  Lornano,  Siena,  with  new  forms 
(327),  (019);Manasse,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  23,  1907;  from  Mokattam  and  Abou  Roach,  Egypt,  with 
optical  determinations;  Couyat,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  31,  264,  1908;  from  Kresty,  Saratow,  Russia, 
with  new  form  (177);  Surgunoff,  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  435,  1904;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  76. 

Effect  of  low  temperatures  upon  optical  properties;  Panichi,  [Mem.  Ace.  Line.,  4,  389,  1902]; 
Zs.  Kr.,  40,  89.  Etching  figures,  see  under  barite. 

Occurrence  near  Syracuse,  N.  Y.;  Kraus,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  30,  1904;  the  general  occurrence  and 
distribution  of  celestite-bearing  rocks;  id.,  ibid.,  19,  286,  1905.  Occurrence  noted  at  Longue 
Pointe,  Island  of  Montreal,  ibid.,  21,  188,  1906. 

Celith,  see  Alith. 

CELSIAN,  App.,  p.  15.  —  Further  investigation  proves  it  to  be  monoclinic  with  a  :  b  :  c  =  0.657: 
1  :  0.554 ;/?=115° 2'.  Angles  001: 110  =  68°  41';  010:  110  _=  59°  14^;  001:  201  =  79°23'.  Forms: 
P(001),  M  (010),  K(110),  Y  (201),  T  (110),  (114),  0(112),  o  (111),  (331),  (311).  Twinning 
general  according  to  Carlsbad  law;  mamebach  and  baveno  twins  also  found.  Opt.  positive.  Ax. 
pi.  ||  (010);  c  :  a  =  28°  3'  in  obtuse  angle  ft.  2Va  =  86°  22'.  a  =  1.5837,  /?  =  1.5886,  y  = 
1.5940.  Anal,  given.  Strandmark,  G.  For.  Forh.,  25,  289,  1903;  26,  97,  1904;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  89. 
Also  discussion  of  mixtures  of  orthoclase  and  celsian  molecules  with  anal,  of  a  barium  potassium 
feldspar  from  the  Binnenthal.  Name  baryta-orthoclase  given  to  mixtures  of  celsian  and  orthoclase. 

CERARGYRITE,  Min.,  p.  158. —  Prior  and  Spencer  (Min.  Mag.,  13,  174),  as  the  result  of  an 
investigation  of  the  isometric-normal  (holosymmetric)  silver  haloids,  conclude  that  while  they 
should  be  included  under  the  common  group  name,  cerargyrite,  sub-species  should  be  recognized 
as  follows:  chlorargyrite,  AgCl;  bromargyrite,  AgBr;  embolite,  Ag(Cl,Br);  iodembolite,  Ag(Cl,Br,I). 
Isomorphous  mixtures  of  AgCl,  AgBr,  Agl  exist  in  varying  proportions.  New  analyses  (Prior) 
are  as  follows: 

G  Cl  Br  I  Ag 

1.  Chafiarcillo  6.17  7.11  22.35  10.39  60.37  =  100.22 

2.  Broken  Hill,  N.  S.  W.  6.31  1.96  32.22  8.77  56.93  =    99.88 

3.  "          "  "  5.82  14.36  15.85  2.35  67.28=    99.84 

4.  5.66  13.20  19.71  0.16  66.91  =    99.98 

In  addition  to  the  above  group,  there  is  also  the  rhombohedral-hemimorphic  Agl,  iodyrite, 
and  the  isometric-tetrahedral  4AgI.CuI,  miersite. 

Cerepidote;  synonym  for  allanite.     Rosenbusch,  Mikrosk.  Phys.  Min.,  1,  2,  286,  1905. 

Oeruleite,  Cceruleite.     H.  Dufet,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  23,  147,  1900. 

Massive,  compact  and  resembling  clay  but  made  up  of  excessively  minute  crystals,  which 
polarize  in  the  mass.     G.  =  2.803.     Color  turquoise-blue. 
Composition:  CuO.2Al2O3.As2O5. 
Analysis: 

As^  A12O3  CuO  H2O 

34.56  31.26  11.80  22.32  =  99.94 

The  water  goes  off  only  at  a  high  temperature,  the  loss  at  180°  being  only  1.45.  p.  c.  Soluble  in 
acids,  leaving  a  slight  residue  consisting  of  a  white  clay. 

From  the  Emma  Luise  gold  mine  at  Huanaco,  Taltal  province,  Chile  (cf.  Moricke,  Zs.  pr.  G., 
1,  143,  1893).  A  white  clay  associated  with  the  ceruleite,  contained  1.8  p.  c.  As-jOj  but  no  copper. 

CERUSSITE,  Min.,  pp.  286,  1030;  App.,  p.  15.  —  Cryst.  —  Accurate  measurements  of  angles 
and  optical  constants  on  crystals  from  localities  in  Westphalia;  Ohm,  Jb.  Min.  Beil.  13,  1, 
1899;  crystals  from  Altai,  with  anal.;  Jeremejew  [Verhandl.  d.  kais.  russ.  miner.  Gesellsch.,  1898. 
St.  Petersburg,  36,  Protok.  12,  1899],  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  429;  from  Malfidano,  Sardinia,  with  pseudo- 
morphs  after  anglesite  and  phosgenite;  Millosevich,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  9,  (1),  153,  1900.  Twins 
from  Sardinia  described  by  Hubrecht,  with  bibliography  of  mineral,  a  list  of  the  observed  forms 
and  combinations  with  the  relative  frequency  of  occurrence  of  each  form.  The  following  new 


26  APPENDIX  II. 

forms  also  given:  T  (034)  and  Q  (054),  Zs.  Kr.,  40,  147;  from  Mies  with  the  new  forms  (0.22.1), 
(0.29.1),  (0.33.1),  (0.37.1);  Barvir,  Ber.  bohm.  Ges.  Wiss.  xxxvi,  1900;  ibid.,  xvii,  xxxiii,  1901; 
from  Santa  Rosalia,  Peru,  with  new  forms  (150)  and  (310);  Buttgenbach,  Ann.  Soc.  geol.  Belg., 
29,  103,  1902;  from  the  Alice  mine,  Butte,  Montana,  and  Phenixville,  Pa.;  Rogers,  Sch.  Mines  Q., 
23,  136,  1902;  multiple  twins  from  Mapimi,  Mexico,  with  new  form  A  (304);  Goldschmidt,  Jb. 
Min.  Beil.  15,  562,  1902;  crystals  from  Valle  di  Contra,  Valsassina,  Italy;  Artini,  Att.  Soc.  Milano, 
42,  107,  1903;  from  Djebel-Ressas  mine,  Tunis;  Jecker,  C.  R.,  140,  1410,  1905;  Gaeta,  L.  Como; 
Repossi,  Att.  Soc.  Milano,  43,  425,  1905;  Magnet  mine,  Tasmania;  C.  Anderson,  Rec.  Austr. 
Mus.,  6,  93,  1905 ;  Traversella ;  Colomba,  Rend.  Acad.  Line.,  15,  643,  1906;  Broken  Hill,  N.S.  W.; 
Zeehan,  Whyte  River  and  Dundas,  Tasmania;  Anderson,  Rec.  Aus.  Mus.,  6,  407,  1907;  Broken 
Hill;  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  15,  36,  1908;  with  dioptase  from  Mindouli,  French  Congo;  Lacroix,  Bull. 
Min.  Soc.,  31,  257,  1908;  Rezbanya  with  new  forms,  M  (0.13.2);  D  (0.11.2);  C  (072);  B  (095); 
Low,  Foldt.  Kozl.,  38,  205,  1908;  Laurium,  Greece;  Lacroix  and  de  Schulten,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  31, 
89,  1908 

Effect  of  low  temperatures  upon  optical  properties;  Panichi,  [Mem.  Ace.  Line.,  4,  389,  1902J; 
Zs.  Kr.,  40,  88.  Luminescence;  Pochettino,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  14,  (1)  505,  (2)  220,  1905. 

Analysis  of  cerussite  containing  3.15%  SrO  from  Isle,  Custer  Co.,  Colo.;  Warren,  Am.  J.  So., 
16,  343,  1903. 

CHABAZITE,  Min.,  p.  589;  App.,  p.  15.  —  Cryst.  —  Description  of  crystals  from  near  Rome 
(with  anal.);  Zambonini,'Jb.  Min.,  2,  93,  1902;  crystals  from  Scottish  localities;  Goodchild,  [Trans. 
Geol.  Soc.,  Glasgow,  12,  Suppl.,  1-68,  1903];  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  307;  from  East  Greenland;  Boggild,  Medd. 
om  Gronl.,  28,  123,  1905;  also  Min.  Gronl.,  571,  1905.  Petersdorf,  near  Zoptau,  Mahren;  Kretsch- 
ner,  Centralbl.  Min. ,609,  1905;  Ben  Lomond  (with  anal.)  and  Inverell,  N.  S.  W.,  and  from  Bell 
Mount,  Tasmania;  Anderson,  Rec.  Aus.  Mus.,  6,  416,  1907;  from  basalt  of  Montresta,  Sardinia; 
Deprat,  Bull.  Min.  Soc.,  31,  189,  1908;  also  Millosevich,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  17,  (1),  270,  1908;  and 
(with  anal.);  Pelacani,  ibid.,  (2),  68,  1908. 

From  Golden,  Colo.;  Patton,  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Amer.,  11,  461,  1900;  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  74;  from  the 
Buck  Creek  corundum  mine,  Clay  Co.,  N.  C.,  (with  anal.);  Pratt,  [Jour.  Elisha  Mitchell  Sc.  Soc., 
14,  61,  1897],  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  603;  anal,  of  chabazite  from  Maddalenaand  Montresta,  Sardinia;  Rima- 
tori,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  9,  (2),  146,  1900.  Anal,  of  mineral  from  syenite  from  Biella;  Zambo- 
nini,  Zs.  Kr.,  40,  263.  Occurrence  in  basalts  (with  anal.)  at  Asmara,  and  Sciket  in  Eritrea; 
Manasse,  Proc.  Soc.  Tosc.,  July,  1906. 

Concerning  "  herschelite  "  from  Palagonia,  Sicily,  and  its  relations  to  other  similar  zeolites; 
Gonnard,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  29,  283,  1906.  Also  see  Di  Franco,  Att.  Ace.  Sci.  Nat.  Catania,  15,  3, 
1902.  . 

Chem.  constitution;  McNeil,  Jour.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  28,  597,  1906. 

CHALCANTHITE,  Min.,  p.  944;  App.,  p.  15.  —  Crystals  f rom  _the  Alma  pyrite  mine,  Leona 
Heights,  Alameda  Co.,  Cal.,  showed  the  new  forms  I  (120),  g  (141);  analysis  gave  the  formula 
CuSO4.H2O  -I-  4H2O;  Schaller,  Bull.  G.  Univ.  Cal.,  3,  212,  1903.  Twinning  in  artif.  crystals. 
Also  new  form  (131);  Boeris,  Att.  Soc.  Milano,  44,  73,  1905. 

From  Copaquire,  Province  of  Tarapacd,  Chile  (with  anal.),  and  associated  with  it  a  light  blue 
material  in  rounded  masses  which  proved  to  be  a  double  sulphate  of  copper  and  magnesium, 
CuSO4  being  to  MgSO4  nearly  as  1  :  2.  Anal,  gave:  SO3,  35.70;  CuO,  12.43;  MgO,  11.39;  FeO,  1.01 ; 
MnO,  0.32;  NiO,  0.06;  H2O,  38.38;  total  =  99.29;  Keller,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  47,  81,  1908. 

CHALCOCITE,  Min.,  p.  55.  —  Twin,  with  twinning  plane  (201),  from  Cornwall;  Milch,  Jb.  Min., 
1,  155,  1900.  Pseudomorphs  after  galena  from  Osaruzawa,  Prov.  Rikuchu,  Japan;  Wada,  Beitr. 
Min.  Japan,  1,  17,  1905;  after  barite  (?),  from  Grab  near  Kostunici;  Stevanovic,  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  60. 

A  pulveriform  variety  occurs  at  the  Champion  mine,  in  the  Keweenaw  copper  region,  Michigan; 
Koenig,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  415,  1902.  A  prominent  mineral  in  the  copper  district  of  Clifton,  Arizona; 
it  is  of  secondary  origin,  occurs  only  massive  and  commonly  shows  a  sooty  aspect  on  the  surface. 
Lindgren  and  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  451,  1904;  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  262,  45. 

CHALCODITE,  see  Stilpomelane. 

Chalcolamprite.     G.  Flink,  Medd.  om  Gronland,  14,  234,  1898;  24,  160,  1901. 

Isometric,  only  in  small  octahedrons,  sometimes  hollow  or  otherwise  irregular.  No  cleavage 
observed.  Fracture  splintery  or  subconchoidal.  Brittle.  H.=  5.5.  G.  =  3.77;  Mauzelius.  Luster 
greasy;  crystal  faces  show  a  copper-red  metallic  iridescence.  Color  dark  grayish  brown,  inclining 

to  red,  streak  ash-gray.     Opaque,  translucent  in  thin  splinters.      Composition,  RNb2O6F2.RSiO,, 

or  allied  to  pyrochlore.     Analysis,  Mauzelius: 

Nb,05  Si02    Ti02  Zr02  Ce203,  etc.  Fe2O3  MnO  CaO   K2O  Na2O  H2O    F 

69.6510.86    0.52    5.71          3^1        1.87     0.44    9.08    0.38     3.99    1.79  5.06  =  102.76  less  O  (2.13) 

=  100.63 

Occurs  very  sparingly  at  Narsarsuk,  southern  Greenland,  associated  with  segirite. 
Named  from  xaAK^5,  copper,  and  Xa/x7r/>6s,  luster. 


APPENDIX   II. 


27 


CHALCOPHYLLITE,  Min  ,  p.  840.  —  Analysis  of  material  from  Cornwall  (?);  Hartley,  Min.  Mag., 
12,  120. 

CHALCOPYRITE,  Min.,  pp.  80,  1030;  App.,  p.  15.  —  Cryst.  — Twins  from  Burgholdinghausen ; 
Baumhauer,  Zs.Kr.,  31,  269.  Crystals  of  unusual  habit  and  twin  crystals  from  Cornwall;  Lewis 
and  Hall,  Min.  Mag.,  12,  324.  From  Vise,  Belgium,  showing  new  form  (115);  Buttgenbach,  Ann. 
soc.  geol.  Belg.,  25,  civ,  1898.  Small  crystals,  rich  in  forms,  from  Pulacayo,  Bolivia;  Toborffy, 
Zs.  Kr.,  39,  366.  New  forms,  x  (113),  TJ  (771),  r  (509).  Twins;  twinning  planes  (111)  and  (101). 
Crystal,  4cm-  diam.,  from  Somerville,  Mas$.,  with  m  (110)  and  e  (101);  Richards,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  17, 
425,  1904.  From  Botes,  from  Kapnik,  rich  in  forms,  from  Schemnitz;  Mauritz,  Zs.  Kr.,  40,  588. 
Traversella,  with  new  forms,  Y  (515),  ^  (11.11.1);  Colomba,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  15,  639,  1906; 


Arakawa,  Japan. 

Val  de  Ville\  Alsace;  Ungemach,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  29,  213,  1906;  crystals  of  unusual  habit  from 
Arakawa,  Japan,  (figs.);  Ford,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  23,  59,  1906;  the  same  with  a  general  discussion  of  the 
crystal  structure  of  the  mineral;  Beckenkamp,  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  43;  from  Besano,  Italy;  Repossi,  Att. 
Soc.  Milano,  47,  89,  1908;  Breole,  Basses-Alpes,  France;  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  31,  353,  1908. 

Etching  figures;  Himmelbauer,  Min.  Mitth.,  27,  327,  1908. 

Anal.  —  From  Wheal  Towan,  St.  Agnes,  Cornwall,  on  crystals  with  cubic  appearance,  probably 
twins;  Prior,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  190. 

Artif.:  formed  by  sublimation  in  a  furnace  at  Butte,  Mont.,  analyses  given;  Winchell,  Amer. 
Geol.,  28,  244,  1901;  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  80. 

CHALCOSTIBITE,  Min.,  pp.  113,  1030;  App.,  p.  16.  —  Crystals  from  Oruro,  Bolivia;  Spencer, 
Min.  Mag.,  14,  322. 


Hussak,  Centralbl.  Min.,  69,  1902;  332,  1906.    F. 
1902;  Palache,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  255,  1907;  Zs.  Kr., 


Chalmersite  (Palache) 


Ohalmersite.  E. 
Rinne,  ibid.,  p.  207, 
44,  14. 

Orthorhombic.  Axes  a  :  b  :  c  =  0.5734  :  1  :  0.9649  (Hussak)  near  chal- 
cocite.  Forms:  c  (001),  6  (010),  a  (100),  m  (110),  /  (130),  /  (012),  g  (Oil), 
d  (021),  y  (103),  p  (111),  o  (236),  r  (233),  s  (263),  t  (136),  u  (1.9.12).  Angles: 
mm'"  =  59°  40',  cp  =  62°  44',  pp'"  =  *52°  29',  pp'  =  *100°  54'. 

In  thin,  elongated  prisms,  with  vertical  faces  strongly  striated ;  rarely 
tabular  ||  b.  Twins  common  with  m  as  tw.  plane,  resembling  chalcocite; 
also  contact  and  penetration  twins  probably  with  tw.  plane  v  (112). 
Fracture  conchoidal.  H.  =  3.5.  G.  =  4.68.  Luster  metallic.  Color 
brass-  to  bronze-yellow,  resembling  millerite,  often  with  iridescent  tarnish. 
Opaque.  Strongly  magnetic. 

Composition,  CuFe2S3  or  Cu2S.Fe4S5. 

Analysis  by  G.  Florence,  (1)  on  0.016  gr.,  (2)  on  0.0896: 
S  Cu  Fe 

1.  35.30  17.04  46.95  =    99.29 

2.  35.11  22.27  43.13  =  100.51. 


From  the  Morro  Velho  gold  mine,  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil,  with  chalcopyrite  and  dolomite  on  a 
limonite  derived  from  the  alteration  of  pyrrhotite.  Named  after  G.  Chalmers,  superintendent  of 
the  mine. 


CHAMOSITE,  Min.,  p.  658.  —  From  Thuringia,  with  anal  ;  Zalinski,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.  19,  40,  1904: 
Zs.  Kr.,  42,  602. 


28  APPENDIX  II. 

CHILDRENITE,  Min.,  p.  850.  — Occurrence  in  granite  of  Greifenstein  near  Ehrenfriedersdorf  in 
Saxony;  Kolbeck,  Centralbl.  Min.,  333,  1908. 

CHLOANTHITE,  Min.,  p.  88. — Occurrence  (with  anal.)  at  Cobalt,  Ontario;  Miller,  Rep.  Can. 
Bureau  Mines,  Pt.  2,  1905;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  395. 

CHLORALUMINITE,  Min.,  p.  165.  —  In  colorless  obtuse  rhombohedrons  in  blocks  ejected  from 
Vesuvius  in  April,  1906.  Optically  negative.  High  birefringence,  agreeing  with  artificially  pre- 
pared A1C13.6H2O  (Dennis  and  Gill,  Zs.  f.  An.  Ch.,  9,  340,  1895),  which  gave  r  A  r'  =  125°  48'. 
Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  30,  254,  1907. 

CHLORARGYRITE,  see  Cerargyrile. 

CHLORITES,  Min.,  pp.  643-664;  App.,  p.  16.  —  Colorless  chlorite  from  Zlatoust,  Russia,  descrip- 
tion with  analysis;  Zemiateenskij,  Zs.  Kr.,  35,  357.  Studies  on  chemical  constitution  of  chlorite 
group;  Dalmer,  Centralbl.  Min.,  627,  1901. 

CHLORITOID,  Min.,  pp.  640,  1031;  App.,  p.  16.  —  Occ.  (with  anal.),  at  Strettoia,  Tuscany; 
Manasse,  Proc.  Soc.  Tosc.,  Jan.,  1906. 

Chlormanganokalite.  H.  J.  Johnston-Lavis,  Nature,  74,  103,  1906;  A.  Lacroix,  C.  R., 
142,  1249,  1906;  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  30,  219,  1907;  H.  J.  Johnston-Lavis  and  L.  J.  Spencer,  Min.  Mag., 
15,  54,  1908. 

Hexagqnal-rhombohedral  c  =  0.5801.  rAr'  =  57°36'.  jCrystals  simple  obtuse  rhombohedra 
with  r  (1011)  with  occasionally  small  truncations  of  a  (1120).  Conchoidal  fracture.  H.  =  2.5. 
G.  =  2.31.  Vitreous  luster.  Color  pale  wine-yellow.  Optically  +  .  Double  refraction  very 
low.  Mean  index  of  refraction  =  1.59  (approx.).  Deliquescent. 

Comp.:  Probably  4KCl.MnCl2. 

KC1  MnCl2  MgCl2  Na2SO4  H2O  Insol. 

Anal.:  69.42  26.45  0.16  1.19  1.52  0.71  =  99.45 

Occ.     Found  in  fragmentary  material  ejected  from  Vesuvius  in  April,  1906. 
[Considered  by  Lacroix  to  be  monoclinic,  pseudo-rhombohedral.j 

I 
Chlornatrokalite.     H.  J.  Johnston- Lavis,  Nature,  74,  174,  1906.  —  See  Sylvite. 

CHLOROMELANITE,  see  Jadeite. 

CnLOROPAL,Min.,  p.  701. — Anal.  —  Variety  nontronite,  from  Gross-Tresny,  Mahren;  Kov&r, 
[Abh.  bohm.  Akad.  No.  15,  1, 1896] ;  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  524 ;  from  Strehlerberg  near  Markt  Redwitz  in  the 
Fichtel  Mountains,  as  an  alteration  product  of  an  amphibolite;  Stadlinger  (Sitz.-Ber.  phys.-med. 
Soc.  Erlangen,  31,  1,  1899;  Zs.  Kr.,  35,  313;  from  Gdossau  and  Pulitz,  Mahren;  John  [Verh.  geol. 
R.-Anst.  Wien,  50,  335,  1900];  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  641;  from  Palmetto  Mountains,  Esmeralda  Co.,  Nev.; 
Turner,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  13,  344,  1902. 

CHONDROARSENITE,  see  under  Sarkinite. 

CHROMITE,  Min.,  pp.  228,  1031;  App.,  p.  17. — Occ.  in  meteorites  with  anal.;  Tassin,  Proc. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  34,  685,  1908. 

Var.  chrompicotite.  Occurs  in  veins  in  volcanic  rocks  on  Scottie  Creek,  east  of  Mundorff,  district 
of  Lilloet,  B.  C. ;  mineral  is  massive,  granular;  velvet  black;  G.  =  4.239.  Analysis: — Cr2O3,  55.90; 
A12O3,  13.83;  FeO,  14.64;  MgO,  15.01;  SiO2,  0.60;  total,  99.98.  Associated  with  serpentine. 
Hoffmann,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  13,  242,  1902. 

CHRYSOBERYL,  Min.,  pp.  229,  1031.  —  Cryst.  —  Twins  from  Smaragd,  Urals,  in  addition  to  the 
common  habits  of  twinning  show  a  new  law  with  (111)  as  twinning  plane;  Jeremejew  [Bull.  d. 
1'Acad.  Imp.  d.  Sc.,  St.  Petersburg  (V),  8,  5,  1898];  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  427.  Crystals  from  Ceylon  with 
following  new  forms:  I  (210),  q  (140),  /( 10.1. 10),  g  (515),  h  (313),  p  (232).  From  measurements 
on  these  crystals  following  axial  ratio  was  derived:  a  :  b  :  c  =  0.4707  :  1  :  0.5823.  Also  optically 
investigated;  Melczer,  Zs.  Kr.,  33,  240. 

Also  from  Ceylon  the  additional  new  forms:  ij  (113),  0  (11.20.20),  w  (7.10.8),  n  (131),  r  (277), 
Q  (142),  0  (1.18.9);  Liffa,  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  606,  1902. 

Twins  from  Ceylon  discussed  with  tables  of  angles  (after  Goldschmidt)  both  with  the  usual 
orientation  and  also  when  (001)  is  made  to  occupy  position  of  (010);  Goldschmidt  and  Preiswerk, 
Zs.  Kr.,  33,  455,  and  Goldschmidt,  ibid  ,  468.  Crystal  from  New  York  City;  Moses,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
12,  104,  1901;  Marschendorf  in  Mahren;  Slavik,  Zs.  Kr.,  39,  303 

Anal,  of  material  found  on  the  Riviere  du  Poste  in  the  county  of  Maskinonge,  Province  of 
Quebec,  Canada;  Evans,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  316,  1905. 

Occ.  at  Veltlin,  near  Sondalo,  Switzerland;  Brugnatelli,  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  81. 


APPENDIX  II.  29 

CHRYSOCOLLA,  Min.,  p.  699.  —  Palmer  found  that  chrysocolla  from  Final  County,  Arizona, 
would  lose  from  12  to  20  per  cent  of  water  by  drying  over  sulphuric  acid  and  would  regain  it  all 
and  even  more  by  allowing  it  to  stand  over  water  for  a  few  hours.  The  loss  and  regaining  of  the 
water  was  unaccompanied  by  change  of  color.  Analyses  given.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  45,  1903.  Anal, 
of  material  from  copper  mine,  Bena  Padru,  near  Ozieri,  Sardinia;  Lovisato,  Att.  Ace.  Line.,  12, 
(2),  81,  1903;  from  Campiglia,  Tuscany;  Manasse,  Proc.  Soc.  Tosc.,  15,  20,  1906. 

Common  in  the  oxidized  portions  of  the  mineral  deposits  at  the  Clifton-Morenci  copper  district 
in  Arizona.  It  forms  cryptocrystalline  to  microcrystalline  aggregates  of  particles,  also  in  fibrous 
and  felted  aggregates  and  in  fibrous  crusts;  extinction  parallel,  birefringence  strong,  negative. 
Lindgren  and  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  453,  1904.  Cf.  Jannettaz,  Bull  Soc.  Min.,  9,  211,  1886. 

CHRYSOLITE,  Min.,  pp.  441,  1031;  App.,  p.  17.  —  Cryst.  —  Latium  with. new  forms,  t  (230), 

u  (141);  Zambonini,  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  152;  ibid.,  34,  227;  Montefiascone,  Italy,  with  derivation  of  axial 

>  ratios;  Fautappie,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  14,  17,  1905;  villarsite  from  Traversella;  Colomba,  Rend. 

Ace.  Line.,  15,  636,  1906;  complex  crystals  of  fine  quality  from  St.  Jean  island  in  the  Red  Sea; 

Michel,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  29,  360,  1906;  also  with  anal,  and  opt.  study;  Couyat,  ibid.,  31,  344,  1908. 

Opt.  —  Relation  existing  between  optical  angle  and  the  variation  in  composition;  Stark,  Min. 
Mitth.,  23,  451,  1904;  Zs.  Kr.,  42*,  496.  Refractive  indices  of  crystals  from  inclusions  in  augite- 
andesite  lava  from  Bellenberges  near  Mayen;  Gaubert,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  28,  188,  1905;  optical  con- 
stants of  rock  forming  olivine;  Duparc  and  Pearce,  ibid.,  31,  108,  1908. 

Anal,  of  mineral;  from  Latium;  Zambonini,  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  156.  Anal,  and  description  of  crystals 
from  meteorites  from  Pawlodarsk;  Jeremejew  and  Antipoff,  [Bull.  Acad.  Imp.  d.  Sc.,  St.  Peters- 
burg, 8,  4,  9,  1,  91,  1898],  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  424.  Anal,  of  material  from  Flysch  near  Visegrad  in  Bosnia; 
Schiller,  Min.  Mitth.,  24,  315,  1905. 

Effect  of  ammonium  chloride  upon;  Clarke  and  Steiger,  U.  S.  G.  S.,  Bull.  207,  1902;  Zs.  Kr., 
38,  697. 

Occurrence  in  serpentine  at  Chester  and  Middlefield,  Mass.,  with  discussion  of  the  original 
mineral  of  the  "hampshirite"  pseudomorphs,  which  was  undoubtedly  olivine,  although  Roe  and 
Parsons,  Bull.  Minn.  Acad.  Sci.,  4,  2,  268,  276,  1906,  have  assigned  them  to  humite;  Palache,  Am. 
J.  Sc.,  24,  491,  1907. 

Intergrowth  of  olivine  with  ilmenite  in  a  dolerite  near  Homberg  on  the  Ohm;  Schwantke,  Jb. 
Min.,  Beil.-Bd.  18,  460,  1904;  Zs.  Kr.,  42,  527. 

Hyalosiderite: — Occurrence  in  a  basic  dike  rock  at  Iron  Mine  Hill,  Cumberland,  R.  I.,  with 
analysis;  Johnson  and  Warren,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  25,  17,  1908. 

Titanolivine.  —  Occurrence  in  the  Piedmontese  Alps;  Boeris,  Riv.  Min.,  26,  1901 ;  also  L.  Brug- 
natelli,  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  151,  1902,  gives  anal,  and  following  description:  Color  cherry  red.  G.  = 
3.20-3.26.  Pleochroism  strong,  bright  yellow  to  orange.  /?=  1.680.  2VNa  =  57°  56'.  Opt.  +. 
In  section  ||  (010)  shows  strong  crossed  dispersion,  from  which  it  is  concluded  that  titanolivine 
is  monoclinic  with  ax.  pi.  J_  (010)  and  b  axis  =  Bxa.  Intergrown  with  olivine  with  (100)  of 
olivine  ||  to  (010)  of  titanolivine.  Alteration  products  of  titanolivine,  same  as  for  olivine. 

CIMOLITE,  Min.,  p.  689.  —  Anal,  of  material  from  Argentiera  with  discussion  of  chemical  com- 
position; Smirnoff,  [Trav.  d.  1.  Soc.  Imp.  Natur.  de  St.  P<§tersbourg,  33,  214,  1902],  Zs.  Kr.,  39,  625. 

CINNABAR,  Min.,  pp.  66,  1031;  App_.,  p.  17.  — ^Crystals  from  Alsosajo,_ Hungary,  with  following 
new  forms:  ;  (5058),  A  (80§9),  X  (9098),  V  (8085),  Y  (11.0.11.4),  /  (1122);  Zimanyi,  Zs.  Kr.,  41, 
439;  from  Sonoma  County,  California;  Sachs,  Centralbl.  Min.,  17,  1907.     Large  twinned  rhom- 
bohedrons  from  Province  of  Kweichow,  China;  Petereit,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  26,  517,  1908. 
Following  indices  of  refraction  on  cinnabar  from  Almaden  determined: 

Li;  o>  =  2.8189;     e  =  3.1461,     e  -  a,  =  0.3272 
Ha ;  w  =  2.8306;     e  =  3.1615,     e  -  w  =  0.3309 

Zimanyi,  Zs.  Kf.,  41,  439. 

Occ.  —  At  Terlingua,  Brewster  Co.,  Texas;  Uni.  of  Texas,  Min.  Sur.  Bull.,  4,  74;  Am.  J.  Sc., 
14,  464;  also  Hill,  ibid.,  16,  251,  1903;  at  Gratwein  near  Graz,  Styria;  Cornu,  Centralbl.  Min.,  279, 
1908. 

Radioactivity  of;  Losanitsch,  Berichte,  37,  2904;  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  462,  1904. 

Relations  to  metaqinnabarite;  Weber,  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  231. 

CLAUDETITE,  Min.,  p.  199.  —  Anal,  of  material  from  Szomolnok;  Loczka,  Zs.  Kr.,  39,  523. 

CLIFTONITE,  Min.,  p.  6.  —  Internal  structure;  Davison,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  13,  467,  1902.  Limited 
distribution  in  the  meteoric  iron  found  in  1884  in  Youndegin,  West  Australia;  Fletcher,  Min.  Mag., 
12,  171 

CLINOCHLORE,  Min.,  p.  644;  App.,  p.  17.  —  Effects  of  heating  upon  optical  character;  Klein, 
Ber.  Ak.,  Berlin,  118,  1902. 


30  APPENDIX  II. 

Anal,  from  Paringu;  Munteanu-MorgocT,  [Bull.  Soc.  Sc.  Bukar,  9,  568,  764,  1900],  Zs.  Kr.,  36, 
653.  Analysis  of  var.  leuchtenbergite  f rom  Slatouster  Bezirk,  Russia;  Zemiatschensky,  Centralbl. 
Min.,  215,  1901.  From  Calci  and  Verruca  near  Monti  Pisani,  Tuscany,  and  from  Affaccata,  Elba, 
with  anal.;  Manasse,  Proc.  Soc.  Tosc.,  15,  20,  1906. 

Occurrence  of  pseudophite  (Min.,  p.  652)  in  granite  at  Strehlerberg  near  Markt  Redwitz  in 
Fichtelgebirge,  with  anal.;  Stadlinger,  [Ber.  phys.-med.  Soc.  Erlangen,  31,  1,  1899];  Zs.  Kr'.,  35, 
313. 

Clinoenstatite.  Name  suggested  .by  Wahl;  Min.  Mitth.,  26,  121,  1907,  for  the  magnesium 
pyroxene.  Concerning  its  artif.  formation  see  Allen,  White,  Wright  and  Larsen,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  27, 
1-47,  1909. 

CLINOHUMIT,  Min.,  p.  535.  —  Description  of  occurrence  in  crystalline  limestone  near  Kandy, 
Ceylon,  with  anal.;  Coomara-Swamy,  Q.  J.  G.  Soc.,  58,  399,  1902. 

CLINOZOISITE,  App.,  p.  18.  —  Measurements  on  crystals  from  Goslerwand  gave  the  axial  ratio: 
£  :  b  :  c  =  1.5853  :  1  :  1.8117;  ft  =  64°  30.4' ;  Westergard,  Zs.  Kr.,  42,  279. 

COBALTITE,  Min.,  p.  89;  App.,  p.  18.  —  From  Northern  Ontario,  Canada;  description  of  crystals 
with  anal.;  DeLury,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  21,  275,  1906. 

COCCINNITE,  Min.,  p.  161.  —  Crust  of  microscopic  scarlet  colored  crystals  on  specimen  from 
Broken  Hill  were  proved  to  be  mercuric  iodide.  Crystals  were  evidently  cubes  with  occasional 
octahedral  truncations.  Does  not  agree  with  previous  descriptions  of  this  mineral.  Moses,  Am.  J. 
Sc.,  12,  98,  1901. 

COLEMANITE,  Min.,  p.  882;  App.,  p.  18.  — Crystals  from  the  Calico  district,  San  Bernardino  Co., 
Cal.,  described  with  following  new  forms:  I  (310),  p  (301),  g  (502), /  (801),  0  (522),  p  (142),  n  (141), 

u  (164),  p.  (165),  -r,  (232),  P  (123),  w  (182),  s  (341).  The  following  axial  ratio  was  derived:  a  :  b  :  6 
=  0.7768  :  1:  0.5430;  ft  =  110°  7'.  Eakle,  Bull.  Dept.  Geol.  Uni.  Cal. ,3,  31,  1902;  Zs.  Kr.,38,  691. 

Occ.  of  var.  pandermite  in  Argentina.  Anal.;  Buttgenbach,  Am.  Soc.  geol.  Belg.,  28,  99,  1900- 
1901. 

Artif.  formation;  van 't  Hoff,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  pp.  566,  689,  1906. 

COLOR  in  minerals;  study  of  coloring  matter  in  fluorite,  apatite,  barite,  celestite,  anhydrite, 
halite,  calcite,  zircon,  topaz,  amethyst,  microcline,  tourmaline;  Kraatz-Koschlau  and  Wohler, 
Min.  Mitth.,  18,  304,  447,  1899;  Weinschenk,  ibid.,  19,  144,  1900;  Koenigsberger,  ibid.,  148;  Nabl, 
ibid.,  273;  in  zircon,  amethyst,  smoky  quartz,  tourmaline;  Simon,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.,  26,  249-295, 
1908. 

COLORADOITE,  Min.,  p.  64. —  Occurs  somewhat  abundantly  at  the  Kalgoorlie  gold  district 
in  Western  Australia.  Described  by  L.  J.  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  274,  1903.  In  massive  form 
with  conchoidal  fracture;  rather  brittle;  H.  =  2.5;  G  =8  .07;  luster  metallic  and  color  iron-black; 
composition  HgTe  as  shown  by  the  analyses  1,  2,  the  latter  incomplete. 

Te  Hg 

1.  39.38  60.95  =  100.33 

2.  35.8  59.4 

Also  earlier  mentioned  by  Rickard,  Trans.  Am.  Inst.  Mining  Eng.,  30,  708,  1900,  and  Simpson, 
Geol.  Sur.  W.  Austr.,  '97-'98,  44;  '98-'99,  57;  the  latter  (quoted  by  Spencer)  gives  G.  =  .9.21  and 
deduces  the  composition  Hg2Te3. 

See  also  Coolgardite  and  Kalgoorlite. 

Probable  occurrence  at  Norwegian  mine,  Mother  Lode  region,  Calif.;  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
8,  297,  1899. 

COLUMBITE,  Min.,  p.  731 ;  App.,  p.  18.  —  Crystal  from  tourmaline  mine  near  Ramona  with  new 
form  r  (141).  Eakle,  Uni.  Cal.  Pub.,  5,  6,  87,  1907. 

Occurrence  (anal.)  in  bed  of  river  Tschoroch,  Batum,  Caucasus  mts.;  Tschernik,  [Jour,  phys.- 
chim.  Russe,  34,  684,  1892];  Zs.  Kr.,  39,  627.  From  Sonikedal  near  Kragero;  Milch,  Jb.  Min., 
1,  159,  1900.  Occurs  in  large  masses,  up  to  600  Ibs.,  in  pegmatite  with  red  and  green  tourmaline 
seven  miles  west  of  Canon  City,  Colorado.  Analysis.  W.  P.  Headden,  Proc.  Col.  Sc.  Soc.,  8,  57. 
1905: 

Nb2O5        Ta2O5        WO3         SnO2         FeO          MnO         Ign. 
G.  =  5.661         56.48         22.12         0.45         0.11          8.07          12.45         0.15  =  99.83 


APPENDIX  11.  31 

Two  other  analyses  (ibid.,  pp.  58,  59)  of  material  from  the  Black  Hills,  So.  Dakota,  agree  very 
closely  with  the  above.  Study  of  crystals  from  southern  Norway  and  Greenland,  with  new  analyses 
by  Blomstrand  and  a  general  discussion  of  chemical  and  crystallographic  relations  with  other 
species;  Brogger,  Min.  Sud-Nor.  Granitpeg.,  53,  1908. 

Crystals  of  manganotantalite  from  Mt.  Apatite,  Maine,  showed  new  form,  j  (320).  Partial  anal.; 
Schaller,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  154,  1907;  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  3. 

Conchite,  see  under  Aragonite. 

Coolgardite.  A.  Carnot,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  24,  357,  1901 ;  C.  R.,  132,  1300,  1901 ;  L.  /.  Spencer, 
Min.  Mag.,  IS,  282,  1903. 

Described  by  Carnot  as  a  sesquitelluride  of  gold,  silver  and  mercury,  essentially  (Au,  Ag,Hg),Te, 
from  Kalgoorlie  in  the  East  Coolgardie  gold  field,  West  Australia.  The  material  analyzed  (1,  2, 3, 
below)  was  massive  with  conchoidal  fracture,  rarely  showing  traces  of  cleavage;  of  an  iron-gray 
or  yellowish  gray  inclining  to  bronze.  Analyses: 

Te  Au  Ag  Hg  Cu  Fe  Sb    ' 

1.  56.55  23.15  16.65  3.10  0.10  tr.  0.20  =  99.75 

2.  53.70  27.75  13.60  3.70  0.25  tr.  0.15  =  99.15 

3.  51.13  37.06  4.71  3.70  0.88  0.90  1.20  -  99.58 

These  analyses  vary  widely,  and  Spencer  shows  that  the  material  analyzed  was  unquestionably 
far  from  homogeneous  and  that  "  coolgardite  "  is  probably  to  be  regarded,  not'as  a  distinct  species, 
but  as  a  mixture  of  coloradoite  with  sylvanite  (1)  or  with  calaverite  (3),  or  both  (2);  petzite  may 
also  be  present. 

COORONGITE,  Min.,  p.  1019. — Anal,  of  material  from  Coorong  district,  South  Australia, 
corresponded  to  C10H15O;  Gumming,  [Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  Victoria,  15,  134,  1903],  Zs.  Kr.,  41,  407. 

COPIAPITE,  Min.,  p.  964.  —  A  ferric  sulphate  originally  described  as  new  and  named  janosite 
(from  Dr.  Janos  Bockh,  Director  of  the  Geol.  Sur.  of  Hungary)  is  proven  after  considerable  dis- 
cussion to  be  identical  with  copiapite.  H.  Bockh  and  K.  Emszt,  [Fold.  Koz.,  35,  76,  139,  1905; 
ibid.,  36,  186, 228,  404,  455] ;  Weinschenk,  [ibid.,  36, 182, 224,  289, 359, 1906] ;  controversy  reviewed, 
etc.,  by  Toborffy,  [ibid.,  37,  122,  173,  1907];  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  369.  A  yellow  ferric  sulphate  occurring 
with  pyrite  near  Leona  Heights,  Alameda,  Cal.,  is  referred  here  by  Schaller  (anal.),  Bull.  G. 
Univ.  Cal.,  3,  214,  1903. 

Artif.  formation;  Scharizer,  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  124. 

COPPER,  Min.,  p.  20;  App.,  p.  19.  — New  structure  faces  on;  Miigge,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  60,  1899. 
Occ.  in  diabase,  Sao  Paulo;  Hussak,  Centralbl.  Min.,  333,  1906.  Occ.  at  Flatschach  near  Knittel- 
feld;  Cornu,  Centraibl.  Min.,  279,  1908;  in  basalts  of  lower  Rhine;  Brauns,  ibid.,  705,  1908. 

COQUIMBITE,  Min.,  p.  956.  —  A  green  ferric  sulphate  from  the  Redington  mine,  Knoxville,  Cal., 
described  by  Eakle  and  analyzed  by  Schaller  is  perhaps  a  mixture  of  coquimbite  with  the  iron  about 
one-half  replaced  by  aluminium.  Bull.  G.  Univ.  Cal.,  2,  322,  1901. 

Artif.  formation  and  constitutional  character  of  its  water;  Scharizer,  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  113. 

Oordylite.  Barium-parisite.  G.  Flink,  Medd.  om  Gronland,  14,  236,  1898; 
ibid.,  24,  42,  1901;  Bdggild,  ibid.,  33,  101,  1906. 

Hexagonal.     Axis  c  =  _3.3865. 

Forms:  c  (0001),  m  (1010),  q  (1013),  p  (4.0.4.15),  r  (2023),  s  (4043).  Angle: 
cp  =  *  46  °  12'. 

In  minute  prisms  with  p,  or  less  often  c,  p,  q]  also  with  club-shaped  termina- 
tion upon  a  slender  prism. 

Cleavage  c,  distinct.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  ==  4v5.  G.  =  4.31. 
Luster  vitreous  to  adamantine;  on  c  pearly.  Color  pale  wax-yellow  and  trans- 
parent when  fresh  but  often  ocher-yellow  and  dull  by  surface  alteration.  Bire- 
fringence negative,  weak.  A  zonal  structure  is  seen  in  sections  ||  c.  Pleochroic, 
o>  =  greenish  yellow,  e  =  brownish  yellow.  Refractive  indices  w  =»  1.7640; 
e  =  1.5762. 

Composition,  a  fluocarbonate  of  the  cerium  metals  and  barium,  cf.  parisite       Cordylite. 
(Min.,  p.  290),  Ce,F2BaC3O9  or  (BaF)(CeF)Ce(CO3)3.     Analysis,  R.  Mauzelius: 
CO3   ThO2   Ce2O,  (La,Di)2O3  Y2O3  FeO  BaO    CaO  H2O       F     Insol. 
23.470.30     23.72       25.67         tr.    1.43  17.30  1.91  0.80  [4.87J   2.58  =  102.05,  deduct  2.05  =  100 

The  material  for  analysis  was  scanty,  not  perfectly  pure  and  perhaps  not  quite  fresh. 

B.  B.  decrepitates,  becomes  brown  but  does  not  fuse;  moistened  with  hydrochloric  acid  colors 
the  flame  green.  Easily  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  with  effervescence. 

Occurs  very  sparingly  in  loose  blocks  and  partly  in  pegmatite  in  situ  at  Narsarsuk  in  southern 
Greenland.  Associated  particularly  with  parisite,  neptunite  and  ancylite;  often  implanted  on 
aegirite  crystals,  on  neptunite  and  on  lepidolite.  Named  from  KopdtJ\ij,  club,  in  allusion  to  a  common 
form  of  the  crystals. 


32 


APPENDIX  II. 


Coronadite.  W.  Lindgren  and  W.  F.  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  448,  1904;  U.  S.  G.  S.,  Bull., 
262,  42,  1905;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  380. 

Massive,  with  delicate  fibrous  structure;  in  general  aspect  resembling  psilomelane.  H.  =«  4. 
G.  —  5.246.  Luster  metallic,  dull.  Color  black.  Streak  black  with  brownish  tinge.  Opaque. 

Composition  (Mn,Pb)Mn3O7,  assuming  the  water  to  be  due  to  alteration. 

Analysis,  W.  F.  Hillebrand: 

MnO2      PbO     MnO    ZnO     CuO    MoO3    A12O3*    Fe2O3f    H2O'|    Insol.     X§ 
(1)     56.13      26.48      6.56     0.11)     0.05     0.34      0.63         1.01       1.03      7.22      0.45  =  100 

*  With  TiO2,  P2O6,  V2O5  tr.     f  Oxidation  undet.     ||  0.89  above  200°.     §  Loss  with  CaO,  MgO,  AIk: 
Occurs  somewhat  abundantly  at  the  west  end  of  the  Coronado  vein  of  the  Clifton-Morenci 

copper  district,  Arizona;  it  is  intimately  mixed  with  quartz  and  is  obviously  of  secondary  origin. 

Named  after  Coronado,  the  explorer. 

Discussion  of  relations  to  hollandite,  with  suggestion  that  both  are  manganates  of   the  acid 

H4MnO6;  Fermor,  Rec.  Geol.  Sur.  India,  36,  295,  1908. 

CORUNDUM,  Min.,  pp.  210,  1031;  App.,  p.  19.  —Cryst.  —Twin  crystal  of  sapphire  with  (lOlO) 
as  twinning  plane  and  showing  new  forms;  Bowman,  Min.  Mag.,  12,  355.  Study  of  the  crys- 
tallographic  and  optical  constants  by  Melczer,  Zs.  Kr.,  35,  561, 1901,  and  Ber.  aus  Ungarn,  19, 373r 
1901,  on  Burma  ruby  crystals,  on  some  Ceylon  crystals  and  on  artificial  ruby  crystals  gave  for  value 
of  c  axis  =  1.3652.  A  large  number  of  vicinal  and  somewhat  doubtful  forms  in  the  rounded  zones 
are  given  and  the  indices  of  refraction  for  sodium,  blue  and  red  light  for  crystals  of  different 
colors,  are  compared.  Twin  from  Coler  Fork  of  Cowee  Creek,  Macon  Co.,  N.  C. ;  Hidden,  Am. 
J.  Sc.,  13,474,  1902.  Large  crystals  of  sapphire  and  ruby  from  Australia  and  Ceylon;  Brauns, 
Centralbl.  Min.,  588,  1905.  Pseudomorph  after  corundum,  Perth,  Ontario;  Graham,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
22,  52,  1906. 

Anal,  of  ruby  from  Siam  and  Burma;  Pfeil  [Inaug.-Diss.,  Heidelberg,  1901];  Centralbl.  Min., 
145,  1902. 

Occurrence  of  ruby  at  Cowee  Creek,  N.  C.,  in  garnet  bearing  basic  rocks  with  description  of 
crystals;  Judd  and  Hidden,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  370,  1899;  Min.  Mag.,  12,  139;  in  North  Carolina  in 
amphibole  schist,  Cowee  township,  Macon  County,  and  in  quartz  schist  in  southwestern  part  of 
North  Carolina  and  in  northeastern  part  of  Georgia;  Pratt,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  10,  295;  in  western  N.  Caro- 
lina; Lewis,  N.  C.  Geol.  Sur.,  Bull.  11.  In  syenite  rocks  from  Ontario,  Canada;  Miller,  Amer. 
Geol.,  24,  276,  1899;  from  Hungary;  Szadeczky,  Foldt.  Kozl.,  29,  296,  1899;  Barkhamsted,  Conn.; 
Emerson,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  234,  1902.  With  dumortierite  in  pegmatite  near  Canyon  City,  Colo.; 
Finlay,  Jour.  Geol.,  15,  479,  1907. 

Genesis;  Pratt,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  227,  1899.  Synthetical ;  G.  F.  H.  Smith,  Min.  Mag.,  15,  153,  1908; 
artif.  ruby;  Verneuil,  C.  R.,  135,  791,  1902. 

COVELLITE,  Min.,  p.  68;  App.,  p.  20.  —  Study  of  crystals  from  Bor  in  Timoker  Kreis,  Servia, 
showed  that  they  were  pseudohexagonal  through  twinning  and  in  reality  were  monoclinic  or  tri- 
clinic,  probably  the  first.     Angles:    (001)  :  (111)  =  50°  40';   (001)  :  (Til)    = 
51°  30';    (111)  :  (111)  =  45°  20',  from   which  the  monoclinic   constants   a  : 

b  :  c  =  0.5746  :  1  :  0.6168;  /?  =  90°  46'  were  derived.     The  more  important 
forms  are  c  (001),  p  (111),  k  (012),  r  (034),  s  (Oil),  t  (043),  g  (032),  /  (021),  d 
(031),  /(041),  h  (092),  i  (051),  y  (0.15.2),  z  (081),  v  (091),  w  (0.16.1);  15  other 
forms  listed.     Anal,  given.     Stevanovic,  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  349. 
Artif  ;  Cornu,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  30,  1908. 

CRISTOBALITE,  Min.,  p.  193.  —  Occurrence  at  Mayen,  Eifel,  with  optical 
study;  Gaubert,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  27,  242,  1904. 

CROCIDOLITE,  Min.,  p.  400.  — From  Minussinsk,  Siberia,  with  anal.;  Tschir- 
winsky,  Centralbl.  Min.,  435,  1907;  perhaps  rhodusite  (var.  glaucophane,  which 
see);  Iskiill,  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  388. 

CROCOITE,  Min.,  p.  913;  App.±  p.  20.  —  Crystals  from  Tasmania  show 
following  new  forms:  a  (100),  x  (301),  0(331);  Moesz  [Math,  es  term.  tud. 
firtesito,  17,  436,  1899];  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  707;  /,  (470);  Slavik,  Zs.  Kr.,  39,  302; 
J  (032);  Van  Name,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  13,  339,  1902,  (fig.);  also  see  Anderson,  Rec. 
Aus.  Mus.,  6,  141,  1906;  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  314. 

Artif.  formation;  Cesaro,  Bull.  Ac.  Belg.,  327,  1905. 

CROSSITE,  see  Amphibole. 

Crocoite,  Tasmania  CRYOLITE)  Min>)  pp.  i66>  1032;  App.,  p.  20.  —  On  heating  to  570°  changes 
to  isotropic  material  and  reverse  change  takes  place  on  cooling;  Nacken,  Centralbl.  Min., 
38,  1908;  Cornu,  ibid.,  546. 


APPENDIX  II.  33 

Cryolithionite.     Ar.-F.  Ussing,  Overs.  Dansk.  Vid.  Selsk.  Forh.,  No.  1,  1904. 
.     Isometric.     In  rhombic  dodecahedrons,  sometimes  17  cm.  in  diameter;  faces  usually  rough. 
Cleavage   dodecahedral,   distinct.     Fracture  uneven.     Brittle.     H.  =  2.5-3.     G.  =  2.777-2778. 
Luster    vitreous.     Colorless.     Perfectly  transparent.     Optically   isotropic,    indices  nr  =  1.3382 
(Li),  ny  =  1.3395  (Na),  ngr  =  1.3408  (Tl). 

Composition  Li3Na3Al2F,2;  or  similar  to  a  cryolite  with  half  the  sodium  replaced  by  lithium, 

Analysis,  Chr.  Christensen: 

F  Al  Na  Li  Ign. 

60.79  14.46  18.83  5.35  0.36  =  99.79. 

B.  B.  fuses  even  more  easily  than  cryolite  (fusibility  710°,  for  cryolite  920°).  In  the  closed 
tubes  decrepitates  violently  and  fuses  to  a  colorless  liquid  ;  at  a  red  heat  decomposes,  giving  off 
fumes.  Soluble  in  water,  more  readily  than  cryolite  (1  gram  in  1350  gr.  water  at  18°). 

From  the  cryolite  deposits  at  Ivigtut,  Greenland,  where  it  occurs  sparingly,  entirely  embedded 
in  the  cryolite. 

The  name  is  given  in  allusion  to  the  presence  of  lithium  and  the  relation  to  cryolite.  Obtained 
in  cubic  crystals  from  the  aqueous  solution  of  the  mineral;  also  obtained  in  crystalline  condition 
in  cooling  from  the  fused  mineral. 

CUBOSILICITE,  see  Quartz. 
CUMENGITE,  see  under  Boleiie. 

CUPRITE,  Min.,  p.  206;  App.,  p.  21.  —  Artif.  :  —  Crystals  found  in  copper  furnace  at  Atvidaberg, 
Sweden  ;  Strandmark,  Geol.  For.  Forh.,  24,  80,  1902. 

CUPROBINNITE.     A.  Weisbach,  Char.  Min.,  1880,  42.     The  same  as  binnite  (=  tennantite). 

CUPRODESCLOIZITE,  Min.,  p.  787.  —  Occurs  at  Nogales,  Arizona,  in  layers  with  fibrous  structure, 
color  reddish  brown,  G.  =  6.176.  Analysis.  Headden,  Proc.  Colo.  Soc.,  7,  149,  1903;  Zs.  Kr.,  41, 
203. 


V2O5  As^        PbO  CuO         ZnO          H2O          Fe2O3         MnO         Insol. 

19.01  3.84          52.95  8.51         12.45          2.65  0.20  tr.  0.35  =  99.96 

Cuprogoslarite.     A.  F.  Rogers,  Kansas  Univ.  Q.,  8,  105,  1899.  —  See  Goslarite. 

CUPROSCHEELITE,  Min.,  p.  988.  —  Occurs  at  Yeoral,  N.  S.  W.  Analysis.  G.  W.  Card,  [Rec.  G. 
Surv.  N.  S.  W.,  5,  121,  1897];  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  202. 

CYANITE,  Min.,  p.  500;  App.,  p.  21.  —  Refractive  indices;  Taubert,  [Inaug.-Diss.  Jena,  1905]; 
Zs.  Kr.,  44,  314.  Anal,  from  Trpin,  Mahren;  Kovar,  [Abh.  bohm.  Akad.,  28,  1899];  Zs.  Kr.,  34, 
704;  Chem.  constitution  of;  Zulkowski,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  109,  (lib),  851,  1900;  from  Campolongo, 
Tessin  ;  Mann,  [Inaug.-Diss.,  Leipzig,  1904]  ;  Zs.  Kr.,  42,  664.  Conversion  at  high  temperature  into 
sillimanitc,  which  see. 

CYLINDRITE,  see  under  Teallite. 
CYRTOLITE,  see  under  Zircon. 
DANAITE,  see  Arsenopyrile. 

DANALITE,  Min.,  pp.  435,  1032;  App.,  p.  22.  —  Occurs  in  minute  crystals  on  Walrus  Island,. 
James  Bay,  Ungava  district,  Northeast  Territory,  Canada;  Hoffmann,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  11,  151,  1901. 

DANBURITE,  Min.,  p.  490;  App.,  p.  22.  —  Crystals  from  Takachio,  Hiuga,  Japan,  showing  the 
following  new  forms:  (0.22.5),  (0.31.5),  (0.23.1),  (0.29.1),  (0.50.1),  (16.0.1),  (10.38.19),  rj  (261), 
«  (223),  7  (4.1.10),  0  (5.36.8);  Weber,  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  620;  from  St.  Barthe"lemy,  Vald'Aosta;  Millo- 
sevich,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  13,  (1),  197,  1904.  Small  clear  crystals  from  Piz  Casanel,  in  Petersthal, 
Switzerland;  Goldschmidt,  Centralbl.  Min.,  725,  1904;  from  syenite  of  Piz  Giuf,  Val  Strim,  Switzer- 
land; Koenigsberger,  Centralbl.  Min.,  377,  1905.;  from  Obira,  Bungo  Province,  Japan,  containing 
7.67  p.  c.  of  MgO;  Minerals  of  Japan,  Wada;  and  description  of  crystals  by  Jimbo,  Beitr.  Min. 
Japan,  1,  1,  1905;  from  Mt.  Bity,  Madagascar,  with  opt.  study  and  anal.;  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min., 
31,  315,  1908. 

Darlingite  [Trans.  R.  Soc.  Victoria,  7,  80,  1866;  Proc.  R.  Soc.  Victoria,  9,  86,  1897],  Min.  Mag.,, 
12,  382,  1900.  A  kind  of  lydian  stone  from  Victoria. 


APPENDIX  II. 


DATOLITE,  Min.,  p.  502;  App.,  p.  22.  —  Cryst. —  In  serpentine  near  Fort  Point,  San  Francisco, 
(anal,  by  Schaller);  Eakle,  Bull.  G.  Univ.  Cal.,  2,  317,  1901;  with  thaumasite,  West  Paterson, 
N.  J. ;  Busz,  Centralbl.  Min.,  547,  1901;  Listic,  near  Beroun,  Bohemia,  with  new  form  ^j  (744); 
Slavik  and  Fiser,  Centralbl.  Min.,  229,  1903;  Ber.  bohm.  Ges.  Wiss.,  50,  1902.  Scottish  localities; 
Goodchild,  [Trans.  Geol.  Soc.  Glasgow,  12,  Suppl.,  1-68,  1903] ;  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  305;  Pareu  Cailor  near 
Pozoritto,  Bukowina,  Austria-Hungary ;  Cornu  and  Himmelbauer,  [Mitth.  Nat.  Ver.  Wien,  3, 9-19, 
1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  300;  Buffaure,  Fassatiml,  Austria  (anal.);  Tacconi,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  14,  (2), 
705,  1905;  Westfield,  Mass.;  Whitlock,  NVY.  State  Mus.,  Bull.,  98, 19, 1905;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  394,  with 
the  following  new  forms:  e'  (148),  A'  (149),  ^'  (1.4.10),  and  by  Kraus  and  Cook,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  22,  21, 
1906,  with  the  additional  new  forms,  my  (067),  mz  (0.1.10),  nz  (1.1.10);  (anal.);  Sp.  G.  =  3.0058. 
Colebrook  mine,  Dundas,  Tasmania;  Anderson,  Rec.  Aus.  Mus.,  6,  142,  1906;  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  314. 

Effect  of  low  temperatures  upon  optical  properties;  Panichi  [Mem.  Ace.  Line.,  4,  389,  1902]; 
Zs.  Kr.,  40,  89. 

Anal.  —  From  Dartmoor  forest,  Devonshire;  Busz,  Jb.  Min.  Beil.  Bd.,  13,  90;  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  518; 
Deny,  Ottawa  Co.,  Quebec;  Hoffmann,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  447,  1901;  Bergen  Hill,  N.  J.,  with  dis- 
cussion of  chem.  comp.;  Himmelbauer,  Ber.  Acad.  Wien,  115,  1181,  1906. 

Effect  of  ammonium  chloride  upon;  Clarke  and  Steiger,  U.  S.  G.  S.,  Bull.,  207,  1902;  Zs.  Kr., 
38,  696. 

Occurrence  at  Nobani,  Hyuga  Province,  Japan;  Wada,  Minerals  of  Japan. 

Davidite.  Name  given  to  a  black  mineral  occurring  in  bright  grains  and  cube-like  crystals 
in  pegmatite  veins  south  from  Olary,  S.  Australia.  Contains  more  than  50%  TiO2  with  Fe,  rare 
earths,  U,  V  and  Cr.  H.  =  4.  Mawson,  [Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  S.  Aus.,  30,  188,  1906];  Rennie  and 
Cooke  [ibid.,  p.  193];  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  315. 

Delorenzite.     F.  Zambonini,  Zs._Kr.,  45,  76,  1908. 

Orthorhombic.  a  :  b:  c  =  0.3375  :  1  :  0.3412.  Angles  :  (010)  :  (110)  =  71°  21'; 
(100)  :  (201)  =  26°  19'.  Forms:  a  (100),  b  (010),  m  (110);  g  (130)?,  d  (201),  s 
(111).  Crystals  usually  prismatic  in  habit  |j  to  c  axis.  Fracture  sub-conchoidal.  H. 
=  5.5-6.  G.  =  4.7  (approx.).  Black  color,  in  thin  splinters  brown.  Resinous 
luster. 

Comp.  Perhaps  2FeO.UO2.2Y2O3.24TiO2;  TiO2,  68.94;  Y2O3,  16.21;  UO2,  9.70; 
FeO,  5.15. 

TiO2  SnO2  UO3*  Y2O3  FeO*     Total 

Anal.  (Sterba):  66.03  4.33  9.87  14.63  4.25=99.11 

*  State  of  oxidation  not  determined. 

Obs.  Found  associated  with  struverite  in  pegmatite  at  Graveggia,  Val  Vigezzo, 
Piedmont.  Named  in  honor  of  geologist  Dr.  G.  DeLorenzo. 

Delorenzite          DESCLOIZITE,   Min.,  p.   787;  App., 'p.  22.  —  Crystals  from  Bena  a   Padru,  Sar- 
dinia; Lovisato,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  13,  (2),  43,    1904;  Broken  Hill,  N.  W.  Rhodesia, 
with  new  form  (310);  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  15,  31,  1908;  from  near  Sai'da,  Oran,  Algiers;  Lacroix, 
Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  31,  44,  1908. 

DEWEYLITE,  Min.,  p.  676.  — Chem.  comp.;  Fogy,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  115,  1081,  1906;  Zambonini, 
Mem.  Ace.  Sci.  Napoli,  14,  84,  1908. 

DIAMOND,  Min.,  pp.  3,  1033;  App.,  p.  22.  — New  form  on  crystal  from  East  Indies  (531); 
inclusions  of  potassium  mica ;  Jeremejew,  [Bull.  Ac.  Sc.  St.  P<§tersbourg,  6,  1897];  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  508. 

Electric  properties  of  diamond;  Artom,  Att.  Ace.  Torino,  37,  667,  1902.  Action  of  radium 
emanations  on  diamond;  Crookes,  Chem.  News,  90,  1. 

Origin  of;  Crookes,  Nature,  72,  593,  1905. 

Occ.  —  Bort  crystals  from  Transvaal;  Jeremejew,  [Verh.  russ.  min.  Ges.,  36,  34,  1898],  Zs.  Kr., 
32,  431;  in  gold  gravel,  Taiga,  Jenisseisk,  Russia;  Jeremejew,  [Bull.  Ac.  Sc.  St.  Petersbourg,  8,  5, 
1898];  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  427;  in  California;  Turner,  Am.  Geol.,  23,  182,  1899.  Many  rich  diamond 
deposits  have  been  located  in  South  Africa  recently  at  points  far  distant  from  those  earlier  de- 
veloped. Here  belong  the  group  of  mines  of  which  the  Premier  is  best  known.  Others  occur 
farther  north  in  Rhodesia,  in  the  Somabula  Forest,  where  the  diamond,  often  of  green  tinge  occurs, 
rather  abundantly  in  gravels  with  enstatite,  chrysoberyl,  cyariite,  sapphire,  etc.;  Mennell,  Geol. 
Mag.,  (5),  3,  459, 1906;  reported  byE.  David  as  found  in  the  matrix  near  Inverell,  New  South  Wales, 
Nature,  74,  550,  1906.  Garnet  found  embedded  in  diamond  from  Wesselton  mine,  Kimberley,  S.A.; 
Sutton,  Nature,  75,  488,  1907.  Found  in  masses  of  garnet,  pyroxene  and  cyanite  occurring  as 
nodules  in  the  "  kimberlite  "  at  Roberts  Victor  Diamond  mine,  Boshof,  Orange  River  Colony, 
So.  Africa;  Corstorphine,  Trans.  Geol.  Soc.  So.  Africa,  10,  65,  1907;  Am.  J.  Sc.,25,  87,  1908.  In  a 
peridotite  stock  at  Murfreesboro,  Pike  Co.,  Ark.  The  stones  have  been  mostly  found  in  the  detritus 
from  the  stock,  but  one  has  been  observed  embedded  in  the  peridotite.  They  average  about 
1  carat  in  weight,  but  one  weighing  6$  carats  was  found.  They  vary  in  color  from  clear  and  color- 


APPENDIX  II.  35 

fees  to  brown,  yellow  and  almost  black..  The  crystals  are  chiefly  distorted  hexoctahedrons,  and 
frequently  twinned.  Kunz  and  Washington,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  275,  1907;  Trans.  Am.  Inst.  Min. 
Eng.,  March,  1908. 

The  discovery  of  an  extensive  alluvial  diamond  field  in  Luderitzbuchte,  German  Southwest 
Africa,  is  reported. 

Artif.  —  Formed  in  a  silicate  fusion;  Friedlander,  [Verh.  Ver.  Beford.  Gewerbfleisses,  Berlin, 
1898];  Zs.  Kr.,  33,  490;  also  Hasslinger  and  Wolf,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  112,  (26),  507,  1903;  and  Hass- 
linger,  Monatshefte,  23,  817;  Ludwig,  Chem.  Zeit.,  25,  979;  Crookes,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.,  76,  458, 
1905;  Chem.  News,  42,  148;  in  residues  obtained  by  exploding  cordite  in  closed  steel  cylinders; 
Burton,  Nature,  72,  397,  1905.  Moissan  on  influence  of  presence  of  S,  Si  and  P  in  artif.  formation, 
<J.  R.,  140,  277,  1905;  [Ann.  Chim.  phys.,  5,  174,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  522. 

Large  diamonds. — The  "Colenso  "  diamond,  presented  to  the  British  Museum  by  John 
Ruskin  in  1887,  weighs  129§  carats,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  193,  1902.  The  Vienna  collection  has  a 
diamond  weighing  82.5  carats  (Vienna),  presented  by  G.  von  Haas;  Min.  Mitth.,  19,  340,  1900. 
The  Excelsior  diamond,  found  at  Jagersfontein,  South  Africa,  in  1903,  is  now  known  as  the  Jubilee. 
Weight  =  239  carats.  "  Cullinan  "  or  "  Premier  "  diamond,  found  at  Premier  mine,  Transvaal, 
largest  yet  known,  weighing  3024  carats  and  measuring  4  by  2J  by  2  inches;  Hatch  and  Corstor- 
phine,  Geol.  Mag.,  2,  170,  1905;  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  395;  this  stone  has  been  presented  to  the  King  of 
England  by  the  Transvaal  Government  and  has  been  cut  into  9  large  stones,  the  4  largest  weigh- 
ing 516£,  309r3g,  92,  and  62  carats  respectively;  and  into  96  smaller  brilliants;  Kunz,  Century 
Mag.,  June,  1909. 

DIASPORE,  Min.,  pp.  246,  1033.  — Occurs  in  crystals  (new  form  d  (031))  on  Ovre  Aro,  Lan- 
gesund,  Norway;  Flink,  Bull.  G.  Inst.  Upsala,  4,25,  1899.  Crystals  from  Massachusetts;  Cesaro, 
Bull.  Ac.  Belg.,  313,  1907. 

DICKINSONITE,  Min.,  p.  809.  —  Probable  occurrence  at  Bokuwka,  Kielce,  Russia;  Glinka 
[Ann.  Geol.  Min.  Russie,  4,  63,  1900],  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  412. 

DIMORPHITE,  Min.,  p.  35.  —  Study  by  Krenner,  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  479,  of  crystals  of  arsenic  sulphide 
(As4S3)  prepared  by  Schuller  by  sublimation  in  vacuum  showed  them  to  be  orthorhombic  with 
ft  :  6  :  c  =  0.58787  :  1  :  0.88258  with  following  forms:  c  (001),  p  (111),  m  (110),  d  (101),  t  (021), 
6(010),  n(120).  Ax.  pi.  11(010);  Bxac  II  a.  Axial  angle  measured  in  Toulet  solution  with 
n  =  1.6654  gave  2Ha  =  108°  46'.  Optically  +  .  If  orientation  of  type  2  of  dimorphite  be 
changed  so  that  its  e  =  m  of  artif.  crystals;  m  =  p;  i  =  d;o*  =  t;  C  =  c\  B  —  6,  the  crystals 
and  angles  are  closely  identical  as  follows: 

Artif.  Dimorphite  type  2. 

dd  =  67°  20'  ii  =  67°  15' 

pm  =  29°  52'  me  =  29°  40' 

pc  =  60°  8'  Cm  =  60°  20',  etc. 

Type  2  of  dimorphite  may  then  be  considered  as  a  definite  species. 

Considered  by  Stenanovic,  Zs.  Kr.,  39,  18,  to  be  identical  with  orpiment,  the  face  e  (Oil)  of 
the  former  being  a  (100)  of  the  latter. 

DIOPTASE,  Min.,  pp.  463,  1033;  App.,  p.  23.  — Anal,  of  material  from  Kirghisen-Steppe  gave: 
SiO2,  38.25;  CuO,  50.18;  H2O,  11.39;  Fe?O3,  0.13;  total,  99.95;  Zambonini,  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  229;  occurs 
sparingly  in  crystals  at  the  Stevens  mines,  near  Garficld  Gulch  in  the  Clifton-Morenci  district, 
Arizona;  Lindgren  and  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  452.  1904;  occ.  and  associated  minerals  from 
Mindouli,  French  Congo  jLacroix,  Bull.  Min.  Soc.,  31,  247,  1908.  Loss  of  water  on  heating  and 
discussion  of  chem.  comp.;  Zambonini,  [Mem.  Ace.  Line.,  5,  344;  6,  102,  19051;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  404; 
Mem.  Ace.  Sci.  Napoli,  14,  44,  1908. 

DIPYRE    cf.  Missonite. 

DITTMARITE,  Min.,  p.  807.  —  In  small  transparent  rhombic  crystals  from  bat  guano  deposits 
near  Skipton,  30  miles  S.  W.  from  Ballarat,  Australia.  Anal,  yields  formula:  MgNH<PO4.2Mg2Ha 
(PO4)2.8H2O.  Anal.:— P2O5,  46.51;  MgO,  26.13;  (NH4)2O,  3.94;  H.O,  23.42;  total,  100.00. 
Maclvor,  Ch.  News,  85,  181,  1902. 

DOGNACSKAITE,  Min.,  p.  111.  —  New  analyses,  one  giving  for  formula  3Cu2S.Bi2S.,  (uoitti- 
chenite,  Min.,  p.  128),  but  a  later  and  apparently  more  careful  analysis  (see  below)  gave  Cu2S.2Bi,S8. 

S  Bi          Cu 

Anal.  (Neugebauer):G.  =  6.79     17.91      71.88      10.04  =  99.83 

Koechlin,  Min.  Mitth.,  24,  117,  and  Neugebauer,  ibid.,  323. 

DOLEROPHANITE,  Min.,  p.  924.  —  Observed  as  a  furnace  product  at  Atvidaberg  in  Ostergotland; 
Strandmark,  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  456,  1902;  Geol.  For.  Forh.,  24,  80,  1902. 


36  APPENDIX  II. 

DOLOMITE,  Min.,  pp.  271,  1033;  App.,  p.  23.  —  An  exhaustive  study  of  the  mineral,  chiefly 
from  Alpine  localities,  with  35  analyses  and  frequent  optical  determinations,  with  the  results  that 
it  was  established  that  the  lime  content  of  the  mineral  remains  constant  and  that  only  the  mag- 
nesia is  replaced  by  other  oxides,  and  that  with  increase  of  iron  oxide  present  the  angle  r  A  r' 
decreases  in  value  while  the  density  and  indices  of  refraction  increase;  Eisenhuth,  Zs.  Kr.,  35,  582, 
1901;  occurrence  in  Ceylon  (with  anal.);  Griinling,  Zs.  Kr.,  33,  216,  1900;  at  Magdeburg  (with 
anal.);  Fahrenhorst,  Zs.  fur  Naturwiss.,  Halle,  73,  275,  1900;  chemical  studies  of  dolomite  and 
magnesite;  Vesterberg,  Bull.  G.  Inst.  Upsala,  5,  97,  1901;  crystals  from  Hoboken,  N.  J.,  Rogers, 
Sch.  Mines  Q.,  23,  138,  1902;  crystals  from  various  Greenland  localities;  Boggild,  Min.  Greenland, 
147,  1905;  anal,  of  material  from  sandstone  of  Calafuria,  Tuscany;  Manasse  [Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  21, 
159,  1905] ;Zs.  Kr.,  43,  496. 

DOMEYKITE,  Min.,  p.  44.  — Mohawkite  (G.  A.  Koenig.  Am.  J.  Sc.,  10,  439,  1900)  is  a  variety 
of  domeykite  (Cu3As)  from  the  Mohawk  mine  in  Keweenaw  Co.,  Michigan,  containing  nickel  and 
cobalt.  Occurs  massive,  fine  granular  to  compact.  Artif.  crystals  obtained  were  apparently 
hexagonal ;  Koenig  and  Wright,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  43,  219,  1903.  Color  gray,  with  faint  tinge 
of  yellow;  tarnishes  easily,  finally  to  a  dull  purple.  H.  =  3.5,  brittle.  G.  =  8.07.  Composition 
(Cu,Ni,Co)3  As.  Analysis,  Koenig:  As,  28.85;  Cu,  61.67;  Ni,  7.03;  Co,  2.20;  Fe,  tr.  =99.75. 
Another  specimen,  resembling  arsenopyrite,  showed  a  much  smaller  amount  of  nickel  and  cobalt, 
viz.:  As,  28.10;  Cu,  67.86;  (Ni.Co),  3.32  =  99.28,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  413,  1902. 

Koenig  also  obtained  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  10,  442,  cf.  also  14,  413,  1902),  for  domeykite  from  the  Shel- 
don-Columbia mine  in  the  Keweenaw  region:  As,  26.14;  Cu,  74.00;  (Fe,Ni,Co),  0.06  =  100.20,  G.= 
7.949.  He  concludes  that  earlier  determinations  of  the'  specific  gravity  are  too  low  (G.  =  7.2  - 
7.75).  Synthetic  experiments  yielded  a  product  having  the  composition  Cu2As  with  G.  =  7.71; 
also  the  domeykite  compound,  Cu3As  with  G.  =  8.05;  minute  crystals  obtained  appeared  to 
resemble  arsenopyrite.  See  also  Whitneyite. 

Another  variety  of  domeykite  from  the  Mohawk  mine,  containing  a  small  amount  of  antimony,, 
is  called  by  Koenig  (ibid.,  p.  445)  stibiodomeykite.  Resembles  the  domeykite  from  the  Houghton 
Co.  mines.  Occurs  massive  with  conchoidal  fracture,  very  brittle,  less  friable  than  mohawkite. 
H.  =  4,  or  a  little  below.  G.  =  7  902.  Speedily  assumes  a  brass  tarnish,  finally  becoming, 
bluish  purple.  An  analysis  gave:  As,  26.45;  Sb,  0.78;  Cu,  72.48;  (Fe,Ni,Co),  0.24  =  99.95. 
Another  sample  gave  1.29  Sb.  Antimony  is  absent  from  the  Houghton  Co.  domeykite. 

Artif.  crystals  of  domeykite  closely  resembling  chalcocite  described  by  Stevanovic,  Zs.  Kr., 
37,  245,  1902. 

Artif.  crystals  also  described  by  Koenig  and  Wright  which  were  hexagonal  normal  with  c  = 
1.539_and  showed  following  forms;  c(0001);  a  (1120)?;  6(1010);  z  (2023);  y(1011);  p(2021); 
x  (1122)?;  also  artif.  crystals  of  argentodomeykite  and  stibiodomeykite  belonging  to  hexagonal, 
normal;  Koenig  and  Wright,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  43,  219,  1903. 

Occurrence  of  domeykite  at  Flatschach  near  Knittelfeld,  Styria;  Cornu,  Centralbl.  Min.,  277, 
1908. 

DOMINGITE,  see  Warrenite. 

DOPPLERITE,  Min.,  pp.  1014,  1015.  —  Occurrence  in  the  Fichtelgebirge,  North  Bavaria,  noted; 
Schmidt,  Centralbl.  Min.,  525,  1901. 

Doughtyite.     W.  P  Headden,  Proc.  Col.  Sc.  Soc.,  8,  55,  1905. 

A  deposit  formed  rather  abundantly  by  the  action  of  alkaline  waters  of  the  Doughty  Springs 
in  Colorado;  it  forms  a  white  precipitate  sometimes  three-quarters  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  over  an 
extensive  surface.  A  sample,  after  drying  in  the  air  five  weeks,  yielded: 

SO3  A12O3        Fe2O3  ZnO  MgO         H2O  SiO2          Sand 

15.00          39.51          0.45  0.44  tr.  41.80  1.91  1.56  =  100.67 

For  the  above  the  formula  A12(SO4)3  5A12(OH)6.21H2O  is  calculated.  Alunogen  occurs  at  the 
same  springs,  ibid.,  62. 

Dubuissonite.  C.  Baret,  [Bull.  Soc.  Sci.  Nat.  de  Touest  de  la  France,  4,  141,  1904];  Spencer, 
Min.  Mag.,  14,  398,  1907.  —  A  pink  clay  from  near  Nantes  resembling  montmorillonite  but  different 
in  its  resistance  to  acids  and  in  its  fusibility.  Named  after  M.  Dubuisson,  mineralogist,  of  Nantes. 

DUFRENITE,  Min.,  p.  797. —  Occurrence  as  alteration  product  of  triplite  (with  anal.)  at  Cyrill- 
hofer,  Mahren;  Kovaf  and  Slavik,  [Verh.  geol.  R.-Anst.,  Wien,  60,  347,  1900];  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  642. 

DUFRENOYSITE,  Min.,  p.  120;  App.,  p.  23.  —  Proven  by  Solly  to  be  monoclinic.  a  :  b  :  c  = 
0.6509  :  1:  0.6125;  /?  =  89°26J'.  With  the  new  orientation  (001)  of  vom  Rath  becomes  (010), 
(100)  =  (001),  (010)  =  (100)  while  (111)  remains  unchanged.  Ninety-nine  forms  are  listed,  the 
most  prominent  being  a  (100),  b  (010),  c  (001),  (101),  (101),  (110),  (530),  (210),  (410),  (031),  (052), 
(032),  (Oil),  (012).  Angles:  100  A  110  =  33°  3f ,  001  A  101  =  32°  59f ,  001  A  Oil  =  31°  29*', 
100  A  101  =  47°  2i'*,  101  A  001  =  42°  31*'*,  010  A  111  =  65°  51*',  010  A  111  =  66°  3$\ 
010  A  212  =  77°  22'*. 


APPENDIX  II. 


37 


Two  types  of  crystals  are  described,  (1)  elongated  ||  a  axis,  with  b  prominent,  (2)  elongated  ||  b 
axis. 

Cleavage:  6  perfect.     Min.  Mag.,  13,  160;  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  331 ;  also  Baumhauer,  Zs.  Kr.,  38,  649. 

Analyses  of  material  from  the  Binnenthal;  Guillemain,  [Inaug.-Diss.,  Breslau,  1898],  Zs.  Kr., 
33,  73. 

DUMORTIERITE,  Min.,  p.  558.  —  Analyses  of  material  from  Clip,  Arizona;  San  Diego  Co.,  Calif., 
Harlem,  N.  Y.,  by  Ford,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  426,  1902;  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  417,  1902;  and  from  San  Diego  Co., 
and  Woodstock,  Washington,  by  Schaller,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  211,  1905;  Zs.  Kr.,  41,  19,  1905.  Ford 
considers  that  the  boric  oxide  and  water  are  basic  in  character  and  derives  for  the  formula,  (A1O)16A14 
(SiO4)7,  while  Schaller  finds  more  probable  that  they  are  present  in  definite  proportions  and  gives 
for  the  formula  8Al2O3.lB2O.,.lH2O.6SiO2. 

A  partial  analysis  on  impure  material  from  Val  Donbastone,  Veltlin;  Linck,  Zs.  f.  Naturwiss., 
Jena,  33,  356;  Zs.  Kr.,  35,  319.  Color  pistache  green  with  strong  pleochroism,  a  =  b,  colorless, 
c  pistache  green.  Indices  a  =  1.678,  ft  =  1.686,  7  =  1.689. 

Occurrence  with  corundum,  which  see. 

DUNDASITE,  App.,  p.  23.  —  Petterd  in  Papers  and  Proc.  of  R.  Soc.  Tasmania,  18,  1902,  gives  a 
new  locality  in  Tasmania  at  Hercules  mine,  Mt.  Read.  Prior,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  167,  describes  its 
occurrence  in  Welsh  Foxdale  mine,  near  Trefriw,  Carnarvonshire.  Its  characteristics  are  sum- 
marized as:  occurs  in  white  spherical  aggregates  or  tufts  of  minute,  radiating  needles.  H.  =  2. 
G.  =  3.25.  Vitreous  luster.  Color  white.  Transparent.  Refraction  and  double  refraction, 
fairly  strong:  needles  give  parallel  extinction  and  are  positive. 

Chemical  formula:  — PbO.Al2O3.2CO2.4H2O;  PbO,  45.95;  A12O3,  21.07;  CO2, 18.14;  H2O,  14.84. 

I,  Prior,  N.  Wales,  loc.  cit.     II,  Pascoe,  Tasmania,  loc.  cit.: 


PbO 
43.20 

41.86 


21.39 
26.06 


Fe203 
1.61 

5.50 


CO2 
16.45 


H2O 
15.01 


Insol. 
1.80 


28.08 


Total 
99.46 

101.50 


DTSANALYTE,  Min.,  p.  724. — Crystals  showing  rube  and  dodecahedron  from  Mte.Somma,  Italy; 
Zambonini,  Rend.  Ace.  Sci.,  Napoli,  April,  1908. 

DYSCRASITE,  Min.,  p.  42;  App.  p.  24.—  Occurrence  (with  anal.)  at  Cobalt,  Ontario;  Miller,  Rep. 
Can.  Bureau  Mines,  Pt.  2,  1905;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  395. 

Ebelmenite,  [Coll.  Min. Mus.d'Hist.  Nat., Paris,  Guide  du  Visiteur,  p.  29,  1900];  Spencer,  Min. 
Mag.,  14,  398,  1907.  A  variety  of  psilomelane  containing  potassium.  Named  after  Jacques  J 
Ebelmen  (1814-52). 

EDINGTONITE,  Min.,  p.  599 ;  App.,  p.  24.  — Crystals  from  Kilpatrick,  Scotland ;  Goodchild,  [Trans. 
Geol.  Soc.  Glasgow,  12,  Suppl.,  1-68,  1903];  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  307;  crystals  from  Bohlet,  Sweden,  and 
Kilpatrick.  Indices  of  refraction  on  crystal  from  Bohlet,  for  Na  light;  a  =  1.5407,  ft  =  1.5529, 
7  =  1.5556.  Axial  angle  =  49°  46'.  Sjogren,  G.  For.,  Forh.,  28,  169,  1906. 

Eglestonite.  A.  «/.  Moses,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  253,  1903.  [W.  H.  Turner,  Mng.  Sci  Press 
July  21,  1900.]  Hillebrand  and  Schaller,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  271,  1907. 

Isometric.  .  In  minute  crystals  of  dodecahedral  habit,  with  also  a  (100),  n  (211)  and  s  (321); 
crystals  sometimes  united  loosely  in  a  crust.  Schaller  observes  twenty-one  forms.  Cleavage 
none.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  2-3.  G.  =  8.327.  Luster 
brilliant  adamantine  to  resinous.  Color  brownish  yellow  to  yellowish 
brown,  darkening  on  exposure  to  sunlight  and  becoming  finally  black; 
powder  when  fresh  greenish  yellow  to  canary  yellow.  Transparent. 

Composition;    mercurous    oxychloride,    Hg,,Cl2O    (Hillebrand);   Hg, 
90.21  ;C1,  7.99 ;  O,  1.80. 

Analyses  1-5  by  J.  S.  McCord;  6-8  by  Hillebrand. 


Cl 
O 
Hg 


1  2 

8.72  7.24 

2.60  2.26 

88.67  90.45 


3 

7.81 


4 
7.68 


5 

8.20 


90.72     88.25      89.70 


6 

8.32 

1.72 

88.33 


7  8 

8.23      8.12 

1.84       1.80 

88.94  89.73 


Eglestonite 


B.  B.  in  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  becomes  orange-red,  evolves  dense  white  fumes  and 
yields  a  white  non-crystalline  sublimate  (chloride);  finally  volatilizes  completely,  yielding  a  ring 
of  chloride  and  beyond  a  mercury  mirror.  Volatilizes  completely  on  charcoal  without  fusion. 
Decomposed  by  HC1  and  HNO3  with  separation  of  calomel. 

From  the  mercury  locality  at  Terlingua,  Texas,  with  terlinguaite,  montroydite,  calomel, 
native  mercury  and  calcite. 

Named  after  Professor  Thomas  Egleston  (1832-1900)  of  Columbia  University,  New  York. 


38  APPENDIX  II. 

EKMANNITE,  Min.,  pp.  662,  1033.  —  Discussion  of  chem.  comp.;  Zambonini,  Mem.  Ace.  Sci. 
Napoli,  14,  30,  1908. 

ELPIDITE,  App.,  p.  24.  —  Crystals  from  Narsarsuk,  Greenland;  Flink,  Medd.  om  Gronl.,  14, 
230,  1898;  24,  146,  1901;  optical  study.  Axial  angle  2V0  =  90°  20'.  Boggild,  ibid.,  33,  118, 
1906. 

Discussion  of  chem.  comp.;  Zambonini,  Mem.  Ace.  Sci.  Napoli,  14,  59,  1908. 

EMBOLITE,  Min.,  p.  159.  —  See  Cerargyrite. 

EMMONSITE,  Min.,  p.  979.  —  Possible  occurrence  at  W.  P.  H.  mine  at  Cripple  Creek  with 
analysis;  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  433. 

EMPLECTITE,  Min.,  p.  113.  —  Analyses  of  material  from  Schwarzenberg,  Saxony;  Guillemain, 
[Inaug.-Diss.,  Breslau,  1898],  Zs.  Kr.,  33,  72. 

ENARGITE,  Min.,  pp.  147,  1033;  App.,  p.  24.  —  Crystals  of  enargite  from  Caudalosa,  Peru, 
described  with  new  forms  S  (410),  T  (430),  F  (980),  N  (230),  P  (250),  L  (270),  R  (140),  Q  (150), 
D  (160),  B  (205),  M  (201),  G  (041);  H  (061),  also  analysis;  Stevanovid,  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  241,  1902; 
also  crystals  (with  anal.)  from  Borin  Timoker  Kreis,  Servia;  ibid.,  44,  349,  1907;  from  Chorolque, 
Bolivia;  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  344. 

Analyses  of  material  from  San  Juan  County,  Colorado,  and  Morococha,  Peru;  Guillemain, 
[Inaug.-Diss.,  Breslau,  1898],  Zs.  Kr.,  33,  77;  of  crystals  from  the  Powers  mine,  Willis  Gulch, 
Gilpin  Co.,  Colorado;  Headden,  Proc.  Col.  Sc.  Soc.,  8,  61,  1905. 

Crystals  of  "luzonite  "  from  Mancayan,  Luzon,  Philippine  Is.,  occurring  in  cavities  or  on  the 
surface  of  the  massive  mineral  have  been  examined  by  Moses,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  20,  277,  1905.  They 
have  the  habit  of  enargite,  except  in  the  prominence  of  P  (223),  and  show  the  forms:  a,  6,  c,  m, 
h  (120),  I  (130,  k  (101),  s  (Oil),  0  (051),  P  (223);  the  axial  ratio  obtained  is  0.8698  :  1:  0.8241, 
which  is  essentially  identical  with  that  of  enargite,  to  which  it  must  therefore  be  united. 

An  antimon-luzonite  occurring  with  stylotypite  from  the  Caudalosa  mine,  Peru,  has  given 
Stevanovic:  (|)  S,  31.01;  As,  9.09;  Sb,  12.74;  Cu,  45.43;  Fe,  0.67;  residue,  0.65=  99.59;  G.  =  4.47. 
Zs.  Kr.,  37,  239,  1902. 

Endeiolite.     G.  Flink,  Medd.  om  Gronland,  24,  166,  1901. 

Isometric.  Only  in  minute  octahedrons,  isolated  or  forming  crusts.  Twins  common,  tw. 
pi.  o.  Cleavage  non«.  Fracture  subconchoidal  to  splintery.'  H.  =4.  G.  =  3.44,  Mauzelius. 
Luster  on  crystal  faces  vitreous  inclining  to  metallic,  on  the  fracture  greasy.  Color  dark  choco- 
late-brown. Streak  yellowish  gray. 

ii  ii 

Composition,  perhaps  RNb2Ofi(OH)2.RSiO3.  The  analysis  showed  a  loss  of  11.48  p.  c., 
assumed  to  be  SiO2  after  the  analogy  of  chalcolamprite.  Analysis,  Mauzelius: 

Nb2O5      SiO2         TiO2      ZrO2      Ce2O3     Fe2O3      MnO    CaO       K2O       Na2O       H2O       F 
59.93*   [11.48]        0.76       3.78        4.43        2.81        0.37      7.89       0.43         3.58         4.14     0.69  = 

100.29  (less  O,  0.29)  =  100 
*  Contains  Ta2O5  in  small  amount. 

Occurs  at  Narsarsuk  in  Southern  Greenland  implanted  upon  aegirite  crystals;  associated  with 
elpidite,  leucosphenite,  epididymite,  etc. 

Named  from  (vdua,  want,  and  \t0os,  stone,  in  allusion  to  the  fact  that  the  analysis  showed  a 
considerable  loss. 

ENSTATITE,  Min.,  p.  346;  App.,  p.  24.  —  Clear  green  material  from  the  diamond  washings, 
South  Africa,  determined  as  enstatite.  Prism  angle,  measured  on  cleavage  faces,  =  88°  0'. 
Plane  of  optic  axes  \\  b  (010).  Bx  _L  c  (001).  2V  =  74°  5'.  /?  =  1.669,  y  =  1.675.  Disper- 
sion p~>  v.  Pleochroism  weak;  a,  pale  yellow;  b,  pale  green;  c,  pale  yellowish  -green.  Approxi- 
mate analysis  gave:  SiO2,  56.0;  FeO,  5.0;  MnO,  0.5;  A12O3,  2.5;  Cr,O3,0.6;  MgO,  36.5;  total  101.1. 
Bowman,  Min.  Mag.,  12,  349,  1900. 

Anal,  of  bronzite  from  Flysch  near  Visegrad,  Bosnia;  Schiller,  Min.  Mitth.,  24,  316,  1905. 

Artif.  Prepared  by  heating  a  glass  of  composition  MgSiO3  to  below  1100°,  producing  ensta- 
tite in  fibrous  aggregates  and  radial  spherulites.  Transformed  into  a  monoclinic  variety  at  1500°. 
Allen,  Wright  and  Clement,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  22,  385,  1906. 

EPIBOULANGERITE,  Min.,  p.  149.  —  Identity  questioned  by  Guillemain;  [Inaug.-Diss.,  Bres- 
lau, 1898],  Zs.  Kr.,  33,  74. 


App.,  p.  24.  —  Crystals  from  Narsarsuk,  Greenland;  Flink,  Medd.  om  Gronl., 
24,  61,  1901;  also,  Boggild,  ibid.,  33,  105,  1906. 


APPENDIX   II.  39 

EPIDOTE,  Min.,  p.  516;  App.,  p.  25.  — Crystals  of  large  size  and  complex  form  are  described 
from  the  Peacock  and  White  Monument  mines,  Seven  Devils  mining  district,  Idaho;  Palache, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  299,  1899;  association  of  epidote  with  zoisite  from  Mt.  Pelvas,  with  discussion  of 
the  crystallographic  and  optical  relations  of  the  two  minerals;  Termier,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  23,  50, 
1900;  crystals  from  Eule,  Bohemia;  Barvfr,  Ber.  d.  k.  bohm.  Ges.  d.  Wiss.,  12,  1901;  finely 
crystallized  specimens  from  Sulzer,  Prince  of  Wales  island,  Alaska;  Palache,  Proc.  Amer.  Acad., 
37,  531,  1902;  new  forms  0  (544)  and  X  (322)  are  noted;  crystals  from  Zoptau,  Mahren;  Neu- 
wirth,  Min.  Mitt.,  22,  584,  1903;  from  near  Barrisdale,  Inverness-shire,  England;  Thomas,  Min. 
Mag.,  14,  109,  1905.  Anal,  gave  6.81  per  cent  Fe2O3.  a  =  1.714,  /?  =  1.7196,  7  =  1.725; 
2V  =  89°  35';  crystals  from  various  Greenland  localities;  Boggild,  Min.  Gronl.,  252,  1905;  from 
Val  di  Viu,  Italy,with  new  forms  m  (117),  n  (119),  Y  (214);  also  optical  study;  Toborffy,  Zs.  Kr., 
43,  564,  1907;  from  Lyon  Mt.,Clinton  Co.,  N.  Y.;  Whitlock,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  B_ull.,  107,  70,  1907; 
Zambonini  describes  crystals  from  Sulzbach,  Tyrol,  with  new  forms  (302),  (16.0.15);  Jb.  Min., 
1,  181,  1900;  from  Colle  del  Paschietto,  Ala;  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  235,  1900;  from  Rocca  Rossa,  near 
Giaveno,  Val  Susa  and  several  other  localities  with  new  forms  and  critical  summary  of  all  known 
forms;  ibid.,  37,  1,  1902,  also  (anal.)  ibid.,  p.  70;  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  10,  (2),  42,  1901;  from 
Bettolina,  Vallone  di  Verra;  ibid.,  12,  (2),  567,  1903;  from  Comba  Peraegiie,  Piedmont;  Centralbl. 
Min.,  117,  1903;  from  Chiavrie  near  Condove,  Val  Susa;  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  15,  (2),  179,  1906. 

Analysis  of  material  from  Phippsburg,  Maine;  Hillebrand,  Clarke,  Bull.  167,  70,  U.  S.  G.  S., 
1900;  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  79;  of  material  from  Striegau,  Silesia,  and  Zoptau,  Mahren;  Pfeil,  [Inaug.-Diss., 
Heidelberg,  1901];  Centralbl.  Min.,  144,  1902.  Role  of  water  in;  Zambonini,  Mem.  Ace.  Sci. 
Napoli,  14,  16,  1908. 

EPISTILBITE,  Min.,  p.  577.  —  Crystals  from  Nadap,  Hungary;  Mauritz,  Ann.  Mus.  Nat.  Hung., 
546,  1908.  Discussion  of  chem.  comp.;  Zambonini,  Mem.  Ace.  Sci.  Napoli,  14,  115,  1908. 

Epistolite.     0.  B.  Boggild,    Medd.  om  Gronland,  24,  183,  1900. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  d  :  6  :  c  =  0.803  :  1  :  1.206.  /?  =  74°  42'.  Forms:  c  (001),  m  (110),  * 
(102),  r  (504),  o  (Oil).  Angles:  cm  =  *  78°  0';  co  =  49°  20';  mm'"  =  77°  30'  (*102°  30'  angle 
of  prismatic  traces  on  cleavage  fragments  ||  c).  In  rectangular  plates,  tabular  ||  c,  usually  enclosed 
in  albite,  rarely  showing  projecting  edges;  also  in  massive  aggregates  of  curved  folia. 

Cleavage:  c  very  perfect,  yielding  thin  leaves;  also  m  (or  other  face  in  zone  cm)  distinct. 
Very  brittle.  H.  =  1-1.5.  G.  =  2.885. 

Luster,  on  c  pearly.  Color  white,  grayish  or  brownish.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Opti- 
cally negative;  birefringence  strong.  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  c  A  a  =  7°  approx.  Dispersion  inclined, 
v  <  p.  2V  =  80°  approx.  Refractive  index  1.67. 

Composition,  formula  uncertain,  as  the  mineral  was  partly  altered. 

Analysis,  Chr.  Christiansen: 

Nb2O5    SiO2    TiO2  FeO   MnO  CaO   MgO  Na2O   H2O     F 

33.56     27.597.22    0.20   0.30   0.77   0.13    17.59    11.01    1.98  =  100.35  (less  0, 0.83)  =  99.52 

From  the  nephelite-syenite  region  of  Julianehaab,  Greenland,  both  on  the  Firth  of  Tunugdli- 
arfik  and  of  Kangerdluarsuk;  it  occurs  partly  in  pegmatitic  veins,  partly  in  a  massive  marble- 
like  albite,  associated  with  sodalite,  arfvedsonite,  segirite,  steenstrupite,  eudialyte,  sphalerite, 
also  with  rinkite  and  polylithionite. 

Named  from  e^tcn-oX??  letter,  in  allusion  to  the  flat  rectangular  form  and  white  color. 

Discussion  of  chem.  comp. ;  Zambonini,  Mem.  Ace.  Sci.  Napoli,  14,  69, 1908. 

EPSOMITE,  Min.,  p.  938;  App.,  p.  25.  —  Occurs  crystalline  near  Wilcox  Station,  65  miles  N.  of 
Laramie,  Wyo.;  Farrington,  Colum.  Mus.  Bull.  1,228, 1900;  also  id.  with  Tillotson,  ibid.,  3,  7,  145, 
1908.  Twins  on  (110) ;  Johnsen,  Centralbl.  Min.,  728,  1903. 

Occurs  (anal.)  with  pyrite  near  Leona  Heights,  Alameda  Co.,  Cal. ;  Schaller,  Bull.  G.  Univ.  Cal., 
3,  216,  1903.  Anal,  from  Cripple  Creek,  Colo.;  Hobbs,  Amer.  Geol.,  36,  184,  1905. 

Erikite.     O.  B.  Boggild,  Medd.  om  Gronland,  26,  93,  1903. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  d  :  b  :  c  =  0.57552  :  1  :  0.75796. 

Forms:  a  (100),  b  (010),  c  (001),  m  (110),  n  (120),  o  (130),  p  (270), 
r  (101),  s  (201),  d  (012),  e  (Oil),/ (032),  g  (021),  h  (052),  i  (031), 
u  (114),  t  (111).  Angles:  mm'"  =  59°  50',  oo'  =  60°  10',  bn  =  *40° 
59',  cr  =  52°Ajy,dd'  =  41°  31',^'  =  113°  10',  bf  =  *41°20'. 

In  prismatic  crystals,  a,  o  with  c,  nearly  hexagonal  in  angle,  also 
highly  modified,  a  prominent;  o  faces  striated  vertically  also  p. 

Cleavage  none.  Fracture  uneven.  H.  =  5.5-6.  G.  =  3.493. 
Color  light  yellowish  brown  to  dark  grayish  brown,  varying  in  the  Erikite 

same    crystal.     Streak    colorless.     Nearly    opaque.     Thin    sections 

under  the  microscope  show  a  complex  structure:  a  network  of  a  yellow  substance  of  high 
birefringence,  sometimes  porous,  but  usually  enclosing  a  colorless  substance  of  lower  bire- 
fringence, which  last  is  uniaxial  and  positive. 


40  APPENDIX  II. 

Composition  uncertain  because  the  original  mineral  has  obviously  suffered  alteration ;  further, 
it  is  regarded  as  probable  that  the  colorless  uniaxial  substance  seen  in  microscopic  sections  may 
be  hydronephelite  present  in  unknown  amount  and  not  admitting  of  separation.  Perhaps  related 
to  britholite.  Analysis: 

SiO2        P2O5          ThO2          (Ce,La,Di)2O3  A12O3        CaO         Na2O         H2O 

15.12       17.78         3.26  40.51,  9.28          1.81          5.63         6.28*=  99.67 

*  Total,  loses  1.29  at  110°. 

B.  B.  in  the  closed  tube  loses  water  and  becomes  white;  in  the  forceps  fuses  on  the  edges  to  a 
white  enamel.  Decomposed  by  acids  without  gelatinization. 

From  the  hill  Nunarsiuatiak  at  the  Tunugdliarfikf  jord  in  Southern  Greenland  where  it  occurs 
in  pegmatitic  veins  in  nephelite-syenite,  associated  with  arfvedsonite  and  segirite,  also  analcite 
and  natrolite;  found  by  N.  V.  Ussing  in  1900.  The  same  locality  has  yielded  steenstrupite  and 
epistolite. 

Named  after  Erik  the  Red,  who  discovered  Greenland  in  986  and  after  whom  this  fjord  was 
formerly  called  Eriksfjord. 

ERYTHRITE,  Min.,  p.  817;  App.,  p.  25.  —  Occurrence  at  Cobalt,  Ontario;  Miller,  Rep.  Can. 
Bureau  Mines,  2,  1905.  Refractive  indices;  Gaubert,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  30,  107,  1907.  Artif . ; 
de  Schulten,  ibid.,  26,  87,  1903. 

ERYTHROSIDERITE,  Min.,  p.  176.  —  Occurrence  in  fumaroles  of  eruption  of  April,  1906,  at 
Vesuvius;  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  30,  252,  1907. 

Esmeraldaite.     A.  S.  Eakle,  Bull.  Geol.  Univ.  California,  2,  320,  1901. 

A  hydrous  ferric  oxide  from  Esmeralda  County,  California.  In  small  pod-shaped  masses 
enclosed  in  a  yellowish  brown  earthy  and  highly  siliceous  limonite.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Very 
brittle.  H.  =  2.5.  G.  =  2.578.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  coal-black.  Streak  yellowish  brown. 

Analysis,  W.  T.  Schaller: 

Fe2O,       A12O3      CaO       P,O5       SiO2       H2O  (110°)      H2O  (above  110°)  organic 

56.14        5.77        3.35       4.49       2.05  15.94  10.24  1.37    =  99.35 

If  only  the  iron  and  water  are  regarded  as  essential,  the  analysis,  recalculated,  yields:  Fe2O3, 
68.20;  H2O,  31.80  =  100.  This  corresponds  to  Fe2O3.4H2O.  The  mineral  resembles  melanosiderite. 

EUCLASE,  Min.,  p.  508;  App.,  p.  25.  — Crystals  from  near  Hochnarr,  Austria;  Koechlin,  Min. 
Mitth.,  24,  329,  1905;  from  Dobschiitz  near  Gorletz  in  Silesia;  Kolbeck  and  Henglein,  Centralbl. 
Min.,  335,  1908.  Occurrence  in  granite  at  Epprechtstein  in  Fichtelgebirge,  Bavaria;  Bucking, 
Centralbl.  Min.,  425,  1908. 

EUDIALITE,  Min.,  pp.  409,  1034;  App.,  p.  25.  —Crystals  from  Greenland  with  anal,  by  Chris- 
tensen;  Min.  Gronl.,  494,  1905;  Flink,  Medd.  om  Gronl,  14,  231,  1898;  24,  90, 1901;  Ussing,  ibid., 
16,  145,  1898. 

EUDIDYMITE,  Min.,  p.  313. — Crystals  from  Narsarsuk,  Greenland;  Flink,  Medd.  om  Gronl., 
14,  230,  1898;  24,  56,  1901. 

EUXENITE,  Min.,  p.  744.  —  The  supposed  occurrence  of  an  oxide  of  a  new  element  in  euxenite, 
named  "euxenerde,"  described  by  Hofmann  and  Prandtl,  with  analyses  of  material  from  Arendal 
and  Brevig,  Berichte  Chem.  Ges.,  34, 1064.  Tests  for  germanium  in  euxenite  and  samarskite  from 
various  localities  gave  only  negative  results;  Lincio,  Centralbl.  Min.,  142,  1904.  Anal,  of  material 
from  Transvaal;  Aars  [Inaug.-Diss.,  Freiburg  i.  Br.,  1905];  Centralbl  Min.,  247,  1907. 

Probable  occurrence  in  bed  of  Tschoroch  river,  Province  Batum,  Russia,  with  anal. ;  Tschernik, 
[Ann.  Geol.  Min.  Russ.,  5,  196,  1902];  Zs.  Kr.,  39,  625.  Found  at  Karra  akungnak,  with  anal,  by 
Christensen;  Boggild,  Min.  Gronl.,  511,  1905.  Occurrence  of  euxenite  and  polycrase  in  southern 
Norway  with  discussion  of  their  crystallographic  and  chemical  relations;  Brogger,  Min.  Siid-Nor. 
Granitpeg.,  82,  1908. 

Radioactive  euxenite  (?)  from  Madagascar;  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  31,  312,  1908. 

EVANSITE,  Min.,  p.  846;  App.,  p.  25.  — Anal,  of  material  from  Gross-Tresny,  Mahren;  Kovdr, 
[Abh.  bohm.  Akad.,  No.  15, 1,  1896];  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  524;  from  Goldburg,  Idaho,  and  coal  seam  west  of 
Columbiana,  Ala. ;  Schaller,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  155,  1907;  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  4. 

FAUJASITE,  Min.,  p.  598.  —  Occurrence  with  datolite  at  Daisy  mica  mine,  Deny  township, 
Ottawa  County,  Quebec;  Hoffmann,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  448,  1901. 

•  Favas.  —  Name  given  to  various  minerals  occurring  as  rolled  pebbles  in  the  diamond  sands 
of  Brazil.  Some  of  them  consist  almost  entirely  of  TiO2,  others  of  nearly  pure  ZrO;  Hussak,  Min. 
Mitth.,  18,  334;  Zs.  Kr.,  33,  639;  Hussak  and  Reitinger,  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  566;  see  also  Gorceixite. 


APPENDIX  II.  41 

FAYALITE,  Min.,  pp.  455,  1034;  App.,  p.  26.  —  Altered  material  from  granulite  at  Villacidro, 
Sardinia;  Lovisato,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  12,  (2),  10,  1900.  Occurrence  in  amphibole  granite,  quartz 
syenite  and  nepheline  rocks  near  Wausau,  Wis.  Analysis  given.  Weidman;  Jour.  Geol.,  12, 
551,  1904;  Zs.  Kr,  42,  306.  Manganiferous  fayalite  from  Agramer  Gebirge,  Hungary;  Kispatic 
[Abh.  der  Sudslavischen  Akad.,  167,  1906];  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  404. 

Formed  by  the  melting  together  of  the  andesite  walls  and  the  iron  contents  of  an  iron  ware- 
house at  St.  Pierre,  at  the  time  of  the  eruption  of  Mt.  Pelee,  Martinique.  The  resulting  slag 
consisted  of  a  mixture  of  fayalite,  magnetite  and  a  little  glass.  In  the  cavities  the  fayalite  was 
in  isolated  crystals;  Lacroix,  C.  R.,  136,  28,  1903;  Zs.  Kr.,  41,  106. 

FEATHER  ORE,  see  under  Jamesonite. 
FEDOROWITE,  see  Pyroxene. 

FELDSPARS,  Min.,  pp.  314,  1034;  App.,  p.  26. — Analyses  of  plagioclase  from  Selischtsche, 
Province  of  Wolhynien,  and  from  Gorodischtsche,  Russia,  are  taken  to  prove  that  the  mineral  is 
a  definite  compound  of  the  albite  and  anorthite  molecules  and  not  an  isomorphous  mixture  and 
that  no  exact  relation  exists  between  its  chemical  composition  and  specific  gravity.  Tarassenko, 
[Schrift.  d.  Naturf.  Ges.  Kiew,  16,  2,  365,  1900],  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  182;  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  24,  269,  1901. 

Investigations  concerning  the  chemical  constitution  of  the  feldspars;  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak. 
Wien,  112,  355,  1903;  Zs.  Kr.,  41,  508,  1905.  Chemical  study  of  potash  feldspars  shows  con- 
stant presence  of  small  amounts  of  Li  and  Rb  in  monoclinic  varieties  and  their  absence  in  tri- 
clinic;  Barbier,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  31,  152,  1908;  see  also  Gonnard,  ibid,  303. 

Concerning  probability  of  a  soda  monoclinic  feldspar;  Barbier  and  Prost,  Bull.  Soc.  Chim. 
France,  3,  894,  1908;  also  Gonnard,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  31,  303,  1908.  Important  studies  by  Day 
and  Allen  on  the  isomorphism  and  thermal  properties  of  the  feldspars;  Publication  31,  Carnegie 
Institution,  Washington;  reprinted  in  part,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  93,  1905.  The  following  mixtures  of 
the  albite  and  anorthite  molecules  were  prepared  and  their  melting  points  and  specific  gravities 
determined. 

An.         Ab,An6        AbjAn-j         AbjAn,        Ab2Ant      AbgA^  Ab 

Melting  point         1532°         1500°  1463°  1419°  1367°  1340° 

Sp.  G.  2.765        2.733  2.710  2.679  2.660          2.649  2.605 

Conclusions  were  that  the  soda-lime  feldspars  could  be  considered  as  solid  solutions  and  form  an 
isomorphous  series.  Microscopic  investigation  of  the  various  products  showed  that  those  near 
the  anorthite  end  of  the  series  commonly  crystallized  larger  than  those  near  the  albite  end. 

Investigations  concerning  the  melting  points,  the  behavior  of  fused  masses,  etc.,  of  various 
silicates  including  the  feldspars;  Doelter,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  1904,  113,  (1),  177,  495. 

Optical.  —  Optical  determination  of  the  plagioclases ;  [Ver.  d.  k.  russ.  min.  Ges.  St.  Peters- 
burg, 37,  159,  1899],  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  694,  1901.  Optical  anomalies  in  plagioclase;  Fedorow,  Zs.  Kr., 
31,  579,  1899;  optical  orientation  of  oligoclase-albite;  Becke,  Min.  Mitth.,20,  55,  1900;  of  oligo- 
clase  group;  Tertsch,  ibid.,  22,  159,  1903.  Feldspars  from  Cala  Francese,  Sardinia,  with  study 
of  the  indices  of  refraction  of  microcline;  Riva,  Zs.  Kr.,  35,  361,  1901;  Rend.  1st.  Lomb.,  34, 
128,  1901;  study  of  optical  constants  of  twins  according  to  pericline  law;  Pearce  and  Duparc, 
-C.  R.,  133,  60,  1901;  effect  of  low  temperatures  upon  optical  properties  of  adular  and  sanidine; 
Panichi  [Mem.  Ace.  Line.,  4,  389,  1902];  Zs.  Kr.,  40,  89.  Methods  of  optical  investigation  of 
feldspars;  Fedorow,  [Ver.  d.  k.  russ.  min.  Ges.,  40,  221,  1903],  Zs.  Kr.,  39,  605.  Determination  of 
the  feldspars  by  means  of  their  refractive  indices;  Wright,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  21,  361,  1906;  opt.  study 
of  plagioclases  in  thin  section;  Cesaro,  Bull.  Ac.  Belg,  145,  1907. 

Study  and  discussion  of  cause  of  the  blue  reflections  from  moonstones  ("glaukiseren  ")• 
Viola,  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  171?  1900. 

Zonal  structure  in  plagioclase;  Fedorow,  Zs.  Kr.,  33,  127,  1900. 

Concerning  the  origin  of  perthite;  Wenglein,  [Inaug.-Diss.,  Kiel,  1903],  Zs.  Kr.,  41,  680,  1905. 

Laws  of  crystallization  in  eruptive  rocks;  Vogt,  Min.  Mitth.,  24,  490,  1905. 

Fetid  feldspar  from  Umberatana,  S.  Aus.;  Mawson,  [Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  S.  Aus.,  30,  67-70, 
1906]  ;Zs.  Kr.,  45,  315. 

Alteration  to  sericite  with  anal.;  Benedicks,  Bull.  Geol.  Inst.  Upsala,  7,  278,  1904-1905; 
Zs.  Kr.,  43,  641.  Decomposition  of;  Cushman  and  Hubbard,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture,  Bull. 
28,  1907. 

Felith,  see  Alith. 

FERGUSONITE,  Min.,  p.  729;  App.,  p.  26.  —  Crystals  from  Hogtveit,  Evje,  Satersdalen,  Norway; 
Schei,  [Nyt.  Mag,  43,  137,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  638. 

Mineral  referred  to  fergusonite  found  in  tin  gravels,  Embabaan  district,  Swaziland,  S.  Africa; 
Prior,  Min.  Mag,  12,  100,  1899.  Occurrence  in  the  Caucasus,  Russia,  with  analysis;  Tschernik, 
[Ann.  Geol.  Min.  Russ,  5,  221,  1902],  Zs.  Kr,  39,  625;  in  southern  Norway  with  anal,  by  Blom- 
trand;  Brogger,  Min.  Siid-Nor.  Granitpeg,  31,  1908;  radioactive  from  Madagascar  (with  anal.); 
Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min,  31,  313,  1908. 


42  APPENDIX  II. 

FERRONATRITE,  Min.,  959. —  Scharizer,  Zs.  Kr.,  41,  211,  1905,  suggests  [(NaSO4)Fe]2[NaSOJ 
+  6H2O  (cf.  sideronatrite)  for  structural  formula.  Prepared  artificially  by  mixing  acid  ferric 
sulphate  and  acid  sodium  sulphate  and  allowing  to  stand  for  a  long  period  in  moist  air.  Author 
uses  ferrinatrite  as  name  for  the  mineral  since  its  iron  is  ferric  and  not  ferrous. 

Ferrofallidite.     R.  Scharizer,  Zs.  ,Kr.,  37,  547,  1903. 

A  hydrated  ferrous  sulphate  occurring  with  romerite  near  Copiapo  in  Chile<  Occurs  in  clear 
grains  showing  double  refraction. 

Composition  FeSO4  +  H2O.  Analysis:  SO3,  46.66;  FeO,  40.94;  H2O,  10.33;  Fe2O3,  0.92;  insol. 
0.87  =  99.72.  Difficultly  soluble  in  water;  H2O  goes  off  freely  only  at  230°.  The  author 
remarks  upon  a  possible  derivation  by  dehydration  from  iron  vitriol  (melanterite).  The  com- 
pound FeSO4  +  H2O  from  Chile  was  first  noted  by  Mackintosh,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  38,  245,  1889. 

Ferroroemerite.     Scharizer,  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  546,  1903.     See  roemerite. 

FIBROFERRITE,  Min.,  p.  968.  — Occurs  thirty  miles  southwest  of  Green  River,  Utah;  ana- 
lyzed by  Headden,  Proc.  Col.  Sc.  Soc.,  8,  60,  1905.  Occurrence  (with  anal.)  at  Cetine,  Siena, 
Italy;  Manasse,  Proc.  Soc.  Tosc.,  May,  1908. 

FICHTELITE,  Min.,  p.  1000. — Review  of  previous  investigations,  etc.;  Schmidt,  CentralbL 
Min.,  519,  1901. 

Crystals  from  original  locality  with  new  form  o  (TlO)  show  hemimorphism  in  the  direction  of 

the  ortho  axis.  Crystal  constants  were  calculated  a  :  b  :  c  =  1.428  :  1:  1.755;  /?  =  126°  57'; 
Bockh,  [Fold.  Koz.,  34,  335  or  369,  1904J;  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  70,  1907;  crystals  from  Borkovic,  Bohemia, 
show  following  new  forms:  g  (101),  e  (201),  x  (304),  z  (Oil),  y  (114).  From  slightly  different 

angles  than  those  used  above  were  calculated  a  :  b  :  c  =  1.4330  :  1:  1.7563;  /?  =  126°  47£'. 
Chemical  analysis  gave  c  =  86.79;  H  =  13.02;  calculated  for  CWHX,  C  =  86.98;  H  =  13.02. 
Plzak  and  Rosicky,  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  332,  1907. 

FIEDLERITE,  Min.,  p.  172;  App.,  p.  26. — Crystals  from  Laurium,  Greece,  with  new  form 
(150)  and  anal.;  Lacroix  and  de  Schulten,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  31,  83,  1908. 

Analysis  by  de  Schulten,  C.  R.,  140,  315,  1905,  leads  to  the  formula,  2PbCl2.  Pb(OH)2. 

'  Florencite.    E.  Hussak  and  G.  T.  Prior,  Min.  Mag.,  12,  244,  1900;  Prior,  ib.,  p.  253. 

Rhombohedral.  Axis  c  =  1.15875;  0001  A  1011  =  53°  13J'.  Observed  forms:  c  (0001), 
m  (10TO),  r  (1011),  /  (0221).  Angles  rr'=  87°  51',  ff'=  108°  26.*  In  rhombohedral  crystals 
with /and  c  the  prominent  forms;  r  rare,  m  very  rare.  Faces  r,f  bright  and  smooth,  c  rough  and 
curved. 

*  This  angle  is  stated  to  be  given  by  "very  good  reflections  "  and  hence  is  here  assumed  as 
fundamental.  The  author  assumes  the  measured  angle  rr'  =  *88°  56'  [misprint  for  87°  56  ?]  and 
calculates  c  =  1.1901  [should  be  1.1913],  but  rr'=  88°  56'  requires  108°  58',  which  is  obviously 
wrong. 

Cleavage  basal,  fairly  perfect.  Fracture  splintery  to  sub-conchoidal.  Brittle.  Hardness 
about  5.  G.  =  3.586.  Luster  greasy  to  resinous.  Color  clear  pale  yellow,  crystals  often 
spotted  black  by  enclosed  tourmaline,  or  red  with  iron  oxide.  Transparent.  Optically  uni- 
axial,  positive.  Birefringence  not  high. 

Comp.  A  basic  phosphate  of. aluminium  and  the  cerium  metals,  closely  analogous  to  ham- 
linite,  to  which  it  is  related  in  form.  Calculated  formula  AlPO^CePO^AKOH),  or  3Al2O3.Ce2O3. 
2P2O6.6H2O. 

Analysis,  G.  T.  Prior,  1.  c. : 

P2O5  A12O3       Ce-earths          H2O          F  Fe2O3          CaO  SiO2 

|         25.61          32.28  28.00  10.87      undet.  0.76  1.31  0.48  =  99.31 

Pyr.  etc.  Infus.  Heated  in  C.  T.  gives  acid  water  and  leaves  signs  of  etching  on  the  tube. 
Only  partially  sol.  in  HC1. 

A  rare  constituent  of  the  cinnabar-bearing  sands  of  Tripuhy  nearOuro  Preto  Minas  Geraes, 
Brazil,  here  associated  with  monazite,  xenotime,  lewisite,  derbylite.  Found  more  abundantly 
in  larger  crystals  and  rounded  grains  in  diamond-bearing  sands  from  "Matta  dos  Creoulos  "  near 
Diamantina,  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil.  Also  at  Morro  do  Caixambu  near  Auro  Preto  and  Tripuhy, 
as  a  microscopic  constituent  of  the  reddish  micaceous  schists  in  the  quartz  lenticles  of  which 
the  well  known  yellow  topaz  occurs  with  kaolin  and  hematite. 

FLUORITE,  Min.,  pp.  161,  1034;  App.,  p.  26.  —  Crystals  from  Belgium  localities,  with  following 
new  forms,  (531),  (543);  Buttgenbach;  Ann.  Soc.  g<§ol.  Belg.,  27,  111,  1899-1900.  Symmetry  of 
fluorite;  Beckenkamp,  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  605,  1901.  Complex  crystals  from  Epprechtstein  in  Fichtel- 
gebirge,  showing  following  new  forms:  (10.1.1),  (17.1.1),  (877),  (931),  (19.9.5);  Weber,  Zs.  Kr., 


APPENDIX  II.  43 

37,  433,  1903.  Crystals  from  Gellert-Berg,  Budapest,  showed  the  new  forms  /  (15.7.4)  and 
r  (24.10.7);  Hulyak,  [Foldt.  Kozl.,  33,  54  and  175,  1903],  Zs.  Kr.,  40,  503,  1905;  from  marble  of 
Carrara;  D'Achiardi,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.  Sc.,  Mem.  21,  1905;  crystals  from  lyigtut,  Greenland,  with 
anal.;  Boggild,  Min.  Greenland,  104;  with  new  form  (20.4.3)  from  Topelec  near  Pisek,  Bohemia; 
Krejci,  Abh.  bohm.  Akad.,  No.  2,  1905. 

Determinations  of  index  of  refraction  and  specific  gravity  of  specimens  of  different  colors 
from  different  localities  were  practically  identical.  Dudenhausen,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  8,  1904. 

Fluorescence  and  thermo-luminescence  studied  spectroscopically,'  also  chemical  examination' 
of  gaseous  and  liquid  inclusions;  it  is  concluded  that  the  organic  substances,  to  which  the  color 
is  at  least  in  part  due,  have  nothing  to  do  with  the  optical  phenomena  named.  H.  W.  Morse, 
Amer.  Acad.,  41,  587,  1906.  Study  of  cause  of  phosphorescence  under  action  of  cathode  rays 
due  to  presence  of  various  rare  earths.  Phenomenon  has  been  reproduced  on  artif.  prepared 
material.  Urbain,  C.  R.,  143,  825,  1906. 

Experiments  to  determine  cause  of  color;  v.  Kraatz-Koschlau  and  Wohler,  Min.  Mitth., 
18,  317,  Zs.  Kr.,  33,  632. 

Fetid  fluorite  from  Lautignie,  Beaujolais;  Gamier,  C.  R.,  132,  95,  1901. 

Humphreys,  Astrophys.  Jour.,  20,  266;  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  202,  shows  that  many  fluorites  con- 
tain yttrium  and  frequently  also  ytterbium. 

Occurrence  at  Montefano,  Italy;  Tacconi,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  12,  (1),  355,  1903;  at  Heidel- 
bach,  Saxony;  Bergt,  Ber.  Abh.  Naturwiss.  Ges.  Isis,  Dresden,  23,  1903;  Obira,  Japan,  with 
enclosed  lamelke  of  bismuthinite;  Wada;  Beitr.  Min.  Japan,  1,  16,  1905;  at  Chacaltaya  mine, 
Huaina  Potosi,  Bolivia;  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  337,  1907;  as  cementing  material  in  sandstone  at 
Lauth,  Konigsberg,  Prussia;  Miigge,  Centralbl.  Min.,  33,  1908;  used  in  artificial  stone;  Sommer- 
feldt,  ibid.,  161.  Occ.  in  natrolite-phonolite  at  Aussig,  Baden;  Rimann,  Centralbl.  Min.,  673,  1908. 

FORESITE,  Min.,  p.  585.  — Analysis  of  material  from  Elba;  Manasse,  [Mem.  Soc.  Tosc.  di  Sc. 
Nat.,  Pisa,  17,  203,  1900];  Zs.  Kr.,  35,  514. 

FORSTERITE,  Min.,  p.  450;  App.,  p.  26.  — Analyses  of  material  from  Albaner  Mts.;  Zambonini, 
Zs.  Kr.,  34,  228;  from  Glenelg,  Inverness-shire,  Scotland;  Clough  and  Pollard,  Jour.  Geol.  Soc., 
65,  372,  1899;  from  Ceylon;  Arsandaux,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  24,  474,  1901;  Coomara-Swamy,  Jour. 
Geol.  Soc.,  58,  399,  1902. 

FRANCKEITE,  see  under  Teallite. 

FRANKLANDITE,  Min.,  p.  888.  — Formation  discussed;  van't  Hoff,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  301,  1907. 

FRIEDELITE,  Min.,  pp.465,  1035;  App.,  p.  27. — Occurrence  (with  anal.)  from  Vielie,  Val. 


pp.  465, 
.  Ztg.,  1, 


d'Aure;  Lienau,  Chem.  Ztg.,  1,  361,  1905. 

GADOLINITE,  Min.,  pp.  509,  1035;  App.,  p.  27.  —  Occurrence  in  large  crystalline  masses  (one 
weighing  73  Ibs.)  from  Barringer-Hill,  Llano  Co.,  Texas;  Hidden,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  425,  1905. 
Crystals  from  Kumak,  East  Greenland;  Boggild,  Min.  Gronl.,  232,  1905. 

Analyses  of  material  from  the  Caucasus;  Tschernik,  [Jour.  Soc.  phys.  China.  Russe.,  32,  87,  252, 
1900],  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  179;  from  West  Australia  ;  Davis,  [Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  N.  S.  W.,  35,  332,  1901],  Zs. 
Kr.,  39,  178;  from  Idaho;  Tschernik,  [Jour.  Soc.  phys.Chim.  Russe,  36,  25,  287,  1904];  Zs.  Kr.,  43, 
78.  Anal,  by  Davis  from  Cooglegong  tin  field,  West  Australia;  Maitland,  Geol.  Sur.  W.  Aus.,  Bull. 
23,  65-74,  1906.  Discussion  of  chem.  comp.;  Himmelbauer,  Ber.  Acad.  Wien,  115,  1185,  1906. 

Occ.  at  Montefano,  Italy;  Tacconi,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  12,  (1),  355,  1903. 

•GAHNITE,  Min.,  pp.  223,  1035;  App.,  p.  27.  —  Occurrence  (anal.)  at  the  Snuggen  copper  mines, 
Farila  parish,  Helsingland,  Sweden;  Hedstrom,  G.  For.  Forh..  23,  42,  1901. 

GALENA,  Min.,  p.  48;  App.,  p.  27.  —  Crystals  from  unknown  locality  with  new  form  p  (13.1.1); 
Rogers,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  45,  1901;  from  Brosso  and  Traversella;  Colomba,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  15, 
641,  1906. 

Containing  4.97  per  cent  Zn,  from  Bingham,  Utah;  Miers,  Min.  Mag.,  12,  112,  1899.  Con- 
taining bismuth  (anal.);  Rimatori,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  12,  (1),  263,  1903. 

Occurrence  in  fumaroles  of  eruption  of  Vesuvius  in  April,  1906;  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  30, 
229,  1907;  also  Zambonini,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  15,  (2),  235,  1906. 


,  Min.,  p.  422.  —  Chemical  composition  discussed;  Penfield  and  Warren,  see  under 
nasonite;  see  also,  Cesaro,  Mem.  Soc.  Liege,  5,  No.  6,  23,  1904.  J 

GANOPHYLLITE,  Min.,  p.  564.  —  Its  identity  as  a  distinct    species  maintained;   Hamberg, 
G.  For.  Forh.,  26,  81,  1904. 


44  APPENDIX  II. 

GARNET,  Min.,  pp.  437,  1035;  App.,  p.  27. — Crystals  from  Seven  Devils  District,  Idaho; 
Palache,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  300,  1899;  in  syenite  at  Biella  with  new  form  (532);  Zambonini,  Zs.  Kr., 
40,    225,    1904.      Pseudomorphs    of    a    lime    alumina  garnet    after 
vesuvianite  found  on  river  Borsowka,  Urals,  with  analysis;   v.  Jere- 
mejew  [Ver.  k.  russ.  min.  Gesell.,  35,  11,  1897],  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  505. 

Opt.  — :  Index  of  refraction  of   garnet   from   the   Fichtelgebirge, 
Bavaria;  Newland,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Ac.  Sc.,  16,  24,  1897;  Zs.  Kr.,  31, 
'  305.     Optical  structure  of  crystals  from  Eugenie-Maximilian  mines 
with  analysis"'  (hessonite);   v.  Worobieff,  [Ver.  k.  russ.  min.  Gesell., 
35,  19,  1897],  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  504. 

Anal.  —  Of  andradite  from  Lutterworth  and  Dungannon,  Onta- 
rio; Harrington,  Can.  Rec.  Sc.,  6,  479,  1894-1896;  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  292; 
from  Schonbrunn  (topazolite),  in  Fichtelgebirge;  Dull  [Pro.  Luitpold- 
Kreisrealschule  Munchen,  8,  1,  1899],  Zs.  Kr.,  35,  312;  from  Veltlin; 
Linck,  [Jenaische  Zs.  f.  Naturwiss.,  33,  345,  1899],  Zs.  Kr.,  35,  319; 
Garnet,  Idaho.  f  rom  Cortejana,  Huelva,  Spain  (melanite);  Moldenhauer,  Zs.  Kr.,  37, 

272,    1902;    from   Iwangorod,    Province    Lublin,   Russia,  containing 

2.97  per  cent  Nb2O5  +  Ta2O6;  5.26  per  cent  Y2O3,  etc.;  Tschernik  [Ver.  k.  russ.  min.  Ges.,  41, 
1,  1903],  Zs.  Kr.,  41,  182;  from  Daschkesan,  Caucasus;  Jaczewski,  [Verb.  russ.  min.  Ges.,  42,  75, 
1904],  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  69;  of  manganese  garnet  containing  1.2%  Y2O3  from  Kararfvet  near  Fahlun, 
Sweden;  Benedicks,  Bull.  Geol.  Inst.  Upsala,  7,  271,  1904-1905;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  640;  from  French 
Creek,  Pa.;  Middletown,  Pa.;  Sugar  Hill,  N.  H.;  Eyerman,  Amer.  Geol.,  34,  43,  1904.  Chemical 
and  mineralogical  study  of  various  garnets,  including  gelatinization  with  acids  after  fusion ;  the 
effect  of  fusing  upon  specific  gravity  and  index  of  refraction.  Seebach,  Inaug.-Diss.  Heidelberg, 
1906;Centralbl.  Min.,  774,  1906. 

The  alteration  of  pyrope,  "kelyphite,"  studied  optically  and  chemically  by  Mrha,  Min.  Mitth., 
19,  111,  1899,  showing  that  it  is  composed  of  an  iron-poor  bronzite  or  enstatite,  a  monoclinic 
pyroxene,  picotite  and  hornblende;  on  the  artificial  alteration  of  garnet  to  epidote;  v.  Fedorow, 
[Ann.  g<§ol.  et  min.  Russie,  8,  33,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  91. 

Graphitic  essonite  from  Barkhamsted,  Conn.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  234,  1902. 

Occurrence  at  Heidelbach,  Saxony;  Bergt,  Ber.  Abh.  Naturwiss.  Ges.  Isis,  Dresden,  24,  1903. 

Uvarovite.  —  From  Kunsjarvi,  Sweden,  with  anal. ;  Borgstrom,  Geol.  For.  Forh.,  23,  560,  1902. 

New  localities  in  the  Urals;  Worobieff,  [Verb.  russ.  min.  Ges.,  42,  Prot.  52,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  71. 

A  brownish-yellow  garnet  in  trachyte  from  Port  Cygnet,  Tasmania,  described  by  Macleod  and 

White  [Proc.  R.  Soc.  Tasmania  for  1898-1899,  1900,  74];  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.,  78,  663,  and  named 

johnstonotite  after  R.  M.  Johnston.     Anal,  given. 

A  pink  grossularite  occurring  in  dodecahedrons  in  white  marble  at  Xalostoc,  Morelos,  Mexico, 
has  been  called  variously  landerite,  xalostocile  and  rosolite.  See  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  402,  1907. 

GARNIERITE,  Min.,  p.  676;  App.,  p.  28.  — Experiments  concerning  loss  of  water;  Zambonini, 
[Mem.  Ace.  Line.,  5,  344;  6,  102,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  401.  Occurrence  as  alteration  product 
in  New  Caledonia;  Deprat,  C.  R.,  140,  1471,  1905. 

GAY-LUSSITE,  Min.,  p.  301;  App.,  p.  28. — Crystals  from  Sweetwater  Valley,  Wyoming; 
Farrington,  Bull.  Field  Columbian  Mus.  Geol.,  Series  1,  226,  1900;  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  77. 

GEDRITE,  Min.,  p.  384. — Crystals  from  Avisisarfik,  Greenland,  with  anal,  by  Christensen; 
Boggild,  Min.  Gronl.,  399,  1905.  Occurrence  (with  anal.)  Harcourt  Township,  Haliburton  Co., 
Ontario ;  Evans  and  Bancroft,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  25,  509,  1908. 

GEHLENITE,  Min.,  p.  476;  App.,  p.  28.  —  Found  in  granular  aggregates  in  contact  zone  between 
limestone  and  diorite  in  Velardena  mining  dist.,  Mexico.  Anal,  gave  SiO2,  26.33;  TiO2,  0.03; 
A12O3,  27.82;  Fe2O3,  1.43;  FeO,  0  50;  MnO,  0.01;  MgO,  2.44;  CaO,  39.55;  Na2O,  0.21;  K2O,  0.10; 
H2O,  1.85;  total,  100.27.  Wright,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  26,  545,  1908. 

GEIKIELITE,  App.,  p.  28.  —  Sustschinsky  has  described  rhombohedral  crystals  from  Ceylon 
showing  the  forms:  c  (0001),  also  as  parting,  r  (lOll)  only  as  cleavage,  </>  (5058);  axis  c  =  1.370 
and  rr'  =  *94°  7'  or  corresponding  closely  with  the  species  of  the  Hematite  group  (Min.,  p.  210) 
and  pyrophanite  (p.  1045);  G.  =  3.976;  analyses  by  Fr.  Kaeppel: 

TiO2  MgO  FeA  FeO 

60.00  29.86  6.90  2.03  =    98.79 

61.32  28.95  7.75  2.03  =  100.05 

Zs.  Kr.,  37,  57,  1902. 

Analyses  showing  that  FeO  is  always  present  in  considerable  amount  and  that  the  formula 
might  better  be  written  (Mg,Fe)TiO3.  General  relations  of  ferromagnesian  titanates  discussed. 
Crook  and  Jones,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  160,  1906. 


APPENDIX  II.  .  45 

GEOCRONITE,  Min.,  p.  T43.  —  Analyses,  Sala,  Sweden,  by  C.  Guillemain,  [Inaug.-Diss.  Breslau, 
1898],  Zs.  Kr,  33,  75. 

G.  D'Achiardi  has  studied  the  crystallized  mineral  from  Val  Castello,  Tuscany,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc. 
Mem.  18,  1901,  and  makes  it  isomorphous  with  stephanite.  By  changing  the  orientation  so  that 
(100)  becomes  (001)  the  following  axial  ratio,  near  stephanite,  is  obtained:  &  :  b  :  c  =  0.6145  :  1  : 
0.6797.  Forms  noted  c  (001),  m  (110),  (058),  (067),  (Oil),  (032),  (021),  (225),  (111). 

Angles  (001):  (032)  =  *45°  33i';  (001)  :  (Oil)  =  34°  12'.  The  analyses  do  not  confirm  the 
relation  to  jordanite  suggested  by  Solly,  Min.  Mag.,  12,  290, 1899,  but  yield  as  formula,  Pb5AsSbSg, 

|  S  17.57  Sb  7.78  As  4.47  Pb  70.02  Cu,  Fe,  tr.  =  99.84 

Prior,  Min.  Mag.,  13, 186,  1902,  by  a  new  analysis  of  "kilbrickinite  "  from  its  original  occur- 
rence, Kilbricken  Mine,  County  Clare,  Ireland;  has  shown  that  it  is  identical  with  the  earlier 
described  geocronite  from  Sala,  Sweden.  Analysis  follows: 

Pb  Sb  As  S 

68.49  9.13  4.59  17.20  =  99.41 

Georgiadesite.  A.  Lacroix  and  A.de  Schulten,  C.  R.,  146,  783,  1907;  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  31, 
86,  1908. 

Orthorhombic.  &  :  b  :  c  =  0.5770  :  1:  0.2228.  Angles:  (100)  :  (010)  =  119°  59';  (Oil)  :  (Oil) 
=  154°  53'.  Forms;  (100),  (010),  (Oil),  (0.11.4),  (451),  (16.5.4),  (4.15.2).  Crystals  small  with 
hexagonal  outline  due  to  development  of  prism  and  brachypinacoid.  Striated  on  top  by  oscill- 
ation of  dome  faces.  Pyramid  faces  small.  H.  =  3.5.  G.  =  7.1.  Resinous  luster.  Color 
white  or  brownish  yellow.  Ax.  pi.  ||  (100);  Bxac  II  c.  Ax.  angle  large. 

Comp.  —  Pb3(AsO<)2.3PbCl2;  As2O6,  13.28;  PbO,  38.61;  Pb,  35.83;  Cl,  12.28. 

As2O5  PbO  Pb  Ci 

Anal.  :  12.49  38.86  36.38  12.47  =  100.20 

Obs.  Found  on  one  specimen  from  lead  slags  at  Laurium,  Greece,  associated  with  fiedlerite 
and  matlockite.  Named  in  honor  of  M.  Georgiades,  Director  of  mines  at  Laurium. 

GERHARDTITE,  Min.,  p.  872.  —  A  bright  green  coating  on  the  granite-porphyry  cliffs  in  Chase 
Creek  Canyon  at  Metcalf,  Arizona,  was  found  to  consist  of  a  nitrate  and  chloride  of  copper;  the 
presence  of  gerhardtite  with  atacamite  is  inferred.  Lindgren  and  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  460, 
1904. 

GIBBSITE,  Min.,  p.  254;  App.,  29.  — Anal,  from  Klein-Tresny,  Mahren;  Kovar  Abh.  bdhml. 
Ak.,  28,  1899];  Zs.  Kr,  34,  705. 

Occurs  in  nodular  plates  at  Kodikanal,  Palni  Hills,  Madras,  India.  Analysis  agrees  with  accepted 
formula;  Warth,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  172,  1902.  Occurs  with  manganese-ore  (pyrolusite  and  wad) 
in  part  radiate-fibrous,  in  part  in  minute  tabular  crystals  at  Talevadi,  Bombay  (anal.);  also 
amorphous  from  Bhekowli,  Satara  distr.  (anal.);  L.  Leigh  Fennor,  Rec.  G.  Surv.  India,  34.  167, 
1906. 

Giorgiosite.  A.  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min., 28,  198,  1905;  C.  R.,  140, 1308,  1905.  Saline  crusts 
observed  by  Fouque*  (Santorin  et  ses  Eruptions,  p.  213,  1879)  at  the  surface  of  lava  at  Alphroessa, 
Santorin,  as  a  result  of  the  eruption  of  1866,  have  been  examined  by  Lacroix.  They  consist 
essentially  of  sodium  chloride,  containing  small  quantities  of  carbonate,  sodium  sulphate  and 
magnesium  chloride.  Magnesium  carbonate  was  observed  both  as  a  fine  white  powder  and  also 
as  a  light  white  flocculent  mass.  Dried  at  100°  they  yield  water  and  are  hence  inferred  to  be  basic 
carbonates  of  magnesium.  The  white  powder  is  made  up  of  minute  radiated  spherules,  isolated 
and  in  groups;  these  yield  a  black  cross  in  parallel  polarized  light,  with  a  birefringence  of  0.08  to 
0.09,  positive  in  the  direction  of  the  fibers.  This  substance  is  inferred  to  be  identical  with  a  sub- 
stance obtained  by  Fritsche  and  having  the  composition  4MgCO3.Mg(OH)3.4H,O.  This  imper- 
fectly investigated  mineral  is  called  giorgiosite  after  the  Giorgios. 

The  white  flocculent  mass  is  regarded  as  probably  hydromagnesite. 

GISMONDITE,  Min.,  p.  586;  App.,  p.  29.  —  Analyses  of  material  from  Nicolstadt  near  Lieg- 
nitz,  Silesia,  by  Sachs;  Centralbl.  Min.,  215, 1904,  and  from  Vallerano,  Capo  di  Boveand  Mostacci- 
ano,  near  Rome,  by  Zambonini,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  91,  1902,  lead  to  the  formula  CaAl3Si2O8. 4HaO. 

Occurs  as  alteration  product  (zeagonite)  of  nepheline  from  Lobau,  Austria;  Thugutt.  Jb 
Min.,  2,  65,  1900. 

GLASERITE  =  apkthitalite,  which  see. 

GLAUBERITE,  Min.,  p.  898;  App.,  p.  29.  — Crystals  from  Hallstattand  from  Diirnberge  near 
Hallein  described  by  Koechlin,  [Ann.  Hofmus.,  Wien,  16,  103  and  149,  1900];  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  637. 

Opal  pseudomorphic  afterglauberite  (?)  from  White  Cliffs,  N.  S.  W. ;  Anderson  and  Jevons,  [Rec. 
Aus.  Mus.,  6,  31,  1905];  Min.  Mag.,  14,  197. 


46  APPENDIX  II. 

Conditions  of  formation  discussed;  van't  Hoff  with  Chiaraviglio,  Farup,  d'Ans,  Ber.  Ak. 
Berlin,  810,  1899;  1000,  1903;  478,  1905;  218,  1906. 

Probable  occurrence  in  fumaroles  of  Mt.  Pele"e,  Martinique;  Lacroix,  Bull  Soc.  Min.,  28,  60. 
1905. 

GLAUCOCHROITE,  App.,  p.  29.  —  Described  by  Penfield  and  Warren  in  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  343,  1899. 
Optical  determination  gave:  Ax.pl.  ||.c-(001),  Bxa  JL  b  (010),  double  refraction  negative;  2Ey  = 
121°  30',  2Vy  =  60°  51';  indices  a '=  1.686,  ft  1.722,  7  =  1.735.  The  above-are  near  the  values 
for  monticellite  deduced  by  Penfield  arid  Forbes,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  50,  135,  1896. 

GLAUCONITE,  Min.,  p.  683;  App.,  p.  29.  —  General  study  concerning;  Collet  and  Lee,  [Proc. 
Roy.  Soc.  Edinburgh,  26,  238,  1906];  Zs.  Kr,  45,  302;  C.  R.,  142,  996,  1906. 

Anal,  from  near  Grodno,  Russia;  Smirnoff,  [Ann.  Ge"ol.  Min.  Russ.,  7,  28,  1904] ;  Zs.  Kr .,  43,  77. 

GLAUCOPHANE,  Min.,  p.  399;  App.,  p.  29.  — Study  of  crystals,  with  analysis,  from  Chatey- 
roux  in  Gressoney,  Piedmont;  Zambonini,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  11,  (1),  204,  1902;  from  New  Jersey; 
Prather,  Jour.  Geol.,  13,  509,  1905. 

Occurrence  of  var.  "rhodusite  "  from  Asskys  river,  Minassinsk,  Siberia,  with  analyses  and  dis- 
cussion of  chemical  composition;  Iskull,  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  370,  1907. 

Chemical  study  of  glaucophane  schists  from  many  localities;  Washington,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  11, 
35,  1901;  from  Conandale  Range,  Queensland ;  Jensen,  Proc.  Linnaean  Soc.  N.  S.  W.,  32,  (1),  701, 
1907;  paragenesis  of  minerals  in  glaucophane  rocks  in  California  discussed  by  Smith,  Proc.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.,  45,  183,  1906;  anal,  of  glaucophane  from  rocks  at  Lavintzie,  Bagnetal,  Wallis, 
Switzerland;  Grubenmann,  Festschr.  von  Harry  Rosenbusch,  1906,  p.  1. 

Glendonite.  —  Name  suggested  for  calcite.pseudomorphs  after  glauberite  in  various  localities 
in  N.  S.  Wales,  after  original  locality  of  Glendon ;  David,  Taylor,  Woolnough  and  Foxall,  [Rec. 
Geol.  Sur.  N.  S.  W.,  8,  161,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  622. 

GMELINITE,  Min.,  p.  593;  App.,  p.  29.  — Crystals  from  Scottish  localities;  Goodchild,  [Trans, 
Geol.  Soc.  Glasgow,  12,  Suppl.,  1-68,  1903];  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  307. 

Occurrence  (with  anal.)  at  Kurzi  south  of  Sympheropol,  Taurien,  and  on  Commordor  island, 
Bering  Sea,  Russia;  Fersmann,  Centralbl.  Min.,  573,  1906. 

From  Aci  Castello;  Di  Franco,  Att,  Ace.  Line  ,  13,  (1),  640,  1904. 

GOLD,  Min.,  p.  14;. App.,  p.  29.  — Crystals  from  Wemyi,  Lena  gold  district,  Siberia;  Samoi- 
loff,  [Ver.  russ.  min.  Gesells.,  43,  237,  1905];  Zr.  Kr.,  44,  87;  from  Pralorgnan,  Vald'Aosta,  Italy; 
Millosevich,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  15,  (1),  320,  1906;  from  Brusson,  Val  d'Aosta;  Colomba,  Att. 
Ace.  Torino,  42,  904,  1907. 

Structure  planes;  Miigge,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  55,  1899. 

Nuggets  with  concentric  structure,  from  New  Guinea;  Liversidge,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  N.  S.  W., 
40,  161,  1906;  also  internal  structure  of  some  crystals,  ibid.,  41,  143,  1907. 

Gold  in  meteorites;  Liversidge,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  N.  S  W.,  Sept.,  1902. 

GOLDSCHMIDTITE,  App.,  p.  30.  — Shown  by  Palache,  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  542,  to  be  identical  with 
sylvanite,  (100)  on  goldschmidtite  becoming  (101)  on  sylvanite.  The  position  of  a  number  of  the 
goldschmidtite  forms  was  due  to  twinning. 

Georceixite.     E.  Hussak,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  25,  338,  1906. 

Microcrystalline,  in  rolled  pebbles. 

H.  =  6.  G.  from  3.036  to  3.123.  Luster  non-metallic,  jasper-like  on  fresh  fracture.  Color 
various  shades  of  brown  and  white.  In  thin  section  appears  as  an  aggregate  of  small  colorless 
irregular  grains,  with  brown  powder  between.  Optically  uniaxial  and  positive.  Index  of  refrac- 
tion, 1.6253  (Gaubert,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  30,  108,  1907).  Weak  double  refraction.  Composition, 
(Ba,Ca,Ce)O.2Al2O3.P2O5.5H2O.  Analyses  (by  G.  Florence  of  material  from  Rio  Abaete)  gave: 

SiO2        Fe2O3  PoO5  A12O,  BaO  CaO  CeO  TiO2  H2O 

1.  1.55         4.10  22.74  35.00  15.42  3.55  1.55  0.67  14.62  =    99.20 
la 22.48  37.68  16.60  3.82  1.67  ....  15.74  =  100.00 

2.  6.50         1,67  21.47  35.20  15.30  2.24  2.35  0.75  14.73  =  100.21 
2a 23.52  38.56  16.76  2.45  2.57  16.14  =  100.00 

Analyses  la  and  2a  are  recalculated  from  1  and  2  by  subtracting  the  SiO2,  Fe2O3  and  TiO2  as 
impurities.  Qualitative  tests  showed  SrO  in  some  specimens.  Occurs  as  rounded  pebbles  in 
the  diamond  sands  of  Brazil,  commonly  called  favas.  Named  from  H.  Gorceix,  the  first  director 
of  the  School  of  Mines,  Ouro-Preto,  Minas  Geraes. 

GOSLARITE,  Min.,  p.  939;  App.,  p.  30.  —  Cuprogoslarite  is  a  variety  containing  copper  de- 
scribed by  Rogers,  Kansas  Univ.  Q.,  8,  105,  1899.  Occurs  as  a  translucent  light  greenish  blue 


APPENDIX  11.  47 

incrustation  on  the  wall  of  an  abandoned  zinc  mine  at  Galena,  Cherokee,  Kansas.  H.  =  2.     On 
exposure  to  the  air  loses  part  of  its  water  and  becomes  white.     Analysis: 

SO3  ZnO  CuO  FeO  H2O  Insol. 

[27.02]  23.83  6.68  0.13  41.76  0.58  =  100 

GOTHITE,  Min.,  pp.  247,  1036.  — Crystallographic  and  optical  studies;  Cesaro  and  Abraham, 
Bull.  Acad.  Roy.  cf.  Belg.,  179,  1903. 

Graftonite.     S.  L.  Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  9,  20,  1900. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  a  :  b  :  c  =  0.886  :  1  :  0.582;  /?  =  66°.  Forms:  a  (100),  b  (010),  m  (110), 
/  (120),  n  (130),  d(011),  e  (021),  p  (111).  Fundamental  measurements  only  approximate; 
bAd  =  62°;  bAm  =  51°. 

In  rough  composite  crystals  in  which  the  graftonite  is  closely  interlaminated  with  a  pale- 
green  triphylite.  the  tatter  usually  dark  from  alteration.  The  plane  of  lamination  is  parallel  to 
6  (010)  of  the  graftonite,  the  two  minerals  being  intergrown  in  such  a  way  that  the  macro-axis 
of  triphylite  is  parallel  to  the  clino-axis  of  graftonite  and  (102)  of  the  former  coincides  with  (010) 
of  the  latter. 

H.  =5.  G.  =  3.672.  Luster  vitreous  to  resinous.  Color  when  fresh,  a  delicate  salmon-pink, 
resembling  lithiophilite  (but  usually  dark  from  alteration). 

Composition,  R3P2O,,  with  R  =  Fe,  Mn  and  Ca. 

Analyses,  1,  Penfield,  on  the  fresh  mineral;  2,  Ford,  material  partly  altered  and  oxidized: 

P2O5        Fe2O3       FeO       MnO       MgO       CaO        Li2O       Na2O        K2O         H2O 

1.41.20         ...         30.65       17.62       0.40         9.23         0.33*      0.75  =  100.18 

2.40.80       10.16      24.28       15.38       ...          7.25         ...          1.15        0.14         1.17  =  100.33 

*  Containing  some  Na2O. 

B.  B.  darkens  and  fuses  at  2  to  a  slightly  magnetic  globule;  gives  a  bluish  green  color  to  the 
flame;  reacts  for  manganese  with  sodium  carbonate.  Readily  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

From  the  south  side  of  Melvin  Mountain  five  miles  west  of  Grafton,  New  Hampshire;  occurs 
sparingly  in  a  pegmatite  vein  with  beryl,  black  tourmaline,  garnet,  etc. 

GRAHAMITE,  Min.,  p.  1020;  App.,  p.  30.  —  From  study  of  occurrence  in  Ritchie  Co.,  W.  Va., 
thought  to  be  an  oxidation  product  of  petroleum;  White,  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Amet.,  10,  277,  1899; 
Zs.  Kr.  34,  205. 

Grandidierite.  A.  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  25,  85,  1902;  27,  259,  1904;  C.  R.,  137, 
582,  1903. 

Orthorhombic.  In  anhedral  elongated  individuals  up  to  8  cm.  in  length;  these  show  two 
cleavages  in  the  zone  of  elongation,  a  (100)  and  6  (010),  the  former  more  perfect. 

G.  =  2.99.  Luster  vitreous,  on  the  cleavage  surface  a  somewhat  pearly.  Color  bluish  green. 
Extinction  parallel.  Ax.  pi.  ||  c  or  transverse  to  the  direction  of  elongation.  Bxa  -L  a.  Bire- 
fringence negative.  Indices  (Na)  a  =  1.6018,  /?  =  1.6360,7  =  1.6385.  2Vtfa.  =  30°  16'.  Also 
by  measurement  2  ENa  =  49°  30'.  2Egr  =  52°  (Ti.).  Dispersion  p  <  v.  Strongly  pleochroic, 
with  a  >  ft  >  y.  In  thin  sections  colorless  in  direction  of  elongation,  blue  and  green  transverse 
to  this.  Sections  normal  to  an  optic  axis  showing  blue  brushes  on  a  white  ground,  belonging  to 
the  same  type  as  andalusite. 

Composition,  a  basic  silicate,  calculated  formula  7SiO2,ll(Al,Fe)2O3,  7(Mg,Fe,Ca)O,  2(Na, 
K,H)20. 

Analysis,  Pisani: 

SiO2         A1,O,         Fe2O3        FeO         MgO         CaO       Na2O         K2O         H2O 
20.90         52.80          6.60  4.86         9.65          2.10        2.22          0.40         1.25  =  100.78 

B.  B.  infusible;  unattacked  by  acids. 

Occurs  as  an  accessory  constituent  of  a  pegmatite  and  an  aplite  from  the  faults  of  Andraho- 
mana,  near  Fort  Dauphin,  in  the  extreme  southern  part  of  Madagascar.  It  is  associated  with 
quartz,  orthoclase  and  microcline,  almandite,  spinel,  also  biotite  and  andalusite;  encloses  the 
other  rock  elements  in  a  poikilitic  manner.  Grandidierite  is  easily  altered,  passing  into  a  green 
fibro-lamellar  substance  apparently  related  to  kryptotite.  Named  after  M.  Alfred  Grandidier, 
who  has  described  the  geography  and  natural  history  of  Madagascar. 

GRAPHITE,  Min.,  pp.  7,  1036;  App.,  p.  31.  —  Description  of  occurrences  in  Styria  and  in 


Ceylon;  Weinschenk,  [Abh.  bayer.  Akad.  Wiss.,  21,  233  and  281,  1900];   Zs.  pr.  Geol.,  1900,  8, 
36  and  174;  Zs.  Kr.,  36f  316.     In  basalts  of  lower  Rhine;  Brauns,  Centralbl.  Min.,  97,  1908. 

Greenalite.     C.  K.  Leith,  Mon.  43,  U.  S.  G.  S.,  1903. 

Name  given  to  a  green  hydrated  ferrous  silicate  occurring  in  the  form  of  granules  in  the 
cherty  rocks  associated  with  the  iron  ores  of  the  Mesabi  district,  Minn.  Resembles  glauconite 
,(and  was  originally  called  so)  but  shows  no  potash. 


48  APPENDIX  II. 

GREENOCKITE,  Min.,  pp.  69,  1036;  App.,  p.  31.  —  On  calcite  from  Joplin,  Mo.;  Cornwall,, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  7,  1902.  Occurrence  with  smithsonite  at  Montevecchio ;  Lovisato,  Rend.  Ace. 
Line.,  12,  (2),  642,  1903. 

GUARINITE,  Min.,  p.  717;  App.,  p,  31.  —  Discussion  of  chem.  comp.  by  Zambonini;  Centralbl. 
Min.,  524  and  667,  1902.  Crystals  studied  gave  axial  ratio:  &  :  b  :  i  =0.99268  :  1  :  0.37008. 
G.  between  2.9  and  3.3.  Double  refraction  like  that  of  quartz.  2V  =  near  90°.  Axial  pi.  ||  c. 
Bxa  =  a.  Strong  dispersion  p  >  v.  Pleochroism  a  =  canary  yellow;  b  =  colorless;  c  =  very 
pale  yellow.  Axial  ratio  and  optical  properties  agree  closely  with  those  of  danburite. 

GUMMITE,  Min.,  p.  892;  App.,  p.  31.  —  Ratio  of  radium  to  uranium;  Boltwood,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
18,  97,  1904. 

GYPSUM,  Min.,  p.  933;  App.,  p.  31. — Cryst. — Crystals  from  Lebo,  Coffey  Co.,  Kansas; 
Rogers,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  9,  364,  1900;  from  Tarajungitsok,  Godhavn  District,  Greenland;  Steenstrup, 
[Medd.  om  Gronl.,  24,  294,  1900];  from  the  Bad  Lands,  So.  Dakota_  with  (13.7.0);  Rogers, 
Sch.  Mines  Q.,  23,  133,  1902;  from  Ballabio,  with  new  forms  (212),  (313);  Artini,  Rend.  Roy. 
Inst.  Lomb.,  36,  1181,  1903;  sand  crystals;  Delkeskamp,  Zs.  fur  Naturwiss.,  Halle,  75,  185, 
1902;  crystals  from  dolomite  limestone,  Wietze,  Hannover;  Hofer,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  113,  (I),  169, 
1904;  crystal  from  Bellisio,  with  (314);  Cesaro,  Bull.  Ac.  Belg.,  140,  1905;  from  marble  of  Car- 
rara; D'Achiardi,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.  Sc.,  Mem.,  21,  1905;  unusual  crystals  from  salt  springs  at 
Pachpadra,  Jodhpur,  Rajputana;  Fermor,  [Rec.  Geol.  Sur.  India,  32,  231,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  43, 
620;  crystals  from  Igmand,  Hungary;  Torborffy,  Foldt.  Kozl.,  37,  312,  1907;  crystals  from 
sulphur  caves  near  Lomano,  Siena;  Manasse,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  23,  1907.  Microscopic  study  of 
the  crystallization  of  gypsum;  Maschke  and  Vater,  Zs.  Kr.,  33,  57;  crystals  from  Cetine  di  Cor- 
torniano,  Siena;  Viola,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  17,  (1),  501,  1908.  Etched  crystals;  Wiegers,  Zs.  fur 
Naturwiss.,  Halle,  73,  266,  1900.  Naturally  etched  crystals  from  Kommern,  Bohemia;  Miihl- 
hauser,  Min.  Mitth.,  20,  367,  1901.  Etching  figures,  natural  and  artificial,  fail  to  show  the  ex- 
istence of  a  plane  of  symmetry;  Viola,  Zs.  Kr.,  35,  220,  1901. 

Dispersion;  Konig,  [Ann.  d.  Phys.,  69,  1,  1899];  Zs.  Kr.,  35,  193.  Effect  of  low  temperatures 
upon  optical  properties;  Panichi,  [Mem.  Ace.  Line.,  4,  389,  1902];  Zs.  Kr.,  40,  88. 

Occ.  at  Cetine  di  Cortorniano,  near  Rosia,  Siena;  Pelloux,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  10,  (2),  10,  1901; 
in  Kansas;  Grimsley  and  Bailey,  Uni.  Geol.  Sur.  Kansas,  5. 

Conditions  of  formation  discussed;  van't  Hoff  with  Armstrong,  Hiurchsen,  Weigert,  Ber. 
Ak.  Berlin,  559,  1900;  570,  1140,  1901. 

GYROLITE,  Min.,  p.  566.  Study  of  crystals  from  Niakornat  and  other  Greenland  localities 
by  Boggild,  Medd.  om  Gronl.,  34,  93, 1908,  gave  the  following  new  facts:  Crystallization  rhombohe- 
dral  tetartohedral.  Axis  c  =  1.9360.  Forms  c(0001),  r(1011),  w(1012).  Angles:  r  :  c  =  *65°  54'  ; 
u  •  c  =  48°  11'.  Crystals  small  hexagonal  plates,  with  curved  faces  giving  inexact  measure- 
ments. Crystals  easily  etched,  figures  showing  tetartohedral  symmetry.  Cleavage  per.  |j  c(0001). 
Six  rayed  percussion  fig.  Optically  — .  w  =  1.5645.  c  =  1.5590. 

Anal.:  SiO2,  54.83;  A12O3,  4.58;  CaO,  31.15;  Na2O,  1.74;  H2O,  8.14;  total,  100.44. 

Discussion  of  relations  to  other  occurrences  of  gyrolite  and  other  similar  zeolites.  The 
mineral  from  Niakornat  has  been  described  as  a  new  species,  reyerite,  which  see. 

New  occurrences  in  Scotland;  Currie,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  93,  1905.  Occurrence  (with  anal.) 
in  diabase  from  Mogy-guassu,  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil;  Hussak,  Centralbl.  Min.,  330,  1906. 

Thought  to  be  indentical  with  zeophyllite;  Corau,  Centralbl.  Min.,  80,  1906. 

Hackmanite.     L.  H.  Borgstrom,  Geol.  F6r.  Forh.,  23,  563,  1901 ;  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  284. 

Isometric;  in  dodecahedrons. 

H.  =  5.     G.  =  3.32  —  3.33. 

Color  reddish  violet,  becoming  colorless  on  exposure  to  daylight.  Transparent  and  isotropic» 
Refractive  index  (Na)  —  1.4868. 

Composition: — Member  of  sodalite  group.  It  may  be  regarded  as  a  sodalite  with  6.23  p.c. 
of  the  "white  ultramarine  compound"  Na4[Al(NaS)]Al2(SiO4)3  of  Brogger  and  Bachstrom  (Zs. 
Kr.,  18,  223,  1890). 

Analysis: 

SiO,    A1A   Fe2O8  CaO   Na2O    K2O    Cl        S 
|  36.99  31.77    0.17     0.05   25.84   0.16    6.44   0.39  =  101.81  less  O  (=  C1,S)  1.64  -  100.17 

Soluble  in  dilute  hydrochloric  acid  with  evolution  of  H2S  and  the  separation  of  a  small  amount 
of  flocculent  silica. 

Occurs  in  the  rock  called  tawite  (W.  Ramsay)  from  the  Tawa  valley  in  the  Lujaur-Urt  on  the 
Kola  peninsula,  Lapland.  Tawite  consists  of  hackmanite  with  asgirite,  also,  as  accessories,  nephe- 
lite,  albite,  microcline,  eudialyte,  etc.  Sometimes  altered  on  the  exterior  to  natrolite. 

Named  after  Dr.  Victor  Hackman. 


APPENDIX  II.  49 

HAIDINGERITE,  Min.,  p.  827.  —  Artificial  production;  de  Schulten,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  26,  18,  1903; 
also  of  the  corresponding  barium  and  strontium  compounds;  id.,  ibid.,  27,  104,  1904. 

HALITE,  Min.,  pp.  154,  1036;  App.,  p.  32.  — Crystals  from  Sicily  with  pseudo-rhombohedral 
Asymmetry;  Andree,  Centralbl.  Min.,  88,  1904.  Influence  of  various  dissolved  salts  on  the  crystal 
form  of  sodium  chloride;  Korbs,  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  451,  1906. 

Determination  of  refractive  index  from  Stassfurt,  colorless  and  blue;  Dudenhausen,  Jb.  Min., 
1,  22,  1904.  Artificial  dichroismof  blue  halite;  Siedentopf,  [Verh.  deutsch.  phys.  Ges.,  621,  1907J ; 
Jb.  Min.,  1,  57,  1908. 

Cause  of  blue  color;  Ochsenius,  Centralbl.  Min.,  381,  1903;  Focke  and  Bruckmoser,  Min.  Mitth., 
25,  43,  1906;  Cornu,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  32,  1908. 

Analyses  of  occurrences  in  recent  lavas  from  Vesuvius;  Casoria,  [Ann.  R.  Scuola  sup.  di  agric. 
di  Portici,  4,  1,  1903];  Zs.  Kr.,  41,  276;  also  Brauns;  Centralbl.  Min.,  321,  1906;  and  Lacroix,  Bull. 
Soc.  Min.,  30,  239,  1907. 

Deformation  under  pressure;  Rinne,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  114,  1904. 

Cubic  crystals  found  in  volcanic  ash  from  Mt.  Pelee,  Martinique;  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  28, 
68,  1905.  Occurrence  in  Bilma  oasis,  Sahara  desert;  Lacroix,  ibid.,  31,  40,  1908. 

HALLO YSITE,  Min.,  p.  688.  —  Anal,  from  Edwards  Co.,  Texas;  var.  lenzinite  from  Ventura  Co., 
Calif.;  Merrill,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Rep.,  (2),  330,  1899;  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  73.  Chem.  constitution;  McNeil, 
Jour.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  28,  593,  1906. 

Occurs  somewhat  abundantly  as  a  pink  clay  (anal.)  at  the  lepidolite  mine  near  Pala,  San  Diego, 
Cal. ;  Schaller,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  17, 191, 1904. 

HAMLINITE,  Min.,  p.  762.  —  Suggested  by  Prior,  Min.  Mag.,  12,  249,  1900,  that  hamlinite 
florencite,  plumbogummite,  beudantite  and  svanbergite  are  members  of  one  group,  as  follows: 

r  Ar' 

Hamlinite  2SrO.3Al2O3.2P2O5.7H2O  87°  2'  c  =  1.1353 

Svanbergite  2SrO.3Al2O3.P2O5.2SO3.6H2O  89°  25'          c  =  1.2063 

Plumbogummite         2PbO.3Al2O3.2P2O5.7H2O  

Beudantite  2PbO.3Fe,O3-P2O5.2SO3.6H2O         88°  42'          b  =  1.1842 

Florencite  Ce2O3.3Al2O3.2P2O5.6H2O  88°  56'          c  =  1.1901 

Identified  in  the  diamond-bearing  sands  of  the  Serra  de  Congonhas,  Diamantina,  Brazil; 
Hussak,  Ann.  Nat.  Hofmus.,  19,  93,  1904;  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  202,  1905. 

Material  from  Binnenthal,  Switzerland,  described  originally  by  Solly;  Nature,  71,  118;  Min. 
Mag.,  14,  80,  1905,  as  a  new  species  and  named  bowmanite,  was  proven  by  Bowman;  Min.  Mag., 
14,  389,  1907,  to  be  identical  with  hamlinite.  Occurs  in  small  honey-yeilow  crystals  forming 
either  hexagonal  plates  or  combinations  of  rhombohedron  and  base.  Some  of  the  plates  show  in 
convergent  polarized  light  a  division  into  six  triangular  biaxial  sectors,  showing  that  the  mineral 
is  pseudo-hexagonal.  Analyses  given. 

Hampdenite.  Name  given  to  serpentine  occurring  at  Chester,  Mass.,  enclosing  serpentine 
pseudomorphs  after  olivine  (hampshirite) ;  Roe  and  Parsons,  Bull.  Minn.  Acad.  Sci.,  4,  2,  268, 
276,  1906;  and  Palache,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  491,  1907. 

Hampshirite,  see  under  Chrysolite. 

HANCOCKITE,  App.  I,  p.  32.  —  Described  by  Penfield  and  Warren,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  339,  1899. 

Approximate  measurements,  on  crystals  elongated  ||  6,  yielded  the  angles:  ce  (001  A  101)=  36°  15', 
ca  (101  A  100)  =  30°  45',  cr  (001  A  101)  =  63°,  nn"f  (111)  A  (111)  =  67°;  these  are  near  the  cor- 
responding angles  for  epidote.  Analyses  by  Warren  yielded: 

SiO2       A12O3  Fe2O3     Mn0O3          PbO     MnO     MgO       CaO       SrO       H2O 

1.  30.99      17.89      (|)12.33       1.38      (1)18.53     2.12      0.52        11.50      3.89       1.62=100.77. 

2.  30.88      17.99  12.96       17.47     2.96*     1.02  15.33  1.62 

*  Mn2O3  not  determined. 

ii  in        in  it  in  in 

The  formula  is  that  of  epidote,  R(ROH)R2(SiO4)3;  here  R  =»  Pb,  Ca,  Sr,  Mn  and  R  =  Al,  Fe 
in 
and  Mn 

HANNAYITE,  Min.,  p.  832.  —  From  guano  deposits  in  Australia,  with  analysis ;  Maclvor,  Chem. 
News,  86,  181,  217,  1902.  • 


50 


APPENDIX  II. 


HARDYSTONITE,  App.,  p.  32.  —  Wolff  has  determined  the  indices  of  refraction,  as  follows: 

-  1.6691,  cNa  =  1.6568;  wLi  =  1.6758,  eLi  =  1.6647. 
A  new  analysis  gave: 


SiO2 
37.78 


A1203 
0.91 


Fe20s 
0.43 


ZnO 
23.38 


MnO 
1.26 


CaO 
34.22 


MgO 
0.26 


K2O 
0.78 


1.10 


Ign. 

0.34  =  100.46. 


The  alkalies,  not  shown  in  an  earlier  Analysis,  may  be  due,  at  least  in  part,  to  impurities.   Proc. 
Amer.  Acad.,  36,  113,  1900. 


HARMOTOME,  Min.,  p.  581;  App.,  p.  33. — Crystals  from  Sarrabus,  Sardinia;  D'Achiardi, 
Mem.  Soc.  Tosc,  17,  1900;  from  Scottish  localities;  Goodchild,  [Trans.  Geol.  Soc.  Glasgow,  12, 
Suppl.,  1-68,  1903];  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  306. 

Harttite.     E.  Hussak,  Min.  Mitth.,  25,  339,  1906. 

Hexagonal.  Occasionally  in  microscopic  crystals  with  hexagonal  cross  section.  Microcrystal- 
line,  in  rolled  pebbles. 

H.  =  4.5-5.  G.  =  3.21.  Luster  non-metallic.  Color  flesh-red,  seldom  yellow  or  white.  In  thin 
section  appears  as  an  aggregate  of  small  colorless  grains  and  crystals. 

Optically  uniaxial  and  positive. 

Composition,  (Sr,Ca)O.2Al2O3.P2O5.SO3.5H2O. 

Analysis  by  G.  Florence  of  material  from  Rio  Sao  Jose  gave: 


P205 

1.  21.17 

2.  21.64 


SO,  ' 
11.53 
11.78 


A1203 
33.36 
34.40 


SrO 
16.80 
17.17 


CaO 
2.80 
2.19 


CeO 
1.02 


TiO, 
1.42" 


H20 

12.53  =  100.93* 

12.81  =  100.00 


*  Summation  of  anal.  1  is  given  by  author  as  100.27.  Probably  there  is  a  misprint  in  case  of 
percentage  of  CaO  which  should  read  2.14  in  order  to  account  for  CaO  =  2.19  of  anal.  2. 

Analysis  2  is  recalculated  from  1  by  deducting  the  CeO  and  TiO2  as  impurities. 
Occurs  in  the  diamond  sands  of  Brazil  as  rounded  pebbles,  commonly  called  favas. 
Named  from  F.  Hartt,  the  first  director  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Brazil. 

HATCHETTOLITE,  Min.,  p.  727.  —  Possible  occurrence  on  Mt.  Bity,  Madagascar;  Lacroix,  Bull. 
Min.  Soc.,  31,  246,  1908. 

HAUERITE,  Min.,  p.  87. — Belonging  to  tetartohedral  class  of  isometric  system;  Scacchi, 
IRend.  Ace.  Sci.  Napoli,  5,  164,  1899];  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  294.  Crystals  from  Raddusa  with  new  form, 
/?  (477);  Goldschmidt  and  Schroder,  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  214,  1908. 

Chemical  reactions  between  hauerite  and  metals  at  ordinary  temperatures;  Striiver,  Centralbl. 
Min.,  257,  1901 ;  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  10,  (1),  124,  1901 ;  study  continued  with  reactions  between  iron 
sulphides  and  various  metals;  id.,  Centralbl.  Min.,  401,  1901;  action  of  potassium  chlorate  upon; 
Spezia,  Att.  Ace.  Torino,  43,  April,  1908. 

HAUSMANNITE,  Min.,  pp.  230,  1036;  App.,  p.  33.  — Crystals  from  Brazil; 
Koechlin,  Min.  Mitth.,  27,  260,  1908. 

HAUYNITE,  Min.,  p.  431;  App.,  p.  33.  —  Variation  of  refractive  indices 
with  variation  in  composition;  Gaubert,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  28,  188,  1905. 

HAYESINE,  see  Bechilite. 

Hellandite.  W.  C.  Brogger,  [Nyt  Mag.  f.  Naturv,  Christiania,  41,  213, 
1903];  Zs.  Kr.,  42,417,  1906. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  a  :  b  :  c=  2.0646  :  1  :  2.1570;  /?  -  109°  45'.  Fo_rms: 
a  (100),  b  (010),  c  (001);  m  (110),  I  (120),  g  (540),  n  (320),  x  (101),  d  (102), 
r  (103),  t  (205),  e  (201),  q  (301),o  (Oil),  p  (122).  Angles  mm'"  =  125°  32', 
nb=  *  37°  40',  eaf  =  *  28°  20',  a'o"  =  *  39°  30'. 

Crystals    are    prismatic    in    habit,   being  elongated   parallel    to    c    axis. 
Twins,  tw.  pi.  (1)   c,   in  contact  twins,  (2)  o,  shown  by  twinning  striations 
and  lamellae,  best  seen  in  the  thin  sections. 
H.  =  5.5.     G.  =  3.70.     Color  nut  brown  to  brownish  red. 

Optically -K  Ax.  pi.  _L  b.  c  inclined  43£°  to  c  in  acute  angle  /?.  Axial 
angle  about  80°.  Birefringence  about  0.01. 

II  III  III      MI  III 

Composition,  2RO.3R2O3.4SiO2.3H2O  or  either  Ca2R3(R(OH)2)3(SiO4)4  or  Ca,(R(OH))e(SiO4)4., 
n  in 

R  =  Ca  chiefly;  R  =  Al,  Fe,  Mn,  and  the  cerium  metals. 


Hellandite 


APPENDIX   II.  51 

Analyses,  1,  O.  N.  Heidenreich;  2,  L.  Andersen- Aars. 
SiO3     A12O3  Fe,O3  Mn2O3  Ce2O3  Y2O3    Er2O3  ThO2  CaO   MgO  Na2O  K2O     H2O 

1.  23.55    10.22    2.64     5.69  40".12  ~"  10.05 0.26   0.06      7.55      =  100.14 

2.  23.66    10.12    2.56     5.91     1.01  19.29   15.43   0.62   9.81    0.10   0.23   0.06    11.75  *  =  100.55 

*  6.00  p.  c.  by  heating  up  to  500°,  the  remainder  at  red  heat.  5.00  p.  c.  therefore  of  the  water 
content  was  considered  constitutional  and  the  rest  as  due  to  alteration. 

Fuses  in  the  Bunsen  burner  flame.     Easily  soluble  in  HC1. 

Found  in  pegmatite  veins  near  Kragero,  Norway,  associated  with  tourmaline,  apatite,  titanite, 
phenacite,  thorite,  and  allanite. 

Alters  readily,  chiefly  by  taking  on  more  water,  into  a  yellow  or  white  earthy  material. 
Pseudomorphs  of  microcline  after  heilandite  were  observed. 

HEMATITE,  Min.,  pp.  213,  1037;  App.,  p.  34.  —  Study  of  crystals  from  various  localities  gave 
c  axis  =  1.3654  as  an  average;  Melczer,  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  580,  1903;  crystals  from  ^Etna;  Franco,  Att. 
Ace.  Gioenia,  Catania,  17,  1,  1903;  from  Binnenthal,  Switzerland;  Harre,  Zs.  Kr.,  42,  280;  from 
Minas  Geraes,  Brazil,  showing  rare  scalenohedron  (62^7)  and  new  one  (1344);  Dufet,  Bull.  Min. 
Soc.,  26,  60,  1903;  prismatic  crystals  from  Guanajuato,  Mexico;  McKee,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  17,  241,  1904; 
crystals  from  Aosta,  Italy  (titaniferous) ;  Millosevich,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  15,  (1),  321,  1906;  from 
Padru,  Sardinia;  Millosevich,  ibid.,  16,  (1),  632,  1907;  artif.  crystals;  Munroe,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24, 
485,  1907;  crystals  from  Vesuvius  (eruption  of  April,  1906);  Johns_ton-Lavis  and  Spencer,  Min. 
Mag.,  15,  60,  1908;  from  Kakuk  Mts.,  Hungary,  with  new  form,  /  (4371);  Zimanyi,  Centralbl.  Min., 

3.  1908. 

Optical  constants;  Forsterling,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.,  25,  344,  1908. 

Eisenrose  from  St.  Gotthard  giving  black  streak;  Hogenraad,  Zs.  Kr.,  39,  396.  Parting  on 
hematite  from  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J. ;  Moses,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  20,  283.  Law  of  parallel  growth  with 
rutile,  which  see.  Study  of  magnetic  properties ;  Westman,  [Upsala  Uni.  Arsskrift,  2,  1896] ;  Zs.  Kr., 
31,  309;  Abt,  [Ann.  d.  Phys.,  67,  474,  1899];  Zr.  Ks.,  35,  191;  Kunz,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  62,  1907. 

HERCYNITE,  Min.,  p.  223;  App.,  p.  34.  —  Occurs  in  masses  in  the  tin  drift,  Moorina,  Tasmania; 
Petterd  (anal,  by  Millen),  Notes  on  Tasmanian  Minerals,  priv.  publ.,  John  Vail,  Gov't  printer, 
Tasmania. 

HERDERITE,  Min.,  p.  760;  App.,  p.  34.  —  Crystals  from  Epprechtstein,  Fichtelgebirge,  Bavaria; 
Bucking,  Centralbl.  Min  ,  294,  1908. 

HERSCHELITE,  see  Chabazite. 

HESSENBERGITE,  Min.,  p.  1037.  — By  comparison  of  crystal  angles,  etc.,  the  identity  of  hessen- 
bergite  (sideroxene)  with  bertrandite  is  strongly  suggested.  Griinling,  Zs.  Kr.,  39,  386. 

HESSITE,  Min.,  pp.  47,  1037;  App.,  p.  35.  — Crystals  from  Boulder  Co.,  Colo.;  Palache,  Am. 
J.  Sc.,  10,  426,  1900;  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  547. 

Anal,  of  material  from  San  Sebastian,  Jalisco,  Mexico;  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  298,  1899. 

HETEROMORPHITE,  see  under  Plagionite. 

HEULANDITE,  Min.,  p.  574;  App.  p.  35.  —  Cryst.  —  Crystals  from  Iceland;  Jeremejew,  [Bull. 
Acad.  Sc.  St.  Pe*tersbourg,  9,  5,  1898];  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  428;  from  granite  of  Baveno  with  opt.  study; 
Artini,  Rend.,  Ace.  Line.,  11,  (2),  364,  1902;  from  Scottish  localities  with  following  new  forms, 
^(101),  w  (032),  n  (111),  Mineral  considered  to  be  triclinic,  pseudo-monoclinic.  Goodchild, 
[Trans.  Geol.  Soc.,  Glasgow,  12,  Suppl.,  1-68,  1903];  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  306;  from  Petersdorf,  near 
Zoptau,  Mahren;  Kretschner,  Centralbl  Min.,  612,  1905;  from  East  Greenland  with  new  form 
r  (501)  (Henry  Glacier);  Boggild,  Medd.  om  Gronl.,  28,  120,  1905;  from  Werris  Creek,  N.  S.  W.; 
Anderson,  Rec.  Aus.  Mus.,  6,  422,  1907;  from  Nadap,  Hungary,  with  anal.;  Mauritz,  Ann.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hung.,  550,  1908;  from  basalt  of  Montresta,  Sardinia ;  Deprat,  Bull.  Min.  Soc.,  31,  181,  1908; 
also,  Millosevich,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  17,  (1),  267,  1908;  and  (with  anal.);  Pelacani,  ibid.,  17,  (2), 
70,  1908. 

Opt. —  Effect  of  low  temperatures  upon  optical  properties;  Panichi  [Mem.  Ace.  Line.,  4, 
389,  1902],  Zs.  Kr.,  40,  86;  from  Biella,  Italy,  with  optical  and  chemical  study;  Zambonini,  Zs.  Kr., 
40,  266,  1904;  refractive  indices;  Gaubert,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  30,  104,  1907. 

Chem.  —  Anal,  from  Crownprince  Rudolf  Island;  Colomba,  [Osservazioni  Sci.  spedizione 
polare,  Duca  Abruzzi.  Milano,  1903];  Zs.  Kr.,  41,  279.  Study  of  role  played  by  water  in  the 
constitution;  Zambonini,  [Mem.  Ace.  Line.,  5,  344;  6,  102,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  395;  also  Ferro, 
Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  14,  (2),  140,  1905.  Anal,  of  material  from  Iceland  with  discussion  of  chem. 
comp.;  S.  Hillebrand,  Ber.  Acad.  Wien,  115,  712,  1906.  Anal,  of  material  from  Teigarhorn, 
Iceland,  with  discussion  of  composition;  Baschieri,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  24,  1908.  Discussion  of 
chem.  comp.;  Zambonini,  Mem.  Ace.  Sci.  Napoli,  14,  96,  1908. 

Absorption  of  various  liquids  on  cooling  after  having  been  heated;  Gaubert,  Bull.  Soc.  Min., 
26,  178,  1903. 


52  APPENDIX   II. 

Hibschite.     F.  Cornu,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  24,  327,  1905;  25,  249,  1905. 

Isometric.  In  minute  crystals,  octahedrons  and  less  often  dodecahedrons;  very  rarely  iso- 
lated, usually  grouped  in  parallel  position  enveloping  dodecahedrons,  or  grains,  of  melanite.  No 
cleavage.  Very  brittle.  H.  =  6.  G.  =  3.05.  Colorless  or  pale  yellow.  Optically  isotropic; 
occasionally  shows  optical  anomalies,  analogous  to  those  of  garnet.  Refractive  index  1.67. 

Composition  as  for  lawsonite,  H4CaAl2Si2O10.  This  is  deduced  from  analysis  of  material, 
(l)consisting  of  melanite  (titanmelanite)  and  hibschite.  The  pure  garnet  gave  the  results  under 
(2),  leaving  (3)  as  the  composition  of  hibschite,  reduced  to  100. 

SiO2     TiO2  Fe2O3  A12O3  CaO  MgO         H2O 

1.  Melanite  +  Hibschite        37.70*....  8.46  22.38  21.31  1.86          8.59-100.30 

2.  Melanite  (pure)                   32.15     6.08  20.99  6.65  32.45  0.68          0.95  =  99.95 

3.  Hibschite                             37.12     ....  32.82  13.72  2.64  13.70  =  100 

*  TiO2  determined  on  separate  sample  1.76  p.  c. 

B.  B.  infusible;  yields  water  freely.  Easily  attacked  by  acids  and  alkalies,  somewhat  less  so 
after  ignition. 

From  the  phonolite  of  the  Marienberg  near  Aussig,  Bohemia,  where  it  occurs  enveloping 
green  crystals  of  a  titanifero-us  melanite  in  inclusions  in  a  calcareous  marl. 

Also  occurs  in  limestone  inclusions  from  the  basalt  of  Aubenas  in  the  Vivarais,  Ardeche,  cL 
Lacroix,  Les  Enclaves  des  roches  volcaniques,  Macon,  1893,  p.  149,  and  Cornu,  1.  c.  p.  265. 

Named  after  Professor  J.  E.  Hibsch. 

HIELMITE,  see  under  Uraninite. 

Hillebrandite.    F.  E.  Wright,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  26,  551,  1908. 

Orthorhombic;  radiating  fibrous.  Cleavage  probably  after  (110).  Brittle.  H.  about  5.5. 
G.  =  2.692.  Color  pure  porcelain  white,  often  with  faint  tinge  of  pale  green,  n  about  1.61. 
Birefringence  weak  to  medium,  negative.  2E  medium  with  strong  dispersion  v  >  p. 

Comp.   Ca2SiO4.H2O;  SiO2,  31.74;  CaO,  58.81;  H2O,  9.45. 

Anal,  by  E.  T.  Allen: 

SiOa       TiO2      A12O3      Fe2O3FeO      MnO ,    MgO        CaO     Na2O       K2O      H2O 

32.59       0.02       0.23  0.15  0.01        0.04         57.76     0.03        0.05       9.36  =  100.24 

In  HCl  separates  some  silica  but  otherwise  dissolves.  Difficultly  fusible  to  colorless  glassy 
bead,  giving  calcium  flame. 

Found  in  contact  zone  between  limestone  and  diorite  in  Velardena  mining  district,  Mexico,, 
associated  with  gehlenite  and  spurrite.  Named  in  honor  of  Dr.  W.  F.  Hillebrand. 

HISINGERITE,  Min.,  p.  702.  —  From  Ritenbeuk  or  Godhavn  district,  Greenland,  with  anal.; 
Nicolau,  [Medd.  om  Gronl.,  24,  215,  1901];  Min.  Gronl.,  322. 

Histrixite.  W.  F.  Petterd,  Notes  on  Minerals  Occurring  in  Tasmania,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  Tas- 
mania, 18,  1902;  Zs.  Kr.,  42,  393.  Occurs  in  radiating  groups  of  prismatic  (orthorhombic) 
crystals,  striated  longitudinally  and  showing  indistinct  acute  terminations:  also  massive  with 
foliated  structure.  H.  =  2,  slightly  sectile.  Luster  metallic.  Color  and  streak  steel-gray, 
when  massive  shows  iridescent  tarnish.  Analyses  on  material  regarded  as  pure. 

S  Bi  Sb  Cu  Fe 

1.  24.05  55.93  10.08  6.86  5.18  =  102.10 

2.  23.01  56.08  9.33  6.12  5.44  =    99.98 

The  formula  deduced  is  7Bi2S,.2Sb2S3.5CuFeS2. 

Occurs  associated  with  bismuthinite  and  pyrite  in  a  massive  body  of  tetrahedrite  at  the 
Curtin-Davis  mine,  Ringville,  Tasmania.  Named  from  the  Latin  hystrix  (histrix),  a  porcupine. 

HITCHCOCKITE,  see  Plumbogummite. 

HOERNESITE,  Min.,  p.  817.  —  Artif.;  de  Schulten,  Bull.  Min.  Soc.,  26,  81,  1903. 

Hollandite.  L.  L.  Fermor,  [Trans.  Min.  Geol.  Inst.  India,  1,  76,  1906];  Rec.  Geol.  Sur. 
India,  36,  295,  1908.  A  crystallized  manganate  of  manganese,  barium  and  ferric  iron,  m(Ba,Mn)3 
MnOs  -f  n  Fe4(MnO6)3.  Author  discusses  its  relations  to  coronadite,  which  see.  Found  in  the 
Kajlidongri  manganese  mine,  Jhdbua  State,  Central  India.  Named  in  honor  of  T.  H.  Holland* 
Director  of  the  Geol.  Sur.  of  India. 


APPENDIX   II.  53 

HOPEITE,  Min.,  p.  808;  App.,  p.  35.  —  Crystals  from  Moresnet,  Belgium,  with  new  form  (130); 
also  opt.  study;  Buttgenbach,  Ann.  Soc.  Geol.  Belg.,  33,  M9t  1906;  crystals  found  associated 
with  bone  breccia  in  a  cave  in  the  surface  lead  and  zinc  ores  of  Broken  Hill  mines,  northwestern 
Rhodesia,  studied  by  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  15,  1,  1908,  gave  following  new  facts  concerning  the 
mineral.  From  measured  angles  (100):  (120)  =  49°  10'  and  (100)  :  (101)  =  50°  34'  was  calcu- 
lated ratio,  a  :  b  :  c  =  0.5786  :  1  :  0.4758.  Three  cleavages  a  (100)  perfect  with  pearly  luster 
on  cleavage  face;  6(010),  good;  c(001)  poor  but  showing  in  cracks  on  crystals.  H.  =  3.25. 
G.  =3.0-3.1.  Cleavage  plate  parallel  to  6(010)  shows  interbanding  of  two  modifications, 
a-hopeite  and  /?-hopeite.  a-hopeite  has  higher  birefringence.  Acute  negative  bisectrix  _L  6(010). 
Ax.  pi.  ||  c  (001).  2E  =  5S|°,  approx.  /9-hopeite  lower  birefringence.  Bisectrix  as  in  a-hopeite. 
Ax.  pi.  sometimes  ||  c  (001),  sometimes  _L  c  (001).  In  first  case  2E  =  32^°  (approx.)  and  in 
latter  2E  =  20°  (approx.).  When  warmed  a-hopeite  is  destroyed  at  105°  C.  while  ^-hopeite 
becomes  opaque  only  at  139°  C.  /?-hopeite  has  slightly  lower  Sp.  G.  than  a-hopeite.  Analyses 
prove  two  modifications  to  be  the  same  and  agree  with  formula,  Zn3P2O8.4H2O;  ZnO,  53.3;  P2O5, 
31.0;  H2O,  157. 

ZnO  P205  H20 

a-hopeite  52.1  31.8  16.1  =  100.00 

/Miopeite  51.9  [31.9]  16.2  =  100.00 

Artif.;  de  Schulten,  Bull.  Min.  Soc.,  27,  100,  1904. 

HORTONOLITE,  Min.,  p.  455.  —  Occurs  as  vein  mineral  associated  with  actinolite  and  clino- 
chlore  at  Iron  Mine  Hill,  Cumberland,  R.  I.  Analysis;  Johnson  and  Warren,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  25,  35, 
1908;  Warren,  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  209. 

Howdenite.  —  Variety  of  chiastolite  from  Bimbowrie,  S.  Aus;  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  183,  1907. 

HOWLITE,  Min.,  p.  881. — Occurs  in  large  quantities  at  the  borax  mines  in  the  Mohave 
desert,  16  miles  N.  E.  of  Daggett,  San  Bernardino  Co.,  California.  Varies  in  form  from  friable 


aggregates  of  fine  scaly  crystals  (anal.  1) 
Giles,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  354,  1903. 

to  hard  rocklike  amorphous 

masses  (anal.  2).     W.  B. 

SiO2 

B2O, 

CaO 

H.,O 

MgO,Na2O 

1.        15.50 

44.38 

28.45 

11.58 

0.09 

=  100 

2.        15.33 

43.78 

28.44 

11.39 

1.06 

=  100 

HUANTAJAYITE,  Min.,  p.  156.  —  Synthesis  of;  Cornu,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  22,  1908. 

HUBNERITE,  Min.,  p.  982. — Anal,  from  Dragoon,  Summit,  Ariz.;  Hobbs,  Amer.  Geol.,  36, 
179;  Zs.  Kr.,43,  394. 

HUDSONITE,  cf.  Amphibole. 

Hulsite.     A.  Knoffand  W.  T.  Schaller;  Am.  J.  Sc.,  25,  323,  1908. 

Orthorhombic  (?)  as  small  crystals  or  tabular  masses.  Prismatic  cleavage;  m  A  m"'=  57°  38'. 
Twinning  frequent  with  c  axis  as  twinning  axis;  one  individual  being  revolved  120°  from  the  other. 
Color  and  streak  black.  Luster  submetallic.  H.  =  3.  G.  =  4.28. 

Comp.  Originally  given  as  a  hydrous  borate  of  ferrous  and  ferric  iron  and  magnesium.  Subse- 
quently about  11%  of  SnO2  was  discovered  in  the  mineral  and  the  revised  formula  (priv.  contr. 
W.  T.  Schaller)  is  10(Fe,Mg)O.2FeO3.lSnO2.3B2Os -2H2O. 

Pyr.  Readily  sol.  in  HC1  and  HF.  Yields  water  in  C.  T.  Fuses  quietly  to  a  dull  black  slag 
and  tinges  the  flame  green.  Boron  reaction  with  HKSO4  and  CaF2. 

Oce.  Found  in  metamorphosed  limestone  at  a  granite  contact  at  Brooks  mountain,  Seward 
Peninsula,  Alaska,  associated  with  vesuvianite,  magnetite  and  calcite.  Named  in  honor  of 
Mr.  Alfred  Hulse  Brooks  of  the  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur. 

HUREAULITE,  Min.,  p.  832.  —Artif.;  de  Schulten,  Bull.  Min.  Soc.,  27,  123,  1904. 
Hussakite,  see  under  Xenotime. 

Hutchinsonite.  R.  H.  Solly,  Proc.  Cambridge  Phil.  Soc.,  12,  277,  1904;  Min.  Mag.,  14,  72, 
1905.  G.  T.  Prior,  Nature,  71,  534,  1905.  G.  F.  H.  Smith  and  G.  T.  Prior,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  284, 
1907. 

Orthorhombic.  Axes  &  :b  :  c=  1.6343  :  1  :  0.7549  (&  as  given  by  Solly  =  0.8175).  Angles 
(100)  :  (340)  =  *  47°  28';  (100)  :  (201)  =  *47°  16'. 

Commonly  in  flattened  rhombic  prisms  with  numerous  small  faces  of  domes  arid  pyramids; 
j  (140)  prominent.  Principal  forms:  a  (100),  6  (010),  F  (210),  I  (740),  k  (320),  i  (540),  m(110), 
h  (340),  /  (120),  g  (140),  U  (102),  d  (101),  W  (302),  u  (201),  v  (301),  w  (401),  p  (111),  N  (221), 
n  (121),  t  (342),  q  (322),  o  (211),  Q  (311). 


54  APPENDIX  II. 

Cleavage  a  good.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  1.5  —  2.  G.  =  4.6.  Luster  ada- 
mantine. Color  and  streak,  scarlet-vermilion  to  deep  cherry-red.  Transparent  to  translucent. 
Ax.  pi.  ||  a  (100).  Bxac  -I  to  6  (010).  Negative.  Birefringence  fairly  strong.  Pleochroism  weak. 

Composition,  (Tl,Ag,Cu)2S.AsaS3  +  PbS.As2S3  (?). 

Analyses  on  small  amounts  of  somewhat  doubtful  purity.  I  on  crystals;  II  on  variety  occur- 
ring in  needles. 

Ag  Tl  Pb  Cu  Fe  As  Sb  S 

I.  9.0  25.0  12.5  "...  ...          30.5  ...          26.0=103.0 

II.  2.0  18.0  16.0  3.0  0.5          29.5          2.0          26.5  =  97.5 

Occurs  in  the  white  dolomite  of  the  Lengenbach  quarry  in  the  Binnenthal,  Switzerland; 
closely  associated  with  sartorite  and  rathite.  This  name  is  also  used  by  Koechlin  for  an  unde- 
scribed  mineral  from  the  Binnenthal,  Min.  Mitth.,  23,  551,  1904. 

Named  after  Dr.  Arthur  Hutchinson,  of  Cambridge,  England. 

Hyaloallophane.  G.  D'Achiardi,  [Atti.  Soc.  Toscana  Sci.  Nat.,  12,  32,  1898].  Allophane 
containing  an  excess  of  silica,  supposed  to  be  due  to  the  presence  of  admixed  hyalite,  from  Sar- 
dinia. Min.  Mag.,  12,  384;  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  521. 

HYALOPHANE,  Min.,  p.  321.  — Crystallographic  and  optical  study  of  crystals  from  the  Bin- 
nenthal, Switzerland;  Baumhauer.  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  603,  1903.  Crystals  from  same  locality  showing 
new  forms  (380),  (212),  (211);  Solly,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  17,  1904.  Crystallographic  and  optical 
study  with  anal,  and  discussion  of  isomorphism  of  barium  and  potassium  feldspars;  Strand- 
mark,  G.  For.  Forh.,  25,  289,  1903;  26,  97,  1904. 

HYALOSIDERITE,  see  Chrysolite. 

HYALOTEKITE,  Min.,  p.  422.  —  Discussion  of  chem.  comp. ;  Cesaro,  Mem.  Soc.  Liege,  5,  No.  6, 
26,  1904. 

HYDROCERUSSITE,  Min.,  p.  299.  —  Crystals  from  Langban  are  hexagonal  with  c(0001), 
o  (1012),  p  (lOll);  cp  =  *58°  36'  and  c  =  1.4188.  Flink,  Bull.  G.  Inst.  Upsala,  6,  94,  1901. 

Hydrogbthite.  P.  Zemjatschensky  [Trav.  Soc.  Nat.  St.  Petersburg,  20,  206,  1889],  Zs.  Kr., 
20,  185;  [Trav.  Soc.  Nat.  St.  Petersburg,  34,  1903],  Zs.  Kr.,  41,  187;  J.  Samojloff,  Zs.  Kr.,  35, 
272,  1901. 

Orthorhombic,  radiating  fibrous.  Two  cleavages  at  right  angles.  H.  =4.  G.  =  3.7. 
Color  and  streak  brick  red.  Optically  —  .  Ax.  pi.  _L  to  best  cleavage.  Pleochroism  strong, 
orange  red  to  yellow  green.  Comp.  3Fe2O3-4H2O;  Fe2O3,  86.9;  H2O,  13.09. 

Anal.,  Samojloff,  loc.  cit.,  Fe2O3,  86.01 ;  H2O,  12.95.  Occ.  associated  with  limonite  near 
Lipetzk  and  Dankow,  etc.,  Gouvernement  Tula,  Russia. 

HYDROMAGNESITE,  see  Giorgiosite. 

HYDROUS  CALCIUM  CARBONATE.  —  Occurs  as  a  white  fungus-like  coating  on  marl  on  shore  of 
river  Weichsel  near  Nowo-Alexandria,  Poland,  in  felted  mass  of  thin  colorless  needles  or  plates. 
G.  =  2.63.  Shows  inclined  extinction  and  is  monoclinic  or  triclinic.  Analysis  gives  CaCo3 
with  probably  31^0  =  CaCo3.3H2O.  Iwanoff,  [Ann.  geol.  et  min.  Russie,  8,  23,  1905];  Zs.  Kr., 
44,  87. 

HYDROUS  IRON  PHOSPHATE.  —  Anal,  of  material  from  Kutschuk-Eltigen  and  Nowy  Karantin, 
on  Kertsch  and  Taman  peninsulas,  Russia,  gave  Fe?O3  47.71;  P2O5,  38.87;  H2O,  13.42.     Ortho- 
rhombic.     Cleavage  in  three  directions  nearly  at  right  angles  to  each  other.     Weak  birefrin- 
rnce.     Does  not  correspond  to  any  known  mineral.      Tschirwinskij,  [Ann.  geol.  et  min.  Russie. 
.  28,  1904];  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  77. 

HYPERSTHENE,  Min.,  p.  348.  — Crystals  from  a  volcanic  bomb,  St.  Christopher;  Fels,  Zs.  Kr., 
37,  455,  1903;  from  Karra  Akungnak,  Greenland;  Boggjld,  Min.  Gronl.,  363. 

Optical  constants  of  rock  forming  hypersthene;  Dup'arc  and  Pearce,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  31,  106, 
1908. 

ICE,  Min.,  p.  205;  App.,  p.  36.  — Concerning  crystalline  structure  and  its  influence  on  glacial 
movement;  Mtigge,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  123,  1899;  2,  80,  1900,  and  v.  Drygalski,  ibid.,  1,  71,  1900;  1,  37, 
1901 ;  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  635. 

Crystals  formed  in  air;  Futterer,  [Ver.  naturwiss.  Vereins  Karlsruhe,  14,  1,  1901],  [Ber.  ii.  d. 
34.  Versamml.  d.  oberrhein.  geol.  Ver.  in  Diedenhofen,  April,  1901];  Zs.  Kr.,  38,  509. 

IDDINGSITE,  App.,  p.  36.  —  Occurrence  as  pseudomorph  after  olivine  in  basalt  in  the  Mittel- 
gebirge,  Bohemia;  Hibsch,  Min.  Mitth.,  19,  98. 


APPENDIX  II.  55 

ILMENITE,  Min.,  p.  217;  App.,  p.  36. — Crystals  from  the  Eichamwand,  Pragraten,  Tyrol, 
described  (y  (3142)  new);  Sustschinsky,  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  60,  1902;  from  near  Ofenhorn,  Binnenthal, 
Switzerland,,  with  following  new  forms:  a  (0.7.7.20),  X  (4483),  7  (1232),  8  (2467),  /?  (5.5.10.24), 
h  (4150),  q  (6241);  k  (3121)  ;r  (4041)  and  d  (1012);  Solly,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  184,  1905. 

Study  of  the  relations  existing  between  chemical  composition,  specific  gravity  and  length  of 
c  axis  of  ilmenites  from  various  localities  shows  that  with  increase  in  percentage  of  TiO2  there  is  a 
corresponding  increase  in  the  value  for  c  and  a  decrease  in  the  specific  gravity;  Doby  and  Melczer, 
Zs.  Kr.,  39,  526. 

Anal,  from  Sundsvale,  Sweden;  Tschernik,  [Jour.  phys.  Chim.  Russe,  36,  457,  712,  1904]; 
Zs.  Kr.,  43,  78. 

Microscopic  intergrowth  with  magnetite  from  Brazil;  Hussak,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  94,  1904. 

Segregation  from  basic  eruptive  rocks;  Vogt,  Zs.  pr.  Geol.,  8,  233,  370,  1900;  9,  9,  180,  289, 
327,  1901. 

Occurrence  in  south  Norway  with  anal,  by  Wallin;  Brogger,  Min.  Siid.-Nor.  Granitpeg.,  39, 
1908. 

Picrotitanite  (Min.,  p.  218),  or  picroilmenite,  (Groth,  Tabell.  Ubers.  d.  Min.,  4th  Ed.,  143,  1898). 
Occurrence  in  Balangoda  district,  Ceylon,  with  analyses ;  Crook  and  Jones,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  165,  1906. 

Small  crystals  found  in  albite  veins  in  upper  Doria  Riparia  valley  considered  to  be  mohsiie 
which  on  account  of  crystallographic  differences  is  thought  by  author  to  be  an  independent  species. 
Colomba,  Att.  Ace.  Torino,  37,  343,  1902. 

ILMENORUTILE,  Min.,  p.  238.  —  New  determinations  and  new  analyses  (see  below  I  and  II) 
by  Prior,  Min.  Mag.,  15,  85,  1908,  indicate  that  the  percentages  of  TiO2  as  recorded  were  too  high 
and  those  of  Nb2O5  too  low.  Simplest  formula  to  be  derived  from  new  analyses  is  FeO.Nb2O6. 
5TiO2.  Suggested  that  ilmenorutile  is  one  end  of  a  mineral  series  while  striiverite  is  the  other. 

TiO2       SiO2    Nb2O5    Ta2O5      FeO      MgO    CaO 

I.      Ilmen  Mts.  53.04      ....     21.73      14.70      10.56      ....       tr.     =100.03 

II.      I veland,  Norway  54.57      ....     32.15      ....        12.29      ....      0.11=    99.12 

III.  Evje,  Norway  73.78      0.23     13.74       0.43       11.58      0.04      0.22  =  100.02 

IV.  Tvedestrand,  Norway     67.68     0.05     20.31       ....        11.68        tr.       0.28  =  100.00 
Anal.  Ill  and  IV  by  Heidenreich,  quoted  by  Brogger,  Min.  Siid.-Nor.  Granitpeg.,  41,  1908. 

ILVAITE,  Min.,  pp.  541,  1037;  App.,  p.  37.  —  Crystals  from  Siorarsiut,  Tunugdliarfik-Fjord, 
South  Greenland;  Moesz,  [Math,  es  term.  tud.  Ertesito,  17,  442,  1899],  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  708;  from  same 
locality  showing  following  new  forms:  7  (160),  a-  (081),  /  (041),  t  (401),  ra  (621),  f  (331),  e  (431); 
analysis  showing  2.2%  MnO.;  axial  ratio  &  :  b  \c  =  0.6766  :  1  :  0.4499;  etching  figures  and  optical 
characters  described  with  anal.  byChristensen;  Boggild,  Medd.  om  Gronland,  25,  45,  1902;  crystals 
(with  anal.)  from  Potter  Creek,  Shasta  Co.,  Calif.;  Prescott,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  26,  14,  1908. 

Anal,  of  material  from  Elba  and  discussion  of  chem.  comp.;  Himmelbauer,  Ber.  Acad.  Wien, 
115,  1177,  1906;  chem.  comp.  also;  Baschieri,  Proc.  Soc.  Tosc.,  May,  1907;  Mar.,  1908. 

Impsonite.  An  asphalt  closely  similar  to  albertite  but  differing  in  being  almost  insoluble  in 
turpentine.  Found  occurring  in  veins  in  shales  from  Impson  valley,  Indian  Territory.  Taff, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  219,  1899;  see  under  Asphalt. 

INESITE,  Min.,  p.  564;  App.,  p.  37.  —  From  near  Villa  Corona,  Durango,  Mexico,  in  tufts  of 
radiating  crystals  of  a  flesh  color.  New  forms  observed,  k  (11.0.12)  and  s  (946).  following 
analysis: 

SiO2      MnO      FeO     CaO     MgO    H2O  (cryst.)     H2O  (const.) 
G  =  2.965      44.89      36.53      2.48      8.24        tr.  5.99  2.21  =  100.34 

giving  H2(Mn,Ca)BSi6O19.3H2O  for  formula.  Farrington,  Field  Mus..  1,  7,  221,  1900;  Zs.  Kr.,  36, 
76.  Also  in  fibrous  masses  and  in  crystals  in  granular  hematite  at  Langban,  Sweden;  Flink,  Bull. 
G.  Inst.  Upsala,  5,  92,  1901. 

Discussion  of  chem.  comp.;  Zambonini,  Mem.  Ace.  Sci.  Napoli,  14,  125,  1908. 

lodembolite.  G.  T.  Prior  and  L.  J.  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  177,  1902.  —  A  name  substituted 
by  Prior  and  Spencer  for  iodobromite,  on  the  ground  that  the  composition  is  not  definite,  as 
claimed  by  Lasaulx,  and  that  the  name  is  misleading  as  to  the  composition.  See  Cerargyrite. 

A  mineral  belonging  here  giving  reactions  for  AgCl,  AgBr  and  Agl  occurs  in  thin  seams  and 
crusts  of  a  yellow  color  in  a  vein  of  quartz  and  calcite  near  Globe,  Pinal  county,  Arizona;  W.  P. 
Blake,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  230,  1905. 

IODOBROMITE,  Min.,  p.  160;  see  lodembolite  above. 

IODYRITE,  Min^,  p.  160.  —  Crystals  from  Broken  Hill,  N.  S.  W.,  simple  with  c  and  m;  twinned, 
twinning  pi.  e  (3034)  giving  pseudo-tetrahedral  forms.  Discussion  of  behavior  when  heated  and 
relation  to  other  similar  iodides;  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  45.  See  also  Prior  and  Spencer,  ibid., 


56 


APPENDIX  II. 


185.  Crystal  from  Broken  Hill,  N._S.  W.  showing  a  (1120);  crystals  f rorn  Tonapah,  Nev.  (figs.), 
showing  following  n_ew  forms,  r  (7044),  /  (70?3),  x  (70?  1),  y  (9091),  y'  (9091),  w  (9092),  w'  (9092) 
»'  (15.0.15.8),  2  (3.0.33.2).  With  c  (0001):  i  (2021)  =  62°  10'  30",  c  =  0.8204.  Crystals  varied 


lodyrite,  Tonapah. 


in  habit  but  usually  distinctly  hemimorphic.     Twins  with  tw.  pi.  e  (3034).     Etching  figures. 
Sp.  G.  =  5.5115.     Anal.;  Kraus  and  Cook,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  27,  210,  1909. 

IOLITE,  Min.,  p.  419;  App.,  p.  37.  —  Crystals  from  Oetzthal  and  Kaunserthal,  Switzerland; 
Gembock,  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  248;   from  Uiordlersuak,  Greenland;   Boggild,  Min.  .Gronl.,  344.     Dis- 


Occurrence  in  North  Celebes  with  analysis;  Bucking,  Ber.  Senckenberg.  naturforsch.  Ges., 
Frankfurt,  3,  1900;  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  654;  in  tourmaline  veins  of  Elba;  D'Achiardi,  Proc.  Soc.  Tosc., 
Jan.,  1900;  occurrence  of  iolite  and  its  alteration  products  with  description  of  crystals  from, 
Puy-de-D6me,  Loire  and  Rhone;  Gpnnard,  Bull.  Min.  Soc.,  31,  171,  1908. 

Origin  and  association  with  bibliography;  Teal'l,  Proc.  Geol.  Ass.,  16,  61,  1899. 

IRON,  Min., pp.  28, 1037;  App.,  p.  37. — Crystallization;  Osmond  and  Cartand,  [Ann.  d.  Mines, 
17, 110, 1900;  18,  113,  1900];  Zs.  Kr.,  35,  657,  658.  Crystal  from  meteorite  from  Laborel  meas- 
uring 7X5  mm.  showed  cube,  octahedron,  dodecahedron  with  small  vicinal  faces  of  tetrahex- 
ahedron  and  trisoctahedron ;  Berwerth,  Min.  Mitth.,  25,  511,  1906.  Artif.  crystals;  Cornu,  Cen- 
tralbl.  Min.,  545,  1908. 

Structure  planes;  Mugge,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  63,  1899.  Mechanical  properties  of  crystallized  iron; 
*  Osmond  and  Fremont,  C.  R.,  141,  361,  1905.  Physical-chemical  observations  on  meteoric  and 
furnace  iron;  Rinne,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  122,  1905. 

Composition  of  iron  f rom  Ovifak,  Greenland;  Winkler,  [Vet.-Akad.  Forh.,  495,  1901];  Zs.  Kr., 
37,  286. 

Occurrence  of  native  iron  enclosed  in  a  rounded  basaltic  fragment  found  in  a  tuff  deposit  near 
Ofleiden,  on  the  river  Ohm,  Germany;  Schwantke,  Centralbl.  Min.,  65,  1901. 

Studies  of  meteorites  from  the  following  localities:  Salt  River,  Kentucky;  Toluca,  Mexico; 
Capland,  South  Africa;  Babbs  Mill,  Tenn.;  Illinois  Gulch,  Deer  Lodge  Co.,  Mon.;  Deep  Springs 
Farm,  Rockingham  Co.,  N.  C.;  Hammond,  Wis. ;  Cacaria  and  Nezquital,  Durango,  Mexico; 
Biickeberg,  Germany;  Murphy,  Cherokee  Co.,  N.  C. ;  St.  Francois  Co.,  Mo.;  Cosby's  Creek,  Cocke 
Co.,  Tenn.;  Canon  Diablo,  Ariz.;  Magura,  Hungary;  Quesa,  Spain;  Merceditas,  Chile;  Thunda, 
Queensland,  Australia;  San  Antonio,  Texas;  Cohen,  [Ann.  nat.  hist.  Hofmus.,  15,  74,  351,  1900], 
[Mitt.  d.  nat.-wiss.  Ver.  Neuvorpomm.  u.  Rugen,  33,  1900],  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  1122,  1900;  all  sum- 
marized in  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  644.  Meteoric  irons  from  Great  Namaqualand,  from  South  Africa  and 
Patagonia;  Fletcher,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  28,  37,  41,  1904;  Japanese  occurrences;  Jimbo,  Beitrage  Min. 
Japan,  2,  30,  1906. 

See  Awaruite. 


APPENDIX  II.  57 

IrviDgite.  S.  Weidman,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  23,  451,  1907.  —  A  mica  in  crystals  up  to  over  an  inch 
in  diameter.  Basal  cleavage.  Prismatic  parting.  Color  from  grayish  to  yellowish  and  pinkish 
white.  Folia  tough  and  elastic.  Easily  fusible.  Axial  angle  somewhat  larger  than  lepidolite 
and  zinnwaldite. 

Comp.     A  lithia  mica  corresponding  to  6SiO2.lAl2O3.2R2O.l(F.OH). 

Anal,  by  Lenher: 

SiO2   TiO2  A12O3  Fe2O3  FeO  MgO  CaO   K2O  Na2O   Li2O     F      H2O 
57.22  0.14    18.38   0.32     0.53   0.09   0.20   9.12     5.14     446   458    1.66  [less  1.93,  O  =  FJ  =  99.91 

Found  in  pegmatite  veins  near  Wausau,  Wisconsin.  Named  after  Prof.  R.  D.  Irving,  the 
geologist. 

Isorthose,  var.  of  orthoclase,  which  see. 

IVAARITE,  Min.,  p.  448.  —  Analysis  of  material  from  liwaara,  Finland,  gave  SiO2,  27.35;  TiO3, 
16.44;  AU)3,  1.50;  Fe2O.,,  20.09;  FeO,  2.90;  MnO,  trace;  MgO,  0.82;  CaO,  30.99;  total  =  100.09. 
Dittrich,  [Bull,  de  la  Commission  Geol.  de  Finlande,  Helsingfors,  11,  1900] ;  Zs.  «Kr.,  36,  196. 

JACOBSITE,  Min.,  p.  227.  —  Analysis  of  material  from  Bulgaria,  Kovdr,  [Abh.  bohm.  Akad., 
Prag,  27,  1900];  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  202. 

JADEITE,  Min.,  p.  369;  App.,  p.  37.  —  From  Bhamo,  Burma,  with  optical  properties  and  an- 
alysis; Krenner;  [Wissenschaftliche  Ergebnisse  der  Reise  des  Grafen  Bela  Szechenyi  in  Ostasien, 
Budapest,  3,  285,  1897];  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  502.  Occurrence  and  optical  characteristics  in  rocks  on  the 
Cyclades  islands;  Ktenas,  Min.  Mitth.,  26,  277. 

Analysis  of  jadeite  from  Piedmont;  Mrazec,  [Bull.  soc.  d.  sc.  de  Bucarest-Roumanie,  7,  187, 
1898];  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  623.  Occurrence  and  analysis  from  Susa;  Piolti,  Atti  della  R.  Accad.  d.  Sc. 
di  Torino,  34,  600,  1899.  Analyses  of  ancient  axes  made  of  jadeite  from  Hungary;  Berwerth, 
Min.  Mitth.,  20,  357. 

Occurrence  in  the  western  Alps  and  in  Liguria;  Franchi,  Rend.  Ace.  Lincei,  9,  (1),  349,  1900. 
From  Cassine,  Italy,  with  anal.;  Colomba,  Riv.  Min.,  27,  1901.  Jadeite  and  chloromelanite  in 
prehistoric  objects  from  Guatemala;  Bauer,  Centralbl.  Min.,  65,  1904.  Study  of  jadeite  from 
Upper  Burma;  Bauer,  Centralbl.  Min.,  97,  1906;  Bleeck,  Rec.  Geol.  Sur.  India,  36,  254,  1908. 

Historical;  Berwerth,  Min.  Mitth.,  24,  228,  1905. 

An  elaborate  study  of  chemical  composition  (with  58  new  analyses),  structure,  microscopical 
and  optical  properties,  with  discussion  of  origin,  included  and  associated  minerals,  etc.,  to  be 
found  in  book  entitled  "Investigations  and  Studies  in  Jade:  The  Bishop  Collection,"  by  H.  R. 
Bishop,  2  vols.,  privately  printed  in  New  York,  1906.  Contributors  to  the  chapter  on  mineralogy 
of  the  mineral  include  Penfield,  Foote,  Iddings,  Clarke,  Palache,  Pirsson,  Washington  and 
Walden. 

JAMESONITE,  Min.,  p.  122;  App.,  p.  37.  —  Analyses  of  material  from  various  localities;  Guille- 
main,  [Inaug.-Diss.  Breslau,  1898],  Zs.  Kr.,  33,  74;  of  material  from  Campiglia  Soana,  in  Ivrea; 
Novarese,  Boll.  Com.  Geol.  Ital.,  23,  319,  1902. 

Composition  discussed  by  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  207  and  310.  A  new  analysis  of  crystal- 
lized jamesonite  from  Bolivia  does  not  conform  to  the  formula  2PbS.Sb2S3  (see  below),  and  from 
study  of  other  analyses  author  concludes  that  this  formula  is  wrong.  All  "  flexible  feather  ore  " 
must  be  removed  from  this  species,  as  the  fibers  of  jamesonite  on  account  of  its  basal  cleavage 
are  brittle.  Cleavages  ||  to  m  and  a  were  not  observed  on  the  Bolivian  material.  "Flexible 
feather  ore  "  may  be  any  one  of  several  related  species.  Warrenite  (domingite)  should  probably 
be  included  in  jamesonite;  the  formula  given,  3PbS.Sb2S3,  is  the  same  as  the  original  formula  by 
Rose  for  jamesonite.  The  formula  deduced  from  the  following  analyses  by  Prior  is  7(Pb,Fe) 
S.4Sb2S3. 

S  Sb  Pb  Fe  Cu          Ag 

I.    Crystallized,  Bolivia  20.52         34.53         41.18         2.76         0.26         0.01=99.26 

II.   Massive,  Bolivia  21.37        34.70        40.08        2.79        0.22        0.13  =  99.29 

Janosite,  see  Copiapite. 

JAROSITE,  Min.,  p.  974;  App.,  p.  37.  —  Occurrence  in  Schlaggenwald,  Bohemia,  in  small 
crystals  showing  combination  of  base,  low  positive  and  steeper  negative  rhombohedrons.  Some 
of  the  crystals  in  basal  cleavage  plates  showed  abnormal  double  refraction  and  division  into  six 
portions,  the  two  opposite  ones  being  of  the  same  optical  orientation  and  giving  a  negative 
biaxial  interference  figure.  The  strength  of  the  double  refraction  and  the  axial  angle  varied  in 
different  specimens.  Slavik,  Zs.  Kr.,  39,  296.  Measurement  of  crystals  from  Dakota  with  new 
axial  ratio:  Cesaro,  Bull.  Ac.  Belg.,  137,  1905. 

Analysis  of  material  from  Sichotin  near  Kunstadt  in  Mahren;  Kovar  [Progr.  d.  cechosl. 
Handels-Akademie  Prag,  1903],  Zs.  Kr.,  39,  400. 


58  APPENDIX  II. 

Occurrence  from  Chocaya,  Potosi,  Bolivia;  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  342. 
N atrojarosite  (Hillebrand  and  Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  211,  1902;  Turner,  ib.,  13,  345)  is  a 

variety  containing  sodium  instead  of  potassium   (formula,   see 
c  **K  below)  from  the  Soda  Springs  valley,  Esmeralda  Co.,  Nevada, 

irrr-??1^^          on  tne  roa<^  from  Sodaville  to  the  Vulcan  copper  mine.     As  a 
r      //    ~r~~2^         glistening  po_wder  made  up  of  minute  tabular  crystals,  with  c 
^rf=*r--~r~~~  (0001),  r-(lOll)  and  s  (0221);  cr  =51°  53'  .'.  c  =  1.104.     G.  = 

IM atrojarosite.  3  18      Color  in  the   mass  yenowish   brown,   of  single    crystals 

golden  yellow.     Analysis,  after  deducting  impurities: 

SO3  Fe2O3  Na2O  K2O  H2O 

32.94  49.39  6.18  0.37  11.12  =  100 

A  specimen  from  Cook's  Peak,  New  Mexico,  which  yielded  4.49  Na2O,  0.96PbO  (ibid.,  p.  213) 
also  belongs  here.  Another  form,  described  by  Headden  (ibid.,  46,  24,  1893)  from  the  Buxton 
mine,  Lawrence  Co.,  South  Dakota,  gave  after  deducting  impurities  (recalc.  by  H.  and  P.,  1.  c.) 
4.86  Na2O,  1.65  K2O. 

Plumbojarosite  is  a  variety  containing  lead  in  place  of  potassium  (formula,  see  below)  de- 
scribed by  the  same  authors  (ibid.,  p.  213)  from  Cook's  Peak,  New  Mexico.  Like  natrojarosite 
occurs  as  a  crystalline  powder  made  up  of  minute  tabular  crystals  with  ss  =  109°  20'  and  c  = 
1.216.  G.  =  3.665.  Color  of  the  mass  dark  brown,  of  single  crystals  golden  yellow.  Analysis, 
after  deducting  impurities: 

SO,  Fe2O,  PbO  H.O 

28.29  42.44  19.72  9.55  =  100 

The  relations  of  the  minerals  of  the  alunite-jarosite  group  in  composition,  axial  ratio  and 
optical  character,  as  developed  by  Hillebrand  and  Penfield,  is  shown  in  the  following  table: 

Formula  c  rr'  Birefringence 

Alunite.  K2A16(OH)12(SO4)4  1.252  90°  50'  -f 

Jarosite  K,Fefi(OH)12(SO4)4  1.245  90°  45' 

Natrojarosite  Na2Fe6(OH)12(SO4)4  1.104  85°  54' 

Plumbojarosite  PbFe6(OH)12(SO4)4  1.216  89°  42' 

Jentschite,  Min.  Mitth.,  23,  551,  1904.  —  A  new  mineral  not  yet  described  from  the  Bin- 
nental.  In  thin  iron  black  tables,  deeply  grooved,  with  bright  tarnish;  up  to  1  cm.  in  size. 
Probably  identical  with  lengenbachite ;  Solly,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  80,  1905  (footnote). 

JORDANITE,  Min.  pp.  141,  1039;  App.,  p.  38.  — Crystal  forms  and  analysis  of  material  from 
Binnenthal;  Guillemain,  [Inaug.-Diss.,  Breslau,  1898],  Zs.  Kr.,  33,  76. 

Solly  and  Jackson,  Min.  Mag.,  12,  282;  Zs.  Kr.,  35,  321,  have  studied  jordanite  from  the 
Binnenthal  crystallographically  and  chemically.  A  list  of  115  known  forms  (monoclinic,  see 
Min.,  p.  1039),  11  of  which  are  new,  is  given.  Four  laws  of  twinning  are  given:  (1)  (101),  indicated 
by  numerous  twin  lamellae;  (2)  (301),  having  law  (1)  always  combined  with  it;  (3)  (101)  (?); 
(4),  (301)  (Baumhauer  gives  this  form  by  misprint  as  (103)).  Analyses  by  Jackson: 

Pb  S  As 

I.  68.61  18.19  12.32  =  99.12 

II.  68.83  18.42  12.46  =  99.71 

Study  of  the  zonal  relations  of  crystal  faces  on  jordanite;  Baumhauer,  Ber.  Akad.  Berlin, 
577,  1900 ;Zs.  Kr.,  38,  635. 

Occurrence  with  analysis  in  the  Blei-Scharley  mine  near  Beuthen,  Upper  Silesia;  Sachs, 
Centralbl.  Min.,  723,  1904. 

Justite  =  koenenite.     Min.  Mitth.,  23,  97,  1904. 

KAINITE,  Min.,  p.  918;  App.,  p.  38.  —  Formation  discussed;  van 't  Hoff  with  von  Euler-Chelpin, 
Meyerhoffer,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  1018,  1900;  424,  1901;  678,  1903;  specimens  from  Wolfenbuttel, 
Brunswick,  Germany,  show  a  blue  color  and  have  the  following  pleochroism:  a  =  violet;  b  = 
blue;  c  =  yellow;  Baumgartel,  Centralbl.  Min.,  449,  1905.  From  Stassfurt,  Busz;  Ber.  Natur- 
hist.  Ver.,  Bonn,  1,  C,  2,  1906;  Ber.  Med.-naturwiss.  Ges.,  Munster,  June,  1906. 

Kalgoorlite.  E.  F.  Pittman,  Rec.  G.  Surv.  New  South  Wales,  6,  203,  1898.  A.  Carnal, 
Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  24,  361,  1901.  T.  A.  Richard,  Trans.  Am.  Inst.  Mng.  Eng.,  30,  708,  1901 .  L.  J. 
Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  282,  1903. 

Described  by  Pittman  from  Kalgoorlie,  West  Australia,  as  a  new  telluride  having  the  com- 
position HgAu2Ag6Te6;  massive  with  sub-conchoidal  fracture.  Color  iron-black;  G.  =  8.79.  An 
analysis  by  J.  C.  H.  Mingaye  (quoted  by  Spenrer)  gave:  Te,  [37.26] ;  Au,  20.72;  Ag,  30.98; 
Hg,  10.86;  Cu,  0.05;  S,  0.13  =  100. 


APPENDIX  IL  59 

Carnot  used  this  name  for  a  mineral  from  the  same  source  containing  but  2.00  or  2.26  p.c.  Hg, 
and  essentially,  if  pure,  a  mercurial  petzite.  Rickard,  however,  urged  that  the  mineral  was  to  be 
regarded  as  an  impure  coloradoite,  and  Spencer  shows  that  it  is  undoubtedly  a  mixture  of  colora- 
doite  and  petzite. 

KALIBORITE,  Min.,  p.  885.  —Formation  discussed;  van't  Hoff,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  1008,  1902. 
KALIUMBLODITE,  see  Leonite. 

KAOLINITE,  Min.,  pp.  685, 1039.  —  Study  of  crystal  plates  from  National  Belle  mine,  Silverton, 
Colo.,  confirms  the  monoclinic  character  of  the  mineral;  Milch,  Centralbl.  Min.,  1,  1908. 

Notes  on  optical  properties;  Dick,  Min.  Mag.,  15,  124,  1908. 

Observed  in  minute  hexagonal  scales  (anal.)  at  the  antimony  mine  of  Miramont  on  the  border 
of  Cantal  and  Haute-Loire,  France;  Friedel,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  24,  6,  1901.  Analyses  of  material  from 
Gross-Tresny,  Mahren;  Kovar,  [Abh.  bohm.  Akad.,  No.  15,  1,  18961;  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  524;  from  Vicz 
near  Bistritz,  Mahren;  Kovar,  [Chem.  Blatter,  1899J;  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  706.  Chem.  constitution; 
McNeil,  Jour.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  28,  592,  1906. 

KATAPLEIITE,  see  Catopleiite. 

KENTROLITE,  Min.,  pp.,  544,  1039.  —  Occurrence  in  copper  mine  of  Bena  Padru  near  Ozieri, 
Sardinia;  Lovisato,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  14,  696,  1905. 

Kertschenite.     S.  Popoff,  Centralbl.  Min.,  p.  113,  1906. 

In  fibrous-radiated  crystalline  aggregates.  H.  =  3.5.  G.  =  2.65.  Color  dark  green,  nearly 
black.  Streak  green. 

Comp.  —  A  hydrated  basic  ferric  phosphate. 
Analysis : 

P2O5         Fe-A         FeO         MnO        MgO        CaO         H2O 
f         28.20         32.93          9.49  1.92          1.55         0.47          24.98  =  99.54 

Occurs  in  the  limonite  deposits  on  the  peninsula  of  Kertsch,  Gov't  Taurien. 

Keweenawite.     G.  A.  Koenig,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  410,  1902. 

Massive;  as  a  fine  granular  aggregate,  very  brittle  with  flat  conchoidal  fracture.  H.  =  4. 
G.  =  7.681.  Luster  metallic.  Color  pale  pinkish  brown  resembling  niccolite,  tarnishing  to  a 
deeper  brownish  red. 

Composition,  an  arsenate  of  copper  and  nickel  with  a  small  amount  of  cobalt  (Cu,Ni,Co)2As. 

Analyses : 

As  Cu  Ni  Co  Fe 

1.  36.96  39.12  17.96  0.94  tr.  quartz  4.98  =    99.96 

2.  34.18  53.96  9.74  0.94  . . .  quartz  0.78  =    99.60 

3.  [38.44]  40.72  19.42  0.82  tr.  quartz  0.60  =  100.00 

B.  B.  fuses  easily  to  a  globule,  yielding  arsenical  fumes  and  finally  a  metallic  bead;  bead  reacts 
for  cobalt,  nickel  and  copper.  Dissolves  in  strong  nitric  acid. 

From  the  Mohawk  mine  Keweenaw  Co.,  Michigan,  which  has  afforded  domeykite  and  mohawk- 
ite,  which  see.  The  author  has  also  obtained  synthetically  the  compound  Cu2As,  with  the  color 
and  crystalline  structure  of  chalcocite,  and  G.  =  7.71,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  10,  443,  1900. 

KIESERITE,  Min.,  p.  932;  App.,  p.  39.  —  Formation  discussed;  van't  Hoff,  Meyerhoffer  and 
Smith,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  1034,  1901. 

KILBRICKENITE,  Min.,  p.  145.  — Shown  by  Prior  to  be  identical  with  geocronite,  which  see. 

Kleinite.  Moses,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  263,  1903;  Hiilebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  21,  85,  1906;  Sachs,  Ber. 
Akad.  Berlin,  1091,  1905;  Centralbl.  Min.,  200,  1906;  Hiilebrand  and  Schaller,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  259, 
1907. 

Hexagonal,     c  =  1.6642_  (mean  of_  Schaller's  and  Sachs's  values). 

Forms:  c  (0001),  m  (1010),  a  (1120),  p  (1011),  x  (1012).  Crystals  short  prismatic,  seldom 
over  1  mm.  in  length. 

Cleavage:  c  good;  m,  poor.  Brittle.  H.  =  3.5.  G  =  7.975-7.987.  Color  yellow  to  orange. 
Darkens  on  exposure  to  light  but  regains  original  color  in  the  dark.  Basal  sections  show  innumer- 
able doubly  refracting  individuals.  Becomes  normally  uniaxial  when  heated  to  130°. 

Comp.  —  A  mercury  ammonium  chloride  of  uncertain  composition. 

Analysis  by  Hillebrand  of  orange  crystals: 

Hg  Cl  SO4  N  H2O 

85.86  7.30  3.10  2.57  1.03  =  99.86 


60 


APPENDIX  II. 


Pyr.  —  In  closed  tube  gives  a  little  water,  darkens  in  color  and  at  260°-280°  mercury  and 
calomel  sublime.  At  higher  temperature  another  sublimate  is  formed.  Soluble  in  warm  HC1 
and  HNO3  without  deposition  of  calomel.  Soluble  in  NH4Br  with  evolution  of  ammonia. 

Obs.  Found  on  the  properties  of. the  Marfa  and  Mariposa  Mining  Co.,  Terlingua,  Texas, 
associated  with  gypsum,  calcite  and  barite  and  with  the  other  mercury  minerals  of  the  locality. 

Named  by  Sachs  after  the  late  Prof.  Carl  Klein  of  the  University  of  Berlin. 

KNEBELITE,  Min.,  p.  457;  App.,  p.  39.  —  Anal,  of  material  from  Macskamezo  in  Hungary; 
Kossmat  and  v.  John,  Zs.  pr.  Geol.,  13,  305-325,  1905. 

KNOXVILLITE,  Min.,  p.  966.  —  A  pale  green  granular  saccharoidal  sulphate  from  the  Victoria 
gold  mine,  Salisbury,  Tasmania,  is  provisionally  referred  here  by  W.  F.  Petterd,  Notes  on  Minerals 
from  Tasmania,  1902.  An  analysis  gave: 

SO3  Cr2O,  A12O3  Fe,O3  Ign. 

30.32  8.47  2.48  15.86  40.56  =  97.69 

Koenenite.     F.  Rinne,  Centralbl.  Min.,  p.  493,  1902. 

Rhombohedral.  In  crusts  showing,  on  the  rough  surface,  obscure  crystalline  faces  inter- 
preted as  belonging  to  an  acute  scalenohedron. 

Cleavage  highly  perfect,  yielding  thin  flexible  folia,  often  triangular  in  form. 
Very  soft.     G.  =  1.98. 

Color  red,  this  color  due  as  with  carnallite,  which  it  resembles,  to  minute  scales  of  hematite. 
Optically  uniaxial,  negative. 

Composition,  an  oxychloride  of  aluminium  and  magnesium,  probable  formula:  ALOvSMgO. 
2MgCl2.8H2O  (or  6H2O). 

Analyses:  I,  Sundmacher;  II,  Buchholz;  impurities  have  been  deducted. 

AUG.,  MgO  MgCl2  H2O 

I.  17.79  21.10  35.70  25.41  =  100 

II.  18.25  23.44  36.85  21.46  =  100 

Decomposed  slowly  by  boiling  water,  the  scales  retain  their  form  but  show  negative  double 
refraction  (metakoenenite,  Rinne). 

From  the  potash  mine  Justus  I  near  Volpriehausen  in  the  Soiling;  associated  with  halite,  also 
with  anhydrite  and  carnallite. 

Named  after  Professor  A.  v.  Koenen. 


Krohnkite,  Chile. 

KRENNERITE,  Min.,  pp.  105,  1039;  App.,  p.  39.  —  Highly  modified  crystals  from  Nagy£g 
have  yielded  twenty-seven  new  forms  and  the  axial  ratio  &  :  b  :  c  =  0.9369  :  1  :  0.5068;  Smith, 
Min.  Mag.,  13,  264,  1903.  Of  possible  occurrence,  with  other  tellurides,  at  Kalgoorlie,  West 
Australia,  cf.  Spencer,  ibid.,  272. 


APPENDIX  II.  61 

KROHNKITE,  Min.,  p.  958.  —  Crystals  from  Chuquicamata,  Prov.  of  Autofagasta,  Chile,  de- 
scribed by  Palache  and  Warren;  Am.  J.  Sc.,  26,  342,  1908;  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  529,  1908.  A  new  orienta- 
tion was  adopted  by  which  the  front  and  back  of  the  crystals  (as  given  in  Sys.)  were  interchanged. 

Axial  ratio  derived  =  a  :  b  :  c  =  0.5229  :  1  :  0.4357,  /?  =  56°  17'  20".  The  observed  forms  fol- 
low: a  (100),  6  (010),  m  (110_),  h  (120),  k  (130)_,  e  (Oil),  d  (021),  /  (031),  t  (101),  u  (302),  v  (301), 
p  (111),  r  (121),  q  (111),  s  (121),  w  (211),  x  (221),  z  (331),  i  (551),  o  (10.10  1),  y  (232),  n  (132). 
Twinning  plane  c  (001).  Cleavage  perfect  ||  6  (010),  good  ||  e(011),  no  prismatic  cleavage  observed. 
G.  =  2.061. 

Refractive  indices;  a.  =  1.5437,  /?  =  1.5775,  7  =  1.6013.  2VNa  =  78°  36'  (calc.).  Ax.  pi. 
||  b  (010).  Bxac  inclined  48°  45'  to  axis  c  in  obtuse  <  /?.  Inclined  dispersion.  Anal,  confirms 
formula. 

KRUGITE,  Min.,  p.  950.  —  Artif.;  Geiger,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  1123,  1903;  van't  Hoff,  ibid.,  566, 
1906. 

Ktypeite,  App.,  p.  39.  —  Concerning  the  probability  of  its  existence  at  Carlsbad  and  its  arti- 
ficial formation;  Vater,  Zs.  Kr.,  35,  149. 

Kunzite,  a  var.  of  spodumene,  which  see. 

Kutnohorite.  A.  Bukovsky  [Anz.  Ill  Congr.  bohm.  Naturf.  u.  Aerzte,  Prag,  1901,  p.  293]; 
Jb.  Min.,  2,  Ref.,  p.  338,  1903.  A  rhombohedral  carbonate  with  the  atomic  ratios  Ca  :  Mn  : 
Fe  :  Mg  =  7:5:1:2,  occurring  as  reddish-white  cleavage  masses  at  Kutnd  Hora,  Bohemia. 

LABRADORITE,  Min.,  p.  334.  —  Crystallographic,  optical  and  chemical  investigation  of  mate- 
rial found  in  the  anorthosites  from  Carlton  Peak,  Minnesota;  Winchell,  Amer.  Geol.,  26,  220, 
1900.  Optical  orientation;  Luczizky,  Min.  Mitth.,  24,  191,  1905.  Anal,  from  Gleniffer  Hills, 
south  of  Paisley,  Renfrewshire;  Houston,  [Trans.  Geol.  Soc.  Glasgow,  12,  354,  1906];  Zs.  Kr., 
45,  304. 

Lacroisite  =  rhodochrosite  +  rhodonite,  Chem.  Ztg.,  27,  (1),  15,  1903. 
Landerite,  a  garnet,  which  see. 

LANGBEINITE,  App.,  p.  40.  —  From  the  Punjab  Salt  Range,  India,  description  with  analysis; 
Mallet,  Min.  Mag.,  12,  159,  1899.  Formation  discussed;  van't  Hoff,  Meyerhoffer  and  Cottrell, 
Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  276,  1902.  Discussion  of  crystalline  form;  Sachs,  ibid.,  376;  Zs.  Kr.,  40,  646. 

LARDERELLITE,  Min.,  p.  882.  —  New  analyses  of  material  from  the  Tuscan  lagoons  lead  to 
the  formula  (NH4)2B10O16+  5H2O;  d'Achiardi,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  9,  (1),  342,  1900: 

B2O3  (NH4)2O  H2O  Total. 

I.  71.70  9.87  [18.43]  100.00 


II.  72.42  9.78  [17.80]  100.00 

III.  72.06  9.83  [18.11]  100.00 

Lasallite.     G.  Friedel,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  24,  12,  1901;  ibid.,  30,  80,  1907. 

In  snow-white  masses,  showing  a  fibrous  structure. 

G.  =  1.477. 

Composition  perhaps  3Mgp.2Al2O3.12SiO2.8H2O  or  MgO.Al2O3.5SiO2.3iH2O. 

Analysis  of  the  pure  material  after  ignition: 


SiO2  A12O3  FeA  MgO  CaO 

I.  Miramont  69.27  19.42  0.84  10.01  1.30  =  100.84 

II.  Can  Pey  70.28  21.64  0.38  7.56  0.24  =  100.10 

Heated  at  100°  it  loses  16  p.  c.  H2O,  retaining  14.22  p.  c.  regarded  as  belonging  to  the 
mineral. 

Occurs  in  sterile  levels  of  the  antimony  mine  at  Miramont,  France,  in  the  concession  of  Souliac 
on  the  borders  of  Cantal  and  Haute-Loire.  Associated  with  kaolinite  in  minute  hexagonal 
scales,  also  termierite  (which  see)  and  barite.  Also  at  Can  Pey  near  Arles-sur-Tech. 

Named  after  M.  Lasalle,  proprietor  of  the  mines  of  Miramont.  Author  suggests  that  it  may 
belong  to  class  of  compounds  named  by  Heddle  piolite  (Min.,  p.  709). 

LAUMONTITE,  Min.,  p.  587;  App.,  p.  40.  —  Crystals  from  Henry  Land,  East  Greenland;  Bog- 
gild,  Medd.  om  Gronl.,  28,  128,  1905.  Pseudomorph  of  orthoclase  after  laumontite  from  Tem- 
pleton,  Ottawa  County,  Quebec;  Graham,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  22,  47,  1906. 


62  APPENDIX  II. 

Occurrence  (with  anal.)  at  Petersberg  near  Halle,  Saxony;  Liidecke,  Zs.  fur  Naturwiss.,  72,, 
101,  1899.  Occurrence  with  anal,  from  Gala  Francese,  island  Maddalena;  Rimatori,  Rend.  Ace. 
Line.,  11,  (1),  542,  1902.  In  granite  from  Montorfano,  northern  Italy;  Tacconi,  Rend.  Ace. 
Line.,  14,  (2),  88,  1905;  occurrence  (with  anal.)  at  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil;  Hussak,  Centralbl.  Min., 
331,  1906.  Anal,  of  material  from  Montecatini,  Val  di  Cecina,  and  discussion  of  chem.  comp  ; 
Baschieri,  Proc.  Soc.  Tosc.,  March,  1907. 

Effect  of  ammonium  chloride  upon  j  Clarke  and  Steiger,  U.  S.  G.  S.,  Bull.  207,  1902;  Zs.  Kr  , 
38,  696. 

LAURIONITE,  Min.,  p.  171;  App.,  p.  41.  —  Crystals  from  Laurium,  Greece,  studied  by  Smith; 
Min.  Mag.,  12,  102.  Following  axial  ratio  derived:  a  :T>  :  c  =  0.7385  :  1:  0.8346.  New  forms- 
o  (112),  q  (122),  r  (132),  s  (142),  t  (152)  and  u  (232).  Indices  of  refraction:  «  =  2.0767;  /?  =  2.1161 ; 
7  =  2.1580.  Ax.  pi.  ||  6.  Bxac  -L  a.  Calc.  2V  =  81°  32'. 

Doubtful  new  forms  (292),  (141),  (230)  with  description  of  optical  characters;  Cesaro,  Bull. 
Ac.  Belg.,  1198,  1904;  see  also  Lacroix  and  de  Schulten,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  31,  82,  1908.  Crystals 
from  Lake  Como;  Repossi,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  15,  (1),  511,  1906. 

LAWSONITE,  App.,  p.  41.  —  New  forms:  r  (221),  s  (331).     Analysis: 

SiO,       TiO2       A12O3      Fe2O3      FeO      MnO        CaO      MgO      K2O      Na2O       H2O 
38.45      0.38       31.35        0.86        0.10        ir.          17.52      0.17       0.23        0.06        11.21  =  100.33 

Schaller  and  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  17,  195,  1904.  Anal,  of  Italian  material;  Zambonini, 
Att.  Ace.  Line.,  13,  (2),  466,  1904. 

Occurrence  wrth  glaucophane  in  schists  of  Saint- V^ran,  Hautes-Alpes;  Termier,  Bull.  Soc. 
Min.,  27,  265,  1904.  Occurrence  in  California  with  partial  analysis;  Eakle,  Uni.  Calif.  Pub.. 
6,  6,  81,  1907. 

LAZULITE,  Min.,  p.  798;  App.,  p.  41.  —  From  Madagascar;  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  25,  115, 
1902;  ibid.,  31,  244,  1908. 

Lazur-Oligoclase,  see  Oligoclase. 

LEADHILLITE,  Min.,  p.  921;  App.,  p.  42.  —  Structure  of  mimetic  crystals  investigated;  Miigge, 
Jb.  Min.,  Beil.-Bd.,  14,  259,  1901.  Crystals  from  Djebel-Ressas  mine,  Tunis;  Jecker,  C.  R  , 
140,  141,  1905;  from  Shultz,  Ariz.;  Farrington  and  Tillotson,  Field  Col.  Mus.,  Geol.  Series,  3, 
No.  7,  146,  1908. 

Effect  of  low  temperatures  upon  optical  properties;  Panichi  [Mem.  Ace.  Line.,  4,  389,  19021; 
Zs.  Kr.,  40,  88. 

Occurs  at  the  Cerro  Gordo  mines,  Inyo  Co.,  Cal.;  Rogers,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  46,  1901.  From 
Sardinia;  Pelloux,  Att.  Ace.  Line.,  13,  (2),  34,  1904. 

Ledouxite.     J.  W.  Richards,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  11,  457,  1901. 

A  copper  arsenide,  Cu4As,  containing  small  amounts  of  cobalt  and  nickel  from  the  Mohawk 
mine  was  analyzed  by  Ledoux  (Eng.  Mng.  J.,  April  7,  1900)  and  called  mohawkite.  This  name, 
however,  was  given  by  Koenig  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  10,  440,  446,  1900,  see  mohawkite)  to  a  variety  of 
domeykite  (Cu3As)  containing  cobalt  and  nickel.  Although  Koenig  throws  doubt  on  the  cor- 
rectness of  Ledoux's  analysis,  this  is  confirmed  by  Richards,  who  gives  the  name  ledouxite  to  the 
compound,  Cu4As. 

Ledouxite  occurs  in  massive  form,  resembling  algodonite  in  color  and  luster.  G.  =  8.07, 
Richards. 

Analyses:  1,  Richards,  1.  c. ;  2,  Ledoux,  recalculated  by  Richards: 

As                   Cu                 Co                 Ni                 Fe                 S 
1.     [22.8]  70.8  6.4  tr.  =  100.00 

2.   G.  =  7.8    22.67  68.60  1.20  6.55  0.23  0.53       =  99.78 

Leesbergite.  L.  Blum;  Ann.  Soc.  Geol.  Belg.,  34,  BUS,  1908.  W..  Bruhns,  Mitt.  Geol. 
Landensanst.  Elsas-Lothr.,  6,  2,  303,  1908.  A  white  chalk-like  material  occurring  in  magnetite 
iron  ores  between  Marspich  and  Hayingen,  Lorraine.  Comp.  originally  given  as  2MgCo3.CaCo3 
but  shown  by  Bruhns  to  contain  water  as  an  essential  constituent,  to  vary  in  composition  and 
to  be  probably  a  mixture.  Named  in  honor  of  Capt.  Leesberg  of  d'Esch-sur-i'Alzette. 

Lengenbachite.  R.  H.  Solly,  Nature,  71,  118,  1904;  Min.  Mag.,  14,  78,  1905;  Hutchinson, 
Min.  Mag.,  14,  204;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  465. 

Probably  triclinic.     In  thin  blade-shaped  crystals,  sometimes  curled  up  like  paper. 

Cleavage  perfect  ||  to  large  face  of  crystals.  Flexible  but  not  elastic,  somewhat  malleable. 
Soft,  leaving  a  trace  on  paper.  G.  =  5.80,  Solly;  5.85,  Hutchinson.  Luster  metallic.  Color 
steel-gray,  often  with  iridescent  tarnish.  Streak  black.  Opaque. 


APPENDIX  II.  63 

Composition,  a  sulpharsenite  of  lead  with  small  amounts  of  silver,  copper  and  antimony, 
possibly  7[Pb,(Ag,Cu)2]S.2As2S3  or  6PbS.(Ag,Cu)2S.2As2S3. 
Anal,  by  Hutchinson: 

Pb  Ag  Cu  Fe  As  Sb  S 

57.89  5.64  2.36  0.17  13.46  0.77  19.33  =  99.62 

Occurs  in  the  dolomite  of  Lengenbach  quarry  in  the  Binnenthal,  Switzerland. 

Jentschite  (Koechlin,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  23,  551,  1904)  may  be  identical  with  lengenbachite. 

LEONITE  (Kaliumblodite),  App.,  p.  42.  -•-  Crystals  from  Leopoldshall  show  the  new  forms: 
b  (010),  w  (101),  (211);  an  analysis  of  a  crystal  gave 

SO<  Mg  K  Cl  H2O 

52.50  6.26  21.53  0.24  19.57  =100.10 

J.  E.  Strandmark,  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  461,  1902.  The  measured  angles  and  analysis  confirm  the 
original  results  of  Tenne. 

Formation  discussed;  van't  Hoff  and  Meyerhoffer,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  678,  1903. 

LEPIDOLITE,  Min.,  p.  624;  App.,  p.  42.  — Crystals  from  near  Ramona,  San  Diego  Co.,  Calif., 
studied  by  Schaller;_Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  225,  1905,  showed  the  following  formsj  c  (001),  b  (010),  a  (100), 
e  (023),  o  (112),  u  (111),  x  (131),  N  (261),  z  (132),  I  (130)  and  doubtful  (223),  (221),  (112). 

Anal,  of  material  from  Brassac,  Tarn,  France;  Arsandaux,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  24,  431,  1901. 
Occurrence  with  anal.,  from  Wakefield,  Ottawa  Co.,  Province  of  Quebec;  Hoffmann,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
11,  149,  1901.  Occurs  both  of  the  macrodiagonal  and  brachy diagonal  types  at  Haddam  Neck, 
Conn.;  Bowman,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  103,  1902. 

Two  var.  known  as  macro-  and  microlepidolitc,  one  with  a  large  opt.  ax.  angle  and  the  other 
with  a  small  angle.  Baumhauer,  [Eclogse  geol.  Helvetia?,  7,  354,  1903];  Min.  Mag.,  13,  371,  1903. 

LEPIDOMELANE,  Min.,  p.  634;  App.,  p.  42.  —  Anal,  of  material  from  nepheline-syenite, 
Montreal;  Harrington,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Canada,  11,  (3),  25,  1905. 

LEPTOCHLORITE,  Min.,  p.  643.  —  Description  of  various  members  of  group  from  shell  rock 
formation  in  Moravia  and  Silesia. 

See  moravite  and  thuringite.     Kretschner,  Centralbl.  Min.,  293,  1906. 

LEUCITE  Min.,  pp.  341,  1041;  App.,  p.  42. — Structure  of  mimetic  crystals  investigated; 
Miigge,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.-Bd.,  14,  279,  1901. 

Analysis  of  material  from  Vesuvius;  Casoria  [Ann.  R.  Scuola  sup.  di  agric.  di  Portici,  4,  1, 
1903];  Zs.  Kr.,  41,  278.  Investigation  concerning  its  chemical  constitution;  Tschermak,  Ber. 
Ak.  Wien.,  112,  (1),  355,  1903. 

Occurrence  in  tufa  at  Pompeii;  Colomba,  Boll.  Soc.  geol.  ital.,  23,  379,  1904. 

Pseudo-leucite  from  Spotted  Fawn  Creek,  a  tributary  of  Twelve-mile  river,  Yukon  Territory; 
Knight,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  21,  286,  1906. 

Attempt  to  re-form  soda-leucite  by  heating  pseudo-leucite  crystals;  Read  and  Knight,  Am.  J. 
Sc.,  21,  294,  1906. 

Formation  of  in  igneous  rocks;  Washington,  Jour.  Geol.,  15,  257,  1907. 

LEUCOPHANITE,  Min.,  p.  417. — Crystals  from  Kangerdluarsuk,  Greenland;  Boggild,  Min. 
Gronl.,  349. 

Discussion  of  chem.  comp.,  Cesaro,  Mem.  Soc.  Liege,  5,  No.  6,  8,  1904. 

Occurs  at  the  Shepherd  and  Murphy  tin-bismuth  mine,  Bell  Mount,  Middlesex,  Tasmania; 
Petterd,  Notes  on  Tasmanian  Minerals,  priv.  publ. 

Leucophoenicite.     S.  L.  Penfield  and  C.  H.  Warren,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  351,  1899. 

Monoclinic.  Massive,  crystalline;  fragments  parallel  to  an  imperfect  cleavage  also  show 
indistinct  cleavage  cracks  to  which  the  extinction  is  slightly  inclined. 

H.  =  5.5-6.  G.  =  3.848.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  light  purplish  red;  slightly  pleochroic, 
pale  rose  and  colorless. 

Composition  essentially  H2O.7RO.3SiO2,  with  R  =  Mn  chiefly,  .also  Zn  and  Ca.  As  the  water 
is  expelled  at  a  red  heat  this  may  be  written  as  a  basic  orthosilicate,  Mn5(MnOH)2(SiO4)3,  which  is 
analogous  to  a  humite  with  hydroxyl  replacing  all  the  fluorine  (cf.  App.  I,  p.  36). 

Analysis,  Warren: 

SiO2          MnO          ZnO         MgO          CaO         Na2O         K2O         H2O    FeO 
|  26.36         60.63         3.87          0.21  5.67          0.39          0.24         2.64     tr.  =  100.01 

B.  B.  fuses  quietly  at  3  to  a  brownish  black  globule.  Yields  a  little  water  in  the  closed  tube; 
reacts  for  manganese  with  the  fluxes.  Dissolves  easily  in  hydrochloric  acid  yielding  gelatinous 
silica  upon  evaporation. 

Occurs  very  sparingly  at  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J.,  intimately  associated  with  clear  light  green 
willemite  and  crystals  of  brown  vesuvianite. 

Named  from  Xeuxoj,  pale,  and  0om£,  purple-red. 


64  APPENDIX  II. 

Leucosphenite.     G.  Flink,  Medd.  om  Gronland,  14,  236,  1898;  24,  137,  1901. 
Monoclinic.     Axes  a  :  b  :  c  =  0.5813  :  1:  0.8501;  /?  =  86°  37'. 

Forms:  a  (100),  6  (010),  c  (001),  m  (110),  n  (130),  d  (101),  x  (Oil),  s  (112),  p  (111),  r  (263) 
g  (133).  Angles:  nn'"  =  *  120°  15',  en  =  *  88°  19',  cd  =  *  53°  21'. 

Iti  minute  wedge-shaped  crystals,  elongated  ||  a  into  rectangu- 
lar prisms  with  6,  c  prominent,  also  n;  faces  c  striated  longi- 
tudinally, b  also  vertically.  Twins  common,  contact  twins  with 
tw.  plane  c  (001). 

Cleavage  6,  distinct.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle  H  =  6.5 
G.  =  3.05,  Mauzelius.  Luster  vitreous,  on  6  pearly,  also  on  r 
(no  cleavage  detected). 

Color  white,  inclining  to  grayish  blue       Transparent,  ofter 
somewhat  opaque  from  cracks  and  inclusions.     Optically  nega 
tive.     Ax.  plane  nearly  ||  c  and  Bxa  il  a. 
Leucosphenite.  Indices:  ar  =  1.6401,  /?r  =  1.6572,  yr  =  1  6829,  ay  =  1  6445 

/?y  =  1  6609,    7y  =  1.6878.     /.     2Va  =  79°   26'    red,  =  77°   4 
yellow.     Dispersion  marked  p  >  v. 

Composition,  Na4Ba(TiO)2(Si2p3)5,  or  somewhat  analogous  to  petalite,  related  in  composi- 
tion and  axial  relation  to  eudidymite.  Analysis,  Mauzelius: 

SiO2  TiO2  ZrO,  BaO  Na.,O  K2O  H2O 

56.94  13.20  3.50  13  75  11.14  0.56  0.31  =  99  40. 

B.  B.  decrepitates  and  fuses  with  difficulty  to  a  dark  globule;  not  attacked  by  acids. 
Occurs  sparingly  in  pegmatite  at  Narsarsuk  in  southern  Greenland;  closely  associated  with 
aegirite,  albite,  epididymite,  polylithionite.     Named  from  Xewls,  white,  and  a<t>-i)v,  wedge. 

LEVERRIERITE,  Min.,  p.  687.  — Further  study  on  purer  material  gave  Termier,  Bull.'Soc.  Min., 
22,  27,  1899,  the  following:  G  =  2.598;  indices,  a  =  1.554,  7  =  1.582,  7  -  a  =  0.028.  A  new 
analysis  of  the  mineral  from  Rochebelle  gave: 

SiO2  A1A  Fe2O3  MgO         .     CaO  K2O  Loss  on  ign. 

49.90  37.02  3.65  0.30  tr.  1.13  8.65          =  100.6^ 

LEVYNITE,  Min.,  p.  595. — Crystals  from  Skye;  Goodchild,  [Trans.  Geol.  Soc.  Glasgow,  12 
Suppl.,  1-68,  1903];  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  307;  also  Currie,  Trans.  Edin.  Geol._Soc.,  8,  341.  Crystals  fron: 
East  Greenland  with  doubtful  new  forms  v  (2.10.12.1),  u  (10.2.12.11)  (Henry  Glacier)  c  = 
0.80101;  Boggild,  Medd.  om  Gronl.,  28,  125,  1905. 

LIBETHENITE,  Min.,  p.  786. — Crystallographic  study  by  Melczer,  Zs.  Kr.,  39,  288,  1904 
Occurs  in  small  crystals  in  a  quartzite  gangue  at  the  Coronado  lode  of  the  Clifton-Morenci  coppei 
district  in  Arizona;  Lindgren  and  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc  ,  18,  457,  1904.  Crystals  from  Viel-Salm 
Belgium;  Cesaro,  Bull.  Ac.  Belg  ,  142,  1905. 

LILLIANITE,  Min  ,  p.  130.  —  Occurrence  at  Mt.  Farrell,  Tasmania;  Petterd,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc 
Tasmania,  18-33,  1902. 

LIMONITE,  Min.,  p.  250. — Analyses  of  ores  from  Great  Valley  and  Nittany  Valley,  Penn. 
Hopkins,  Bull.  Geol  Soc  Amer  ,  11,  475,  1900;  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  75.  Geodes  from  Muscogie,  I.  T. 
Nichols,  Field  Columbian  Mus.,  No.  Ill;  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  539. 

LINARITE,  Min.,  p.  927;  App.,  p  43.  —  Crystals  from  Cerro  Gordo  mines,  Inyo  Co.,  Calif. 
Rogers,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  46,  1901;  from  Cumberland  with  new  form,  (12.2  11);  Cesaro,  Bull.  Ac 
Belg.,  328,  1905;  from  Eureka,  Utah,  with  new  forms,  d  (10.0.9),  <£  (9.0.10)  /  (523);  Farrington 
and  Tillotson,  Field  Col.  Mus.,  3,  No  7,  148,  1908. 

Occ.  in  Sardinia;  Pelloux,  Att.  Ace.  Line  ,  13,  (2),  34,  1904;  in  County  Wicklow,  Ireland 
Russell,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  348,  1907;  in  the  Otavi  district,  German  S.  W.  Africa,  see  otavite. 

LINN^ITE,  Min.,  p.  78.  —  Auriferous  variety  (anal.)  from  Santa  Fe  mine,  Chiapas,  Mexico; 
Collins,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  361. 

LISKEARDITE,  Min.,  p.  846.  —  Mineral  similar  in  character  found  at  Cape  Garonne,  near  Hy£res, 
France;  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  24,  27,  1901. 

Liveingite.  R.  H.  Solly  and  H.  Jackson;  Proc.  Cambridge  Phil.  Soc.,  11,  239,  1901;  Min 
Mag.,  13,  160. 

Monoclinic.     ,8  =  89°  45*'. 

Comp.     5PbS.4As2S3. 

Anal.:  Pb,  47.58;  S,  24.91;  As,  26.93  =  99.42. 

From  the  Binnenthal. 


APPENDIX  II. 


65 


Loaisite.  R.  L.  Codazzi,  [Mineralizadores  y  minerales  metalicos  de  Colombia.  Tralajos  de 
la  Oficina  de  Historia  Natural.  Seccion  de  min.  y  geol  Bogota,  1905];  Centralbl.  Min.,  183,  1908. 
A  new  mineral  found  at  Marmato,  Colombia,  with  following  analysis: 


As205 
49.6 


FeO 
34.3 


PbO 
0.4 


H2O 

16.9  =  101.2 


LORANDITE,  App.,  p.  43  —  Analyses  1,2  by  P.  Jannasch  on  material  measured  by  Gold- 
schmidt,  (Zs.  Kr.,  39,  122,  1903),  also  3  by  J.  Loczka,  ibid.,  p.  520. 


G. 


S 

19.26 

18.75 

5.533  (|)   18.99 


As 

21.65 
2132 
2230 


Tl 

58.75 
5908 
5976 


Gangue 
0.08  =  99.74 
0.12  =  99.27 
=  101.05 


Loranskite.     M.  Melnikow,  [Loranskite  a  new  Mineral,  sep.  pub.,  St. 
31,  505;  Nikolajew  [Verb.  russ.  min   Gesells  ,  35,  11-13,  1897];  Zs.  Kr  ,  31, 

Massive.      Metallic.      Color    black;    streak   greenish  gray.     H.  =  5. 
Infus.     Analysis: 

Ta2O5  Y2O3  Ce2O3  CaO  FeO  ZrO2  Ig. 

47.00  10.00  3.00  3.30  4.00  20.00  8.15 


Petersburg];  Zs.  Kr., 

505. 

G.  =  4.6.      Isotropic. 


95.45 


Occ.      Found  at  Imbilax  near  Pitkaranta,  Finland.     Named  after  A.  Loranski. 

Lorenzenite.      G.  Flink,Medd.  om  Gronland,  14,  250,  1898;  24,  130,  1901. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  a  :  b  :  c  =  0.6042  :  1:  0.3592. 

Forms:  a  (100),  b  (010),  m  (110),  n  (120),  x  (1.12.0),  p  (111),  o  (231).  Angles: 
120  A  120  =  100° 47'.  110  A  111  =  55°  13'. 

In  minute  acicular  crystals  with  the  prisms  n,  or  m,  n,  prominent  and  'termi- 
nated chiefly  by  p. 

Cleavage  n  (120)  distinct.  Brittle.  H.  =  6-6.25.  G.  =  3.42,  Mauzelius. 
Luster  adamantine  brilliant.  Colorless  or  with  tinge  of  violet  or  brown;  also 
in  part  with  dark  ends  from  enclosed  impurities.  Transparent  to  translucent. 

Optically  + .  Ax.  pi.  ||  a.  Bza  -L  b.  Absorption  &  >  b  >  c.  2E  =  72°. 
Indices:  ar  =  1.7320,  yr  =  1.7786;  ay  =  1.7785,  yy  =  1.7876. 

Composition,  Na2(TiO)2  Si2O 

Analysis  by  Mauzelius:  Lorenzenite. 

SiO2  TiO2  ZrO2  Na2O  K2O  H2O 

34.26  35.15  11.92  17.12  0.37  0.77  =  99.59. 

B.  B.  fuses  easily  to  a  black  globule ;  not  attacked  by  acids. 

Occurs  in  drusy  cavities  in  pegmatite  at  Narsarsuk,  southern  Greenland;  associated  minerals  are 
fiegirite,  microcline,  albite,  arfvedsonite,  elpidite,  etc. 

Named  after  the  Danish  mineralogist,  Johan  Lorenzen. 

Lotrite.  G.  Munteanu-Murgoci,  [Inaug.-Diss.,  Munich,  1901];  Zs.  Kr ,  36,  650;  Bull.  Soc. 
Min.,  24,  504,  1901. 

Massive,  in  an  aggregate  of  small  grains  and  leaves.  Cleavage  ||  to  greatest  length.  H.  = 
7.5.  G.  =  3.23.  Green.  Optically -K  n  =  1.67;  y  -  a  =  0.014  Extinction  makes  angle 
28°  to  trace  of  cleavage.  Ax.  pi.  transverse  to  length  of  lamella?  and  J_  to  cleavage,  c  ||  6.  2E  = 
30°;  2V  =  18°  (approx.). 

Com.p.  —  4SiO2.2(Al,Fe)2O3.3(Ca,Mg)O.2H2O.      Analysis: 

SiO2  A12O3  Fe  A.  FeO  CaO  MgO  H2O 

38.02  30.90  0.33  23.56  2.80  6.24  =  101.85 

Occ.  Found  in  small  veins  in  a  chlorite  schist  associated  with  epidote,  zjoisite,  clinozoisite, 
garnet,  etc.,  in  valley  of  the  Lotru,  Transylvania.  Named  from  locality  of  occurrence. 

LOWEITE,  Min.,  p.  946.  — Conditions  of  formation  discussed;  van't  Hoff  and  O'Farelly,  Ber. 
Ak.  Berlin,  370,  1902. 

LUSSATITE,  Min.,  p.  197.  —  Probably  a  fibrous  form  of  tridymite;  Slavik,  Centralbl.  Min., 
690, 1901.  Anal,  from  Bojanovic,  Westmahren,  Bohemia ;  Kovdr,  [Chem.  Blatter,  Prag,  233, 1901] ; 
Zs.  Kr.,  37,  500. 


LUZONITE,  see  Enargite. 


66  APPENDIX  77. 

MACKINTOSHITE,  App.,  p.  44.  —  Radio-activity  from  Barringer  Hill,  Llano  Co.,  Texas ;  Hidden, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  430,  1905;  see  also  under  Uraninite. 

MAGNESITE,  Min.,  p.  274;  App.,  p.  44.  —  Analyses  of  gray  and  white  varieties  from  Jolsva, 
Hungary;  Loczka,  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  282,  1901.  Magnesite  deposits  of  California  with  anal.,  etc.;  Hese, 
Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  355,  1908. 

A  magnesium  carbonate  containing  isomorphous  MnCO3,  FeCO3  and  CoCO3  from  Eiserfeid 
near  Siegen,  Westphalia,  having  following  analysis: 

MgO  MnO  FeO  CoO  CO,  H2O 

33.41  7.50  6.50  5.12  46.77  0.31  =  99.61 

Johnsen,  Centralbl.  Min.,  13,  1903. 
Also  see  Dolomite. 

Magnesiumpectolite,  see  under  Pcctolite. 

MAGNETITE,  Min.,  pp.  224,  1041;  App.,  p.  44.  —  Crystals  from  Narsarsuk,  Greenland;  Flink, 
Medd.  om  Gronl.  14, 234, 1898;  24,  23,  1901 ;  from  Pian  Real,  Piedmont ;  Boeris,  Att.  Ace.  Torino, 
38,  691,  1903. 

Analyses  of  magnetites  containing  Ti  and  V from  eastern  Ontario,  Canada;  Pope,  Trans.  Amer. 
Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  29,  372,  1899;  Zs.  Kr.,  35,  295;  of  titano-magnetite  from  Croustet,  near  Puy, 
Haute-Loire;  Arsandaux,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  24,  475,  1901;  of  magnetite  from  St.  Joseph  du  Lac, 
Quebec,  Canada,  containing  5.32%  TiO2,  8.46%  MnO  and  3.24%  MgO;  also  from  Magnet  Cove, 
Arkansas;  Digby,  Nova  Scotia,  with  discussion  of  isomorphous  relations;  Harrington,  Min.  Mag., 
14,  373,  1907. 

Formation  of;  Bruhns,  Zs.  prakt.  Geol.,  12,  212,  1904;  occurrence  in  garnet  rock  at  Dasch- 
kesan,  Caucasus;  Jaczewski  [Verb.  russ.  min.  Ges.,  42,  75,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  69. 

MALACHITE,  Min.,  p.  294;  App.,  p.  44.  —  New  form  (423)  found  on  crystals  from  Likasi  mine, 
Katanga,  Congo ;  Cesaro,  Bull.  Ac.  Belg.,  1206, 1904 ;  crystals  from  same  locality ;  Buttgenbach,  Ann. 
Soc.  Geol.  Belg.,  31,  M  565,  1905;  crystals  associated  with  dioptase  from  Mindouli,  French  Congo; 
Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  31,  253,  1908. 

MAMANITE,  Min.,  p.  950.  — Identical  with  polyhalite.  Analysis  given.  Van't  Hoff  and  Voer- 
man,  Ber.  Akad.  Berlin,  984,  1904. 

MANGANITE,  Min.,  p.  248;  App.,  p.  45.—  Crystals  from  Ilefeld  with  new  forms,  E  (320),  L  (940), 
R  (560),  t/(590);  Zambonini,  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  229.  From  Sandur  Hills,  India;  Fermor,  [Rec.  Geol. 
Sur.  India,  33,  229, 19061 J  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  308. 

MANGANOCALCITE,  Min.,  p.  269.  —  Anal,  from  a  graphite  mine  at  Gross-Tresny,  Mahren, 
Bohemia ;  Kovar  [Abh.  bohm.  Akad.,  28,  1899] ;  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  705.  See  under  Agnolite. 

Manganospharite,  Manganospherite.    K.  Busz,  Jb.  Min.,  2, 129, 1901.  —  See  Siderite. 
MANGANOTANTALITE,  see  under  Columbite. 

MARCASITE,  Min.,  pp.  94,  1041;  App.,  p.  45.  —  Crystals  from  Rondout,  Ulster  Co.,  N.  Y.; 
Whitlock,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.,  Bull.  98,  1905;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  393. 

Containing  small  amount  of  thallium  from  Galmei  mines,  Poland;  Antipoff,  [Jour.  russ.  phys. 
chem.  Ges.,  St.  Petersburg,  28,  384,  1896];  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  515.  Anal,  of  material  from  sandstone  of 
Calafuria,  Italy;  Manasse,  [Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  21,  159,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  496. 

Method  of  quantitative  determination  of  amounts  of  marcasite  and  pyrite  in  mixtures;  Stokes, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  414,  1901;  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.,  178,  1901;  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  81. 

Marignacite.     S.  Weidman  and  V.  Lenher,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  23,  287, 1907. 

A  variety  of  pyrochlore.  Crystals  octahedrons.  Color  light  yellowish  brown.  G.  =  4.13., 
H.  =  5-5.5.  Analysis: 

Nb2O5  Ta2O6  SiO2  TiO2    Fe2O3  FeO  Ce2O3  Y2O3    ThO2    CaO    MgO   Na2O   K2O   H,O 

55.22    5.86    3.10   2.88     0.50    0.02    13.33     5.07     0.20      4.10     0.16      2.52    0.57   6.40  =  99.93 

Occurs  in  pegmatite  9  miles  N.  E.  of  Wausau,  Wisconsin.  Named  in  honor  of  the  chemist 
Marignac. 

Marrite.     R.  H.  Solly,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  76,  1905,  188,  1906. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  A  :  b  :  c  =  0.57634  :  1:  0.47389;  ft  =  88°  45'.  Angles  (100)  :  (001)  = 
*88°  45';  (010)  :  (110)  =  *60°  3';  (010)  :  (Oil)  =  *64°  39'. 


APPENDIX  II.  67 

Forms:  a  (100),  6  (010),  c  (001),  (720),  (310),  (210),  (320),  (110),  (230),  (120),  (130),  (140), 
<150),  (170),  (201),  (013),  (012),  (023),  (Oil),  (021),  (073),  (083),  (031),  (072),  (041),  (111),  (112), 
(223),  (111),  (312),  (212),  (211),  (121),  (131),  (151),  (271),  (211),  (233),  (121). 

Habit  roughly  cubical  with  o,  6,  c  prominent,  modified  by  numerous  domes  and  pyramids;  also 
tabular. 

Cleavage  not  observed.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  3.  Luster  metallic,  brilliant. 
Color  lead-  to  steel-gray,  often  with  iridescent  tarnish.  Streak  black  with  chocolate  tinge. 

Composition  not  determined. 

Occurs  very  sparingly  in  the  white  dolomite  of  the  Lengenbach  quarry,  Binnenthal,  Switzer- 
land, associated  with  lengenbachite  and  rathite. 

Named  after  Dr.  John  E.  Marr  of  Cambridge,  England. 

MARSHITE,  App.,  p.  45.  —  Description  of  specimens  from  Broken  Hill,  N.  S.  W.,  give  following 
additional  data.  Dodecahedral  cleavage.  H.=  2.5.  nNa  =  2.346.  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  13, 
38.  Analysis  on  material  with  G.  =  5.590;  Prior,  ibid.,  189. 

The  identification  of  small  quantities  of  iodine  in  New  South  Wales  copper  ores  suggests  the 
probable  presence  of  marshite;  A.  Dieseldorff,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  N.  S.  W.,  33,  160,  1899. 

Marsjatskite.  E.  von  Fedorow  and  W.  Nikitin,  [Ann.  Ge"ol.  Min.  Russie,  3, 90, 102, 1899] ;  Min. 
Mag.,  12,  387.  Glauconite  containing  much  manganese,  forming  the  bulk  of  a  Tertiary  sandstone 
in  the  Marsjat  forest,  Urals. 

MATLOCKITE,  Min.,  p.  169.  —  Crystals  from  Laurium,  Greece;  Lacroix  and  de  Schulten,  Bull. 
Soc.  Min.,  31,  85,  1908. 

Refractive  indices;  Buttgenbach,  Ann.  Soc.  g<k>l.  Belg.,  33,  Mil,  1906. 

Mayberyite.  S.  F.  Peckham,  [Jour.  Franklin  Inst.,  140,  382,  1895],  Min.  Mag.,  12,  387.  Name 
proposed  in  connection  with  a  suggested  new  classification  of  petroleum,  bitumen,  etc.,  after  C.  F. 
Mabery  (not  Maybery). 

MEIONITE,  Min.,  p.  467.  —  A  mineral  occurring  in  amphibole-gneiss  from  the  Black  Forest  which 
has  the  microscopical  characters  of  meionite  except  that  it  shows  a  basal  cleavage,  has  been  called 
pseudomeionite;  Rosenbusch,  [Mitt.  Grossherz.  Badisch.  geol.  Landeanst,  4,  391,  1902];  Min.  Mag., 
14,  408,  1907. 

Melanochalcite.     G.  A.  Koenig,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  404,  1902. 

Massive,  occurring  as  a  pitchy  black  layer  a  few  millimeters  in  thickness  over  a  nucleus  of 
cuprite,  this  kernel  being  surrounded  by  a  banded  green  zone  of  chrysocolla  and  malachite  and  this 
again  by  quartz,  the  whole  forming  nodules  having  an  average  diameter  of  120  mm.  and  of  much 
beauty  in  the  cross  section.  The  black  mineral  when  pure  has  a  brilliant  luster  and  is  very  brittle; 
H.  =  4;  G.  =  4.141. 

Analysis  of  carefully  selected  material. 

SiO,  CO3  CuO  ZnO  Fe2O,  H,O 

7.80  7.17  76.88  0.41  0.07  7.71  =  100.04 

See  also  analysis  of  copper  pitch  ore  from  Morenci,  Arizona;  Lindgren  and  Hillebrand,  Am.  J. 
Sc.,  18,  454,  1904. 

MELANOPHLOGITE,  Min.,  pp.  194,  1041;  App.,  p.  45.— Study  of  optical  properties;  Zambonini, 
Zs.  Kr.,41,48. 

MELANTERITE,  Min.,  p.  941;  App.,  p.  46.  —  Crystals  from  Falun,  Sweden,  described  and 
analyzed;  Edgren,  G.  For.  Forh.,  23,  329,  1901.  Occurs  in  small  prismatic  crystals,  also  as  an 
efflorescence  with  pyrite  near  Leona  Heights,  Alameda  Co.,  Cal.,  new  forms  noted  I  (12Q),  d  (102), 
k  (203),  x  (302),  q  (201),  j  (904),  B  (332);  Schaller,  Bull.  G.  Univ.  Cal.,  3,  195,  1903. 

Study  of  chemical  constitution  and  genesis  of  iron  sulphates;  Scharizer,  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  345. 

Occurrence  in  Baluchistan,  India;  Hooper  [Jour.  Asiatic  Soc.  Bengal,  72,  236,  1901];  Zs.  Kr., 
42,  391;  occurrence  at  Cetine,  Siena,  Italy  (with  anal.);  Manasse,  Proc.  Soc.  Tosc.,  May,  1908. 

MELILITE,  Min.,  p.  474;  App.,  p.  46.  —  Indices  of  refraction  for  various  colors;  Hlawatsch, 
Min.  Mitth.,  23,  415,  1904. 

Study  of  minerals  of  melilite group  with  analyses;  Fouque,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  23,  10,  1900;  chemi- 
cal composition  with  analyses;  Zambonini,  Zs.  Kr.,  41,  226. 

MELINITE,  Min.,  p.  695. —  From  Vicz  near  Bistritz,  Mahren,  with  anal. ;  Kovar,  [Chem.  Blatter, 
1899] ;  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  706. 

MELIPHANITB,  Min.,  p.  418.  —  Chem.  comp.  discussed;  Cesaro,  Mem.  Soc.  Liege,  5,  No.  6. 
11,  1904. 


68  APPENDIX   II. 

Melite.     F.  Zambonini,  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  161,  1899 ;  34,  227,  1901. 

In  imperfect  prismatic  forms;  also  stalactitic  massive. 

H.  =  3.     G.  =  2.18.     Color  bluish  brown.     Opaque. 

Composition  approximates  to  2(Al,Fe)2O3.SiO2.8H2O. 

Analysis. 

SiO2  A12O3  Fe2O3  CaO  H2O 

14.97  35.24  14.90  0.78  33.75  =  99.64 

B.  B.  infusible,  gives  off  water  and  the  residue  becomes  brown;  iron  reactions  with  the  fluxes. 
Completely  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  with  separation  of  silica. 

The  specimen  examined,  originally  from  the  Abbati  collection,  was  labeled  allophane  from 
Saalfeld,  Thuringia. 

Named  after  Professor  Romolo  Meli  of  Rome. 

MELONITE,  Min.,  p.  76. —  Anal,  from  Worturpa,  N.  S.  W. ;  Higgin,  [Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  So.  Aus., 
23,  211,  1899];  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  214. 

Analyses  by  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  295,  1899,  from  original  locality,  Stanislaus  mine, 
Melones  Co.,  Calif.,  and  by  Dieseldorff,  Centralbl.  Min.,  168,  1901,  from  Australia,  prove  that  for- 
mula should  be  NiTe2. 

I  II  III  IV  V 

Te  80.75  81.40  80.17  81.09  81.31 


Ni  (1Coi  18.60  16.73  18.91  18.69 

Co 0.75 

Ag  0.86  ...  ..  Fe     1.33  


99.92  100.00  98.98  100.00  100.00 

I,  Hillebrand;  II  =  I  recalc.;  Ill,  Dieseldorff;  IV  =  III  recalc.;  V  =  Theory  for  NiTe2. 
Occurrence  at  Illinawortina,  N.  S.  W.,  with  analyses;  Dieseldorff,  Centralbl.  Min.,  98,  1900. 

MERCURIC  IODIDE.  Minute  scarlet-red  cubes  occurring  in  limonite  at  the  Broken  Hill  mines, 
New  South  Wales,  have  been  identified  as  probably  mercuric  iodide  by  Moses ;  its  relation  to  the 
doubtful  coccinite  of  Castillos  (Min.,  p.  161)  is  uncertain,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  98,  1901. 

MERCURY,  Min.,  p.  22.  —  Occurrence  at  Erzberg,  Styria;  Redlich,  Centralbl.  Min.,  280,  1908. 

MESOLITE,  Min.,  p.  605. —  Optical  study  of  material  from  Faroe  islands;  Gorgey,  Min.  Mitth., 
27,  255,  1908. 

Anal.  — From  Table  Mountain,  Golden,  Colo. ;  Patton,  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Amer.,  11,  461,  1900; 
Zs.  Kr.,  36,  74;  from  Ben  Lomond,  N.  S.  W. ;  Anderson,  Rec.  Aus.  Mus.,  6,  419,  1907;  from  basalt  of 
Montresta,  Sardinia;  Deprat,  Bull.  Min.  Soc.,  31,  191,  1908;  also,  Millosevich,  Rend.  Ace.  Line., 
17,  (1),  270,  1908;  and  Pelacani,  ibid.,  17,  (2),  66,  1908. 

Discussion  of  chem.  comp.;  Zambonini,  Mem.  Ace.  Sci.  Napoli,  14,  121,  1908. 

A  zeolite  having  composition  and  general  physical  properties  like  mesolite  but  differing 
optically  has  been  named  pseudomesolite  by  A.  N.  Winchell,  [These  Fac.  des  Sc.  de  Paris,  1900] ; 
Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  24,  506,  1901;  Amer.  Geol.,  26,  275,  1900;  biaxial,  positive,  small  axial  angle; 
length  of  fibers  positive ;  max.  angle  of  extinc.  to  length  of  fibers  =  20°.  Analysis : 

SiO2          A12O3          Fe2O3         MgO          CaO          Na2O      K2O          H2O 

45.25         25.69  1.40  tr.  9.75  4.24        0.47          12.99  =  99.79 

Found  in  the  anorthosite  of  Carlton  Peak,  Minnesota. 

Experiments  concerning  loss  of  water,  etc. ;  Friedel,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  22,  84,  1899. 

i 
METACINNABARITE,  Min.,  pp.  62,  1041 ;  App.,  p.  46.  —  Relations  to  cinnabar,  which  see. 

Metanhydrite.     E.  Sommerfeldt,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  140,  1907. 

Orthorhombic.     Composition,  CaSO4. 

Prepared  artificially  in  small  crystals  which  show  faces  that  cannot  be  simply  referred  to  the 
anhydrite  axes.  Like  anhydrite  in  cleavage  and  specific  gravity.  Differs  in  showing  a  dis- 
tortion of  the  interference  figure.  Perhaps  to  be  considered  as  isomorphous  with  barite,  to  the 
crystal  axes  of  which  its  faces  could  be  referred. 

Metakalkuranite,  see  Autunite. 

Metakoenenite.     F.  Rinne,  Centralbl.  Min.,  p.  498,  1902.  —  See  Koenentie. 

Metakupferuranite,  see  Torberntte. 


APPENDIX  II. 


69 


METAVOLTINE,  Min.,  p.  972.  —  Formed  at  eruption  of  Vesuvius,  1906;  anai.  given;  see  under 
Vesuvius. 

Occurrence  in  a  fumarole  near  Pyromeni  on  island  of  Milo,  and  near  Porto  di  Levante  on 
Vulcano;  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  30,  30,  1907.  From  Zolfo  Grotto,  Miseno,  Italy;  Zanbonini, 
Rend.  Ace.  Sci.  Napoli,  Dec.,  1907. 

METEORITES,  see  under  Iron. 

MIARGYRITE,  Min.,  p.  116.  —  Crystals  from  Zacatecas,  Mexico,  with  following  new  forms: 
T  (106),  U  (1.0.30),  V  (1.0.12),  W  (1.0.12),  P  (15.2.2),  K  (112),  H  (411),  Z  (913);  Eakle,  Zs.  Kr., 
31,  209.  Description  of  specimens  from  Tatasi  (anal.),  and  from  Aullagas,  Potosi,  Bolivia; 
Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  339,  340. 

MICA  GROUP,  Min.,  p.  611;  App.,  p.  46.  —  Analyses  of  Canadian  micas;  Egleson,  Trans.  Roy. 
Soc.  Canada,  10,  (3),  57,  1904;  from  marble  of  Carrara;  D'Achiardi,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.  Sc.,  Mem.  22, 
1906. 

Description  of  occurrence  in  the  pegmatites  of  upper  Veltlin;  Linck,  [Zs.  f.  Naturwiss.  Jena, 
33,  345,  1899];  Zs.  Kr.,  35,  317.  Occurrence  in  Canada;  Cirkel,  Bull.,  of  Mines  Branch,  Dept.  of 
Interior,  Ottawa,  Canada;  Am.  J.  Sc.,  21,  405,  1906. 

MICROCLINE,  Min.,  pp.  322,  1042;  App.,  p.  47.  —  Occurs  in  crystals  at  Haddam  Neck,  Conn.; 
Bowman,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  114,  1902.  Crystals  from  various  Greenland  localities;  Boggild,  Min; 
Gronl.,  443;  from  Vizezy  near  Montbrison,  Loire;  Gonnard,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  28,  17,  1905. 

Analysis  from  Ilmengebirge;  Sioma,  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  278. 

In  granites  of  Sardinia,  see  under  Orthoclase. 

MICROLITE,  Min.,  pp.  728,  1042;  App.,  p.  47. — From  Narsarsuk,  Greenland;  Flink,  [Medd. 
om  Gronl.,  16,  234,  1898;  24,  171,  1901]. 

MiCROSOMMiTE,  Min.,  p.  428.  —  Refractive  indices  of  crystals  formed  during  eruption  of 
Vesuvius  in  1906;  see  under  Vesuvius. 

MIERSITE,  App.,  p.  47.  —  Description  of;  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  41.  Anal,  by  Prior,  ibid., 
188,  gave  Ag,  38.17;  Cu,  5.64;  I,  56.58  =  100.39,  which  leads  to  formula,  4AgI.CuI.  G.  =  5.64. 

MILARITE,  Min.,  p.  312;  App.,  p.  47.  — Crystals  from  Gletsch, 
Switzerland;  Busz,  Centralbl.  Min.,  754,  1906. 

Chem.  comp.  discussed;  Cesaro,  Mem.  Soc.  Liege,  5,  No.  6,  1, 
1904. 

MILLERITE,  Min.,  p.  70;  App.,  p.  47.  —  Study  by  Palache  and 
Wood,  of  crystals  from  Orford,  Quebec,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  343,  1904, 
gave  following_new  facts  using  as  according  to  Gdt.,  c  =  0.3774  , 
(Palache);  (0112)  is  a  gliding  _plane  and _artificial  twins  can_  be 
formed;  perfect  cleavage  ||  to  (1011)  and  (0112) ;  new  forms:  (7290), 
(0221),  (2131),  (4153)  with  several  doubtful  forms. 

MIMETITE,  Min.,  p.  771. — Crystals  from  Bena  a  Padru,  Sar- 
dinia; Lovisato,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  13,  (2),  43,  1904;  from  Eureka, 
Utah;  Farrington  and  Tillotson,  Field  Col.  Mus.,  Geol.  Series,  3, 
No.  7,  150,  1908.  Study  of  refractive  indices;  Bowman,  Min.  Mag., 
13,  324,  1903. 

MINER  VITE,  App.,  p.  47.  —  A  white  pulverulent  phosphate  from 
the  Jenolau  caves,  New  South  Wales,  is  analyzed  by  Mingaye 
and  referred  to  minervite.  Trans.  Austr.  Assoc.  Sci.,  7,  1898. 
Analyses  of  other  phosphatic  deposits  are  also  given. 

MIRABILITE,  Min.,  p.  931.  — Occurrence  with  gypsum  at  Puch- 
berg  near  Schneeberg,  Austria;  Cornu,  Centralbl.  Min.,  280,  1908. 

MISENITE,  Min.,  p.  922.  —  Anal,  of  material  from  Zolfo  Grotto, 
Mesino,  Italy,  corresponding  to  formula,  K2SO4.6HKSO4 ;  Zambo- 
nini,  Rend.  Ace.  Sci.  Napoli,  Dec.,  1907. 


Millerite,  Orford,  Quebec. 


MISSONITE,  Min.,  p.  471;  App.,  p.  47.  —  Variety  dipyre  occurs  altered  to  forsterite  and  spinel 
in  Iherzolite  at  Ariege;  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  24,  14,  1901. 


70  APPENDIX  II. 

Mohawkite.  G.  A.  Koenig,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  10,  440,  1900.  —  A  variety  of  domeykite  containing 
nickel  and  cobalt.  See  Domeykite;  also  Ledouxite. 

Mohawk- Whitneyite.  G.  A.  Koenig,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  10,  446,  1900;  14,  414,  1902.  —  An  inti- 
mate mixture  of  mohawkite  and  whitneyite,  see  Whitneyite. 

MOHSITE,  see  Ilmenite. 

Moissanite.  G.  F.  Kunz,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  396,  1905.  —  Name  proposed  for  the  naturally 
occurring  carbon  silicide  (CSi)  (Carborundum)  found  by  Moissan  as  small  green  hexagonal  plates 
in  the  meteoric  iron  of  Canon  Diablo,  Arizona,  associated  with  microscopic  diamonds.  Moissan, 
C.  R.,  139,  778,  1904;  140,  405,  1905. 

Crystallization  of  carborundum.  G.  B.  Negri,  Riv.  min.  crist.  ital.,  29,  33,  1903;  Zs.  Kr., 
41,  269,  1905.  Rhombohedral..  Forty-four  fojms  were  observed,  of  which_  the  following  _are 
given  as  the  most  common:  (0001),  (1010),  (1011),  (4043),  (2021),  (4041),  (0111),  (0443),  (0221), 
(0441). 

Ajagles:  0001 A 1011  =  54°  46'  37",  0001A4043  =  62°  5'  53",  0001A2021  =  70°  33'  23",  0001 
A  4041  =  79°  59' 31". 

Crystal  habit  is  (1)  tabular  ||  (0001),  or  (2)  pyramidal,  rhombohedrons  of  both  orders  being 
present. 

Following  facts  observed  under  the  microscope  by  Pirsson  [priv.  contr.].  Cleavage  poor, 
rhombohedral ;  fracture  conchoidal.  Uniaxial,  positive;  double  refraction  weak.  Somewhat 
pleochroic,  e  deep  indigo  blue,  w  light  blue.  Refractive  indices  high;  both  w  and  e  greater  than 
1.75. 

Moldavite,  a  glass.  —  Occurrence  in  Mahren;  Dvorsky  [Mus.  Francisceum-Annalen,  Brunn, 
1898];  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  623.  Concerning  its  origin;  Suess  [Ver.  gepl.  Reichsanst.  Vienna,  387,  1898; 
Rzehak,  ibid.,  415];  its  occurrence  in  northern  Bohemia;  Jahn,  [ibid.,  81, 1899];  all  reviewed  in  Zs. 
Kr.,  33,  649.  Chemical  composition;  John  [Verh.  geol.  Reichsanst.  Vienna,  179,  1899];  Zs.  Kr., 
36,  309. 

MOLYBDENITE,  Min.,  pp.  41,  1042;  App.,  p.  47.  —  Crystallographic  study;  Moses,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
17,  359,  1904. 

Anal,  from  Biella,  Italy;  Zambonini,  Zs.  Kr.,  40,  211. 

Alpine  occurrences;  Lincio,  Centralbl.  Min.,  12,  1905.  In  basalts  of  lower  Rhine;  Brauns, 
Centralbl.  Min.,  97,  1908. 

MOLYBDITE,  Min.,  p.  201.  —  Analyses  by  Schaller,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  23,  297,  1907;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  331, 
of  various  specimens  show  that  molybdic  ocher  is  not  the  oxide  MoO3  but  rather  a  hydrous  ferric 
molybdate,  Fe2O3.3MoO3.7iH2O.  Results  confirmed  by  Guild,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  23,  455,  1907,  except 
his  analysis  gives  formula  with  7H2O.  Anal.  I,  Schaller;  II,  Guild. 

H2O  Fe2O3  MoO3  Insol. 

I.   Westmoreland,  N.  H.  17.62  21.08  57.69  4.66        =  101.05 

II.    Santa  Rita  Mts.,  Ariz.  17.36  21.84  60.80  ....        =100.00* 

*  Recalc.  after  deducting  insol.  res. 
Anal,  of  material  from  Hortense,  Colo.;  Schaller,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  25,  74,  1908;  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  12. 

Molybdophyllite.     G.  Flink,  Bull.  G.  Inst.  Upsala,  6,  91,  1901. 

Hexagonal.  In  irregular  foliated  masses  with  perfect  basal  cleavage;  resembles  mica.  Some- 
what flexible  in  thin  folia;  etching  figures  normal  hexagonal  (Baumhauer).  H.  =  3-4.  G.  =  4.717. 
Luster  on  c  pearly,  elsewhere  vitreous.  Colorless  in  thin  folia,  in  thicker  masses  pale  green. 
Optically  uniaxial,  negative.  Indices  coy  =  1.8148,  ey  =  1.7611. 

Composition,  RSiO4  +H2O  with  R  =  Pb  :  Mg  =  1  :  1  nearly.  Cf.  barysilite,  Min.,  p.  421. 
Analysis,  Flink,  I.e.: 

SiO2  PbO  MgO  A12O3  Na2O  K2O  H2O 

18.15  61.09  11.71  0.46  0.82  0.69  6.32  =  99.24 

B.  B.  fuses  with  some  difficulty  to  a  gray  porcelain-like  mass,  which  yields  metallic  lead  with 
soda  on  charcoal.  Yields  water  freely  in  the  tube. 

Occurs  with  hausmannite  in  granular  limestone  or  dolomite  at  Langban,  Sweden. 
Named  from  /a6\u/35os,  lead,  and  0tf\\ov,  leaf,  in  allusion  to  its  structure. 

MONAZITE,  Min.,  p.  749;  App.,  p.  47.  —  Cryst.  — Description  of  crystals  with  optical  and 
chemical  investigation  from  Impilaks,  Finland;  Ramsay  and  Zilliacus,  [Ofversikt  af  Finska 
Vetenskaps-Societetens  Forhandlingar,  39,  1897];  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  317;  crystals  from  Tyrol;  Cathrein, 
Jb.  Min.,  2,  137,  1899;  from  Pisek,  Bohemia;  Krejci,  Ber.  bohm.  Ges.  Wiss.,  xliv,  1899;  also 
Bull.  Acad.  Sci.  Boheme,  1904;  crystallography  with  bibliography;  Bowman,  Zs.  Kr.,  33,  113, 


APPENDIX  II. 


71 


1900;  crystals  from  Tintagel,  Cornwall,  with  new  forms,  ;*  (130),  *7  (132),  0(122);  Bowman, 
Min.  Mag.,  12,  358, 1900;  from  Pragratten,  Tyrol;  Pohl,  Min.  Mitth.,  22,  472,  1903;  from  Kekertak, 
Upernivik  District,  Greenland;  Boggild,  Min.  Gronl.,  202;  from  Emmaville,  N.  S.  W.;  Anderson, 
Rec.  Aus.  Mus.,  6,  414,  1907. 

Opt.  study  of  crystals  from  Nil-Saint-Vincent,  Brabant;  Prinz,  Bull.  Ac.  Belg.,  313,  1904. 

Anal.  —From  Pisek,  Bohemia;  Preis,  [Ber.  bohm.  Ges.,  19, 1897] ;  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  526;  Brazil  with 
discussion  of  composition;  Hussakand  Reitinger,  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  550,  1903.  Concerning  presence  of 
thorium ;  Mann,  Inaug.-Diss.,  Leipzig,  1904 ;  Zs.  Kr.,  42, 664.  Analyses  of  material  from  Idaho  (?) ; 
Tschernik  [Verh.  russ.  min.  Ges.,  42,  9,  1905],  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  68.  Discussion  of  analyses;  Aars 
[Inaug.-Diss.,  Freiburg  i.  Br.  1905] ;  Centralbl.  Min.,  247,  1907. 

General  notes;  Derby,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  10,  217,  1900.  Radioactivity;  Barker,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  161, 
1903. 

Occ.  —  In  tin  gravels,  Embabaan  district,  Swaziland,  S.  Africa ;  Prior,  Min.  Mag,,  12, 101, 1899; 
from  Delaware  Co.,  Pa.;  Hamilton,  [Proc.  Phil.  Ac.  Sc.,  II,  377,  1899];  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  206;  in  iron 
ore  and  graphite.  Brazil;  Derby,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  13,  211,  1902;  character  of  monazite  sand  from 
Caucasus;  Tschernik.  [Verh.  russ.  min.  Ges.,  41,  43,  1903];  Zs.  Kr.,  41,  184;  occurs  in  place  at 
Blatherarm  Creek,  near  Deepwater,  N.  S.  W.,  analysis  (1.63ThO2);  Anderson,  Records  Austr. 
Mus.,  6,  258,  1904;  Zs.  Kr.,  42,  391. 

MONETITE,  Min.,  p.  784. — Triclinic  constants  on  artif.  crystals:  a  =  96°  40';  ft  =  88°  44'; 
7  =  103°  48';  a  :  b  :  c  =  1.049  : 1  :  1.044;  de  Schulten,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  24,  323,  1901. 

MONTMORILLONITE,  Min.,  p.  690.  —  Anal,  of  variety,  stolpenite,  from  Gross-Tresny,  Mahren; 
Kovar,  [Abh.  bohm.  Akad.,  No.  15,  1,  1896] ;  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  524.  Anal,  of  material  resembling  mont- 
morillonite,  from  Exeter,  N.  S.  W.;  Anderson,  Rec.  Aus.  Mus.,  5,  67,  1903. 

Montroydite.  A.  J.  Moses,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  259,  1903;  Hillebrand  and  Schaller;  ibid.,  24, 
269,  1907. 

Orthorhombic.     Axes  &  :  b  :  c  =  0.63797  :  1 : 1.1931  (Moses) ;  0.6375  : 1  : 1.1977  (Schaller). 

Forms:  a  (100),  b  (010),  m  (110),  d  (101),  s  (112),  o  (111),  x  (331),  w  (311),  r  (211),  t  (212), 
e  (132).     Hillebrand  and  Schaller  record  56  forms  in  all.     In  minute  pris- 
matic crystals,  highly  modified ;  also  forming  velvety  crusts. 

Brittle.  H.  =  1.5-2.  G.  undet.  Luster  adamantine  to  vitreous. 
Color  orange-red ;  streak  same  but  lighter.  Transparent.  Ax.  pi.  ||  (100), 
Bxac  J-  (001)?  (Schaller.  priv.  contr.). 

Composition,  mercuric  oxide,  HgO,  determined  on  0.05  gram;  analysis 
gave: 

Loss  on  heating  (assumed  to  be  O)  7.13,  sublimate  (Hg)  92.87  =  100. 
Volatilizes  completely  in  the  closed  tube,  yielding  a  sublimate  of  metallic 
mercury.  Dissolves  readily  in  cold  nitric  or  hydrochloric  acid. 

Associated  sparingly  with  eglestonite  and  terlinguaite  at  the  mercury 
deposits  at  Terlingua,  Texas. 

Named  after  Mr.  Montroyd  Sharpe,  one  of  the  owners  of  the  Terlingua 
mines. 

Mooraboolite.  G.  B.  Pritchard,  [Victorian  Naturalist,  18,  63,  1901] ; 
J.  Ch.  Soc.,  82,  (2),  612,  1902;  L.  J.  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  373,  1903.— 
A  zeolitic  mineral  from  the  Moorabooi  valley,  Victoria.  As  noted  by 
Spencer  the  characters  given  agree  closely  with  those  of  natrolite,  to  which 
it  is  doubtless  to  be  referred. 


Montroydite. 


Moravite.     Franz  Kretschmer,  Centralbl.  Min.,  p.  293,  1906. 

A  chloritic  mineral  resembling  thuringite.     It  occurs  in  lamellar,  small- 
foliated  to  scaly  and  granular  forms,  with  perfect  basal  cleavage. 

H.  =  3.5.    G.  =  2.38.    Luster  greasy  to   pearly  on  the   scales.     Color  iron-black, 
dark  smoky  gray. 

Composition,  H4Fe2(Al,Fe)4Si7O24. 

Analysis  of  carefully  selected  material: 


Streak 


SiO3 
49.30 


A1203 
22.71 


Fe203      FeO       CaO       MgO      Na2O,K2O       H2O 

5.04       13.99         tr.         1.82  1.10  4.95  graphite  0.55,  P2O5  tr.  =  99.46 

A  second  analysis  on  less  pure,  somewhat  altered  material  is  not  quoted  here. 

B.  B.  fuses  with  difficulty  to  a  black  shining  bead.  Decomposed  with  hydrochloric  acid  with 
the  separation  of  gelatinous  silica. 

Occurs  abundantly  at  the  iron-ore  mines  of  Gobitschau  near  Sternberg,  Moravia,  Thuringite 
is  present,  also  stilpnomelane  and  stilpnochloran  (see  also  Kretschmer,  Centralbl.  Min.,  195,  1905). 


72  APPENDIX  II. 

Morencite.     W.  Lindgren  and  W.  F.  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  455,  1904. 

In  brownish  yellow  fibrous  seams  with  silky  luster.  Under  the  microscope  appears  as  a  nearly 
homogeneous  felted  aggregate;  the  fibers  slightly  pleochroic  with  parallel  extinction  and  strong 
birefringence. 

Composition  uncertain.     Analysis,  ^V".  F.  Hillebrand: 


SiO2     TiO2      A1,O3      Fe2O,     FeO     MnO     CaO     MgO      K2O    Na2O       H2O         X 
45.74      tr.         1.98      29.68      0.83         tr.       1.61       3.99      0.20      0.10      13.92*    0.84  1  =  98.89 

*  8.84  at  105°,  0.12  at  150°,  4.27  below  redness,  0.69  red  heat,     t  FeS2  0.66,  P2O5  0.18,  CuO  tr. 

From  Morenci,  Arizona;  found  in  a  lime  shale  at  the  Arizona  Central  mine,  200  feet  below  the 
surface;  probably  derived  from  the  oxidation  of  some  contact  metamorphic  mineral. 

MORINITE,  Min.,  p.  1042.  —  Anal,  of  crystalline  massive  material  from  original  locality  yielded: 

P205  F  A1203  Ca  Na20  H2O 

33.50  13.20  17.80  13.80  5.20  17.90  =  101.40* 

*  Anal,  recalc.  after  deducting  1.50%  SiO2  and  0.20%  H2O  at  120°. 

Formula  derived  may  be  written  as  3AlPO4.HNa2PO4.3CaF2.8H2O  or  HNa2(AlF)3(CaF), 
(P04)4.8H20. 

Relation  of  composition  to  that  of  amblygonite,  from  which  it  has  been  derived,  is  discussed. 
Carnot  and  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  31,  149,  1908. 

Miillerite.     F.  Zambonini,  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  157,  1899;  34,  225,  1901. 

Massive;  resembling  nontronite;  in  crusts,  with  rough  surface. 

Soft.     G.  =  1.97. 

Color  yellowish  green.     Streak  yellowish,  dull.     Opaque. 

Composition,  Fe2Si3O<,.2H2O. 

Analyses:  1,  Zambonini;  2,  Miiller;  3,  Uricochea  (anal.  2  and  3  quoted;  ref,  not  given). 

SiO2  Fe2O3       A12O3  MnO  MgO  H2O 

1.  Nontron  §  48.82  35.88         4.30  0.63  0.35  9.66  =    99.64 

2.  Tirschenreuth        47.10  35.75         7.15  ____  ....  10.00  =  100.00 

3.  Tirschenreuth        47.59  42.49  ....  0.13  9.79  =  100.00 

B  B.  infusible,  loses  water  and  finally  becomes  brown.  Reacts  for  iron  with  borax.  Slowly 
and  imperfectly  decomposed  by  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid. 

From  Nontron,  Dordogne,  France,  and  called  "nontronite"  (chloropal),  but  differs  chiefly 
in  lower  percentage  of  water.  Also  stated  to  occur  at  Tirschenreuth,  Bavaria.  The  mineral 
from  Starbo,  Sweden,  analyzed  by  Weibull  (Dana,  Min.,  anal.  9,  p.  701)  is  also  near  the  above. 

Named  after  Miiller,  who  analyzed  the  Tirschenreuth  mineral. 

MURSINSKITE,  Min.,  p.  1042.  —  Review  of  crystal  measurements  with  conclusion  that  the 
specimens  named  as  mursinskite  were  an  iron-lime  garnet;  von  Fedorow,  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  36. 

Muschketowite.  E.  von  Fedorow  and  W.  Nikitin,  [Ann.  G£ol.  Min.  Russ.,  3,  87,  99,  1899]; 
Min.  Mag.,  12,  388.  A  pseudomorph  of  magnetite  after  hematite.  Urals. 

MUSCOVITE,  Min.,  p.  614;  App.,  p.  48.  —  Crystals  from  Mitchell  Co..  N.  C.,  show  following_new 
forms:  e  (447);  h  (556);  (29.29.30);  o  (111);  e  (331);  r  (10.10.3);  6  (11.11.3);  17  (23.23.6);  v  (551). 
Baumhauer,  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  164,  1899.  In  radial  crystal  groups;  Johnsen,  Centralbl.  Min.,  504,  1908. 

Optical  study  of  material  from  Monte  Orfano,  Italy;  Viola,  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  118,  1899.  With 
unusual  axial  angle  from  the  eclogite  of  the  Fichtelgebirge;  Johnsen,  Centralbl.  Min.,  620,  1908. 

Analysis  of  a  pink  fibrous  variety,  associated  with  lepidolite,  from  Haddam  Neck,  Conn.; 
Bowman,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  98,  1902. 

Fuchsite  used  as  material  for  prehistoric  implements  in  Guatemala;  Bauer,  Centralbl.  Min., 
291,  1900;  as  decorative  stone  by  the  ancients;  Miers,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  322. 

From  upper  Veltlin,  Italy;  Linck,  Jena,  33,  349,  1900. 

Nae'gite.  T.  Wada,  Minerals  of  Japan,  1904;  Beitrage  Min.  Japan,  2,  23,  1906;  Am.  J.  Sc., 
19,  90,  1905. 

Probably  tetragonal  and  isomorphous  with  zircon.  Occurs  in  small  spheroidal  aggregates; 
rarely  in  pseudo-dodecahedral  crystals.  Color  varies  between  dark  pistachio-green,  greenish 
gray  and  brown  or  reddish  brown.  Under  microscope  transparent,  grass-green,  highly 


APPENDIX   II. 


73 


H.  =  7.5.     G.  =  4.09. 


Marked  radioactivity.     Analysis  by 
Nb205.Ta205 


Y203 

9.12  =  100.73 


Si02 
61.63 


refractive,  often  nearly  isotropic. 
Haga: 

SiO2  ZrO2  UO3  ThO2  Nb2 

20.58  55.30  3.03  5.01  7.69 

Earlier  analyses  by  Tamura  failed  to  find  the  zirconia. 
Found  with  fergusonite  in  placer  tin  washings  near  Takayama,  Mino  province,  Japan. 

NAGYAGITE,  Min.,  p.  105;  App.,  p.  48.  —  Anal,  and  discussion  of  composition;  Priwoznik, 
[Oesterreich.  Zs.  f.  Berg-u.  Huttenwesen,  265,  1897];  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  185. 

Narsarsukite.      G.  Flink,  Medd.  om  Gronland,  14,  234,  1898; 
24,  154,  1901. 

Tetragonal.     Axis  c  =  0.52352.  ^^^^  \n\ 

Forms:  a  (100),  c  (001),  m  (110),  n  (210),  p  (111). 

Angles:   (210)  :  (100)  =  18°  17';  (111)  :  (110)  =  53°  29'. 

In  tabular  crystals,  c  predominating;  also  rarely  cubic.  Faces  c  Narsarsukite. 

uneven,  seldom  bright;  a,  m,  n  bright  and  vertically  striated. 

Cleavage  m,  eminent.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  =  7-7.25.  G.  =  2.751.  Luster 
vitreous,  on  m  pearly.  Color  honey-yellow,  with  tinge  of  reddish  brown;  on  weathering  passes 
to  brownish  gray  or  ocher-yellow.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Optically  positive.  Indices 
«y  =  1  5532,  ey  =  1.5842. 

Composition,  a  highly  acidic  titano-silicate  of  ferric  iron  and  sodium. 

Analysis,  Chr.  Christensen: 

TiO2       Fe2O3     A12O3     MnO      MgO    Na2O       F      H2O 

14.00     6.30       0.28       0.47       0.24      16.12      0.71    0.29  =  100.04  less  O  (0.30)  =  99.74 

B.  B.  fuses  readily  to  a  yellow  blebby  glass;  reacts  for  titanium  with  salt  of  phosphorus.  Not 
attacked  by  acids. 

Occurs  at  several  localities  in  pegmatite  at  Narsarsuk,  southern   Greenland;   associated  with 
segirite,  also  microcline,  albite,  elpidite,  epididymite,  tseniolite. 

NASONITE,  App.,  p.  48.  —  Described  by  Penfield  and  Warren,  Am.  J.  Sc..,  8,  346,  1899.  In 
massive  aggregates,  crystallization  probably  tetragonal  with  imperfect  basal  and  prismatic  cleav- 
age; birefringence  rather  strong,  negative.  H.  =4.  G.  =  5.425.  The  mean  of  two  analyses 
by  Warren  gave: 

PbO       ZnO       MnO      FeO         CaO        Cl       (OH) 

65.68     0.82       0.83       0.10        11.20     2.81      0.26  =  100.17  deduct  0.63  X(O  =  Cl)  =  99.54 

The  formula  deduced  is  as  before  given,  Pb6Ca4Cl2Si6O2t, 
or  Pb4(PbCl)2Ca4(Si2O7)3.  The  authors  show  that  nasonite 
is  closely  related  to  ganomalite,  the  formula  of  which  should 
probably  be  written  Pb4(PbOH)2Ca4(Si2O7)3- 

Natroalunite.  W.  F.  Hillebrand  and  5.  L.  Penfield,  Am. 
J.  Sc.,  14,  220,  1902.  —  Name  suggested  for  alunites  con- 
taining considerable  soda. 

Natrochalcite.  C.  Palache  and  C.  H.  Warren,  Am.  J. 
Sc.,  26,  345,  1908;  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  534,  1908. 

Monoclinic.  a  :b  :  c  =  -1.423  :1  :  1.214;  /?  =  61°  17' 
30".  Habit  pyramidal,  m  and  p  predominating,  crystals 
1  cm.  long.  Forms:  c  (001),  6  (010),  m  (110),  p  (111), 
v  (112),  u  (221),  w  (331),  q  (Til),  x  (221).  Cleavage  perfect 
||  c  (001).  H.  =  4.5.  G.  =  2.33.  Color  bright  emerald- 
green.  Refractive  indices,  a  =  1.6491;  ft  =  1.6555;  y  = 
1.7143;  2VNa  =  36°  52'  (calc.).  Ax.  pi.  j|  6  (010).  Bxao 
inclined  12°  to  c  axis  in  acute  angle  /?.  Optically  +. 
Dispersion  inclined,  strong. 

Comp.  Na2SO4.Cu4(OH),(SO4)2  +  2H2O;  CuO,  42.08; 
Na2O,  8.24;  SO3,  42.51;  H2O,  7.17. 

Anal,  by  Warren:  CuO,  41.95;  Na^O,  8.44;  SO3,  42.10; 
H2O,  7.70;  insol.  res.,  0.70;  Cl  (from  atacamite),  0.05 
=  100.94. 

Occ.  Found  at  Chuquicamata,  Province  of  Auto- 
fagasta,  Chile,  associated  with  krohnkite,  blodite,  brochan- 
tite,  atacamite,  etc. 


SiO2 
18.47 


Natrochalcite. 


Natrojarosite.     W.  F.  Hillebrand  and  S.  L.  Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14, 211, 1902.  —  See  Jarosite. 

NATROLITE,  Min.,  pp.  600,  1042;   App.,  p.  49.  —  Cryst.  —  Iceland;  Jeremejew,  [Bull.  Acad. 
Sc.  St.  Petersbourg,  9,  5,  1898J;  Zs.   Kr.,  32,  428;  Langesundfjord,  Norway,  with  following 


74  APPENDIX  II. 

new  forms:  g  (334);  k  (335);  j  (112);  p  (361);  6  (836);  £  (16.16.17);  Zambonini,  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  549r 
1901;  from  Leitmeritz,  Gross-Priesen,  with  opt.  study  and  anal.;  Pelikan,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  111, 
(I),  343,  1902;  Scottish  localities;  Goodchild  [Trans.  Geol.  Soc.  Glasgow,  12,  Suppl.,  1-68,  1903];, 
Zs.  Kr.,  45,  307;  Narsarsuk,  Greenland;  Flink,  Medd.  om  Gronl.,  24,  107,  1901;  Kangerdluarsuk; 
Boggild,  Min.  Gronl.,  531 ;  Katzenbuckels, Odenwald,  Baden;  Freudenberg,  [Mitt.  bad.  geol.  Landes- 
anstalt,  5,  185,  1906];  Zs.  Kr.,  46,  126,  1909. 

Anal.  —  Moore  Station,  N.  J.;  Eyerman,  Amer.  Geol.,  34,  43,  1904;  from  nepheline-syenfte,. 
Montreal;  Harrington,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Canada,  11,  (3),  25,  1905;  Monte  Catini,  Tucany;  Manasse, 
Proc.  Soc.  Tosc.,  Jan.,  1906;  and  with  discussion  of  chem.  constitution;  Baschieri,  ibid.,  March,. 
1907 ;  Inverell,  N.  S.  W. ;  Anderson,  Rec.  Aus.  Mus.,  6,  420,  1907.  Discussion  of  chem.  comp. ;  Zam- 
bonini, Mem.  Ace.  Sci.  Napoli,  14,  117,  1908. 

Association  of  natrolite  (anal-.)  with  datolite  at  Pokolbin,  N.  S.  W. ;  Anderson,  Rec.  Aus.  Mus.,, 
5,  2,  1904. 

Action  of  ammonium  chloride  upon;  Clarke  and  Steiger,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  9,  345,  1900. 

Alteration ;  Cornu  and  Schuster,  Min.  Mitth.,  26,  321,  1907. 

Mooraboolite  (which  see)  from  the  Moorabool  valley,  Victoria,  is  to  be  referred  to  natrolite, 
(Spencer).  It  occurs  in  white,  radiated  aggregates  in  a  decomposed  basalt.  H.  =  6.  G.  =  2.17. 
The  crystals  are  elongated  orthorhombic  prisms  terminated  by  an  obtuse  pyramid;  no  cleavage 
observed.  Analysis,  E.  O.  Thiele: 

SiO2  A12O3  CaO  Na2O  K2O  H2O 

48.02  28.68  0.42  11.24  3.00  9.80  =  101.16  * 


*  Author  gives  incorrectly  the  summation  as  101.68%. 

Folio  wing  new  analysis  of  "  sloanite,"M'm.,  p.  610,  from  Monte  Catini  proves  it  to  be  thomsonite. 
H2O  SiO2  A12O3  CaO  Na2O 

9.76  46.49  25.47  1.10  17.05  =  99.87; 

Manasse,  [Proc.  Soc.  Tosc.  Sc.  Nat.,  15,  20-37,  1906];  Zs.  Kr.,  64,  658. 
Natronkalisimonyite,  see  Blddite. 

Nemaphyllite.  Friedrich  Focke,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  21,  327,  1902.  — A  serpentine  peculiar  in 
containing  2  p.  c.  of  soda;  see  Serpentine. 

Neotantalite.     Pierre  Termier,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  25,  34,  1902. 

Isometric,  in  octahedrons  (up  to  1  mm.)  resembling  pyrochlore;  dodecahedral  faces  also  occur. 
H.  =  5-6.     G.  =  5.193.     Luster  nearly  adamantine. 
Color  clear  yellow.     Translucent.     Isotropic.     Refractive  index  1.9. 
Composition  near  that  of  tantalite. 

Analysis  by  Pisani,  after  deducting  small  amounts  of  SiO2,  A12O3,  etc.,  due  to  admixed  mica, 
and  SnO2  due  to  cassiterite,  as  follows: 

Ta2O5  Nb2O5  FeO  MnO  Alk.  H2O  (1200°) 

60.58  23.10  4.80  3.00  .    2.31  6.51         =  100.30. 

A  little  of  the  iron  may  be  due  to  enclosed  scales  of  hematite.  From  the  sands  yielded  by  the 
washing  of  kaolin-  of  the  Colettes  and  Echassieres,  Dept.  1'Allier,  France;  these  sands  carry  cas- 
siterite in  considerable  amount. 

NEPHELITE,  Min.,  pp.  423,  1042;  App.,  p.  49.  —  Comp.  — Morozewicz  [Bull,  de  1 'Academic 
des  Sciences  de  Cracovie,  p.  958,  Oct.,  1907]  gives  new  analyses  as  follows:  2  from  Mariupol,  1 
from  Mias,  2  from  Vesuvius.  From  these  and  other  reliable  analyses  the  author  derives  two  series 
of  empirical  formulae  for  the  mineral. 

Normal  Series.  Basic  Series. 

(1)  K2  Na,    A110  Sin042  (1)    K4  Na18  A122  Si^O*, 

(2)  K2  Na9    Aln  Si12040 

(3)  K2  Na10  A112  Si,30M 

(4)  K2  Nan  A113  Siu064 

The  normal  series  can  be  represented  by  the  general  formula  K2  Nan  Aln  +  2  Sin+3  O<n+io 
and  can  be  considered  as  various  mixtures  of  K2Al2Si3OIO  and  Na2Al2Si2O8.  The  one  member  of 
the  basic  series  can  be  considered  as  a  mixture  of  K^^Si.^O,,  with  Na2Al2Si2Os.  Any  Fe2O3  is 
considered  to  be  isomorphous  with  A12O3,  CaO  with  Na2O  and  MgO  with  K2O.  The  small  amounts 
of  H2O  are  considered  secondary. 

Anal,  of  material  from  nepheline  syenite  at  Montreal;  Harrington,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.,  Canada, 
11,  (3),  25,  1905. 


APPENDIX  II. 


Effect  of  ammonium  chloride  upon;  Clarke  and  Steiger,  U.  S.  G.  S.,  Bull.  207,  1902;  Zs.  Kr., 
38,  696. 

Occurrence  in  syenite  near  Brookville,  N.  J. ;  Ransome,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  417,  1899;  in  Ontario; 
Coleman,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  148,  1902. 

NEPHRITE,  see  under  Amphibole. 

Nepouite.     E.  Glasser,  C.  R.,  143,  1173,  1906;  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  30,  17,  1907. 

Crystals,  microscopic  plates  with  hexagonal  outline.  Cleavage  (1)  perfect  parallel  to  principal 
plane  of  the  plates  and  (2)  at  right  angles  to  (1)  and  parallel  to  the  plane  of  the  optic  axes;  (3) 
a  poor  cleavage  also  perpendicular  to  the  first  and  inclined  at  60°  to  the  second.  H  2-2.5.  G. 
2.47-3.24,  varying  with  the  composition.  Pearly  luster  on  best  cleavage  face.  Color  from  pale 
to  deep  green,  varying  with  the  percent  of  NiO.  Plates  are  slightly  dichroic,  w  =  yellow  green, 
g  =  green.  Optically  negative.  Plane  of  optic  axes  perpendicular  to  principle  cleavage  and 
parallel  to  second  cleavage.  Axial  angle  very  small.  Strength  of  birefringence  about  0.037. 
/?=  about  1.62-1.63. 

Composition,  3(Ni,  Mg)O.2SiO2.2H2O. 

Analyses  of  material  from  different  localities,  New  Caledonia: 


1.  Reis  II  Mine,  Nepoui. 

2.  Union  Mine,  Canala. 
2a  Union  Mine,  Canala.* 

3.  Young-Australia  Mine,  Com- 

boui  River. 

4.  Paragraphe  Mine,  Kua  River. 

5.  Mea  Mine,  Kouaoua. 


SiO2 
32.84 
34.52 
33.03 

35.05 
40.07 
32.36 


NiO 

49.05 
42.75 
46.11 

39.99 
18.21 
50.70 


MgO 
3.64 
7.23 
6.47 

11.80 

29.84 
3.00 


FeO 
1.90 
2.05 
2.20 

1.22 
0.25 
0.62 


CaO 
0.50 

tr. 

tr. 

0.58 
0.53 
tr. 


A1203 
0.97 
1.21 
1.39 

1.13 
0.72 
0.69 


H2O 
9.64  = 
10.20  = 
19.61  = 


*  Analysis  2a  is  of  material  of  heavier  specific  gravity  separated  from  2. 


10.05  = 
11.98  = 
12.31  = 


98.54 
98.96 
99.81 

99.82 

101.60 

99.68 


Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  closed  tube  yields  water  and  blackens.    Slowly  but  completely  soluble  in  HC1. 
Gives  reactions  for  Ni. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  in  connection  with  the  nickel  deposits  of  New 
Caledonia.  Named  from  the  locality,  Nepoui,  where  it  was  first 
observed. 

NEPTUNITE,  App.,  p.  49.  —  Crystals  from  Narsarsuk,  Greenland, 
described  by  Flink,  Medd.  om  Gronl.,  14,  232,  1898;  24,  120,  1902; 
Boggild,  ibid.,  33,  119,  1906;  Wallenstrom,  Geol.  For.  Fqrh.,  27,_149, 
1905.  The  following  new  forms  are  recorded:  x  (311),  /(101),  i  (112), 
r  (221),  p  (311),  q  (712).  Found  also  at  Tutop  Agdlerkofia;  Boggild, 
Min.  Gronl.,  502.  Prismatic  crystals  frorr^  San  Benito  County,  Calif., 
showing  a,  m,  p,  s,  o  and  new  form  g  (211)  (fig.).  Plane  of -optic 
axes  parallel  to  b  (010),  acute  bisectrix  c  making  angle  of  20°  with  c  axis 
in  obtuse  angle  /?.  2V  =  48°,  approx.  Ford,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  27,  235,  1909; 
Zs.  Kr.  46,  321,  1909.  The  neptunite  from  California  was  first  thought 
to  be  a  new  species  and  was  named  carlosite;  Louderback,  Uni.  Calif. 
Pub.,  5,  9,  152,  1907. 

Analyses  by  Bradley  (Am.  J.  Sc.,  28,  July,  1909)  on  California 
material  confirm  the  formula  obtained  for  the  Greenland  mineral. 
Average  of  two  analyses  follows: 


SiO2 
52.87 


TiO2 
17.83 


MnO 
0.85 


CaO 
1.56 


FeO 
11.68 


MgO 
1.45 


K2O 
5.08 


Na2O 
9.56  = 


100.88 


NEWBERYITE,  Min.,  p.  830. —  Occurrence  with  struvite  in  tusk  of 
mammoth  found  in  swamp  on  Quartz  Creek,  20  miles  south  of  Dawson 
City,  Yukon  territory;  Hoffmann,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  11,  149,  1901;  in  bat 
guano  from  Australia,  (anal.);  Maclvor,  Chem.  News,  85,  181,  217,  1902. 

Artif.  production;  de  Schulten,  Bull.  Min.  Soc.,  26,  24,  1903. 

NICCOLITE,  Min.,  p.  71.  — Crystals  from  Mansfeld,  Saxony;  Sachs 
Ber.  Akad.  Belin,  856,  1902. 

Occurrence  at  Cobalt,  Canada;  Miller,  Rep.  Bureau  of  Mines, 
Toronto,  II,  1905. 


Neptunite,  California. 


NICKEL-IRON.     Concerning  possible  existence  of  Fe5Ni3  in  meteoric  iron  of  Youndegin  and 
meteoric  stone  of  Zomba;  Fletcher,  Min.  Mag.,  15,  147,  1908.     See  Awaruite. 

Nigrite.     C.  A.  Peterson,  20th  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  6,  257,  1899.      A  kind  of  asphaltum 
from  Utah;  also  see  under  Asphalt. 


76 


APPENDIX  II. 


NITER,  Min.,  p.  851;  App.,  p.  49.  —  Crystals  taken  as  hemimorphic  and  a  new  orientation  pro- 
posed ;  We  rnadsky,  [Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscow,  2,  292,  1897]  ;  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  518. 

NONTRONITE,  866 


NORTHRUPITE,  App.,  p.  49.  —  Relations  to  tychite,  which  see.     An  isomorphous  mixture  of 
northrupite  and  tychite  obtained  artficially  by  de  Schulten,  C.  R.,  143,  403,  1906. 

NOSELITE,  Min.,  p.  432.  —  Variation  in  indices  of  refraction  with  variation  in  chem.  comp.  ; 
Gaubert,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  28,  188,  1905. 

Anal,  of  material  from  Vicentino;  Maddalena,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  17,  (1),  802,  1908. 

OCTAHEDRITE,  Min.,  pp.  240,  1043;  App.,  p.  50.  —  Cryst.  — 
Piattagrande  near  Sondalo  in  Veltlin,  Italy;  Brugnatelli,  Zs.  Kr  , 
32,  355,  1900;  Rend.  R.  Inst.  Lomb.,  32,  1405,  1899;  Scipsius,  St. 
Gotthard;  Boeris,  Att.  Soc.  Milano,  40,  399,  1901;  Riv.  min.  crist. 
ital.,  28,  75,  1902;  complex  crystals,  Brindletown,  N.  C.,  (fig.); 
Robinson,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12,  180,  1901;  Zs.  Kr.,  35,  425;  Pragratten, 
Tyrol;  Pohl,  Min.  Mitth.,  22,  479,  1903;  Binnenthal;  Solly,  Min. 
Mag.,  14,  16,  1904;  Harre,  Zs.  Kr.,  42,  282,  1906;  with  following 
new  forms:  R  (3.0.10);  E  (203)  (?);  H  (332);  T  (11.2.12);  L 
(25.11.5);  Millosevich,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  14,  92,  1905;  Somerville, 
Mass.,  showing  interpenetration  twins,  (101)  as  tw.  pi.;  Palache, 
Festschr.  siebzigsten  Geburtstage,  H.  Rosenbusch,  311,  1906;  Nil- 
Saint-Vincent,  Brabant,  with  new  form  (449);  Prinz,  Bull.  Ac. 
Belg.,  706,  1907;  Kollergraben,  Binnen,  with  new  form  (338); 
Cesaro,  ibid.,  336;  Jequitinhonha  River,  Brazil,  with  new  form  M 
(338);  Farrington  and  Tillotson,  Field  Col.  Mus.,  Geol.  Series,  3, 
No.  7,  150,  1908. 

Refractive  indices;  Taubert,  [Inaug.-Diss.,  Jena,  19051;  Zs.  Kr., 
44,  313. 

Discussion  of  formula,  see  Rutile. 

Occurrence  in  quartzite,  Shankille,  Co.  Dublin,  Ireland;  O'Reilly, 
[Proc.  Roy.  Dublin  So6.,  8,  691,  1898];  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  293;  in  the 
triassic  sandstones,  Midlands,  England;  Scrivenor,  Min.  Mag.,  13, 


Brindletown,  N.  C. 


348,    1903;  in   granite  from   Montorfano,   northern  Italy;   Tacconi,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  14,  (2), 
.88,  1905. 

Oehrnite.  E.  S.  Fedorov,  [Gornyi  Zhurnal,  St.  Petersburg,  81,  3,  p.  264,  1905];  Spencer, 
Min.  Mag.,  14,  405,  1907.  A  rock-forming  mineral  from  the  Caucasus  resembling  diallage  in 
appearance:  it  has  three  rectangular  cleavages  but  is  shown  by  its  optical  characters  to  be  mono- 
clinic.  Formula  given  as  6(Mg,Fe,Ca)O.6SiO2.H2O,  but  anal,  shows  also  A12O3,  6.74%.  Named 
after  A.  G.  Ern,  a  Russian  mining  engineer. 

OLDHAMITE,  Min.,  pp.  65,  1043. —  Detected  by  anal,  in  Allegan  meteorite;  Tassin,  Proc.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.,  34,  433,  1908. 

OLIGOCLASE,  Min.,  p.,  322;  App.,  p.  50. —  Crystals  from  Biella,  Italy,  with  anal.;  Zambonini, 
Zs.  Kr.,  40,  253;  from  Maneetsok,  Greenland;  Boggild,  Min.  Gronl.,  465. 

Optical  study  of  oligoclase  in  granites  of  Sardinia;  Riva,  Att.  Ace.  Sc.  Napoli,  12,  No.  9, 
1905;  refractive  indices  of  crystals  from  inclusions  in  augite-andesite  lava  from  Bellenbergea 
near  Mayen;  Gaubert,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  28,  196,  1905. 

Material  from  near  Lake  Baikal  known  as  lazurfeldspar  has  been  proven  to  belong  to  oligo- 
clase, (anal.);  Jeremejew,  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  493;  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  24,  438,  1901. 

Effect  of  ammonium  chloride  upon;  Clarke  and  Steiger,  U.  S.  G.  S.,  Bull.,  207,  1902;  Zs.  Kr., 
38,  697. 

OLIVENITE,  Min.,  p.  784.  —  Crystals  from  Tintic  Dist.,  Utah,  showing  new  forms  s  (034), 
d  (025) ;  Farrington  and  Tillotson,  Field  Col.  Mus.,  Geol.  Series,  3,  No.  7,  152,  1908. 

OOLITE.  —  Siliceous  oolite  from  Tateyama,  Etchu  Province,  Japan;  JimbO,  Beitrage  zur  Min. 
von  Japan,  1,  11,  1905;  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  399,  1905. 

OPAL,  Min.,  pp.  194,  1038;  App.,  p.  50.  —  Study  concerning  the  loss  of  water  at  various 
temperatures  and  periods  of  heating;  D'Achiardi  [Att.  Soc.  Tosc.  Pisa,  11,  114,  1899];  Zs.  Kr., 
34,  305. 

Microstructure;  Butschli,  [Ver.  Heidelb.-Naturhist.  Ver.,  6,  287,  1900];  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  536. 

Change  to  quartz;  Spezia,  Att.  Ace.  Sc.  Torino,  37,  585,  1902. 


APPENDIX  II. 


77 


Gem  opal  from  White  Cliffs,  Australia,  found  as  filling  openings  in  sandstone,  in  opalized  fossil 
wood,  in  the  material  of  various  fossil  shells  and  bones  and  in  aggregates  of  radiating  pseudo- 
morphic  crystals;  Gurich,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.,  14,  472,  1901.  Pseudomorphs,  thought  to  be  after 
glauberite;  Anderson  and  Jevons,  Rec.  Aus.  Mus.,  6,  31,  1905. 

ORANGITE,  see  under  Uraninite. 

ORPIMENT,  Min.,  pp.  35,  1043;  App.,  p.  50. —  Stevanovic,  Zs.  Kr.,  39,  14,  by  etching  and 
crystallographic  study  of  crystals  from  Allchar,  comes  to  the  conclusion  that  the  symmetry  of 

orpiment  is  monoclinic.  Following  constants  given:  &:b  :c  =  0.5962  :  1:  0.6650;  ft  =  90°  41'. 
List  of  forms  and  angles  given ;  also  anal.  Crystals  from  Mercur,  Utah,  with  following  rare  forms, 
«  (103)  and  K  (123),  and  the  new  forms  d  (103),  I  (023)  and  n  (133);  Farrington  and  Tillotson, 
Field  Col.  Mus,  Geol  Series,  3,  No.  7,  154,  1908. 


ORTHITE,  Min,  p.  522. 
14,  76,  1908. 


Discussion  of  chem.   comp. ;  Zambonini,   Mem.  Ace.  Sci.  Napoli, 


ORTHOCLASE,  Min,  p.  315;  App,  p.  56.  — Cryst.  — Monte  Cimino  near  Viterbo,  Italy,  with 
anal.;  Zambonini,  [Riv.  Min,  Padua,  20,  20,  1898];  Zs.  Kr,  32,  533;  of  adular  from  Pisek,  Bo- 
hemia; Krejci,  Ber.  bohm.  Ges.  Wiss,  xliv,  1899;  measurement  of 
crystals  from  various  Italian  localities  with  derivation  of  crystal 
constants;  Zambonini,  Zs.  Kr,  34,  243,_1901;  Elba  with  follow- 
ing new  forms:  (310)^  (740);  _(7.20.0);  (13.0.12) ;_(_16.0.13);  (506); 
(14.0.15);  (12.0.1);  (737);  (11.1.10);  (5.5.11);  (14.14.15);  (971); 
optical  study  also;  Bartalini,  [Ace.  Sc.  Med.  Nat.  Ferrara,  1901]; 
Zs.  Kr,  37,  408;  sanidine  from  Canale  Monterano,  Province  Rome, 
Italy,  with  new  form  m  (556);  Zambonini,  Zs.  Kr,  40,  58,  1904; 
Igaliko,  Greenland,  with  twinning  on  (201);  Boggild,  Min.  Grpnl, 
440.  Crystallographic  and  optical  study  of  orthoclase  and  micro- 
cline  in  granites  of  Sardinia;  Riva,  Att.  Ace.  Sc.  Napoli,  12,  No.  9, 
1905;  study  of  development  of  crystals  in  simple  and  in  twin  forms; 
Neugebauer,  Min.  Mitth,  25,  413,  1906.  Crystals  from  Corsica;  De- 
prat,  C.  R,  143,  753,  1906;  Bull.  Soc.  Min,  31,  271,  1908.  Twins;  — 
Shinano,  Japan;  Iwasaki,  Am.  J.  Sc,  8,  157,  1899.  On  feldspar 
twinning;  Viola,  Zs.  Kr,  38,  67,  1903;  Carlsbad  and  Baveno  twins; 
Sachs,  Min.  Inst.  Univ.  Breslau,  1903.  Baveno  twin  from  Striegau 
with  (403);  crystal  from  Isomraudnaiakop,  Urals;  Gonnard,  Bull. 
Soc.  Min,  28,  21,  1905;  Baveno  twins  from  Judith  Mts,  Montana  Judith  Mts,  Montana. 
(fig.);  Ford  and  Tillotson,  Am.  J.  Sc,26,  149,  1908;  Zs.  Kr.  46,  129; 

twins  from  Four-la-Brouque,  Puy-de-D6me;  Gonnard,  Bull.  Min.  Soc,  31,  292,  1908;  crystals 
(with  anal.)  from  Valle  del  Chisone  Piedmont;  Colomba,  Att.  Ace.  Torino,  43,  June,  1908. 

Optical  study  of  material  from  Calabria  and  Cimini,  Italy;  Viola,  Zs.  Kr,  32,  121,  124;  of 
sanidine  from  Flegrea,  Italy;  Riva,  Rend.  Ace.  Line,  9,  (2),  170,  1900. 

Anal,  from  near  Easton,  Pa.;  Eyerman,  Amer.  Geol,  34,  43,  1904;  adular  from  Cavour, 
Piedmont;  Colomba,  Att.  Ace.  Torino,  39,  829,  1904. 

Effect  of  ammonium  chloride  upon;  Clarke  and  Steiger,  U.  S.  G.  S,  Bull,  207,  1902;  Zs.  Kr. 
38,  697. 

Occ.  in  New  South  Wales  at  Cockburn  Creek  (anal.),  Oban,  Uralla,  Bolivia,  Inverell;  Ander- 
son, Rec.  Aus.  Mus,  64,  265,  1907;  in  dolomite  from  Campolongo,  Tessin;  Linck,  Jb.  Min,  1,  21, 
1907. 

Isorthose.  A  var.  of  orthoclase  differing  in  opt.  orientation:  the  Bxac-  -L  (010).  Positive. 
Found  in  granite  from  northern  Urals  and  at  Mont  Blanc.  Duparc,  C.  R.  138,  715,  1904. 

Osannite,  var.  of  amphibole,  which  see. 

Otavite.     Otto  Schneider,  Centralbl.  Min,  p.  388,  1906. 

Forms  crusts,  showing  on  both  surfaces  minute  rhombohedral  crystals  with  terminal  angle 
of  80°  approx.  Luster  brilliant,  adamantine.  Color  white  to  reddish.  Dissolves  with  efferves- 
cence in  hydrochloric  acid.  According  to  qualitative  tests  by  Wolfer,  a  basic  cadmium  carbon- 
ate (Cd  61.5  p.  c.).  Found  at  the  Tschumeb  mine  in  the  Otavi  district,  German  Southwest 
Africa;  azurite,  malachite  (dusted  with  greenockite),  aurichalcite,  cerussite,  pyromorphite,  linarite, 
olivenite,  smithsonite  occur  at  the  same  locality. 


OZOCERITE,  Min,  pp.  998,  999. — From  Roumania;  Istrati,  [Bull.  Soc.  Sc,  Bucarest,  6    61. 
1897];  Zs.  Kr,  32,  187. 


78  APPENDIX  II. 

Paigeite.  A.  Knopf  and  W.  T.  Schaller;  Am.  J.  Sc.,  25,  323,  1908.  A  mineral  originally 
described  as  being  a  hydrous  bo  rate  of  ferrous  and  ferric  iron  with  magnesium.  It  has  since 
been  proven  to  contain  a  considerable  amount  of  SnO2  and  is  probably  identical  with  hulsite, 
which  see.  (Priv.  contr.  from  W.  T.  Schaller.) 

Palacheite.  A.  S.  Eakle,  Bull.  Gv  Univ.  Cal.,  3,  231,  1903.  —  Described  as  a  new  ferric 
sulphate  from  the  Redington  mercury  mine  (Boston  mine)  at  Knoxville,  California,  and  named 
after  Dr.  Charles  Palache  of  Harvard  University;  later  shown  by  Eakle  to  be  a  variety  of  botryo- 
gen,  which  see. 

PALLADIUM,  Min.,  p.  28.  — Occurrence  in  Brazil;  Hussak,  Ber.  Akad.  Wien,  113,  379,  1904. 

Palmerite.     Eugenia  Casorio,  Att.  Accad.  Georgofili,  1,  July  3,  1904. 

Amorphous,  pulverulent.     Color  white  and  unctuous  to  the  touch,  resembling  purified  kaolin. 
In    composition    a    hydrated    phosphate  of    aluminium  and  potassium;  calculated  formula 
HK2A12(PO4)3  +  7H2O.       Analysis: 

P2O5       A12O3       Fe.O3         K,O         Na2O       H2O(100°)      Ign.         SiO2       NH3 
37.10       22.89         1.17          8.04          0.02  7.87  21.29        0.36       0.61  =  99.35 

Insoluble  in  water  but  easily  in  hydrochloric  and  nitric  acids. 

Occurs  as  a  stratum  in  a  deposit  of  guano  in  a  large  cavern  on  the  slopes  of  Monte  Alburao, 
near  Controne,  in  Salerno,  Italy. 

Named  after  Professor  Paride  Palmeri. 

Palmierite.     A.  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  30,  234,  1907;  ibid.,  31,  261,  1908. 

In  microscopic  micaceous  plates,  often  hexagonal  in  outline. 

G.  greater  than  3.33.  Colorless  with  pearly  luster.  Uniaxial,  optically— .  Strong  birefrin- 
gence. 

Composition  uncertain,  perhaps  3(K,Na)2SO4.4PbSO4  =  SO3,  33.0;  PbO,  52.3;  K2O,  11.1; 
Na2O,  3.6  (considering  Na:  K  =  1:2). 

Analysis  on  small  amount  of  material  after  subtracting  22.59%  impurities,  mostly  hematite, 
and  2.64%  NaCl.  Analyst,  Pisani. 

SO3  PbO  K2O  Na2O 

29.4  54.8  12.3  3.5    =  100.0 

Pyr.,  etc.  Decomposed  by  boiling  water,  leaving  an  insoluble  residue  of  PbSO4.  Easily  fusi- 
ble. Dissolves  in  HNO3. 

Artificial.  Was  prepared  synthetically  by  fusing  together  the  different  sulphates,  giving 
crystal  plates  larger  but  identical  in  their  properties  with  the  naturally  occurring  mineral. 

Obs.  Found  in  the  fumarole  deposits  at  Vesuvius  formed  at  the  eruption  of  April,  1906. 
Closely  associated  with  aphthitalite. 

Named  in  honor  of  the  Neapolitan  mineralogist,  L.  Palmieri. 

PANDERMITE,  see  Colemanite. 

Paracelsian.     E.  Tacconi,  Rend.  1st.  Lomb.,  Milano,  38,  636,  1905;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  424. 
In  grains.     Yellow  color.     G.  =  3.325.     H.  =  6.     Biaxial,  optically  + .     Birefringence  some- 
what lower  than  quartz.     2V  =  83°  39'  (approx.). 

Comp.     A  barium  aluminium  silicate.    Anal.,  corresponds  to  formula,  Ba3Al8Si8O31.    Analysis: 

SiO,  A12O3  BaO  Ign. 

I     35.37  29.97  34.47  0.45  =  100.26 

Pyr.     Infus.     Decomposed  by  warm  acids. 

Occ.  Found  with  quartz  and  pyroxene  in  calciphyr  at  Candoglia,  Toce  valley,  Piedmont. 
Probably  to  be  considered  a  variety  of  celsian. 

PARAGONITE,  Min.,  p.  623.  —  From  St.  Gotthard  with  unusual  axial  angle ;  Johnsen,  Centralbl. 
Min.,  618,  1908. 

Parahopeite.     L.  J.  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  15,  18,  1908. 

Triclinic.  Crystals  deeply  striated,  bunched  with  subparallel  grouping.  Faces  present  are 
vertical  prisms  and  pinacoids,  base,  and  traces  of  domes  or  pyramids.  Tabular  ||  a.  Good 
cleavage  ||  b.  Cleavage  planes  show  parallel  banding  similar  to  that  of  basal  cleavage  with 
.albite  twinning.  H.  =  3.7.  G.  =  3.31.  Colorless  and  transparent.  On  large  plane  a  crystals 
show  bright  polarization  colors;  on  b  birefringence  much  lower.  Angle  of  extinction  on  a  =  30° 
to  edge  06.  Extinction  angle  on  cleavage,  6,  inclined  but  varying  from  0°  to  25°  in  respect  to 
edge  ab.  Does  not  lose  water  and  become  opaque  until  heated  to  163°. 


APPENDIX  II.  79 


Comp.  same  as  for  hopeite  Zn3P2O8.4H2O.     Analysis: 

ZnO  P2O5  H2O 

53.0  31.6  15.6  =  100.2 

Found  at  Broken  Hill  mines,  N.  W.  Rhodesia. 

PARALAURIONITE,  App.,  p.  50.  —  G.  F.  Herbert  Smith,  Min.  Mag.,  12,  108,  April,  1899;  ibid., 
183;  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  217.  Rafaelite.  A.  Arzruni,  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  229;  May,  1899.  . 

Monoclinic,  usually  pesudo-orthorhombic  on  account  of  twinning,  a  :  b  :  c  =  2.7036  :  1  : 
1.8019  (Min.  Mag.,  12,  183,  footnote).  /?  =  62°  47'^ 

Fojms:  a  (100),  c  (001),  d  (101),  h  (201),  k  (401),  I  (601),  p  (111),  m  (110)  and  on  rafaelite 
also  (103),  (101),  (201),  (010),  (432).  The  form  (111)  of  paralaurionite  was  taken  as  (132)  in 
orig.  description  of  rafaelite. 

Angles:  a/\m  =  *67°25';aAp  =  *58°28';aAc  =*62°47/;cAw  =  79°  53'. 

Crystals  of  two  types,  (1)  tabular  jj  a;  (2)  prismatic  |j  to  edge  ac.  Twin.pl.  a.  Refractive 
index  for  ray  _L  to  b  for  sodium  light  =  2.1463.  G.  =  6.05.  Color  for  paralaurionite  white; 
rafaelite,  violet  red  and  shows  strong  pleochroism. 

Comp.  like  laurionite;  PbClOH. 

Anal,  by  Prior;  Pb,  78.1;  Cl,  14.9;  H2(V3.4;  O,  [3.6]  =  100. 

Paralaurionite  was  found  at  Laurium;  rafaelite  from  Chile.  The  close  similarity  of  the 
recorded  crystal  angles  proves  the  two  to  be  identical.  No  analysis  of  rafaelite  was  made. 

Crystals  from  Laurium,  Greece;  Lacroix  and  de  Schulten,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  31,  82,  1908. 

Paratacamite.  G.  F.  Herbert  Smith,  Nature,  71,  594, 1905;  Min.  Mag.,  14,  170,  1906;  Zs.  Kr., 
43,  28,  1906. 

Rhombohedral.  Axis  c  =  1.0248.  Forms:  a  (1120),  c  (0001),  r  (lOll),  w  (0225),  v  (0.7.?. 13), 
e  (0112),  u  (0447),  /  (0221),  I  (2461). 

Commonly  in  rhombohedral  crystals  (r),  crystals  often  twinned  with  r  as  tw.  pi. ;  sometimes  in 
slender  prisms  elongated  parallel  to  the  zone  rfa. 

Cleavage,  r  good.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  3.  G.  =  3.74.  Luster  vitreous. 
Color  bright  green.  Streak  green.  Refractive  index  1.846.  Shows  optical  anomalies. 

Composition  like  atacamite,  CuCl2.3Cu(OH)2. 

Analysis  by  Prior  gave:  Cl,  15.97;  Cu,   14.27;  CuO,  56.10;  H2O,   14.10  =  100.44. 

From  the  Herminia  and  Generosa  mines,  Sierra  Gorda,  Chile;  also  with  native  gold  from 
the  Bolaco  mine,  San  Cristobal,  Chile. 

Paravivianite.     S.  Popoff,  Centralbl.  Min.,  p.  112,  1906. —  See  Vivianite. 

Parianite.  S.  F.  Peckham,  Jour.  Franklin  Inst.,  140,  381,  1895.  —  Asphaltum  from  the 
Pitch  Lake,  Trinidad. 

PARISITE,  Min.,  p.  290;  App.,  p.  50.  —  The  observations  of  Penfield  and  Warren  given  in  App.  I 
are  published  in  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  21,  1899. 

Discussion  of  crystal  constants;  Cesaro,  Bull.  Ac.  Belg.,  321,  1907. 

In  granite  at  Montorfano,  northern  Italy;  Tacconi,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  14,  2,  88,  1905. 

Patronite.  Foster  Hewett,  Eng.  Min.  Jour.,  Sept.  1,  1906,  p.  385;  J.  J.  Bravo,  [Informaciones 
y  Memorias,  Soc.  Eng.,  Lima,  Peru,  8,  171,  1906];  W.  F.  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  148,  1907. 

Amorphous,  black  material  of  complex  mineral  composition  containing  large  amounts  of  a 
vanadium  sulphide,  perhaps  VS4.  Analyses  of  material  extracted  by  alkalies  from  the  ore  gave 
V  19.16,  18.89,  19.09,  18.46;  S  47.74,  47.84,  45.65,  44.74. 

The  material  occurs  in  a  complex  mixture  of  mineral  substances  among  which  quisqueite  and 
bravoite  were  found,  at  Minasragra,  Peru.  Named  after  Antenor  Rizo-Patrona,  the  discoverer 
of  the  ore. 

PECTOLITE,  Min.,  p.  373;  App.,  p.  51.  —  Crystals  from  Bergen  Hill,  N.  J.,  show  the  new  forms 
y  (1.0.25),  x  (102),  h  (540);  Moses,  Am.  J.  Sc.",  12,  99,  1901;  from  Scottish  localities;  Goodchild, 
[Trans.  Geol.  Soc.  Glasgow,  12,  Suppl.,  1-68,  1903];  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  305;  Niakornat,  Greenland, 
with  new  forms  (201)  and  (104)  with  anal,  by  Christensen ;  Boggild,  Min.  Gronl.,  388. 

Composition  discussed,  Clarke  and  Steiger,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  245,  1899,  9,  349,  1900.  Anal, 
from  Graigenfeoch,  near  Johnstone,  Renfrewshire;  Houston,  [Trans.  Geol.  Soc.  of  Glasgow,  12, 
354-361,  1906];  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  304.  Magnesium  pectolite  with  5.54%  MgO  from  diabase,  at  Burg 
near  Herborn,  Prussia;  Renning,  Centralbl.  Min.,  739,  1907. 

Occurs  near  Fort  Point,  San  Francisco,  in  serpentine  with  datolite,  etc.,  (analysis  by  Schaller); 
Eakle,  Bull.  G.  Univ.  Cal.,  2,  315,  1901. 

PELAGOSITE,  Min.,  p.  1044.  —  Anal,  of  material  from  Capparara,  Tremiti  Island;  Squinabol 
and  Ongaro,  Riv.  Min.  Crist.,  26,  44,  1900. 


80  APPENDIX   II. 

PENINNITE,  Min.,  p.  650;  App.,  p.  51.  —  Optical  study;  Klein,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  114,  1902. 

PENFIELDITE,  App.,  p.  51.  —  From  Laurium,  Greece;  Lacroix  and  de  Schulten,  Bull.  Soc. 
Min.,  31,  83,  1908. 

PENTLANDITE,  Min.,  p,  65;  App.,  p  /  52.  —  Occurrence  at  Evje,  Norway;  Storen,  [Berg- u. 
hiitten  Zeitung,  63,  504,  1904];  Zs.  Kr.,  42.,  633. 

PEROVSKITE,  Min.  p.  722;  App.  p.  52.  —  Study  of  the  structure  of  perovskite  from  Burgumer 
Alp,  Pfitschthal,  Tyrol,  by  Bowrrian,  Min.  Mag.,  15,  156,  1908,  confirms  results  of  Baumhauer, 
that  mineral  is  probably  orthorhombic,  pseudo  isometric. 

Crystals  from  Emersee,  Aosta  with  new  form  (950)  and  anal.;  Millosevich,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.. 
10,  (1),  209,  1901. 

Occurrence  with  anal,  from  S.  Ambrogio,  Susa,  Piedmont;  Boeris,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  9,  (1),  52, 
1900;  at  Monte  Lunella,  Piedmont;  Boeris,  Att.  Soc.  Milano,  45,  306,  1906. 

Petterdite.  W.  H.  Twelvetrees,  separate  publ.,  1902;  [Rep.  Secy.  Mines,  Tasmania,  1900. 
1;  1901,  356];  [Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  Tasmania,  1900-1901,  51];  Zs.  Kr.,  42,  392;  C.  Anderson,  Rec. 
Aus.  Mus.,  6,  137,  1906;  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  313. 

Originally  described  as  a  new  oxychloride  of  lead  from  Britannia  mine,  Zeehan,  Tasmania,  but 
proven  by  Anderson  to  be  identical  with  mimetite. 

PETZITE,  Min.,  p.  48;  App.,  p.  52.  —  Anal,  of  material  from  Norwegian  mine,  Mother  Lode 
Dist.,  Calif .;  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  297,  1899. 

Occurs  with  other  tellurides  at  Kalgoorlie  in  the  East  Coolgardie  gold  district  in  West  Aus- 
tralia, cf.  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  272,  1903;  also  Carnot,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  24,  361,  1901  (anal.), 
and  Krusch,  Centralbl.  Min.,  199,  1901. 

PHARMACOLITE,  Min.,  p.  827;  App.,  p.  52.  —  Occurrence  at  Schladming,  Styria;  Cornu,  Cen- 
tralbl. Min.,  279,  1908. 

Artif.;  de  Schulten,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  26,  18,  1903. 

PHARMACOSIDERITE,  Min.,  p.  847.  —  Refractive  index;  Gaubert,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  30,  108,  1907. 
Analyses  of  material  from  Cornwall  showed  the  presence  of  K2O  in  varying  small  amount. 
One  analysis  gave: 

As205  P205  Fe203  K20  H2O 

37.16  1.20  37.58  4.54  18.85  =  99.33 

Author  suggests  following  formula:  2FeAsO4.Fe[O(H,K)]3.5H2O.  Curious  fact  noted  that  a 
green  crystal  immersed  in  ammonia  becomes  red  but  recovers  its  original  color  on  subsequent 
immersion  in  hydrochloric  acid.  Hartley,  Min.  Mag.,  12,  152. 

PHENACITE,  Min.,  p.  462;  App.,  p.  52.  —  Crystal  from  German  East  Africa  with  new  form 
(6515);  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  178,  1906;  from  tin  veins  at  Ehrenfriedersdorf,  Saxony;  Kolbeck 
and  Henglein,  Centralbl.  Min.,  365,  1908;  also  from  Dobschutz  near  Reichenbach,  and  from 
Tschirnitz  near  Jauer  in  Silesia;  ibid.,  547;  from  North  Chatham,  N.  H. ;  Farrington  and  Tillotson. 
Field  Mus.,  Geol.  Series,  3,  No.  7,  157,  1908. 

Anal,  from  Ober-Neusattel,  Bohemia;  Preis,  [Ber.  bohm.  Ges.  Wiss.,  19,  1897];  Zs.  Kr.,31,  526. 
Analyses;  Aars,  [Inaug.-Diss.,  Freiburg  i.  Br.  1905];  Centralbl.  Min.,  247,  1907. 

Result  from  alteration  of  danalite,  Gloucester,  Mass.;  Palache,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  252,  1907: 
Zs.  Kr.,  44,  17. 

PHILLIPSITE,  Min.,  p.  579;  App.,  p.  53.  —  Crystals  from  Hareo,  Greenland;  Boggild,  Min. 
Gronl.,  570. 

Analyses  of  various  occurrences  in  the  neighborhood  of  Rome  lead  to  formula,  RnAl2Si3O]0.4H2O ; 
Zambonini,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  65,  1902.  Discussion  of  chem.  comp.;  Zambonini,  Mem.  Ace.  Sci. 
Napoli,  14,  114,  1908;  anal,  of  material  from  Mont  Simiouse,  Loire,  with  discussion  of  chem. 
comp.;  Gonnard,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  31,  269,  1908. 

A  zeolite  from  the  leucitite  at  Casal  Brunori  and  Mostacciano  near  Rome  having  composition 
and  general  characters  similar  to  phillipsite  but  differing  in  the  manner  in  which  it  loses  water 
on  heating,  has  been  named  pseudophillipsile  by  Zambonini;  Jb.  Min.,  2,  73,  1902;  Bull.  Soc.  Min., 
25,  360,  1902.  Occurs  in  pseudo  octahedrons,  being  made  up  of  eight  individuals.  Analyses 
given  lead  to  formula  R'^A^SigO^^H-jO. 

PHLOGOPITE,  Min.,  p.  632.  —  A  crystal  found  at  Sydenham,  Frontenac  Co.,  Ontario,  had  a 
length  of  more  than  5  meters  and  a  cleavage  surface  1.5  X  2  meters.  W.  H.  McNairn.  Am.  J.  Sc., 
12,  398,  1901. 

Anal,  of  material  in  eruptive  rock,  "  wyomingite,"  from  the  Leucite  Hills  and  Pilot  Butte,  Wyo- 
ming; Hillebrand  (in  article  by  Cross),  Am.  J.  Sc.,  4,  130,  1897. 


APPENDIX  II.  81 

Hydrophlogoptie.     Anal,  of  material  from  Ceylon ;  Griinling,  Zs.  Kr.,  33,  218. 

PHOSGENITE,  Min.,  p.  292;  App.,  p.  53.  —  Crystals  from  Sardinia;  Cesaro,  Bull.,  Ac.  Belg., 
328,  1907. 

Fluorescence;  Schincaglia,  [II  Nuovo  Cimento,  Pisa,  10,  212,  1899];  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  312.  Lumi- 
nescence; Pochettino,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  14,  (1),  505,  (2),  220, 1905.  Determination  of  refractive  in- 
dices on  crystal  from  Laurium,  Greece,  gave:  w  =  2.1181;  e  =  2.1446;  Smith,  Min.  Mag.,  12,  107. 

Specific  gravity  of  material  from  Sardinia  stated  by  Lovisato  (priv.  contr.)  to  range  from  6.0 
to  6.23. 

Occurrence  at  Terrible  mine,  Isle,  Custer  Co.,  Colo. ;  Warren,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  343. 

PHOSPHORUS.  Occurrence  of  free  phosphorus  in  meteorite  from  Saline  Township,  Kansas; 
Farrington,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  15,  71,  1903. 

PICROMERITE,  Min..  p.  948;  App.,  p.  53.  —  Crystals  (with  anal.)  from  Kalusz,  East  Galicia; 
Koechlin,  Min.  Mitth.,  21,  356,  1902. 

Formation  discussed;  van't  Hoff  and  Meyerhoffer,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  678,  1903. 

PIEDMONTITE,  _Min.,  p._521 ;  App.,  p.  53.  —  Crystals  from  St.  Marcel  described  with  the  new 
forms  mx  (102),  (107),  I  (201);  measured  angles  agree  more  closely  with  epidote  than  those  of 
Laspeyres ;  Zambonini,  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  15,  1902. 

PIETRICIKITE.  Given  as  the  correct  spelling  for  zietrisikite,  Min.,  p.  999;  Istrati,  [Bull.  Soc. 
Sci.  Bucarest,  6,  65,  93,  1897];  Min.  Mag.,  12,  389. 

Pigeonite,  var.  of  pyroxene,  which  see. 
PILOLITE,  see  Lassallite. 

PINNOITE,  Min.,  p.  884.  —  Formation  discussed;  van't  Hoff  and  Bruni,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  805,. 
1902. 

PISANITE,  Min.,  p.  943.  —  Occurs  abundantly  as  a  secondary  mineral  at  a  pyrite  mine  near 
Leona  Heights,  Alameda  Co.,  Cal.  Crystals,  prismatic  in  habit,  show  the  new  forms:  a  (100), 
h  (210),  /  (320),  I  (120),  v  (101),  r  (111),  E  (335),  D  (221),  <r  (121).  Analyses  after  deducting  in 
(1)  14.85  insol.,  in  (2)  11.80,  in  (3)  8.67: 

SO3  FeO  CuO  MgO  H2O 

1.  28.21  12.31  15.73  45.14-=  101.39 

2.  29.18  16.47  9.22  45.74  =  100.61 

3.  29.25  5.46  17.95  2.82  45.21  =  100.69 

In  1  and  2  one-seventh  of  the  water  goes  off  at  a  high  temperature.  Hence  the  formula 
RSO4.H2O  +  6H2O.  In  3  the  results  were  H2O  34.25  at  110°,  10.96  above  110°.  SchalleF, 
Bull.  G.  Univ.  Cal.,  3,  199,  1903;  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  158,  1907.  The  same  author  has  analyzed 
massive  pisanite  from  Gonzales,  Monterey  Co.,  Cal.  A  review  of  all  the  analyses  of  the  species 
shows  that  there  is  no  definite  ratio  between  the  Cu  and  Fe,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  17,  193,  1904. 

PISSOPHANITE,  Min.,  p.  971.  —  Thought  to  be  distinct  species;  Mann,  [Inaug.-Diss.,  Leipzig,. 
1904]  ;Zs.  Kr.,  42,  665. 

PITCHBLENDE,  see  Uraninite. 

PITTICITE,  Min.,  p.  867.  —  Anal,  of  material  from  Gross-Tresny,  Mahren;  Kovar,  [Abh.  bohm. 
Akad.,  No.  15,  1,  1896];  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  524. 

PLAGIONITE,  Min.,  p.  118;  App.,  p.  54.  —  Discussion  of  the  chemical  and  crystallographic 
relations  existing  between  plagionite,  heteromorphite  and  semseyite.  New  analyses  of  plagionite 
from  Wolfsberg,  Harz;  heteromorphite,  Arnsberg,  Westphalia;  semseyite  from  Wolfsberg,  Harz. 
No  simple  formulas  being  derived  it  is  suggested  that  the  three  minerals  may  be  members  of  a 
morphotropic  series,  the  vertical  crystallographic  axis  increasing  in  length  with  increase  in  the 
percentage  of  lead.  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  12,  55. 

Plancheite.     A.  Lacroix,  C.  R.,  146,  722,  1908;  Bull.  Min.  Soc.,  31,  250,  1908. 

Fibrous,  often  mammillary.  Blue  color.  G.  =  3.36.  Shows  extinction  parallel  to  length  of 
fibers.  Ax.  pi.  ||  to  same.  Strength  of  birefringence  about  0.04.  Index  of  refraction  a  little 
greater  than  that  of  dioptase.  Comp.,  silicate  of  copper  with  water.  Formula  =  15CuO,12SiO2,. 
5H2O  or  H2Cu7(Cu.OH)8(SiO3)l2;  SiO2,  36.04;  CuO,  59.46;  H2O,  4.50. 

Anal,  by  Pisani:  SiO2,  37.16;  CuO,  59.20;  FeO,  tr.;  H2O,  4.50  =  100.86. 


82  APPENDIX  II. 

Differs  in  reactions  from  dioptase  in  that  it  is  only  with  difficulty  attacked  by  acids  and  with- 
out gelatinization. 

Occ.  Found  associated  with  dioptase,  etc.,  at  Mindouli,  French  Congo.  Named  in  honor  of 
M.  Planche,  who  furnished  the  material. 

PLATINUM,  Min.,  pp.  25,  1044;  App.,  p.  54.  —  Structure  of  platinum  from  the  Urals;  Beck,  Ber. 
Sachs.  Ges.,  Leipzig,  59,  387,  1907. 

Distribution  and  geological  relations;  Kemp,  U.  S.  G.  S.,  Bull.,  193,  1902.  Occurrence  in  Nor- 
wegian nickel  ores;  Vogt,  Zs.  prakt.  Geol.,  10,  258,  1902;  from  Sumatra;  Hundeshagen,  Chem. 
News,  90,  77,  1904;  Oregon  and  California;  Day  and  Richards,  Min.  Resources  U.  S.,  1905;  Am. 
J.  Sc.,  23,  319;  Brazil;  Hussak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  113,  379,  1904;  Zs.  prakt.  Geol.,  284,  1906;  in 
U.  S.,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  398,  1905. 

PLUM  BOG  UMMITE,  Min.,  p.  855.  —  Analyses  of  material  from  Roughten  Gill  mines,  Cumber- 
land, and  of  hitchcockite  from  Canton  Mine,  Georgia,  prove  the  two  to  be  closely  identical.  Plum- 
bogummite  from  Huelgoat,  Brittany,  was  proven  to  be  a  mixture.  Hartley,  Min.  Mag.,  12,  223, 
and  Miers,  ibid.,  239.  Prior,  ibid.,  249,  discusses  its  composition  and  suggests  that  it  belongs  to 
a  group  of  minerals  headed  by  hamlinite,  which  see. 

Anal,  of  "fava"  from  diamond  sands  in  Diamantina,  Brazil,  which  is  near  plumbogummite ; 
Hussak,  Min.  Mitth.,  25,  341,  1906. 

Plumbojarosite.  W.  F.  Hillebrand  and  S.  L.  Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  213,  1902.  —  See 
Jarosite. 

PLUMOSITE,  see  under  Jamesonite. 

PLUSINGLANZ,  a  name  given  by  Breithaupt  to  a  silver  mineral  from  Freiberg  which  is  proven 
to  be  argyrodite;  Frenzel,  Min.  Mitth.,  19,  244. 

Podolite.     W.  Tschirwinsky,  Centralbl.  Min.,  279,  1907. 

Hexagonal.  In  microscopic  prismatic  crystals,  showing  m  (1010)  and  c  (0001).  Also  in 
spherulites. 

Birefringence  y  —  a  =  0.0075.  /?  =  1.635.  Shows  optical  anomalies.  Basal  section  shows 
division  into  six  sectors  of  different  optical  orientation,  and  a  perpendicular  section  shows  an  hour- 
glass structure.  Color  yellow,  transparent.  G.  =  3.077. 

Composition,  3Ca3(PO4)2.CaCO3.  Analysis  1  on  small  amount  of  crystalline  material. 
Analysis  2  on  a  nodule  of  somewhat  impure  material. 

P2O5     CO2     CaO    Fe2O3  A12O3    K2O   Na2O      F      SiO2  Organic 

1.  39.04    3.90    51.15    3.04     =    97.13 

2.  36.44    4.18    51.31     1.73    0.46    0.45    0.66    0.26    4.87    0.56       =  100.92  -  0.08  =  100.84 

Occurs  in  cavities  in  the  phosphorite  nodules  found  near  the  Uschitza  River  in  the  province  of 
Podolien  in  southern  Russia.  Named  from  the  locality. 

POLLUCITE,  Min.,  pp.  343,  1044;  App.,  p.  54.  —  Effect  of  ammonium  chloride  upon;  Clarke  and 
Steiger,  U.  S.  G.  S.,  Bull.,  207,  1902;  Zs.  Kr.,  38,  695. 

POLYCRASE,  see  under    Uraniniteand  Euxenite. 

POLYHALITE,  Min.,  p.  950.  —  Artif.  formation;  Basch,  Ber.  Akad.  Berlin,  1084,  1900;  also, 
van't  Hoff  with  Farup,  d'Ans,  ibid.,  1000,  1903;  412,  1906. 

POWELLITE,  Min.,  p.  989;  App.,  p.  55.  —  From  Barringer  Hill,  Llano  Co.,  Texas,  and  from 
Nye  Co.,  Nevada,  with  analyses ;  Schaller,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  25,  71,  1908;  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  9. 

PREHNITE,  Min.,  p.  530;  App.,  p.  55.  —  Crystals  from  Monte  Pian  Real,  Val  di  Susa,  Piedmont; 
Zambonini,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  10,  (2),  48,  1901;  from  Scottish  localities  with  following  new  forms: 
g  (210),  x  (104),  e  (012),  /  (210);  Goodchild,  [Trans.  Geol.  Soc.  Glasgow,  12,  Suppl.,  1-68,  1903]; 
Zs.  Kr.,  45,  305;  Josvas  copper  mine,  Greenland,  with  new  forms  (410)  and  (301);  Boggild,  Min. 
Gronl,  291. 

Anal,  of  material  from  Radautal,  Harz;  Fromme,  Min.  Mitth.,  22,  62,  1903;  Moore  Station, 
N.  J.;  Eyerman,  Amer.  Geol.,  34,  44,  1904;  Biella,  Italy;  Zambonini,  Zs.  Kr.,  40,  262,  1904. 
Role  of  water  in ;  Zambonini,  Mem.  Ace.  Sci.,  Napoli,  14,  17,  1908.  Action  of  ammonium  chloride 
upon;  Clarke  and  Steiger,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  9,  345,  1900. 

Occurrence  in  metamorphic  limestone,  Bariges  valley,  Hautes-Pyrenees ;  Lacroix,  C.  R., 
131,  69,  1900;  at  Gala  Francese,  island  of  Maddalena  (anal.);  Rimatori,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  11,  (1), 
542,  1902;  Fedelino,  Lake  Como;  Repossi,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  15,  (1),  510,  1906. 


APPENDIX  II.  83 

Priorite,  see  Blomstrandine. 

PROCHLORITE,  Min.,  p.  653.  —  Anal,  from  near  Easton  Pa.;  Eyerman,  Amer.  Geol.,  34,  43, 
1904. 

PROUSTITE,  Min.,  p.  134. — Crystals  from  Sarrabus,  Sardinia;  D'Achiardi,  Mem.  Soc.  Tosc., 
17,  1900;  new  forms;  Lamplough,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  294. 

Occurrence  (with  anal.)  at  California  mine  on  Glacier  Mt.,  Montezuma,  Summit  Co.,  Colo.; 
Van  Horn,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  25,  507,  1908. 

PSEUDOBOLEITE,  see  Boleite. 

PSEUDOGAYLUSSITE,  App.,  p.  55.  —  Typical  crystals  have  been  obtained  from  the  Clyde 
at  Cardross  opposite  Greenock;  Trechmann,  Zs.  Kr.,  35,  283,  1901;  description  of  these  crystals 
with  anal.;  Macnair,  [Prcc.  Roy.  Phil.  Soc.  Glasgow,  35,  250,  1904J;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  616. 

PSEUDOLEUCITE,  SCC  LeUClte. 

Pseudomeionite,  see  Meionite. 
Pseudomesolite,  see  Mesolite. 
Pseudophillipsite,  see  Phillipsite. 

Pseudowollastonite.  Obtained  artificially  by  heating  wollastonite  above  1180°.  Shows 
basal  cleavage;  optically  positive;  nearly  uniaxial  and  probably  monoclinic.  Mean  refractive 
index  closely  the  same  as  with  wollastonite;  birefringence  higher.  Allen  and  White  with  Wright; 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  21,  89,  1906;  Day  and  Shepherd,  ibid.,  22,  290,  1906. 

PSILOMELANE,  Min.,  p.  257.  —  Anal,  of  copper-bearing  psilomelane  from  Huiquintipa,  Province 
of  Tarapaca,  Chile,  giving:  MnO,  69.65;  CuO,  6.02;  CoO,  0.52;  BaO,  0.41 ;  Fe,O3,  1.96;  A12O3,  1.97; 
H2O,  5.21;  O,  14.14;  total  =  99.88;  Keller,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  47,  79,  1908. 

PTILOLITE,  Min.,  p.  572;  App.,  p.  55.  —  Occurrence  (with  anal.)  from  San  Piero  in  Campo, 
Elba;  D'Achiardi,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.  Sc.  Nat.,  22,  150-165,  1906;  from  Theigarhorn,  Iceland,  with 
anal.;  Lindstrom,  Geol.  For.  Forh.,  29,  106,  1907. 

A  zeolite  similar  to  ptilolite  found  in  needles  enclosed  in  calcite  from  Teplitz  Bay,  Crown- 
prince  Rudolf  Island.  Anal.;  Colomba  Att.  Ace.  Torino,  37,  553,  1902. 

PUCHERITE,  Min.,  p.  755.  —  Optical  study  of  crystals  from  Schneeberg;  Cesaro,  Bull.  Ac. 
Belg.,  142,  1905. 

Purpurite.  L.  C.  Graton  and  W.  T.  Schaller,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  20,  146,  1905;  Schaller,  ibid.,  24, 
152,  1907;  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  1,  1907. 

Orthorhombic  (?)  In  small  irregular  masses.  Cleavages:  a  rather  perfect;  6  less  distinct;  ab 
probably  90°.  Fracture  uneven.  Rather  brittle.  H.  =  4-4.5.  G.  =  3.40.  Luster  satin- 
like  on  fracture  surfaces.  Color  deep  red  or  reddish  purple,  sometimes  with  slight  bronze-like 
iridescence;  streak  purple  or  deep  rose.  Transparent  in  very  thin  pieces  only.  Refractive  index 
1.60-1.65.  Pleochroism  distinct,  ||  cleavage  deep  scarlet,  JL  cleavage  purple. 

Composition,  essentially  a  ferric-manganic  phosphate,  2(Fe,Mn)PO4  -I-  H2O.  Analyses, 
Schaller: 

P2O5        Mn2O3      Fe2O3        CaO        Na2O      Li2O      H2O     Insol. 
I.   North  Carolina      |47.30      |29.25        15.89         1.48         0.84         tr.        5.26     0.52  =  100.54 

II.    South  Dakota          43.45         12.08        38.36         1.37                     tr.             4.82      0.19  =  100.27 
III.    Branchville,  Ct.      [44.00]        23.00        27.00        ....  6.00      =100.00 

B.  B.  fuses  easily;  gives  off  water  readily  in  the  closed  tube  and  becomes  yellowish  brown. 
Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid;  in  nitric  acid  black  oxide  of  manganese  separates. 

Occurs  at  the  Faires  tin  mine  at  Kings  Mountain,  Gaston  Co.,  N.  C.,  probably  derived  from  the 
alteration  of  lithiophilite,  which  is  sparingly  associated  with  it.  Also  identified  in  small  quan- 
tities with  triphylite  in  the  lithium-bearing  pegmatite  dikes  at  Pala,  San  Diego  Co.,  California. 
At  both  localities  a  black  or  brownish  black  mineral  with  pitchy  luster  is  also  associated  with  the 
purpurite,  doubtless  derived  from  its  alteration. 

Also  found  near  Hill  City,  S.  D.,  and  identified  on  a  specimen  from  Branchville,  Ct. 

Named  from  the  latin  purpura,  in  allusion  to  the  color. 


84  APPENDIX  1L 

Pycnochlorite.     Pyknochlorit,  J.  Fromme,  Min.  Petr.  Mitth.,  22,  69,  1903. 

A  chloritic  mineral  forming  with  calcite  and  quartz  a  vein  of  a  sort  of  brecciated  rock  in  the 
gabbro  quarry,  "Barenstein  II,"  at  the  Schmalenberg,  Radauthal  in  the  Harz.  It  occurs  ia 
grayish  green  compact  or  micro  crystalline  forms.  H.  =  1-2.  G.  =  2.83.  Luster  dull. 

Analysis  gave: 

SiO2         A12O3      Fe2O3        FeO       MnO         CaO          MgO       Alk  H2O 

26.55        16.91       2.04        25.29  ,.  0.46         0.70          15.88         tr.  12.06  =  99.89 

PYRARGYRITE,  Min.,  p.  131;  App.,  p.  56.  —  Crystals  from  Sarrabus,  Sardinia ;_D'Achiardi, 
Mem.  Soc.  Tosc.,  17,  1900;  from  Andreasberg,  Harz,  with  new  twinning  plane,  W  (0118).  Klock- 
mann,  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  579;  Hiendelaencina,  Spain;  Mauritz,  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  344. 

Occurrence  at  Cobalt,  Ontario;  Miller,  Rep.  Can.  Bureau  of  Mines,  1905,  2;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  395. 

PYRITE,  Min.,  pp.  84,  1045;  App.,  p.  56.  —  Cryst.  —  From  parisite  locality,  Ravalli  Co.,  Mon- 
tana, with  new  form  (541);  Zimanyi,  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  243,  1899;  Muso,  Colombia,  with  new  form 
(11.3.3);  Busz,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  139,  1901;  Csetras,  Hungary,  (T  (215)  new)  described  by  Goldschmidt 
and  Philipp,  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  386,  1902;  Monzoni  with  the  new  forms  (754)  (643)  show  unusual  dis- 
tortion; Melczer,  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  268,  1902;  Leona  Heights,  AlamedaCo.,  Cal.;  Schaller,  Bull.  G.  Univ. 
Cal.,  3,  193,  1903;  Passobreve,  Piedmont;  Zambonini,  Centralbl.  Min.,  122,  1903;  twins  according 
to  spinel  law,  from  French  Creek,  Pa. ;  Nicol,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  17,  93,  1904;  Goldschmidt  and  Nicol,  Jb. 
Min.,  2,  93,  1904;  Kotterbach  in  Comitat  Szepes,  Hungary,  with  following  new  forms:  /  (21.1.0); 
p  (17.1.0)  £7(15.1.0);  H  (14.1.0);  G  (12.1.0);  5(810);  /  (11.2.0);  C  (16.3.0);  A  (11.3.0);  *(850); 
A  (11.10.0);  a  (11.9.7);  c  (14.11.8);  b  (852);  g  (951);  f>  (13.7.1);  r  (25.15.6);  to  (7.11.22);  Zimanyi, 
Zs.  Kr.,  39,  125,  1904;  Porkura,  Csetrasgebirge,  Hungary,  showing  new  forms:  (533),  (15.14.14), 
(11.10.0),  (17.14.0),  (12.5.0),  (830),  (18.9.2),  (10.5.2),  (24.15.10),  (821),  (631),  (15.11.7),  (11.8.5), 
(45.36.20),  (11.7.5);  Mauritz,  ibid.,  357;  Fojnica,  Bosnia,  with  new  forms,  51  (18.10.5);  S3  (654); 
8,  (456);  Mauritz,  [Foldt.  Kozl.,  34,  484  or  537,  1904];  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  70;  from  marble  of  Carrara; 
IrAchiardi,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.  Sc.,  Mem.  21,  1905;  Nadabula,  Gomor,  Hungary,  with  new  form 
(711)  ?;  Zimanyi,  Foldt.  Kozl.,  35,  546,  1905;  Rondout,  Ulster  Co.,  N.  Y.;  Whitlock,  N.  Y.  State 
Mus.  Bull.,  98,  1905;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  393;  Ivigtut,  Greenland;  Boggild,  Min.  Greenland,  46;  Frank- 
lin, N.  J. ;  Gilpin  Co.,  Colo.,  and  unknown  locality  in  Colo.;  Kraus  and  Scott,  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  144, 
1907;  Major's  Creek,  N.  S.  W.;  Anderson,  Rec.  Aus.  Mus.,  7,  1,  67,  1908. 

Crystals  described  as  coming  respectively  from  Porkura,  Kis-Almas  and  Csetras  are  all  from 
same  locality,  namely  on  Zslatyin  brook  near  Porkura  and  Kis-Almas  in  the  Csetras  mountains, 
Hungary;  Goldschmidt,  Zs.  Kr.,  38,  498,  1903. 

Quantitative  determination  in  presence  of  marcasite,  which  see.  Action  of  potassium  chlorate 
upon;  Spezia,  Att.  Ace.  Torino,  43,  April,  1908. 

PYROAURITE,  Min.,  p.  256;  App.,  p.  56.  — Occurs  at  Langban,  Sweden,  in  thin  tabular  crys- 
tals (c)  with  the  rhombohedron,  g  (4041),  eg  =  *82°  33';  hence  c  =1.6557  [author  gives  81°  33', 
which  his  other  angles  show  is  a  misprint  for  82°  33'].  Also  thick  tabular  crystals  with  r  (1011), 
/  (0221),  cr  =  62°  23',  cf  =  75°  21'.  Flink,  Bull.  Geol.  Inst.  Upsala,  5,  -81-96,  1900. 

PYROCHLORE,  Min.,  p.  726;  App.,  p.  56.  —  From  river  Tschoroch,  Province  Batum,  Russia, 
with  anal.  Tschernik,  [Ann.  Geol.  Min.  Russ.,  5,  196,  1902];  Zs.  Kr.,  39,  624.  Anal,  of  material 
from  Sundsvale,  Sweden ;  Tschernik,  [Jour  phys.  chim.  Russe,  36,  457,  712,  1904];  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  78. 

PYROCHROITE,  Min.,  p  253.  —  Crystals  from  Langban,  Sweden,  described_by  Flink  are  long 
prismatic  to  thin  tabular  (c,  a)  with  the  rhombohedral  forms:  p  (1014),  q  (3034),  r  (1011),  Bull. 
G.  Inst.  Upsala,  5,  87,  89,  1901.  Crystals  from  same  locality  with  anal,  and  determination  of 
refractive  indices;  Sjogren,  Geol.  For.  Forh.,  27,  37,  1905. 

PYROLUSITE,  Min.,  pp.  243,  1045;  App.,  p.  56.  —  Analyses  of  manganese  ores  from  Sardinia; 
Rimatori,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  10,  (2),  226,  1901;  occ.  at  Narysov,  Pribram;  Hoffmann,  Ber.  bohm. 
Ges.  Wiss.,  xviii,  1903. 

PYROMORPHITE,  Min.,  p.  770;  App.,  p.  56.  — Twins  with  twinning  plane  (2021),  from  Fried- 
richssegen  near  Ems;  Klein,  Centralbl.  Min.,  748,  1902.  Crystals  associated  with  dioptase  from 
Mindouli,  French  Congo;  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  31,  256,  1908. 

Refractive  indices  with  anal,  of  material  from  Braubach,  Nassau;  Bowman,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  324. 

From  Braidwood,  near  Little  River,  New  South  Wales,  with  anal. ;  Mingaye.  Trans.  Austr. 
Assoc.  Sc.,  1898.  Anal,  from  Broken  Hill,  N.  S.  W.;  Mingaye,  White  and  Greig,  [Rec.  Geol.  Sur. 
N.  S.  W.,  8,  182,  1905];  Zs.  Kr,  43,  623. 

Occurrence  in  gold  veins  on  Serebrjanka  river,  Urals;  Karpinsky  [Verh.  russ.  min.  Ges.,  42,  Prot. 
20,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  70.  Occurrence  in  small  crystals  from  Broken  Hill  N.  W.  Rhodesia; 
Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  15,  33,  1908. 

Radioactive  from  near  Issy-rEveque,  Saone-et-Loire;  Danne,  C.  R,  140,  241,  1905. 


APPENDIX  11.  85 

PYROPHYLLITE,  Min.,  p.  691;  App.,  p.  56.  —  Analyses  by  Baskerville  of  material  from  North 
Carolina;  Pratt,  N.  C.  Geol.  Sur.  Econ.  Papers,  3,  1900;  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  81. 

Blue  mineral  similar  to  pyrophyllite  from  quartz  vein  near  Kljutschy  between  Troisk  and 
Tscheljabinsk  in  Gouv.  Orenburg,  Russia,  with  anal.;  Morozewicz  [Verh.  russ.  min.  Ges.,  40,  43, 
1903];  Zs.  Kr.,  39,  611;  also  in  Min.  Mitth.,  22,  97,  1903. 

Composition  discussed;  Clarke  and  Steiger,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  8,  247,  1899.  Chem.  constitution; 
McNeil,  Jour.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  28,  594,  1906. 

PYROSMALITE,  Min.,  p.  465.  — Description  of  crystals  from  Bjelke  mine  in  Nordmark,  Sweden; 
with  new  analysis.  Discussion  of  old  analyses  and  formula  derived  =  RC12.12RO,  10SiO2  +  8H2O. 
Zambonini,  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  554.  Discussion  of  chem.  comp.;  Zambonini,  Mem.  Ace.  Sci.  Napoli, 
14,  22,  1908. 

PYROSTILPNITE,  Min.,  p.  135;  App.,  p.  56.  —  Occurs  at  the  Long  Tunnel  mine,  Heazlewood, 
Tasmania;  W.  F.  Petterd,  Notes  on  Tasmanian  Minerals,  priv.  publ. 

-  PYROXENE,  Min.,  pp.  352,  1045;  App.,  p.  56.  —  Cryst.  —  Augite  from  Yoneyama,  Province  of 
Echigo,  Japan,  with_new  forms  (103), _  (203).  Anal.;  Iwasaki,  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  302, 1900;  Latium,  Italy, 
with  new  forms,  $  (161),  F  (361),  G  (3.12.1),  C  (111),  £  (621),  with  anal.;  Zambonini,  ibid.,  33,39, 
1900;  ibid. ,34,  259, 1901.  Diopsidehom  Ala,  with  new  formsr  (231),  t)  (343),  to  (14.1.1);  Zambonini, 
ibid.,  239;  Ducktown,  Tenn.;  Moses,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  12, 105,  1901;  augite  crystal  from  the  Laacher  See 
with  U  (431);  Busz,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  139,  1901.  Augite  twins  from  island  of  Stromboli;  Barvir,  Ber. 
bohm.  Ges.  Wiss.,  xlvii,  1902;  diopside  from  Ala,  Piedmont;  Zambonini,  Centralbl.  Min.,  124,  1903; 
diopside  (with  anal.)  from  Moravicza,  Hungary;  Weinschenk,  Min.  Mitth.,  22,  363,  1903;  augite 
from  Canale  Monterano,  Province  Rome,  Italy,  with  new  form  33  (605);  anal.;  Zambonini,  Zs. 
Kr.,  40,  52,  57,  1904;  diopside  from  the  eozoon  limestone,  Cote  St.  Pierre,  Canada,  with  anal.; 
Preiswerk,  Zs.  Kr.,  40,  498,  1905;  diopside  from  Maneetsok,  Greenland;  Boggild,  Min.  Gronl., 
373;  augite  twins  from  Vesuvius;  Cesaro,  Bull.  Ac.  Beig.,  329,  1907;  crystals  from  Lyon  Mt.,  Clinton 
Co.,  N.  Y.;  Whitlock,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.,  107,  66,  1907. 

Opt.  — Diopside  crystals  with  optical  measurements  from  crystalline  limestone  at  Altstadt, 
Mahren;  Pelikan,  Min.  Mitth.,  19,  106,  1900;  anal,  of  same;  Pelikan,  ibid.,  338.  Dispersion  of 
optic  axes  in  orthorhombic  pyroxenes;  Luczizky,  Min.  Mitth.,  24,  140,  1905.  Chemical  and  optical 
study  of  monoclinic  pyroxenes  with  small  angle  between  optic  axes  and  low  content  of  lime; 
Wahl,  Min.  Mitth.,  26,  1-131,  1907.  Optical  constants -of  rock  forming  pyroxenes  from  various 
localities;  Duparc  and  Pearce,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  31,  96,  1908. 

Anal.  —  Anal,  of  material  in  eruptive  rock  " wyomingite,"  from  the  Leucite  Hills  and  Pilot 
Butte,  Wyoming;  Hillebrand  (in  article  by  Cross),  Am.  J.  Sc.,  4,  130,  1897.  Anal,  of  coccolite 
from  Bistrau,  Bohemia;  Kovaf,  [Abh.  bohm.  Akad.,  28,  1899];  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  705;  of  augite  from 
Uifak,  Godhavn  District,  Greenland;  Nicolau,  [Medd.  om  Gronl.,  24,  228,  1901];  Min.  Gronl.,  377; 
of  diopside  from  San  Pablo,  California;  Blasdale,  Univ.  Calif.  Bull.,  Dept.  Geol.,  2,  11,  327,  1901; 
of  soda-rich  pyroxene  from  Oropa,  Piedmont;  Zambonini,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  10,  (1),  240,  1901;  of 
augites  containing  TiO2  and  A12O3  with  discussion  of  composition;  also  optical  study;  Becker, 
[Inaug.-Diss.,  Erlangen,  1902],  Centralbl.  Min.,  730,  1902;  Zs.  Kr.,  38,  317.  Chromium  bearing 
omphacite  with  anal.,  from  Lake  Brocan,  Valle  del  Gesso  di  Entraque,  Piedmont;  Roccati,  [Boll. 
Soc.  geol.  ital.,  24,  659,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  499.  Anal,  of  augite  from  Paschkopole  near  Boreslau, 
Bohemia,  with  discussion  of  chem.  comp.;  Hampel,  Min.  Mitth.,  27,  270,  1908. 

Occurrence  of  a  monoclinic  pyroxene  in  meteorite  from  Zavid,  Bosnia;  Berwerth,  [Mitth.  aus 
Bosnien  u.  d.  Herzegovina,  8,  409,  1901];  Zs.  Kr.,  38,  320;  of  orthorhombic  and  monoclinic  pyrox- 
ene in  meteorite  from  Peramiho,  Dutch  East  Africa;  Berwerth,  Ber.  Acad.  Wien,  112,  (1),  739, 
1903. 

Concerning  products  of  weathering  of  augite,  anauxite  and  cimolite  (with  analyses) ;  Smirnoff, 
Zs.  Kr.,  43,  338,  1907.  Alteration  to  amphibole;  Duparc,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  31,  50,  1908. 

Artif.  formation  of;  Allen,  Wright  and  Clement,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  22,  385,  1906;  summarized  in 
Science,  Mar.  8,  1907,  p.  389. 

A  zinc  schefferite  from  the  Parker  shaft  at  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J.,  has  been  analyzed  by  Wolff, 
Proc.  Amer.  Acad.,  36,  115,  1900.  It  occurs  in  large  foliated  masses,  with  very  perfect  basal 
cleavage.  CA  c  =  40°  35'. 

SiO2  Fe2O3,  A12O3       MnO          ZnO         MgO          CaO  Ign. 

G.  =  3.31         52.86  1.08  5.31  3.38          13.24          24.48          0.45     =    100.80 

The  optical  constants  have  been  minutely  determined  by  Melczer,  ibid.,  p.  116. 

Occurrence  of  iron  schefferite  in  Caucasus;  Sioma,  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  279. 

Fedorowite  has  been   further  studied  with   the  following  additional  determinations.     Axial 

ratio:  a:  6:  c  =  1.0927  :  1  :  0.5489;  /?  =  106°.     a  =  1.680,  p  =  1.687,  7  =  1.709  for  Na  light. 
Analysis: 

SiO2               Fe2O3            FeO  A12O3              CaO              MgO              Na,O            Total 

I.      52.35               2.24              1.94  2.38                24.63              14.40              2.54             100.48 

II.      52.37  4.08  2.46  24.51  14.66  2.05  100.13 

Viola  and  Kraus,  Zs.  Kr.,  33,  36,  1900. 


86  APPENDIX  II. 

Pigeonite,  name  given  by  Winchell,  Am.  Geol.,  26,  204,  368,  1900,  to  pyroxene  with  small  and 
variable  axial  angle  from  Pigeon  Point,  Minn. 

Violaite,  name  given  to  highly  pleochroic  pyroxene,  occurring  in  igneous  dike  (kedabekite) 
associated  with  plagioclase  and  garnet  near  Kedebek  copper  mine  in  the  Caucasus;  v.  Fedorow, 
[Ann.  Tlnst.  agronomique  Moscou,  1,  43,  1901];  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  414. 

JEgirine-hederibergite,  mame  given  to  a  pyroxene  intermediate  in  composition  between  segirite 
and  hedenbergite;  Wolff,  Centralbl.  Min/,  214,  1902;  Rosenbusch  uses  Hedenbergit-Agirin,  Mrkrosk. 
Phys.  Min.,  1,  part  2,  218,  1905. 

Blanfordite.  A  monoclinic  pyroxene  containing  some  sodium,  manganese  and  iron,  occurring 
with  manganese  ores  in  the  Central  Provinces,  India.  Strongly  pleochroic  (rose-pink  to  sky-blue). 
Named  after  Dr.  W.  T.  Blanford  (1832-1905).  Fermor,  [Trans.  Min.  Geol.  Inst.  India,  1,  78, 
1906];  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  395,  1907. 

PYRRHOTITE,  Min.,  p.  73;  App.,  p.  57.  —  Crystals  from  Tollegno,  Piedmont;  Zambonini,  Cen- 
tralbl. Min.,  121,  1903;  from  Bottino;  D'Achiardi,  [Proc.  Soc.  Toscana  Sc.  Nat.  Pisa,  13,  140,  1903]; 
Zs.  Kr.,  41,  262;  from  Igdlokunguak,  Greenland;  Boggild,  Min.  Groenland,  39. 

Considered  by  study  of  magnetic  properties,  etching  figures,  etc.,  to  be  orthorhombic  in  sym- 
metry, but  pseudo-hexagonal  through  twinning;  Kaiser,  Centralbl.  Min.,  261,  1906;  Weiss,  ibid., 
338. 

Magnetic  properties  of;  Weiss,  C.  R.,  126,  1099,  1898;  [Jour,  de  phys.,  8,  314,  1898];  Zs.  Kr., 
34,  631;  [Arc.  Sc.  phys.  et  nat.,  Genf,  16,  473,  1903];  Zs.  Kr.,  41,  110;  Kunz,  [Arc.  Sc.  phys.  et  nat., 
Genf,  18,  260,  1904];  Zs.  Kr.,  42,  204;  Weiss,  [Phy.  Zs.,  6,  779,  1905];  [Jour,  phys.,  4,  469,  829, 
1905];  C.  R.,  140,  1332,  1587,  1905;  Weiss  and  Kunz,  [Jour,  phys.,  4,  847,  1905J;  C.  R.,  141,  182; 
Zs.  Kr.,  43,  518-522. 

Occurrence  at  Burgk,  Saxony;  Bergt,  Ber.  Abh.  Naturwiss.  Ges.  Isis,  Dresden,  20,  1903. 
From  Sardinia;  Serra,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  16,  (1),  347,  1907. 

QUAHTZ,  Min.,  pp.  183, 1046;  App.,  p.  57.  — Cryst.  — From  Opprebais,  Belgium;  Buttgenbach, 
Ann.  soc.  geol.  Belg.,  25,  111,  1898.  Striegau,  Silesia;  Gonnard,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  22,  92,  1899; 
Quenast;  van  Hove,  [Mem.  cour.  et  Mem.  des  Sav.  etrangers,  Acad.  roy.  de  Belg.,  58,  1,  1900]; 
Zs.  Kr.,  35,  642;  twin  from  Trarbach,  Rhine  province,  Germany;  Kaiser,  Centralbl.  Min.,  94,  1900; 
crystals  from  Bourg  d'Oisans,  Dauphine;  Gonnard,  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  279,  1901 ;  twin  from  Annaberg  in 
Saxony;  Johnsen,  Centralbl.  Min.,  649,  1902;  twins  from  Mies,  from  Sarka  valley  near  Prag; 

"Rarvir     Ron     ViriVim   Hoc     A     Wioo       O.      1  QH9  •  7.a     It  v      9Q     r-{Q«  •  ^firot  o  lo  f  tv-n-r.  T*  ro  v\\  •  H/-knr>a  rr\     Rull     Snn 


lag., 

13,  331,  1903";  Hancock,  Mich.,  and  Herkimer,  N.  Y.,  with  several  new  forms  and  a  "  Winkeltabelle'' 
for  them;  Lincip,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.,  18,  155,  1904;  smoky  quartz  crystals  from  Mokruscha  Mt.,  near 
Mursinka,  Russia;  Worobieff,  [Verh.  russ.  min.  Ges.,  42,  Prot.  52,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  71;  crystals 
from  Guggiate,  Lake  Como;  Repossi,  Att.  Soc.  Milano,  44, 106,  1905;  East  Greenland;  Flink,  Medd. 
om  Gronl.,  24,  17,  1901;  Boggild,  Medd.  om  Gronl.,  28,  104,  1905;  twinning;  Goldschmidt,  Min. 
Mitth.,  24,  157  and  167,  1905;  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  407;  crystals  from  San  Diego  Co.,  Calif .;  Waring,  Am. 
J.  Sc.,  20,  125,  1905;  Meylan,  Isere,  France;  Gonnard,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  22,  94,  1899;  ibid.,  29,  303, 
1906;  Gletsch,  Switzerland;  Busz,  Centralbl.  Min.,  753,  1906;  Fedelino,  Lake  Como;  Repossi, 
Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  15,  (1),  506,  1906;  Lyon  Mt.,  Clinton  Co.,  N.  Y.;  Whitlock,  N.  Y.  State  Mus., 
Bull.,  107,  56,  1907;  Brusson,  D'Aosta;  Colomba,  Att.  Ace.  Torino,  42,  904,  1907;  Simplon  tunnel; 
Cesaro,  Bull.  Ac.  Belg.,  315,  1907;  Valle  del  Chisone,  Piedmont;  Colomba,  Att.  Ace.  Torino,  43, 
June,  1908. 

Pseudomorph  after  apophyllite  near  Fort  Point,  San  Francisco,  Calif.;  Schaller,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
17,  194,  1904. 

Crystallographic  symmetry  of  tridymite,  cristobalite  and  quartz;  Beckenkamp,  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  569. 

Opt.  — Dispersion  of  the  infra-red  rays  in  quartz;  Carvallo,  C.  R.,  126,  728,  1898;  study  of 
effect  of  compression  upon  double  refraction ;  Dongier,  [These  fac.  des  sc.  Paris,  1898] ;  [Ann.  chim. 
phys.,  14,  448, 1898] ;  C.  R.,  124,  26,  1897;  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  541.  Optical  study;  D'Achiardi,  Att.  Tos- 
cana, Pisa,  17,  114,  1899;  Viola,  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  551,  1900;  optical  constants  for  green  mercury  light; 
de  Le"pinay,  [Jour.  d.  phys.,  9,  644,  1900] ;  Zs.  Kr.,  35,  630.  Form  of  wave  surface  of  ordinary  ray; 
de  Lepinay,  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  280,  1901 ;  Viola,  ibid.,  281.  Rotatory  power  at  temperature  of  liquid  air; 
Levi,  [R.  1st.  Veneto,  60,  559,  1901] ;  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  317.  Rotation  of  polarization  plane  in  magnetic 
field;  Borel,  [Arc.  Sc.  phys.  et  nat.,  Genf,  1903,  16,  24,  157];  Zs.  Kr.,  41,  108.  Dichroism  induced 
in  quartz  by  radium;  Ergoroff,  C.  R.,  140,  1027,  1905;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  514.  Pyroluminescence;  V.  M. 
Goldschmidt,  [Forh.  i  Videnskabs-Sekkabet  i  Kristiania  Aar,  No.  5,  1-15,  1906];  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  106. 

Etching  figures  formed  at  high  temperature;  Friedel,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  25,  112,  1902.  Natural 
and  artificial  etching  figures  and  their  relations  to  optical  properties,  pyroelectricity,  etc.;  Martini, 
Jb.  Min.,  2,  43,  1905. 

Pyroelectricity;  Beckenkamp,  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  9,  1899.  Dielectric  constants;  Fellinger  [Inaug.- 
Diss.,  Munchen,  1899];  Zs.  Kr.,  35,186.  Electrical  double  refraction,  etc.;  Quesneville,  Zs.  Kr., 
33,  102,  1900. 

Elastic  constants  of  amorphous  quartz ;  Schulze,  [Ann.  d.  Phys.,  14,  384, 1904] ;  Zs.  Kr.,  42,  498. 
.  Cause  of  color,  Konigsberger;  Min.  Mitth.,  19,  148;  Nabl,  Ber.  Acad.  Wien,  108,  48,  1899. 


APPEXDIX   II.  87 

Inclusion  of  organic  sulphides  in  quartz  from  Salangen,  Norway;  Sjogren,  Geol.  For.  Forh., 
27,  113,  1905;  liquid  inclusions  from  Alpine  localities;  Konigsberger  and  Miiller,  Centralbl.  Min., 
72,  1906. 

Relationships  between  quartz,  chalcedony  and  opal;  Leitmeier,  Centralbl.  Min.,  632,  1908. 
Fibrous  silica  and  its  relations  to  opal  and  quartz;  Hein,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.,  25,  182,  1908. 

Solubility  in  sodium  silicate;  in  sodium  tetraborate;  Spezia,  Att.  Ace.  Torino,  35,  750,  1900; 
ibid.,  36,  631,  1901;  also  experiments  on  the  growth  of  quartz  crystals,  ibid.,  40,  Jan.,  1905;  41, 
Dec.,  1905;  44,  Nov.,  1908. 

Quartz  and  gelatinous  silica.in  Simplon  tunnel ;  Spezia,  Att.  Ace.  Torino,  34,  705,  1899. 

Siliceous  oolite  of  Tateyama,  Etchii  Province,  Japan;  Jimbo,  Bei.  Min.  Japan,  1,  11,  1905. 

Artif.  formation;  Day  and  Shepherd,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  22,  275,  1906;  Quensel,  Centralbl.  Min.,  657, 
1906;  ibid.,  728.  Synthesis  of  amethyst;  Berthelot,  C.  R.,  143,  417,  1906. 

Pseudochalcedonite,  a  chalcedony-like  material,  biaxial,  optically  negative,  length  of  fibers  j|  a. 
Birefringence  =  0.0045.  G.  =2.5.  Chemically  =  water-free  SiO2.  Lacroix,  C.  R.,  130,  430,  1900; 
Zs.  Kr.,  35,  633. 

Occurrence  of  chalcedony  on  shore  of  Black  Sea,  Caucasus;  Karpinsky,  [Verh.  russ.  min.  Ges., 
42,  Prot.  29,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  70. 

Quartz  glass.  —  Heraeus,  Deutsche  Mech.  Ztg.,  Oct.  1,  1903;  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  469,  1903.  Opti- 
cal properties;  Gifford  and  Shenstone;  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.,  73,  201 ;  Am.  J.  Sc.,  17,  399,  1904. 

QUARTZINE,  App.,  p.  58.  —  Occurrence  at  Mohelmo,  Mahren;  Barvff,  [Ber.  bohm.  Ges.  Wiss., 
14,  1897]  ;Zs.  Kr.,  31,  525. 

Quisqueite.     W.  F.  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  142,  1907. 

A  black  lustrous  material,  composed  chiefly  of  C  and  S.  Analysis  gave:  S  (soluble  in  CS2), 
15.44;  S  (combined),  31. 17;  C,  42.81;  H,  0.91 ;  N,  0.47;  O  (by  difference),  5.39;  H2O  (at  105°),  3.01; 
Ash,  0.80;  total  100.00.  Ash  analyzed  gave:  SiO2,  0.04;  A12O3,  0.08;  Fe2O?,  0.10;  NiO,  0.06; 
V2O5,  0.52.  Occurs  in  a  vein  adjoining  the  vanadium  ore  known  as  patronite,  at  Minasragra, 
Peru.  Named  from  a  settlement  near  place  of  occurrence. 

RADIOACTIVE  MINERALS.  —  Study  of  the  radioactivity  and  percentages  of  U3O8,  ThO2  and 
He  in  the  following:  uraninite,  torbernite,  thorianite,  aeschynite,  samarskite,  gadolinite,  cyrtolite, 
sipylite,  euxenite,  carnotite,  pyromorphite,  microlite,  orangite,  monazite,  thorite,  alvitQ,  xeno- 
time,  amerodite,  fergusonite,  malacon,  allanite,  yttrotantalite,  polycrase,  zircon;  Strutt,  Proc. 
Roy.  Soc.,  76,  88,  312,  1905;  Chem.  News,  91,  299,  1905;  radioactivity  of  uranium  minerals, 
Boltwood,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  25,  269,  1908. 

Radiotine.     R.  Brauns,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.-Bd.,  18,  314,  1904. 

Fibrous,  radiating.     In  very  small  spherical  aggregates. 

G.  2.70.     Color  yellow.     Double  refraction  medium,     a  parallel  to  length  of  fibers. 

Composition.  —  H4Mg3Si2O9  like  serpentine. 

Analyses  by  F.  W.  Kiister,  of  material  from  Dillenburg: 

SiO2  MgO  Fe2O3  CaO  H2O 

1.  41.48  35.84  8.40  1.50  11.96  =  99.48 

2.  41.50  35.73  8.50  0.55  12.13  =  98.41 

Pyr.  etc.  Yields  much  water  in  closed  tube,  mineral  becoming  brown.  Insoluble  in  HC1. 
Treated  with  HF  gives  magnesium  fluor-silicate,  which  is  soluble  in  water,  and  solution  gives  strong 
reaction  for  magnesium  and  weaker  reactions  for  iron  and  calcium. 

Diff.     Distinguished  from  serpentine  by  its  insolubility  in  HC1  and  its  higher  specific  gravity. 

Occurs  intimately  intergrown  with  serpentine,  from  which  it  has  been  derived,  in  an  altered 
picrite  near  Dillenburg,  Nassau.  Also  observed  with  serpentine  at  Steinperf,  Rachelshausen,  etc. 

Named  on  account  of  its  radial  structure. 

Rafaelite,  see  Paralaurionite. 

RAMOSITE,  Min.,  p.  562.  —  Proven  to  be  not  a  definite  mineral  but  a  basic  volcanic  scoria; 
Luquer,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  17,  93,  1904. 

RASPITE,  App.,  p.  58. — Crystals  from  gold  sands  at  Sumidouro,  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil,  described 
by  Hussak,  Centralbl.  Min.,  723,  1903;  Hlawatsch,  ibid.,  422,  1905;  from  Broken  Hill  with  new 

forms  m(110),/  (102),  p  (122),  d  (1.12.12).     New  elements  given  as  a  :  b:c=  1.34497:1  : 1.11468. 
/?  =  72°  23'.     Hlawatsch,  Zs.  Kr.,  42,  587,  1906. 


88  .  APPENDIX  II. 

RATHITE,  App.,  p.  58.  —  A  new  orientation  proposed  by  Solly  so  that  the  well-developed  prism 
zone  is  vertical  and  the  cleavage  plane  (001)  of  Baumhauer  becomes  (010)  to  correspond  with  the 
cleavage  of  jordanite,  the  corresponding  forms  of  the  two  orientations  being: 

Baumhauer        100        010        001         403         095        20.27.0        20.27.15 
Solly  100        001         010         110        Oil  101  111 

Axial  ratios  according  to  Solly;  &  :  b. :  c  =  0.4782  :  1  :  0.5112. 

Angles:  010  A  350  =  51°  27';  010  A  111  =  70°  45'.     A  list  of  62  known  forms  given,  37  £»f 
them  being  new.     Twinning;  (074)  shown  in  fine  twin  lamella;  (0-L5.1),  rare  as  a  juxtaposed  twin. 
Cleavage  ||  (010);  parting  ||  (100).     F.  conchoidal.     H.  =3.     G.  =  5.412;  5.421. 
Analyses  by  Jackson  yield  formula  3PbS.2As.,S3;  Pb,  51.37;  S,  23.82;  As,  24.81. 

Pb  S  As 

I.      51.51  23.41  24.62  =    99.54 

II.      51.62  23.62  24.91  =  100.15 

Solly  and  Jackson,  Min.  Mag.,  12,  287;  Solly,  ibid.,  13,  77;  Zs.  Kr.,  35,  321. 

REALGAR,  Min.,  pp.  33,  1046;  App.,  p.  59.  —  Study  of  crystals  from  Allchar,  with  derivation  of 

new  elements;  a  :  b  :  c  =  0.7203  :  1  :  0.4858,  /?  =  66°  16'.  New  winkeltabelle  given.  Gold- 
schmidt,  Zs.  Kr.,  39,  113;  crystals  from  Mercur,  Utah;  Farrington  and  Tillotson,  Field  Col.  Mus., 
Geol.  Series,  3,  No.  7,  158,  1908. 

Occurs  in  crystals  in  the  Monte  Cristo  mining  district,  Snohomish  Co.,  Washington;  Moses, 
Am.  ,T.  Sc.,  12,  103,  1901.  Crystals  formed  at  eruption  of  Vesuvius,  1906;  see  under  Vesuvius. 
Occurrence  in  morainal  material  of  Zei  glacier  in  Caucasus;  Orlowsky,  [Proc.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Mos- 
cow, No.  1-3,  17-18,1897];  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  518. 

REDONITE,  Min.,  p.  807.  —  Occurrence  at  Martinique  with  anal.;  Lacroix,  Bull.  Min.  Soc., 
28,  13,  1905. 

RESIN,  MINERAL.  —  Occurrence  of  amber  in  Roumania  with  discussion  of  fossil  resins,  suc- 
cinite, rumanite,  schraufite,  simetite,  burmite  and  a  new  type  from  Olanesti;  Murgoci,  Asocia- 
tiunea  Roman  &  pentru  inaintarea  si  respanderea  sciintelor  Memoriile  Congresului  de  la  lasi, 
Bucarest,  1903. 

Reyerite.     F.  Cornu  and  A.  Himmelbauer.     Min.  Mitth.,  25,  519,  1907. 

Rhombohedral.  Crystals  in  thin  hexagonal  plates  showing  combination  of  base  and  prism. 
In  radiating  aggregates.  Cleavage:  basal  perfect.  H.  =  3.5.  G.  =  2.499-2.578.  Optically 
negative,  w  =  1.564.  Etched  with  HC1  gives  triangular  figures.  Six-rayed  percussion  figure. 

Composition.     Calcium  aluminium  silicate  with  water.     An  incomplete  analysis  gave: 

SiO2  CaO  A12O3  H2O 

53.31  32.22  3.72  6.73  =  95.98. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  Difficultly  fusible  B.  B.  to  a  white  enamel.     Yields  water  in  the  closed  tube. 
After  heating  gives  an  alkaline  reaction.     Decomposed  by  HC1. 
Obs.  on  specimens  from  Greenland. 
Named  after  Prof.  E.  Reyer  of  Vienna. 
Compare  Gyrolite, 

RHODOCHROSITE,  Min.,  p.  278;  App.,  p.  59.  —  Occurrence  (with  anal.)  at  St.  Barthe"lemy, 
Aosta,  Italy;  Millosevich,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  15,  (1),  317,  1906. 

RHODONITE,  Min.,  pp.  378,  1046;  App.,  p.  59.  —  Crystals  described  from  St.  Marcel,  Pied- 
mont, with  analysis ;  Colomba,  Accad.  Sc.  Torino,  39,  664,  1904.  Crom  Chiaves  and  other  localities 
in  Valli  di  Lanzo,  Italy,  with  anal.;  Roccati,  Att.  Ace.  Torino,  41,  487,  1906;  from  Broken  Hill, 
N.  S._W.,  with  following  new  forms:  A  (223),  B  (225),  C  (112),  D  (223),  E  (667),  F  (223),  G  (447), 
H  (441),  K  (403),  L  (201);  Anderson,  Rec.  Aus.  Mus.,  7,  129,  1908. 

Triclinic  crystals  lining  cavities  in  a  slag  similar  though  not  identical  to  those  of  rhodonite 
named  vogtite,  after  Prof.  H.  L.  Vogt  of  Christiania.  Hlawatsch,  Zs.  Kr.,  42,  590. 

RHODUSITE,  see  Glaucophane. 

Rhbnite.     J.  Soellner,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.,  24,  475,  1907. 

Triclinic.     Isomorphous  with  aenigmatite. 

Forms:  6  (010),  a  (100),  m  (110),  «  (110),  c  (001),  r  (III),  k  (111),  v  (131),  i  (131).  Angles, 
approximately  measured  under  microscope,  agree  closely  with  those  recorded  for  anigmatite. 
Crystal  habit,  short  prismatic  or  tabular  parallel  to  6  (010).  Twinning  pi.  b  (010).  Cleavage  good 


APPENDIX  II.  89 

parallel  to  m  (110)  and  fJt  (ll0).  G.  =  3.58?  Translucent  to  opaque.  Color  black  to  brown 
black,  often  showing  metallic  reflections.  Streak  red  brown.  Optically  like  aenigmatite. 

Comp  Belongs  in  eenigmatite  group,  with  much  less  amount  of  ferrous  oxide  and  alkalies  and 
increase  in  alumina,  ferric  oxide,  lime  and  magnesia.  Formula  given  is:  (Ca,Na2,KJ3Mg4 
FeII2FeIII3Al4(Si,Ti)f)O30. 

Anal,  by  Dittrich  of  material  from  nepheline-basanite  from  Platz  near  Bruckenau,  Rhon: 

SiO2        TiO2         A12O3       Fe.,O3        FeO         MnO        MgO         CaO       Na2O         K2O 
24.42       9.46          17.25        11.69        11.39  tr.          12.62        12.43        0.67          0.63  =  100.56 

Obs.  Found  like  aenigmatite,  as  a  constituent  in  basalts.  First  noted  from  Rhon,  and  identified 
also  in  similar  rocks  from  Vogelsgebirge,  Siebengebirge,  Laacher-See,  Odenwald,  Kaiserstuhl,  and 
in  Bohemia.  Named  after  Rhon  district,  where  it  was  first  identified. 

Rickardite.  W.  E.  Ford,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  15,  69,  1903.  Massive.  Fracture  irregular.  Brittle. 
H.  =  3.5.  G.  =  7.54.  Luster  metallic.  Color  deep  purple,  resembling  the  color  of  tarnished 
surfaces  of  bornite,  of  the  powder  the  same.  Opaque. 

Composition,  a  copper  telluride,  Cu4Te3  or  Cu2Te.2CuTe.     Analysis: 

|      Te,  59.21;        Cu,  40.74  =  99.95 

B.  B.  alone  on  charcoal  fuses  easily  (F.  =  1)  to  a  brittle  globule  of  copper  telluride,  gives  a  pale 
azure-blue  flame  tinged  with  green  and  forms  a  white  coating  of  TeO2;  with  sodium  carbonate  and 
borax  yields  with  difficulty  metallic  copper.  In  the  open  tube  a  faint  sublimate  of  TeO2.  Dis- 
solves in  nitric  acid;  heated  in  concentrated  sulphuric  acid  gives  the  characteristic  reddish- violet 
color  of  tellurium. 

Occurs  at  the  Good  Hope  mine,  at  Vulcan,  Colorado,  in  lens-shaped  masses  intimately  asso- 
ciated with  native  tellurium,  with  petzite  and  berthierite;  the  vein  mineral  is  chiefly  pyrite;  native 
sulphur  is  also  found  in  the  vein. 

Named  after  Mr.  T.  A.  Rickard  of  San  Francisco. 

Ricolite,  var.  of  serpentine,  which  see. 

RIEBECKITE,  Min.,  pp.  400,  1047;  App.,  p.  59.  —  Crystals  from  Narsarsuk,  Greenland;  Flink, 
[Medd.  om  Gronl.,  24,  80,  1901];  Min.  Gronl,  430. 

Genesis  of;  Murgoci,"  Am.  J.  Sc.,  20,  133. 

Occurrence  in  Roumania  with  anal.;  Mrazek,  [Bull.  soc.  sc.  Bucarest,  8,  106,  1899];  Zs.  Kr., 
34,  710.  Occurrence  in  trachytic  rocks  from  Abyssinia;  Prior,  Min.  Mag.,  12,  255,  1900. 

RINKITE,  Min.,  p.  722.  —  New  analysis  by  Christensen  of  material  from  Kangerdluarsuk 
agrees  with  that  of  Lorenzen  (Min.,  p.  722),  except  instead  of  13.36%  TiO2  there  was  found  5.42 
TiO2  and  6.51  ZrO2.  Boggild,  Min.  Gronl.,  269. 

Rinneite.  H.  E.  Boeke,  Centralbl.  Min.,  72,  1909.  Hexagonal.  In  coarsely  granular 
masses.  Perfect  cleavage  parallel  to  prism.  Splintery  fracture.  H.  =  3.  G.  =  2.34.  Brilliant 
luster,  often  silky.  Colorless  when  fresh  and  pure,  usually  rose,  violet  or  yellow;  becomes  brown 
on  exposure  on  account  of  oxidation.  Optically  +.  Weak  birefringence. 

Comp.— FeCl2.3KCl.NaCl;  Fe,  13.67;  K,  28.71;  Na,  5.64;  Cl,  51.99.     Analysis: 

Fe  K  Na  Cl  Br 

f         13.94  28.90  5.61  51.87  0.04  =  100.36 

Easily  fusible.     Taste  astringent  like  ink. 

Found  in  salt  beds  at  Nordhausen,  Saxony,  associated  with  carnallite,  sylvite,  etc.  Named 
after  Prof.  F.  Rinne. 

Robellazite.  —  Preliminary  announcement  of  a  new  species  containing  vanadium,  niobium, 
tantalum,  tungsten,  aluminium,  iron  and  manganese.  In  black  concretions  associated  with  car- 
notite  from  Colorado.  Named  after  explorer  who  collected  the  specimens;  Cumenge,  Bull.  Soc. 
Min.,  23,  17,  1900. 

ROEMERITE,  Min.,  p.  959.  —  Analyses  of  natural  and  artificial  material  lead  to  formula, 
FeSO4.Fe2(SO4)3.14H2O.  Scharizer,  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  529.  Also  an  artificial  roemerite  containing  6.60 
p.  c.  ZnO,  which  is  called  zinc  roemerite  in  distinction  from  the  ordinary  ferroroemerite,  ibid.,  546; 
on  its  decomposition;  Scharizer,  ibid.,  43,  122. 

Rosasite.     D.  Lovisato,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  17,  (2),  723,  1908. 

In  compact,  fibrous  masses,  mammillary,  of  a  bright  green  to  sky-blue  color.  Silky  luster  on 
fresh  fracture.  H.  =  4.5.  G.  =  4.07.  Comp.,  perhaps  2CuO.3CuCO3.5ZnCO3.  Analysis:  CO3, 
30.44;  CuO,  36.34;  ZnO,  33.57;  PbO,  tr.;  H2O,  0.21;  total,  100.56.  Occ.  at  Rosas  mine  (whence 
the  name  rosasite)  at  Sulcis,  Sardinia. 


90  APPENDIX   II. 

ROSCOELITE,  Min.,  p.  635.  —  The  carefully  purified  mineral  from  the  Stockslager  mine,  Placer- 
ville,  Cal.,  has  been  analyzed  by  Hiilebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  7,  451,  1899;  mean  result  as  follows: 

SiO2      Ti(X     V2O3       A12O3     FeO     MgO        K2O      Na2O      Li0O     H2O 

G.  =  2.97     45.17      0.78      24.01      11.54      1.60      1.64        10.37       0.06         tr.       4.69*  -  99.86 
*  Below  105°,  0.4'Oi  105°  to  280°,  0.17;  above  280°,  4.12. 

The  above  is  shown  by  Clarke  (ibid".,  p.  454)  to  correspond  to  a  molecular  mixture  in  a  ratio  of 
1  : 1  : 8  nearly,  of  H2KMg2FeAl(SiO4)3,  H4.K2Al2(Si3O8)3  and  H2KAlV2(SiO4)3.  Turner  (ibid.,  p.  455) 
shows  that  roscoelite  occurs  at  four  localities  within  a  small  area  a  few  miles  northwest  of  Placer- 
ville  in  Eldorado  county,  California. 

ROSENBUSCHITE,  Min.,  p.  374.  —  Occurrence  in  nephelite-syenite-porphyry,  Red  Hill,  Moulton- 
boro,  N.  H.;  Pirsson  and  Washington,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  23,  433,  1907. 

Rosolite,  a  garnet,  which  see. 

Rubrite.  —  Correct  name  for  the  hydrous  sulphate  of  ferric  iron  and  magnesium  originally 
misspelled  "  kubeit,"  see  App.,  p.  21 ;  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  12,  386,  1900. 

RUBY,  see  Corundum. 

RUMANITE,  Min.,  p.  1004. — Analyses;  Istrati,  [Bull.  soc.  sc.  Bucarest,  6,  55,  1897;  7,  272]; 
Zs.  Kr.,  32,  187. 

Concerning  fossil  resins  from  Rumania;  name  spelled  "  romanite."  Murgoci  [Assoc.  Romana, 
etc.,  Bucarest,  1903];  Zs.  Kr.,  41,  318. 

RUMPFITE,  Min.,  p.  661.  —  Occurrence  at  Passe  von  Wald,  Austria;  in  pseudomorph  after 
magnesite.  Doll,  [Verh.  geol.  Reichsanst.,  Wien,  329,  1897];  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  183. 

Rutherfordine.     W.  Marckwald,  Centralbl.  Min.,  761,  1906. 

An  ocher  resulting  from  the  alteration  of  uraninite. 

Yellow  color.     Strongly  radiocative.     G.  =  4.82. 

Composition.     Uranyl  carbonate,  UO2CO3;  UO3,  83.5;  CO2,  12.3.     Analysis: 

UO3         CO2          PbO         FeO         CaO         H2O         Gangue 

83.8          12.1  1.0  0.8  1.1  0.7  0.8      =  100.3 

Occurs  as  an  alteration  product  of  uraninite  associated  with  mica  in  the  Uruguru  Mts.,  German 
East  Africa.  Named  from  Prof.  E.  Rutherford. 

RUTILE,  Min.,  pp.  237, 1047;  App.,  p.  60.— Crystals  from  AlpeVeglia,  Varzo,  Val  d'Ossola,  Italy ; 
Lincio  [Att.  Ace.  Torino,  39,  995,  1904] ;  Zs.  Kr.,  42,  66;  from  Victor  Harbour  and  Mount  Gambier, 
So.  Aus.;  Anderson,  Rec.  Aus.  Mus.,  7,  1,  66,  1908.  Crystal  structure;  Mugge,  Centralbl.  Min., 
72,  1902;  crystals  from  Jequitinhonha  River,  Brazil;  Farrington  and  Tillotson,  Field  Col.  Mus., 
Geol.  Series,  3,  No.  7,  160,  1908. 

Refractive  indices;  Taubert  [Inaug.-Diss.,  Jena,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  313. 

Anal,  from  Graves  Mt.,  Ga.,  and  from  Tavetsch,  Switzerland;  Pfeil  [Inaug.-Diss.,  Heidelberg, 
1901];  Centralbl.  Min.,  144,  1902. 

Discussion  of  formulae  of  rutile,  octahedrite  and  brookite;  Prior,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  220. 

Discussion  of  the  regular  grouping  upon  hematite  tables  from  Cavradi;  Baumhauer,  Sitz. 
Akad.  Berlin,  322,  1906;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  61.  It  is  shown  that  the  rutile  prisms  make  angles  of  2°  10' 
with  the  hematite  diagonals  instead  of  coinciding  with  them,  the  actual  position  being  a  mean 
between  the  latter  position  and  that  where  a  terminal  cap  of  s  (111)  would  coincide  with  the 
diagonal;  see  also  Viola,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  17,  (2),  437,  554. 

SAL-AMMONIAC,  Min.,  p.  157;  App.,  p.  60.  —  Crystals  from  Burgk  near  Dresden;  and  from 
Vesuvius;  Goldschmidt  and  Schroder,  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  220,  221;  from  Vesuvius;  Slavik,  Bull.  Acad. 
Sci.  Boheme,  1907. 

From  Vesuvius;  Matteucci,  Ce-ntralbl.  Min.,  45,  1901.  Occurrence  in  volcanic  eruptions; 
Wegner,  ibid.,  662,  1907. 

SAMARSKITE,  Min.,  pp.  739, 1037;  App.,  p.  61.  —  Occurrence  with  anal,  in  bed  of  river  Tscho- 
roch,  Batum,  Caucasus  Mts.;  Tschernik,  [Jour,  phys.-chim.  Russe,  34,  684,  1892];  Zs.  Kr., 
39,  627.  Occurrence  in  southern  Norway  with  description  of  crystals  and  anal.;  Brogger,  Min. 
Sud-Nor.  Granitpeg.,  138,  1908. 

Radioactivity;  Barker,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  163,  1903.  Ratio  of  radium  to  uranium;  Boltwood, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  97,  1904;  also  see  under  Uraninite. 

Sanfordite,  synonym  of  earlier  name  Rickardite,  which  see. 


APPEXDIX   II.  91 

SAPPHIRINE,  Min.,  p.  561.  —  Occurrence  in  rock  with  hypersthene  and  hercynite  in  Vizaga- 
patam,  Madras,  India;  anal.;  Middlemiss,  [Rec.  Geol.  Sur.  India,  31,  38,  1904J;  Zs.  Kr.,  42,  389. 

SARCOLITE,  Min.,  p.  474.  —  Optical  study  on  crystals  from  Vesuvius  gave>  w  =  1.6404; 
e  =  1.6566  for  Na;  dispersion  large,  p  >  v;  birefringence  =  0.01626;  Opt.  +  ;  analyses;  Pauly, 
Centralbl.  Min.,  266,  1906. 

SARKINITE,  Min.,  p.  779.  —  Crystallographically,  optically  and  chemically  species  chrondro- 
arsenite  (Min.,  p.  796)  is  proven  to  be  identical  with  sarkinite.  Sjogren,  G.  For.  Forh.,  28,  401, 
1906. 

SARTORITE,  Min.,  p.  113;  App.,  p.  61.  —  Analyses  by  Jackson  confirm  the  formula,  PbS. 
As2S3;  Solly  and  Jackscn,  Min.  Mag.,  12, 286, 297.  Considered  to  be  monoclinic  by  Solly  (loc.  cit.) 
and  Trechmann,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  212;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  548,  but  both  give  different  axial  ratios.  Trech- 
mann  from  measurement  of  small  crystals,  concerning  whose  identity  with  sartorite  there  is 

some  question,  deduces  a  :b  :c  =  1.27552  :  1  :  1.19487;  /?  =  77°  48'.  He  makes  the  brachy- 
domes  of  vom  Rath's  orientation  the  prisms,  and  transposes  the  macrodomes  into  orthodomes. 
Tables  are  given  including  87  forms  and  their  comparison  with  the  forms  observed  by  earlier 
writers. 

SASSOLITE,  Min.,  p.  255.  —  Crystals  from  Tuscany;  D'Achiardi,  [Ann.  Univ.  Tosc.,  23,  1,  1900]; 
ZB.  Kr.,  36,  519. 

SCAPOLITE,  Min.,  p.  466;  App.,  p.  61.  —  Scapolite  rocks  from  Alaska;  Spurr,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
10,  310,  1900. 

SCHEELITE,  Min.,  p.  985;  App.,  p.  61.  —  Crystals  from  Nordmark;  Flink,  Bull.  G.  Inst.  Upsala, 
5,  96,  1901 ;  from  Traversella  with  the  new  forms:  (885),  (714),  (735),  (756),  (232),  also  less  certain 
(323),  (21.1.11);  mean  value  of  c  =  1.53798;  Colomba,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  15,  (1),  281,  1906; 
other  new  forms  from  Traversella,  (338),  (227),  (507),  (407)?;  Zambonini,  ibid.,  558,  1906;  from 
Hillgrove,  N.  S.  W.,  and  Mount  Ramsay,  Tasmania;  Anderson,  Rec.  Aus.  Mus.,  6,  414,  1907. 

Luminescence;  Pochettino,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  14,  (1)  505,  (2),  220,  1905. 

Analyses  of  material  from  Traversella  gave: 

WO3  MoO3  CaO  MgO 

Colorless                       77.03  3.15  19.73  .  . .  .  =    99.91 

Reddish  brown   '          77.35  2.46  18.33  1.67  =    99.81 

Greenish  brown             78.75  1.47  19.23  0.55  =  100.00 

Orange-yellow               79.68  0.72  19.43  tr.    =    99.83 

Colomba,  loc.  cit. 

Artif.;  de  Schulten,  Bull.  Min.  Soc.,  26,  112,  1903. 

Occurrence  with  anal.,  at  Villa  Salto,  Sardinia;  Traverse,  [Resocconti  delle  Riunioni  d.  Soc. 
Min.  Sarda,  Iglesias,  6,  8,  1901];  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  396;  from  the  Mutsch  in  the  Etzlithal,  Switzerland 
(anal,  by  Hinden);  Schmidt,  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  160,  1902;  see  also  ibid.,  24,  137,  1895.  At  Trumbull, 
Conn.;  Hobbs,  U.  S.  G.  S.,  22d.  Ann.  Rep.,  2,  7,  1902;  Zs.  Kr.,  38,  698;  occurrence  (with  anal.) 
at  Marianna  de  Itacolumy,  Minas  Gerae's,  Brazil;  Florence,  Centralbl.  Min.,  727,  1903;  near 
Barkerville,  N.  C.;  Atkin,  Geol.  Mag.,  2,  116,  1905;  in  eruptive  rocks  at  Predazzo,  Tyrol;  Block, 
Ber.  Naturhist.  Ver.  Bonn,  2,  A,  68,  1905;  at  Murri  and  Orroli,  Cagliari,  Sardinia;  Lovisato, 
Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  16,  (1),  632,  1907;  in  pegmatite  at  Dinan  Cotes  du  Nord,  France;  Lacroix,  Bull. 
Soc.  Min.,  31,  349,  1908. 

SCHEFFERITE,  see  Pyroxene. 

Schertelite.  Schertalite.  Muellerite.  R.  W.  Emerson  Maclvor,  Ch.  News,  85,  182  and  217, 
1902.  Zs.  Kr.,  42,  386,  1906. 

Comp.  Mg(NH4)2H2(PO4)2  +  4H2O  =  P2O5,  43.83;  MgO,  12.35;  (NH4)2O,  16.05;  H2O, 
27.77.  Analysis: 

P2O5  MgO  (NH4)2O  H2O 

43.88  12.42  16.15  27.55  =  100.00 

Occurs  in  small  indistinct  flat  crystals  sparsely  distributed  in  the  bat  guano  deposits  found  in 
basaltic  caves  near  Skipton,  thirty  miles  southwest  of  Ballarat,  Australia.  Originally  named 
from  Baron  Sir  Ferdinand  von  Mueller,  the  name  being  subsequently  withdrawn  on  account  of 
the  same  name  having  been  previously  given  to  another  species.  Schertalite  is  an  incorrect 
spelling.  Named  from  Prof.  Arnulf  Schertel. 


92  APPENDIX  II. 

Schizolite.     Chr.  Winther,  Medd.  om  Gronland,  24,  196,  1901 ;  O.  B.  Boggild,  ibid.,  26,  121, 
1904. 

Triclinic:  &:b:  c=  1.10613  :  1  :  1.98629.     a  =  90°  11';  /?  =  94°  45f ;  7  -  103°  7_i'.     Forms: 
a  (100),  6(010),  c(001),  o  (530),  ra(110),  P  (230),  M  (110),  I  (120),  r  (102),  n  (101),  s  (201),  e  (111), 
g   (111),  /  (141).     Angles  ac  =  85°  4',   be  -  88°  42',  a&  =  76°  49', 
ra  =  69°  31^',  'no,  =  50°  12',  gb  =  47°  1'. 

In  columnar -prismatic  crystals,  elongated  ||  b  with  a,  b,  c  prominent; 
the  habit  is  like  that  of  pectolite,  to  which  it  is  related  chemically. 

Cleavage,  a  and  c  both  perfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  H.  = 
5-5.5.  G.  =  2.97-3.13.  Luster  vitreous.  Color  light  red,  changing  to 
brown.  Semi  transparent  to  opaque. 

Optically  positive,  c  ||  b.     a  makes  /_  of  9°  with  normal  to  c  (001). 
2Ey  =  82°  40'.     Birefringence  on  (100)  =  0.0271  (Na). 
Composition,  HNa(Ca,Mn)2  (SiO3)3. 
Analysis,  Chr.  Christiansen: 


Schizolite. 


Si02 
51.06 


TiO2 
0.68 


CeA 

1.47 


FeO 
2.79 


MnO 
12.90 


CaO 
19.48 


Na20 
10.71 


H20 

1.36  =  100.45 


From  the  nephelite-syenite  region  of  Julianehaab,  southern  Greenland;  found  in  1897  by  G. 
Flink  (Medd.  om  Gronland,  14,  257,  1898)  at  Tutop  Agdlerkofia,  where  it  occurs  in  granular  albite 
with  aegirite,  steenstrupite,  sphalerite;  also  at  Kangerdluarsuk  embedded  in  pegmatite  with 
eudialyte,  arfvedsonite,  etc.  Named  from  <r£/£o>,  to  cleave,  in  allusion  to  the  marked  cleavage. 

A  related  mineral,  obtained  by  G.  Flink  from  Naujakasik  in  the  same  region,  is  provisionally 
regarded  as  a  variety  of  schizolite  by  Winther.  It  occurs  in  small  indistinct  cube-like  crystals, 
also  in  plates. 

H.  =  5-5.5.     G.  =  3.084.     Luster  greasy  to  vitreous.     Color  brown. 

Analysis,  Chr.  Christiansen: 

SiO2         Y2O3  FeO         MnO  CaO          MgO        Na2O          H2O 

51.44         2.40  2.01          11.69         20.53         0.13         9.50  2.25  =  99.95 

The  percentage  composition  is  closely  that  of  manganopectolite.  It  is  regarded  as  a  partly 
altered  schizolite. 

SCHNEEBERGITE,  Min.,  p.  862 ;  App.,  p.  61 .  —  The  determination  of  schneebergite  to  be  a  garnet, 
see  App.  I,  p.  28,  is  proven  to  be  erroneous  and  that  it  is  an  individual  species  near  atopite  as  origi- 
nally described.  The  material  analyzed  by  Eakle  and  Muthmann  was  a  garnet  similar  in  appear- 
ance to  schneebergite  and  associated  with  it.  Index  of  refraction  determined,  n  =  2.10,  (Hla- 
watsch);  Koechlin,  Min.  Mitth.,  21,  15,  87,  1902. 


SCHROTTERITE,  Min.,  p.  694.  —  A  mineral  associated  with  melite  (q.  v.)  from  Saalfeld  has  been 
analyzed  by  Zambonini  and  shown  to  belong  here,  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  162,  1899;  34,  226,  1901. 

SCHOENITE,  Min.,  p.  948.  —  See  Picromerite. 

SCHORLOMITE,  Min.,  p.  447.  —  Occurrence  (with  anal.)  in  nepheline-syenite  rocks  on  Ice  River 
in  Rocky  Mts.,  British  Columbia;  Hoffmann,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  11,  150,  1901. 

Scleropasthite.  W.  F.  Petterd,  Notes  on  Minerals  Occurring  in  Tasmania,  1902.  —  Occurs 
in  compact  felted  masses,  very  hygroscopic  and  extremely  tough  under  the  hammer;  these  consist 
of  minute,  short,  silky  white  fibers  and  the  surface  is  often  nodular  and  rough.  An  analysis  gave: 


SO3  Fe2O3  Cr2O3 

27.20  14.0  10.64 

Occurs  associated  with  a  sulphate  provisionally  referred  to  knoxvillite,  q.  v. 


Ign. 
39.19 


gangue 
10.77  =  101.? 


SCOLECITE,  Min.,  p.  604;  App.,  p.  61.  —  Crystals  from  Karsuanguit-Kakait,  Greenland,  with 
determination  of  indices  of  refraction  and  anal,  by  Ussing;  Boggild,  Min.  Gronl.,  539. 

Anal,  of  material  from  Werris  Creek,  N.  S.  W.;  Anderson,  Rec.  Aus.  Mus.,  6,  421,  1907. 

Action  of  ammonium  chloride  upon;  Clarke  and  Steiger,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  9,  345,  1900;  discussion  of 
chem.  comp.;  Zambonini,  Mem.  Ace.  Sci.  Napoli,  14,  119,  1908. 

Occurrence  with  anal,  from  Gala  Francese,  Maddalena  island;  Rimatori,  Rend.  Ace.  Line., 
11,  (1),  542,  1902;  occurrence  on  island  of  Sudero;  Gorgey,  Centralbl.  Min.,  525,  1908. 

SCORODITE,  Min.,  p.  821 ;  App.,  p.  61.  —  Crystals  from  Schlaggenwald,  Bohemia ;  Slavik,  Zs.  Kr., 
39,  298,  1904;  from  Nadabula,  Gomor,  Hungary;  Zimanyi,  Foldt.  Kozl.,  35,  545,  1905. 

Seligmannite.  //.  Baumhauer,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  110,  1901 ;  ibid.,  611,  1902;  Solly,  Min.  Mag., 
13,  336;  ibid.,  14,  186. 


APPENDIX  II.  93 

Orthorhombic.  &  :  6  :  c  =  0.92332:  1  :  0.87338  (Solly).  Angles:  (Oil)  A  (001)  =  41°8';  (100) 
A  (101)  =  46°  35$';  (010)  A  (120)  =  28°  26'.  In  small  complex  crystals;  57  forms  having 
been  observed.  Closely  re_lated  crystallographically  with  bournonite.  Almost  always  twinned 
about  (110),  also  at  times  (110). 

Color  lead  gray;  metallic  luster;  chocolate  streak;  conchoidal  fracture.     H.  =  3. 

Composition.  Qualitative  determinations  gave  copper,  lead,  sulphur  and  arsenic.  From 
crystallographic  relations  to  bournonite  it  is  supposed  to  be  isomorphous  with  it  and  to  have 
formula  Cu2S.2PbS.As2S3. 

Occ.  in  Lengenbach  quarry,  Binnenthal.     Named  after  G.  Seligmann  of  Coblenz. 

SEMSEYITE,  Min.,  p.  123;  App.,  p.  61.  —  From  Oruro,  Bolivia,  with  anal.;  Spencer,  Min.  Mag., 
14,  314. 

See  under  Plagionite. 

SENAITE,  App.,  p.  62.  —  New  analyses  of  material  from  near  Diamantinas,  Brazil,  lead  to 
formula  (Fe,Mn,Pb)O.TiO2. 

TiO2  ZrO2  FeO  MnO  PbO  MgO 

I.    Dattas.  52.11  ....  26.97  10.42  10.86  0.32=100.68 

II.    Curralinho.          50.32  0.84  21.99  17.58  9.62  ....=  100.35 

Hussak  and  Reitinger,  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  574. 

SENARMONTITE,  Min.,  p.  198;  App.,  p.  62.  —  Relations  to  valentinite ;  Weber,  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  232. 
Article  referred  to  in  App.  I  should  be  accredited  to  Lovisato. 

SEPIOLITE,  Min.,  p.  680;  App.,  p.  62.  —  Analysis  of  meerschaum  from  Groschelmanth,  south  of 
Mahrisch-Budwitz,  West  Mahren,  Bohemia;  Kovar,  [Progr.  d.  cechosl.  Handelsakademie,  Prag, 
1903];  Zs.  Kr.,  39,  400.  Comp.  of;  Fogy,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  115,  June,  1906.  Discussion  of  chem. 
comp.;  Zambonini,  Mem.  Ace.  Sci.,  Napoli,  14,  77,  1908. 

Serendibite.     G.  T.  Prior  and  A.  K.  Coomdraswdmy,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  224,  1903. 

Occurs  in  irregular  grains  showing  polysynthetic  twinning,  analogous  to  the  feldspars;  probably 
triclinic  or  monoclinic. 

Cleavage  none.  Fracture  subconchoidal.  H.  =  6.75.  G.  =  3.42.  Luster  vitreous.  Color 
blue,  varying  from  pale  sky-blue  to  deep  indigo-blue.  Pleochroism  marked,  in  one  variety  pale 
yellow  (almost  colorless)  to  pale  sky-blue,  in  another  pale  brownish  yellow  to  deep  indigo-blue. 
Biaxial;  birefringence  weak.  Refractive  index  about  1.7.  Extinction  nearly  symmetrical  and  at 
about  15°,  in  two  sets  of  twin  lamella?,  each  of  which  shows  an  optic  axis  nearly  central. 

Composition  a  basic  silicate  of  aluminium,  calcium  and  magnesium,  perhaps  10RO.5A12O3. 
B2O3.6SiO,. 

Analysis,  G.  T.  Prior: 

SiO2      B2O3      A12O3     FeO      CaO      MgO      Na2O(Li2O)     K2O     P2O5        F?        Ign. 
25.33     [4.17]      34.96      4.17      14.56      14.91  0.51          0.22      0.48     undet.      0.69  =  100 

B.  B.  infusible;  with  calcium  fluoride  and  acid  potassium  sulphate  yields  a  green  boron  flame. 
Only  slightly  attacked  by  acids. 

Found  on  Ceylon  at  Gangapitiya  near  Ambakotte  and  12  miles  from  Kandy ;  occurs  in  contact 
zones  between  bands  of  granulite  and  of  limestone,  associated  with  diopside,  blue  spinel,  apatite, 
scapolite  and  plagioclase.  This  locality  is  worked  for  Ceylon  moonstone,  which  occurs  in  large 
porphyritic  crystals  in  the  granulite  (cf.  Q.  J.  G.  Soc.,  58,  421,  1902).  Named  from  Serendib,.an 
old  Arab  name  of  Ceylon. 

SERPENTINE,  Min.,  pp.  669,  1047;  App.,  p.  62.  —  Analyses  of  material  from  Ceylon;  Griinlmg, 
Zs.  Kr.,  33,  219,  1900;  from  near  Easton,  Pa.;  Eyerman,  Amer.  Geol.,  34,  47,  1904;  comp.  of; 
Fogy,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  115,  June,  1906.  Analyses  of  three  varieties  of  serpentine  with  discussion 
of  chem.  comp.;  S.  Hillebrand,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  115,  697,  1906.  Loss  of  water  on  heating  and 
discussion  of  chem.  comp.;  Zambonini,  Mem.  Ace.  Sci.,  Napoli,  14,  19,  1908. 

Microscopic  structure ;  Bonney  and  Raisin,  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.,  61,  690,  1905. 

Study  of  serpentines  from  Kuttenberg,  Bohemia,  with  anal.;  Bukovsky  [Programm  des  Real- 
schule  in  Kuttenberg,  1906];  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  403. 

Occurrence  in  Vermont;  Ver.  Geol.  Sur.  Ann.  Rep.  1903-1904;  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  395.  A  serpen- 
tine rock  from  Tarnthaler-Kopfe,  Tyrol;  Young,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  365,  1907. 

Variety  bowenite  from  Shigar,  Baltistan,  Cashmere,  with  anal.;  McMahon  [Mem.  Geol.  Surv. 
India,  31,  312,  1901];  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  310. 

Pseudocubic  antigorite  from  Persberg,  Wermland,  and  from  Kogrube,  Nordmarken,  with 
analyses;  Hamberg,  G.  For.  Forh.,  26,  67,  1904. 


94  APPENDIX   II. 

On  the  identity  of  the  Amiantos  or  Karystian  stone  of  the  ancients  with  chrysotile ;  Evans,  Min. 
Mag.,  14,  143,  1906. 

Ricolite,  name  given  to  a  banded  variety  of  serpentine  from  Mexico.  Name  derived  from 
Spanish  urico,"  in  allusion  to  the  rich  green  color  of  the  stone.  Merrill,  Stones  for  Building  and 
Decoration,  pp.  365,  366. 

Nemaphyllite  is  a  variety  containing. 2  p.  c.  soda,  occurring  in  regular  intergrowth  with  dolomite 
at  Wildkreuzjoch  in  the  Zillerthal,  Tyrol;  Fr.  Focke,  Min.  petr.  Mitth.,  21,  323,  1902.  In  coarse 
scaly  to  foliated  masses  resembling  the  -'chlorites;  the  folia  also  fibrous  in  structure,  whence  the 
name  given. 

Cleavage  perfect,  yielding  elastic  folia.  H.  =  3.  G.  =  2.60.  Luster  silky  or  pearly.  Color 
bluish  green  to  greenish  gray.  Birefringence  negative,  weak.  Axial  plane  parallel  to  the  direction 
of  fibrous  structure.  Bxa  (a)  somewhat  inclined  to  the  normal  to  the  folia. 

Analysis,  R.  v.  Zeyneck. 

SiO2          A12O3         FeO         MgO          CaO        Na2O  H2O 

42.49          0.40  4.63          37.60          0.72          2.11  13.11  =  101.06 

See  Asbestus. 

SIDERITE,  Min.,  pp.  276,  1047;  App.,  p.  62.  —  Crystals  from  Traversella;  Colomba,  Rend.  Acad. 
Line.,  15,  637, 1906 ;  from  Frigido  near  Massa,  Italy,  (with  anal.)iManasse,_Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  22, 81-93, 
1906.  Scalenohedral  crystals  with  new  forms,  I  (7075);  K  (5052);  y  (3251),  from  near  Frostburg, 
Md.;  Schaller,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  21,  364,  3906;  crystals  with  danalite,  Gloucester,  Mass.;  Palache, 
ibid.,  24,  253,  1907;  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  18;  crystals  from  Chorolque  and_Tatasi,  Bolivia;  Spencer,  Min. 
Mag.,  14,  342,  1907;  from  Cornwall  with  new  forms,  A  (7072),  I  (3031);  Henglein,  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  575, 
1907. 

Chemical  and  optical  study  of  material  from  Camborne,  Cornwall ;  Hutchinson,  Min.  Mag.,  13, 
209,  1903. 

Containing  MgCO3  to  FeCO3  as  1:  3  (anal.)  from  Bottino,  Tuscany;  Manasse,  Proc.  Soc. 
Tosc.,  15,  20-37,  1906. 

An  iron-manganese  carbonate  related  to  the  oligonite  (oligonspath)  of  Breithaupt  (Dana,  Min., 
p.  277)  has  been  called  manganospherite  by  Busz,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  129,  1901.  It  resembles  sphero- 
siderite,  occurring  in  botryoidal  or  reniform  aggregates,  the  surface  spangling  with  very  minute 
rhombohedral  faces;  also  occurs  in  fine-fibrous  forms  resembling  chrysotile.  H.  =  4.5  —  5. 
G.  =  3.630.  Color  brown  with  tinge  of  red. 

The  composition  corresponds  to  3FeCO3.2MnCO3  as  given  by  the  analysis:  CO2,  38.34;  FeO, 
36.72  ;MnO,  24.76  =  99.82. 

This  mineral  has  been  found  in  cavities  or  in  thin  cracks  in  basalt  (limburgite)  which  crosses  the 
siderite  deposits  at  the  Louise  mine  near  Horhausen,  Westerwald,  Germany.  The  chrysolite 
(olivine)  crystals  of  the  basalt  have  been  in  part  replaced  by  manganospherite. 

SIDERONATRITE,  Min.,  p.  973.  —  Artif.  formation  and  discussion  of  chem.  comp.;  Scharizer, 
Zs.  Kr.,  41,  215. 

Silicomagnesiofluorite.     P.  Zemiattschensky,  Zs.  Kr.,  42,  209,  1906. 

In  aggregates  of  half-spherical  or  spherical  forms  with  fibrous- radiated  structure. 

H.  =  2.5.  G.  =  2.913  (v.  Iskull).  Luster  silky.  Color  ash-gray,  also  light  greenish  or  bluish. 
Birefringence  weak,  positive;  extinction  parallel. 

Composition,  a  fluosilicate  of  calcium  and  magnesium  essentially,  with  perhaps  the  empirical 
formula  H2Ca4Mg3Si2O7F10. 

Analysis: 

SiOa     Fe203       CaO      MgO      H2O          F       Mn,O4     SO, 

19.86     2.30       38.48      18.27      5.90        31.01      0.06       0.27  =  116.15  (less  O  =  13.06)  =  103.09 

Disregarding  the  manganese  and  a  portion  of  the  iron  and  taking  the  remainder  of  the  latter 
as  FeO,  the  following  are  obtained  as  the  results  of  the  analysis:  Si,  9.34;  Ca,  27.54;  Mg,  11.03; 
Fe,  1.61;  H,  0.33;  F,  31.01;  O,  18.85  =  99.71. 

B.  B.  fuses  rather  easily  to  a  clouded  greenish  glass;  yields  water  in  the  closed  tube,  also  reacts 
for  fluorine.  Soluble  in  acids. 

From  Lupikko,  near  Pitkaranta,  Finland;  probably  occurs  with  serpentine. 

SILLIMANITE,  Min.,  p.  498;  App.,  p.  62.  —  Study  of  crystal  from  Chester,  Conn.,  gave  follow- 
ing forms:  (110),  (230),  (120),  (052).  Axial  ratio  derived  from  measurements:  &  :  b  :  c  =  0.9696: 
1 :  0.7046.  Taubert,  Centralbl.  Min.,  372,  1906. 

From  Ceylon  with  determination  of  optical  constants;  Grunling,  Zs.  Kr.,  33,  253,  1900.  Re- 
fractive indices;  Taubert,  [Inaug.-Diss.,  Jena,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  314. 

Conversion  of  cyanite  and  andalusite  into  sillimanite  by  heating  to  about  1350°;  Beekman, 
[Veslag  Wis-en  Nat.  Kon.  Akad.  Wetenschappen  te  Amsterdam,  11, 1,295, 1902];  Zs.  Kr.,  39,  395. 


APPENDIX  II.  95 

SILVER,  Min.,  p.  19;  App.,  p.  62.  —  Structure  planes;  Mugge,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  59,  1899. 
Origin  discussed;  Vogt,  Zs.  prakt.  Geol.,  113,  177,  1899. 

Occurrence  on  Lake  Temiskaming,  Ontario,  Canada;  Miller,  Rep.  Can.  Bureau  of  Mines,  2, 
1905;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  395. 

SLOANITE,  Min.,  p.  610.  —  See  under  Natrolite. 

Smaltite,  Min.,  p.  87.  — Crystals  from  Cobalt,  Ontario;  Miller,  Rep.  Can.  Bureau  Mines,  2, 
1905;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  395. 

Smithite.  R.  H.  Solly-,  Min.,  Mag.,  14,  74,  1905.  G.  F.  Herbert  Smith  and  G.  T.  Prior,  ibid., 
14,  293,  1907. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  a:  b  :  c  =  2.2309  :  1  :  1.9657;  /?  -  78°  47*'  (Solly).  Smith  gives  slightly 
different  constants.  Angles  (by  Solly):  (100)  A  (101)  =  42°  22';  (100)  A  (101)  =  55° 0';  (100)  A 
(111)  =  63°  24'.  Forms:  Fifty-seve_n  observed  forms,  of  which  the  most  prominent  are:  a  (100), 
c  (001),  e  (101),  d  (101),  p  (111),  P  (111),  r  (311),  R  (311),  q  (211),  Q  (-211),  I  (320). 

In  crystals  resembling  a  flattened  hexagonal  pyramid,  formed  by  a  prominent  and  the  zones 
ac,  ap,  aP  equally  developed. 

Cleavage  a  highly  perfect.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  1.5-2.  G.  =  4.88. 
Luster  adamantine. 

Color  light  red,  changing  to  orange-red  on  exposure  to  light.     Streak  vermilion. 

Composition,  Ag2S.As,S3  =  AgAsS2;  Ag  =  43.69;  As  =  30.36;  S  =  25.95. 

Anal,  yielded  Ag,  43.9";  As,  28.9;  Sb,  0.4;  S,  26.0  =  99.2. 

Occurs  in  the  white  dolomite  of  the  Lengenbach  quarry  in  the  Binnenthal,  Switzerland;  it  is 
associated  with  hutchinsonite,  sartorite  and  rathite. 

Named  after  Mr.  G.  F.  Herbert  Smith  of  the  Mineral  Department  of  the  British  Museum, 
London. 

SMITHSONITE,  Min.,  p.  279;  App.,  p.  63.  — Crystals  from  San  Aniceto,  Almaden,  Spain,  with 
new  form  (105);  Buttgenbach,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  29,  190,  1906;  pseudomorphs  after  calcite  and 
anglesite;  Millosevich,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  9,  (1),  153,  1900. 

Anal,  of  material  from  Morning  Star  mine,  Searcy  Co.,  Arkansas,  containing  1.06%  CdO; 
Miller,  Amer.  Chem.  Jour.,  22,  218,  1899. 

Occurrence  at  Freiberg,  Saxony;  Bergt,  Ber.  Abh.  Naturwiss.  Ges.  Isis,  Dresden,  p.  20,  1903; 
at  Broken  Hill,  N.  W.  Rhodesia;  Min.  Mag.,  15,  35,  1908. 

SODALITE,  Min.,  p.  428;  App.,  p.  63.  — Crystals  with  new  form  (321)  formed  at  eruption  of 
Vesuvius  in  1906 ;  see  under  Vesuvius. 

Refractive  indices;  Gaubert,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  28,  194,  1905. 

Effect  of  ammonium  chloride  upon;  Clarke  and  Steiger,  U.  S.  G.  S.,  Bull.  207,  1902;  Zs.  Kr., 
38,  697. 

Artif.  formation  of  a  sodalite  containing  lithium  and  bromine;  Weiberg,  [Ann.  Uni.  Varsovie, 
3,  1,  1905]  ;Zs.  Kr.,44,  83. 

Sodalite  syenite  in  Kishengarh,  Rajputana,  India;  Vredenburg,  [Rec.  Geol.  Sur.  India,  31,  43, 
1904]  ;Zs.  Kr.,42,  390. 

A  bright  carmine-red  variety  from  Rajputana  lost  its  color  on  exposure  to  the  light,  changing 
to  a  dull  gray,  but  regained  it  when  kept  in  the  dark.  T.  H.  Holland,  Nature,  74,  550,  1906; 
cf.  also  Currie,  ibid.,  p.  564. 

SODA  NITER,  Min.,  p.  870. — Study  of  crystallizing  solutions;  Miers  and  Chevalier,  Min.  Mag., 
14,  123,  1906. 

Soretite.  L.  Duparc  and  F.  Pearce,  Mem.  Soc.  Phys.  Geneve,  34,  1902;  Bull.  Soc.  Min., 
26,  126,  1903.  —  An  amphibole  from  the  basic  rocks  of  Koswinsky,  north  Urals;  named  after 
Professor  Charles  Soret.  See  Amphibole. 

Souesite.     G.  C.  Hoffmann,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  319,  1905.  —  See  Awaruite. 

SPANGOLITE,  Min.,  p.  919;  App.,  p.  63.  —  Forms  a  soft,  scaly  bluish  green  coating  on  chryso- 
colla  at  the  Metcalf  mine,  Clifton  district,  Arizona;  microscopic  hexagonal  crystals  were  noted. 
Lindgren  and  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  459,  1904. 

Sneculite.  E.  H.  Liveing,  Eng.  Min.  Jour.,  75,  814,  1903.  —  Name  given  to  a  specular  gold 
and  silver  telluride  from  Kalgoorlie,  West  Australia,  resembling  sylvanite  in  color  and  cleavage 
but  said  to  differ  in  chem.  comp. 


96  APPENDIX  II. 

SPERRYLITE,  Min.,  p.  92;  App.,  p.  63.  —  Crystals  from  the  Vermillion  mine,  Algoma  District, 
Ontario,  described  by  Nicol  and  Goldschmidt,  (Zs.  Kr.,  38,  58,  1903;  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  450,  1903) 
showed  the  following  new  forms:  /  (310),  k  (520),  I  (530),  g  (320),  p  (221),  /*  (411),  m  (311),  n  (211), 
B  (533),  t  (421),  s  (321)  ;  cf.  also  Dickson,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  15,  137,  1903. 

Occurrence  with  covelliteat  Rambler  Mine,  Medicine  Bow  Mts.,  Wyoming  ;  Wells  and  Penfield, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  13,  95,  1902. 


,  Min.,  p.  845.  —  Anal,   of  material  near  sphserite  in  comp.  from  Gross-Tresny, 
Mahren;  Kovar,  [Abh.  bohm.  Akad.,  No.  15,  2,  1896];  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  525. 

SPH.EROCOBALTITE,  Min.,  p.  280.  —  Anal,  from  Libiola  near  Casarze,  Liguria,  Italy;  Ferro, 
[Att.  Soc.  Ligustica  Sc.  Nat.  e  Geog.  Geneva,  10,  264,  1899];  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  302. 

SPHALERITE,  Min.,  pp.  59,  1048;  App.,  p.  63.  —  Cryst.  —  Galena,  Kansas,  with  new  form 
<r  (833)  (?)  ;  Rogers,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  9,  134,  1900.  Twins  from  Mies,  Bohemia,  with  new  form  y  (144)  ; 
Miihlhauser,  Min.  Mitth.,  20,  83,  1901.  Crystals  from  Ivigtut,  Greenland;  Boggild,  Min.  Green- 
land, 35;  from  marble  of  Carrara;  D'Achiardi,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.  Sc.,  Mem.  21,  1905;  Traversella 
with  new  form  (632);  Colomba,  Rend.  Acad.  Line.,  15,  640,  1906;  Bojcza,  Siebenbiirgen,  Hungary; 
Toborffy,  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  603,  1908;  Tuckahoe,  Mo.;  Farrington  and  Tillotson,  Field  Col.  Mus.,  Geol. 
Series,  3,  No.  7,  161,  1908.  Study  of  crystal  forms  and  etching  figures;  Hochschi  Id,  Jb.  Min., 
Beil.,  26,  151-212,  1908. 

Chemical  and  spectroscopic  study  (presence  of  Cd,  In,  Ga)  of  specimens  from  Sardinia;  Rima- 
tori,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  12,  (1),  263,  1903;  ibid.,  14,  688,  1905.  Cadmium  content  ;  Biewend,  [Bcrg- 
u.  Hiitten.  Ztg.,  Leipzig,  61,  401,  413,  425,  1902];  Zs.  Kr.,  40,  506. 

With  metallic  luster  from  Cornwall  (?)  with  anal.;  Miers,  Min.  Mag.,  12,  111  ;  from  Binnenthal; 
Solly,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  81. 

Polymorphous  relations  to  wurtzite;  Weber,  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  212. 

SPINEL,  Min.,  pp.  220,  1048;  App.,  p.  63.  —  Indices  of  refraction  of  blue  spinel  from  Ceylon; 
Grunling,  Zs.  Kr.,  33,  259. 

Anal,  of  pleonaste  from  Unter-Lhota,  Mahren;  Kovar,  [Abh.  bohm.  Akad.,  28,  1899];  from 
Ceylon  and  pleonaste  from  Fassathal,  Tyrol;  Pfeil,  [Inaug.-Diss.,  Heidelberg,  1901];  Centralbl. 
Min.,  146,  1902.  Occurrence  of  pleonaste  accompanied  by  amphibole  in  a  rock  on  island  of  Elba, 
with  anal.;  P.  Aloisi,  Proc.  Soc.  Tosc.,  July,  1906. 

Manganese  spinel  in  slag  from  Menyhaza,  Hungary,  with  anal.;  Krenner,  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  473; 
chem.  comp.;  Loczka,  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  571. 

Synthetical;  Smith,  Min.  Mag.,  15,  153,  1908. 

Spodiophyllite.     G.  Flink,  Medd.  om  Gronland,  14,  232,  1898  ;  24,  85,  1901. 

In  rough  elongated  hexagonal  prisms  with  c  resembling  chlorite,  m  faces  deeply  striated;  also 
in  triangular  plates  twinned  (60°  about  the  vertical  axis). 

Cleavage,  basal  perfect,  micaceous.  Brittle,  laminae  not  flexible  nor  elastic.  H.  =  3  -  3.25. 
G.  =  2.633.  Luster  on  cleavage  faces  pearly,  otherwise  glimmering  or  dull.  Color  ash-gray, 
on  c  often  pearl-gray.  Translucent  to  transparent.  Optically  uniaxial,  negative;  birefringence. 
weak. 

Composition,  (Na2,K2)2(Mg,Fe)3(Fe,Al)2(SiO3)8. 

Analysis,  G.  Flink: 

SiO2          Fe.,O3        A12O3          FeO        MnO  MgO         Na2O          K2O 

53.61         11.24         4.27  4.13         0.64  10.16         8.55  7.80  =  100.40 

B.  B.  fuses  slowly  to  a  clear,  nearly  colorless  glass  ;  reacts  for  iron  with  the  fluxes.  Not  attacked 
by  acids. 

Occurs  very  sparingly  at  Narsarsuk  in  southern  Greenland,  sometimes  embedded  in  crystals  of 
aegirite  ;  also  associated  with  zircon,  ancylite,  rhodochrosite,  albite. 

Named  from  ffirbdios,  ash-gray,  and  0tf\Xo»',  leaf. 

SPODUMENE,  Min.,  p.  366.  —  Anal,  from  Cichov,  near  Trebitsch  in  Mahren;  Kovar,  [Zs.  chcm. 
Indus.,  10,  1900];  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  204. 

Occurrence  on  Walrus  Island,  James  Bay,  IJngava  dist.,  Northeast  Territory,  Canada;  Hoff- 
mann, Am.  J.  Sc.,  11,  152,  1901;  in  tourmaline-bearing  pegmatites  in  Madagascar;  Lacroix,  Bull. 
Soc.  Min.,  31,  239,  1908. 

Kunzite.  Kunz;  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  265,  1903;  Baskerville,  Science,  18,  304,  1903;  Schaller,  Univ. 
Calif.  Bull.  Geol.,  3,  265,  1903;  Baskerville  and  Kunz,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  25,  1904;  Davis,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
18,  29,  1904.  —  A  clear  lilac-colored  variety  of  spodumene  found  near  Pala,  San  Diego  Co.,  Cali- 
fornia. The  crystals,  some  of  which  weighed  from  500  g.  to  1000  g.,  are  tabular,  lengthened  parallel 
to  c  axis.  The  following  faces  were  observed:  a  (100),  b  (010),  I  (320),  m  (110),  n  (130),  A  (350). 


APPEXDIX  II.  97 

Shows  strong  phosphorescence,  with  an  orange-pink  light  through  excitation  by  oscillating  electric 
discharge,  by  ultra  violet  rays,  by  X-rays  or  by  radium  emanations.     Analysis  by  Davis  gave: 

SiO2      A12O3     NiO     MnO      ZnO       CaO      K,O     Na,O      Li2O     Ign. 
64.05     27.30     0.06     0.11       0.44       0.80     0.06     0.30        6.88     0.15  =  100.15 

Used  as  a  gem  stone.     Named  after  Dr.  G.  F.  Kunz  of  New  York  City. 

Spurrite.  F.  E.  Wright,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  26,  547,  1908.  Probably  monoclinic.  In  granular 
masses.  Two  cleavages,  one  good,  second  fair.  Cleavage  angle  =  79°.  In  thin  section  twinning 
noted  on  two  different  planes.  Fracture  uneven  to  splintery.  Brittle.  H.  =  5.  Vitreous  to 
resinous  luster.  Color  pale  gray  with  tints  of  blue,  or  yellow  to  colorless.  Transparent  to  trans- 
lucent. 2V  =  39.5°approx.  Birefringence  strong,  negative.  Crossed  dispersion.  c*Na=  1.640; 
/?Na=  1.674;  7Na  =  1-679. 

Comp.,  2Ca,SiO4.CaCO3;  SiO2,  27.13;  CaO,  62.98;  CO,,  9.89. 

Analysis  by  E.  T.  Allen: 

SiO2       TiO2       A12O3      Fe2O3FeO        MnO        MgO         CaO       Na2O       K2O        CO2 
26.96       0.01         0.39  0.11  0.03         0.23         62.34       0.05         tr.         9.73  =  99.85 

B.  B.  gives  strong  calcium  flame,  loses  its  glassy  luster  but  does  not  fuse.  Found  in  contact 
zone  between  limestone  and  diorite  in  Velardena  mining  district,  Mexico,  associated  with  gehlenite 
and  hillebrandite.  Named  in  honor  of  Mr.  J.  E.  Spurr  the  geologist. 

STANNITE,  Min.,  p.  83;  App.,  p.  64.  —  Spencer  (Min.  Mag.,  13,  54)  studying  crystals  from 
Oruro,  Bolivia,  shows  them  to  be  tetragonal,  sphenoidal,  but  pseudo  isometric  through  twin- 
ning. Following  forms  identified:  c  (001),  a  (100),  m  (110),  e  (101),  z  (201),  d  (114),  n  (112),  p 
(111),  t  (221),  -n  (112),  -  p  (111),  u  (423).  Twinning,  (1)  always  interpenetrant  with  e  (101)  as 
twinning  pi.,  (2)  interpenetrant  with  twin  axis  J_  to  p  (111).  Anal,  given.  Regular  grouping 
of  crystals  on  tetrahedrite,  from  Oruro,  Bolivia;  id.,  ibid.,  14,  327. 

Stantienite.  E.  Pieszczek  [Archiv.  f.  Pharmacie,  [iii],  14,  433],  [Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  Abstracts,  40, 
687,  1881];  Min.  Mag.,  12,  392.  A  black  resin  occurring  with  Prussian  amber. 

STAUROLITE,  Min.,  p.  558;  App.,  p.  64.  —  Occurrence  in  the  Alps;  Weiss,  [Zs.  Ferd.  f.  Tirol  u. 
Vorarlberg,  45,  129,  1901];  Zs.  Kr.,  38,  200.  From  Campolongo,  Tessin;  Mann,  [Inaug.-Diss., 
Leipzig,  1904] ;  Zs.  Kr.,  42,  666. 

STEENSTRUPINE,  Min.,  p.  415;  App.,  p.  64.  — Crystals  from  Julianehaab  District,  Greenland, 
with  anal,  by  Christensen;  Boggild,  Medd.  om  Gronl.,  24,  23,  1901. 

Discussion  of  chem.  comp.;  Zambonini,  Mem.  Ace.  Sci.  Napoli,  14,  64,  1908. 

Stelznerite.     A.  Arzruni&nd  K.  Thaddee/,  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  232,  1899. 
Orthorhombic.     Axes  &  :  b  :  c  =  0.50368  :  1  :  0.70585. 

Forms:  b  (010),  c  (001),  m  (110),  o  (Oil),  p  (111).     Angles:  mm"'  =  53°  28',  po  =  48°  25f . 
In   prismatic   crystals,   resembling  brochantite,  implanted   upon   a  green,  crystalline   mass. 
G.  =  3.884.     Luster  brilliant.    Color  green.     Translucent.     Ax.  plane  [j  c,  an  axes  nearly  JL  m. 
Composition,  CuSO4.2Cu(OH)2. 
Analyses:  1,  Thaddeeff;  2,  Schrocker. 

SO3  CuO  H2O  Fe2O3  CaO          Gangue. 

1.  22.40  67.08  10.22  0.34  0.06  0.44  =  100.54 

2.22.19  64.01  10.37  1.14  0.57  1.42     H2O  0.33  =  100.03 

From  Remolinos,  Vallinar,  Chile.     Named  after  Prof.  Stelzner. 

STEPHANITE,  Min.,  pp.  143,  1025,  1048;  App.,  p.  64.  —  Crystals  from  Pribram  with  new  forms 
(340),  (3.10.0),  (140),  (160),  (087),  (031),  (833),  (553),  (11.11.5),  (17.17.3),  (5.17.9).  Slavik, 
[Abh.  bohm.  Akad.  Prag,  16,  1901] ;  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  497.  Crystals  and  twins  from  Sarrabus,  Sardinia, 
with  following  new  forms:  (016),'(014),  (027),  (038),  (035),  (056),  (776),  (885),  (772),  (551),  (485). 
(1.3.19),  (1.3.17),  (1.4.23),  (1.4.20),  (1.5.30),  (3.27.7);  D'Achiardi,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  Mem.  18,  1901. 
Crystals,  including  some  of  remarkable  size,  from  Arispe,  Sonora,  Mexico,  with  anal.;  Ford,  Am. 
J.  Sc.,  25,  244,  1908;  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  321,  1908. 

Stibio-domeykite.  G.  A.  Koenig,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  10,  445,  1900.  —  A  variety  of  domeykite  from 
the  Mohawk  mine,  Keweenaw  Co.,  Michigan,  peculiar  in  containing  a  small  amount  (1.29  to  0.78 
p.  c.)  of  antimony.  See  Domeykite. 


98 


APPENDIX  II. 


STIBIOTANTALITE,  App.,  p.  64.  —  Crystals  from  California  investigated  by  Penfield  and  Ford, 
Am.  J.  Sci.,22,61,  1906. 

Orthorhombic  hemimorphic.     Axes  &  :  b  :  6  «  0.7995  :  1  :  0.8448. 

Forms:  a  (100),  a'  (100),  m  (110),  q  (130),  qf  (130),  T?  (209),  if  (209),  h  (203),  probably  h'  (203), 
5  (043),  w  (4.12.9),  probably  w'  (4.12.9). 

Angles:  mm'"  =  77°  18',  ggr  =  *45°16',  ww'  =  34°  38',  ww'"  =  91°  6',  r,r,  26°  26',  ah  =  54°  50' 
55'  =  96°  48',  gw  =  *39°  20'. 

Twinning  pi.  a  (100)  in  polysynthetrc  twins;  often  only  to  be  observed  by  pyroelectric  tests, 
which  show  intimate  and  repeated  twinning.  Crystals  usually  prismatic  in  habit,  showing  vertical 
striations,  resembling  columbite.  Ends  of  crystals  frequently  crossed  by  ridges  parallel  to  6  axis, 
due  to  twinning.  Hemimorphism  in  direction  of  &  axis. 

Cleavage:  a  perfect,  b  indistinct.  H.  =  5-5.5.  G.  =  5.98-7.37,  varying  with  the  composition. 
Luster  resinous  to  adamantine.  Color  dark  brown. 

Optically  +.  Ax.  pi.  ||  a.  Bx  _L  c.  p  <  v.  Optical  constants  vary  with  the  variation  in  com- 
position. 


Refractive  indices  and  axial  angles: 
I.    G.  =  6.818,  corresponding  to  about  39% 

ft 


For  Li 

"   Na 
"   Tl 


2.3470 
2.3742 
2.4014 


2.3750 
2.4039 
2.4342 


and  17.5%  Nb2O5. 

y 

2.4275 
2.4568 
2.3876 


2V 

73°  40' 
75°  5' 

77°  38' 

y-a 
0.0805 
0.0826 
0.0862 

2V 
70°  0' 
73°  25' 
77°  50' 

y-a 
0.0594 
0.0691 
0.0642 

II.    G.  =  6.299,  corresponding  to  about  22.5%  Ta2O5  and  30%  Nb2O5. 

a  /?  7 

For  Li  2.3686  2.3876  2.4280 

"   Na  2.3977  2.4190  2.4588 

"   Tl  2.4261  2.4508  2.4903 

Composition,  (SbO)2(Ta,Nb)2Ofi.     Similar  to  columbite. 
Analyses  on  material  from  Mesa  Grande: 

Ta205  Nb205  SbA  Bi203 

1.  G.  =  6.72  36.35  18.98  44.26  0.33  =    99.92 

2.  G.  =  5.98  11.16  39.14  49.28  0.53  =  100.11 


California. 


Pry.,  etc.  B.  B.  fuses  at  4,  giving  a  pale  bluish  flame.  Gives  coating  of  oxide  of  antimony  on 
charcoal.  Readily  soluble  in  HF. 

Obs.  Originally  found  in  tin-bearing  sands  of  Greenbushes,  West  Australia.  Recently  found 
associated  with  gem  tourmaline,  pink  beryl,  feldspar  and  lepidolite  at  Mesa  Grande,  San  Diego 
County,  California. 


APPEXD1X  II.  99 

STIBNITE,  Min.,  pp.  36,  1048;  App.,  p.  64.  —  Crystals  from  Kormoczbanya,  Hungary;  Moesz, 
[Foldt.  Kozl.,  32,  39,  1902,  143];  Zs.  Kr.,  40,  501.  Twin  from  Japan  with  twinning  plane  (310); 
Cesaro  Bull.  Ac.  Belg.,  133,  1905.  Crystals  from  Honilgoutte,  Val  de  Ville,  Alsace,  with  new  forms 
(380),  (180);  Ungemach,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  29,  264,  1906. 

Optical  studies;  Miiller,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.,  17,  187,  1903;  Hutchinson,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  199,  1907; 
Zs.  Kr.,43,461. 

On  its  diathermancy;  Hutchinson,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  342. 

Occurrence  at  Cetine  di  Cortorniano,  near  Rosia,  Siena;  Pelloux,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  10,  (2), 
10,  1901;  in  magnesite  at  Eichbergkogel,  Semmering,  Austria;  Redlich,  Centralbl.  Min.,  281,  1908. 

STILBITE,  Min.,  p.  583;  App.,  p.  65.  —  Cryst.  —  Iceland;  Jeremejew,  [Bull.  Acad.  Sc.  St. 
Petersbourg,  9,  5,  Iv-lvi  1898];  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  428;  Scottish  localities;  Goodchild,  [Trans.  Geol.  Soc. 
Glasgow,  12,  Suppl.,  1-68,  19031;  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  306;  East  Greenland  ;  Boggild,  Medd.  om  Gronl.,  28, 
116,  1905;  Petersdorf,  near  Zop'tau,  Mahren;  Kretschmer,  Centralbl.  Min.,  611,  1905;  Montresta, 
Sardinia,  with  anal.;  Deprat,  Bull.  Min.  Soc.,  31,  187,  1908. 

Anal.  —  Elba  with  discussion  of  composition;  Manasse,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  Mem.  17,  203,  1900; 
Zs.  Kr.,  36,  512;  Cala  Francese,  island  Maddalena;  Rimatori,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  11,  (1),  542,  1902; 
Crownprince  Rudolf  Island;  Colomba  [Osservazioni  sci.  spedizione  polare,  Duca  Abruzzi,  Milano, 
1903];  Zs.  Kr.,  41,  279;  Moore  Station,  N.  J.;  Eyerman,  Amer.  Geol.,  34,  40,  1904;  Zs.  Kr.,  42, 
302;  Kilbarchan,  Renfrewshire;  Houston,  [Trans.  Geol.  Soc.  Glasgow,  12,  354-361,  1906];  Zs.  Kr., 
45,  304;  chem.  constitution;  McNeil,  Jour.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  28,  598,  1906;  San  Piero  in  Campo, 
Elba;  D'Achiardi,  Proc.  Soc.  Tosc.  Sc.  Nat.,  May,  1904;  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.  Sc.  Nat.,  22,  150-165, 
1906;  Jamberoo,  N.  S.  W.;  Anderson,  Proc.  Aus.  Mus.,  6,  422,  1907;  Nadap,  Hungary;  Mauritz, 
Ann.  Mus.  Nat.,  Hung.,  553,  1908;  Teigarhorn,  Iceland,  with  discussion  of  composition;  Baschieri, 
Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  24,  1908;  discussion  of  chem.  comp.;  Zambonini,  Mem.  Ace.  Sci.,  Napoli,  14,  112, 
1908. 

In  granite  from  Montorfano,  Northern  Italy;  Tacconi,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  14,  (2),  88,  1905;  from 
Montresta,  Sardinia;  Millosevich,  ibid.,  17,  (1X269,  1908. 

Stilpnochloran.     F.  Kretschmer,  Centralbl.  Min.,  203,  1905;  ibid.,  292,  1907. 
In  scales  usually  in  parallel  arrangement  ;  at  times  radial.    Cleavage  perfect.     Yellow  to  bronze- 
red  color.      Yellow  streak.      Greasy  luster  on  cleavage  face.      Soapy  feel.      H.  =  2-3.      G.  = 
1.813-1.827. 
Comp.,  H24(Al,Fe)10(Ca,Mg)Si9O4G.     Analysis: 

SiO2  A12O3        Fe2O3        MnO          CaO  MgO  P2O5  H2O 

33.30  4.37          44.33          0.34  1.22  1.73  0.37  14.10  =  99.76 

Pyr.  B.  B.  fuses  with  difficulty  to  black  enamel.  C.  T.  gives  water  and  blackens.  Decom- 
posed by  HC1. 

Occ.  As  alteration  product  of  thuringite  at  iron  ore  mines  at  Gobitschau,  near  Sternberg, 
Mahren. 

Alter.     Alters  to  chloropal. 

Name  derived  from  <rTi\irvbs}  shining,  and  ^Awpos,  yellow. 


STILPNOMELANE,  Min.,  p.  658;  App.,  p.  65.  —  Analysis  of  chalcodite  from  Harzburg  in  Radau- 
thal;  Fromme  [Jahrber.  d.  Ver.  f.  Natw.  Braunschw.,  12,  31,  1900],  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  656. 

Stoffertite.     C.  Klein,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  June  13,  1901. 

A  name  provisionally  given  to  a  mineral  similar  to  brushite  but  containing  a  little  more  water. 

Monoclinic.  Crystals  show  b  (010)  and  n  (Oil),  which  agree  in  their  measured  angles  with  the 
similar  forms  found  on  brushite.  Cleavage  ||  b,  perfect.  Color  faint  yellow.  Axial  pi.  JL  6.  Bx  _L  b. 
Extinction  on  6  inclined  to  c  axis  in  small  angle  £  for  Li  9°  15',  Na  10°  15',  Tl  1  1°  15'.  Extinction 
direction  lying  in  obtuse  angle  =  a,  in  the  acute  angle  =  b,  and  ||  b  axis  =  c.  Indices  of  refrac- 
tion: a  =  1.5509,  /?  =  1.5455,  7  =  1.5392,  2V  =  85°  16'. 

Comp.,  2CaO.P2O5.6£H2O  =  CaO,  30.18;  P2O6,  38.28;  H2O,  31.54. 

Analysis  by  Finkener: 

CaO  P2O5  SO4  H2O 

1.  30.83  37.96  0.49  30.88  =  100.16 

2.*  30.69  38.22  31.09  =  100.00 

*  After  subtracting  sufficient  amount  of  anhydrite  molecule  to  account  for  SO4.  Found  in 
the  guano  deposits  on  the  island  of  Mona  in  the  West  Indies.  Named  in  honor  of  Dr.  Stoffert,  who 
collected  the  specimens. 


100  APPENDIX  II. 

Stokesite.     A.  Hutchinson,_Ph\\.  Mag.,  48,  480,  1899;  Min.  Mag.,  12,  274,  1900. 

Orthorhombic.  Axes:  &  :  b  :c  =  0.3462  :  1:  0.8037;  (100)  A  (110)  =  19°  5f',  (001)  A 
(Oil)  =  38°  47J',  (001)  A  (101)  =  66°  41J'. 

Observed  forms:  b  (010),  c  (001),  m  (110)  cleavage,  s  (565),  t  (122),  v  (121).  Angles  bv  = 
*  57°  33',  w'"  =  64°  54',  vv'  -  101°  37?,  w"  =  *  141°  0'.  Known  only  in  a  single  crystal  of 
acute  pyramidal  habit  (v~)  with  b  prominent. 

Cleavage  m  perfect ;  b  less  so.     Fracture  conchoidal.    Brittle.     H.  =6.     G.  =  3.185.     Luster 
vitreous,  pearly  on  b.     Colorless,  transparent. 
Ax.  pi.  ||  6.     Bxa-Lc.     2VNa  =  69*°.     p=  1.6125,  7  -a  =  0.01. 

Composition,  perhaps,  H4CaSnSi3On  or  CaO.SnO,.3SiO2.2H2O.  The  most  probable  results  of 
analysis  on  a  minute  quantity  gave  Hutchinson  (1.  c.)  SiO2,  43.1;  SnO2,  33.3;  CaO,  13.45;  H2O, 
8.6  =  98.45. 

Associated  with  axinite  from  Roscommon  Cliff,  St.  Just,  Cornwall ;  known  only  in  a  single  speci- 
men in  the  Cambridge  Museum. 

Named  after  Sir  George  G.  Stokes,  Professor  of  Mathematics  at  Cambridge. 

STOLPENITE,  Min.,  p.  690,  see  Montmorillonite. 

STOLZITE,  Min.,  p.  989;  App.,  p.  65.  — Crystals  from  Bena  e  Padru,  Ozieri,  Sardinia,  with  fol- 
io wing  new  forms:  (113),  (115),  (117),  (119),  (233),  (344)?,  (455)?,  (899)?;  Artini,  Rend.  1st.  Lomb. 
Milano,  38,  373,  1905;  see  also  Lovisato,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  13,  (2),  43,  1904. 

Occurrence  with  anal,  from  Marianna  de  Itacolumy,  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil;  Florence,  Centralbl. 
Min.,  725,  1903. 

STRONTIANITE,  Min.,  pp.  285,  1048;  App.,  p.  65.  —  Crystals  from  Westphalia  (Miinsterland), 
described  with  new  forms,  also  optical  constants  determined;  Beykirch,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.  13,  389, 
1901. 

Occurrence  (with  anal.)  at  Lubna  near  Rakonitz,  Bohemia;  Eichleiter[Verh.  geol.  Reichsanst. 
Wien,  297,  1898];  Zs.  Kr.,  33,  649.  Anal,  of  material  from  Kuneticer  mountain  near  Pardubic, 
Bohemia;  Kovar,  [Zs.  chem.  Industrie,  10,  1900];  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  204. 

Struverite.  F.  Zambonini,  [R.  Ace.  Sc.  Napoli,  13,  35,  1907];  G.  T.  Prior  and  F.  Zambonini, 
Min.  Mag.,  15,  78,  1908. 

Tetragonal,  c  =  0.6456.  (Ill)  :  (111)  =  56°  57'.  Forms:  a  (100),  6  (010),  m  (110),  s  (111). 
Crystals  small.  Color  iron-black.  Streak  gray-black.  H.  =6.  G.  =  5.54-5.59.  Infus. 

Comp.  perhaps  FeO.(Ta,Nb)2O5.4TiO,;  TiO2,  44.03;  Ta2O5,  23.03;  Nb2O5,  23.03;  FeO,  9.91. 
Analysis  (Prior): 

TiO2  Nb2O,.Ta.2O5  FeO  CaO  MgO 

41.20  47.96*  11.38  0.51  0.17  =  100.22 

*  In  nearly  equal  amounts  of  Nb2O5  and  Ta2O5. 

Represents  the  Ta2O6-rich  end  of  a  series  of  which  ilmenorutile  is  the  Nb2O5-rich  end.  See  under 
ilmenorutile. 

Occ.  In  pegmatite  veins  in  the  neighborhood  of  Craveggia,  Val  Vigesso,  northern  Piedmont. 
Named  after  Prof.  G.  Striiver. 

STRUVITE,  Min.,  p.  806.  — From  Limfjord  with  optical  study;  Boggild,  Medd.  Dansk.  geol. 
For.,  13,  25,  1907. 

Occurrence  with  newberyite,  which  see. 

Artif.  formation ;  Richter,  Min.  Mitth.,  20,  89,  1901. 

STYLOTYPITE,  Miri.,  p.  130. — Crystals  from  the  mine  "Candalosa  Costrovirroyna,"  Peru, 
examined  by  S.  Stevanovic,  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  235,  1902.  Habit  prismatic. 

Axes  a  :  b  :  c  =  1.9202:  1:  1.0355,  /?  --=  90°  approx. 

Forms:  a  (100),  M  (310),  n  (210),  m  (110),  r  (101),  t  (302),  s  (401),  d  (032),  x  (111),  y  (332), 
q  (313),  o  (311);  angles  cm  =  *  43°  50',  wo  =  *27°  40'. 

Analyses  (from  2,  10.84  p.  c.  Cu  Fe  S2  has  been  deducted) : 

S  Sb         As        Bi         Cu  '      Ag         Fe       Zn 

1.  Copiapo     G.  =  5.18     23.12      28.58       30.87      10.43      6.27        IT.    =99.27 

2.  Candalos  G.  =  4.77     24.55      18.99      7.07      0.54     45.84        1.62       .  .  .       0.90  =  99.51 

The  essential  identity  of  falkenhaynite  (Min.,  p.  1034)  with  stylotypite  is  remarked  upon. 

SUCCINITE,  Min.,  p.  1002.  —  Index  of  refraction:  Dahms,  Schrift.  Naturfors.  Ges.,  Danzig,  11, 
4,  25,  1906;  constitution;  id.,  ibid.,  10,  243,  1901. 


102 


APPENDIX   IL 


STLVITE,  Min.,  pp.  156,  1036,  1049;  App.,  p.  66.  —  Hemihedrism;  Miigge,  Centralbl.  Min., 
259,  1906. 

Sp.  G.;  Przibylla,  Centralbl.  Min.,  234,  1904. 

Deformation  under  pressure;  Rinne,  Jb.  Min.,  1,  114,  1904. 

Occurrence  in  lavas  of  1906  from  Vesuvius;  Lacroix,  C.  R.,  142,  1249,  1906;  Bull.  Soc.  Min., 
30,  239,  1907. 

A  supposed  mixture  of  KC1  and  NaCl  in  mineral  found  in  ejected  material  from  Vesuvius  (erup- 
tion of  April,  1906)  and  named  "  chlornatrokalite  "  is  proven  to  be  an  intimate  mixture  of  the  two 
minerals,  halite  and  sylvite;  Johnston-La  vis,  Nature,  74,  174,  1906;  Johnston-La  vis  and  Spencer, 
Min.  Mag.,  15,  59. 

See  Ctdormanganokalite. 

Synchisite.     G.  Flink,  Bull.  G.  Inst.  Upsala,  5,  81,  1901;  Medd.  om  Gronland,  24,  29,  1901. 

Parisite,  G.  Nordenskiold,  G.  For.  Forh.,  16,  338, 1894.     Boggild,  Medd.  om  Gronland,  33,  99,  1906. 

c  Rhombohedral;   hemimorphic,  (Boggild,  loc. 

cit.).  Axis  £  =  3.3648.  Angles:  (0001)  A 
(0111)  -  *75°34'.  Observed  forma:  c  (0001), 
a  (1120,  n),  m  (1010),  t  (2029),  p  (20_23,  r), 
v  (3034),  s  (4043),  a_  (3032),  i  (0115),  u 
(0229),  q  (0112),  0  (0332),  y  (0334),  p  (0111), 
/  (0331),  z  (1121),  o  (1123).  Angles:  ct  =  cu 
=  40°  48$',  ca  =  80°  16'.  Near  parisite, 
which,  however,  is  hexagonal. 

Crystals  minute,  often  in  loose  aggre- 
gates ;_acute  rhombohedral  in  habit,  the  form 
a  (3032)  predominating  or  alone  with  c; 
also  rarely  hexagonal.  Rhombohedral  faces 
striated  horizontally;  o  smooth  and  brilliant. 
Twins  common  with  tw.  pi.  c,  the  crystals 
revolved  60°  about  c- 

Cleavage  none  on  fresh  crystals.  Frac- 
ture conchoidal  to  splintery.  Brittle.  H. 
=  4.5.  G.  =  3.902.  Luster  greasy  on  the 
fracture ;  on  c  vitreous  to  adamantine.  Color 
wax-yellow,  ash-gray,  hair-brown.  Translu- 
cent; transparent  in  thin  sections.  Indices 
wy  =  1.6742,cy  =  1.7701. 
(1898.)  2,  R.  Mauzelius,  quoted  by  Flink; 


Synchisite. 

Composition,  CeFCaC2O6.     Analyses:  1,  Flink 
also  approx.  anal,  by  Nordenskiold,  1.  c. 

CO2  ThO,  Ce2O3  (La,Di)2O3  Y2O3    CaO    FeO 

1.  26.54   ....    28.14       22.88       1.23     17.13   ... 

2.  25.99  0.30   21.98      28.67*     1.181  16.63   O.lli 


Na2O 
0.19 


K2O  F  H2O 
0.12  5.82  .... 
....  5.04  2.10$ 


102.05  (O  =  F,  2.45) 
102.00  (O  =  F,2.12) 


Or 


*  Perhaps  one-half  La,  also  Di  with  Prd  and  Sm.     f  Earths  not  precipitated  by  K,SO4. 
Fe,O3  with  Ti  tr.     §  Undried  material  analyzed,  1.56  H2O  expelled  at  100°. 

B.  B.  infusible,  but  glows  brilliantly  when  ignited.    Easily  dissolved  by  acids  with  loss  of  CO2. 
From  Narsarsuk,  So.  Greenland;  occurs  on  surfaces  of  feldspar  or  aegirite  or  in   cavities. 
First  described  by  G.  Nordenskiold  as  parisite,  to  which  it  is  closely  related. 
Named  ctfy^wif,  confounded,  in  allusion  to  its  being  mistaken  for  parisite. 


SYNGENITE,  Min.,  p.  945;  App.,  p.  66.  —  Refractive  indices;  Gaubert,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  30,  107, 
1907. 

Conditions  of  formation  discussed;  van't  Hoff  with  Wilson,  Farup,  d'Ans,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin, 
1142,  1900;  1000,  1903;  218,  1906. 

Szechenyiite.     J.  Krenner,  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  503,  1899.  —  A  variety  of  amphibole,  which  see. 

TACHHYDRITE,  Min.,  p.  178;  App.,  p.  66.  —  Discussion  of  conditions  of  formation;  van't  Hoff 
with  Dawson,  Lichtenstein,  d'Ans,  Farup;  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  557,  1899;  232,  913,  1905;  218,  1906. 

•    Taeniolite.     Tainiolite.    G.  Flink,  Medd.  om  Gronland,  14,  234,  1898;  24,  115,  1901. 

Monoclinic,  and  belonging  to  the  mica  group.  Forms:  6  (010),  c  (001),  6  (027),  e  (023),  v  (111), 
referred  to  the  axial  ratio  of  biotite.  Crystals  thin  strips,  elongated 


24°  44',  cp.  =  81°  28',  fift'  =  60°  15'. 


<i,  maximum  length  5  mm. 
Twins  rare,  two  crystals  in  contact 


Measured  angles:  ce 
crossing  at  60°. 

Cleavage  c  perfect,  as  in  muscovite;  laminae  somewhat  elastic.  H.  =  25-3.  G.  =  2.86 
(Mauzelius).  Color,  colorless,  with  tinge  of  blue.  Transparent.  Ax.  pi.  ||  b.  Bxa  inclined  +  5° 
to  c-  2E  =  50°  approx.  Birefringence  negative,  not  strong. 


APPENDIX  II.  101 

SULPHOBORITE,  App.,  p.  65.  —  Occurs  with  anhydrite  and  boracite  in  carnallite  at  the  potash 
mines  near  Wittmar  on  the  Asse,  Brunswick;  Bucking,  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  156,  1902. 

SULPHOHALITE,  Min.,  p.  917;  App.,  p.  65.  —  Analysis  by  Penfield,  Am.,  J.  Sc.,  9,  425,  1900, 
which  follows,  gives  formula  as  2Na2SO4.NaCl.NaF,  with  theoretical  comp.,  SO,,  41.61;  Na9O, 
32.25;  Na,  11.97;  Cl,  9.23;  F,  4.94. 

SO3  Na20  K20  Na  Cl  F  Ign. 

41.79  32.37  0.10  11.60  9.10  4.71  0.15  =  99.82 

SULPHUR,  Min.,  pp.  8,  1048;  App.,  p.  66.  —  Discussion  of  crystallization  from  fusion  with  regard 
to  the  various  crystalline  conditions  assumed.  Brauns,  Jb.  Min.,  Beil.-Bd.,  13,  39,  1899.  Crys- 
tals from  Corphalie,  Belgium,  with  following  new  forms:  (201),'  (102),  (043),  (227),  (229)?,  (115), 
(3.3.16),  (116);  Buttgenbach,  Ann.  soc.  geol.  Belg.,  25,  73,  1898;  from  Girgenti,  twins  with  e  (101) 
and  n  (Oil)  as  twinning  planes;  Busz,  Jb.  Min.,  2,  132,  1901;  from  marble  of  Carrara;  D'Achiardi, 
Att.  Soc.  Tosc.  Sc.,  Mem.  20,  1905;  from  Bruchsal,  Baden;  Beierle,  Centralbl.  Min.,  202,  1906; 
from  near  Lornano,  Siena;  Manasse,  Att.  Soc.  Tosc.,  23,  1907. 

Study  of  the  different  polymorphous  crystalline  forms  of  sulphur,  Gaubert,  Bull.  Soc.  Min., 
28,  157,  1905. 

Concerning  mic restructure  of  frozen  sulphur;  concerning  sublimation,  superheating  and  super- 
saturating of  sulphur.  Biitschli,  sep.  pub. ;  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  534. 

Occ.  at  Cetine  di  Cortorniano,  near  Rosia,  Siena;  Pelloux,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  10,  (2),  10,  1901; 
with  celestite,  Maybee,  Michigan;  Kraus  and  Hunt,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  21,  237.  Crystals  formed  at 
eruption  of  Vesuvius,  1906,  see  under  Vesuvius. 

Specimens  of  Quaternary  clay,  from  Ortala  Lund,  Vaddo  parish,  Sweden,  which  were  originally 
black  in  color  have  gradually  had  developed  through  the  mass  and  on  the  surface  well-formed 
crystals  (hemihedral  in  habit)  of  sulphur,  the  latter  3  to  3.5  mm.  in  diameter.  E.  Erdmann, 
G.  For.  Forh.,  23,  379,  1901. 

Arsensulfurite  is  an  arsenical  sulphur  ("sulfurite  ")  occurring  in  thin  brownish- red  amorphous 
crusts  on  andesite  at  the  volcano  of  Papandajan  in  Java;  Rinne,  Centralbl.  Min.,  499,  1902.  An 
analysis  by  Buchholz  gave:  S,  70.78;  As,  29.22  =  100.  A  similar  occurrence  was  earlier  noted  by 
Phipson  at  the  Solfatara  near  Naples  (S,  87.6;  As,  11.2;  Se,  0.3  =  99.1),  C.  R.,  55,  108,  1852. 

Sulvanite.     G.  A.  Goyder,  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.,  77,  1094,  1900. 

Massive.    H.  =  3.5.    G.  =  4.0.    Luster  metallic.    Color  bronze  yellow.    Streak  nearly  black. 

Comp.,  3Cu2S.V2Ss  -  Cu,  51.50;  V,  13.88 ;S,  34.62. 

Analyses: 

Cu  V  S  Fe2O3  SiO2 

1.  47.98  12.53  32,54  0.42'  4.97     -    98.44 

1  (recalc.)  51.57  13.46  34.97  ....  ....     =100.00 

2.  48.98  12.68  30.80  1.53  5.72     =    99.71 

2  (recalc.)  52.96  13.72  33.32  =  100.00 

Obs.  —  Found  in  a  mine  near  the  Burra,  South  Australia,  associated  with  malachite,  azurite, 
quartz,  vanadium  ocher,  gypsum  and  calcite. 

SVANBERGITE,  Min.,  p.  868.  —  Chemical  constitution,  see  under  Hamlinite. 

SYCHNODYMITE,  Min.,  p.  1049.  —  Occurrence  from  Siegthal,  Germany,  with  anal.;  Stahl,  Berg- 
u,  Hiitten.  Ztg.,  58,  182',  1899;  Zs.  Kr.,  35,  289. 

SYLVANITE,  Min.,  p.  103;  App.,  p.  66.  —  Crystals  from  Cripple  Creek,  Colo.,  show  following  new 
forms:  v  (525),  w  (343),  /  (521),  u  (723).  Anal.  give.n,  Palache,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  10,  419, 1900;  Zs.  Kr., 
34,  539;  also  H  (102),  T  (103),  I  (203),  L  (203);  Moses,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  20,  282,  1905.  Crystals  from 
Nagyag  with  new  forms  E  (102),  G  (302),  T  (312),  r?  (523),  e  (543),  L  (320),  U  (610);  Vrba  [Ber. 
aus  Ungarn.,  47,  1-5,  1904],  [Fold.  Kozl.,  34,  311,  1904];  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  69. 

Analysis,  Cripple  Creek,  Colo.;  R.  Pearce  [Proc.  Colo.  Sc.  Soc.,  5,  11,  1394];  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  291: 

*    Te  Au  Ag 

60.61  25.45  13.94  -  100 

Discussion  of  chemistry  of  natural  tellurides  of  gold;  Lenher,  Jour.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  24,  355, 
1902. 

Occurs  at  Kalgoorlie  in  the  East  Coolgardie  gold  district,  West  Australia,  much  less  abundant 
than  calaverite,  cf.  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  271,  1903;  Carnot,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  24,  360,  1901 
(anal.);  C.  R.,  132,  1299,  1901;  also  (with  anal.)  Krusch,  Centralbl.  Min.,  199,  1901;  Zs.  prakt. 
Geol.,  9,  211,  1901;  Zs.  Kr.,  38,  302. 


APPENDIX   II.  103 

Composition,  somewhat  uncertain;  if  the  loss  showed  by  the  analysis  (on  0.1  gr.)  is  calculated 
as  H2O,  the  formula  obtained  is  (K,Li)2O.MgO.3SiO2.2H2O  ;  fluorine  may  also  be  present.  Analysis, 
Mauzelius: 

SiO2  A12O3        FeO         MgO  K2O  Na.,O  Li2O         Loss 

52.2  2.7  0.6  19.1  11.5  1.8  3.8  [8.3]  *  =  100 

*  Author  gives  8.7  per  cent. 

B.  B.  fuses  easily  to  a  colorless  blebby  glass,  coloring  the  flame  intensely  red.  Completely 
but  slowly  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid. 

Occurs  very  sparingly  at  Narsarsuk,  Southern  Greenland,  in  druses  with  feldspar  and  agirite; 
narsarsukite  and  graphite  are  also  closely  associated. 

Named  from  raivia,  band  or  strip,  and  A£0os,  stone,  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the  crystals. 

TAENITE,  Min.,  pp.  29,  1037.  —  Occurrence  in  meteoric  iron  found  in  1884  in  the  sub-district  of 
Youndegin,  W.  Australia;  Fletcher,  Min.  Mag.,  12,  171. 

TALC,  Min.,  p.  678;  App.,  p.  66.  —  Analyses  of  steatite  from  various  localities;  Merrill,  Non- 
metallic  Minerals.  Rep.  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1899;  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  73;  from  North  Carolina;  Pratt. 
N.  C.  Geol.  Sur.  Economic  Papers,  3,  1900;  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  81.  Iron-bearing  pyralloliiv  vita  anal. 
from  Lake  Brocan,  Valle  del  Gesso  di  Entraque,  Piedmont;  Roccati,  [Boll.  Soc.  geol.  ital.,  24,  659, 
1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  500;  from  Kossoi-Brod,  Ural  Mts.;  Iwanoff,  [Bull.  Nat.  Moscow,  1906,  p.  156]; 
Zs.  Kr.,  46,  221;  chemical  constitution,  McNeil,  Jour.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  28,  591,  1906. 

Occ.  in  porphyry  near  Niemberg,  Saxony;  Haas,  Zs.  fur  Naturwiss.,  Halle,  76,  431,  1903. 

Tamanite.     S.  P.  Popoff,  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  267,  1902.  —  Same  as  anapaite,  which  see. 

TAMARUGITE,  Min.,  p.  952.  —  Anal,  of  material  from  Zolfo  Grotto,  Miseno,  Italy;  Zambonini, 
Rend.  Ace.  Sci.  Napoli,  Dec.,  1907. 

TANTALITE,  Min.,  p.  731;  App.,  p.  67.  —  Occurrence  at  Wodgina,  W.  Australia,  with  anal.; 
Maitland,  Bull.  Geol.  Sur.  W.  Aus.,  No.  23,  65-74,  1906;  occurrence  of  tantalum  and  niobium  min- 
erals in  Australia;  Simpson,  Trans.  Aus.  Ass.  Adv.  Sci.,  Jan.,  1907. 

Taramellite.     E.  Tacconi,  Centralbl.  Min.,  506,    1908;  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  17,  (1),  810,  1908. 

Orthorhombic  (?).  Fibrous  in  bundles  and  radiating  aggregates.  Color  reddish  brown.  Luster 
vitreous  to  silky.  H.  =  5.5.  G.  =  3.92.  Cleavage  perfect  parallel  to  length  of  fibers,  parting 
perpendicular  to  cleavage.  High  birefringence.  Positive.  Ax.  pi.  parallel  to  length  of  fibers  and 
at  right  angles  to  cleavage.  Obtuse  bisectrix  ±  to  cleavage  plane.  2Ea  =  74°  (approx.).  Strong 
pleochroism,  c  almost  black,  b  and  a  flesh  red. 


Comp.:  BaJBVW'^oOgt;  SiO2,  37.53;  Fe2O3,  19.88;  FeO,  4.47;  BaO,  38.12. 
Anal.:  SiO2,  36.56;  Fe2O3,  21.54;  FeO,  4.47;  BaO,  37.32  =  99.89.* 

*  Traces  of  TiO2,  A12O3,  MnO  and  MgO  not  determined. 

Occ.  Found  in  granular  limestone  at  Candoglia  near  the  contact  with  a  gneiss.  Associated 
with  calcite,  magnetite,  chalcopyrite,  pyrite,  diopside,  actinolite,  celsian.  Diopside  and  actinolite 
altered  to  aegirine  and  arfvedsonite. 

Named  in  honor  of  the  geologist  Prof.  Torquato  Taramelli. 

Tarbuttite.     L.  J.  Spencer,  Nature,  76,  215,  1907;  Min.  Mag.,  15,  22,  1908. 

Triclinic.  &  :  b  :  c  =  0.9583  :  1_:  1.3204;  a  =  102°  37',  /?  =  123°  52',  7  =  87°  25'.  Angles: 
(100)  :  (001)  =  55°  50';  (001)  :  (101)  =  77°  38';  (100)  :  (010)  =  84°  34';  (001)  :  (010)  = 
76°  31';  (001)  :  (223)  =  72°  3'.  Form_s_  (arranged  accojding  to_  size  and  frequency  of  occur- 
rence): c(0pl),  6(010),  a  (100),  e(221),  /(101),  gr  (211),  d  (223),  fc  (111),  I  (021),  h  (021), 
i  (122),  r  (243),  o  (121),  s  (102),  t  (103),  u  (Oil),  m  (110).  Crystals  striated  and  rounded,  fre- 
quently in  sheaf-like  aggregates.  Cleavage  c  (001),  perfect  with  pearly  luster  on  cleavage  face. 
H.  =  3J.  G.  =  4.12-4.15.  Luster  vitreous.  Sometimes  colorless  and  transparent;  usually 
pale  shades  of  yellow,  brown,  red  or  green.  Acute  neg.  bisectrix  emerges  obliquely  through  cleav- 
age c  (001).  Double  refraction  strong.  Ax.  angle  in  air  80°-90°. 

Comp.,  Basic  zinc  phosphate,  Zn3P2O8.Zn(OH)2;  ZnO,  67.1;  P2O5,  29.2;  H2O,  3.7.  . 


Analysis:  PA  H£_ 


Pyr.  In  C.  T.  at  high  temperature  decrepitates  slightly  and  gives  small  amount  of  water.  B.  B. 
readily  fusible  to  clear,  yellow  bead  which  becomes  dark  gray  on  cooling.  Easily  soluble  in  HCl. 

Pseudomorphs  after  smithsonite,  descloizite  and  calamine  (?)  observed.  Found  at  the  zinc 
mines  of  Broken  Hill,  N.  W.  Rhodesia.  Named  after  Mr.  Percy  Coventry  Tarbutt. 


104 


APPENDIX   II. 


Teallite.     G.  T.  Prior,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  21,  1904. 

Orthorhombic?  Forms:  c  (001),  o  (111),  p  (221),  also  doubtful  a  (100),  d  (101),  e  (201),  <  (211). 
Measured  angles:  co  =  62  *°,  cp  =  75°,  cd  -  57°,  zone  (co)  A  (co'")  =  86°.  In  thin  flexible 
folia.  Cleavage,  c  perfect.  H.  =  1-2.  G.  =  6.36.  Luster  metallic.  Color  blackish  gray. 
Streak  black.  Opaque. 

Composition,  PbSnS2  or  PbS.SnS2.     Analysis: 

f     S,  16.29;  Sn,  30.39;  Pb,  52.98;  Fe,  0.20  =  99.86 

Yields  a  little  sulphur  in  the  closed  tube,  but  does  not  fuse;  readily  decomposed  by  hot  hydro- 
chloric or  nitric  acid. 

matrix 
Theodor 
"Stated  by 
Koechlin,  Min.  Mitth.,  24,  114,  1905,  to  have  come  from  Santa  Rosa,  Antequera,  Bolivia. 

From  analyses  by  Prior  (loc.  cit.)  of  franckeite  and  cylindrite  the  following  formulae,  showing 
their  relationships  to  each  other  and  to  teallite,  were  derived. 

Franckeite 
Cylindrite 


3PbSnS2 
3PbSnS2 


Pb2FeSb2S8 
SnFeSb2S8 


TELLURITE,  Min.,  pp.  201,  1049.  —  Anal,  from  Good  Hope  mine,  Gunnison  Co.,  Colo.  ;  Headden, 
[Proc.  Col.  Sci.  Soc.,  7,  141,  1903];  Zs.  Kr.,  41,  203. 

TELLURIUM,  Min.,  pp.  11,  1049.  —  Crystals  from  Babia,  Asia  Minor;  Cesaro,  Bull.  Ac.  Belg., 
255,  1908. 

Analyses,  Gunnison  and  Boulder  counties,  Colo.  ;  Headden,  Proc.  Col.  Sci.  Soc.,  7,  139,  1903. 

From  W.  Australia;  Maclvor,  Chem.  News,  82,  272,  1900.  Occurs  in  masses  three  inches 
across  with  pyrite,  petzite  and  rickardite  (Cu4Te3)  at  the  Good  Hope  mine  at  Vulcan,  Colorado. 

TELLURWISMUTH,  see  under  Bismuthinite. 

TENGERITE,  Min.,  p.  306.  —  Possible  occurrence  with  gadolinite  at  Barringer  Hill,  Llano  Co., 
Texas.  Anal,  by  Hillebrand  shows  beryllium  carbonate.  Hidden,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  19,  429,  1905. 

TENNANTITE,  Min.,  pp.  137,  1049;  App.,  p.  67.  —  Binnite  identical  with;  see  Binnite. 


TEPHROITE,  Min., 
and  Greig,  [Rec.  Geol. 


>.  457.  —  Anal,  of  material  from  Bendemeer,  N.  S.  W. ;  Mingaye,  White 
tar.  N.  S.  W.,  8,  182,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  623. 


Terlinguaite.  A.  /.  Moses,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  255,  1903.  Hillebrand  and  Schaller,  ibid.,  24, 
270,  1907. 

Monoclinic.  Axes  a  :  b  :  c  =  0.5306  :  1  :  2.0335.  Schaller  gives  1.6050  :  1  : 2.0245.  /?  =  74° 
16';  74°  23'  (Schaller).  Forms:  133  forms  observed.  Schaller  (priv.  contr.)  proposes  a  slightly 
changed  position  to  the  faces,  h.  k.  1.  (Moses)  becoming  3  h.  k.  1.  (Schaller). 


Terlinguaite. 

In  small  prismatic  crystals  elongated  \\  b  and  striated  in  this  direction,  rarely  doubly  terminated. 

Brittle  to  subsectile.  Cleavage  perfect  \\  (101).  H.  =  2-3.  G.  =  8.725.  Luster  brilliant 
adamantine.  Color  sulphur-yellow  with  slight  greenish  tinge,  of  powder  lemon-yellow,  both 
becoming  olive-green  on  exposure.  Birefringent.  Extinction  parallel. 

Composition,  an  oxychloride  of  mercury,  Hg2ClO;  Hg,  88.65;  Cl,  7.85;  O,  3.50. 

Analyses  I,  J.  S.  McCord;  II,  Hillebrand. 

Cl  O  Hg 

I.      (|)  7.89  3.47  (f)  88.24  =    99.60 

II.  7.83  3.75  88.61  =  100.19 


APPENDIX  II.  105 

Occurs  with  eglestonite  at  the  mercury  locality  at  Terlingua,  Texas.  The  name  was  first  used 
by  W.  H.  Turner  (Mining  and  Scientific  Press,  July  21,  1900),  but  the  species  was  established  by 
Moses;  it  has  also  been  applied  by  the  local  miners  to  a  yellow  pulverulent  material. 

Termierite.     G.  Friedel,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  24,  7,  1901. 

A  clay-like  substance  resembling  halloysite.  After  exposure  to  the  air  for  some  hours  it  appears 
in  small  compact  masses  with  conchoidal  fracture  and  zonal  structure;  color  clear  gray,  opaque. 

H.  =  2  approx.  G.  =  1.21.  In  thin  sections  shows  birefringence  (=  0.002),  perhaps  due 
to  original  tension. 

Adheres  strongly  to  the  tongue,  but  has  no  argillaceous  odor.  Absorbs  water  in  large  quantity 
when  placed  in  it,  but  does  not  become  plastic;  when  saturated  with  water  the  color  deepens  and 
the  edges  become  translucent;  refractive  index  then  1.403  and  G.  =  1.549. 

Composition,  a  hydrated  aluminium  silicate,  corresponding  to  Al2O3.6SiO2.18H2O  when  saturated 
with  water. 

Analysis  of  pure  material  gave,  after  ignition: 

SiO2  A12O3  Fe2O3(FeO)  CaO  MgO 

78.29  15.00  4.85  1.77  0.47  =  100.38 

Water  to  the  amount  of  6.77  (f )  is  lost  between  1 10°  and  the  temperature  of  ignition.  Attacked 
with  difficulty  by  cold  hydrochloric  acid.  Fuses  B.  B.  with  difficulty. 

Occurs  with  kaolinite,  lassallite  (q.  v.)  and  barite  in  sterile  levels  of  the  antimony  mines  of 
Miramont,  France,  in  the  concession  of  Souliac  on  the  borders  of  Cantal  and  Haute  Loire. 

Named  after  Professor  Pierre  Termier  of  Paris. 

TETRAD YMITE,  Min.,  p.  39;  App.,  p.  67.  —  See  Bismuthinite. 

TETRAHEDRITE,  Min.,  p.  137;  App.,  p.  67.  —  Cryst.  —  From  Pulacayo  mine,  Huanchaca, 
Bolivia ;  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  12, 325, 1900 ;  Botes-Berge,  Hungary,  with  new  form  II  (655) ;  Zimanyi, 
Zs.  Kr.,  34,  78,  1900;  anal,  of  material ; Loczka,  ibid.,  84;  from  marble  of  Carrara;  D'Achiardi, 
Att.  Soc.  Tosc.  Sc.,  Mem.  21,  1905;  Traversella ;  Colomba,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  15,  643,  1906.  Val 
de  Ville,  Alsace  (with  anal.);  Ungemach,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  29,  219,  1906. 

Crystals  with  anal,  from  Oisans,  Dauphine;  from  Horhausen,  Rhenish  Prussia;  from  Wolfach, 


uitcii   —   YQ-   aiiu    ij,    uuu    using    i/u  5-   in    tiic    uo.s 

Prior  and  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  12,  184,  1899. 

Anal.  — Campiglia  Soana,  Ivrea,  Piedmont;  Novarese,  Boll.  Com.  Geol.  Ital.,  23,  319,  1902; 
[Rassegna  Min.,  18, 17, 18,  1903] ; Zs.  Kr.,  40,  293 ;  Palmavexi,  Sardinia;  Rimatori,  Rend.  Ace.  Line., 
12,  (2),  471,  1903;  Boccheggiano,  Fannulla  valley,  Italy;  Tacconi,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  13,  (1), 
337,  1904;  vzr.frigidite  from  Frigido,  near Massa,  Italy;  Manasse,  Att,  Soc.  Tosc.,  22,  81-93,  1906. 

Concerning  its  regular  intergrowth  with  galena ;  Zimanyi,  Zs.  Kr.,  38,  495. 

Occurrence  at  Cobalt,  Ont.;  Miller,  Rep.  Can.  Bureau  Mines,  1905,  2;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  395. 

THALENITE,  App.,  p.  68.  —  Hillebrand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  13,  145,  1902,  shows  that  formula  given  by 
Benedicks  is  not  borne  out  by  his  analyses. 

Occurrence  (with  anal.)  at  Askagen  in  Varmland,  Sweden;  Sjogren,  G.  For.  Forh,  28,  93,  1906. 

THAUMASITE,  Min.,  p.  698;  App.,  p.  68.  —  Loss  of  water  on  heating  and  discussion  of  chem. 
comp.;  Zambonini,  Mem.  Ace.  Sci.  Napoli,  14,  11,  1908. 

THELLITE  (thdline).  Name  given  to  Damour's  silicate  from  Brazil,  Chem.  News,  21, 13, 1870; 
see  Min.,  p.  512. 

THENARDITE,  Min.,  p.  895;  App.,  p.  68.  —  Occurrence  at  Itivdlik-Dal,  Holstensborg  district, 
Greenland,  with  anal.;  Pjetursson,  [Medd.  om  Gronl.,  14,  337,  1898],  Min.  Gronl.,  1905.  Occur- 
rence of  sodium  sulphate,  etc.,  in  fumaroles  of  Mt.  Pelee,  Martinique;  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  28, 
60,  1905;  anal,  of  material  from  Natroun  lakes,  Egypt ;  Couyat,  ibid.,  31,  343,  1908. 

THOMSONITE,  Min.,  pp.  607,  1050;  App.,  p.  68.  —  Cryst.  —  Scottish  localities;  Goodchild, 
[Trans.  Geol.  Soc.,  Glasgow,  12,  Suppl.,  1-68,  1903] ;  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  307;  Petersdorf  near  Zoptau,  Mah- 
ren;  Kretschmer,  Centralbl.  Min.,  613,  1905;  with  new  form  (601)  from  basalt  of  East  Greenland; 
Boggild,  Medd.  omGr"-1  "°  irk"  "™r -  *—  .  ,« -.~™.  n.  -.  ^  _..„ 

Ac.  Belg.,  334,  1907. 


Boggild,  Medd.  om  Gronl.,  28,  109,  1905;  from  Mte.  Somma  with  new  form  (9.10.0);  Cesaro,  Bull. 
\c.  Belg.,  334,  1907. 

Anal.  —  North  Table  Mt.,  Golden,  Colo. ;  Patton,  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Amer.,  11,  461,  1900;  Zs.  Kr. 


36,  74;  Schiket,  Erythraa;  D'Achiardi,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  11, ( 1),  251,  1902;  Monte  Catini,  Tuscany; 
Manasse,  Proc.  Soc.  Tosc.,  15,  20-37,  1906;  Inverell,  N.  S.  W.;  Anderson,  Rec.  Aus.  Mus.,  6,  420, 
1907. 

Chem.  constitution ;  McNeil,  Jour.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  28, 600,  1906;  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  531 ;  Zambonini, 
Mem.  Ace.  Sci.,  Napoli,  14,  122,  1908. 


106  APPENDIX   II. 

Thorianite.  W.  Dunstan,  Nature,  59,  510,  533,  559,  1904.  K.  Coomdraswdmy,  Mineralogical 
Survey  of  Ceylon,  1904;  Dunstan  and  Jones,  [Proc.  Roy.  Soc.,  77,  A,  385,  1906],  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  286; 
E.  H.  Buchner,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.,  78,  A,  385,  1906. 

Isometric;  in  cubic  crystals,  usually  more  or  less  water-worn.     G.  =  9.32.     Color  black. 

The  Composition  of  Thorianite.  —  Earlier  analyses  of  the  rare  mineral  thorianite  from  Ceylon, 
remarkable  for  its  radioactive  properties,  have  been  more  or  less  incomplete.  An  exhaustive 
chemical  examination  of  this  species , has  now  been  made  by  E.  H.  Buchner,  loc.  cit.  The 
quantity  taken  for  analysis  was  24.373  grams;  this  was  divided  by  treatment  with  boiling  nitric 
acid  into  a  soluble  and  an  insoluble  portion,  these  having  about  the  ratio  of  40  :  1.  The  analyses 
of  the  soluble  portion  gave: 

ThO2          U3O8          ZrO2  Sn(X        Sb2O4       Bi2O3?      As2O3? 

70.96         13.12         0.23  0.05"         0.11  0.21  tr. 

Ce2O3         Fe2O3         A12O3         PbO         CuO         HgO        CdO?         CaO         Residue 
1.96  2.05  0.15  2.46          0.08  tr.  tr.  0.13  1.50 

The  insoluble  portion  gave: 

U3O8     ZrO2     TiO2     Bi2O3?    Fe2O3     A12O3     HgO    CdO?         X*         He      P2O5     CO2       H2O 
0.02        tr.       0.45       0.15        1.30       0.06          tr.          tr.          0.04       0.15       tr.       0.10       3.20 

*  Unknown  substance. 

The  amount  of  helium  yielded  from  1  gram  was  8.2  c.c.  under  normal  conditions. 

The  radioactivity  of  the  mineral  was  found  to  be  83.3  per  cent  of  standard  uranium  oxide, 
a  sample  several  years  old.  This  activity  belongs  almost  entirely  to  the  soluble  portion,  the  ratio 
of  activities  being  about  300  :  1.  The  radioactivity  of  the  several  precipitates  was  minutely 
studied;  nearly  all  showed  activity  except  the  alumina,  which  was  absolutely  inactive.  Calling  the 
activity  of  the  mineral  100,  that  of  the  ThO2  was  57.2,  of  the  U3O8,  6.6  (later,  after  several  weeks, 
9.4),  of  Fe2Os,  4.6  (later  5.7),  etc. 

Obtained  from  the  gem  washings  of  Balangoda,  Ceylon,  near  Kondrugala  in  Bambarabotuwa, 
Sabaragamuya,  derived  from  intrusive  granitic  rocks  and  associated  with  thorite,  allanite,  baddeley- 
ite,  giekelite  and  cassiterite. 

Also  reported  from  pegmatite  at  Gampola,  Ceylon. 

See  under  Uraninite. 

THORITE,  Min.,  pp.  488,  1050;  App.,  p.  68.  —  See  under  Uraninite. 

THURINGITE,  Min.,  p.  657.  —  Study  of  thuringite  from  Thiiringen,  with  anal.;  Zalinski,  Jb. 
Min.,  Beil.  Bd.,  19,  40,  1904.  Occurrence  (anal.)  with  stilpnochloran  at  Gobitschau  near  Sternberg, 
Mahren;  Kretschmer,  Centralbl.  Min.,  195,  1905. 

TIN,  Min.,  p.  24.  —  Crystals  formed  by  electrolysis  of  tin  chloride;  Saposchnikoff,  [Jour.  soc. 
physico-chimique  russe,  37,  153,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  94. 

TITANITE,  Mm.,  p.  712;  App.,  p.  68.  —  Cryst.  —  Vondfichovec  near  Wotitz,  Bohemia,  with 
new  forms  N  (20.39.60);  <r  (J41);  e  (4.15.3);  g  (1.24.2);  Krejci,  Ber.  bohm.  Ges.  Wiss.,  ix,  1898; 
from  Pisek,  Bohemia;  id.,  ibid.,  xliv,  1899;  Lake  Baikal;  Jeremejew,  Zs  Kr.,  32,  495,  1900; 
Cappuccini  di  Albano,_Italy;  Zambonini,  ibid.,  37,  372,  1902;  Pian  Real  Mt.,  Susa  valley,  Pied- 
mont, with  new  form  (201);  Boeris,  Att.  Soc.  Milano,  41,  357,  1902;  also,  Att.  Ace.  Torino,  38,  692, 
1903;  Tollegno  and  Monte  Acuto,  Piedmonti_Zamboninj,  Centralbl.  Min.,  121,  123,  1903;  from 
Switzerland  with  new  forms,  (329),  (216),  (319),  (7.5.35);  Hugo,  ibid.,  464,  1904;  Skaato  near 
Kragero,  with  new  form  R  (113);  Slavfk,  Zs.  Kr.,  39,  301,  1904;  Biella,  Italy,  with  optical  and 
chemical  study;  Zambonini,  ibid.,  40,  239,  1904;  from  new  localities  near  Kragero;  Schei  [Nyt. 
Mag.  Natur.,  42,  1,  1904];  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  87;  granite  of  Sardinia;  Riva,  Att.  Ace.  Sc.,  Napoli,  12, 
No.  9, 1905;  Fedelino,  Lake  Como;  Repossi,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  15,  (1),  508,  1906;  Somerville,  Mass. ; 
Palache,  Festschr.  siebzigsten  Geburtstage,  H.  Rosenbusch,  p.  319,  1906;  Lyon  Mt.  Clinton_Co., 
N.  Y.;  Whitlock,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.,  107,  71,  1907;  Druntobel,  Grisons,  with  new  form  (375); 
Cesaro,  Bull.  Ac.  Belg.,  331,  1907. 

From  Vicz,  near  Bistritz,  Mahren,  with  anal.;  Kovar  [Chem.  Blatter,  1899];  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  706. 
Anal,  from  Pfitsch,  Tyrol;  Pfeil,  [Inaug.-Diss.,  Heidelberg,  1901];  Centralbl.  Min.,  143,  1902. 
Discussion  of  chem.  constitution;  Zambonini,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  15,  (1),  291,  1906. 

TITANOLIVINE,  see  Chrysolite. 

TOBERMORITE,  Min.,  p.  570.  —  New  occurrences  in  Scotland;  Currie,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  93. 

TOPAZ,  Min.,  p.  492;  App.,  p.  69.  —  Cryst.  —  From  Pisek,  Bohemia;  Krejcf,  Ber.  bohm.  Ges. 
Wiss.,  xxxv,  1902;  Emmaville  and  Oban,  N.  S.  W.;  Mount  Cameron,  Flinders  Island  and  Bell 
Mount,  Tasmania;  Anderson,  Rec.  Aus.  Mus.,  5,  296,  1904;  ibid.,  6,  83-97,  1905;  Cow  Flat,  near 


APPENDIX  1L  107 

Torrington,  N.  S.  W.;  Stanthorpe,  Queensland;  Pakenham,  Victoria;  Anderson,  ibid.,  7,  1,  60, 
1908;  Greifenstein  near  Ehrenfriedersdorf,  Saxony;  Epprechtstein  in  Fichtelge  Dirge;  Pobershau 
near  Zoblitz,  Saxony;  Henglein,  Centralbl.  Min.,  367,  1908;  Montbelleux,  Ille-et-Vilaine,  and 
Colettes,  Allier,  France;  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  31,  350,  1908. 

Fluorescence  in;  Schincaglia,  [II  Nuovo  Cimento,  Pisa,  10,  212,  18991;  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  312. 

Anal,  from  New  South  Wales;  Harker,  Jour.  Roy.  Soc.  N.  S.  W.,  33, 193,  1899;  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  213; 
from  Colorado;  Tschernik  [Verb.  russ.  min.  Ges.,  42,  51,  1904];  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  69. 

Occurrence  near  Ouro  Preto,  Brazil;  Derby,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  11,  25,  1901. 

TORBENITE,  Min.,  p.  856;  App.,  p.  69.  —  Etching  figures  made  by  cold  acid  indicate  normal 
tetragonal  symmetry,  differing  from  Walker's  results  (App.  I,  p.  69).  Strong  absorption  shown. 
On  heating  mineral  to  60°-65°  it  loses  water  and  becomes  normal  tetragonal,  optically  positive;  on 
further  heating  to  100°  it  loses  more  water  and  becomes  orthorhombic  (metakupferuranite). 
Rinne,  Centralbl.  Min.,  €18,  1901. 

Analysis  by  Buchholz,  Centralbl.  Min.,  362,  1903,  showed  12  molecules  of  water  instead  of  8. 
It  was  found  that  4  were  lost  in  desiccator  and  8  on  heating. 

Occurrence  near  Ambert,  Puy-de-D6me;  Boubee,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  28,  243,  1905. 

Torrensite.  H.  Lienau,  Chem.  Ztg.,  23,  (1),  418,  1899.— A  compact  reddish  gray  to  sepia- 
colored  material  occurring  with  rhodonite  at  Torrens  Mine,  Hautes- Pyrenees.  Formula  given  as 
MnSiO3.MnCO3.iH2O.  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  23,  254,  1900,  considers  it  a  mixture  of  rhodo- 
chrosite  and  rhodonite. 

TOURMALINE,  Min.,  pp.  551,  1050;  App.,  p.  69.  —  Cryst.  — Twin  from  Nertschinsk,  Siberia; 
Glinka,  [Verh.  russ.  min.  Ges.,  35,  75,  1897] ;  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  509;  chrome-tourmaline  from  Beresowsk; 
Wernadsky,  [C.  R.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  4,  4,  1897].  Exhaustive  study  of  the  crystallization,  pyro- 
electricity,  etc.,  of  tourmaline  with  long  table  of  angles.  Description  of  crystals  from  Ceylon; 
Dekalb,  N.  Y.;  Lincoln  Co.,  N.  C.;  Gouverneur,  N.  Y.;  Brazil;  Paris,  Me.;  Pierrepont,  N.  Y.; 
San  Diego,  Cal. ;  Elba;  Penig,  Saxony;  Andreasberg;  Mursinka;  Worobieff,  Zs.  Kr.,  33,  263-454, 
1900;  crystals  from  granite  of  Baveno;  Artini,  Rend.  Ace.  Line. ,.11,  (2),  365,  1902;  from  Pisek; 
Bohemia;  Krejci,  Ber.  bohm.  Ges.  Wiss.,  xxxv,  1902 ;  Godegard  in  Ostergotland  and  from  Hammar, 
Orebro,  Sweden;  Hamberg,  G.  For.  Forh.,  26,  77,  80,  1904;  from  Cyrillhof,  Westmahren;  Slavfk, 
Bull.  Acad.  Sci.  Boheme,  1904;  San  Diego  Co.,  Calif .;  Sterjett,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  17,  459,  1904;  Karusulik 
and  other  localities,  Greenland;  Boggild,  Min.  Gronl.,  234;  Minas  Gerae's,  Brazil,  with  2  doubtful 
new  forms;  Westergard,  Zs.  Kr.,  42,  278,  1906;  Aukaratra,  Madagascar;  Termier,  Bull.  Soc.  Min., 
31,  138,  1908;  Crown  Point,  N.  Y.;  Blake,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  25,  123,  1908. 

Study  of  the  crystallographic  and  optical  constants  of  various  tourmalines  which  have  been 
analyzed.  Wiilfing,  Progr.  z.  82.  Jaresfeier  d.  k.  Wurttemb.  Landwirthsch.  Akad.  Hohen- 
heim,  Stuttgart,  1900;  reviewed  in  Centralbl.  Min.,  15,  1901;  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  538. 

Pleochroism  and  polychroism  of  Elba  tourmalines;  D'Achiardi,  Proc.  Soc.  Tosc.,  Jan.,  1900; 
refractive  indices  measured  by  Viola ;  the  values  suggest  either  the  biaxial  character  or  variation 
from  Fresnel's  law,  or  both,  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  557;  37,  120,  1902. 

Anal.  — Tourmaline  containing  FeO  and  MnO  from  Elba;  Manasse  [Att.  Soc.  Toscana,  11, 
104,  1898-99];  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  304;  brown  tourmaline  from  McAffee,  N.  J. ;  Sargent,  Jour.  Amer. 
Chem.  Soc.,  21,  858,  1899;  Easton,  Pa.;  Eyerman,  Amer.  Geol.,  34,  43,  1904;  pink  crystals  from 
Elba;  Schaller,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  157,  1907;  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  6. 

Composition  discussed  byClarke,  Am.  J.Sc.,  8,  111,  1899;Tschermak,Min.  Mitth.,  19,155  1900' 
Zs.  Kr.,  35,  209,  1901 ;  Rheineck,  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  385,  1900;  Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  10,  19,  1900. 

Alteration;  Tschermak,  Min.  Mitth.,  21,  1,  1902. 

Occ.  —  Tourmaline  schists  from  Belcher  Hill,  Colo. ;  Patton,  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Amer.,  10,  21 
1899;  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  205;  Butte,  Mon.,  in  quartz;  Kunz,  [Eng.  Min.  Jour.,  73,  482,  1902];  Zs.  Kr., 
38,  689;  in  pink  to  green  crystals  at  Haddam  Neck,  Conn.;  Bowman,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  108,  1902; 
Montefano,  Italy;  Tacconi,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  12,  (1),  355,  1903;  in  chalcopyrite  from  Bedovina, 
Monte  Mulatto,  Tyrol;  Hofmann,  Ber.  bohm.  Ges.  Wiss.,  xvi,  1904;  Campolongo,  Tessin;  Mann, 
[Inaug.-Diss.,  Leipzig,  1904];  Zs.  Kr.,  42,  665;  crystals  of  gem  quality  on  Kangaroo  Island,  South 
Australia ;  Anderson,  Rec.  Aus.  Mus.,  5,  302,  1904 ;  Tasna,  Potosi,  Bolivia ;  Min.  Mag.,  14,  333  1907 • 
Madagascar ;  Lacroix,  Bull.  Min.  Soc.,  31,  218,  1908. 

Trechmannite.  R.  H.  Solly,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  75,  1905;  189,  1906;  G.  F.  Herbert  Smith  and 
G.  T.  Prior,  ibid.,  14,  300,  1907. 

Rhombohedral ;  tetartohedral.     Axis  c  =  0.6530. 

Thirty  forms  have  been  observed,  the  more  important  being:  c  (0001),  m  (1010)  D  (2570) 
a  (1120),  e(10l2),  s  (2021),  r  (lOll),  a  (4041),  n  (1453),  v  (1231),  z  (2461),  g  (3584),  f(3581), 
p  (1123). 

Crystals  very  small  with  prismatic  habit,  often  irregular.  Cleavage,  r  good,  c  distinct.  Fracture, 
conchoidal.  Brittle.  H.  =  1^-2.  Luster,  adamantine.  Color  and  streak  scarlet- vermilion. 
Transparent  to  translucent.  Double  refraction,  fairly  strong;  negative.  Pleochroism  weak 

Composition  stated  to  be  AgAsS2  (G.  T.  Prior). 


108  APPENDIX  II. 

Occurs  very  sparingly  implanted  upon  tennantite  (binnite)  in  the  white  dolomite  of  the  Lengen- 
bach  quarry,  in  the  Binnenthal,  Switzerland. 

This  name  is  also  used  by  Koechlin  for  an  undescribed  mineral  from  the  Binnenthal,  Min.  petr. 
Mitth.,  23,  552,  1904. 

Named  after  Dr.  C.  O.  Trechmann. 

TRIDYMITE,  Min.,  p.  192.  —  Crystals  from  Ishigamiyama,  Prov.  Higo,  Japan;  Wada,  Bei.  Min. 
v.  Japan,  1,  17,  1905;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  624. 

Study  of  genesis  of  tridymite  in  volcanic  rocks  of  Mt.  Pelee,  Martinique;  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc. 
Min.,  28,  56,  1905;  from  Vesuvius,  id.,  ibid.,  31,  323,  1908. 

Artif.  formation  of  tridymite  and  quartz;  Day  and  Shepherd,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  22,  273,  190G. 
Formation  by  action  of  lightning  on  roofing  slate;  Schwantke,  Centralbl.  Min.,  87,  1904. 

TRIPHYLITE,  Min.,  p.  756;  App.,  p.  69.  —  Intergrown  with  graftonite  from  Grafton,  N.  H.; 
Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  9,  20,  1900. 

TRIPLITE,  Min.,  p.  777. —  Anal,  of  material  from  Lilla  Elgsjobrottet,  Ostergotland,  Sweden; 
Nordenskjold,  G.  For.  Forh.,  24,  412,  1902;  Skrumpetorp,  Ostergotland,  Sweden;  Hamberg, 
G.  For.  Forh.,  26,  77,  1904. 

Occurrence  with  alteration  products  at  Vienna  and  Cyrillhof,  Mahren,  with  anal.;  John,[Verh. 
geol.  R.-Anst.  Wien,  50,  335,  1900,  and  Kovar  and  Slavik,  ibid.,  347] ;  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  641,  642. 

TROGERITE,  Min.,  p.  859.  —  Study  of  crystals  from  Schneeberg  shows  that  they  are  apparently 
tetragonal;  c  =  2.16.  Forms:  o  (001),  n  (010),  S  (120),  y  (012),  P  (Oil),  h  (032),  i  (021),  i  (111), 
u  (331).  Optically  it  is  monoclinic  in  symmetry.  Author  considers  mineral  tetragonal  with 
optical  anomalies.  Goldschmidt,  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  468,  1899. 

TRONA,  Min.,  p.  303.  —  Crystals  with  new  form  (102)  from  Vesuvius;  see  under  Vesuvius;  from 
Natroun  lakes,  Egypt;  Couyat,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  31,  343,  1908. 

TSCHERMIGITE,  Min.,  p.  952.  —  New  occurrence  in  cubes  from  Briix,  Bohemia,  with  anal.; 
Sachs,  Centralbl.  Min.,  465,  1907;  from .Schellenken,  near  Dux,  Bohemia;  Cornu,  ibid.,  467. 

Tschernichewite,  an  Amphibole,  which  see. 

TUNGSTITE,  Min.,  p.  202.  —  Tungstic  ocher  from  a  gold  quartz  vein  near  Salmo,  B.  C.,  appar- 
ently identical  with  Silliman's  tungstite,  gave  an  analysis  leading  to  formula,  WO3.H2O.  Only 
minute  crystals  observed  possessing  one  perfect  cleavage  with  biaxial  interference  figure  when 
viewed  perpendicular  to  cleavage.  Author  considers  meymacite  and  tungstite  to  be  identical  and 
as  having  above  formula.  Walker,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  25,  305,  1908. 

TURGITE,  Min.,  p.  245.  —  Occurrence  in  iron  ore  mines  of  central  Russia;  Samojloff,  [Proc.  Soc. 
Imp.  Nat.  Moscow,  Nr.  6-9,  14-24,  1899];  Zs.  Kr.,  34,  701. 

TURQUOIS,  Min.,  p.  844;  App.,  p.  70.  —  Penfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  10,  346,  1900,  by  a  new  analysis 
of  material  from  Lincoln  Co.,  Nev.  (see  below),  and  a  discussion  of  older  analyses,  arrives  at  the  con- 
clusion that  turquois  is  a  derivative  of  orthophosphoric  acid  as  follows:  [Al(OH).2,Fe(OH)2, 
Cu(OH),H]3P04. 

P2O5  A12O3         Fe2O3         CuO         H2O          Insol. 

Lincoln  Co.,  Nev.    G.  =  2.791.  34.18  35.03  1.44          8.57         19.38          0.93  =  99.53 

Tychite.     S.  L.  Penfield  and  G.  S.  Jamieson,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  20,  217,  1905. 

Isometric,  in  small  white  octahedrons  associated  with  northupite,  but  very  rare.  G.  =  2.456 
(Pratt).  Index  ny  =  1.508. 

Artificial  crystals,  believed  to  be  identical  in  composition,  occur  also  in  octahedrons,  with 
H.  =  3.5;  G.  =  2.588;  index  ny  =  1.510. 

Composition.  Qualitative  tests  showed  the  natural  mineral  to  be  a  carbonate  and  sulphate  of 
magnesium  and  sodium.  Artificial  crystals,  formed  in  a  manner  similar  to  those  by  which  the 
associated  northupite  was  obtained  (cf.  de  Schulten,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  19, 164,  1896),  have  the  for- 
mula, 2MgCO3.2Na2CO3.Na2SO4,  which  is  doubtless  also  that  of  the  natural  mineral.  The  formula 
of  northupite  (doubled  for  comparison)  is  similar,  viz.,  2MgCO3.2Na2CO3.2NaCl.  Cf.  Appendix  I, 
p.  49.  Analyses  of  artificial  crystals: 

S03  C02  MgO  Na20 

1.  15.08  33.55  15.83  35.49  =  99.95 

2.  15.06  33.45  15.77  35.65  =  99.93 


APPENDIX  II.  109 

Penfield  and  Jamieson  in  addition  to  the  artificial  tychite  obtained  also  a  third  octahedral  com- 
pound. The  probable  formula  (written  to  show  the  relation  to  the  above)  is  2MgCO3.2Na2CO3. 
Na2CO3.  The  three  compounds  are  thus  analogous,  with  CO3,  Cl_,  and  SO4  corresponding. 

From  Borax  lake,  San  Bernardino  county,  California,  obtained  with  northupite  (App.  I,  p.  49) 
which  it  resembles  in  form  and  composition  (cf.  above).  It  is,  however,  extremely  rare.  The 
examination  of  some  five  thousand  specimens  revealed  only  four  crystals  of  tychite,  the  remainder 
being  northupite;  by  a  lucky  chance  theirs*  crystal  tested,  of  a  lot  of  supposed  to  be  northupite, 
proved  to  be  a  different  mineral,  and  this  led  to  the  discovery  of  this  new  species,  hence  its  name 
from  ru/17,  luck  or  chance. 

Isomorphism  with  northupite,  which  see. 

ULEXITE,  Min.,  p.  887.  —  Opt.  study;  Buttgenbach,  Ann.  Soc.  Geol.  Belg.,  28,  99,  1900-1901. 
Synthesis  of;  de  Schulten,  C.  R.,  132,  1576,  1901. 

URANINITE,  Min.,  p.  889;  App.,  p.  70.  — Anal,  of  broggerite;  Hofmann  and  Heidefriem,  Ber.  Ch. 
Ges.,  34,  914,  1901. 

On  radioactive  substances  in ;  Debierne,  C.  R.,  129,  593,  1899 ;  Am.  J.  Sci,  9,  143,  1900.  Radio- 
activity of;  Barker,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  163,  1903.  Ratio  of  radium  to  uranium;  Boltwood,  ibid.,  18, 
97,  1904.  Lead  and  helium  as  disintegration  products  of  uranium  in  uraninite,  mackintoshite, 
yttrocrasite,  samarskite,  annerodite,  thorite,  orangite,  xenotime,  hielmite,  polycrase  and  thorianite. 
Boltwood,  ibid.,  23,  77,  1907. 

Occurrence  at  St.  Joachimsthal,  Bohemia;  Step,  Ber.  Akad.  Wien,  113,  585,  1904;  at  Evje, 
Satersdalen,  Norway;  Schei,  [Nyt.  Mag.,  43,  137,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  639. 

URANOPHANE,  Min.,  p.  699.  —  Ratio  of  radium  to  uranium;  Boltwood,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  97,  1904. 
Occurrence  at  Villeneuve,  Ottawa  Co. .Province  of  Quebec ;  Hoffmann,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  11,  152,  1901 ; 
from  Stone  Mountain,  Ga.  (with  anal.);  Watson,  ibid,  13,  464,  1902. 

URANOSPINITE,  Min.,  p.  858.  — Artif.  proven  to  be  optically  uniaxial  and  tetragonal;  Gold- 
schmidt,  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  478,  1899. 

UTAHITE,  Min.,  p.  966.  —  Crystals  from  Santa  Rosa  Mine,  Guanaco,  Taltal,  Chile.  Measured 
angles  not  in  complete  agreement  with  earlier  observations,  giving  new  ratio,  c  =1.0576.  Anal. 
Arzruni  and  Thaddeeff,  Zs.  Kr.,  31,  234,  244. 

VALENTINITE,  Min.,  p.  199. — Crystals  from  S.  Suergin,  Sardinia;  Millosevich,  Rend.  Ace.  Line., 
9,  (1),  340,  1900;  from  Sardinia  with  new  forms,  c  (001),  n  (17.7.0),  t  (4.6.21);  Pelloux,  Rend.  Ace. 
Line.,  13,  (2),  34,  1904;  from  Tatasi,  Bolivia,  with  discussion  of  axial  ratio;  anal.;  Spencer,  Min. 
Mag.,  14,  328,  1907. 

Occ.  at  Cetine  di  Cortorniano,  Rosia,  Siena:  Pelloux,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  10,  (2),  10,  1901;  at 
Procchio,  Elba;  Cornu  and  Himmelbauer,  [Mitth.  Nat.  Ver.  Wien,  3,  9-19,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  44, 299. 

Relations  to  senarmontite,  which  see. 

VANADINITE,  Min.,  p.  773.  — _Study  of  crystals  from  Hillsboro,  N.  M.,_showing  following  new 
forms:  0(3140_);  /(5160),  d  (5054),  7(4043),  a  (3032),  /?  (5053),  TT  (4041),  £  (4154),  t  (2132), 
e  (3253),  1(3252),  t  (5272),  p  (4152)?.  Anal.;  Goldschmidt,  Zs.  Kr.,  32,  561,  1900;  from  near 
Saida,  Oran,  Algiers;  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  31,  44,  1908. 

Refractive  indices;  Bowman,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  324. 

Occurrence  (with  anal.)  from  Bena  e  Padru  near  Ozieri,  Sardinia;  Lovisato,  Rend.  Ace.  Line., 
12,  (2),  81,  1903;  also  ibid.,  13,  (2),  43,  1904. 

Botryoidal  from  Broken  Hill  mines,  N.  W.  Rhodesia;  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  15,  33,  1908. 

Artif.  formation  of  corresponding  cadmium  compounds;  de  Schulten,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  23,  7, 1900. 

Vanthoffite.     K.  Kubierschky,  Ber.  Ak.,  Berlin,  407,  1902 ;  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  28,  34,  1905. 

Almost  colorless  crystalline  (without  observed  faces)  material  found  associated  with  other 
salts  at  Wilhelmshall,  near  Stassfurt,  and  isolated  by  means  of  heavy  solutions. 

Comp.,  3Na2SO4.MgSO4.  Artif.  prepared  by  J.  H.  van't  Hoff,  from  whom  it  has  been  named. 
See  also  for  discussion  of  origin,  etc.,  van't  Hoff  and  others  in  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  499,  1903;  518,  576 
659,  1904. 

VESUVIANITE,  Min.,  p.  477;  App.,  p.  71.  —  Cryst.  —  Crystals  from  Monzoni,  with  new  forms 
(552),  (631);  Buttgenbach,  Ann.  soc.  geol.  Belg.,  25,  cvi,  1898;  Pian  Real,  Piedmont;  Boeris, 
Att.  Soc.  Ital.  Sc.  Nat.,  Milano,  42,  45,  1903;  Comba  Robert  near  Avigliani,  Piedmont;  Boeris, 
Att.  Ace.  Napoli,  38,  685,  1903;  near  Leffe,  Bergamo;  Tacconi,  Rend.  Roy.  Inst.  Lomb.,  36,  899, 
1903;  Alley  Point,  Nundle,  N.  S.  W.;  Anderson,  Rec.  Aus.  Mus.,  5,  301,  1904;  skeleton-like  crystals 
from  Maneetsok,  Greenland;  Boggild.,  Min.  Gronl.  272;  crystals  from  Barraba,  N.  S.  W.;  Anderson, 
Rec.  Aus.  Mus.,  6,  415, 1907;  Sardinia;  Pelloux,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  17,  (2),  70, 1908;  associated  with 
bornite  from  Susa,  Piedmont;  Zambonini,  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  143,  1908. 


110  APPENDIX  II. 

Relations  between  optical  character  and  chemical  composition ;  Klein,  Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  653, 1904. 

Anal,  of  material  from  the  Matte rhorn  and  correction  of  many  old  analyses  by  new  water 
determinations  with  discussion  of  chem.  comp.,  formula  derived  being  (Ca,Mn,Mg,Fe)2,(Al,Fe) 
(OH,F)Si2O7.  Weingarten,  [Inaug.-Diss.,  Heidelberg,  1901];  Centralbl.  Min.,  726,  1902. 

Occurrence  (with  anal.)  from  Sih;er  Peak  quadrangle,  Esmeralda  Co.,  Nev. ;  Turner,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
13,  345,  1902;  from  near  Bear  Mt.,  west  of  Pinos  Altos,  Grant  Co.,  N.  M.;  Moses,  ibid.,  12, 104,  1901. 

Californite  is  a  closely  compact  variety  of  an  olive-green  to  grass-green  color,  subtranslucent, 
luster  vitreous  to  resinous;  it  resembles  jade  (nephrite)  and  like  that  species  takes  a  high  polish; 
H.  =  6.5;  G.  =  3.286.  An  analysis  by  F.  W.  Clarke  gave: 

SiO2        A12O3       Fe2O3       FeO       MnO      CaO         MgO      TiO2       P2O5       H2O 
35.85       18.35        1.67        0.39        0.05       33.5          5.43       0.10       0.02       4.47*  =  99.85 

*  0.29  p.  c.  H2O  below  100°  C.  included. 

From  the  South  Fork  of  Indian  Creek,  12  miles  from  Happy  Camp  and  90  miles  from  Yreka, 
Siskiyou  Co.,  California;  it  is  associated  with  precious  serpentine.  Similar  occurrences  are  reported 
from  Burro  valley,  Fresno  Co.,  and  from  Tulare  Co.  near  Selma  (in  Fresno  Co.).  G.  F.  Kunz, 
Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  Oct.  19,  1903;  Am.  J.  Sc.,  16,  397,  1903.  On  a  similar  variety  of  vesuvian- 
ite  from  the  Engadine,  see  Min.,  p.  480. 

VESUVIUS.  Minerals  found  at  the  eruption  of  April,  1906,  include  the  following;  cotunnite, 
tenorite,  gypsum,  hematite,  aphtithalite,  sulphur  in  crystals,  realgar  in  crystals,  galena,  pyrite,  chalco- 
pyrite,  pseudocotunnite,  anglesite  in  crystals,  chalcanthite,  sylvite,  halite,  mirabilite,  schonite,  cyano- 
chroite,  metavoltine,  amphibole  in  crystals,  sodalite  in  crystals,  microsommite,  cavolinite,  thermona- 
trite,  trona;  Zambonim,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  15,  (2),  235,  1906;  Att.  Ace.  Sc.  Napoli,  13,  No.  8,  1906; 
see  also  Lacroix,  C.  R.,  143,  727,  1906;  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  30,  219,  1907;  ibid.,  31,  260,  1908. 

Viellaurite.  H.  Lienau,  Chem.  Ztg.,  23,  (1),  418,  1899. —  A  massive,  dark-gray  material  from 
near  Vielle-Aure,  Hautes-Pyrenees,  to  which  the  formula,  5MnCO3.2Mn2SiO4  was  assigned.  Lacroix 
examined  the  material  microscopically  and  proved  that  it  was  an  intimate  mixture  of  tephroite 
and  rhodochrosite;  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  23,  253,  1900. 

Villiaumite.  A.  Lacroix,  C.  R.,  146,  213.  —  Isometric.  In  small  grains  of  a  carmine  color. 
Softer  than  calcite.  Sp.  G.  =  2.79.  nNa  =  1.328. 

Comp.:  —  Sodium  fluoride.  Found  as  a  constituent  of  a  nepheline-syenite  from  the  Islands  of 
Los  off  the  coast  of  Guinea.  Named  in  honor  of  the  explorer  Villiaume. 

Violaite,  see  under  Pyroxene. 

VIVIANITE,  Min.,  p.  814;  App.,  p.  71.  —  Crystals  from  Guatemala  formed  by  transformation  of 
bones;  Gaubert,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  27,  212,  1904;  from  Tatasi  and  Tasna,  Bolivia,  with  new  form 
h  (250)  and  some  doubtful  ones.  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  324,  1907;  Silver  City,  Idaho;  Farrington 
and  Tillotson,  Field  Col.  Mus.,  Geol.  Series,  3,  No.  7,  163,  1908. 

A  vivianite  containing  small  quantities  of  manganese  and  magnesium  has  been  called  paravivi- 
anite  by  S.  Popoff  (Centralbl.  Min.,  p.  112,  1906).  Occurs  in  radiated  acicular  crystals  with 
blue  color  and  streak.  H.  =  2-2.25.  G.  =  2.66-2.67.  Composition,  R3P2O8  +  8H2O  with 
R  =  Fe,Mn,Mg. 

Analysis: 

P20S  FeO  MnO  MgO  CaO  H2O 

27.01  39.12  2.01  1.92  0.48  [29.46]  =  100 

Occurs  in  the  limonite  deposits  of  the  peninsulas  of  Kertsch  and  Taman,  Gov't  Taurien. 

VOGLITE,  Min.,  p.  308.  —  A  mineral  near  voglite  from  Utsch-Kirtan  mountain  pass,  Fergana, 
Siberia,  with  anal.;  Antipoff,  [Verh.  russ.  min.  Ges.,  1900,  Prot.  38];  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  175. 

Vogtite,  see  Rhodonite. 

Von  Diestite.     E.  Cumenge,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  22,  25,  1899.     A  telluride  of  silver  and  bismuth. 
Analysis  by  Knight : 

Ag  Bi  Te  Au  Pb  S  Insol. 

40.25  16.31  34.60  4.30  2.25  0.54  0.54     =  98.79 

Occurs  in  threads  associated  with  copper  minerals  and  auriferous  pyrite  in  the  Hamilton  and 
Little  Gerald  mines,  on  Mt.  Sierra  Blanca,  Col.  Named  from  Mr.  von  Diest,  director  of  the  Lead 
Mining  Co.,  San  Luis,  Col. 


APPENDIX  II.  Ill 

WARRENITE,  Min.,  p.  120.  —  Considered  to  be  identical  with  jamesonite,  which  see;  Spencer, 
Min.  Mag.,  14,  207. 

WAVELLITE,  Min.,  p.  842;  App.,  p.  71.  —  From  Manziana,  Province  Rome,  Italy,  with  anal.; 
Zambonini,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  11,  (1),  123,  1902. 

Weinbergerite;  F.  Berwerth,  Min.  Mitth.,  25,  181,  1906;  Zs.  Kr.,  45,  425. 

A  silicate  occurring  in  spherical  aggregates  of  radiating  fibers  found  in  meteoric  iron  at  Codai 
canal,  Palni  Hills,  Madras,  India.  Orthorhombic.  Black  color.  Harder  than  glass,  a  =  c, 
b  =  b,  c  =  a.  Negative.  Axial  angle  small.  Refraction  and  birefringence  weak. 

Analysis  gave:  SiO2,  42.00;  TiO2,  0.70;  P2O5,  0.88;  Fe2O,,  28.75;  A12O3,  9.42;  Cr2O3,  0.98;  MnO, 
tr.;  CaO,  3.87;  MgO,  4.47;  K2O,  2.57;  Na2O,  3.19;  H2O,  2.17;  total,  99.00.  The  analysis  is  recal- 
culated, the  iron  taken  as  ferrous,  the  water  disregarded  and  allowance  made  for  the  presence  of 
small  amounts  of  apatite  and  chromite.  The  result  is,  SiO2,  45.31 ;  FeO,  39.44 ;  A12O3,  10.04;  NaaO, 
5.21.  The  following  formula  is  proposed:  NaAlSiO4  +  3FeSiO3. 

Named  in  honor  of  J.  Weinberger  in  Vienna. 

WHEWELLITE,  Min.,  p.  993;  App.,  p.  72.  —  Crystals  from  Burgk^near  Dresden,  showed  follow- 
ing new  forms:  v  (250),  a  (100),  d  (032),  a  (031),  g  (111),  7  (122),  A  (321),  B  (341),  ft  (131),  C  (651), 
o  (238)  and  a  new  twinning  plane  a  (100);  o_n  crystals  from  Grube  Himmelsfiirst  near  Freiberg, 
Saxony,  following  new  forms:  v  (250)  and  e  (114);  and  on  crystals  from  Zwickau,  v  (250),  f  (211), 
•n  (211);  Kolbeck  and  Goldschmidt,  Centralbl.  Min.,  659,  1908. 

WHITNEYITE,  Min.,  p.  45.  —  An  intimate  mixture  of  whitneyite  and  mohawkite  (mohawk- 
whitneyite)  found  in  considerable  quantities  at  the  Mohawk  mine,  Keweenaw  Co.,  Michigan,  has 
been  described  by  Koenig,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  10,  446,  1900.  In  tough  masses,  gray  and  fine  granular  to 
hackly  on  fresh  fracture,  tarnishing  to  dull  brown  or  olive-green.  Appears  homogeneous  to  the 
eye,  but  different  samples  gave  varying  amounts  of  copper  (79.36,  83.61,  84.86,  85.36)  and  arsenic 
(13.06  to  15.07).  Koenig  refers  here  the  mohawkite  of  Ledoux.  See  ledouxite.  Cf.  also  Koenig, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  14,  416,  1902. 

WiLLEMiTE,_Min.,  p.  460;  App.,  p.  72.  —  Crystals  from  Musartut,  Greenland,  with  new  forms 
(52?0)  and  (3121);  Boggild,  Min.  Gronl.,  276.  Occurs  sparingly  in  stout  hexagonal  prisms  of  a 
grayish  color  on  a  garnet  rock  on  Modoc  Mt.,  Clif ton-Mo renci  district,  Arizona;  Lindgren  and  Hille- 
brand,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  18,  451,  1904;  hemimorphic  tetartohedral  crystal  from  Stirling  Hill,  N.  J.; 
Canfield,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  23,  20,  1907.  Crystals  associated  with  dioptase  at  Mindouli,  French  Congo; 
Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  31,  257,  1908. 

Refractive  indices;  Gaubert,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  30,  108,  1907. 

From  Algeria  and  the  Congo;  Lacroix,  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  23,  255,  1900. 

Winchite,  var.  of  amphibole,  which  see. 
WITTICHENITE,  Min.,  p.  128.  —  See  under  Dognacskaite. 

WOHLERITE,  Min.,  p.  376.  —  Occurrence  in  syenite  at  Red  Hill,  N.  H. ;  Pirsson  and  Washington, 
Am.  J.  Sc.,  23,  270,  1907. 

WOLCHONSKOITE,  Min.,  p.  696.  —  Occurrence  (with  anal.)  at  Uchtym,  Wjatka,  Russia; 
Krotow,  [Verh.  russ.  min.  Ges.,  40,  1,  1903} ;  Zs.  Kr.,  39,  609. 

WOLFRAMITE,  Min.,  p.  982;  App.,  p.  73.  —  Crystals  from  So.  Dakota  and  pseudomorphs  after 
scheelite  from  Trumbull,  Ct. ;  Warren,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  11,  372,  1901 ;  crystals  from  Wild  Kate  mine  near 
Deepwater,  N.  S.  W.;  Anderson,  Rec.  Aus.  Mus.,  5,  303,  1904;  from  Boulder  Co.,  Colo.,  with  new 
form  p  (214);  Moses,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  20,  281,  1905;  crystals  and  twin  crystals  from  Ivigtut,  Greenland, 
with  new  form  (610)  with  anal.;  Boggild,  Min.  Gronland,  180. 

Occurrence  in  Yellow  Creek,  Black  Hills,  S.  D.;  Irving,  Trans.  Amer.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  31,  683, 
1902;  from  Nurri  and  Orroli,  Cagliari,  Sardinia;  Lovisato,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  16,  (1),  632,  1907; 
from  Nagpur  Dist.,  Central  Provinces,  India;  Fermor,  Rec.  Geol.  Sur.  India,  36,  301,  1908. 

WOLLASTONITE,  Min.,  pp.  371,  1052;  App.,  p.  73.  —  Anal.  (Christensen)  of  material  from 
Marraks  Elv,  Greenland;  Boggild,  Min.  Gronl.,  386;  from  Monte  Castelli,  Tuscany;  Manasse,  Proc. 
Soc.  Tosc.,  15,  20-37,  1906. 

Effect  of  ammonium  chloride  upon;  Clarke  and  Steiger,  U.  S.  G.  S.,  Bull.  207,  1902;  Zs.  Kr., 
38,  696. 

Effect  of  radium  emanations  upon;  Baskerville  and  Lockhart,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  20,  95,  1905. 

Artif.  formation;  Allen,  White,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  21,  89,  1906. 

Occurrence  at  Santa  Fe  Mine,  Chiapas,  Mexico;  Collins,  Min.  Mag.,  13,  356,  1903;  with  gold 
and  platinum  on  Singenggoe  river,  Sumatra;  Hundeshagen,  Chem.  News.,  90,  77,  1904. 


112  APPENDIX  II. 

WULFENITE,  Min.,  p.  989;  App.,  p.  73.  —  Cryst.  —  Sarrabus,  Sardinia;  Tacconi,  Zs.  Kr.,  32, 
498,  1900;  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  9,  (1),  22,  1900;  Laorca;  Artini,  Rend.  Roy.  Inst.  Lomb.,  33,  1179, 
1900;  Gaeta,  Lake  Como;  Repossi,  Att.  Soc.  Milano,  43,  432,  1905;  Bleiberg,  Karnten,  Austria; 
Cesaro,  Bull.  Ac.  Belg.,  331, 1905;  with  dioptase  from  Mindouli,  French  Congo;  Bull.  Soc.  Min.,  31, 

257,  1908. 

Study  of  symmetry  points  to  its  belonging  to  hemimorphic  tetartohedral  class;  Johnsen,  Cen- 
tralbl.  Min.,  712,  1908. 

Artif.  formation;  Cesaro,  Bull.  Ac.-Belg.,  327,  1905. 

Occ.  at  Gennamari,  Sardinia;  Pelloux,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  9,  (2),  13,  1900;  at  the  Collioux  mine 
near  St.  Luc,  Val  d'Anniviers,  Switzerland;  C.  Schmidt,  Eel.  G.  Helvetia,  7,  139,  1901. 

WURTZITE,  Min.,  pp.  70,  1051 ;  App.,  p.  74.  —  Relations  to  sphalerite,  which  see. 
Occurs  in  Tasmania,  at  the  Hercules  mine,  Mt.  Read,  and  at  the  Magnet  silver  mine,  Magnet ; 
W.  F.  Petterd,  Notes  on  Tasmanian  Minerals,  priv.  publ. 

Xalostocite,  a  garnet,  which  see. 

XANTHOPHYLLITE,  Min.,  p.  639;  App.,  p.  74.  —  Discussion  of  chem.  comp.;  Zambonini,  Mem. 
Ace.  Sci.  Napoli,  14,  31,  1908. 

Effect  of  ammonium  chloride  upon;  Clarke  and  Steiger,  U.  S.  G.  S.,  Bull.  207,  1902;  Zs.  Kr., 
38,  697. 

XENOTIME,  Min.,  p.  748;  App.,  p.  74. — Crystals  from  Pisek,  Bohemia;  Krejci,  Ber.  bohm. 
Ges.  Wiss.,  xliv,  1899.  Crystals  from  Nil-Saint-Vincent,  Brabant;  Prinz,  Bull.  Ac.  Belg.,  318, 
1904. 

Analyses  of  material  from  Idaho  (?);  Tschernik  [Verh.  russ.  min.  Ges.,  42,  9,  1905];  Zs.  Kr., 
43,68. 

See  under  uraninite. 

Hussakite.  A  xenotime  from  Dattas,  Brazil,  was  described  by  Kraus  and  Reitinger,  Zs.  Kr.,  34, 
268,  1901,  as  containing  over  6%  SO3  and  given  the  species  name  hussakite.  Later  analyses  on 
the  same  material,  Hussak,  Centralbl.  Min.,  533,  1907,  failed  to  confirm  the  large  amount  of  SO3, 
only  0.11%  being  found,  so  that  the  name  must  be  withdrawn.  Analyses  of  octahedral  crystals 
from  Bandeira  do  Mello  and  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil,  showed  only  small  amounts  of  SO.,;  2.68%  and 
1.19%;  Hussak  and  Reitinger,  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  563.  Brogger  [Nyt.  Mag.  Naturvid.,  42,  1,  1904] ;  Zs. 
Kr.,  41,  429,  discusses  composition  of  xenotime  and  in  anal,  of  crystal  from  Aro  by  Heidenreich  no 
trace  of  SO3  could  be  discovered.  Hussakite  identified  as  a  rock  constituent;  Rosier,  Zs.  Kr.,  36, 

258,  is  stated  by  Hussak,  1.  c.,  to  have  been  zircon. 

YTTRIALITE,  Min.,  p.  512.  —  Discussion  of  chem.  comp.  with  new  analysis;  Hillebrand,  Am.  J. 
Sc.,  13,  145,  1902. 

Occurrence  of  eighteen-pound  mass  at  Barringer  Hill,  Llano  Co.,  Texas;  Hidden,  ibid.,  19,  425, 
1905. 

YTTROCERITE,  Min.,  p.  182.  —  Anal,  of  material  from  Colorado;  Tschernik,  [Verh.  russ.  min. 
Ges.,  42,  51,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  69. 

Yttrocrasite.     W.  E.  Hidden  and  C.  H.  Warren,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  22,  515,  1906;  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  18. 

Orthorhombic.     Rude  crystal  found  showing  three  pinacoids,  unit  prism  and  one  orthodome. 
Resembled  fig.  of  yttrotantalite,    Min.,  p.  738.     Fracture  uneven  and  small  conchoidal.      H.  = 
5.5-6.     G.  =  4.8043.     Black  in  color  with  bright  pitchy  to  resinous  luster.      In  thin  splinters 
under  microscope,  rich  amber  to  light  yellow  color,  and  with  crossed  nicols  shows  a  mixture  of 
isotropic  and  a  feebly  doubly  refracting  material. 

Comp.,  a  hydrous  titanate  of  the  yttrium  earths  and  thorium. 

Anal,  gives  approximately  1RHO,  3RUI2O3,  1RIVO2,  16TiO2,  6H2O.     Anal.  (Warren): 

TiOo     Nb2O5     Ta,Os      WO,        UO3        SiO2         CO2        (Yt,Er)2O3       Ce,O3,  etc.        Fe2O3 
49.72     present       tr.         1.87"         0.64  tr.          0.68  25.67  2.92  1.44 

ThO2  UO2  PbO        MnO          CaO        MgO        H,O  H2O 

8.75  1.98  0.48         0.13  1.83          tr.          4.36  0.10      -  100.57 

Pyr.  B.  B.  infus.,  assumes  dark  gray  color  and  cracks  open  to  slight  extent.  C.  T.  decrepitates 
slightly,  gives  off  H2O  and  CO2.  Decomposed  by  HF.  Fine  powder  sol.  with  slight  effervescence 
in  H2SO4;  on  addition  of  HC1  and  Zn  a  violet  color  is  first  obtained,  changing  to  blue  gray  and  deep 
blue. 

Occ.     Found  in  Burnet  Co.,  Texas,  three  miles  east  of  Barringer  Hill. 

See  under  Uraninite. 

YTTROTANTALITE,  Min.,  p.  738.  —  Occurrence  in  southern  Norway  with  anal,  by  Blomstrand; 
Brogger,  Min.  Sud-Nor.  Granitpeg.,  152,  1908. 


APPENDIX  II.  113 

ZARATITE,  Min.,  p.  306.  —  Occ.  at  Igdlokunguak,  Greenland;  Boggild,  Min.  Gronland,  176. 
ZEAGONITE,  see  under  Gismondite. 

ZEOLITES,  Min.,  pp.  570-610;  App.,  p.  74.  —  Chemical  constitution;  Zambonini,  [Mem.  Ace. 
Line.,  5,  344,  6,  102,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  43,  395;  Mem.  Ace.  Sci.  Napoli,  14,  88-127,  1908;  Ferro, 
Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  14,  (2),  140,  1905;  Baschieri,  Proc.  Soc.  Tosc.,  March,  1907;  Att.  Soc.  Tosc., 
24,  1908;  Panichi  [Pubbl.  R.  1st.  Firenze,  1908];  Zambonini,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  18,  (1),  67,  1909. 

Loss  of  water  on  ignition  as  means  of  identification;  Goldschmidt  and  Hermann;  Jb.  Min.,  1, 
20,  1906. 

Occurrence  in  Scotland ;  Goodchild,  [Trans.  Geol.  Soc.  Glasgow,  12,  Suppl./l-68,  1903];  Zs.  Kr., 
45,  305. 

An  apparently  new  zeolite  from  granite  of  Baveno,  described  by  Artini;  Rend.  Ace.  Line., 
10,  139,  1901.  Monoclinic  with  apparent  orthorhombic  symmetry  on  account  of  twinning  on  (100). 

a  :  b  :  c  =  1.1751  :  1  :  0.7845;  /?  =  89°  17$'.     Forms  (100),  (101),  (210),  (101),  (103).     Angles: 
(100)  A  (110)  =  49°  36';  (100)  A  (101)  =  56°  46';  (103)  A  (100)  =  78°  8'.      In  radiating  aggre- 
gates.    Color  white.     Ax.  pi.  ±  6  (010);  Bxac  -J-  b  (010).     2VNa  =47°  13';  /?  =  1.58. 
Formula  given  as  Ca3Al2Si6O18.H2O.     Analysis: 

SiO2  A12O3  CaO  MgO  Na2O  H2O 

56.93  15.42  24.47  0.12  0.29  2.49  -  99.72 

Fuses  easily  with  intumescence. 

Zeolite  mimetica.  D'Achiardi,  Proc. Soc. Tose.,  14,  150,  1905;  22,  160,  1906;  Zs.  Kr.,43,  491; 
44,  664. 

A  zeolite  from  pegmatite  at  San  Piero,  Campo,  Elba,  in  small  8  sided  prismatic  crystals. 
Easily  cleavable  parallel  to  prism  faces.  Section  perpendicular  to  prism  shows  a  mimetic  struc- 
ture with  a  division  into  8  sectors.  White  to  colorless.  H.  =  4-4.5.  •  G.  =  2.165.  B.  B. 
decrepitates,  exfoliates  and  fuses  to  white  enamel.  Decomposed  by  HC1.  Formula  proposed: 
RII3RUI4(Si206)9.14H20.  R"  =  Na2,  K2,  Ca;  RIH  =  Al.  Analysis: 

SiO2          AI2O3         CaO         SrO          K2O          Na2O  H2O 

I.  61.41          11.15          5.52          1.14          3.31  2.06  13.51  =  98.10 

II.*  62.01          11.35  6.80  3.31  2.06  14.52  =  100.05 

*Li2O  and  Cs,O  proven  to  be  present  in  small  amount. 

Author  considers  it  probably  a  new  species,  names  it  for  the  present  "  Zeolite  Mimetica,11  but 
in  case  future  investigation  confirms  its  individuality  proposes  the  name  "  darchiardite  "  in  honor 
of  his  father. 

A  New  Zeolite.  A.  Pauly,  Zs.  Kr.,  42,  370,  1906.  A  zeolite  occurring  associated  with 
quartz,  feldspar,  and  sericite  in  a  rock  lying  between  a  dolomite  and  a  granite  at  Hamburg,  Austria, 
is  considered  as  a  new  species  with  the  following  characteristics.  Isometric,  in  microscopic  grains. 
Colorless  and  transparent.  Cleavage  ||  (100).  H.  =  3-4.  G.  =  2.4-2.5.  nNa  =  1.507- 
1.508.  Gives  qualitative  tests  for  Na,  Ca,  Al,  SO4,  Si  and  H,O.  Gelatinizes  with  HC1.  Fuses  at 
1-2,  with  intumescence,  to  a  colorless  glass.  Colors  flame  yellow. 

Zeophyllite.  A.  Pelikan,  Sitz.-ber.  Ak.  Wien,  111,  (1),  334,  1902.  F.  Cornu,  Min.  petr. 
Mitth.,  24,  127,  131,  207,  1905.  R.  Zimmermann,  Centralbl.,  Min.,  245,  1905.  Rhombohedral.  In 
spherical  or  half-spherical  forms  with  radiated  foliated  structure;  these  show  indistinct  rhombo- 
hedral  faces  inclined  78°  to  c. 

Cleavage  basal,  perfect.  Dilute  hydrofluoric  acid  yields  ditrigonal  etching  figures;  trigonal 
contraction  figures  also  appear  (Cornu)  after  etching  with  hydrochloric  acid.  H.  =  3.  G.  = 
2.764.  Luster  pearly. 

Color  white,  colorless  in  thin  sections.  Translucent.  Refractive  index  «  =  1.5  approx., 
1.545  (Cornu).  Birefringence.  A  uniaxial  center  surrounded  by  a  biaxial  border  (2E  to  27}°); 
becomes  permanently  uniaxial  on  heating. 

Analyses  Zdarek: 

SiO2    A12O3   Fe2O3    CaO     MgO   Na2O    K2O    H2O      F 

1.  38.84    1.73     0.10      44.32    0.17     0.38     0.24    8.98      8.23  =  102.99  (less  O,  3.47)  =  99  52 

2.  37.67    46.82    7.52      7.99  =  100 

Occurs  with  natrolite  in  basalt  at  Gross-Priessen,  Bohemia,  north  of  Leitmeritz  and  east  of 
Aussig;  also  (Cornu,  Zimmermann)  at  Radzein,  Bohemia,  in  the  amygdaloidal  cavities  of  a  leucite- 
tephrite  with  calcite,  apophyllite,  etc. 

Cornu  refers  the  gyrolite  of  the  Hebrides,  Poonah,  etc.,  to  zeophyllite,  Centralbl.  Min.,  80,  1906. 
New  localities,  Kreibitz  near  Rumburg,  Scharfenstein  near  Bensen,  and  Leipa  in  Bohemia. 
Cornu,  Centralbl.  Min.,  80, 1906.  See  Gyrolite. 


114  APPENDIX  II. 

Zeyringite.  [Pantz,  1811.  Taschenb.  Min.  (Leonhard),  5,  373],  Min.  Mag.,  14,  414.  A  finely 
fibrous,  greenish-white  or  sky-blue  calcareous  sinter  containing  nickel,  from  Zeyring,  Styria. 
Placed  under  aragonite  by  Zepharovich  (Min.  Lexicon  Osterreich,  1,  28,  1859)  and  Hatle  (Die 
Minerale  des  Herzogthums  Steiermark,  68,  1885);  the  latter  spells  zeiringite. 

ZINC,  Min.,  pp.  14,  1052.  —  Crystals  formed  by  electrolysis  of  zinc  chloride ;  Saposchnikoff,  [Jour. 
soc.  physico-chimique  russe,  37,  153,  1905];  Zs.  Kr.,  44,  94. 

ZINCITE,  Min.,  p.  208;  App.,  p.  74.  —  Artif.  crystals  from  furnace  at  Falvahtitte,  Schwientoch- 
lowitz,  Upper  Silesia,  with  discussion  of  crystal  forms  and  symmetry;  Sachs,  Centralbl.  Min.,  54, 
1905;  see  also  Weber,  ibid.,  205. 

Occurrence  (with  anal.)  from  Olkuschsk  mine  in  Poland;  Antipoff,  [Verh.  russ.  min.  Ges, 
Prot.  38,  41,  1900];  Zs.  Kr.,  36,  176. 

ZINCKENITE,  Min.,  p.  112;  App.,  p.  74.  —  Analyses  of  material  from  Wolfsberg,  Harz;  Guille- 
main  [Inaug.-Diss.,  Breslau,  1898],  Zs.  Kr.,  33,  73. 

Zinkrbmerite.     R.  Scharizer,  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  546,  1903.  —  See  Romerile. 

ZINNWALDITE,  Min.,  p.  626.  —  From  Narsarsuk,  Greenland,  with  anal. ;  Flink,  Medd.  om  Gronl., 
14,  232,  1898;  24,  110,  1901.  Anal,  of  material  from  York  region,  Alaska;  Schaller,  Am.  J.  Sc., 
24,  158,  1907;Zs.Kr.,44,7. 

ZIRCON,  Min.,  p.  482;  App.,  p.  74.  —  Crystals  from  Comba  Robert,  near  Avigliani,  Piedmont; 
Boeris,  Att.  Ace.  Napoli,  38,  685,  1903;  crystals  associated  with  gold  from  Pisek,  Bohemia; 
Kreici,  Bull.  Acad.  Sci.  Boheme,  1904;  from  various  Greenland  localities;  Boggild,  Min.  Gronland, 
82;  from  Lyon  Mt,,  Clinton  Co.,  N.  Y.;  Whitlock,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  107,  69,  1907. 

Cause  of  color;  Spezia  [Atti.  R.  Ace.  d.  Sc.  Turin,  34,  638,  1899],  Zs.  Kr.,  33,  632,  see  also 
Stevanovic,  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  622. 

Occurrence  in  Ceylon.     Absorption  spectrum.     Church,  Chem.  News,  85,  270,  1902. 

Study  of  variation  in  specific  gravity,  index  of  refraction  through  heating,  etc. ;  notes  on  crystals 
from  Rio  Doce,  Brazil;  North  Carolina;  Rothe  Wand,  Pfitschthal;  artificial  from  Hautefeuille ; 
Stevanovic,  Zs.  Kr.,  37,  247,  1902;  see  also  Koechlin,  Min.  Mitth.,  22,  368,  1903. 

Irregularly  developed  crystals  from  Ceylon  with  description. of  effect  of  heat  upon  their  physical 
properties;  Spencer,  Min.  Mag.,  14,  43,  1904. 

Anal,  from  Sundsvale,  Sweden;  Tschernik,  [Jour.  phys.  chim.  russe,  36,  457,  712,  1904];  Zs.  Kr., 

43,  78. 

Analysis  of  a  radioactive  raa/acon-like  material,  containing  helium  and  argon;  Kitchin  and 
Winterson;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.,  89,  1568,  1906.  Discussion  of  chem.  comp.  of  malacon;  Zambonini, 
Mem.  Ace.  Sci.  Napoli,  14,  72,  1908. 

Different  modifications;  Spencer,  Geol.  Mag.,  (5),  1,  552;  Brit.  Ass.,  562,  1904. 

"  Cyrtolite  "  from  feldspar  quarry  at  Bedford,  N.  Y. ;  Luquer,  Am.  Geol.,  33,  17,  1904. 

In  granite  from  Montorfano,  Northern  Italy;  Tacconi,  Rend.  Ace.  Line.,  14,  (2),  88,  1905. 

Auerbachite  from  the  neighborhood  of  Mariupol,  Gov't  Ekaterinoslaw,  Russia,  has  been  investi- 
gated by  Jeremejeff ;  it  agrees  with  zircon,  but  is  often  much  altered;  the  associated  rock  is  not  a 
siliceous  schist  but  consists  of  amass  of  albite  crystals.  Bull.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Pet.,  7,  89,  1897,  Zs. 
Kr.,31,512. 

ZOISITE,  Min.,  pp.  513,  1035;  App.,  p.  75.  —  Crystals  from  Chester,  Mass.,  show  following  new 
forms:  g  (510),  h  (410),  i  (950),,/  (540),  y  (221),  A  (212),  B  (141)  and  several  others  of  doubtful 
nature ;  Palache,  Am.  J.  Sc.,  24,  249,  1907. 

Association  with  epidote  and  the  chem.  and  crys.  relations  of  the  two  species,  see  under  epidote. 

Red  zoisite  from  Mahren  with  anal. ;  Slavik,  Centralbl.  Min.,  686,  1901 .  Anal,  of  material  from 
Monte  Corchia,  Tuscany;  Manasse,  Proc.  Soc.  Tosc.,  Jan.,  1906.  Occurrence  (with  anal.)  from 
Trace  mine,  Juarez  district,  Lower  California ;  Farrington,  Field  Columbian  Mus.,  No.  112 ;  Zs.  Kr., 

44,  539. 

Occurrence  near  Baltimore,  Md.;  Am.  J.  Sc.,  11,  171,  1901. 


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